UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN STACKS CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below. The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book Is $50.00. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result In dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date, L162 M Iht (tttVEftSITY OF ILUH8IS HISTORY OF ILLINOIS REPUBLICANISM ', EMBRACING A HISTORY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY IN THE STATE TO THE PRESENT TIME TOGETHER WITH ITS NOTED ACHIEVEMENTS, AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE CAREERS OF MEN OF COMMANDING ABILITY WITH BIOGRAPHIES OF ITS FOUNDERS AND SUPPORTERS WHOSE FORESIGHT, STATESMANSHIP, PATRIOTISM AND ENERGY HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARTY IN STATE AND NATION ALSO A CHRONOLOGICAL STATEMENT OF IMPORTANT POLITICAL EVENTS SINCE 1774 CHICAGO ROLLINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 19OO COPYRIGHT 1898 BY ROLLINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AUTHOR'S PREFACE. A great, free, self-governing people can have no political repose. In this age of progress, politics must be progressive. The sphere of governmental action enlarges to meet new wants and new conditions in response to the demands of intelligent public sentiment ; and a polit- ical party to retain the support of a majority of the people must keep abreast with that sentiment, representing and leading it. It is undoubtedly true that the safety, progress, prosperity and happiness of a free people depends upon their political wisdom. Divided in opinion, as the people will be, upon grave matters in govern- ment both of principle and policy, it is essential to the well-being of the whole, that the majority of electors shall embrace and tenaciously adhere to that set of political opinions which are founded upon justice and equality, and which aim to secure the complete development of the resources of the country and full scope for the intelligence, industry and genius of the people. The marvelous growth of the United States since 1860 in population, wealth and power, has challenged the admiration of the world. This stupendous development was not accidental. This grand march of civilization which has placed the United States in the leadership of Nations was led by the Republican Party. The United States has practically become a new nation since the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in 1860. It is the only Republic the world has ever seen with personal, political and religious freedom, protected under laws made and enforced by officers selected by the people. Our Government has attained to this high distinction under laws enacted by the Republican Party. The Republicans of Illinois have been in the front rank of the great politi- cal struggles during the past forty-four years, and have exercised a powerful in- fluence in establishing and maintaining the principles of the Republican Party and its ascendency in the Nation. Never in the history of man has so great and so successful an effort been made for saving a nation and more firmly establishing its foundation than has been made by the Republican party. Illinois Republicans bore a leading and honorable part in the great struggle. The history of a State must, of necessity, be largely biographical. A story of great events is lacking in interest if a view of the principal actors is omitted. The part Illinois, as a State, has borne in connection with the Republican Party is worthy of perpetual record. The object of this work is to make that record and make it in such form as will interest the public and benefit the rising generation. GREEN B. RAUM. 615101 CHAPTER I. REVIEW OF EVENTS WHICH LED TO THE ORGANIZATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. A GLANCE AT EARLY POLITICAL PARTIES SLAVERY OF THE ANCIENTS SERF- DOM OF EUROPE AFRICAN SLAVERY IN THE WESTERN WORLD ITS GROWTH IN THE COLONIES OPPOSITION TO SLAVERY FREEDOM FOR NORTHWEST TERRITORY COMPROMISES OF THE CONSTITUTION. The Republican party had its origin in 1854, in an earnest, wide-spread, growing public opinion in opposition to the extension of slavery into the Terri- tories of the United States. At this time the great majority of the people were identified politically with either the Democratic party or the Whig party; the old party name of Federalist taken by the supporters of the administration of Washington and John Adams, and of Anti-Federalist, the party name assumed by their opponents, had disappeared. Jefferson was elected under the party banner of Democrat-Republican. Mad- ison's first election was under the same party name, but at his second election he was voted for as a Republican, as was his successor, President Monroe. In the great Presidential contest of 1824, party names and party organiza- tions were ignored. Relying upon their personal popularity Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay entered the field as competitors for the Presidency. John Quincy Adams and William H. Crawford were also candidates ; neither candidate re- ceived a majority of the electoral votes. On February 9th, 1825, the House of Representatives proceeded to elect a President, as provided by the constitution. John Quincy Adams received the votes of a majority of the States and was elected. While General Jackson and Henry Clay were defeated at this election, they became the most potent political leaders the country has ever known. The Democratic party crystallized around General Jackson, the Whig party crystallized around Henry Clay, and these two great men led the country in every national contest until their death. It is true that the Liberty party was organized in 1840, and gave James G. Birney 7,059 popular votes for President, and the same party in 1844 gave Mr. Birney 62,300 popular votes for President, and that, in 1848, under the name of Free Democracy, Mr. Van Buren received 291,263 popular votes for President, and in 1852, under the party name of Free Soil, John P. Hale received 156,149 popular votes for President, but none of these candidates ever carried a State or expected to carry a State. They entertained advanced views upon the slavery question, and would not afrliliate with either the Demorcratic party or Whig party. The millions of elec- tors rallied to the standard of one or the other of these great political organiza- tions, and during a period of thirty years, the President was Democrat or Whig, as the majority of electors determined. But in 1854 the course of political events was such that a new alignment in politics became necessary to satisfy the serious divergence in political opinions from the old parties. The cause of that divergence was the difference of opinion, as to the constitutional power of Congress over the question of slavery in the Territories. It was the old question of slavery over again the old question which was apparently settled time and time again, but which would not remain settled. Let us briefly glance at this potent factor in the politics of this Nation : In 1775, when the Revolution was begun, negro slavery existed in all of the thirteen colonies ; it had been introduced by authority of the English Government. By the laws of nations, the African slave trade was recognized as lawful commerce. British, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Dutch vessels were engaged in the traffic of human flesh. North and South America and the West Indian Islands constituted the greatest slave market of the world. The business of reducing men and women to slavery was not new ; it was as old as the race. History shows that human slavery has existed in every race, and under every form of government, since the dawn of time. The most enlightened nations of ancient times recognized as lawful, the en- slavement of men of their own races. The Greeks held slaves and they sold their prisoners of war into slavery ; in the palmy days of the Grecian republics, three-fourths of their population were slaves. In treaties between the neighboring Grecian States, stipulations were made for mutual aid for the suppression of insurrections amongst their helots. The Romans, pursuing the Grecian policy, filled all Italy and the provinces with prisoners of war reduced to slavery. Hereditary servitude, in some form, had existed under all the governments of Europe, and in England from the earliest recorded period. The serfs of Austria were not emancipated until 1840, when seven millions were set free. The serfs of Germany were held until 1848. The serfs of Russia, numbering twenty-eight millions, were held until 1861. In all these cases the nobles who owned the serfs were compensated for them by their respective gov- ernments. The slaves of the ancients and of the Greeks and Romans, of England, of Germany, of Austria, and of Russia, were, for the most part, white men, but in the course of time the African negro, with his distinctive black skin, became the victim of the atrocious custom. About the year 15/0, Portuguese navigators introduced African slaves into Europe. In 1620, a Dutch vessel brought negro slaves to Virginia. The Eng- lish Government protected and encouraged the slave trade' with the thirteen colonies. Spain established slavery in Florida, Cuba and the neighboring islands, and France introduced slavery into Louisiana Territory. It was the policy of Great Britain to foster and encourage the African slave trade into the colonies ; they steadily rejected every colonial restriction on the traffic ; the governors were instructed, on pain of removal, not to give even tem- porary assent to such laws. In 1712, Pennsylvania passed an act prohibiting the slave trade; Virginia passed a similar act in 1726, and South Carolina in 1760, but all these laws were annulled by the crown. Massachusetts, in 1771 and 1774, passed prohibitory laws, but the governor decided to oppose them. The Earl of Dartmouth stated "that the colonies were not allowed to check or discourage in any degree a traffic so beneficial to the nation". The African slave trade was a highly profitable business ; people of distinc- tion were interested in it. The Royal African Company, of England, was under the direct patronage of Queen Ann, who held one-fourth of the stock. Its busi- ness was to keep the American market supplied with negro slaves. The demand for slaves was great, the supply seemed inexhaustible, and the cost of securing men and women along the coast of Africa for the traffic merely nominal ; the tribes made war upon each other to secure prisoners for sale ; the number lack- ing from this source were secured by various plans of strategy, deception and force. When once aboard of a slave ship, for trade or for any other purpose, the negroes were overpowered and reduced to subjection. This trade excited the avarice and cupidity of men, and led them to practice deception and fraud, and to perpetrate the most inhuman and diabolical cruelties. The victims of the slave trade were not under the protection of any law, ex- cept the will of their captors. Packed in holds of sailing vessels, deprived of suf- ficient food, water and fresh air, suffering the discomforts of the long passage from Africa to America, about 15 out of every 100 died. The terrors of the "Middle Passage" became known to humane people throughout the civilized world, and aroused pity and indignation ; the slave trade and slavery were denounced from pulpits, in pamphlets, and in public meetings. John Wesley characterized it as the "Sum of all villainies", but still the traffic in- creased, and slavery steadily gained a stronger hold on communities where it was largely introduced. During the 155 years that intervened from the date of the introduction of negro slavery into Virginia, to the date of the Revolutionary War, slavery had become firmly established in the colonies as a system of labor, and the slave trade was actively engaged in by planters, merchants, and vessel owners ; and their opinions in regard to its justice and morality were largely influenced by the profit of the business. The population of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia was about one-third slaves. The constitution of the United States authorized the continuance of the American slave trade for twenty years from 1787; during that period large num- bers of slaves were brought to this country, but the records of the Department at Washington do not show the number. The magnitude and importance of the interest can be understood, by an ex- amination of the following table, compiled from the report of the census of 1790: STATES. Free White Persons. Other Free Persons. Total Free Persons. Slaves. Total Popula- tion. Vermont 85,259 255 85,514 16 85,530 New Hampshire 141,197 630 141,827 158 141,985 Massachusetts 373,314 5,463 378,787 None. 378,787 District of Maine 96,540 96.540 Rhode Island 64,470 3,407 67,879 948 68,825 Connecticut 232,374 2,808 235,182 2,764 237,946 New York 314,142 4,654 318,796 21,324 340,120 New Jersey 169,954 2,762 172,716 11,424 184,139 Pennsylvania 424,079 6,557 430,636 3,737 434,373 Northwest Territory 8,316 8,316 104 8,420 Total 1,909,055 26,536 1,936,191 40,474 1,976,665 Delaware 46,310 3,809 50,119 8,887 59,006 Maryland 208,649 8,043 216,692 103,036 319,728 Virginia 442,117 12,866 454,983 292,627 747,610 Kentucky 61,133 114 61,247 12,430 73,677 North Carolina 288,205 4,975 293,180 100,571 393,751 South Carolina 140,278 1,801 142,079 107,094 249,173 Georgia . 55,156 398 55,554 29,264 84,818 Tennessee Territory 31,913 361 32,274 3,417 35,691 1,284,761 21,367 1,306,128 657,626 1,963,464 Reca.pitttta.tion . In States which abolished Slavery 1,909,655 1,284,761 26,536 21,367 1,936,191 1.306,128 40,474 657,326 1,976,665 1,963,454 In the States which retained Slavery Totals 3,194,416 47,903 3,242,319 697,800 3,940,019 Mulhall's Dictionary gives statistics of seventeen years' importation of slaves during that period at 159,000, being an average of 9,353 per annum. It is safe to assume that 190,000 slaves were imported during the twenty years from 1787 to 1808, and that this number added to these already in the country, including the natural increase, made a total of 1,100,000 slaves in 1808. In the Annals of Congress, i6th Congress, 2nd Session, page 78, the follow- ing information is given : Slaves imported at Charleston from the ist of January, 1804, to December 3ist, 1807. And by what nations : British 19-949 French i ,078 In American vessels for foreign owners 5.517 Imported by merchants, planters, etc 2,006 Bristol, R. 1 3,914 Newport, R. 1 3,488 Providence, R. 1 556 Baltimore 750 Savannah 300 Norfolk 287 Warren 280 Hartford 200 Boston 200 Philadelphia 200 New Orleans 100 39.075 being an average of 9.769 per annum for four years. It will be seen from the foregoing extracts from the census returns, that while the slaves held in the Northern States constituted but little over two per cent of the population, the slaves held in the Southern States numbered over thirty-three per cent of the population. In the Northern group of States the people had a very small pecuniary in- terest in slaves, while in the Southern group of States the pecuniary interest in slaves was very large. In the Northern States, agriculture was based upon white labor, while in the Southern States slave labor had become the foundation of agri- cultural prosperity. In the South the climate was mild, the larid$ were fertile and well adapted to the plantation system of farming. The investment of the South- ern people in slaves was larger than the investment in any other single species of property in the United States. Virginia was the leading agricultural State of the Union. Her exports con- sisted of tobacco, wheat, Indian corn, lumber, tar, pitch, turpentine, peltry, Hax seed, hemp, cotton, coal, pig iron, peas, beef, fish, peach and apple brandy, whiskey and horses. In 1759, 70,000 hogsheads of tobacco, of 100 pounds each, were exported. Before the Revolution, the annual export of grain was : Wheat, 800,000 bushels ; corn, 600,000 bushels. South Carolina had a large export trade based on their agriculture. In 1787, 947 vessels cleared from Charleston. Among other articles exported were 140,000 barrels of rice and 1,300,000 pounds of indigo. The plantation system al- ready introduced required the use of many laborers, and these persons were almost invariably slaves. Many leading men of the South believed slavery to be wrong in principle, and its continuance dangerous to free government, and they hoped that slavery would in time be abolished by law ; but the great majority of the people were of a dif- ferent opinion ; they justified slavery ; they believed that slavery was necessary for the development of the South ; they favored its continuance, and united always in the support of every measure calculated to protect and extend the institution. The agitation in the colonies against slavery and the slave trade, began soon after negro slaves were introduced, and it is highly probable that slavery would have been abolished in all the colonies but for the firm stand against this measure by the British Government. The Quakers had, as early as 1688, taken strong ground against "buying, selling, and holding men in slavery". John Eliot, writing against selling captured Indians into slavery, said : "Selling of souls is a dangerous merchandise". Samuel Sewell, in 1700, wrote an able pamphlet enti- tled, "The Selling of Joseph. A Memorial", in which the primal truth of human equality and obligation were enunciated. George Keith denounced slavery, as "contrary to the religion of Christ ; the rights of man and sound reason and policy". Ralph Sandiford, in 1729, pub- lished "The Mystery of Iniquity", in which he "condemned the sin of oppres- sion". Benjamin Lay, in 1737, pleaded the cause of bondmen in a volume pub- lished by Benjamin Franklin. John Woodman, of New Jersey, from 1746, for twenty-one years, traveled through the Middle and Southern States,, proclaim- ing to Christians that, "The practice of continuing slavery is not right", and that "Liberty is the natural right of all men, equally". And Anthony Benezet, probably the most able anti-slavery worker of his day, plead with the Pennsyl- vania Legislature to begin the work of emancipation. It was, however, left to the ten years immediately preceding the Declaration of Independence for the most thorough and extended discussion of the slavery question amongst the people, and of the fundamental law of nature, namely the natural equality of the whole race of mankind. There was a great awakening upon the subject amongst the colonists, who recognized the oppression and injustice to which they them- selves were subjected, and, therefore, learned to have a more realizing sense than ever before of the cruelty and injustice of slavery. Rev. Samuel Hopkins, of Newport, Rhode Island, took a leading part in the agitation. Newport was the great slave market for New England ; many mem- bers of the congregation of Mr. Hopkins' church were engaged in the traffic, but he fearlessly attacked the system of "kidnapping, purchasing and retaining slaves". In 1776 he published his dialogue concerning slavery, and also an ad- dress to slaveholders, which was dedicated to the Continental Congress. These documents were the ablest that had appeared, bearing on the subject of slavery, and, no doubt, exerted a powerful influence upon the public mind. Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, in 1773, published "An address to the inhabitants of the British settlements in America on slave keeping." In this paper he said : "Future ages, when they read the accounts of the slave trade, if they do not regard them as fabulous, will be at a loss which to condemn most, our folly, or our guilt in abetting this direct violation of nature and religion". Many societies were formed to encourage the emancipation of slaves. In 1785, such a society was organized in the State of New York, with John Jay president and Alexander Hamilton secretary. A similar society was formed in Pennsylvania in 1782, with John Baldwin as first president, and with Benjamin Franklin president in 1787. Societies were also organized at later periods in other States Rhode Island in 1789, in Connecticut, 1790, in New Jersey, in 1792. This agitation had produced a powerful impression upon the colonists, both North and South. The first Continental Congress, which met in 1774, for consultation as to grievances to be presented to the British Crown, in the articles of association pledged all the colonies that they would neither import or purchase any slave "and would wholly discontinue the slave trade", that persons violating these arti- cles should be pronounced "foes of the rights of British America", "and to be universally condemned as the foes of American liberty", "and unworthy of the rights of freemen", and on April 6th, 1776, the Continental Congress resolved, without opposition, "No slave shall be imported into any of the Thirteen United Colonies". Massachusetts and New Hampshire each emancipated their slaves during the Revolutionary war by the bill of rights in their constitution. Rhode Island enacted, in 1784, "that all children born of slaves should be free after that date". Pennsylvania adopted a system of gradual emancipation in 1780. In 1799, New York passed a law, declaring children born after that date should be free. All the Northern States, influenced by strong public opinion, abolished slavery. Some of the acts were adopted during the war, but the leaven of free- dom did not cease to work in the Northern States after independence was gained. All of the States soon adopted measures of emancipation. In the Southern States many leading men were opposed to slavery. Wash- ington. Jefferson, and Henry were of this number. In 1778 Jefferson caused the Virginia assembly to prohibit the further introduction of slaves. The law re- mained in force ten years. Emancipation societies were formed in Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. Some slaves were emancipated one notable case in Virginia was that of Robert Carter, of Nomina. He emancipated 442 slaves. Mr. Carter wrote that "the tolera- tion of slavery indicated very great depravity of mind". But none of the Southern States undertook to pass laws for the general emancipation of slaves. After the independence of the States was recognized, the agriculture interest of the South sprung into newness of life, and the whole energy of the people was directed to the restoration and development of their industries, which had been either de- stroyed or seriously embarrassed by the war. Slave labor contributed largely to the rapid recuperation of the country. Thus it will be seen that the question of the right or wrong of slavery and the slave trade was mooted immediately after the establishment of negro slavery in this country ; that the abolition of slavery in the Northern States was begun during the Revolutionary War, as soon as the authority of the British Govern- ment was ignored, and that in a few years all the Northern States emancipated their slaves. In the Southern States a different course was pursued ; the agita- tion for emancipation was silenced ; the interests involved were so great that those who conscientiously opposed slavery came to look upon it as an evil with- out a present remedy. The majority of intelligent influential citizens had no conscientious scruples as to the justice or wisdom of the institutions. Preachers, lawyers, doctors, planters, men of refinement, education and influence, owned, bought and sold slaves and justified and defended slavery. The public opinion of the world at that time was, and for centuries had been, on their side of the question. Slavery gave to the slaveholder wealth, social position, and power, and he held on to it with all the tenacity of his nature. It will, therefore, be seen that the issue was made up between freedom and slavery, in the throes of that great revolution, which gave to the world a free, rep- resentative republic. On March ist, 1784, a deed of cession from the State of Virginia convey- ing to the United States, "the territory northwest of the River Ohio", was exe- cuted by Thomas Jefferson, S. Handy, Arthur Lee and James Monroe, delegates in Congress from Virginia. This conveyance was authorized by the Virginia Leg- islature, by an act passed December 20, 1783. This territory composed the entire possessions northwest of the Ohio River, formerly controlled by Great Britain ; it extended to the Mississippi River, then the western frontier of the republic. Out of this territory the great free States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota were after- wards formed. After the grant was made, Mr. Jefferson brought forward a meas- ure in Congress, declaring that slavery should be prohibited in the territory, but his proposition failed. In 1787, the necessity for a territorial government for the Northwest Terri- tory became obvious ; several thousand people had become settlers in the country and were without civil government. A measure was brought forward in the Continental Congress by Nathan Dane, of Massachusetts, entitled, "An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio". It became a law July 13, 1787. This ordinance created a territorial form of government ; but it did much more. It enacted a bill of rights which embody the bed rock principles upon which our State Governments are founded. The second article, amongst other things, declared that "No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land". The sixth article contains these weighty words : "There shall be neither slavery nor revolutionary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted". It must be said, to the honor of all the States, North and South, that this ordinance received the unanimous vote of all the States, except the single vote of Mr. Yates, of New York. The passage of the ordinance was an auspicious be- ginning in the interest of freedom it was the first important measure upon the slavery question adopted by Congress after independence had been gained ; the action of the delegates from the Southern States in aiding to dedicate this great northwestern empire to freedom, conclusively shows that the agitation against 10 slavery throughout the colonies during and immediately after the war, had cre- ated no sectional animosity upon that question. Each State possessed absolute authority over that subject within their respective jurisdictions, and no State sought to interfere with the rights of others. The year 1787 is an important epoch in the history of the United States. On May I4th of that year the Constitutional Convention met at Philadelphia ; it was composed of delegates from all the States. George Washington was chosen President. Never in the history of the world was a more important duty imposed upon a body of men, than upon this convention. The success of the war of independence had made the Thirteen Colonies free and independent States. The government organized under the Articles of Con- federation had served a useful purpose during the war, but when peace came it proved an absolute failure. The Continental Congress was granted power to declare war, to make treaties, to send and receive embassadors, to emit bills of credit, to borrow and appro- priate money, to coin money and to regulate the interests of the Nation, etc. But it had no authority to act directly upon the people of the United States. It was solely dependent upon the action of the States to supply money to the com- mon treasury to defray the expenses of the Government. All efforts of the General Government to secure from the States an adequate source of revenue were unavailing; during the five years prior to 1787, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia contributed nothing; none of the other States contributed their full quote. Public credit was destroyed, and faith in the permanence of American institutions was greatly shaken. General Washington wrote : "To be more exposed in the eyes of the world and more contemptible than we already are, is hardly possible". The gravity of the situation was fully recognized by members of the conven- tion, and they painfully felt the immense responsibilities resting upon them. Rivalries and jealousies existed between the States, the inequality in territory, population and wealth, and the difference in employments, all conspired to in- crease the difficulty in agreeing upon an improved form of government ; but it was soon found, as Mr. Madison afterwards stated, that "the institution of slavery md its consequences furnished the line of discrimination" to all the proceedings. A powerful body of men in the convention believed in slavery, and repre- sented States where people were unwilling to join a Union in which slavery was not thoroughly recognized and protected slavery was a bond of union to these men, and they labored earnestly to thoroughly entrench slavery in the constitu- tion being framed. A great contention arose in regard to fixing the basis of representation in the two branches of Congress. One plan was to have the representation of each State in the Senate and House of Representatives proportioned according to their number of free population. The convention voted twice in favor of the plan, but great discontent was manifested by the small States. The Virginia plan was for the representation in the House to be based on free inhabitants and three- fifths of the slaves ; this proposition was defeated. Another for equal represen- tation in the Senate was also defeated. In a committee of conference, Benjamin Franklin proposed that the States should have equal representation in the Senate, and representation in the House proportioned to their population, counting all free inhabitants and three-fifths of all other persons. Mr. Williamson, of North Carolina, and Mr. Mason, of Vir- ginia favored this plan, while Pierce Butler and Charles Pinckney, of South Caro- lina insisted on full representation on slave population. Upon the report of the committee, Mr. Butler's amendment to count all the slaves was lost, and the proposition to count three-fifths of the slaves was lost. The proposition, then, was to base representation on a compound ratio of wealth and population. At this juncture Gen. Davie, of North Carolina, who had taken no part in the debate, arose. He declared, "It is time to speak out. I see that it is meant by some gentlemen to deprive the Southern States of any representation of their blacks. I am sure that North Carolina will never confederate on any terms that do not rate them at least as three-fifths. If the Eastern States mean to exclude them alto- 11 gether, then the business is at an end." It was evident that a crisis had been reached in the business of the convention, and that important concessions must be made to the slave interest or the convention would be dissolved. Mr. John- son, of Connecticut, at once declared that the whole population should be counted. Mr. Randolph renewed the Virginia proposition to count three-fifths of the slaves in the basis of representation. This proposition was carried by the votes of Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia ; New Jersey and Delaware opposed, and the vote of Massachusetts and South Carolina were divided. The various resolutions were finally referred to a committee on detail, of which John Rutledge, of South Carolina, was chairman ; the committee made their report August 6th. Upon the controverted questions the report was : That there should be no duty on exports ; that a two-thirds vote in Congress be re- quired to pass navigation laws ; the importation of slaves not to be prohibited, and such imports not to be taxed ; and foreign vessels to enter Southern ports without laws discriminating in favor of domestic shipping. The delegates from Virginia and Maryland were not' favorable to continue the slave trade. Mr. King, of Massachusetts, denounced the admission of slaves. Gouverneur Morris inveighed against slavery. "It was a nefarious insti- tution ; it was the curse of heaven on the States where it prevailed." "Upon what principle is it. that the slaves shall be computed in the representation? Are they men? Then make them citizens and let them vote. Are they property? Why, then, is no other property included?" He declared that "slavery was the most prominent feature in the aristocratic countenance of the proposed consti- tution. The vassalage of the poor has ever been the favorite offspring of the aristocracy". Luther Martin, of Maryland, moved an amendment allowing slaves im- ported to be taxed. Charles Pinckney asserted : "South Carolina can never receive the plan if it prohibits the slave trade. In every proposed extension of the powers of Congress that State has expressly and watchfully excepted the powers of meddling with the importation of slaves." George Mason, of Virginia, strongly denounced the slave -trade. He said : "Slavery discourages arts and manufactories. The poor despise labor when per- formed by slaves. It prevents the immigration of whites who really enrich and strengthen the country. It produces the most pernicious effects on manners, every master of slaves is born a petty tyrant. It brings the judgment of Heaven on a country. By an inevitable chain of causes- and effects Providence punishes national sins by national calamities." He moved that the General Government should have the power to prevent the increase of slavery. Mr. Charles C. Pinckney, in reply, stated "that South Carolina and Georgia cannot do without slaves. It would be unfair to ask South Carolina and Georgia to confederate on such unequal terms." The South Carolina delegates united in the declaration, that if the slave trade was prohibited South Carolina would not come into the Union. Mr. Williamson, of North Carolina, expressed the opinion that if those States were not allowed to import slaves, they would not come into the Union. Mr. Wilson, of Pennsylvania, suggested "that if negroes were the only im- ports not subject to duty, such an exception would amount to a bounty". Mr. King thought that "exempting slaves from duty, while every other import was subject to it, was an inequality that could not fail to strike the commercial sagacity of the Northern and Middle States." Mr. Charles Pinckney hastened to move a recommittal of the report, with a view to a tax on slaves equal to a tax imposed on other imports. This motion was seconded by his colleague, Mr. Rutlege. Gouverneur Morris proposed that the clauses relating to navigation, slaves and taxation of exports should also be referred, suggesting that, "these things may form a bargain between the Northern and Southern States" ; the motion to recommit prevailed. The committee took these conflicting propositions up with a broad spirit of compromise and the report which followed provided that there should be no duty on exports ; that Congress should have power to regulate commerce, and that the slave trade should continue until the year 1800. 12 Mr. Madison "thought it was wrong to admit into the constitution the idea that there could be property in man". The phraseology of the report was changed to remove that objection. Mr. Charles C. Pinckney moved to extend the slave trade to 1808; the proposition was seconded by Mr. Graham, of Massachusetts, and the motion was carried by the votes of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Georgia and South Carolina. The States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Delaware and Virginia voted against the amendment. Mr. Charles C. Pinkney, Mr. Butler and Mr. Rut- ledge gave the vote of South Carolina in favor of striking out the restriction on the enactment of navigation laws. Thus the great compromise was effected ; and the slave trade was continued for twenty years. But another important measure in the interest of slavery, which had been overlooked by the committee on detail, was now brought forward, namely, the return of fugitive slaves. No such provision was contained in the articles, of confederation, but Mr. Pinckney demanded a provision in favor of slave property. Mr. Butler moved that, "fugitive slaves and servants be delivered up as criminals". On August 27, the provision, having been put in acceptable form, was adopted without a division. The constitution as agreed upon after the long and heated controversy, con- tained four great provisions in the interest of slavery and slave-holders, namely : It required the return of fugitive slaves. It provided for the use of national aid by the use of the militia for the suppression of insurrection or invasion. It in- cluded slaves in the enumeration for representation in the National House of Representatives and in the Electoral College, making five slaves equal to three free persons. And it authorized the continuance of the African slave trade for twenty years. It is undoubtedly true that a majority of the Southern delegates would have withdrawn from the convention, if these provisions had been omitted from the constitution, and their omission would have insured the defeat of the constitu- tion before the people. Thus it will be seen that in the year 1/87, Congress, by an ordinance, pro- hibited slavery in the Northwest Territory, while the constitutional convention placed in the constitution articles which protected slavery where it existed, con- ferred upon it great political power, giving at least 25 members in the House of Representatives and 25 votes in the Electoral College based on slave popula- tion, and gave the sanction of constitutional law to the African slave trade for twenty years. Delegates from the New England and Middle States, from which by the free will of the people slavery was- soon to disappear, gave earnest support to these compromises in the constitution as a means of establishing forever the United States of America. They were forced to tolerate a condition of things which they were power- less to remedy, and for which they felt they were not responsible. The ques- tion with them was, shall this first experiment of free representative government be permitted to fail, because of a disagreement concerning the conditions sur- rounding this subject race? They decided this question in the negative. The constitution was framed and adopted, and a more perfect union was formed. They left to the wisdom of posterity the final settlement of the slavery question. In the midst of this controversy upon the slavery question, the advocates of the formation of a strong federal republic, led by Alexander Hamilton, secured the adoption of provisions which created a great national government with full legislative, executive and judicial powers upon national subjects. The citizens of the United States were made one people, and they were recog- nized as possessing the sovereignty of the United States of America. The second paragraph of Article VI contains this dominating provision, "This Constitution and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the Supreme Law of the land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding." 13 CHAPTER II. ADMISSION OF SLAVE STATES BALANCE OF POWER IN THE SENATE MISSOURI COMPROMISE ELECTION OF PRESIDENT POLK ANNEXATION OF TEXAS MEXICAN WAR WILMOT PROVISO ELECTION OF GEN. TAYLOR PRESI-, DENT COMPROMISE OF 1850. Important events connected with the intstitution of slavery crowded on each other. Kentucky was admitted as a slave State June ist, 1792. Tennessee was admitted as a slave State June ist, 1796. The great slave Territory of Louisiana, extending from the mouth of the Mississippi along the west bank of that stream northward to the British possessions and westward to the Rocky Mountains, was purchased from France in 1803. Louisiana was admitted as a slave State in 1812. Mississippi was admitted as a slave State in 1817, and Alabama in 1819, and this year, Florida, a slave Territory, was ceded by Spain. The growth of the West in population and wealth drew the attention of Southern statesmen to the fact that many new free States would soon knock at the door of Congress for admission. Ohio had already come into the Union in 1802. Mr. Calhoun and other Southern leaders insisted upon maintaining the balance power in the Senate between the slave and free States. This was to be accomplished by admitting States in pairs, one a free State and the other a slave State. In 1816 there were nine free States and nine slave States in the Union. Indiana was admitted that year, and Mississippi was admitted in 1817. Illinois was admitted in 1818, and Alabama in 1819. These States were part of the orig- inal territory, and their status as to the slavery question had been settled years before, so there was no contest in respect to the slavery question. Missouri ap- plied for admission into the Union as a slave State in 1818. A bill was introduced in the House for that purpose which aroused violent opposition. Mr. Tallmadge, of New York, offered an amendment providing that the further introduction of slavery be prohibited in said State of Missouri, and all children born in the State after its admission to the Union shall be free at the age of twenty-five years. An exciting and able debate followed, in which Mr. Clay took part ; the House adopted the amendment ; it was rejected by the Senate, and the two Houses re- fused to recede, so the bill was lost. At the next session, in 1819, the Territory of Maine applied for admission to the Union. Immediately after the presentation of that memorial, a similar document was presented for the admission of Missouri. The destinies of these two Territories now seemed to be indissolubly linked together ; the question of admitting one could not be considered without considering the other. The anti-slavery restriction in respect to Missouri was again introduced, and, al- though earnestly opposed by the Southern members, including Mr. Clay, it was adopted by the House. The Senate refused to concur, but prepared and passed a new bill for the admission of both States, and incorporated in the bill the proposition of Senator Jesse B. Thomas, of Illinois, as follows : "That in all that Territory ceded by France to the United States under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, ex- cepting such part thereof as is included within the limits of the State, contem- plated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude otherwise than in the pun- ishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall be and is hereby forever prohibited". This proposition was approved by the House, 14 and, although the Senate bill was rejected, separate bills were passed for each State, the Missouri bill containing the Thomas amendment as presented in the Senate. Maine became a State in 1820, and Missouri became a State in 1821, under the act of Congress, known as the "Missouri Compromise". The struggle over the admission of Missouri as a slave State not only aroused the members of the two Houses of Congress to a high pitch of excitement, but the people of the whole country, North and South, were profoundly moved by this controversy. But the people of both sections accepted the compromise, as a final settlement of the slavery question in the Territories. Those who opposed the extension of slavery felt that, although another slave State had been admitted to the Union, with the exception of the Arkansas Territory, all the rest of the Territories of the United States extending to the Pacific Ocean was dedicated to freedom, and that bounds had been placed to slavery. The excitement North and South died out, and to all appearances contention upon the slavery question was ended. Arkansas was admitted to the Union as a slave State June 15, 1836. The great issue in the political compaign for President in 1844 was the annexation of Texas and the settlement of the Oregon boundary. The Democratic party nominated as their candidate James K. Polk, of Ten- nessee. The Whig party nominated Henry Clay, of Kentucky. The Abolition party nominated James G. Birney, of New York. Mr. Polk earnestly favored the annexation of Texas and the line of 54 deg. 40 min. as the northern line for Oregon. "Fifty-four forty or fight," was a Democratic campaign rallying cry. Mr. Clay had opposed the annexation of Texas, but during the campaign, in what is known as the Raleigh letter, gave the proposition a qualified approval. Mr. Birney opposed the annexation upon the ground that it would extend the area of slaves. Never in the previous history of the country had a Presidential contest aroused such deep feeling. The old jealousy and animosity existing between Clay and Jackson was an important factor in the struggle. Gen. Jackson, in his retirement at the Hermitage, rapidly approaching the end of life, threw the whole weight of his influence into the struggle. Mr. Clay, matchless as a leader, drew men to him with enthusiasm and devotion never before witnessed, but his antagonists were as intense in their hatred as his friends were in their love. Polk was triumphantly elected. New York gave him her electoral vote. Of the popular votes cast, 58,879 were cast for Mr. Birney, the Abolition candidate, of which Illinois gave 149. With the election of Mr. Polk as President, the Democratic party reached the zenith of its political influence and power. The Southern wing had the lead- ership, but there were absolutely no divisions in the party. The annexation of Texas was approved by the popular vote. Mr. Calhoun, who had succeeded Mr. Webster as Secretary of State in Presi- dent Tyler's Cabinet, had already negotiated a treaty with Texas for the annexa- tion of that Republic ; the treaty was pending in the Senate with no prospect of approval, when the election was held. Mr. Calhoun decided not to press for the approval of the treaty, but to rely upon the adoption of a joint resolution for the admission of Texas. This was done with the approval of Mr. Polk. The joint resolution was passed by both Houses of Congress, and approved by Mr. Tyler March ist, 1845. ^ n due Bourse Texas ratified the action of Congress, and was admitted to the Union December 25, 1845. In the admission of Texas Congress extended the "Missouri Compromise" line of 36 deg. 30 min. to this Territory, prohibiting slavery north of that line of latitude. Mexico had never recognized the independence of Texas. A state of war existed between Mexico and Texas at the time of annexation. The passage through Congress of the annexation resolution caused the Mexican Minister to ask for his passport, and to leave this country. The Mexican Government re- fused, all intercourse with the American Minister, and he finally returned to the United States. There was no established boundary between Mexico and Texas, 15 but Texas claimed to the Rio Grande River. All of the country lying north of the river was represented in the Texas Congress. President Polk concentrated an efficient military force on the western fron- tier of Texas. This army was commanded by Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was ordered to repel any invasion of the Texas Territory, which might be attempted by the Mexican forces. On April 24, 1846, Gen. Arista notified Gen. Taylor that he "considered hos- tilities commenced, and he should prosecute them." The Mexican forces crossed the Rio Grande River ; they attacked a party of United States dragoons composed of sixty-three officers and men, killed nineteen and captured the balance war was begun. Gen. Taylor met the Mexican army at Palo Alto on May 8th, and at Resseca de la Palma on May 9th, and in the two battles gained splendid victories. Upon the recommendations of Mr. Polk, Congress passed laws for men and money to carry on the war. Gen. Taylor invaded Mexico from Texas. Gen. Scott cap- tured Vera Cruz and invaded Mexico from that place as a base. It is not the plan of this work to detail the brilliant military achievement of those campaigns. On August 4th, 1846, President Polk sent a message to Congress in which he stated the importance of adjusting the boundary between the parties, and said : "Should the Mexican Government, in order to accomplish these objects, be willing to cede any portion of their territory to the United States, we ought to pay them a fair equivalent". The President asked for an appropriation of $2,000,- ooo, "for the purpose of defraying any extraordinary expenses, which may be incurred in the intercourse between the United States and foreign nations". Mr. McKay, of North Carolina, chairman of the committee on ways and means, imme- diately introduced a bill making the appropriation as desired. The bill was considered and debated. Upon the suggestion of Mr. Adams, who supported the bill, it was amended so as to apply to making a treaty of peace with Mexico. The House seemed ready to pass the bill. Mr. David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, a Democrat from a strong Democratic district, was recognized by the chair. He offered an amendment, a proviso, declaring it to be "an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from Mexico, that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist therein". Mr. Wilmot had supported Mr. Polk for President, had just entered Con- gress, and was not known beyond his district. He had no prestige as a party leader, but the Wilmot Proviso, upon its own intrinsic merits, immediately brought on one of the longest, most able, and most exciting debates that ever engaged the attention of the House of Representatives. The people through- out the country, North and South, were profoundly agitated by the question. It proved to be the wedge for the rending of old parties. The Whigs and the Democrats of the South all opposed it, but it divided both the Democratic and Whig parties of the North. The proviso was adopted by the House, men of both parties supporting it. Of the Democrats, Hannibal Hamlin, Simon Cameron, Preston King, John Wentworth, Allen G. Thurman, and Robert McClellan were conspicuous. Most of the Northern Whigs in the Senate voted for the proviso. Daniel Webster, Robert C. Winthrop, Joseph R. Ingersol, Washington Hunt and James Pollock led the Whig column in the Senate. Mr. Webster cast his vote for the proviso in deference to public opinion in Massachusetts, but the agitation of the slavery question caused him great concern for the peace of the country. The proviso failed in the Senate. At the next session a similar bill was in- troduced appropriating three million dollars, to enable the President to negotiate peace with Mexico. Mr. Wilmot moved his proviso, and it was agreed to in committee of the whole, but when the bill was reported to the House the. proviso was lost by a vote of 97 for and 102 against its adoption. The treaty of peace was made with Mexico February 2nd, 1848, whereby a large area of territory was ceded to the United States, and was ratified by the Senate. The territory thus acquired was free territory under the laws of Mexico, and was accepted without any restriction by Congress against slavery. The United States was now possessed of a territory with a frontage of 1,200 miles on the Pacific Ocean, and extending eastward to the western lines of 16 Missouri, Iowa and Wisconsin, without an organized territorial government for any portion of this mighty empire. A bill was introduced for the organization of a territorial government for Oregon. The title of the United States to this country was based upon its dis- covery in 1792. by Captain Gray, a Yankee skipper ; by the exploration of Clarke and Lewis in 1804, and by settlement and occupation. It was never a slave terri- tory, and yet a heated debate arose over the bill for its organization, when it was proposed to exclude slavery. The bill passed August 14, 1848, with the proviso prohibiting slavery. It was now obvious to discerning men that the question of the extension of slavery had become the leading political idea with Democrats and Whigs of the Southern States, and that the question, coupled with the threat of disunion, would be mooted in Congress as long as there was a territory to be organized or a State to be admitted. Gold was discovered in California in 1848, and an immense tide of immigra- tion flowed into that unorganized territory. The Democratic National Convention met at Baltimore May ist, 1848. and nominated Gen. Lewis Cass and Gen. Win. O. Butler as candidates for President and Vice-President. Upon the slavery question the platform declared : "That all efforts of the abolitionists or others, made to induce Congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most dangerous and alarming consequences". There were two delegations from New York to the convention, but neither was admitted. The "Hunker" faction endorsed the nominations, but the "Barn- burners" faction declined to do so. They called a convention to meet at Buffalo. It was largely attended, from nearly all the States, by Free Soil Democrats. Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams were nominated for President and Vice-President. An aggressive platform was adopted on the slavery question. They de- clared "that Congress had no more power to make a slave than to make a king; no more power to institute or abolish slavery than to institute or abolish a monarchy". "The only safe measure of preventing the extension of slavery into the Territory, now free, is to prohibit its extension in all such Territories by an act of Congress". "We inscribe on our banner, 'Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men". The Whigs met in national convention June ist, 1848, at Philadelphia. The great leaders, Clay and Webster, were put aside, and Gen. Zachary Taylor nomi- nated for President and Millard Fillmore for Vice-President. The Whig platform was mainly directed to lauding Gen. Taylor ; little was said about political issues, and not a word about slavery. The convention refused to adopt a resolution favoring the application of the Wilmot Proviso to the Territories. Gen. Taylor was a citizen of Louisiana and a slave-holder, and was regarded as a safer man for the South than Gen. Cass. Gen. Taylor received a majority of the electoral votes, both North and South, and was elected. But the vote in New York for Cass and Van Buren was much greater than the vote for Gen. Taylor. The 36 electoral votes of New York were cast for Gen. Taylor and decided the contest. It thus happened that Gen. Cass in 1848, like Henry Clay in 1844, was beaten for President by the defection of Free Soilers in New York. This Free Soil column was led for Mr. Van Buren by Dean Richmond, Samuel J. Tilden, San- ford B. Church and other prominent Democrats. Gen. Taylor was inaugurated President March 5th, 1849. As the time for the meeting of Congress approached, the importance of the questions to be brought before the body excited general interest throughout the country. Congress met December, 1849. The first duty was to select a speaker. Hovvell Cobb was nominated by the Democrats and Robert C. Winthrop by the Whigs. For three weeks the struggle continued without an election. The Southern Whigs, led by Robert Toombs and Alexander H. Stephens, refused to vote for Mr. Winthrop. The Whig caucus had refused to consider a resolution declaring that Congress ought not to put any restriction to slavery in the Territories and ought not to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. 17 This was a capital offence in the eyes of Mr. Toombs and his friends. They withdrew from the caucus and opposed the election of the Whig candidate for speaker. The Senate contained the most able and eminent men of the country. Clay, Webster, Calhoun, Cass, Benton, Douglas, Davis, Seward, Chase, Bell, Hamlin, Hale, represented every phase of public opinion, North and South, upon the questions at issue. Mr. Clay, a natural leader of men, with unsurpassed ability for constructive legislation, was accorded leadership. He prepared a bill covering all the im- portant questions of interest and controversy. California was to be admitted as a free State under the constitution framed by a convention elected upon the initiation of the people. New Mexico and Utah were to have Territorial Government, with authority to come in as slave States if the people so decided. The slave trade was to be abolished in the District of Columbia. A more effective law was to be enacted for the return of fugitive slaves. Texas was granted $10,000,000 for relinquishing about 200 square miles of territory and having her bondholders release the guarantee of the United States. Mr. Calhoun, in the Senate, led the South. He believed that the negro race was designed by nature for slavery to the white man ; that slavery was a wise and beneficent institution for the pecuniary benefit of the whites and for the civil- i/ing and christianizing of the blacks. He insisted that slave-holders had the same rights of property in slaves in the Territories as the owners of horses and cattle, and that it was the duty of Congress to pass laws for their protection. He insisted that unless this was done, the Union would be dissolved by the South rebelling and starting up a new government. This was the theme of every Southern man, Whig or Democrat. Free Soil sentiment of the North was strongly represented in both Houses of Congress, and full expression was given to their opinions. The debate was long and exciting. Mr. Clay's bill failed to pass as a whole, but bills covering all the subjects and substantially in the same form as proposed by him were adopted and became laws. President Taylor and Senator Calhoun died in the midst 6! the great political struggle. Mr. Fillmore became President and approved all the measures. The country accepted the legislation as a satisfactory compromise. But the slave power was not appeased, nor was the free soil sentiment fully satisfied. Both, however, acquiesced. 18 CHAPTER III. ELECTION OF PRESIDENT PIERCE KANSAS-NEBRASKA LEGISLATION SLAVERY AGITATION RENEWED SPLIT IN DEMOCRATIC AND WHIG PARTIES ANTI- NEBRASKA CONGRESS ELECTED LYMAN TRUMBULL ELECTED TO U. S. SENATE. In 1852 the public mind was at rest on the slavery question. The compromise measures of 1850 were accepted by the great mass of the people, North and South, as a permanent settlement of the Slavery Question as it was related to the Territories. The Democratic party nominated Gen. Franklin Pierce of New Hamp- shire and William R. King of Alabama as candidates for President and Vice- President. The Whig party nominated Gen. Winfield Scott of New Jersey and William A. Graham of North Carolina. The Free Soil party nominated John P. Hale of New Hampshire and George W. Julien of Indiana. On the slavery question the Democratic platform "Resolved that the Democratic party will resist all attempts of renewing, in Congress, or out of it, the agitation of the slavery question under whatever shape or color the attempt may be made." The Whig platform was of the same tenor, and quite as emphatic against the agitation of the slavery question. Both platforms declared that the compromise measures of 1850 were a settlement of the "dangerous and exciting questions which they embrace." The Free Soil platform declared "that slavery is a sin against God and a crime against man," and demanded its abolition. "That the fugitive slave law is repugnant to the Constitution." That the com- promise measures of 1850 were "wholly inadequate to the settlement of the ques- tions of which they are claimed to be an adjustment." The canvass was unattended with excitement and developed no special features of interest. Mr. Pierce was elected. He received 254 electoral votes, Gen. Scott received 42 electoral votes and Mr. Hale received no electoral votes. Of the popular vote Pierce received 1,601,474, Scott 1,386,578 and Hale 156,149 votes. The XXXIII Congress chosen at the same election was divided as follows: Senate 38 Democrats, 22 Whigs, 2 Free Soil. Total 62. House 159 Democrats, 71 Whigs, 4 Free Soil. Total 234. The Democratic party w r as returned to power by a majority of the popular vote, with large majorities in both houses of Congress, while the Free Soil vote, never large, had fallen off over 135,000 in four years. President Pierce in his first message, December, 1853, referred to the com- promise measures of 1850 and stated "it had given renewed vigor to our institu- tions and restored a sense of repose and security to the public mind." But this repose was soon to be disturbed. A bill to organize the Territory of Nebraska was introduced in the Senate in January, 1854. Senator Dixon of Kentucky, successor of Mr. Clay, now deceased, gave notice that when the bill should come before the Senate he would move that "the Missouri compromise be repealed, and that the citizens of the several States shall be at liberty to take and hold their slaves within any of the Territories." This action of Senator Dixon attracted the attention of the whole country and the pub- lic mind was at once aroused to a state of uneasy expectancy. Senator Douglas was Chairman of the Committee on Territories. This bill was referred to his committee. In due course he reported to the Senate a bill for the organization of Territorial governments for both Kansas and Nebraska. 19 The bill contained the following clauses for each Territory : "That the legislative power of the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the Constitution of the United States and the provisions of this act * * the said Territory or any portion of the same shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission." "That the Constitution and laws of the United States which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within the said Territory of Kansas as elsewhere within the United States." "Except the Eighth Section of the Act preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the Union approved March 6th, 1820, which being inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by Congress with slavery in the States and Territories as recognized by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the com- promise measures, is hereby declared inoperative and void, it being the true in- tent of this act not to legislate slavery into any Territory or State, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States." The section of the act for the admission of Missouri declared void, as here- tofore quoted, is as follows : "Sec. 8. Be it further enacted that in all the Territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the State contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than as the punishment for crime, shall be and is hereby forever prohibited." This bill was debated in Congress for four months. The proposition to throw open to slavery the territory which had been dedicated to freedom by the Missouri compromise, and to invite a struggle between the people of the slave and free States for supremacy in organizing the Territories, was regarded by many as a breach of faith and dangerous to the peace of the country. The excitement in Congress and throughout the country was intense. Southern Congressmen and the Southern press claimed the right for slave-holders to take their slaves into any Territory and hold them there by virtue of the Consti- tution without reference to the National or Territorial laws. Xtn the North it was claimed that slavery was local, depending upon .State laws for its existence ; that Congress had power and it was its duty to prevent the spread ,pf slavery into the Territories. Mr. Douglas sought to place the question upon a middle ground, that is, not to legislate slavery either into or out of the Territory, but to leave the question to be settled by the people of the Territory. Every Southern Democrat in the House voted for the bill except Thomas H. Benton, who was then serving in the House from St. Louis, and Mr. Millson of Virginia. Every Southern Whig in the House, except seven, voted for the bill. In the Senate every Southern Senator voted for the bill, except Senators Houston of Texas and Bell of Tennessee. More than 40 Northern Democrats voted against the bill on its final passage. Mr. Richardson of Illinois had the management of the bill in the House; his Democratic colleagues all favored the measure except John Wentworth and Colonel William H. Bissell, who opposed the measure with all their power. Mr. \Ventworth eight years before had voted for the Wilmot proviso, and had not changed his position upon the great question of excluding slavery from the Ter- ritories. The Whig members, Norton, Knox, W^ashburne and Yates, all made strong speeches in opposition to the passage of the bill. Mr. Yates addressed the House on March 28, using these prophetic words : "This will be no party meas- ure. The great enormity of its introduction into our National councils is that it tends to make two parties, divided not as heretofore, but by geographical lines a Northern party and a Southern party. Who can foresee the malignity and bit- terness of the strife which is to ensue. I would not anticipate or suffer myself to think of that awful day when the South and the North should be marshaled in hostile array against each other ; when American should meet American on the bloody field of strife ; when the fiery and impetuous valor of the South should come in contact with the cool, determined bravery of the North. No, sir ; I trust that day will never come." 20 Mr. Washburne spoke April 5. He declared that "the questions involved in the bill have taken a deep hold upon the public mind, and there is no power on earth that could control its workings. You might as well ask the sea to stand still as to ask the North to submit in silence to the repeal of the Missouri Com- promise." On May 19 Mr. Knox made an effective speech, closing with these em- phatic words : "I repeat, sir, I never can, and never will, and no earthly power will make me vote directly or indirectly, to spread slavery over territory where it does not exist. Never, while reason holds her seat in my brain. Never, while my heart sends the vital fluid through my veins. Never !" The bill passed Congress and was approved by President Pierce May 30, 1854. The Missouri compromise line was forever expunged. The great, final conflict between freedom and slavery in the United States was begun. The friends of slavery were determined to make Kansas a slave State, and the friends of Free Soil were equally determined to make it a free State. The anti-slavery excitement in the North over the passage of this law was intense ; it pervaded all parties and every Northern State. The Whig organ- ization disappeared utterly, as unfitted to such an emergency. Many leading Democrats renounced their allegiance to the Democratic organization and heart- ily joined in an "Anti-Nebraska" movement. Public meetings were called in various parts of the country and resolutions were adopted condemning the Kan- sas-Nebraska law and recommending the organization of a new party. Senator Douglas visited the State Fair in Springfield in October and spoke in favor of the measure. Mr. Lincoln answered the Senator's speech and sounded a key-note of opposition to the extension of slavery into the Territories. Mr. Lincoln spoke at Peoria and at numerous other places, condemning the measure as being in the interest of slavery and a violation of plighted faith. His speeches aroused great interest and enthusiasm. He advised men everywhere to unite without reference to former party lines in an effort to carry the November election for members of the Legislature and for members of Congress. But Mr. Lincoln took no part in a convention called by Owen Lovejoy and others to meet at Springfield in October, during the Fair. Mr. Lovejoy was known to be an intense abolitionist, and Mr. Lincoln and other prominent leaders of the Anti-Nebraska movement were unwilling to iden- tify themselves with a convention which would be characterized as an abolition convention. The work of organization went on with energy in the Central and North- ern part of the State. In the Alton Congressional District the Anti-Nebraska Democrats nominated Hon. Lyman Trumbull for Congress and he was elected. F. B. Washburne, James H. Woodwprth, Jesse O. Norton and James Knox were elected as Anti-Nebraska Whigs in the ist. 2d, 3d and 4th districts, making five Anti-Nebraska members while only four Democrats were elected from Illinois. The XXXIV Congress was made up as follows : Senate 42 Democrats, 15 Republicans, 5 Americans. Total 62. House 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, 43 Americans. Total 234. Many of those styled Americans were Free Soil Whigs who co-operated with the Republicans in organizing the House. Hon. Nathaniel P. Banks, a Massachusetts Republican, was elected speaker. L T pon the Illinois Legislature, which met January, 1855, devolved the duty of electing a Senator to succeed Gen. Shields, who was a candidate for re-election. A majority were "Anti-Nebraska" men, but they were not yet ready to act har- moniously together. On the first ballot Abraham Lincoln received 45 votes, Gen. James Shields 41 votes, Lyman Trumbull 5 votes, and 8 members voted for seven other candi- dates. The votes for Gen. Shields were given by men who stood resolutely by the Democratic party and who endorsed Gen. Shields' action in supporting the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. The votes cast for Mr. Lincoln were Free Soil Whigs. The votes for Judge Trumbull were Anti-Nebraska Democrats, who were not yet ready to affiliate with the Anti-Nebraska Whigs. Three Senators, John M. Palmer, Burton C. Cook and Norman B. Jndd. and two Representatives, George T. Allen and Henry S. Baker, steadily voted for Judge Trumbull. The Demo- 21 crats finally dropped Gen. Shields and concentrated their vote upon Governor Mattison. Mr. Lincoln lacked but six votes of election ; he became satisfied that he would not be able to secure those votes, so he advised his friends to vote for Judge Trumbull. On the loth ballot the Judge received 51 votes and was elected. So, through the influence of Mr. Lincoln, Illinois sent to the XXXIV Congress an Anti-Nebraska Democrat as a Senator, who afterwards became one of the Republican leaders of that body. The political revolution of 1854, which resulted in overthrowing the power of the Democratic party in a majority of the Northern States and in the lower House of Congress, was brought to a successful issue without a national conven- tion. It was the result of a spontaneous uprising of the people to protest against the spread of slavery. The people of the Southern States were solidly united in affirming certain great propositions. They affirmed that the enslavement of the negro was right, that the perpetuation of the social fabric the preservation of law and order, and the progress of the South demanded the enslavement of the blacks. They affirmed that under the Constitution they had the right to take and hold their negro property into the Territories of the United States and form a slave State if the majority of the people demanded it. They claimed the Consti- tutional right to withdraw from the Union if they saw fit to do so. This new party, soon to be christened by a national convention as the Re- publican party, met these issues fairly and squarely. They denied the divine origin of slavery and characterized it as a child of the dark ages and inconsistent with free government. They recognized the right of the Southern States to de- termine for themselves when or whether they would abolish slavery, but they de- nied utterly that slavery was national and insisted that Congress not only had the power but it was its duty to forever prohibit slavery in the Territories. Issues which had heretofore divided the country, the tariff, internal im- provements, the public lands, national banks, the army, the navy and the puolic defense were all put aside and the country divided upon the great issue between freedom and slavery in the Territories. 22 CHAPTER IV. BLEEDING KANSAS TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE ELECTED BY PRO-SLAVERY MEN FROM MISSOURI BONA FIDE RESIDENTS DRIVEN FROM POLLS NON-RESIDENT PBO-SLAVERY MEN FILL OFFICES IN THE TERRITORY- DETERMINED EFFORT OF ADMINISTRATION TO MAKE KANSAS A SLAVE STATE. The act of Congress for the organization of the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas, approved 1854, was the signal for an immense immigration from all parts of the United States into those Territories. The large area of each Terri- tory, the beauty of the country, the fertility of the soil and the salubrity and healthfulness of the climate, all combined to make both Territories desirable for the establishment of homes and the building up of two great States. The settlements in Nebraska were made almost exclusively by people from the free States, but in Kansas it was different ; many persons emigrated from slave States to that Territory. Atchinson, Doniphan and Kickapoo were settled by pro-slavery men, while Lawrence, Topeka, Manhattan, Pawnee and several other towns were settled by free State men. An emigrant aid society was organized at Boston to encourage emigration and to build mills, churches, school houses, etc. About one hundred of the early settlers at Lawrence came out under the auspices of this society. Societies of a similar character were organized in other States, the aim undoubtedly being to ecourage bonafide emigration of persons favorable to making Kansas a free State. These acts gave great offence to the people of Missouri. At Westport, Mo., the "self-defensive organization" was set on foot July 29th, 1854, with the declared object "to be ready whenever called upon by citizens of Kansas Territory to assist in removing any and all emigrants who go to Kansas under the auspices of Northern emigrant aid societies." Public meetings were held at various places in Missouri to denounce this movement in the North- ern States to encourage emigration to Kansas. Leading slave-holders in the Southern States seemed to take it for granted that Kansas would be made a slave State and were indignant at the idea that Northern men with anti-slavery views should have the temerity of settling in that Territory, while Northern emigrants felt that the Territory was open for settlement by any one who saw fit to go there. It soon became obvious that Kansas was to become the theater of a great struggle between freedom and slavery. The emigration to Kansas was composed of educated, well-to-do people. Many persons who had risen to positions of distinction at their old homes removed to Kansas to cast in their lot in building a new State. Farms were "located and improved, towns were established, mills, churches, school houses and hotels were built, newspapers were established and the busy hum of industry was soon heard in all parts of the Territory. A few months' time developed the fact that the emigrants from the free States outnumbered those from the slave States, and that the sentiments of a majority of the emigrants were favorable to making Kansas a free State. Andrew H. Reeder, of Pennsylvania, was appointed Governor. He reached the Territory October 6th, 1854. He caused a census to be taken of the people, which was completed February 28th, 1855. The population numbered 8,307; of these 2,905 were voters and 242 were slaves. The Governor ordered an election for a Territorial Legislature tor March 3Oth, 1855. He divided the Territory into eighteen districts, and appointed judges and clerks of election. The people prepared for the election by selecting candi- dates for the Legislature. On the day of this election, as had occurred at the election of November 29th, 1854, for a Territorial delegate to Congress, large bodies of armed men from Missouri appeared at all the voting places and took possession of the polls 23 and held the election. The result was that the Legislature chosen by these men were pro-slavery men and nearly all citizens of Missouri. This election and the election of Territorial delegate clearly showed that an organization existed in Missouri for the purpose of controlling the affairs of Kansas by force and fraudulent voting. United States Senator Atchison, of Mis- souri, in a speech delivered in Platte County, Mo., a short time before the elec- tion, said : "When you reside in one day's journey of the Territory, and when you know your peace, your quiet, and your property depend upon your action, you can, without an exertion, send five hundred of your young men who will "vote in favor of your institution. Should each county in the State of Missouri only do its duty, the question will be decided quickly and peaceably at the ballot box." Dr. Stringfellow, at St. Joseph, in a speech said : "I advise you, one and all, to enter every election district in Kansas in defiance of Reeder and his vile myrmi- dons, and vote at the point of the bowie-knife and revolver." A subsequent investigation showed that of the 2,905 voters on the census returns, only 831 were found on the poll books. The Missourians had polled 4,908 illegal' votes, and bv this sudden invasion of armed men had overborne the bonafide settlers and carried the election. This gross act of usurpation aroused the indignation of the people of all parties throughout the Northern States ; it was obvious that the slave power proposed to make Kansas a slave State whether a majority of the people of the Territory were in favor of slavery or not. A series of outrages followed close upon this election. April I4th, the press of the Parkville Luminary was destroyed and the editor driven away because he published an article condemning the Missouri invasion of Kansas. April 3Oth a vigilance committee was organized at Leavenworth, and addressed by Chief Justice Lecomp, of the United States Territorial Court, and several citi- zens were notified to leave the Territory for expressing "abolition sentiments." May 1 7th William Phillipps was tarred and feathered, ridden on a rail and sold at auction by a negro, because he protested against the frauds at the Leaven- worth election. July 2cl the bogus Legislature met at Rawnee, organized, ex- pelled Conway, the only free State member elected to the council, and the seat of government was removed to Shawnee, Missouri, about four miles from West- port, Mo. On July i6th the Legislature convened at Shawnee, Missouri. The most important statutes were : "An act to establish a tribunal for the transaction of county business and to define its powers and duties," "An act to punish of- fences against slave property," and "An act to punish decoying slaves from their masters." By the first act the Legislature assumed the right of electing the boards of county commissioners and invested these boards with authority to "appoint all sheriffs, coroners, assessors, collectors, justices of the peace, constables and all other officers, commisioners or agents provided for by law", thus depriving the people of all power in connection with the affairs of government. The other acts contained eight sections creating felonies in respect to slave property, each of which provided for inflicting the penalty of death. The pro-slavery leaders in Missouri were not content with enacting laws for the Territory ; they wished to hold the offices also. Mr. Jones, a citizen of Westport, Missouri, was sheriff of Douglas County, of which Lawrence was the county seat. Sheriff Jones administered his office in a way to keep the citizens of Lawrence in a continual broil. In December, 1855, under the guise of en- forcing a peace warrant, he caused about fifteen hundred armed Missourians to assemble around Lawrence with the avowed purpose of requiring every citizen to surrender his arms, which, of course, they refused to do. Governor Shannon, who had just been appointed, arrived on the scene in time to avert bloodshed. The bonafide residents brought their home politics with them when they emigrated to Kansas, but the exciting and extraordinary scenes through which they had passed from the spring of 1854 to December, 1855, had broken down all former party divisions, and the great majority of the people now stood shoulder to shoulder as a free State party of Kansas. And "Bleeding Kansas" became a political battle cry. 24 The free State men held a convention at Big Spring, September 5th. They passed resolutions repudiating the laws of the bogus Legislature and nominated Governor Reeder for delegate to Congress. September I7th another conven- tion was held at Topeka under the leadership of General James H. Lane and Charles Robinson. This convention decided to form a constitution and State government and petition Congress for admission into the Union. To this end an executive committee was formed with General Lane as chairman, an election was held, delegates were elected, and the constitutional convention met at Topeka October 23d. Governor Reeder was also elected as a delegate to Congress at the same election. On November nth the convention had completed its business, and sub- wiitted the constitution for adoption by the people. The constitution provided for the election of State officers, a Legislature, etc., the 4th of March, 1856, being fixed as the date for organizing the State government. The constitution was adopted, candidates for the Legislature were elected, and a great convention was held at Lawrence to nominate State officers. Lane and Robinson were candi- dates. General Lane had served in the Mexican War and had distinguished himself under Gen. Taylor at Bueria Vista. He had also served in Congress from Indiana as a Democrat. Dr. Robinson was a Whig. Both were ardently in favor of making Kansas a free State. Dr. Robinson was nominated for Governor. In due time the election was held and State officers and a Legislature were elected. In the meantime the pro-slavery party had been active. The President had been induced to remove Governor Reeder and appoint Wilson Shannon, of Ohio, Governor. He assumed office September ist, 1855. On October 6th Dr. Stringfellow, of Missouri, who had been speaker of the bogus Kansas Legislature, wrote a letter to Alabama, which was published in the Montgomery Advertiser, calling for aid. November I4th a law and order convention was held at Leavenworth, which was attended by Governor Shannon and the Territorial judges. Resolutions were passed denouncing the free State movement. A number of free State men were killed. Dow was killed by Coleman at Hickory Point, November 2ist. Coleman fled to Westport and put himself under the guidance of Mr. Jones, Sheriff of Douglas' Countv, Kansas. They secured a police warrant against one Branson, with whom Dow had boarded. Branson was arrested at night. Fifteen of his neighbors, including two men from Lawrence, being warned of his arrest, rallied and rescued him from Sheriff Jones. Sheriff Jones wrote the Governor that "an open rebellion had already com- menced" and called for 3,000 men "to carry out the laws." Governor Shannon issued an order calling out the militia. November 2Qth large bodies of organized and armed Missourians responded to the call, numbering about 1,500 men. Lawrence was the objective point. That town organized for defence under Robinson and Lane ; they threw up entrenchments and citizens from various parts of the Territory went to Lawrence to aid in its defence. Lawrence was besieged by the militia, under Richardson, the commander-in-chief. Thos. Barber, a free State man, was fired upon and killed as he rode from Lawrence towards his home. December Qth, 1855, Governor Shannon, Robinson and Lane held a conference, at which the Governor learned that Lawrence had taken no part in resisting Sheriff Jones. The "Treaty of Lawrence" was signed -and the militia, much disgusted, returned to their homes. December I5th, 1855, Senator Atchison wrote to Georgia for aid. The letter was published in the Atlanta Examiner. December i8th, the jail at Leavenworth was burned by a pro-slavery mob, who rescued one of their men. December 2Oth the Territorial Register printing office, a free State paper at Leavenworth, was destroyed by a Missouri mob. January 24th, 1856, the President sent a message to Congress endorsing the bogus Legislature and declaring that the formation of the free State government was an act of rebellion. February nth the President issued a proclamation de- nouncing the State government organized by the free State movement, and on February i6th the President authorized Governor Shannon to employ United States troops to enforce the laws enacted by the bogus Legislature of Kansas. 25 CHAPTER V. PITTSBURGH CONVENTION, FEB. 22, 1856 EDITORIAL CONVENTION AT DECA- TUR, FEB. 22, 1856 BLOOMINGTON CONVENTION, MAY 29, 1856 DEMO- CRATIC CONVENTION AT SPRINGFIELD, MAY i, 1856 DEMOCRATIC NA- TIONAL CONVENTION, CINCINNATI, JUNE 2, 1856 REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION, PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 17, 1856 WHIG AND AMERICAN NOMINATIONS. The people of the North had taken note of the determined effort of the slave power to make Kansas a slave State. The people of the Territory had not been permitted to govern themselves, had not been permitted to elect their own legislature and their own local officers, but had been overborne by an invading force of armed men acting in the interest of slavery. The Republican party had carried a majority of the Congressional elections in 1854, but had no national organization. On January 15, 1856, at Washing- ton, D. C., a call was issued by the chairmen of nine Republican State Com- mittees for an "informal convention at Pittsburgh on the 22nd day of February, 1856, for the purpose of perfecting the national organization and providing for a national delegate convention of the Republican party". This convention met on the day fixed, in Lafayette Hall, at the corner of Fourth and Wood Streets, Pittsburgh, Pa. It was a mass convention, with representatives from twenty-four States and four Territories. The convention was called to order by Lawrence Brainerd, of Vermont, who nominated John A. King, of New York, as temporary chairman, and he was unanimously chosen. William Penn Clark, of Iowa, and James W. Stone, of Massachusetts, were appointed secretaries. The convention was opened by prayer by Owen Lovejoy, of Illinois. At the second meeting Simeon Draper, chairman, reported the following permanent organization : President, Francis P. Blair, Sr., of Maryland ; one vice- president from each State and Territory, and as secretaries, Russell Evrett of Pennsylvania ; Daniel R. Tilden, of Ohio ; Isaac Dayton, of New York ; John C. Vaughan, of Illinois, and James W. Stone, of Massachusetts. Mr. Blair was escorted to the chair by Preston King of New York and Jacob Brinkerhoff of Ohio. Mr. Blair did not make a speech, but presented an address of "The Republicans of Maryland to the Republicans of the Union", which was read to the convention. It was a powerful arraignment of modern democracy as compared with democracy of the days of Jackson. Coming from Mr. Blair, who had been the editor of the "Globe" at the national capital during Jackson's administration, and had been the close personal and political friend of that great man, it created a profound impression. This convention was composed of many of the most distinguished and nota- ble men of the country. These men represented all the old parties : Francis P. Blair, Horace Greeley, Preston King, Zachariah Chandler, Joseph Medill, Owen Lovejoy, William Dennison, William H. Gibson, Joshua R. Giddings, Geo. W. Julian, David Wilmot, Henry J. Raymond, and hundreds of others. This convention represented and voiced the sentiments of the people every- where who were opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise measure and opposed to the extension of slavery into territory dedicated to freedom. At its third session a permanent national organization of the Republican party was effected by the appointment of a committee with authority to call a national con- vention for the nomination of candidates for President and Vice-President to be voted for by the Republicans of the United States at the November election, 1856. 26 The committee on address presented a lengthy report which had been mainly prepared by Hon. Henry J. Raymond, editor of the New York Times. This address to the people of the United States was an able document and amongst other things contained the following: "We do therefore declare to the people of the United States as objects for which we unite in political action: i. We de- mand and shall attempt to secure the .repeal of all laws which allow the introduc- tion of slavery into territory once consecrated to freedom and will resist by every constitutional means the existence of slavery in any of the Territories of the United States. 2. We will support by every lawful means our brethren in Kansas in their constitutional and manly resistance to the usurped authority of their law- less invaders and will give the full weight of our political power in favor of the immediate admission of Kansas to the Union as a free, sovereign and independent State." Thus the great national Republican party of the United States was organized in response to a mighty wave of public opinion in favor of freedom. This Pittsburgh Convention attracted the attention of the whole country; its action was a challenge to the Democratic party, and it became clear that a great political battle was to be fought in 1856. The Democratic party with a solid South was well organized and prepared for the conflict. While this convention in Pittsburgh was in session an important meeting was being held at Decatur, Illinois ; it is known as the Editorial Convention, and had its origin in a call issued by the Morgan Journal, edited by Mr. Paul Selby. The call read as follows : ''Editorial Convention. All editors in Illinois opposed to the Nebraska Bill are requested to meet in convention at Decatur on the 22nd day of February for the purpose of making arrangements for the organization of the anti-Nebraska forces in this State for the coming contest. All editors favoring the movement will please forward a copy of their paper containing their approval, to the office of Illinois State Chronicle, Decatur." This call received the formal endorsement of twenty-five papers,, as follows : Journal, Jacksonville ; Chronicle, Winchester ; Chronicle, Decatur ; Whig, Quincy ; Press, Pittsfield ; Gazette, Lacon ; Tribune, Chicago ; Staats-Zeitung, Chicago; Republican, Oqnawka ; Republican, Peoria; Prairie-State, Danville; Advertiser, Rock Island ; Fultonian, Vermont ; Journal (Ger.), Quincy ; Beacon, Freeport ; Pantagraph, Bloomington ; True Democrat, Joliet ; Telegraph, Lock- port ; Gazette, Kankakee ; Guardian, Aurora ; Gazette, Waukegan ; Chronicle, Peru; Advocate, Belleville ; Journal, Chicago ; and Journal, Sparta.' A number of these papers had formerly supported the Democratic party. The following named editors were in attendance at the convention : N. Y. Ralston, Quincy Whig ; Chas. H. Ray, Chicago Tribune ; O. P. Wharton, Rock Island Advertiser ; E. C. Dougherty, Rockford Register ; T. J. Pickett, Peoria Republican ; George Schneider, Chicago Staats-Zeitung ; Chas. Faxon, Princeton Post ; A. N. Ford, Lacon Gazette ; B. F. Shaw, Dixon Telegraph ; W. J. Ursey, Decatur Chronicle ; Paul Selby, Jacksonville Journal ; Simpson Whitely, Aurora Guardian ; E. W. Blaisdell, Rockford Register ; D. L. Phillips, Jonesboro Gazette. Paul Selby was made chairman of the convention and W. J. Ursey secretary. This convention adopted a series of resolutions and appointed a State cen- tral committee with authority to call a State convention. In the evening after the convention adjourned the delegates were given a banquet at the Cassell House, in the parlors of which hotel the convention was held. A number of able speeches were made in response to toasts, but the speech of the evening was delivered by Abraham Lincoln, who had accepted an invitation to attend the banquet. His speech was able and eloquent ; he advocated a line of political policy then, strictly in accordance with the views he expressed two years later. He ap- proved and encouraged the movement for a State convention. In fact, Mr. Lin- coln remained away from the Pittsburgh convention for the sole purpose, by counsel and speech, to take part in the Editorial Convention at Decatur. 27 The first Republican State convention in Illinois was held at Bloomington .May 29, 1856. The convention was called by the State central committee ap- pointed February 22, 1856, by the Editorial Convention held at Decatur. The call for the Bloomington convention was signed as follows : First District, S. M. Church, Rockford. Second District, John Evans, Chi- cago. Third District, G. D. F. Parks, Joliet. Fourth District, T. J. Pickett, Peoria. Fifth District, E. A. Dudley, Quincy. Sixth District, William H. Hern- don, Springfield. Seventh District, J. C. Pugh, Decatur. Eighth District, Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville. At large, Ira C. Wilkinson, Rock Island. The anti-Nebraska men of all parties endorsed the movement for organizing .a new party. The assemblage at Bloomington was large and enthusiastic. John M. Palmer was elected temporary chairman, .made an able and eloquent address in opening the convention, and was made president, with Richard M. Yates, John H. Bryan, James M. Ruggles, John Clark, William Ross, D. L. Phillips, G. D. A. Parks, Abner C. Harding and J. H. Marshall, vice-presidents ; and Henry S. Baker, Madison ; Charles L. Wilson, Cook ; John Tillson, Adams ; Washington Bushnell, LaSalle ; B. J. F. Hanna, Randolph, as secretaries. The following ticket was nominated: William H. Bissell for Governor; Francis Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor ; O. M. Flatch for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor: James Miller for Treasurer. Mr. Hoffman, a man of foreign birth, was found ineligible for lack of required time of residence, and John Wood of Quincy was named in his place. The following platform was adopted : Resolved, That foregoing all former differences of opinions upon other questions, we pledge ourselves to unite in opposition to the present administration and to the party which upholds and supports it and to use all honorable and con- stitutional means to wrest the Government from the unworthy hands which- now control it and to bring it back in its administration to the principles and practices of Washington, Jefferson and their great and good compatriots of the Revolution. Resolved, That foregoing all former differences of opinions upon other questions, we pledge ourselves to unite in opposition to the^present administration of the Government; that under the Constitution Congress possesses the power to prohibit slavery in the Territories ; and that, whilst we will maintain all con- stitutional rights of the South, we also hold that justice, humanity, the principles of freedom as expressed in our Declaration of Independence and our national constitution, and the purity and perpetuity of our Government require that that power shall be exerted to prevent the extension of slavery into territory here- tofore free. Resolved, That the repeal of the Missouri Compromise was unwise and in- jurious ; an open and aggravated violation of the plighted faith of the States, and that the attempt of the present administration to force slavery into Kansas against the known wishes of the legal voters of that Territory is an arbitrary and tyrannous violation of the rights of the people to govern themselves, and that we will strive by all constitutional means to secure to Kansas and Nebraska the legal guaranty ugainst slavery of which they were deprived at the cost of the violation of the plighted faith of the nation. Resolved, That we are devoted to the Union and will, to the last extremity, defend it against the efforts now being made by the dis-unionists of this admin- istration to compass its dissolution, and that we will support the Constitution of the United States, in all its provisions regarding it, as the sacred bond of our Union and the only safeguard for the preservation of the rights of ourselves and our posterity. Resolved, That we are in favor of the immediate admission of Kansas as a member of this Confederacy under the constitution adopted by the people of said Territory. Resolved, That the spirit of our institutions as well as the Constitution of our country, guarantees the liberty of conscience as well as political freedom, and that we will proscribe no one by legislation or otherwise on account of religious opinions, or in consequence of place of birth. Many of the most distinguished men in the State attended this convention : Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, Jesse W. Fell, Thomas J. Henderson and all 28 the vice-presidents and secretaries. Besides the delegates, the crowd was large and enthusiastic. A number of persons made speeches, amongst them O. H. Browning and Richard Yates. Mr. Lincoln delivered the closing address. It was one of his noblest and best efforts ; it was extemporaneous, no stenographic record was made of it, but those who heard it remember it as a thrilling oration of argument and eloquence. Mr. Lincoln had excited great influence in the selection of the candidates. His idea was to have men from both the Democratic and Whig parties whose position and standing would unite all the anti-Nebraska elements in the State. The people of Illinois were deeply interested in the political canvass of 1856. A new alignment in politics was to be made. All old party issues were for the time pushed aside, except the single question of the extension of slavery into the Territories. The new party made no assault upon slavery in the States ; that institution was firmly rooted in the financial, industrial, political and social organization of the Southern States and was protected by the Constitution and was beyond the reach of Congress or the people of the free States. Illinois Republicans did not propose to try to disturb it where it existed. The Democratic convention of 1856 met at Springfield May ist and nomi- nated the following ticket for State officers: William A. Richardson, Governor; Richard Jones Hamilton, Lieutenant-Governer ; William H. Synder, Secretary of State; Samuel K. Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treasurer; J. H. St. Mathew, Superintendent of Public Instruction. Mr. Richardson was a man of recognized ability ; he was a close friend of Senator Douglas, had served six terms in Congress and was the leader in the House of Representatives in the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The ticket was a very strong one and insured the full support of the party. The Whig party made no nominations for State officers. The American or Know Nothing party nominated Buckner S. Morris for Governor; T. B. Hickman for Lieuten- ant-Governor; William H. Young for Secretary of State; Dewitt C. Barber for Auditor ; James Miller for Treasurer, and E. Jenkins for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Democratic national convention met in Cincinnati June 2, 1856. Sena- tor Douglas of Illinois was a prominent candidate for President. The conven- tion, however, nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania for President and John C. Breckenridge for Vice-President. A lengthy platform was adopted. Upon the burning question of the extension of slavery into the Territories, the following declaration was made : ''That we may more distinctly meet the issue on which a sectional party subsisting exclusively on slavery agitation, now relies to test the fidelity of the people North and South, to the Constitution and Union." Resolved, That claiming fellowship with and desiring the co-operation of all who regard the preservation of the Union under the Constitution as the para- mount issue and repudiating all sectional parties and platforms concerning domestic slavery which seek to embroil the States and incite to treason and armed resistance to law in the Territories, and whose avowed purpose, if consummated, must end in civil war and dis-union, the American Democracy recognize and adopt the principles contained in the organic laws establishing the Territories of Ne- braska and Kansas as embodying the only sound and safe solution of the slavery question, upon which the great national idea of the people of this whole country can repose in its determined conservation of the Union, and non-interference of Congress with slavery in the Territories or in the District of Columbia. That this was the basis of the compromise of 1850, confirmed by both the Democratic and Whig parties in national conventions, ratified by the people in the election of 1852 and rightly applied to the organization of the Territories in 1854. That by the uniform application of the Democratic principle to the organ- ization of Territories and the admission of new States, with or without domestic slavery, as they may elect, the equal rights of all the States will be preserved in- tact, the original compacts of the Constitution maintained inviolate, and the per- petuity and expansion of the Union insured to its utmost capacity of embracing in peace and harmony every future American State that may be constituted or annexed with a republican form of government. 29 Resolved, That we recognize the right of the people of all the Territories, including Kansas and Nebraska, acting through the legally and fairly expressed will of the majority of the actual residents, and whenever the number of their inhabitants justifies it, to form a Constitution, with or without domestic slavery, and be admitted into the Union upon terms of perfect equality with the other States. On March 26, 1856, a call was issued for a national Republican convention to meet at Philadelphia on the i/th day of June, 1856. This call read as follows: "The people of the United States, without regard to past political differences or divisions, who are opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, to the policy of the present administration to the extension of slavery into the Ter- ritories, in favor of the admission of Kansas as a free State, and restoring the action of the Federal Government to the principles of Washington and Jefferson, are invited by the national committee, appointed by the Pittsburgh convention on Feb. 22, 1856, to send from each State three delegates from every Congres- sional district and six delegates at large to meet at Philadelphia on the I7th day of June next for the purpose of recommending candidates to be supported for the offices of President and Vice-President of the United States". The call was signed by Edwin D. Morgan, of New York, chairman ; Francis F. Blair, Maryland ; John M. Niles, Connecticut ; David Wilmot, Pennsylvania ; Alfred P. Stone, Ohio ; E. S. Leland, Illinois ; William Spooner, Wisconsin, and a member from each State and Territory of the Union except seven Southern States. This convention met in Music Fund Hall, Philadelphia, on Tuesday, June 17. 1856, at ii o'clock a. m., and was in session three days. About two thousand delegates and alternates were in attendance. The following named States and Territories were represented : California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, In- diana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine. Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hamp- shire, New Jersey. New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, Wis- consin, the District of Columbia and the Territories of Kansas, Minnesota and Nebraska. Edwin D. Morgan, chairman of the national committee, called the convention to order, in an earnest and eloquent speech. He closed 1 by nominating Robert Emmet of New York, a kinsman of the great Irish patriot, for temporary chair- man. Geo. G. Fogg, of New Hampshire, and Thos. G. Mitchell, of Ohio, were appointed temporary secretaries. Geo. Hoaclley of Ohio and Moses H. Grinnell escorted Judge Emmet to the chair. The chairman delivered an able address declaring that although fifty years a Democrat, "he denounced democracy rather than part with freedom." Illinois was represented by a strong delegation, composed of George Schneider, Jesse O. Norton, Cyrus Aldrich, W. H. L. Wallace, N. M. Knapp, John M. Palmer, John Olney, S. M. Church, N. B. Judd, Owen Lovejoy, C. B. Law- rence, W. B. Archer, and others. The usual committees were appointed. Col. Henry S. Lane of Indiana was made president of the convention and one vice-president from each State and Territory represented. Col. Lane delivered an eloquent address. He declared that "the anniversary of Bunker Hill is a fitting time, and the shades of Inde- pendence Hall the proper place, in which to inaugurate a new era in our history, the regeneration and independence of the North." He said that he had been a follower of Henry Clay, but the Nebraska swindle impelled him to sacrifice his old party predilections. Caleb B. Smith of Ohio, Owen Lovejoy of Illinois, and Henry Wilson of Massachusetts were called upon and addressed the convention. Hon. Edwin D. Morgan of New York was continued as chairman of the national committee. On the second day of the convention David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, chair- man of the committee on resolutions, presented the platform. The resolutions embodying the burning issues of the hour are given below. Resolved, That the Constitution confers upon Congress sovereign power over the Territories of the United States for their government, and that in the exercise of this power it is both the right and the inoperative duty of Congress to prohibit in the Territories those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery. 30 Resolved, That while the Constitution of the United States was ordained and established, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general wel- fare, and secure the blessings of liberty, and contains ample provisions for the protection of the life, liberty and property of every citizen, the dearest constitu- tional rights of the people of Kansas have been fraudulently and violently taken from them ; their Territory has been invaded by an armed force ; spurious and pretended legislative, judicial and executive officers have been set over them, by whose usurped authority, sustained by the military power of the government, tyrannical and unconstitutional laws have been enacted and enforced ; the rights of the people to keep and bear arms have been infringed ; test oaths of an extra- ordinary and entangling nature have been imposed, as a condition of exercising the rights of suffrage and holding office ; the right of an accused person to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury has been denied, the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unrea- sonable searches and seizures, has been violated ; they have been deprived of life, liberty and property without due process of law ; that the freedom of speech and of the press has been abridged ; the right to choose their representatives has been made of no effect; murders, robberies and arsons have been instigated or encouraged, and the offenders have been allowed to go unpunished ; that all these things have been done with the knowledge, sanction, and procurement' of the present national administration, and that for this high crime against the Con- stitution, the Union and humanity, we arraign the administration, the President, his advisers, agents, supporters, apologists and accessories, either before or after the facts, before the country and before the world, and that it is our fixed purpose to bring the actual perpetrators of these atrocious outrages and their accomplices, to a sure and condign punishment hereafter. Resolved, That Kansas should be immediately admitted as a State of the Union with her present free Constitution, as at once the most effectual way of se- curing to her citizens the enjoyment of the rights and privileges to which they are entitled, and of ending the civil strife now. raging in her territory. The convention gave profound attention to the reading of the platform ; it was unanimously adopted with great enthusiasm. The declaration against the "twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery", was greeted with tremendous applause. An informal ballot was taken for a candidate for President. It resulted as follows: Fremont, 359; McLean, 190; William H. Seward, 7; Charles Sumner, 2; Nathaniel P. Banks, i. A formal ballot was then taken. Fremont received 520 ; McLean, 37, and Seward, I. The nomination was made unanimous by Chairman Lane, putting the question thus : "All who favor making John C. Fremont the unanimous candidate for the Presidency will signify the same by giving three cheers." In- stantly an American flag was drawn across the platform inscribed : "John C. Fremont for President." The convention adjourned until the next morning. Upon motion an informal ballot was taken for a candidate for Vice-President, Col. William B. Archer of Illinois and Judge Rufus P. Spaulding of Ohio acting as tellers. The vote resulted as follows: Dayton, 253; Lincoln, no; N. P. Banks, 46; David Wilmot, 43; Sumner, 35; Coleamer, 15; John H. King of New York, 9; Samuel C. Pomeroy of Kansas, 8; Thomas H. Ford of Ohio, 7; Cassius M. Clay, 3 ; Henry Carey, 3 ; Joshua R. Giddings, 2 ; Whitfield S. John- son, 2; Aaron S. Pennington, I. Thomas H. Elliott of Massachusetts requested the convention to refrain from voting for Mr. Banks and Mr. Sumner, as they were needed in the House and Senate. Thaddeus Stephens withdrew the name of David Wilmot. A formal ballot was ordered, when John M. Palmer withdrew the name of Abraham Lincoln as a candidate for Vice-President and urged that the vote for William L. Dayton be made unanimous. Mr. Dayton received all the votes cast except 31 ; 20 of these were cast for Mr. Lincoln and n for six other persons. These votes were then withdrawn and the nomination was made unanimous. Thus Fremont and Dayton became the first candidates of the Republican party for President and Vice-President. 31 Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donaldson were nominated as can- didates for President and Vice-President, first, by the national convention of the American party held in Philadelphia Feb. 22, 1856, and later by the Whig party at the national convention held at Baltimore Sept. 17, 1856. The Whig platform reaffirmed the principles of that party and upon the great issue then exciting the public mind the following resolutions were adopted : "Resolved, That all who revere the Constitution and the Union must look with alarm at the parties in the field in the Presidential campaign. One claiming oniy to represent sixteen Northern States and the other appealing mainly to the passions and prejudices of the Southern States ; that the success of either faction must add fuel to the flame which now threatens to wrap our dearest interests in a common ruin. Resolved, That the only remedy for an evil so appalling is to support a candidate pledged to neither of the geographical sections, nor arrayed in political antagonism, but holding both in a just and equal regard. We congratulate the friends of the Union that such a candidate exists in Millard Fillmore. Resolved, That in the present exigency of political affairs we are not called upon to discuss the subordinate questions of administration in the exercising of the constitutional power of the government. It is enough to know that civil war is raging and that the Union is in peril ; and we proclaim the conviction that the restoration of Mr. Fillmore to the Presidency will furnish the best if not the only means of restoring peace." The Whig party made a solemn declaration "that civil war is raging and that the, Union is in peril", but its platform was non-committal upon the issues involved in the controversy in Kansas. The Democratic party and the Republican party were face to face upon that great issue ; the Southern Democracy declaring that the election of Fremont would be a just cause for and would be followed by dis- union ; while the Republican platform declared "that the federal Constitution, the rights of the States, and the union of the States, shall be preserved." The political canvass of 1856 was one of great excitement ; the people every- where \vere profoundly interested in the result. The Republican State ticket in Illinois was exceedingly strong. William H. Bissell had been a Democrat ; he had served with distinction in the Mexican War as Colonel of the Second Illinois Volunteers and had made his mark in Congress, not only as a man of great ability, but also as a man of courage, as shown in his controversy with Jefferson Davis, with whom he was on the eve of fighting a duel. The entire ticket was made up of popular men and the canvass brought out immense crowds all over the State. The Democrats were aggressive and confident. The Republicans were none the less active. The story of the outrages of the slave power, and the wrongs of the Free State settlers in Kansas found willing ears all over the North. The health of Col. Bissell was such that he made but one speech during the canvass, but able men addressed large meetings everywhere. There was a very large vote at the election. When the votes were counted it was found that Fremont had a majority in the sixteen Northern States; he had received 1,340,618 votes, and Buchanan 1,224,750, giving .Fremont a majority in the popular vote of 115,868 in the free States. The Republican State ticket was elected in Illinois. Col. Bissell received 111,375 votes, being over 15,000 more than the vote for Fremont. James Buchanan, the Democratic candidate for President, carried the State, but Mr. Richardson, the Democratic candidate, was beaten for Governor, although he received 1,295 votes more than Buchanan. E. B. Washburne, John F. Farns- worth, Owen Lovejoy and Wm. Kellogg, Republicans, were elected to Congress. The Legislature was Democratic. The Republicans throughout the country felt that although they lost the Presidential election they had gained a great moral victory. The party had firmly entrenched itself in the hearts of a mighty array of intelligent and enthusiastic voters in the North and they felt that the issue of freedom in the Territories would be won. While these great political movements of the people, for the nomination and election of national and State officers, were going forward, there was no lull in the excitement and discord in Kansas. The contest there between freedom and 32 slavery emphasized and gave point to the political contests in all the Northern States. In April, 1856, the demands of Dr. Stringfellow and Senator Atchison for aid were responded to by the arrival of a regiment of armed men from Alabama, South Carolina and Georgia, commanded by Col. Buford, their declared purpose being to aid in driving out the free State men. These men and many Missourians were taken into pay by the marshal of the Territory. Judge Lecompte, holding court at Lawrence, charged the grand jury at Doug- lass County to find indictments for high treason against those who participated in organizing the State government. Indictments were found against Robinson, Lane, Reeder and others. These men left the Territory to avoid arrest, but Dr. Robinson, while descending the Missouri River, was identified and detained by a mob at Lexington, Missouri, and was sent back to Kansas, where, with six others, he was held a close prisoner for four months without bail on a charge of treason. On May I3th the United States Marshal besieged Lawrence with his force of militia for the purpose of arresting persons alleged to have aided ex-Governor Reeder in resisting arrest. The people in public meeting denied the fact of re- sistance alleged by the marshal and the besieging posse retired. On May 2ist the deputy marshal visited Lawrence with a large force of armed men from Mis- souri, who were accompanied by Senator Atchison. No resistance was offered by the people. The deputy marshal made certain arrests. Sheriff Jones seized a cannon and arms. When this was done the army of invasion entered the town, Senator Atchison delivered a speech, and the work of destruction began. The Free State Hotel was battered with a cannon, blown up and burned. The presses of two newspapers were destroyed. Dr. Robinson's residence was burned and all the stores and other houses were searched and plundered. The damages were estimated at $150,000. Buford's men spread over the Territory for plunder and to drive the free State men from their homes. The free State men armed and assembled for defense. May 26th a fight occurrd at Pottawatamie, where three free State men and five pro-slavery men were killed. On June 2nd the free State men, under John Brown, attacked a body of pro-slavery men at Pal- myria, and captured thirty-one prisoners and a large quantity of plunder. On the next day the free State men attacked another party at Franklin, which was armed with guns and a cannon ; one man was killed, two wounded and the stores captured. Mr. Whitfield, delegate to Congress, advanced into the Territory June 6th with a body of Missourians, but was driven back by Col. Sumner, with his U. S. dragoons. On June /th Ossawotamie was sacked with great atrocity by a party of 170 pro-slavery men. June 2Oth a company of seventy emigrants from Chicago, while on the steamer "Star of the "West", were robbed of their arms at Lexington ; when thev reached Weston all their property was taken from them and they were sent down the river. On June 26th a party of emigrants from Massachusetts, on the steamer "Sultan", and on June 28th another party of emigrants from Illinois, were robbed of their property and forced to go down the river. July 4th the free State legisla- ture reassembled at Topeka, but was dispersed by Col. Sumner, U. S. A. The outrages along the Missouri River became so great that that route for Northern emigrants to Kansas was abandoned and the route through Iowa and Nebraska adopted. Many hundred persons entered Kansas by this route. During the months of July, August, September, October and November, 1856, a number of invading forces from Missouri entered Kansas, led by leading men, determined to drive out the free State men, destroy their homes and capture their property. Houses were burned, stores were robbed, cattle and horses were taken and driven off and many men were killed. On their part the free State men formed companies and on many occasions attacked the invaders. Kansas was actually in the condition of civil war. The national administration had confirmed the usurpations of the slave power, and had seconded every effort to crush out the spontaneous movement of the people to protest against those usurpations and to petition Congress for redress. 33 The condition, however, became so alarming that Governor Shannon was. removed and John W. Geary, of Pennsylvania, appointed Governor. He assumed office Sept. n, 1856. Governor Geary was sincerely devoted to establishing peace and order in Kansas. He at once issued a proclamation disbanding the militia, which had been organized under the authority of Governor Shannon and acting Governor Woodson. The pro-slavery men were reluctant to obey these orders, and again laid siege to Lawrence, but the Governor, with great coolness and courage, accompanied by the dragoons, threw himself between the besiegers and the town and put an end to the contest. By the end of November, Governor Geary's policy had resulted in sending to their homes the armed men from Mis- souri, and the disbandment of the companies of free State men who had organized for self defense. But these pacific measures came too late to have any effect upon, the elections. 34 CHAPTER VI. GOVERNOR WILLIAM H. BISSELL'S ADMINISTRATION, 1857-1860. William H. Bissell was born in Yates County, New York, April 25, 1811. He was by profession a physician. When he came to Illinois he settled in Mon- roe County, and entered upon the practice of medicine. He was a man ot pleas- ing address and popular manners, and impressed himself favorably upon his asso- ciates as a man of ability. In 1840 he was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat, and immediately took a leading part in public affairs. He developed great ability as a public speaker. This experience caused an important change in his life. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and was soon appointed state's attorney for his circuit. His rise as a lawyer was rapid. He soon reached the first rank in the profession, both in the preparation of cases and as an advocate. A man of educa- tion and of fine literary tastes, his speeches were not only forcible in argument and delivery, but elegant in diction. When the Mexican War broke out he raised a regiment for the service ; he was appointed colonel of the Second Illinois Infantry, this being one of the seven regiments of Illinois troops that participated in that war. Colonel Bissell proved himself to be a good soldier. He served under General Taylor in his great campaign in Mexico and distinguished himself in the battle of Buena Vista. In 1848, after his return from the war, he was elected to Congress and re- elected in 1850 and 1852. A leading position was accorded to him; he was at- tending to business, and was at once recognized as able and eloquent in debate. It was Colonel Bissell's fortune to be a member of Congress at a time when the slavery question agitated the country and seriously engaged the attention of C'ongress. In the course of the debate in the House Mr. Brown of Mississippi made a serious attack upon the Northern States in regard to slavery, and Mr. Seddon of Virginia, in a speech disparaged the courage of Northern troops at the battle of Buena Vista, claiming that Colonel Jefferson Davis' regiment of Mississippi volunteers saved the day. Colonel Bissell replied to those speeches. He defended the North against Mr. Brown's assault in a masterly manner. In reply to the claims of Mr. Seddon, he said : "I affirm distinctly, sir, that at the time the Second Indiana Regiment gave way through an unfortunate order of their colonel, the Mississippi regiment, for whom the claim is gratuitously set up, was not within a mile and a half of the scene of action, nor yet had fired a gun or pulled a trigger. I affirm further, sir, that the troops which at that time met and resisted the enemy, and thus, to use the gentleman's own language, 'snatched victory from the jaws of defeat/ were the Second Kentucky, the Second Illinois and part of the First Illinois Regiments. It gives me no pleasure, sir, to be compelled to allude to this subject, nor can I see the necessity or propriety of its introduction in this debate. It having been introduced, however, I could not sit in silence and witness the infliction of such cruel injustice upon men, living and dead, whose well-earned fame I were a monster not to protect. The true, brave hearts of too many of them, alas, have already mingled with the' soil of a foreign country ; but their claims upon the justice of their countrymen can never cease, nor can my obligations to them be ever forgotten or disregarded. "No, sir, the voice of Hardin, that voice which so often has been heard in this hall, as mine now is, though far more eloquently, the voice of Hardin, yea, and McKee and the accomplished Clay, each wrapped now in his bloody 35 shroud, their voices would reproach me from the grave had I failed in this act of justice to them and to others who fought and fell by their side. "You will suspect me, Mr. Chairman, of having warm feelings on this sub- ject. Sir, I have, and have given them utterance as a matter of duty. In all this, however, I by no means detract from the gallant conduct of the Mississippi regiment. At other time and places on that bloody field they did all that their warmest admirers could desire. But let me ask again, why was the subject introduced into this debate ? Why does this gentleman say 'troops of the North gave way' when he means only a single regiment? Why is all this, but for the purpose of disparaging the North for the benefit of the South? Why, but for furnishing materials for that ceaseless, never-ending theme of Southern chivalry ?" After vindicating the Northern States from aggressions upon the South, Colonel Bissell concluded by saying, "We are ready to meet you now on any fair grounds and fight with you side by side for your rights and ours ; and defend those rights under the constitution from encroachment in any quarter. But, sir, we want to hear no more about disunion. We are attached to the Union aye, devotedly are we attached to it. We regard it as the ark of safety for the Ameri- can people. We know that the realization of the hopes for human freedom throughout the world depends upon its perpetuity. And shall we ruthlessly crush those hopes forever? Shall that beacon light which our fathers raised to cheer and guide the friends of freedom be extinguished by us? Extinguish it if, you will, but know that when you do it the world is enshrouded in darkness more frightful than Egyptian night. I know the people of my State. I know the people of the great West and Northwest, and I know their devotion to the American Union, and I feel warranted in saying in my place here that when you talk to them about destroying this Union, there is not a man throughout that vast region who will not raise his hand and swear by the Eternal God, as I do now, it shall never be done if our army can save it. Illinois proffered to the country nine regiments to aid in the vindication of her rights in the war with Mexico. And should danger threaten the Union from any source, or in any quarter, in the North or in the South, she will be ready to furnish twice, thrice, yes, four times that number to march where that danger may be, to return when it is past or return no more." This speech gave great offense to Southern members and resulted in Senator Jefferson Davis challenging Colonel Bissell to fight a duel. Although the settle- ment of difficulties in this way was contrary to public opinion in the North and particularly in Illinois, Colonel Bissell immediately accepted the challenge, choosing as the weapon to be used the army musket, to be loaded with a ball and three buck-shot, the combatants to take position forty yards apart, with the liberty to advance to ten. This action, no doubt, took Colonel Davis and his Southern friends by sur- prise. President Taylor, the father-in-law of Davis, was a friend and admirer of Colonel Bissell, and was unwilling to have the duel come off. By the interposition of friends, the matter was settled by Colonel Bissell making the statement in regard to the Mississippi regiment: "I am willing to award them the credit due to their gallant and distinguished services in that battle." This sentiment, it will be observed, was contained in the text of the offensive speech, and in fact constituted no withdrawal whatever, but the friends of Colonel Davis were willing to accept it, and the difficulty was settled. This episode brought Colonel Bissell into great prominence throughout the country. His attitude on the then pending questions clearly indicated his un- willingness to support the unreasonable demands of the slave power. His nom- ination and election as Governor showed his great personal popularity. Governor Bissell was inaugurated Jan. 12, 1857. In consequence of his crip- pled condition, the ceremony took place at the Executive Mansion. The Demo- crats had a majority in both branches of the Legislature. The ill feeling of the campaign was carried into the Legislature, and both Houses were kept in a state of unrest and excitement during the whole of the session. Upon the mo- tion to print the Governor's address, a violent attack was made upon him on the ground that he was ineligible to take the oath of office, because of having ac- 36 WILLIAM H. B1SSELL. 37 cepted the challenge of Jefferson Davis to fight a duel. John A. Logan took the lead in this attack : the Governor was ably defended by Isaac N. Arnold, C. B. Denio, and others. They claimed that the alleged offense was committee outside the State of Illinois, and beyond the jurisdiction of the Constitution. While partisan feeling was invoked against the Governor because of this act, there was a strong undercurrent of respect because of the splendid courage he had exhib- ited in the affair. The most important contest in the Legislature was over the Apportionment bills. Each party presented a measure for re-districting the State. The Democratic measure passec both Houses, and with an Appropriation Bill was forwarded to the Governor, who by mistake signed the Apportionment Bill, thinking it was the Appropriation Bill, and returned it to the House ; finding his mistake he sent a message recalling the bill, which being refused, he for- warded to the House a message vetoing the act. The House refused to receive the message, and ordered the bill to be filed with the Secretary of State. The Republicans filed a protest against this action. These proceedings created great excitement amongst the members and inter- fered seriously with the orderly transaction of business. The only important measures passed at this session were the laws to establish a normal university near Bloomington, and a new penitentiary building at Joliet. The session ad- journed February 19, without a quorum. Among the many prominent members of that Legislature who became influential factors in the Republican party were Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook, Thomas J. Henderson, G. A. D. Parkes. John A. Logan, Samuel W. Moulton, Isaac N. Arnold, E. C. Ingersoll, Shelby M. Cullom, William Lathrop, Moses M. Bane, ana L. S. Church. At the election of 1858, James Miller was re-elected State Treasurer and Newton Bateman was elected Superintendent of Public Schools. Again the State of Illinois was carried by the Republican State ticket, and again a majority of the Legislature was elected by the Democratic party, thereby securing to Judge Douglas a re-election to the United States Senate. The House of Representa- tives was organized in January, 1859, by the election of William R. Morrision, Speaker. This Legislature was distinguished for the ability of its members. Henry W. Blodgett, Ebenezer Peck, Leonard Swett, Alonzo W. Mack, Stephen A. Hurlbert, and Andrew J. Kuykendall are a few of. those who have occupied prominent positions in the country. The Supreme Court of the State having upheld the action of Governor Bissell in vetoing the Apportionment Bill of the last session, the Democrats of the Legislature decided to pass an Apportionment Bill. A bill strictly on partisan lines was prepared by the Democratic com- mittee ; an analysis showed that the Democratic counties with a population of 477,678, were given 41 Representatives, while the Republican counties with a population of 646,748, were given only 34 Representatives. The Republicans contested the passage of this bill at every step. The future legislative supremacy of the Democratic party in the State centered in this measure, and everything was subordinated to it, the Democrats being determined to pass the bill. The bill was passed February 15, ana presented to the Governor for his action. On February 22, the Governor sent to the House a message vetoing the bill. The majority of the Republican members, knowing that the veto message would be presented, left the hall. The private secretary of the Governor presented himself to the House with the message and began reading it. He was interrupted by the Speaker, who declared that there was no quorum present. The Speaker directed the sergeant-at-arms to remove the private secretary, but amid great confusion the reading of the message was concluded and left in the hands of the page to be delivered to the Speaker. The Speaker refused to receive the document and the private secretary declined to accept the return of it. The message was placed upon the Speaker's desk, who indignantly threw it upon the floor. Upon a call of the House it appeared that there was no quorum present, and the House ad- journed amid great excitement. A few Republican members had been left be- hind to watch the interests of their party. These gentlemen, viz : Hurlbert, Swett, Mack, Church, and John A. Davis, prepared and filed a protest against the action of the Speaker and of the House in refusing to receive the Governor's veto. This protest was entered upon the Journal. Democratic members also prepared a pro- test against the action of the Republican members, which was signed by Messrs. Campbell, Barrett, Detrich, Sloss, James M. Davis, and Green. No quorum ap- peared, and on February 24 the Legislature adjourned sine die. Appropriations had been made early in the session for continuing the work on the Joliet Penitentiary ; for paying the interest on the public debt and for the support of the charitable institutions at Jacksonville, so no serious inconvenience resulted from this sudden adjournment of the Legislature. During the session an exciting and somewhat amusing incident occurred. It was understood that *m effort would be made to amend the Chicago charter; the Republicans be- lieved that it would be a partisan measure in the interest of the Democracy, so they decided to resist its passage. They were not advised who would introduce the bill, but were watching diligently for it. At one of the evening sessions, Mr. Hicks, of Gallatin County, arose, holding a large package in his hand. . A murmur instantly was heard in the hall "Here it comes !" "There is the new Chicago Charter!" etc. Mr. Hicks was recognized by the Speaker, and introduced "A Bill to amend the Chicago Charter." Pandemonium instantly broke loose. The Speaker directed the reading of the bill by the title. A demand was made to read the bill in full. The clerk began the reading of the bill, but was interrupted mo- mentarily by dilatory motions of every conceivable kind. Filibustering continued until three o'clock in the morning, when, by agreement, the bill was referred to a committee, from whose files it was never taken. It was during this session of the Legislature that the fraud in the refunding of over $388,000 of Illinois and Michigan scrip was discovered. This scrip was issued as a temporary loan, and was afterwards redeemed, but by neglect not cancelled. During Governor Mattison's administration, the two packages con- taining the old canal scrip were forwarded to Springfield for storage in the base- ment of the Capitol. The uncancelled scrip was stolen, and it was shown that some of it had been purchased on the market in Springfield. About $100,000 of this scrip was refunded in State bonds, which had been deposited as security with the Treasurer for bank note issues, and over $223,000 of the scrip had been redeemed in cash. Governor Mattison had received all the bonHs and cash upon this scrip. The discovery of this fraud created a great sensation at Springfield and throughout the State. Governor Mattison's standing as a man, and as a public officer, was above reproach, and his political opponents were reluctant to believe that he, knowingly, participated in this fraud. As soon as the facts be- came known, through a Senate committee composed of Messrs. Cook, Kuyken- dall and Applington, Governor Mattison, in a letter to the committee, stated that he "had unconsciously and innocently been made the instrument through whom a gross fraud upon the State had been attempted," and offered to indemnify the State against loss. An act was passed to indemnify the State, and under its pro- visions Governor Mattison executed a mortgage upon real estate to secure the debt. The administration of Governor Bissell was in every way a success, not only in respect to the business of his own office, but in connection with the business of all of the departments. It was during this administration that the great movement began for the enlargement and improvement of the school facil- ities of the State and the extension and improvement of the charitable and penal institutions. At the time of the election of Governor Bissell a free banking law was in force in Illinois. The banks incorporated under this system were authorized to issue circulating notes secured by the deposit of bonds issued by any of the States of the Union. A great number of banks were organized, and over eleven million dollars of circulation was issued ; the majority of the banks were located in out-of-the-way and obscure places, obviously to make it inconvenient for the presentation of the notes for redemption. The majority of these corporations were banks of issue only they did not receive deposits or loan money their profits accrued from the interest on the bonds deposited to secure the circulation. When the panic of 1857 occurred, a number of the States whose bonds were held as security for circulation failed to pay their interest ; as a result the bonds depre- ciated in value and the circulating notes followed the downward course of the bonds. These "Wild Cat" banks (as they were called) failed, and were wound up by the Auditor of the State ; this business was conducted by Hon. Jesse K. Dubois, Auditor. In the course of the liquidation of these banks the note holders 39 lost about five million dollars. This experience of the people of Illinois induced them, later on, to prohibit in their Constitution the incorporation of banks with authority to issue circulating notes. Governor Bissell's health steadily gave way. He died March 18, 1860, and was succeeded in office by Lieutenant-Governor John Wood, who with ability filled the unexpired term. John Wood, of Quincy, Illinois, elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- lican ticket with Governor Bissell, was born in Moravia, Cayuga County, New York, December 20, 1798. Dr. Daniel Wood, his father, was a surgeon and cap- tain in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. John Wood removed to Illinois in 1819; in 1822 he built a log house on the land upon which the city of Quincy now stands. Upon the death of Gov- ernor Bissell, March 18, 1860, Lieutenant-Governor Wood was sworn in as Governor, and filled the office with great ability until succeeded by Governor Yates, January 14, 1861. He was appointed by Governor Yates a member of the Peace Commission which met in Washington, February, 1861. He was also appointed quartermaster general for Illinois,. In 1864 Governor Wood raised the I3th Regiment of Illinois Volunteers loo-day men and was soon in active service at Memphis, Tenn. He filled every position with ability and fidelity. Governor Wood was enterprising and public spirited. He was a benevo- lent and noble-hearted man. He acquired a large estate, built an elegant resi- dence, had a wide circle of friends, and died with the respect of all, June 4, 1880. 40 CHAPTER VII. DOUGLAS AND LINCOLN, 1858 THE GREAT JOINT DEBATE IMPORTANT QUES- TIONS DISCUSSED ON THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ON SLAV- ERY EXTENSION. It was the duty of the people of Illinois in 1858 to elect a Legislature and certain State officers. That Legislature was to elect a successor of Stephen A. Douglas in the United States Senate. The Republicans had carried the State two years before and had high hopes of electing this Legislature. The Republicans held a State Convention at Springfield, June i6th, and nominated Miller and Bateman as candidates for Treasurer and School Superin- tendent. The convention also nominated Abraham Lincoln as a candidate for the United States Senate. This action was taken not alone to express a preference for him, but for the purpose of giving Mr. Lincoln the unquestioned leadership of the Republican party during the political contest of that year. Mr. Lincoln appeared before the convention and in accepting the nomination delivered a speech of great ability and power. The slavery question was the issue, and the only issue of the hour. In the course of that speech Mr. Lincoln gave utterance to those prophetic words which proved to be the horoscope of the republic. He said : "We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was instituted with the avowed object and confident promise of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy that agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented. In my opinion it will not cease until a crisis has been reached and passed. 'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South." Continuing his speech, Mr. Lincoln gave a graphic account of what had been done during the preceding four years to bring about the agitation and discord on the slavery question then existing. He alleged that it was the result of that "now almost complete legal combination piece of machinery so to speak com- pounded of the Nebraska doctrine and the Dred Scott decision." He stated the grounds upon which he charged preconcert among the builders of that machinery. He said: "The people were to be left perfectly free, 'subject only to the Constitu- tion.' What the Constitution had to do with it, outsiders could not see. Plainly enough now, it was an exactly fitted niche for the Dred Scott decision to after- ward come in and declare the perfect freedom of the people to be just no freedom at all. Why was the amendment, expressly declaring the right of the people, voted down? Plainly enough now, the adoption of it would have spoiled the niche for the Dred Scott decision. Why was the court decision held up? Why even a Senator's individual opinion withheld, till after the presidential election ? Plainly enough now, the speaking out then would have damaged ,the 'perfectly free' argument upon which the election was to be carried. Why the outgoing President's felicitation on the endorsement? Why the delay of a reargument? Why the incoming President's advance exhortation in favor of the decision ? These things look like the cautious patting and petting of a spirited horse, pre- 41 paratory to mounting him, when it is dreaded that he may give the rider a fall. And why the hasty after-endorsement of the decision, by the President and others ? We cannot absolutely know that all these exact adaptations are the result of pre- concert. But when we see a lot of framed timbers, different portions of which we know have been gotten out at different times and places and by different workmen Stephen, Franklin, Roger, and James, for instance and when we see these timbers joined together, and see they exactly make the frame of a house -or a mill, all the tenons and mortices exactly fitting, and all the lengths and pro- portions of the different pieces exactly adapted to their respective places, and not a piece too many or too few not omitting even the scaffolding, or, if a single piece be lacking, we see the place in the frame exactly fitted and prepared yet to bring such piece in in such a case, we find it impossible not to believe that Stephen and Franklin and Roger and James all understood one another from the beginning, and all worked upon a common plan or draft drawn up before the first blow was struck." He also called attention to the fact that by the Nebraska bill the people of a State, as well as a Territory, were to be left "perfectly free," "subject only to the Constitution," and that the object of lugging a "State" into this merely Terri- torial law was to enable the United States Supreme Court in some subsequent decision to declare, when the public mind has been sufficiently imbued with Judge Douglas' notion of not caring "whether slavery, be voted up or voted down," that ''the Constitution of the United States does not permit a State to exclude slavery from its limits," which would make slavery "alike lawful in all the States." On the evening of July gth Senator Douglas addressed a large and enthusi- astic meeting in Chicago; Mr. Lincoln was present. The Senator alluded to his opposition to the bill to admit Kansas as a slave State under the Lecompton Constitution ; he declared that he opposed "the Lecompton monstrosity solely on the ground that it was a violation of the fundamental principles of free govern- ment ; on the ground that it was not the act and deed of the people of Kansas ; that it did not embody their will ; that they were averse to it ;" and hence he "denied the right of Congress to force it upon them, either as a free State or a slave State." Said he: "I deny the right of Congress to force a slaveholding State upon an unwilling people. I deny their right to force a free State upon an unwilling people. I deny their right to force a good thing upon a people who are unwilling to receive it. The great principle is the right of every community to judge and decide for itself, whether a thing is right or wrong, whether it would be good or evil for them to adopt it ; and the right of free action, the right of free thought, the right of free judgment upon the question is dearer to every true American than any other under a free government. * * It is no answer to this argument to say that slavery is an evil, and hence should not be tolerated. You must allow the people to decide for themselves whether it is good or evil." He then adverted to the arraignment of himself by Mr. Lincoln, and took direct issue with that gentleman on his proposition that, as to freedom and slavery, "the Union will become all one thing or all the other ;" and maintained on the con- trary, that "it is neither desirable nor possible that there should be uniformity in the local institutions and domestic regulations of the different States of this Union." Mr. Douglas charged that Mr. Lincoln was making "a crusade against the Supreme Court of the United States on account of the Dred Scott decision," he took exception to "the reason assigned by Mr. Lincoln for resisting the decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case because it deprives the negro of the privileges, immunities and rights of citizenship which pertain, according to that decision, only to the white man." Mr. Douglas said: "I am free to say to you that in my opinion this government of ours is founded on the White basis. It was made by the White man for the benefit of the White man, to be admin- istered by White men, in such manner as they should determine. It is also true that a Negro, an Indian, or any other man of inferior race to a White man, should be permitted to enjoy, and humanity requires that he should have, all the rights, privileges, and immunities which he is capable of exercising consistent with the safety of society. * * * But you may ask me what are these rights and these 42 privileges? My answer is, that each State must decide for itself the nature and extent of these rights. * * * Without indorsing the wisdom of that decision, I assert that Virginia has the same power by virtue of her sovereignty to protect slavery within her limits as Illinois has to banish it forever from our own borders. I assert the right of each State to decide for itself on all these questions, and I do not subscribe to the doctrine of my friend, Mr. Lincoln, that uniformity is either desirable or possible. I do not acknowledge that the States must all be free or must all be slave. I do not acknowledge that the Negro must Jiave civil and political rights everywhere or nowhere. * * * I do not acknowledge any of these doctrines of uniformity in the local and domestic regulations in the different States. * * * Mr. Lincoln goes for a warfare upon the Supreme Court of the United States because of their judicial decision in the Dred Scott case. I yield obedience to the decisions in that court to the final determination of the highest judicial tribunal known to our Constitution. He objects to the Dred Scott decision because it does not put the Negro in the possession of the rights of citizenship on an equality with the White man. I am opposed to Negro equality. * * * I would extend to the Negro, and the Indian, and to all dependent races every right, every privilege, and every immunity consistent with the safety and welfare of the White races ; but equality they never should have, either political or social, or in any other respect whatever. * * * My friends, you see that the issues are distinctly drawn." On the next evening, July loth, Mr. Lincoln also addressed a large meeting, in reply to Senator Douglas. On July i6th Senator Douglas spoke at Bloom- ington, Mr. Lincoln being present. They both addressed large meetings at Springfield July i^th ; the one in the afternoon, the other at night. On July 24th Mr. Lincoln wrote Senator Douglas proposing a joint debate. Mr. Douglas agreed to the proposition, and on July 3ist it was arranged that they should have seven meetings for joint discussions, each to occupy an hour and a half at each meeting, the opening speech to be one hour, the closing speech half an hour, the opening speeches to be alternated, Mr. Douglas to open the debate at the first meeting. They agreed to meet at the following places and times: Ottawa, Aug. 21 st; Freeport, Aug. 27th ; Jonesboro, Sept. 1 5th ; Charles- ton, Sept. 1 3th ; Galesburg, Oct. 7th ; Onincy, Oct. I3th ; Alton, Oct. I5th. Senator Douglas' determined opposition to the passage of the bill for the admission of Kansas as a slave State under the Lecompton Constitution had elicited warm commendation from the Republican press. Mr. Greeley, speaking through the New York Tribune, said of Mr. Douglas : "No public man in our day has earned a nobler fidelity and courage ;" that "if Lincoln's election was to be secured by a coalition between Republicans and a little faction of postmasters, tide waiters, and federal office seekers, who for the sake of their dirty pudding, present and hoped for, pretend to approve the Lecompton fraud, it would be regretted by Republicans of other States." But there was no coalition between the Republicans and Buchanan Democrats ; their antagonism was too great to admit of any affiliation whatever. The campaign of Senator Douglas was aggressive, and his supporters were earnest and enthusiastic. Every effort was made to arouse the interest of the people in his behalf. At every meeting banners waved, cannons roared, and bands of martial music sounded. The supporters of Mr. Lincoln while less ostentatious in their demonstra- tions, were none the less enthusiastic. Great concourses of people turned out to hear these champions. The debate, in the interest it excited throughout the country, became a national affair and was watched with profound attention. It was confidently believed by many that Mr. Lincoln was overmatched in the contest, but that impression was soon dispelled. He soon showed that he was a master in the art of debate, was fully equipped for controversy, and was able to lift the issues above the petty strife of small politicians into an atmosphere of profound statesmanship. His felicitous reply to the charge of opposition to the Dred Scott decision attracted universal attention and gave great satisfaction to his friends. The joint debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, during the political canvass of 1858, has taken its place permanently in the political literature of the country. These men were representative leaders of their 43 parties. They were both resourceful and adroit in the art of attack and defence, and they had studied the philosophy of the issues involved so as to be able to present the strong points of their own positions and the weak sides of their opponents. It is not the plan of this work to give space for the twenty-one speeches delivered during that debate, but to present the issues that arose in that memorable contest. Senator Douglas opened the debate he gave a brief history of the position taken by the Democratic and Whig parties upon the slavery question, showing that both parties supported the compromise measures of 1850, which he insisted were carried out in the Nebraska-Kansas bill, which declared that "It is the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any State or Territory, or to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the Federal Constitution." He claimed that up to that time "there had been no division in this country in regard to that principle except the opposition of the Abolitionists." He charged that in 1854 Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Trumbull made a bargain to the effect that "Lincoln should have Shield's place in the United States Senate, which was then about to become vacant, and that Trumbull should have my seat when my term expired ;" that "Lincoln went to work to Abolitionize the old Whig party all over the State, pretending that he was then as good a Whig as ever, and Trumbull went to work in his part of the State, preaching Abolitionism in its milder and lighter form, and trying to Abolitionize the Demo- cratic party, and bring old Democrats, handcuffed and bound hand and foot, into the Abolition camp." Mr. Douglas then read certain resolutions which had been adopted at a mass convention in Springfield in October, 1854, for the purpose, as he said, of putting certain questions to Mr. Lincoln. He said : "I desire to know whether Mr. Lincoln to-day stands as he did in 1854 in favor of the unconditional repeal of the fugitive slave law ; against the admission of any more slave States into the Union, even if the people want them ; against the admission of a new State into the Union with such a constitution as the people of that^ State may see fit to make ; whether he stands to-day pledged to the abolition of slavery in the Dis- trict of Columbia ; to the prohibition of the slave trade between the different States ; to prohibit slavery in all the Territories of the United States, north as well as south of the Missouri compromise line ; whether he is opposed to the acquisition of any more territory unless slavery is prohibited therein." "I ask Abraham Lincoln these questions in order that when I trot him down to lower 'Egypt' I may put the same questions to him. My principles are the same every- where. I can proclaim them alike in the North, the South, the East and the West. My principles will apply wherever the Constitution prevails and the American flag waves. I desire to know whether Mr. Lincoln's principles will bear transportation from Ottawa to Jonesboro. I put these questions to him to-day distinctly, and ask an answer." Senator Douglas took up Mr. Lincoln's speech of June i6th, in which he expressed the belief that "this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free," and asked: "Why can it not exist divided into free and slave States? Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, Jay, and the great men of that day made this Government divided into free States and slave States and left each State perfectly free to do as it pleased on the subject of slavery. Why can it not exist on the same principles on which our fathers made it?" He said: "I believe that this new doctrine preached by Lincoln and his party will dissolve the Union, if it succeeds. They are trying to array all the Northern States, in one body, against the South ; to excite a sectional war between the free States and the slave States, in order that the one or the other may be driven to the wall." Mr. Lincoln referred to the alleged senatorial deal between himself and Mr. Trumbull; he declared it was a gross and palpable misrepresentation and not true. In regard to the resolutions read by Mr. Douglas as the Republican platform of 1854, he stated: "I never had anything to do with them, and I think that Trumbull never had. Judge Douglas cannot show that either of us ever did have anything to do with them. As to himself, he had refused to go into 44 45 the Springfield convention and went away from Springfield when the convention was in session to attend court in Tazewell County." He denied the charge of "Lincoln agreeing to Abolitionize and sell out the old Whig party." Mr. Lincoln read from a printed speech made by him at Peoria to show the position he took in 1854. In that speech, referring to the repeal of the Missouri compromise, he said: "I think, and shall try to show, that it is wrong; wrong in its direct effect, letting slavery into Kansas and Nebraska, and wrong in its prospective principle, allowing it to spread to every other part of the wide world where men can be found inclined to take it. This declared indifference, but, as I must think, covert real zeal for the spread of slavery, I cannot but hate. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world enables the enemies of free institu- tions, with plausibility, to taunt us as hypocrites causes the real friends of free- dom to doubt our sincerity, and especially because it forces so many really good men amongst ourselves into an open war with the very fundamental principles of civil liberty criticising the Declaration of Independence, and insisting that there is no right principle of action but self-interest. * * * When Southern people tell us they are no more responsible for the origin of slavery than we, I acknowledge the fact. When it is said that the institution exists, and that it is very difficult to get rid of it in any satisfactory way, I can understand and appre- ciate the saying. I surely will not blame them for not doing what I should not know how to do myself. If all earthly power were given me, I should not know what to do, as to the existing institution. My first impulse would be to free all the slaves, and send them to Liberia to their own native land. But a moment's reflection would convince me that whatever of high hope (as I think there is) there may be in this, in the long run, its sudden execution is impossible. * * * What then? Free them all, and keep them among us as underlings? Is it quite certain that this betters their condition ? I think I would not hold one in slavery at any rate ; yet the point is not clear enough to me to denounce people upon. "What next ? Free them, and make them politically and socially our equals ? My own feelings will not admit of this ; and if mine would, we well know that those of the great mass of white people will not. Whether this feeling accords with justice and sound judgment, is not the sole question, if, indeed, it is any part of it. A universal feeling, whether well or ill-founded, cannot be safely disregarded. We cannot, then, make them equals. It does seem to me that systems of gradual emancipation might be adopted ; but for their tardiness in this I will not undertake to judge our brethren of the South ; when they remind us of their constitutional rights, I acknowledge them, not grudgingly, but fully and fairly ; and I would give them any legislation for the reclaiming of their fugitives, which should not, in its stringency, be more likely to carry a free man into slavery, than our ordinary criminal laws are to hang an innocent one. "But all this, to my judgment, furnishes no more excuse for permitting slavery to go into our own free territory than it would for reviving the African slave trade by law. The law which forbids the bringing of slaves from Africa, and that which has so long forbid the taking of them to Nebraska, can hardly be distinguished on any moral principle ; and the repeal of the former could find quite as plausible excuses as that of the latter. * * * "I will say here, while upon this subject, that I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no .lawful right so to do, and I have no inclination to do- so. I have no purpose to introduce political and social equality between the white and black races. There is a physical difference between the two, which, in my judgment, will probably forever forbid their living together upon the footing of perfect equality, and inasmuch as it becomes a necessity that there must be a difference, I, as well as Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which I belong having the superior position. "I have never said anything to the contrary, but I hold that, notwithstanding all this, there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man. I agree with Judge Douglas, he is not my equal in many 46 respects certainly not in color, perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowment. But in the right to eat the bread, without the leave of anybody else, which his^ own hand earns, he is my equal and the equal of Judge Douglas, and the equal of every living man." Senator Douglas in his closing speech exhibited irritation at the charge of conspiracy preferred by Mr. Lincoln. He charged that Mr. Lincoln had failed to answer the questions propounded to him, that he had "dodged the issue." Re- ferring to the charge of conspiracy between Presidents Pierce, Buchanan, Judge Taney and himself, Senator Douglas said he "would deprive Lincoln of the op- portunity of ever repeating it again, by declaring that it was, in all its bearings, an infamous lie. * * I am not green enough," continued Mr. Douglas, "to let him make a charge which he acknowledges he does not know to be true, and then take up my time in answering it, when I know it to be false, and nobody else knows it to be true. I have not brought a charge of moral turpitude against him. When he, or any other man, brings one against me, instead of disproving it, I will say that it is a lie, and let him prove it, if he can. * * * Mr. Lincoln wants to know why the word 'State' as well as 'Territory' was put into the Nebraska bill. I will tell him. It was put there to meet just such false arguments as he has been adducing. That first, not only the people of the Territories should do as they pleased, but that when they come to be admitted as States, they should come into the Union with or without slavery, as the people determined. I meant to knock in the head this abolition doctrine of Mr. Lincoln's, that there shall be no more slave States, even if the people want them. And it does not do for him to say, or for any other Black Republican to say, that there is nobody in favor of the doctrine of no more slave States, and that nobody wants to interfere with the right of the people to do as they please. "What was the origin of the Missouri difficulty and the Missouri compro- mise? The people of Missouri formed a constitution as a slave State, and asked admission into the Union, but the Freesoil party of the North being in a majority, refused to admit her because she had slavery as one of her institutions. Hence this first slavery agitation arose upon a State, and not upon a Territory and yet Mr. Lincoln does not know why the word State was placed in the Kansas- Nebraska bill. The whole abolition agitation arose on that doctrine of prohibiting a State from coming in with slavery or not, as it pleased ; and that same doctrine is here in this Republican platform of 1854; it has never been repealed; and every Black Republican stands pledged by that platform, never to vote for any man who is not in favor of it. "Yet Mr. Lincoln does not know that there is a man in the world who is in favor of preventing a State from coming in as it pleases, notwithstanding the Springfield platform says that they, the Republican party, will not allow a State to come in under such circumstances. He is an ignorant man. Now you see that upon these very points I am as far from bringing Mr. Lincoln up to the line as I ever was before. He does not want to avow his principles. I do want to avow mine, as clear as sunlight in midday. "Democracy is founded upon the eternal principle of right. The plainer these principles are avowed before the people, the stronger will be the support which they will receive. I only wish I had the power to make them so clear that they would shine in the heavens for every man, woman and child to read. The first of these principles that I would proclaim would be in opposition to Mr. Lincoln's doctrine of uniformity between the different States, and I would declare instead the sovereign right of each State to decide the slavery question as well as all other domestic questions for themselves, without interference from any other State or power whatsoever. When that principle is recognized, you will have peace and harmony and fraternal feeling between all the States of this Union ; until you do recognize that doctrine, there will be sectional warfare agitating and distracting the country." Mr. Lincoln made the opening and closing speeches in the second joint debate ; he had forborne to reply categorically to Mr. Douglas' questions, until he could prepare questions to be answered by the Senator. Mr. Lincoln said : "I now propose that I will answer any of the interrogatories, upon condition that he will answer questions from me riot exceeding the same number. I give him 47 an opportunity to respond. The Judge remains silent. I now say that I will answer his interrogatories, whether he answers mine or not ; and that after I have done so, I shall propound mine to him." Mr. Lincoln then took up and answered seriatum Judge Douglas' questions, as follows: Question I. "I desire to know whether Lincoln to-day stands, as he did in 1854, in favor of the unconditional repeal of the fugitive slave law?" Answer. "I do not now, nor ever did stand in favor of the unconditional repeal of the fugitive slave law." Q. 2. "I desire him to answer whether he stands pledged to-day, as he did in 1854, against the admission of any more slave States into the Union, even if the people want them?" A. "I do not now, nor ever did, stand pledged against the admission of any more slave States into the Union." Q. 3. "I want to know whether he stands pledged against the admission of a new State into the Union with such a constitution as the people of that State may see fit to make ?" A. "I do not stand pledged against* the admission of a new State into the Union, with such a constitution as the people of that State may see fit to make." Q. 4. "I want to know whether he stands to-day pledged to the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia?" A. "I do not stand to-day pledged to the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia." Q. 5. "I desire him to answer whether he stands pledged to the prohibition of the slave trade between the different States ?" A. "I do not stand pledged to the prohibition of the slave trade between the different States." Q. 6. "I desire to know whether he stands pledged to prohibit slavery in all the Territories of the United States, north as well as south of the Missouri com- promise line?" A. "I am impliedly, if not expressly, pledged to a belief in the right and duty of Congress to prohibit slavery in all the United States Territories." Q. 7. "I desire him to answer whether he is opposed to the acquisition of any new Territory unless slavery is first prohibited therein?" A. "I am not generally opposed to honest acquisition of territory ; and, in any given case, I would, or would not, oppose such acquisition, accordingly as I might think such acquisition would, or would not, aggravate the slavery ques- tion among ourselves." Having answered as to whether he was or was not "pledged" on these various points, Mr. Lincoln proceeded : "But I am not disposed to hang upon the exact form of his interrogatory. 1 am rather disposed to take up at least some of these questions and state what I really think upon them. "As to the first one, in regard to the fugitive slave law, I have never hesitated to say, and I do not now hesitate to say, that I think, under the Constitution of the United States, the people of the Southern States are entitled to a Congressional fugitive slave law. Having said that, I have had nothing to say in regard to the existing fugitive slave law, further than that I think it should have been framed so as to be free from some of the objections that pertain to it, without lessening its efficiency. "In regard to the other question of whether I am pledged to the admission of any more slave States into the Union, I state to you very frankly that I would be exceedingly sorry ever to be put in a position of having to pass upon that question. I should be exceedingly glad to know that there would never be another slave State admitted into the Union ; but I must add that if slavery shall be kept out of the Territories during the Territorial existence of any one given Territory, and then the people shall having a fair chance, and a clear field, when they come to adopt the constitution do such an extraordinary thing as to adopt a slave constitution, uninfluenced by the actual presence of the institution among them, I see no alternative, if we own the country, but to admit them into the Union. "The third interrogatory is answered by the answer to the second, it being, as I conceive, the same as the second. 48 "The fourth one is in regard to the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. In relation to that, I have my mind very distinctly made up. I should be exceedingly glad to see slavery abolished in the District of Columbia. I believe that Congress possesses the constitutional power to abolish it. Yet, as a member of Congress, I should not, with my present views, be in favor of en- deavoring to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia unless it would be upon these conditions: First, that the abolition should be gradual; second, that it should be on a vote of the majority of qualified voters in the district ; and third, that compensation should be made to unwilling owners. With these three con- ditions, I confess I would be exceedingly glad to see Congress abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, and, in the language of Henry Clay, 'sweep from our Capital that foul blot upon our nation.' "In regard to the fifth interrogatory, I must say here that as to the question of the abolition of the slave trade between the different States, I can truly answer, as 1 have, that I am pledged to nothing about it. "I now proceed to propound to the Judge the interrogatories, so far as 1 have framed them, only reaching to number four. The first one is : "Question i. If the people of Kansas shall, by means entirely unobjectionable in all other respects, adopt a State constitution, and ask admission into the Union under it, before they have the requisite number of inhabitants according to the English bill some ninety-three thousand will you vote to admit them ? "Q. 2. Can the people of a United States Territory, in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a State constitution? "Q. 3. If the Supreme Court of the United States shall decide that States cannot exclude slavery from their limits, are you in favor of acquiescing in, adopting and following such decision, as a rule of political action? "Q. 4. Are you in favor of acquiring additional territory, in disregard of how such acquisition may affect the nation on the slavery question ?" Mr. Douglas answering these questions, said: "First, he (Mr. Lincoln) de- sires to know if the people of Kansas shall form a constitution by means entirely proper and unobjectionable, and ask admission into the Union as a State, before they have the requisite population for a member of Congress, whether I will vote for that admission. * * * I hold it to be a sound rule, of universal applica- tion, to require a Territory to contain the requisite population for a member of Congress, before it is admitted as a State into the Union. I made that proposition in the Senate in 1856, and I renewed it during the last session, in a 6T11 providing that no Territory of the United States should form a constitution and apply for admission until it had the requisite population. "On another occasion I proposed that neither Kansas nor any other Terri- tory should be admitted until it had the requisite population. Congress did not adopt any of my propositions containing this general rule, but did make an exception in Kansas. I will stand by that exception. Either Kansas must come in as a free State, with whatever population she may have, or the rule must be applied to all the other Territories alike. I therefore answer at once, that it having been decided that Kansas has people enough for a slave State, I hold that she has enough for a free State. "I hope Mr. Lincoln is satisfied with my answer ; and now I would like to get his answer to his own interrogatory whether or not he will vote to admit Kansas before she has the requisite population? I want to know whether he will vote to admit Oregon before that Territory has the requisite population ? Mr. Trum- bull will not, and the same reason that commits Mr. Trumbull against the admis- sion of Oregon commits him against Kansas, even if she should apply for ad- mission as a free State. * * * I would like Mr. Lincoln to answer this question. I would like him to take his own medicine. If he differs with Mr. Trumbull let him answer his argument against the admission of Otegon, instead of poking questions at me. "The next question propounded to me by Mr. Lincoln is : Can the people of a Territory in any lawful way, against the wishes of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State constitution ? I answer emphatically, as Mr. Lincoln has heard me answer a hundred times 49 from every stump in Illinois, that in my opinion, the people of a Territory can, bv lawful means, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State constitution. Mr. Lincoln knew that I had answered that, question over and over again. He heard me argue the Nebraska bill on that principle all over the State in 1854, in 1855 and in 1856, and he has no excuse for pretending to be in doubt as to my position on that question. "It matters not what way the Supreme Court may hereafter decide as to the abstract question whether slavery may or may not go into a Territory under the Constitution, the people have the lawful means to introduce or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere unless it is supported by local police regulations. Those police regulations can only be established by the local Legislature, and if the people are opposed to slavery they will elect Representatives to that body who will by unfriendly legis- lation effectually prevent the introduction of it into their midst. If, on the con- trary, they are for it, their legislation will favor its extension. Hence, no matter what the decision of the Supreme Court may be on that abstract question, still the right of the people to make a slave Territory or a free Territory is perfect and complete under the Nebraska bill. I hope Mr. Lincoln deems my answer sat- isfactory on that point. 'The third question," said Mr. Douglas, "which Mr. Lincoln presented is, if the Supreme Court of the United States shall decide that a State of this Union cannot exclude slavery from its own limits, will I submit to it? I am amazed ttiat Lincoln should ask such a question. * * * He might as well ask me, suppose Mr. Lincoln should steal a horse, would I sanction it ; and it would be as genteel in me to ask him, in the event he stole a horse, what ought to be done with him. He casts an imputation upon the Supreme Court of the United States, by supposing that they would violate the Constitution of the United States. I tell him that such a thing is not possible. It would be an act of moral treason that no man on the bench could ever descend to. Mr. Lincoln himself would never, in his partisan feelings, so far forget what was right as to be guilty of such an act. "The fourth question of Mr. Lincoln is, are you in faVor of acquiring addi- tional territory, in disregard as to how such acquisition may affect the Union on the slavery questions? This question is very ingeniously and cunningly put. The Black Republican creed lays it down expressly that under no circumstances shall we acquire any more territory unless slavery is first prohibited in the country. I ask Mr. Lincoln whether he is in favor of that proposition. Are you (addressing Mr. Lincoln) opposed to the acquisition of any more territory, under any cir- cumstances, unless slavery is prohibited in it? That he does not like to answer. "When I ask him whether he stands up to that article in the platform of his party, he turns, Yankee fashion, and without answering it, asks me whether I am in favor of acquiring territory without regard to how it may affect the Union on the slavery question. I answer that whenever it becomes necessary, in our growth and progress, to acquire more territory, that I am in favor of it, without reference to the question of slavery and when we have acquired it, I will leave the people free to do as they please, either to make it slave or free territory, as they prefer. "It is idle to tell me or you that we have territory enough. Our fathers supposed that we had enough when our territory extended to the Mississippi River, but a few years' growth and expansion satisfied them that we needed more, and the Louisiana territory, from the west branch of the Mississippi to the British Possessions, was acquired. Then we acquired Oregon, then California, and New Mexico. We have enough now for the present, but this is a young and growing nation. It swarms as often as a hive of bees, and as new swarms are turned out each year, there must be hives in which they can gather and make their honey. I tell you, increase, and multiply, and expand, is the law of this nation's existence. "You cannot limit this great republic by mere boundary lines, saying, 'thus far shalt thou go, and no further.' Any one of you gentlemen might as well say to a son twelve years old that he is big enough, and must not grow any larger, and in order to prevent his growth, put a hoop around him to keep him to his so present size. What would be the result ? Either the hoop must burst and be rent asunder, or the child must die. So it would be with this great nation.* * * There is a constant torrent pouring into this country that requires more land, more territory upon which to settle ; and, just as fast as our interests and our destiny require additional territory in the north, in the south, or on the islands of the ocean, I am for it, and when we acquire it, will leave the people, according to the Nebraska bill, free to do as they please on the subject of slavery and every other question. I trust now that Mr. Lincoln will deem himself answered on his four points. * * *" To give the reader a clear view of the opinions expressed by Senator Douglas and Mr. Lincoln in this great debate upon the question of slavery, the power of the national, State and Territorial governments over the question of slavery, the rights of slaveholders, and the duty towards the negro race, the following extracts covering the principal points in the discussions are taken from their speeches : Mr. Douglas said : "The Abolition party really think that under the Declara- tion of Independence the negro is equal to the white man, and that negro equality is an inalienable right conferred by the Almighty, and hence that all human laws in violation of it are null and void. With such men it is no use for me to argue. I hold that the Declaration of Independence had no reference to negroes at all when they declared all men to be created equal. They did not mean negro, nor the savage Indian, nor the Fiji Islanders, nor any other barbarous race. They were speaking of white men. They alluded to men of European birth and Euro- pean descent to white men, and to none others, when they declared that doc- trine. * * *" Mr. Lincoln said : "I believe the entire records of the world, from the date of the Declaration of Independence up to within three years ago, may be searched in vain for one single affirmation, from one single man, that the negro was not included in the Declaration of Independence. I think I may defy Judge Douglas to show * * * that any living man upon the whole earth ever said so until the necessities of the present policy of the Democratic party, in regard to slavery, had to invent that affirmation. And I will remind Judge Douglas and this audi- ence that while Mr. Jefferson was the owner of slaves as undoubtedly he was in speaking upon this very subject, he used the strong language that 'he trembled for his country when he remembered that God was just,' and I will offer the highest premium in my power to Judge Douglas if he will show that he, in all his life, ever uttered a sentiment at all akin to that of Jefferson. "I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men, but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects. They did not mean to say that all men were equal in color, size, intellecr, moral development, or social capacity. They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men equal equal in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This they said, and this they meant. They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth, that all were then actually enjoying that equality, or yet, that they were about to confer it immediately upon them. In fact they had no power to confer such a boon. They meant simply to declare the right, so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit. They meant to set up a standard maximum for free society which should be familiar to all ; constantly looked to, constantly labored for, and even, though never perfectly attained, constantly approximated, and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people, of all colors, everywhere. "I assert that Judge Douglas and all his friends may search the whole records of the country, and it will be a matter of great astonishment to me if they shall be able to find that one human being three years ago had ever uttered the astounding sentiment that 'all men,' in the Declaration, did not include the negro. Do not let me be misunderstood. I know that more than three years ago there were men who, finding this assertion constantly in the way of their schemes to bring about the ascendancy and perpetuation of slavery, denied the truth of it. I know that Mr. Calhoun, and all the politicians of his school, denied the truth of the Declaration. 51 "And when this new principle this new proposition that no human being ever thought of three years ago is brought forward, I combat it as having an evil tendency, if not an .evil design. I combat it as having a tendency to dehuman- ize the negro to take away from him the right of ever striving to be a man. I combat it as being one of the thousand things constantly done in these days to prepare the public mind to make property, and nothing but property, of the negro in all the States of this Union." ON THE DRED SCOTT DECISION.'' ; Mr. Lincoln said : "Another of issues he says that is to be made with me, is upon his devotion to the Dred Scott decision, and my opposition to it. I have expressed heretofore, and I now repeat, my opposition to the Dred Scott decision ; but I should be allowed to state the nature of that opposition. * * * What is fairly implied by the term Judge Douglas has used, 'resistance to the decision?' I do not resist it. If I wanted to take Dred Scott from his master, I would be interfering with property and that terrible difficulty that Judge Douglas speaks of, of interfering with property, would arise. But I am doing no such thing as that, but all that I am doing is refusing to obey it, as a political rule. If I were in Congress, and a vote should come up on a question whether slavery should be prohibited in a new Territory, in spite of the Dred Scott decision, I would vote that it should. That is what I would do. "What are the uses of decisions of courts? They have two uses. As rules of property they have two uses. First, they decide upon the question before the court. They decide in this case that Dred Scott is a slave. Nobody resists that. Not only that, but they say to everybody else, that persons standing just as Dred Scott stands, are as he is. That is, they say that when a question comes up upon another person, it will be so decided again, unless the court decides in another way unless the court overrules its decision. Well, we mean to do what we can to have the court decide the other way. That is one thing we mean to try to do. "The essence of the Dred Scott case is compressed into the sentence which I will now read: 'Now, as we have already said in an ea/lier part of this opinion, upon a different point, the right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution.' I repeat it : 'The right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution.' "What is it to be 'affirmed' in the Constitution ? Made firm in the Constitu- tion so made that.it cannot be separated from the Constitution without breaking the Constitution durable as the Constitution, and part of the Constitution. Now, remembering the provision of the Constitution which I have read, affirming that that instrument is the supreme law of the land; that the judges of every State shall be bound by it, any law or constitution of any State to the contrary not- withstanding ; that the right of property in a slave is affirmed in that Constitution, is made, formed into, and cannot be separated from it without breaking it ; durable as the instrument ; part of the instrument what follows as a short and even syllogistic argument from it? "I think it follows and I submit to the consideration of men capable of arguing, whether as I state it, in syllogistic form, the argument has any fault in it that : "Nothing in the constitution or laws of any State can destroy a right dis- tinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution of the United States. "The right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution of the United States. "Therefore nothing in the constitution or laws of any State can destroy the right of property in a slave. "I believe that no fault can be pointed out in that argument. Assuming the truth of the premises, the conclusion, so far as I have capacity at all to understand it, follows inevitably. There is a fault in it, as I think ; but the fault is not in the reasoning ; but the falsehood in fact is a fault of the premises. I believe that the right of property in a slave is not distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution, and Judge Douglas thinks it is. I believe that the Supreme Court and the advocates of that decision may search in vain for the place in the Consti- tution where the right of (property in) a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. "I say, therefore, that I think one of the premises is not true in fact. But it is true with Judge Douglas. It is true with the Supreme Court, who pronounced it. They are estopped from denying it, and being estopped from denying it, the conclusion follows that the Constitution of the United States being the supreme law, no (State) constitution or law can interfere with it. It being affirmed in the decision that the right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution, the conclusion inevitably follows that no State law or constitution can destroy that right." Senator Douglas in reply said : "I have a few words to say upon the Dred Scott decision, which has troubled the brain of Mr. Lincoln so much. He insists that that decision would carry slavery into the free States, notwithstanding that the decision says directly the opposite ; and goes into a long argument to make you believe that I am in favor of, and would sanction the doctrine that would allow slaves to be brought here and held as slaves contrary to our constitution and laws." Mr. Lincoln said : "We have in this nation this element of domestic slavery. It is a matter of absolute certainty that it is a disturbing element. It is the opinion of all the great men who have expressed an opinion upon it, that it is a dangerous element. We keep up a controversy in regard to it. That controversy necessarily springs from differences of opinion, and if we can learn exactly can reduce to the lowest elements what that difference of opinion is, we perhaps shall be better prepared for discussing the different systems of policy that we would propose in regard to that disturbing element. "I suggest that the difference of opinion, reduced to its lowest terms, is no other than the difference between the men who think slavery a wrong and those who do not think it a wrong. The Republican party think it wrong ; we think it is a moral, a social and a political wrong. We think it is a wrong not confining itself merely to the persons or the States where it exists, but that it is a wrong in its tendency, to say the least, that extends itself to the existence of the whole nation. Because we think it wrong, we propose a course of policy that shall deal with it as a wrong. We deal with it as with any other wrong, in so far as we can prevent its growing any larger, and so deal with it that* in the run of time there may be some promise of an end to it. "We have a due regard to the actual presence of it amongst us, and the difficulties of getting rid of it in any satisfactorv way, and all the constitutional obligations thrown about it. I suppose that in reference both to its actual existence in the nation, and to our constitutional obligations, we have no right at all to disturb it in the States where it exists, and we profess that we have no more inclination to disturb it than we have the right to do it. "We go further than that; we don't propose to disturb it where, in one instance, we think the Constitution would permit us. We think the Constitution would permit us to disturb it in the District of Columbia. Still we do not propose to do that, unless it should be in terms which I don't suppose the nation is very likely soon to agree to the terms of making the emancipation gradual, and com- pensating the unwilling owners. "W'here we suppose we have the constitutional right, we restrain ourselves in reference to the actual condition of the institution and the difficulties thrown about it. We also oppose it as an evil, so far as it seeks to spread itself. We insist on the policy that shall restrict it to its present limits. We don't propose in doing this we violate anything due to the actual presence of the institution or anything due to the constitutional guaranties thrown around it." Upon this question Mr. Douglas said: "I hold, and the party with which I am identified hold, that the people of each State, old and new, have the right to decide the slavery question for themselves, and when I used the remark that I did not care whether slavery was voted up or down, I used it in the connection that I was for allowing Kansas to do just as she pleased on the slavery question. * * * Why cannot Abraham Lincoln, and the party with which he acts, speak out their principles so that they may be understood ? Why do they claim to be one thing in one part of the State, and another in the other part ? "In his Springfield speech Mr. Lincoln there told his Abolition friends that this government could not endure permanently, divided into free and slave 54 States as our fathers made it, and that it must hecome all free or all slave, other- wise the government could not exist. How, then, does Lincoln propose to save the Union, unless by compelling all the States to become free, so that the house shall not be divided against itself? He intends making them all free; he will preserve the Union in that way, and yet, he is not going to interfere with slavery anywhere it now exists ! How is he going to bring it about ? Why, he will agitate ; he will induce the North to agitate until the South shall be worried out and forced to abolish slavery. "Let us examine the policy by which that is to be done. He first tells you that he would prohibit slavery everywhere in the Territories. He would then confine slavery within its present limits. When he thus gets it confined and sur- rounded, so that it cannot spread, the natural laws of increase will go on until the negroes will be so plenty that they cannot live on the soil. He will hem them in until starvation seizes them, and by starving them to death, he will put slavery in the course of ultimate extinction. If he is not going to interfere with slavery in the States, but intends to interfere and prohibit it in the Territories, and thus smother slavery out, it naturally follows that he can extinguish it only by ex- tinguishing the negro race, for his policy would drive them to starvation. This is the humane and Christian remedy that he proposes for the great crime of slavery ! "He tells you that I will not argue the question whether slavery is right or wrong. I tell you why I will not do it. I hold that under the Constitution of the United States, each State of this Union has a right to do as it pleases on the subject of slavery. * * * J do not choose to occupy the time allotted to me in discussing a question that we have no right to act upon. I thought that you desired to hear us upon the questions coming within constitutional power or action. Lincoln will not discuss these." In the closing debate at Alton, Mr. Douglas said: "My friends there never was a time when it was as important for the Democratic party, for all national men, to rally and stand together, as it is today. We find all sectional men giving up past differences and combating the one question of slavery, and when we find sectional men thus uniting, we should unite and resist them and their treason- able designs. "Such was the case in 1850, when Clay left the quiet and peace of his home, and again entered upon public life to quell agitation and restore peace to a distracted Union. Then, we Democrats, with Cass at our head, welcomed Henry Clay, whom the whole nation regarded as having been preserved by God for the times. He became our leader in that great fight, and we rallied around him the same as the Whigs rallied around Old Hickory in 1832, to put down Nullifica- tion. Thus, you see, that whilst Whigs and Democrats fought fearlessly in old times about banks, the tariff, distribution, the specie-circular, and the sub- treasury, all united as a band of brothers when the peace, harmony, or integrity of the Union was imperilled. "It was in 1850, when Abolition had even so far divided this country, North and South, as to endanger the peace of the Union, Whigs and Democrats united in establishing the compromise measures of that year, and restoring tranquility and good feeling. These measures passed on the joint action of the two parties. They rested on the great principle that the people of each State and each Territory should be left perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions to suit themselves. You Whigs and we Democrats justified them in that principle. "In 1854, when it became necessary to organize the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, I brought forward the bill on the same principle. In the Kansas- Nebraska Bill you find it declared to be the true intent and meaning of the act not to legislate slavery into any State or Territory, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people entirely free to form and regulate their domestic institu- tions in their own way. I stand on that same platform in 1858, that I did in 1850, 1854, and 1856. * * * * "I hold that there is no principle on earth more sacred to all the friends of freedom than that which says that no institution, no law, no constitution, should be forced on an unwilling people, * * * * and I assert that the Kansas and Nebraska Bill contains that principle. It is the great principle contained in that SS bill. It is the principle on which James Buchanan was made President ; without that principle he never would have been made President of the United States. "I will never violate or abandon that doctrine if I have to stand alone. I have resisted the blandishments and threats of power on the one side, and seduc- tion on the other, and have stood immovably for that principle, fighting for it when assailed by Northern mobs, or threatened by Southern hostility. I have defended it against the North and the South, and I will defend it against whoever assails it, and I will follow it wherever its logical deductions lead me. I say to you that there is but one hope, one safety for this country, and that is to stand immovably by that principle which declares the right of each State and each Ter- ritory to decide these questions for themselves. This Government was founded on that principle, and must be administered in the same sense in which it was founded." Mr. Lincoln, referring to the action of the makers of the Constitution, said : "Let me ask why they made provision that the source of slavery the African slave trade should be cut off at the end of twenty years ? Why did they make provision that in all the new territory we owned at the time, slavery should be forever inhibited? Why stop its spread in one direction and cut off its source iri another, if they did not look to its being placed in the course of ultimate ex- tinction? "Again, the institution of slavery is mentioned in the Constitution of the United States only two or three times, and in neither of these cases does the word 'slavery' nor 'negro race' occur; but covert language is used each time, and for a purpose full of significance." He quoted the language of the Constitution touching the prohibition of the African slave trade, the basis of representation and direct taxation and the re- clamation of fugitive slaves in each of which the word "persons", not "slaves" nor "negroes", is used, while it is applicable only to slaves or negroes. "In all three of these places," continued he, "being the only allusions to slavery in the instrument, covert language is used. Language is used not suggesting that slavery existed or that the black race were among us. And I understand the contemporaneous history of those times to be, that covert language was used with a purpose, and that purpose was that in our Constitution, which it was hoped and is still hoped, will endure forever when it should be read by intelligent and patriotic men, after the institution of slavery had passed from among us there should be nothing on the face of the great Charter of Liberty suggesting that such a thing as negro slavery ever existed among us. "This is a part of the evidence that the fathers of the Government expected and intended that it should be in the course of ultimate extinction. And when I say that I desire to see the further spread of it arrested, I only say I desire to see that done which the fathers have first done. When I say I desire to see it placed where the public mind will rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, I only say I desire to see it placed where they placed it. "It is not true that our fathers, as Judge Douglas assumes, made this Gov- ernment part slave and part free. Understand the sense in which he puts it. He assumes that slavery is a rightful thing within itself was introduced by the framers of the Constitution. The exact truth is, that they found the institution existing among us, and they left it as they found it. But in making the Govern- ment they left this institution with many clear marks of disapprobation upon it. They found slavery among them, and they left it among them because of the difficulty the absolute impossibility of its immediate removal. "And when Judge Douglas asks me why we cannot let it remain part slave and part free, as the fathers of the Government made it, he asks a question based upon an assumption which is in itself a falsehood ; and I turn upon him and ask him the question : When the policy that the fathers of the Government had adopted in relation to this element among us was the best policy in the world the only wise policy the only policy that we can ever safely continue upon that will ever give us peace, unless this dangerous element masters us all and becomes a national institution I turn upon him and ask him why he did not leave it alone? I turn and ask him why he was driven to the necessity of introducing a new policy in regard to it ? 56 "He has himself said he introduced a new policy. He said so in his speech on the 25th of March of the present year, 1858. I ask him why he could not let it remain where our fathers had placed it ? 1 ask, too, of Judge Douglas and his friends, why we shall not again place this institution upon the basis on which the fathers left it ? I ask you where he infers that I am in favor of setting the free and slave States at war when the institution was placed in that attitude by those who made the Constitution, did they make any war? If we had no war out of it when thus placed, wherein is the ground of belief that we shall have war out of it, if we return to that policy? Have we had any peace upon this matter, springing from any other basis ? I maintain that we have not. I have proposed nothing more than a return to the policy of the fathers. "The real issue in this controversy the one pressing upon every mind is the sentiment on the part of one class that looks upon the institution of slavery as a wrong, and of another class that does not look upon it as a wrong. "The sentiment that contemplates the institution of slavery in this country as a wrong is the sentiment of the Republican party. It is the sentiment around which all their actions, all their arguments, circle from which all their proposi- tions radiate. They look upon it as being a moral, social, and political wrong; and while they contemplate it as such, they nevertheless have due regard for its actual existence among us, and the difficulties of getting rid of it in any satis- factory way, and to all the constitutional obligations thrown about it. Yet, hav- ing a due regard for these, they desire a policy in regard to it that looks to its not creating any more danger. They insist that it should, as far as may be, be treated as a wrong, and one of the methods of treating it as a wrong is to make provision that it shall grow no larger. "They also desire a policy that looks to a peaceful end of slavery, at some time, as being wrong. * * * * What is it that we hold most dear amongst us ? Our own liberty and prosperity. What has ever threatened our liberty and piosperity save and except this institution of slavery? If this be true, how do you propose to improve the condition of things by enlarging slavery by spread- ing it out and making it bigger? You may have a wen or cancer upon your person and not be able to cut it out lest you bleed to death ; but surely it is no way to cure it, to engraft it and spread it over your whole body ! That is no proper way of treating what you regard as a wrong. You see this peaceful way of dealing with it as a wrong restricting the spread of it, and not allowing it to go into new countries where it has not already existed that is the peaceful way, the old-fashioned way, the way in which the fathers themselves set us the example." Mr. Douglas, in closing the memorable debate, said : "Mr. Lincoln tries to avoid the main issue by attacking the truth of my proposition, that our fathers made this Government divided into free and slave States, recognizing the right of each to decide all its local questions for itself. Did they not thus make it? "It is true that they did not establish slavery in any of the States, or abolish it in any of them ; but finding thirteen States, twelve of which were slave and one free, they agreed to form a Government uniting them together, as they stood divided into free and slave States, and to guaranty forever to each State the right to do as it pleased on the slavery question. Having thus made the Gov- ernment, and conferred this right upon each State forever, I assert that this Gov- ernment can exist as they made it, divided into free and slave States, if any one State chooses to retain slavery. "He says that he looks forward to a time when slavery shall be abolished everywhere. I look forward to a time when each State shall be allowed to do as it pleases. If it chooses to keep slavery forever, it is not my business, but its own ; if it chooses to abolish slavery, it is its own business not mine. I care more for the great principle of self-government, the right of the people to rule, than I do for all the negroes in Christendom: I would not endanger the perpetuity of this Union, I would not blot out the great inalienable rights of the white men for all the negroes that ever existed ! "Hence, I say, let us maintain this Government on the principles that our fathers made it, recognizing the right of each State to keep slavery as long as its people determine, or to abolish it when they please. * * Our fathers, I 57 say, made this Government on the principle of the right of each State to do as it pleases in its own domestic affairs, subject to the Constitution ; and allowed the people of each to apply to every new change of circumstances such remedy as they may see fit to improve their condition. This right they have for all time to come. "Mr. Lincoln went on to tell you that he does not at all desire to interfere with slavery in the States where it exists, nor does his party. I expected him to say that down here. Let me ask him, then, how he expects to put slavery in the course of ultimate extinction everywhere, if he does not intend to interfere with it in the States where it exists ? * * * * "His idea is that he will prohibit slavery in all the Territories, and thus force them to become free States. * * * * He will extinguish slavery in the Southern States as the French general exterminated the Algerians when he smoked them out. He is going to extinguish slavery by surrounding the slave States, hemming in the slaves and starving them out of existence, as you smoke a fox out of his hole. He intends to do that in the name of humanity and Chris- tianity, in order that we may get rid of the terrible crime and sin upon our fathers, of holding slaves. "Mr. Lincoln makes out that line of policy and appeals to the moral sense of justice and to the Christian feeling of the community to sustain him. He says that any man who holds to the contrary doctrine is in the position of the king who claimed to govern by Divine right. Let us examine for a moment and see what principle it was that overthrew the Divine right of George the Third to govern us. "Did not these Colonies rebel because the British Parliament had no right to pass laws concerning our property and domestic and private institutions with- out our. consent ? We demanded that the British Government should not pass such laws unless they gave us representation in the body passing them and this the British Government insisted on doing we went to war, on the principle that the home government should not control and govern distant colonies without giving them a representation. ., "Now, Mr. Lincoln proposes to govern the Territories without giving them a representation, and call on Congress to pass laws controlling their property and domestic concerns without their consent and against their will. Thus, he asserts for his party the identical principle asserted by George III. and the Tories of the Revolution ! "I ask you to look into these things, and then tell me whether the Democ- racy or the Abolitionists are right? I hold that the people of a Territory, like those of a State (I use the language of Mr. Buchanan in his letter of acceptance), have the right to decide for themselves whether slavery shall or shall not exist within their limits. The point upon which Chief Justice Taney expresses his opinion is simply this, that slaves being property, stand on an equal footing with other property, and consequently that the owner has the same right to carry that property into a Territory that he has any other, subject to the same conditions. =!-. >|c >j= # "If the people want the institution of slavery they will protect and encourage it ; but if they do not want it they will withhold that protection, and the absence of local legislation protecting slavery excludes it as completely as a positive pro- hibition. You slaveholders of Missouri might as well understand what you know practically, that you cannot carry slavery where the people do not want it. All you have a right to ask is, that the people shall do as they please ; if they want slavery let them have it ; if they do not want it, allow them to refuse to encourage it. "If we will only live up to this great fundamental principle (of non-interfer- ence), there will be peace between the North and the South. * * * The only remedy and safety is that we shall stand by the Constitution as our fathers made it : obey the laws as they are passed, while they stand the proper test ; and sustain the decisions of the Supreme Court, and the constituted authorities." It is an interesting fact to record in connection with this debate, that when Mr. Lincoln had prepared the series of questions he proposed to put to Judge Douglas, he called together a number of his prominent friends for consultation S8 and submitted the questions to them ; they all advised against propounding the questions, but Mr. Lincoln, after stating his reasons, decided to have the Senator respond to his list of questions. The speeches were made, and Senator Douglas promptly and fully answered the questions. The one question to which Mr. Lincoln was most anxious for an answer was as follows: "Can the people of a United States Territory, in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution ?" Mr. Douglas' answer to that question was : "It matters not what way the Supreme Court may hereafter decide as to the abstract question whether slavery may or may not go into a Territory under the Constitution, the people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist a clay or an hour anywhere, unless it is supported by local police regulations. Those police regulations can only be established by the local legislature, and if the people are opposed to slavery they will elect representatives to that body who will by unfriencly legislation effectually prevent the introduc- tion of it into their midst." After the meeting some of Mr. Lincoln's friends expressed regret that he had put the question to Senator Douglas; he replied promptly: "Well, Judge Douglas may beat me for the Senator, but he cannot be elected President." He had the sagacity to foresee that this answer would forever alienate the Southern Democratic leaders from Judge Douglas. This opinion was fully justified, for when Congress met in December follow- ing, Senator Jefferson Davis introduced and had passed by the Senate a series of resolutions, one of which is as follows : "That neither Congress nor a Territorial Legislature, whether by direct legislation or legislation of an indirect and unfriendly character, possesses power to annul or impair the Constitutional right of any citizen of the United States to take his slave-property into the common Territories, and there hold and enjoy the same while the Territorial condition remains." So absorbing was the question of slavery in the politics of the country in 1858 that no other issue was discussed by Lincoln and Douglas. Each made a passing allusion to the acquisition of additional territory by the United States, but no issue was made upon the question. The tariff question, the financial question, the homestead question, were all pushed aside, the public mind was solely occupied with the issue between slavery and freedom. This debate was listened to by tens of thousands and read by millions of people. Senator Douglas was recognized everywhere as a man of great natural ability, thoroughly versed in public affairs, and one of the most powerful men in debate in the United States. In Abraham Lincoln he had met his equal, in breadth of historical knowledge, in clearness, logic and power of statement, in attack and defence Lincoln showed himself to be a masterhand ; he lifted the debate at once to the plane of noble and progressive statemanship. His reputa- tion as a sound thinker, a man of splendid intellectual poise and of great ability, was at once established throughout the Northern States. It is proper to say that the friends of both of these great men were well sat- isfied with the canvass ; the conflicting opinions of political parties had been pre- sented clearly and forcibly. The people went to the polls and cast their ballots according to their convictions. The Republicans elected their State officers by a vote of 125430 against 121,609 for the Democratic candidates, but the Democrats carried the Legislature. On joint ballot the Democrats had 54 votes and the Republicans 46 votes. Mr. Douglas was re-elected to the Senate of the United States. The Republicans elected four Congressmen, namely, E. B. Washburne, John F. Farnsworth, Owen Lovejoy and William Kellogg. These gentlemen canvassed their districts with great spirit ; in fact, they were all men of splendid ability, but the canvass between Lincoln and Douglas overshadowed all others. Mr. Lincoln's speeches were accepted throughout the country as a clear exposi- tion of Republican doctrine, and they became the keynote of future Republican national platforms. 59 The election of a Legislature favorable to his return to the Senate was re- garded by Judge Douglas and his friends as a great personal and political triumph. In returning to the national capital, Senator Douglas made a circuit of the country and was received with great enthusiasm by the people at St. Louis, Mem- phis, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. He was the political idol of the hour. He had antagonized the national administration upon the question of admitting Kansas as a slave State, and had unquestionably carried the great body of the Democracy with him. Mr. Douglas was now the undisputed leader of the Democratic party. 60 CHAPTER VIII. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. MAJORITY OF CABINET FROM SOUTHERN STATES PRESIDENT YIELDS TO THEIR DEMANDS TO MAKE KANSAS A SLAVE STATE, THE LEADING MEAS- URE OF THE ADMINISTRATION THE LE COMPTON CONSTITUTION. James Buchanan was elected President by a most determined and aggressive campaign. While many prominent and influential men had abandoned the Demo- cratic party and aided in organizing the Republican party, the leaders of the Democracy entered the lists with confidence. Mr. Buchanan carried Pennsylvania by a majority of 83,200, California by 31,507, Indiana by 24,295, New Jersey by 18,605, an d Illinois by 9,159. He was supported by a strong working majority in both branches of Congress. While in 1854 the Anti-Nebraska sentiment had reduced the Democratic membership of the lower house of Congress from 159 lo 83, at the election of 1856 the Democratic membership of the House of Rep- resentatives had been increased to 131, giving a majority of 25. Democratic leaders felt that they had weathered the political storm, and that with a wise and satisfactory administration, the Democratic party would renew its strength and enter upon a long lease of power. Mr. Buchanan was a man of recognized ability ; he had great experience in public affairs. Pennsylvania, his home State, always anti-slavery, had supported him with great enthusiasm, and it was believed that the sound judgment and conservatism of that people would be reflected in his administration. President Buchanan entered office with the good will and confidence of the whole American people. He had the earnest and cordial support of Senator Douglas, who was a most potent factor in Democratic politics. The majority of the members of the Cabinet were selected from the South- ern States ; men of prominence and experience in public life. They represented the advanced ideas of the Southern Democracy upon the constitutional right of slave holders to take their slaves into the Territories as other property ; and upon the constitutional rights of States to secede from the Union. Upon these two great questions Mr. Buchanan was as potter's clay in the hands of these earnest and determined political managers. Their decision was that Kansas must be made a slave State, and the whole power of the administration was directed to accomplish that end. The free State movement under the Topeka Constitution was firmly resisted ; the effort of the bona fide settlers to relieve themselves from the laws and officers imposed upon them, by invasion and usurpation, was characterized by the President and his Cabinet as rebellion and treason. The fact that more than nine-tenths of the settlers had, through public meetings and delegate conventions, protested against these usurpations ; and that men of all parties in the Territory, including Democrats of prominence and character, had united in the free State movement, claiming that the citizens of the Territory possessed the inherent right of self-government and the ri^ht of petition for the redress grievances, had no weight whatever with the President and his advisors. The pro-slavery party had been able by invasion and usurpation to seize the law-making and executive machinery of the Territory, and the administration was determined to uphold their authority to the end. By an act of the Territorial Legislature passed Feb. 17, 1857, a census was ordered to form the basis for districting the territory for the election of sixty delegates to frame a constitution. There were thirty-four counties,, but the census 61 was taken in only fifteen, laying near the border of Missouri and the sixty dele- gates were allotted to these counties. The pro-slavery party controlled the elec- tion machinery and all the delegates were pro-slavery men. The convention framed a pro-slavery constitution, which provided that no change should be made prior to 1864 and that at the election for the adoption of the constitution all white male inhabitants of the Territory of Kansas in said Territory upon the day of the election were entitled to vote. The returns of the election were to be sent to the President of the convention, who was to canvass the vote. The form of submit- ting the constitution to vote was : "For the constitution with slavery." "For the constitution without slavery { " The vote as reported after months of delay was : "For the constitution with slavery," 6,226; "For the constitution without slavery," 569. The Lecompton constitution was transmitted to President Buchanan by John Calhoun, President of the convention (who was also Surveyor General of the Territory), with a recommendation that it be forwarded to Congress. On Feb, 2, 1858, the President sent a lengthy message to Congress with the constitution, recommending that Kansas be admitted into the Union. In speak- ing of the agitation in Kansas the President said : "Already the affairs of the Territory have engaged an undue proportion of the public attention. They have sadly affected the friendly relations of the people of the States with each other and alarmed the fears of patriots for the safety of the Union." In regard to the slavery question, he said : "It has been solemnly adjudged by the highest judicial tribunal known to our laws, that slavery exists in Kansas by virtue of the Constitution of the United States, Kansas is therefore at this moment as much a slave State as Georgia or South Carolina. Without this, the equality of the sovereign States composing the Union would be violated and the use and enjoyment of a Territory acquired by the common treasure of all the States would be closed against the people and the property of nearly half the members of the Confederacy. Slavery can, therefore, never be prohibited in Kansas except by means of a constitutional provision, and in no other manner can this be obtained so promptly, if the majority of the people desire it, as by admitting it into the Union under its present constitution." This message was referred to the Committee on Territories, of which Sen- ator Douglas of Illinois was Chairman. Senator Douglas presented a memorial from the officers of the Free State Government provided for by the Topeka consti- tution, protesting against the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitu- tion, which was also referred to the committee and ordered printed. Senator Trumbull of Illinois'took the floor and made an able speech, arraigning the admin- istration upon its Kansas policy. In this speech Mr. Trumbull said : "The origin of all difficulties in Kansas, since its organization as a Territory, was the first usurpation the carrying of the election of March 3, 1855, by violence and install- ing in authority a set of usurpers. That this was done any man at all acquainted with the history of Kansas affairs knows to be true. This being so, the enactments of the usurpers do not deserve to be dignified by the name of law. The President of the United States has brought his army to sustain this usurpation. There was no way for the people of Kansas to escape from this despotism, except by setting up a government for themselves in opposition to it." Senator Green, from the Committee on Territories, reported a bill for the admission of Kansas as a slave State under the Lecompton constitution. Senator Douglas submitted a minority report. He opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution upon the ground that it was not the act and deed of a majority of the bona fide citizens of the Territory, but had been adopted as the result of violence and usurpation. Mr. Douglas was a thorough believer in the doctrine of popular sovereignty. He believed that the people of a Territory had the right to form a constitution and framework of republican government according to the wishes of a majority of the people, but he did not believe in the use of force, fraud and violence as a means of establishing slavery in the Ter- ritory of Kansas. Mr. Douglas voted against the bill when it came before the Senate, and opposed every proposition looking to have that Territory admitted into the Union under that constitution, including what was known as the English bill, which passed Congress April 30, 1858, as a conference report. This bill sub- 62 mitted the Constitution to a vote of the people of Kansas and at the election, held for that purpose, the Lecompton Constitution was rejected. The strong opposition offered by Senator Douglas to the forcing of slavery into Kansas against the will of a majority of the bona fide residents of the territory, and his aid in defeating the Lecompton Constitution caused a breach between the Senator and Buchanan's administration. In 1858 the whole power and influence of the administration was exerted for the defeat of the Senator for re-election ; but the attitude of the administration on the Kansas question was so odious to the great majority of the voters of Illinois that there was no affiliation between the Republicans and administration Democracy, known in the parlance of the day as "Danites." The struggle in Kansas colored almost every act of any importance connected with Buchanan's administration. Looking back over the events of that period it is now perfectly clear that the members of Mr. Buchanan's cabinet from the Southern States were preparing for secession. The Treasury Department was run during the entire four years with a large deficiency and no steps were taken in Congress to remedy this evil by making provision for additional revenues. Instead of this, bills were passed from time to time authorizing the issuing of interest bearing Treasury notes and other forms of public debt. The fact is, the Govern- ment in a time of peace was being run on credit. The Secretary of War, in 1859, began the transfer of muskets and other war equipments from Springfield, Mass., arsenal and from Harper's Ferry to the Southern States. The Mobile Advertiser, speaking upon this subject, said : "During the past year 135,430 muskets have been quietly transferred from the northern arsenal at Springfield alone to those in the Southern States. We are much obliged to Secretary Floyd for the foresight he has thus displayed in dis- arming the North, and equipping the South for this emergency. There is no telling the quantity of arms and munitions which were sent South from other northern arsenals." In the latter part of 1860 the Secretary of War stationed most of the regular army at remote points, and much of it in the Southern States ; at the same time the Secretary of the Navy sent our naval vessels to distant stations ; large amounts of coin were left in the New Orleans mint and other places of deposit in the South ; while the Attorney General conM find no power in the Constitution of the United States for the preservation of the Union and the enforcement of the laws against secession, these men occupying the chief executive offices of the Government, sworn to support the Constitution and whose duty it was to enforce the laws, interposed no objections whatever to the revolutionary measures to break up the Government and to seize and hoid the public property in the Southern States. As the administration neared its close it seemed that the hour had struck for the destruction of the Republic. 63 CHAPTER IX. REPUBLICAN STATE CONVENTION, DECATUR, MAY 9, 1860 REPUBLICAN NA- TIONAL CONVENTION, CHICAGO, MAY 16, 1860 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION, CHARLESTON, APRIL 23. BALTIMORE, JUNE 18, 1860 THE BRECKENRIDGE CONVENTION LINCOLN'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. Illinois had so increased in wealth and population that she was now the fourth state of the Union, and the political influence of her people had grown in like proportion. The Republican Party four years before was just taking form. The Convention of that year, while it contained many delegates, was largely a mass Convention, but now the party was thoroughly organized, and in the Con- vention of 1860 had regular delegates from every County in the State except Pulaski. The Convention met at Decatur, May 9, and Judge Joseph Gillespie was chosen as President. Many distinguished men were in attendance, among whom were Browning, Hurlbert, Oglesby, Palmer, Peck, Wentworth, Judge Logan, and Lincoln. Richard Yates of Morgan, Norman B. Judd of Cook, and Leonard Swett of McLean, were candidates for Governor. All able, all popular. On the fourth ballot Yates received 363 votes and was nominated. Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant Governor, Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor, Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of State, William Butler for Treasurer, and Newton Bate- man for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, we/e duly nominated. This Convention selected as Presidential Electors, John M. Palmer, Leonard Swett, Allen C. Fuller, William B. Plato, Lawrence Weldon, William P. Kellogg, James Stark, James C. Conkling, Henry P. H. Bromwell, Thomas G. Allen, and John Olney, and as delegates to the Republican National Convention, Norman B. Judd, Gustavus Koerner, David Davis, Orvil H. Browning, Jason Marsh, Solon Cummings, George Schneider, George T. Smith, Burton C. Cook, Oliver L. Davis, Henry Grove, E. W. Hazard, William Ross, James S. Irwin, Stephen T. Logan, Nathan N. Knapp, Thomas A. Marshall, William P. Dole, F. S. Ruther- ford, David K. Green, James C. Sloo, and David L. Phillips. The Convention passed a resolution instructing the. Delegates to cast their vote as a unit, and to use all honorable means to secure the nomination of Abra- ham Lincoln as the Republican candidate for President. The Democratic Convention met at Springfield June 13, 1860. Hon. William McMurtry presided. James C. Allen of Crawford County was nominated for Governor, his competitors being S. A. McMaster, J. L. D. Morrison, Newton Cloud, and Walter B. Scates. Lewis W. Ross was nominated for Lieutenant Governor, G. H. Campbell for Secretary of State, Bernard Arntzen for Auditor, Hugh Maher for Treasurer, and E. R. Roe for Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion. This was a strong ticket, they were earnest friends of Senator Douglas, and brought out the entire strength of the party. The supporters of President Bu- chanan, a mere handful of office holders throughout the State, separated them- selves from the regular Democratic organization, and nominated T. M. Hope and Thomas Snell as candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor. The friends of Bell and Everet held a Convention and nominated John B. Stuart for Governor and Henry S. Blackburn for Lieutenant Governor. There were, there- fore, four candidates in the field for Governor ; the real issue, however, was be- tween Yates and Allen, both able and popular men. Each made a canvass of the entire State. Large audiences assembled to hear them. The election was held and Governor Yates was triumphantly elected. The Republican State ticket and the Presidential Electoral ticket carrying the State by about 13,000 majority. 64 On Dec. 29, 1859, the National Republican Committee issued flie following call : "A National Republican Convention will meet at Chicago on Wednesday the i6th day of May next at 12 o'clock noon." The Convention was called to order by Governor Morgan. At the conclu- sion of his address he nominated David Wilmot of Pennsylvania for temporary Chairman. Upon taking the Chair, Mr. Wilmot delivered an able and eloquent speech. Frederick Hassanvek of Ohio, Theodore M. Pomeroy of New York, and Henry T. Blow of Missouri, were elected temporary Secretaries. The usual Committees on permanent organization, credentials, rules and order of business, and resolutions were appointed. Hon. Geo. Ashman of Massachusetts was made President, with a Vice-President from each State represented in the Convention. Hon. David Davis was chosen Vice-President for Illinois. Mr. Ashman delivered an impassioned speech impeaching the Democratic administration. He proved himself to be an able presiding officer. On the second day of the Convention the committees made their reports. Mr. Wilmot objected to the delegates from certain Southern States, declaring that they represented no constituencies as those States were certain to give their electoral votes for the Democratic candidate. After considerable discussion the report of the committee on credentials was accepted, except as to the Texas delegation, which was later admitted with six votes. The membership of the Convention being now settled, the report of the Committee on Rules was. taken up. The fourth rule, as reported, provided : "That 304 votes, being a majority of the whole number, were all the States of the Union represented, should be necessary to nominate." William D. Kelley of Pennsylvania presented a minority report that a majority of the votes of the Convention, being 233, "should nominate." The minority report was adopted by a vote of 333 yeas, to 118 nays. The platform was reported by Judge William L. Jessop of Pennsylvania, Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions. The platform was received with great satisfaction and enthusiasm. Pennsylvanians expressed great pleasure with the twelfth resolution, upon the question of the Tariff. Mr. Giddings of Ohio offered an amendment to be inserted after the first resolution as follows : "That we solemnly reassert the self-evident truth that all men are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, amongst which are those of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ; that Governments are instituted among men to secure the enjoyment of these rights." He supported his amendment by a short, but earnest speech. Mr. Carter of Ohio opposed the amendment, claiming the same ideas were embodied in the second resolution. Mr. Giddings' motion was put and declared lost. Whereupon Mr. Giddings both in sorrow and anger left the Convention. When the reading of the resolutions was concluded, Geo. William Curtis of New York, arose and in reply to an inquiry, "What is the question before the house?" the Chair informed him "It is upon the adoption of the report." Mr. Curtis then offered an amendment to the second resolution, a quotation from the Declaration of Independence substantially as presented by Mr. Giddings, and supported it with an earnest speech. The appeal of Mr. Curtis carried the Con- vention with him and his amendment was incorporated into the platform. The vote on platform was taken about six o'clock in the evening and its adoption excited the enthusiasm not only of the delegates, but the great audience in at- tendance. More than ten thousand people united in giving expression to an unbounded approbation. The platform adopted by the Convention deserves to be kept in perpetual remembrance by Republicans. Its most important resolutions are quoted below: "That the maintenance of the principles promulgated in the Declaration of Independence and embodied in the Federal Constitution, 'That all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable" rights ; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,' is essential to the preservation of our republican institutions ; and that the Federal Constitution, the rights of the States, and the Union of the States, must and shall be preserved. 65 "That to the union of the States this Nation owes its unprecedented increase in population, its surprising development of material resources, its rapid augmen- tation of wealth, its happiness at home and its honor abroad ; and we hold in ab- horrence all schemes for disunion, come from whatever source they may; and we congratulate the country that no Republican member of Congress has uttered or countenanced the threats of disunion so often made by Democratic members without rebuke and with applause from their political associates ; and we de- nounce those threats of disunion, in case of a popular overthrow of their ascen- dancy, as denying the vital principles of free government, and as an avowal of contemplated treason, which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people" sternly to rebuke and forever silence. "That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depends ; and we denounce the lawless invasion, by armed force, of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter under what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes. "That the new dogma, that the Constitution, of its own force, carries slavery into any or all of the Territories of the United States, is a dangerous political heresy, at variance with explicit provisions of the instrument itself, with con- temporaneous exposition, and with legislative and judicial precedent is revolu- tionary in its tendency, and subversive of the peace and harmony of the country. "That the normal condition of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom ; that as our Republican fathers when thev had abolished slavery in all our rational territory, ordained that 'no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law,' it becomes our duty by legislation, whenever such legislation is necessary, to maintain this provision of the Con- stitution against all attempts to violate it ; and we deny the authority of Congress, of a Territorial legislature, or of any individuals, to give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States. "That Kansas should, of right, be immediately admitted as a State under the Constitution recently formed and adopted by her people, and accepted by the House of Representatives. "That, while providing revenue for the support of the General Government by duties on imports, sound policy requires such an adjustment of these imports as to encourage the development of the industrial interest of the whole country ; and we commend that policy of national exchanges which secures to the working men liberal wages, to agriculture remunerative prices, to mechanics and manu- facturers an adequate reward for their skill, labor, and enterprise, and to the Nation commercial prosperity and independence." The Convention adjourned until Friday morning at ten o'clock. When the great mass of people passed out from the convention hall and scattered to their hotels, the thousands of citizens, men and women, who had been unable to obtain entrance to the hall became thoroughly infected with the enthusiastic excitement and the city became the scene of a most extraordinary exhibition of joyful agita- tion. It was recognized from the start that while a number of candidates would be presented to the Convention the contest really lay between William A. Seward of New York, and Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. The friends of both these candi- dates were unsparing in their efforts in personally presenting the claims of these candidates. Mr. Seward had *he support of many able men from his own State, viz: Governor Edward D. Morgan, William M. Evarts, Thurlow Weed, Preston King, Geo. William Curtis, Moses H. Grinnell, James Watson Webb, John A. King, James W. Nye, and others. They and their friends were confident of securing the nomination of Mr. Seward. But Mr. Lincoln also had a large num- ber of influential friends working for his nomination. David Davis, Stephen T. Logan, O. H. Browning, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook, and a host of others were untiring in their efforts in his behalf, assisted by able men from other States. The Convention was called to order Friday morning. Every available inch of space in the hall was occupied and thousands of people were unable to obtain admission. The nominations were made with few words. Seven candidates were 66 named. When the vote was called delegates from the following named States and Territories voted: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, Michigan, Illinois, Texas, Wisconsin, Iowa, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, Nebraska, and District of Columbia. Upon the first ballot the candidates received the following votes: William H. Seward of New York 173^2, Abraham Lincoln of Illinois 102, Simon Came- ron of Pennsylvania 50^2, Salmon P. Chase of Ohio 49, Edward Bates of Missouri 49, William L. Dayton of New Jersey 14, John McLean of Ohio 12, Jacob Col- lamer of Vermont 10, Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio 3, John C. Fremont of Cali- fornia i, Charles Sumner of Massachusetts I, Jacob M. Reed of Pennsylvania i. Mr. Lincoln received the solid vote of Illinois. On the second ballot the vote stood: Seward 184^2, Lincoln 181, Chase 42^2, Bates 35, Dayton 10, McLean 8, Cameron 2, Clay 2. Whole number 465, necessary to a choice 233. On this vote Mr. Lincoln received 14 votes from Ohio ; on the first ballot he received but 8. The third ballot was ordered; the result was as follows: Lincoln Seward 180, Bates 22, McLean 5, Dayton i, Clay i. Mr. Lincoln lacked votes of a nomination. Before the result was announced David K. Carter of Ohio arose ; he an~ nounced the change of four votes of Ohio to Lincoln. The work was done, Abra- ham Lincoln had received a majority of the votes and was nominated. Instantly the action of Mr. Carter was greeted with enthusiastic applause, which was cor>- tinuecl for several minutes. When the Convention was brought to order a number of other changes of votes were made, so that when the vote was announced it stood Lincoln 364 votes. Hon. William M. Evarts, Chairman of the New York delegation, took the floor and in an eloquent speech moved to make the nomina- tion unanimous, which was done. When the fact was made known to the assem- bled multitude outside of the Hall that "Honest old Abe" had been nominated the enthusiasm and excitement was unbounded. The Convention took a recess for dinner. When the Convention met nominations for Vice-President were made. Up- on the first ballot the vote stood : Hannibal Hamhn of Maine 194, Cassius M. Clay of Kentucky 100, John Hickman of Pennsylvania 57, Andrew H. Reeder, late Governor of Kansas, 51, Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts 38, Henry Winter Davis of Maryland 28, Sam Houston of Texas 12, William L. Dayton of New Jersey 3, John M. Read of Pennsylvania i. On the second ballot Hamlin re- ceived 367 votes, Clay 86, and Hickman 13. The nomination of Mr. Hamlin was made unanimous upon the motion of Geo. D. Blakely of Kentucky, and Caleb B. Smith. Mr. McCrillis of Maine, in a brief speech accepting the nomination for Mr. Hamlin, declared "that the people will inscribe on their banner 'Lincoln and Hamlin, Union and' Victory.' ' The Convention had done its work. It had announced its principles and had selected two men of great capacity and of undoubted patriotism to bear its ban- ner. These men were fitting representatives of the great parties from which the membership of the Republican party was drawn. Mr. Lincoln had been an en- thusiastic follower of Henry Clay while Mr. Hamlin had followed the leadership of Andrew Jackson. On May 19, 1860, the Constitutional Union Convention met at Baltimore and nominated John Bell of Tennessee for President and Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice-President. The Convention adopted a brief platform declaring: "That it is both the part of patriotism and of duty to recognize no political principles other than the Constitution of the Country, the Union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws." No reference was made to" the political Issues which were dividing and agitating the country. A National Convention was called by the Democratic National Committee to meet at Charleston, S. C., April 23, 1860, for the purpose of nominating candi- dates for President and Vice-President. The Convention met, was duly organized by electing Caleb Gushing of Massachusetts President and a Vice-President from each State. Senator Douglas of Illinois was the leading candidate, but enough 67 votes were cast for other candidates to prevent his nomination under the two- thirds rule. After taking fifty-seven ballots without nominating candidates, dur- ing which time the delegates from several Southern States withdrew, the Con- vention adjourned to meet at Baltimore June 18, 1860, to finish its work. During the recess, Conventions had been held in the States of Louisiana, Mississippi, Ala- bama, Florida, Texas, South Carolina and Arkansas, to fill the vacancies created by the withdrawal at Charleston of a number of delegates. At Baltimore all the States and Territories were represented in the Conven- tion. The platform reaffirmed the Cincinnati platform of 1856 and declared that: "Inasmuch as differences of opinion exist in the Democratic party as to the nature and extent of the powers of a Territorial legislature, and as to the powers and duties of Congress, under the Constitution of the United States, over the institu- tion of slavery within the Territories, ''Resolved, That the Democratic party will abide by the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States on the question of Constitutional law." The Convention continued in session from the i8th to the 23rd of June. Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois was nominated for President and Benjamin Fitz- patrick, Senator from Alabama, was nominated for Vice-President. Mr. Fitz- patrick declined the nomination and Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia was chosen by the Democratic National Committee to fill the vacancy. The delegates who withdrew from the Charleston Convention organized at Charleston and adjourned to meet in Baltimore June n, 1860, for the purpose of nominating candidates for President and Vice-President. This Convention, aug- mented in numbers by delegates from other States, continued in session from June ii until June 28, 1860, and adopted the following platform upon the issues then pending : "Resolved, That the platform adopted by the Democratic party at Cincinnati be affirmed, with the following explanatory resolutions : "i. That the government of a Territory, organized by an act of Congress, is provisional and temporary ; and, during its existence, all citizens of the United States have an equal right to settle, with their property -in the Territory, without their rights, either of person or property, being destroyed or impaired by Con- gressional or Territorial legislation. "2. That it is the duty of the Federal Government in all its departments to protect when necessary the rights of persons and property in the Territories and wherever else its Constitutional authority extends. "3. That when the settlers in a Territory having an adequate population form a State Constitution in pursuance of law, the right of sovereignty com- mences, and, being consummated by admission into the Union, they stand on an equal footing with the people of the other States, and the State thus organized ought to be admitted into the Federal Union whether its Constitution prohibits or recognizes the institution of slavery." The Convention nominated John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky for President and Joseph Lane of Oregon for Vice-President. This action effected a division of the Democratic party. The Southern Democracy were unwilling to support Mr. Douglas for the Presidency, because he had thrown the whole weight of his character and influence against the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution and had declared that the people of a Territory through their Terri- torial Legislature might exclude Slavery from a Territory by unfriendly legisla- tion. It will be observed that these two Democratic Conventions were in session in Baltimore at the same time. The Breckenridge Convention contained dele- gates who announced the most advanced ideas of secession. Public meetings were held in front of the hotels night after night, at which prominent Southern men delegates to the Convention declared the determination of the people of the Southern States to secede from the Union in the event Abraham Lincoln was elected President. These speeches stirred up great excitement and enthusiasm amongst their hearers. To a dispassionate onlooker, the situation seemed to be critical. These men were leaders of public opinion in their States, and it was perfectly clear that they were in earnest. They made no pretense of love for the Union ; they declared 68 that it was to the interest of the South to set up for themselves and that the secur- ity of their rights required and justified the secession movement. On the question of the legal right of the State to secede, they professed to be perfectly clear the Union was simply a confederation of independent States and that any State could at its pleasure, dissolve the partnership. The perpetuation and extension of Slavery was the paramount Issue, and secession was the true remedy for all of their alleged grievances. Every effort to harmonize the party proved abortive. Mr. Douglas was quite as objectionable to them as a Presidential Candidate, as Mr. Lincoln. After the nomination of Mr. Douglas the Convention adjourned. Many of the delegates went over to Washington and plans were made for the coming cam- paign. In the evening a large concourse of people called at Senator Douglas' house with a band of music to serenade him and congratulate him upon his nom- ination. From^the steps of his residence he delived a speech, thanking them for the courtesy extended to him, and also giving expression to his views upon the political situation of the hour. Referring to the withdrawal of delegates from the Democratic National Convention and the nomination of Breckenridge and Lane, Mr. Douglas said : "Secession is disunion. Secession from the Democratic party means secession from the Union. Those who enlist under the secession banner now will be expected on the 4th of March next to take arms against the consti- tuted authorities on certain conditions. We have been told that in a certain event the South must forcibly resist the inauguration of the President elect. While we find those who are loudest in this threat of such resistance engaged in a scheme to divide and destroy the Democratic party, and thereby secure the election of the Republican candidate. Does not this line of policy look to disunion ? In- telligent men must be presumed to understand the tendency and consequences of their own actions. Can the seceders fail to perceive that their efforts to divide and defeat the Democratic party, if successful, must lead directly to the secession of the Southern States ? I trust that they will see what must be the result of such a policy, and return to the organization and platform of the party before it is too late to save the Country. The Union must be preserved. The Constitution must be maintained inviolate." Mr. Douglas was profoundly impressed with the threatening attitude of the political leaders of the Southern States. Many persons regarded their threats of secession and disunion as mere braggadocio ; not so with Mr. Douglas, he knew that these men were in earnest, and were determined to dissolve the Union. The present writer had attended as an alternate the Convention which nom- inated Mr. Douglas, and therefore had an opportunity of witnessing the political demonstration in Baltimore. On Sunday night, after the adjournment of the Convention, he called upon Mr. Douglas in company with delegates John A. Logan and William H. Green. We spent some two hours with the senator. That interview will never be forgotten by me. Mr. Douglas declared that the division of the Democratic Party was intended to secure the election of Abraham Lincoln. That no concession could have been made in the Democratic Convention to satisfy the Southern leaders ; they were determined to break up the Union, and proposed to make the election of Lincoln the cause and justification for secession. He characterized the movement as a conspiracy to break up the Union. He said the only way to circumvent these plans was to arouse a patriotic sentiment in the South and carry the Southern States against Breckenridge. He declared it as his purpose to visit the South and make a personal canvass of those States in the interest of the Union. Senator Douglas did carry out the plan outlined in that interview. He did canvass the Southern States and made a noble plea for the Union, but the die was cast, the influences for Mr. Breckenridge were irresistible and he carried all the Gulf States. Mr. Douglas was criticised at the time for making the tour and addressing the people ; but he did the act from a profound sense of public duty. He had a higher appreciation of the dangers then hovering over the country than any Northern man, and he attempted to avert them by an appeal to the patriotism the love of the Union of the people of the South. The canvass all over the country was able, and brought out the people in great crowds. While the platforms touched upon other questions of interest to 69 the country, the vital question, the question that absorbed the attention of the people everywhere, was the extension of Slavery into the Territories of the United States. The election was held, and Abraham Lincoln was elected. The electoral votes were counted February 13, 1861. Lincoln and Hamlin received 180 votes, Breck- enridge and Lane received 72 votes, Bell and Everett received 39 votes, Douglas and Johnson received 12 votes. The popular vote stood as follows: Lincoln 1,865,913, Douglas 1,374,664, Breckenridge 848,404, Bell 591,900. In Illinois Yates received 172,196 votes, Allen 159,253. Richard Yates was inaugurated Governor, January 14, 1861, in the pres- ence of a joint session of the Legislature, which met January 7th. The Senate was presided over by Lieutenant-Governor Hoffman, with Campbell W. Waite, Secretary, and Richard T. Gill, Sergeant-at-Arms. The House of Representatives elected Shelby M. Cullom, Speaker, Henry Wayne, Clerk, and Caswell P. Ford, Doorkeeper. The secession movement had already begun ; the dissolution of the Union seemed imminent. Illinois was a border State, extending farther south into slave territory than any other free State ; the position of the people and Gov- ernment upon the momentous questions involved was of paramount importance. If the people of Illinois had been willing to acquiesce in the withdrawal of the Southern States from the Union and submit to the clismerberment of the repub- lic, her leadership in January, 1861, favoring that solution of the national trou- bles, would, no doubt, have been followed by a number of other free States, and all the slave-holding States would have unquestionably seceded from the Union and joined the Southern Confederacy. But Governor Yates boldly met this issue in. his inaugural address to the Legislature. He declared himself in favor of the preservation of the Union and against the doctrine of secession and dis- union. He insisted upon obedience to and the enforcement of the laws of the Unted States. He declared that the doctrine of a president in conformity with law was no ground for the release of a State from its obligations to the Union. He argued that the Mississippi Valley, from the nature of things, must forever remain a country under the general jurisdiction of one Government. He pre- dicted that the Union would be preserved and that the Nation would emerge from the present crisis "more glorious, renowned and free than ever before." It was an able address and stirred patriotism to the core and met hearty re- sponse from the people. The Legislature was Republican in both Houses, having one majority in the Senate and seven majority in the House. Some of the ablest and safest men in the State were members of this Legislature, such as Richard J. Oglesby, S. A. Hurlbut, J. Young Scammon, William B. Ogden, A. W. Mack, Washington Bushnell, William Jayne, L. S. Church, William R. Archer, J. Russell Jones, Lawrence Weldon, William H. Green, Thomas W. Harris, Arthur G. Burr, A. J. Kuykendall, J. W. Singleton, Shelby M. Cullom, Theodore F. Hurd and many others. The great absorbing question of the hour Secession was discussed at length and with ability. Joint resolutions were adopted by the two Houses de- claring that the State of Illinois was willing to join in calling a convention to amend the Constitution of the United States, but that the Federal Union must be preserved and the Constitution and laws administered as they are. This debate and this action placed the State of Illinois in the front rank of States favoring the preservation of the Union. Mr. Lincoln had not yet left his home for Washington. He was a deeply interested and an earnest observer of the drift of public opinion. The action of Governor Yates and the Legislature met a hearty response from the people, and this strengthened Mr. Lincoln in under- taking the arduous task before him. The State of Virginia having by resolution of her Legislature invited the States to send commissioners to a Peace Conference to meet at Washington City on February 2, 1861, Stephen F. Logan, John M. Palmer, John W r ood, Burton C. Cook and Thomas J. Turner were appointed to represent Illinois at the conference. 70 71 Richard Yates, who was now inducted into the office of Governor of Illinois, was of English origin, his American ancestors having settled in Virginia. His father, Henry Yates, was an early pioneer of Kentucky, where he re- mained for a number of years, but his anti-slavery sentiments finally caused him to emigrate to Illinois in 1831. He settled at Springfield and pursued the business of a merchant. The son, Richard Yates, was born in Warsaw, Galla- tin County, Kentucky, January 18, 1815, and came to Illinois with his father when a youth of sixteen years of age. He graduated from the Illinois College in 1835. His name appears on the records of that institution as one of the first two graduates. He studied law at Jacksonville, Illinois, with that distinguished man, John J Harden, who served in Congress and fell at the battle of Buena Vista, leading his regiment, the ist Illinois Infantry, against the enemy. In 1842 Richard Yates was elected to the Illinois Legislature as a Whig and was twice re-elected, in 1844 and 1846. His ability was at once recognized. He made many friends, and was exceedingly popular with his own party. In 1850 he was nominated as candidate for Congress in the district which had been repre- sented by Hardin, Baker and Lincoln, but which had, in 1848, sent Major Thomas L. Harris, a Democrat, to Congress. Major Harris was a candidate for re-election. These candidates appeared before the people in joint debate. The canvass was able and active. Yates was elected, and was the only Whig representative in Congress from Illinois. Mr. Yates was re-elected in 1852. His service in Congress was able and brilliant. He took his position against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and delivered an eloquent speech on that subject. He was defeated for Congress in 1854 by his old antagonist, Major Harris. In 1856 he assisted actively in organizing the Republican party, and was a vice-president of the first Republican convention of Illinois, held at Bloom- ington. As Governor during the Civil War he administered the affairs of the State with distinguished ability and endeared himself to the soldiers and the people in general. In 1865 he was elected United States Senator, and served with ability during the reconstruction period, and was succeeded by General Logan in 1871. He died November 27, 1873, holding, at that time, the office of Railroad Com- missioner for the Government. On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President of the United States. In company with James Buchanan, the out-going President, he was driven from the Executive Mansion to the Capitol. A mighty concourse of people had assembled to witness the scene. Upon a platform erected in front of the center portico of the Capitol, Mr. Lincoln was received by Members of both Houses of Congress and Members of the Supreme Court. Mr. Buchanan, Chief Justice Taney, Senator Douglas, Senator Baker and others, stood beside him when he took the oath of office. Before taking the oath President Lincoln was introduced to the audience by Senator Baker of Oregon, and delivered his inaugural address as follows : "Fellow Citizens of the United States : "In compliance with the custom as old as the Government itself, I appear before you to address you briefly and to take in your presence the oath pre- scribed by the Constitution of the United States to be taken by the President be- fore he enters on the execution of his office. "I do not consider it necessary at present for me to discuss those matters of administration about which there is no special anxiety or excitement. "Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that ' T have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.' 72 "Those who nominated and elected me did so with full knowledge that I had made this and many similar declarations and had never recanted them ; and more than this, they placed in the platform for my acceptance, and as a law to them- selves and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read : " 'Resolved, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institu- tions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depend ; and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed force of the soil of any State or Ter- ritory, no matter under what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes.' "I now reiterate these sentiments, and in doing so I only press upon the public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the case is susceptible that the property, peace, and security of no section are to be in any wise endangered by the now incoming Administration. 1 add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the Constitution and the laws, can be given will be cheerfully given to all the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause, as cheerfully to one section as to another. "There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions : " 'No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.' "It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves ; and the intention of the law- giver is the law. All members of Congress swear their support to the whole Constitution to this provision as much as to any other. To the proposition, then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this clause 'shall be de- livered up' their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they would make the effort in good temper, could they not with nearly equal unanimity frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that unanimous oath ? "There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should be enforced by national or by State authority, but surely that difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be surrendered, it can be of but little consequence to him or to others by which authority it is done. And should any one in any case be content that his oath shall go unkept on a merely unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be kept ? "Again, in any law upon this subject ought not all the safeguards of liberty known in civilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, so that a free man be not in any case surrendered as a slave ? And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guarantees that 'the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States ?' "I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations and with no pur- pose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules ; and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much safer for all, both in official and private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed than to violate any of them trusting to find impunity in having them held to be unconstitutional. "It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a President under our National Constitution. During that period fifteen different and greatly dis- tinguished citizens have in succession administered the executive branch of the Government. They have conducted it through many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief constitutional term of four years under great and peculiar diffi- culty. A disruption of the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now for- midably attempted. "I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. It is safe to assert that no gov- ernment proper ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination. 73 Continue to execute all the express provisions of our National Constitution, and the Union will endure forever, it being impossible to destroy it except by some action not provided for in the instrument itself. "Again, if the United States be not a government proper, but an association of States in the nature of contract merely, can it, as a contract, be peaceably un- made by less than all the parties who made it ? One party to a contract may violate it break it, so to speak but does it not require all to lawfully rescind it ? "Descending from these general principles, we find the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union is perpetual, confirmed by the history of the Union itself. The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in 17/6. It was further matured, and the faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation in 1778. And finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and establishing the Constitution was 'to form a more perfect Union.' "But if destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States be lawfully possible, the Union is less perfect than before the Constitution, having lost the vital element of perpetuity. "It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union ; the resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of violence within any State or States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances. "I therefore consider that in view of the Constitution and the laws the Union is unbroken, and to the extent of my ability I shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the States. Doing this I deem to be only a simple duty on my part, and I shall perform it so far as practicable, unless my rightful masters, the American people, shall withhold the requisite means or in some authoritative manner direct the contrary. I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the declared purpose of the Union that it will constitutionally defend and maintain itself. "In doing this there needs to be no bloodshed or violence, and there shall be none unless it be forced upon the national authority. The power confidea to me will be used to hold, occupy and possess the property and places belonging to the Government and to collect the. duties and imposts ; but beyond what may be necessary for these objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere. Where hostility to the United States in any interior locality shall be so great and universal as to prevent competent resident citizens from holding the Federal offices, there will be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers among the people for that object. While the strict legal right may exist in the Government to enforce the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do so would be so irritating and so nearly impracticable withal that I deem it better to forego for the time the uses of such offices. "The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts of the Union. So far as possible the people everywhere shall have that sense of perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought and reflection. The course here indicated will be followed unless current events and experience shall show a mod- ification or change to be proper, and in every case and exigency my best discre- tion will be exercised, according to circumstances actually existing and with a view and a hope of a peaceful solution of the national troubles and the restoration of fraternal sympathies and affections. "That there are persons in one section or another who seek to destroy the Union at all events and are glad of any pretext to do it, I will neither affirm nor deny ; but if there be such, I need address no word to them. To those, however, who really love the Union may I not speak? "Before entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes, would it not be wise to ascertain precisely why we do it ? Will you hazard so desperate a step while there is any possibility that any portion of the ills you fly from have no real existence ? 74 Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater than all the real ones you fiy from, will you risk the commission of so fearful a mistake ? "All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights can be main- tained. Is it true, then, that any right plainly written in the Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily, the human mind is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this. Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly written provision of the Constitution has ever been denied. If by the mere force of numbers a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly written constitutional right, it might in a moral point of view justify revolution ; certainly would if such right were a vital one. But such is not our case. All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly assured to them by affirmations and negations, guaranties and prohibitions, in the Consti- tution that controversies never arise concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with a provision specifically applicable to every question which may occur in practical administration. No foresight can anticipate nor any document of reasonable length contain express provisions for all possible ques- tions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by national or by State authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. May Congress prohibit slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must Congress protect slavery in the Territories ? The Constitution does not ex- pressly say. "From questions of this class spring all our constitutional controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities. If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the Government must cease. There is no other alternative, for continuing the Government is acquiescence on one side or the other. If a minority in such case will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a precedent which in turn will divide and ruin them, for a minority of their own will secede from them whenever a majority refuses to be controlled by such minority. For instance, why may not any portion of a new confederacy a year or two hence arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to secede from it? All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the exact temper of doing this. Is there such perfect identity of interests among the States to compose a new uni m as to produce harmony only and prevent renewed secession ? "Plainly the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitalions, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions i nd sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible. The rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible ; so that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy or despotism in some form is all trat is left. "I do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that such decisions must be binding in any case upon the parties to a suit as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled to a very high respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other departments of the Government. And while it is ob- viously possible that such decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect following it, being limited to that particular case, with the chance that it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases, can better be borne than could the evils of a different practice. At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the. policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in per- sonal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal. Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the judges. It is a duty from which they may not shrink to decide cases properly brought before them, and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn their decisions to political purposes. "One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be ex- tended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This 75 is the only substantial dispute. The fugitive slave clause of the Constitution and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade are each as well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. The great body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, cannot be perfectly cured, and it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections than before. The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be ultimately revived without restrictions in one section, while fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be sur- rendered at all by the other. "Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove our respective sections from each other nor build an impassable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other, but the different parts of our country cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face, and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make' that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can among friends ? Suppose you go to war, you cannot fight always ; and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions as to terms of intercourse are again upon you. "This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing Government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the National Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of amendments, I fully recognize the rightful authority of the people over the whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the instrument itself ; and I should, under existing circumstances, favor rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the peopje to act upon it. I will venture to add that to me the convention mode seems preferable, in that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves, instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions originated by others, not espe- cially chosen for the purpose, and which might not be precisely such as they would wish to either accept or refuse. I understand a proposed amendment to the Constitution which amendment, however, I have not seen has passed Con- gress, to the effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with the domestic institutions of the States, including that of persons held to service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of particular amendments so far as to say that, holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable. "The Chief Magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they have conferred none upon him to fix terms for the separation of the Stares. The people themselves can do this also if they choose, but the Executive as such has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer the present Government as it came to his hands and to transmit it unimpaired by him to his successor. "Why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate justice of the people ? Is there any better or equal hope in the world ? In our present differ- ences, is either party without faith of being in the right? If the Almighty Ruler of Nations, with His eternal truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on yours of the South, that truth and that justice will surely prevail by the judg- ment of this great tribunal of the American people. "By the frame of the Government under which we live fbis same people have wisely given their public servants but little power for mischief, and have with equal wisdom provided for the return of that little to their own hands at very short intervals. While the people retain their virtue and vigilance no administration by any extreme of wickedness or folly can very seriously injure the Government in the short space of four years. "My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon this whole sub- 76 ject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. If there be an object to hurry any of you in hot haste to a step which you would never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking time ; but no good object can be frustrated by it. Such of you as are now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution unim- paired, and, on the sensitive point, the laws of your own framing under it ; while the new Administration will have no immediate power, if it would, to change either. If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the right side in the dispute, there still is no single good reason for precipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken this favored land are still competent to adjust in the best way all our present difficulty. "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to 'preserve, protect, and defend it.' "I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." The will of the people as expressed at the ballot box had been observed. The executive power of the Government of the United States, according to the forms of law, had peacefully passed from the hands of James Buchanan to the hands of Abraham Lincoln. These two men on the 4th day of March, 1861, stood at the conjunction of two great epochs in American life, American law and Amer- ican history. The one marked the end of slavery, the end of the legal doctrine of State supremacy, and the close of Democratic domination. The other marked the dawn of universal freedom, the constitutionality, the utility and the grandeur of a perpetual Union, and the opening of the masterful career of the Republican party. The world was moving, a new order of things was coming in, that of initia- tive, development and progress. The Republican party was to be its exponent and leader. 77 CHAPTER X. SECESSION. ACTION OF THE CHURCHES THE SECESSION MOVEMENT PEACE CONGRESS ARTICLE XIII CONGRESSIONAL ACTION THE MORRILL TARIFF LAW. No better evidence can be produced of the great conflict of opinions on the slavery question than the attitude and action on this subject of the churches, North and South. The Methodist Episcopal Church took the lead in opposition to slavery. The General Conference of 1824 enacted that "no slaveholder shall be eligible to any official station in our church hereafter where the laws of the State in which he lives will admit of emancipation and permit the liberated slaves to enjoy freedom/' In 1844 an attempt was made to enforce this rule against Bishop Andrews of Georgia ; the movement was resisted upon the ground that it was an infringement upon the rights of Southern members of the church, and steps were immediately taken to organize a church in the South. In 1845 the Methodist Episcopal Church South was organized, with a membership of 500,000 persons and succeeded to the church property and literary institutions of the former organization. This church fully recognized the rightfulness of slavery and dealing in slaves. All the churches of the South stood staunchly by the insti- tution of slavery. In November, 1860, immediately after the election of Abraham Lincoln as President, the Alabama State Convention of Baptists' unanimously passed a declaration setting forth that the Union had "failed, in important particulars, to answer the purpose for which it was created."' This declaration closed with the following announcement : "While as yet no particular mode of relief is before us on which to express an opinon, we are constrained, before separating to our several homes, to declare to our brethren and fellow citizens, before mankind and before our God, that we hold ourselves subject to the call of proper authority in defence of the sovereignty and independence of the State of Alabama, and of her right as a sovereign, to withdraw from the Union and to make any arrange- ment which her people in constitutional assemblies may deem best for securing their rights, and in this declaration we heartily, deliberately, unanimously and solemnly unke." Other churches pursued the same course, indicating clearly that the churches, like the leaders in politics, regarded the election of Abraham Lincoln as sufficient justification for dissolving the Union. The fact of Lincoln's election was settled within twenty-four hours after the polls were closed ; the telegraph carried the news to all parts of the country, and the press was full of the particulars. In the South the announcement of the result of the election was a signal for secession. In South Carolina the Presiden- tial electors were chosen by the Legislature on November 6, 1860, and they voted for Breckenridge and Lane for President and Vice-President. Governor Gist, in his message to the Legislature, recommended that in the event Abraham Lincoln was elected President a convention of the people of the State be called to consider and determine the mode and measure of redress. His opinion was that the only alternative left was the "secession of South Carolina from the Union." South Carolina led the way in the secession movement ; on November 7th the United States officials at Charleston resigned their offices. On November loth James H. Hammond and James Chesnut, Jr., United States Senators, resigned their seats in the Senate. A convention was called to meet December I7th, the delegates to be elected December 6, 1860. The State convention met December 17, 1860, and passed unanimously an ordinance of secession. 78 Francis W. Pickens had been elected Governor and he appointed a cabinet consisting of a Secretary of State, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Treasury, Postmaster General and Secretary of the Interior. On December 241)1 the Gov- ernor issued a proclamation announcing the repeal of the ordinance of May 2 O . 1788, and the "dissolution of the union between the State of South Carolina and other States under the name of the United States of America." Commissioners were appointed by the Governor to treat with the United States Government for the possession of its property in South Carolina. Commissioners were also ap- pointed to visit other slaveholding States to secure co-operation in the secession movement and a Southern Congress was proposed. On November 8, 1860, the Legislature of Georgia met, pursuant to adjourn- ment, and on the i8th action was taken calling a convention of the people. One million dollars was appropriated for military purposes. January 17, 1861, the State convention met and January iQth an ordinance of secession was passed, yeas 208, nays 89. Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia followed the leadership of South Carolina and Georgia. Conventions were called and secession ordinances adopted. January 21, 1861, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Georgia, Mississippi, Florida and Alabama withdrew from their seats. January 18, 1861, Virginia appropriated $1,000,000 for the defence of the State. Delegates were appointed to a Congress to meet at Montgomery, Alabama. February 4, 1861, Howell Cobb of Georgia (just returned from Buchanan's Cab- inet as Secretary of the Treasury) was elected President. February 8th a pro- visional constitution was adopted. February 8th Jefferson Davis was elected Provisional President and Alex- ander H. Stephens, vice-president. February i8th President Davis was inaugu- rated. February 2ist the following named officers were appointed as th Cabinet : Robert Toombs, Secretary of State ; C. G. Memmiriger, Secretary of the Treas- ury ; L. Pope Walker, Secretary of War ; Stephen R. Mallory, Secretary of the Navy ; Juclah P. Benjamin, Attorney General ; John H. Reagan, Postmaster General. During the progress of this movement, commissioners were sent by the various States to Washington to negotiate with Mr. Buchanan's administration for a transfer of the property of the United States situated in the seceded States. Failing in this, the custom houses, postoffices, mint, forts, arsenals, muskets, cannon, ammunition, vessels, quartermaster's and commissary stores and United States hospitals, over 200,000 muskets and riHes, 144 cannon and $650,000 in gold and silver coin were seized. All of these were turned over to the Confederate State Government. It must not be- supposed that there were no citizens in the Southern States who were opposed to secession ; on the contrary, in a number of the States there were many leading men who were devoted to the Union and who believed that secession was not a wise remedy for the redress of the alleged grievances of the South. Where the question of secession was submitted to vote thousands of men cast their ballots against the movement. In seven of the States the question of secession was not submitted to the people ; the State governments were in the hands of men who favored disunion and they hurried the movement forward, through the action of Legislatures and conventions, without submitting the mighty issue to a vote. This was the course pursued in South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama and Arkansas. In Arkansas the question of calling a convention was submitted to the people January 16, 1861. and carried, 27,41 2 "votes for and 15,827 votes against calling a convention. In Texas the ordinance of secession was, on February 23, 1861, adopted by the people by a vote of 34,794 for and 1 1,235 against. In North Carolina the proposition for a convention was voted down January 28, 1 86 1, 46,671 votes being cast for and 47,333 votes against a convention. But at an extra session of the Legislature held May ist, a convention bill was passed fixing May I3th as the date for the election of delegates. This convention met at Raleigh May 2Oth, and the next day adopted an ordinance of secession ; ratified 79 the Confederate Constitution and on June 5th passed an ordinance ceding to the Confederate Government the United States arsenal at Fayetteville, proceedings no doubt precipitated by the attack upon Fort Sumpter, and its surrender to Gen. Beauregard April 13, 1861. In Tennessee the bill for a convention was voted down by the people February 8. 1861, by a vote of 54,156 for and 67,360 against the convention. May i, 1861, the Legislature passed a joint resolution authoriziner the Governor to appoint com- missioners to enter into a military league with the Confederate State Govern- ment. May 7th the Legislature ratified the league which had been entered into and which placed the whole military force and munitions of war of Tennessee under control of the President of the Confederate States. The same day a declaration of independence, an ordinance of secession and an ordinance ratifying the Confederate Constitution, were adopted ; the ordinances to be voted on by the people June 8th. June 24, 1861, the vote was declared, being 104,019 for and 47,238 against secession and joining the Confederacy. On that date Gov- ernor Isham G. Harris declared Tennessee to be out of the Union. In Virginia a strong effort was made for conciliation and against disunion. The Legislature met January 7, 1861. On February 26th, the constitution of the Confederate States was rejected, yeas 9, nays 78. April I7th, three days after the fall of Fort Sumpter, the Legislature in secret session passed an ordinance of secession by a vote of 88 yeas and 55 nays ; the same day the constitution of the Confederate States was adopted, subject to the action of the people at the polls. On April 25th an agreement was made, between commissioners appointed by authority of the Legislature and Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederate States, whereby the military force of Virginia was placed under the command of the President of the Confederacy and all her public property, naval stores and munitions of war, were turned over to the Confederate Gov- ernment. Two months later the vote on the ordinance of secession was declared, 128,884 f r an d 32,134 against. In Kentucky the people were greatly agitated and divided upon the Southern movement. January 22, 1861, the Legislature by a vote of 87 to 6 resolved to resist the invasion of the South at all hazards. February 2cl, the Senate passed a resolution by a vote of 25 to n appealing to the Southern States to stop the revolution, and by a vote of 25 to 14 declared it inexpedient to call a State con- vention. May 2Oth Governor Magoffin issued a neutrality proclamation. Sep- tember nth, the House of Representatives by a vote of 71 to -26 passed a resolu- tion directing the Governor to issue a proclamation ordering the Confederate troops to evacuate Kentucky. In the meantime the Kentucky secessionists, having no encouragement from the Legislature, held a State Rights convention March 22d ; a Southern conference at Russellville, October 29th ; and a sover- eignty convention at the same place. November i8th, when a declaration of independence and an ordinance of secession were adopted. A provisional gov- ernment was organized with a Governor, Treasurer, Auditor and a council of ten. This organization did not interfere with the regular government of the State. In Maryland, while public opinion was greatly divided upon the question of secession, a fruitless effort was made in November, 1860, to induce Governor Hicks to call an extra session of the Legislature. December igth, the Governor declined to accept the program of secession from the commissioner from Missis- sippi. On December 2Oth and again in March, Mr. William H. Collins issued an address in favor of the Union. On January 3, 1861, Henry Winter Davis also issued an address in favor of the Union ; Mr. Davis was a man of great power and influence in the State and thoroughly devoted to the Union. Governor Hicks insisted on Maryland remaining neutral and on April i, 1861, advised General Butler not to land troops at Annapolis. On April 29th, the Legislature voted against secession, the House of Delegates 53 to 13, and the Senate by a unanimous vote. This action arrested the secession movement in Maryland, although on June 22, 1861, the Legislature adopted a resolution protesting against an "oppression and tyrannical assertion and exercise of military jurisdic- tion within the limits of Maryland, over the persons and property of her citizens, by the Government of the United States." 80 January 15, 1861, the Missouri Legislature passed a bill calling a conven- tion ; delegates were elected and the convention met February 28th. The friends of secession, led by Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, were confident that this convention would contain a majority of delegates favorable to the secession of Missouri from the Union ; in this they were greatly disappointed. The convention was dominated by a Union sentiment. General Sterling Price had been made President, but, having cast his lot with the Confederacy, the position was declared vacant and Gamble was made President. A committee of seven was appointed to consider and report the best measures to adopt in the present dislocated con- dition of the State. The committee declared that by the flight of the Governor and other State officers the offices held by them had become vacant. They recommended that the convention should appoint a Governor and other officers to hold their positions until August, 1862, when there should be a special elec- tion by the people ; that four additional judges should be added to the Supreme Court; that the State Legislature should be abolished, subject to be elected in August, 1862, upon proclamation of the Governor. The convention by ordi- nance repealed the military fund bill and other obnoxious laws enacted by the Legislature. Governor Jackson and General Sterling Price and their followers took up arms against the Union. The convention saved Missouri to the Union and governed the State until a Governor and Legislature were elected in accord- ance with the ordinances of the convention. While these revolutionary proceedings were going forward the Congress of the United States was in session. Various propositions were brought up in Congress for the purpose of adjusting and compromising the differences. On December 4, 1860, on motion of Mr. Boteler of Virginia, a committee of 33, being one member from each State, was appointed in the House of Representa- tives to whom was referred "so much of the President's message as relates to the present perilous condition of the country." Thirty-three members offered resolutions, which were referred to the committee. A number of these resolu- tions proposed amendments to the constitution giving greater guarantees and security to slavery. Mr. Vallandingham, of Ohio, proposed an elaborate amend- ment dividing the country into four sections, each section with representation in Congress, with a complicated system of voting by sections, thus enabling one section to prevent a majority of the whole from passing laws. On January 14, 1861, Mr. Corwin, of Ohio, Chairman of the Committee of Thirty-three, made a report as the conclusions of a majority of a quorum. This report contained ten declaratory resolutions and five propositions for amending the Constitution and laws. The most important of these resolutions were the following : "Resolved, That we recognize slavery as now existing in fifteen of the United States, by usages and laws of those States ; and we recognize no authority, legally or otherwise, outside of a State where it so exists, to interfere with the slaves or slavery in such States, in disregard of the rights of their owners or the peace of society. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the Federal Government to enforce the Federal laws, protect the Federal property and preserve the Union of these States." The resolutions of the committee were adopted February 27, 1861, 137 yeas and 53 nays. The third and fifth propositions, for the admission of New Mexico into the Union, and an amendment of the act for the rendition of fugitives from justice were not agreed to. The fourth proposition, to amend the fugitive slave law, giving an alleged fugitive slave the right of trial by jury in a United States Court in the State to which he is remanded, in case he denies that he is a slave, was passed, yeas 92, nays 83. The following proposed constitutional amendment was offered by Mr. Cor- win: "Act XII. No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State," and was agreed to, yeas 120, nays 61. This resolution was agreed to in the Senate March 2, 1861. 81 In the Senate the most important propositions of pacification were the reso- lutions presented by Senator Crittenden, of Kentucky, for six amendments to the Constitution, on the subject of slavery. The first established the Missouri com- promise line of 36 deg. 30 min. as the line between freedom and slavery, declaring that in all territory now held or hereafter acquired north of said line, slavery is prohibited, and that in all territory south of said line "slavery of the African race is hereby recognized as existing and shall not be interfered with by Congress, but shall be protected as property by all the departments of the territorial gov- ernment during its continuance." The sixth amendment provided that no future amendment of the Constitution shall affect any of the provisions of the Constitu- tion relating to slavery. In addition to these efforts in Congress to find a solution of the troubles agitating the country, the State of Virginia took the initiative for having a peace congress of commissioners to meet in Washington February 4, 1861. The invi- tation of the Virginia Legislature was as follows : "That all the States of this Confederacy, whether slaveholding or non-slaveholding, as are willing to unite with Virginia in an earnest effort to adjust the present unhappy controversies in the spirit in which the Constitution was originally formed, and consistently with its principles, so as to afford to the people of the slaveholding States ade- quate guarantees for the security of their rights * * * to consider and, if practicable, agree upon suitable adjustment. (The States to be represented by commissioners.) This "congress" met at the time and place named, with 133 commissioners representing the following named States : Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, Indi- ana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Kansas. The States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Florida and Texas were not represented. Governor Yates appointed as commissioners to this "peace congress" an able body of men, namely : Judge Stephen T. Logan, John M. Palmer, John Wood, Burton C. Cook and Thomas J. Turner. The "congress" elected ex-President John Tyler of Virginia President, and continued in session until February 27, 1861. They agreed upon the form of certain amendments to the Constitution of the United States and laid them before Congress, with the request that Congress "will submit it to conventions in the States, as Article XIII. of the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States in the following shape : "Sec. i. In all the present territory of the United States, north of the par- allel of 36 deg. 30 min. of north latitude, involuntary servitude, except in punish- ment of crime, is prohibited. In all the present territory south of that line, the status of persons held to involuntary service or labor, as it now exists, shall not be changed ; nor shall any law be passed by Congress or the Territorial Legisla- ture to hinder or prevent the taking of such persons from any of the States of this Union to said Territory, nor to impair the rights arising from said relation ; but the same shall be subject to judicial cognizance in the Federal courts, accord- ing to the course of the common law. When any territory north or south of said line, within such boundary as Congress may prescribe, shall contain a population equal to that required for a member of Congress, it shall, if its form of government be republican, be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, with or without involuntary servitude, as the Constitu- tion of such State may provide. "Sec. 2. No territory shall be acquired by the United States, except by discovery and for naval and commercial stations, depots, and transit routes, with- out the concurrence of a majority of all the Senator? from the States which allow involuntary servitude, and a majority of all the Senators from States which prohibit that relation ; nor shall territory be acquired by treaty, unless the votes of a majority of the Senators from each class of States hereinbefore mentioned be cast as a part of the two-thirds majority necessary to the ratification of such treaty. "Sec. 3. Neither the Constitution, nor any amendment thereof, shall be Construed to give Congress power to regulate, abolish, or control, within any 82 State, the relation established or recognized by the laws thereof touching persons held to labor or involuntary service therein, nor to interfere with, or abolish involuntary service in the District of Columbia without the consent of Maryland, and without the consent of the owners, or making the owners who do not consent just compensation; nor the power to interfere with or prohibit Representatives and others from bringing with them to the District of Columbia, retaining, and taking away, persons so held to labor or service; nor the power to interfere with or abolish involuntary service in places under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States within those States and Territories where the same is estab- lished or recognized ; nor the power to prohibit the removal or transportation of persons held to labor or involuntary service in any State or Territory of the United States to any other State or Territory thereof where it is established or recognized by law or usage ; and the right during transportation, by sea or river, of touching at ports, shores, and landings, and of landing in case of distress, shall exist ; but not the right of transit in or through any State or Territory, or of sale or traffic, against the laws thereof. Nor shall Congress have power to authorize any higher rate of taxation on persons held to labor or service than on land. The bringing into the District of Columbia of persons held to labor or service, for sale, or placing them in depots to be afterwards transferred to other places for sale as merchandise, is prohibited. "Sec. 4. The third paragraph of the second section of the fourth article of the Constitution shall not be construed to prevent any of the States, by appro- priate legislation and through the action of their judicial and ministerial officers, from enforcing the delivery of fugitives from labor to the person to whom such .service or labor is due. "Sec. 5. The foreign slave trade is hereby forever prohibited ; and it shall be the duty of Congress to pass laws to prevent the importation of slaves, coolies, or persons held to service or labor, into the United States and Territories from places beyond the limits thereof. "Sec. 6. The first, third, and fifth sections, together with this section of these amendments, and the third paragraph of the second section of the first article of the Constitution, and the third paragraph of the second section of the fourth article thereof, shall not be amended or abolished without the consent of all the States. "Sec. 7. Congress shall provide by law that the United States shall pay to the owner the full value of the fugitive from labor, in all cases where the Marshal, or other officer, whose duty it was to arrest such fugitive, was prevented from so doing by violence or intimidation from mobs or riotous assemblages, or when, after arrest, such fugitive was rescued by like violence or intimidation, and the owner thereby deprived of the same; and the acceptance of such payment shall preclude the owner from further claim to such fugitive. Congress shall provide by law for securing to the citizens of each State the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States." On January 16, 1861, the Crittenden compromise joint resolution was being considered and the amendment of Senator Clark of New Hampshire came up; this amendment declared "that the provisions of the Constitution are ample for the preservation of the Union, and the protection of all the material interests of the country ; that it needs to be obeyed rather than amended, etc.," and "that all attempts to dissolve the present Union, or overthrow or abandon the present Constitution with the hope or expectation of constructing a new one, are dan- gerous, illusory, and destructive ; that in the opinion of the Senate of the United States no such reconstruction is practicable; and, therefore, to the maintenance of the existing Union and the Constitution should be directed all the energies of all departments of the government, and the efforts of all good citizens." At this juncture Hon. Henry E. Anthony, Senator from Rhode Island, obtained the floor and delivered the following address : "I believe, Mr. President, that if the danger which menaces us is to be avoided at all, it must be by legisla- tion ; which is more ready, more certain, and more likely to be satisfactory than constitutional amendment. The main difficulty is the Territorial question. The demand of the Senators on the other side of the chamber, and of those whom they represent, is that the territory south of the line of the Missouri compromise 83 shall be open to their peculiar property. All this territory, except the Indian Reservation, is within the limits of New Mexico; which, for a part of its northern boundary, runs up two degrees above that line. This is now a slave Territory; made so by Territorial legislation ; and slavery exists there, recognized and pro- tected. Now, I am willing, as soon as Kansas can be admitted, to vote for the admission of New Mexico as a State, with such constitution as the people may adopt. This disposes of all the territory that is adapted to slave labor or that is claimed by the South. It ought to settle the whole question. Surely if we can dispose of all the territory that we have, we ought not to quarrel over that which we have not, and which we have no very honest way of acquiring. Let us settle will you not build the other eighth ? When, with outstretched arms, we approach you so near that, by reaching out your hands you can clasp ours in the fraternal grasp from which they should never be separated, will you, with folded arms and closed eyes, stand upon extreme demands which you know we cannot accept, and for which, if we did, we could not carry our constituents. * * * Together our fathers achieved the independence of their country ; together they laid the foundations of its greatness and its glory ; together they constructed this beau- tiful system under which it is our privilege to live, which it is our duty to preserve and to transmit. Together we enjoy that privilege ; together we must perform that duty. I will not believe that, in the madness of popular folly and delusion, the most benignant government that ever blessed humanity is to be broken up. I will not believe that this great power which is marching with giant steps toward the first place among the nations of the earth, is to be turned 'backward on its mighty track.' There are no grievances, fancied or real, that cannot be redressed within the Union and under the Constitution. There are no differences between us that may not be settled if we will take them up in the spirit of those to whose places we have succeeded, and the fruits of whose labors we have inherited." Upon the conclusion of this speech Senator Jacob Collamer, of Vermont, moved the postponement of the Crittenden resolution and the taking up of the bill to admit Kansas into the Union. This motion was defeated by a vote of 25 yeas, 30 nays. Senators Benjamin and Slidell of Louisiana, Iverson of Georgia, the difficulties that threaten us now, and not anticipate" those which may never come. Let the public have time to cool. * * * In offering to settle this question by the admission of New Mexico, we of the North who assent to it propose a great sacrifice, and offer a large concession. * * * But we make the offer in a spirit of compromise and good feeling, which we hope will be reciprocated. * * * I appeal to Senators on the other side, when we thus offer to bridge over full seven-eighths of the frightful chasm that separates us, Johnson of Arkansas and Hemphill and Wigfall of Texas voting nay ; had they voted with Anthony and Collamer the motion would have been carried, 31 to 24; Kansas would have been admitted as a free State and New Mexico as a slave State, and the Missouri compromise line would have been practically re-estab- lished and the slavery question in the Territories forever settled. But this was not to be. The amendment of Senator Clark was adopted by yeas 25, nays 23, the above named six Southern Senators again refusing to vote. So determined were the friends of compromise and conciliation to offer to the South an olive branch that, on February 27, Mr. Corwin offered an amend- ment to his proposition to amend the Constitution the following: "Article XII. No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State." The amendment was adopted, yeas 120, nays 61. The joint resolution as amended was defeated (two-thirds not voting in the affirmative), yeas 123, nays 71. The next day, February 21, 1861, this vote was reconsidered and the joint resolution passed, yeas 133, nays 65, more than two-thirds having voted in favor of the amendment. The result of the vote was received with loud and prolonged applause, both on the floor and in the galleries. In the Senate on March 2d, the House joint resolution came up for action. Mr. Pugh moved to substitute the Crittenden proposition which was then before the Senate, the Clark amendment having been reconsidered. Mr. Doolittle pro- posed the following amendment to the Crittenden proposition: "Under this 84 Constitution, as originally adopted, and as it now exists, no State has power to withdraw from the jurisdiction of the United States; but this Constitution, and all laws passed in pursuance of its delegated powers, are the supreme law of the land, anything contained in any constitution, ordinance, or act of any State, to the contrary notwithstanding." This amendment was lost, yeas 18, nays 28. The Crittenden proposition as an amendment to the House joint resolution was lost, yeas 14, nays 25. Mr. Bingham moved to amend the House joint resolution by inserting the Clark proposition; this was rejected, yeas 13, nays 25. Mr. Grimes offered an amendment to carry out the requests of the Legislatures of Kentucky, New Jersey and Illinois, inviting the other States to express their will in respect to calling a convention to amend the Constitution. This amendment was lost, 14 yeas, 25 nays. Mr. Johnson of Arkansas offered as an amendment the proposi- tion submitted by the peace congress ; this amendment was defeated, yeas 3, nays 34. The House joint resolution for amending the Constitution was then adopted by a two-thirds vote, yeas 24, nays 12. This session had extended into the night of March 3d, previous to Mr. Lin- coln's inauguration the next day. A number of able and eloquent speeches had been delivered, but none so incisive and powerful as that of Senator Douglas. He said : "The great issue with the South has been that they would not submit to the Wilmot proviso. The Republican party affirmed the doctrine that Congress must and could prohibit slavery in the Territories. The issue for ten years was between non-intervention on the part of Congress, and prohibition by Congress. Up to two years ago, neither the Senator (Mason) from Virginia, nor any other Southern Senator, desired affirmative legislation to protect slavery. Even up to this day, not one of them has proposed affirmative legislation to protect it. Whenever the question has come up, they have decided that affirmative legisla- tion to protect it was unnecessary ; and hence, all that the South required on the Territorial question was 'hands off; slavery shall not be prohibited by act of Congress.' Now, what do we find? This very session, in view of the perils which surround the country, the Republican party, in both houses of Congress, by a unanimous vote, have backed down from their platform and abandoned the doctrine of Congressional prohibition. This very week three Territorial bills have been passed through both houses of Congress without the Wilmot proviso, and no man proposed to enact it ; not even one man on the other side of the chamber would rise and propose the Wilmot proviso. "In organizing three Territories," continued he, "two of them south of the very line where they imposed the Wilmot proviso twelve years ago, no one on the other side of the chamber proposed it. They have abandoned the doctrine of the President-elect upon that point. He said, and it is on record, that he had voted for the Wilmot proviso forty-two times, and would do it forty-two times' more if he ever had a chance. Not one of his followers this year voted for it once. The Senator from New York (Mr. Seward), the embodiment of the party, sat quietly and did not propose it. What more ? Last year we were told that the slave code of New Mexico was to be repealed. I denounced the attempted interference. The House of Representatives passed the bill, but the bill remains on your table ; no one Republican member has proposed to take it up and pass it. "Practically, therefore, the Chicago platform is abandoned; the Philadelphia platform is abandoned ; the whole doctrine for which the Republican party con- tended, as to the Territories, is abandoned, surrendered, given up. Then, when we find that, on the Territorial question, the Republican party by a unanimous vote have surrendered to the South all they ask, the Territorial question ought to be considered pretty well settled. The only question left was that of the States ; and after having abandoned their aggressive policy as to the Territories, a portion of them are willing to unite with us and deprive themselves of the power to do it in the States. "I submit," said he, "that these two great facts these startling, tremendous facts that they have abandoned their aggressive policy in the Territories and are willing to give guarantees in the State, ought to be accepted as an evidence of a salutary change in public opinion at the North. All I would ask now of the Republican party is that they would insert in the Constitution the same principle that they have carried out practically in the Territorial bills for Colorado, Dakota, 85 and Nevada, by depriving Congress of the power hereafter to do what there cannot be a man of them found willing to do this year ; but we cannot ask them to back down too much. I think they have done quite as much within one year r within three months after they have elected a President, as could be expected." This speech of Mr. Douglas shows more clearly than any other how earnestly Republican members of both houses of Congress were desirous of adopting meas- ures of conciliation. Mr. Douglas appreciated this fact and endeavored to further these matters as far as was consistent. At this point it is well to recur to the speech of Hon. 'John A. Logan, made in the House February 5, 1861. Mr. Logan said: "Men, sir, North and South, who love themselves far better than their country, have brought us to this un- happy condition. * * * Let me say to gentlemen, that I will go as far as any man in the performance of a constitutional duty to put down rebellion, to suppress insurrection, and to enforce the laws ; but when we undertake the per- formance of these duties, let us act in such a manner as will be best calculated to preserve and not destroy the Government, and keep ourselves within the bounds of the Constitution. * * * Sir, I have always denied, and do yet deny, the right of secession. There is no warrant for it in the Constitution. It is wrong, it is unlawful, unconstitutional, and should be called by the right name r revolution. No good, sir, can result from it, but much mischief may. It is no remedy for any grievance. "I hold that all grievances can be much easier redressed inside the Union than out of it. * * * If a collision must ensue between Government and any of our own people, let it come when every other means of settlement has been tried and exhausted ; and not then, except when the Government shall be compelled to repel assaults for the protection of its property, flag and the honor of the country. * * * "I have been taught to believe that the preservation of this glorious Union, with its broad flag waving over us as the shield for our protection on land and on sea, is paramount to all the parties and platforms that ever have existed, or ever can exist. I would, today, if I had the power, sink my own party, and every other one, with all their platforms, into the vortex w of ruin, without heaving a sigh, or shedding a tear, to save the Union, or even stop the revolution where it is." This record will be closed by quoting from the speeches of two notable men from Southern States, Hon. Henry Winter Davis of Maryland of the House and Hon. Louis T. Wigfall, Senator from Texas. On February 5th, Mr. Davis said : "We are at the end of the insane revel of partisan license which, for thirty years, has, in the United States, worn the mask of government. We are about to close the masquerade by the dance of death. The nations of the world look anxiously to see if the people, ere they tread that measure, will come to themselves. * * * Southern politicians have created a North. Let us trace the process and draw the moral. The laws of 1850 calme'd and closed the slavery agitation; and President Pierce, elected by the almost unanimous voice of the States, did not mention slavery in his first two messages. In 1854, the repeal of the Mis- souri compromise, at the instance of the South, reopened the agitation. North- ern men, deserted by Southern Whigs, were left to unite for self-defense. The invasion of Kansas, in 1855 and 1856, from Missouri; the making a legislature and laws for that Territory, by the invaders; still further united the Northern people ; the election of 1856 measured its extent. "The election of Mr. Buchanan and his opening policy in Kansas soothed the irritation and was rapidly demoralizing the new party, when the pro-slavery party in Kansas perpetrated, and the President and the South accepted, the Lecompton fraud, and again united the North more resolutely in resistance to that invasion of the rights of self-government. The South for the first time failed to dictate terms ; and the people vindicated by their votes the refusal of the Constitution. Ere this result was attained, the opinions of certain judges of the Supreme Court scattered doubts over the law of slavery in the Territories ; the South, while repudiating other decisions, instantly made these opinions the criterion of faith- fulness to the Constitution; while the North was agitated by this new sanction of the extremest pretensions of their opponents. 86 "The South did not rest satisfied with their judicial triumph. Immediately the claim was pressed for protection by Congress to slavery, declared by the Supreme Court, they said, to exist in all the Territories. This completed the union of the free States in one great defensive league ; and the result was regis- tered in November. That result is now itself become the starting point of new agitation the demand of new rights and new guarantees. The claim to access to the Territories was followed by the claim to Congressional protection, and that is now followed by the hitherto unheard of claim to a Constitutional Amend- ment establishing slavery, not merely in territory now held, but in all hereafter held from the line of 36 deg. 30 min. to Cape Horn, while the debate foreshadows in the distance the claim of the right of transit and the placing of property in slaves in all respects on the footing of other property the topics of future agita- tion. How long the prohibition of the importation of slaves will be exempted from the doctrine of equality, it needs no prophet to tell. In the face of this recital, let the imputation of autocratic and tyrannical aspirations cease to be cast on the people of the free States; let the Southern people dismiss their fears, return to their friendly confidence in their fellow citizens of the North, and accept, as pledges of returning peace, the salutary amendments of the law and the Constitution offered as the first fruits of reconciliation." Mr. Wigfall addressed the Senate on the night of March 3d, but a few hours before the inauguration. He inveighed furiously against the North, spoke dis- paragingly and sneeringly of Mr. Lincoln, he summed up as follows: "Then, briefly, a party has come into power that represents the antagonists to my own section of the country. It represents two million men who hate us, and who, by their votes for such a man as they have elected, have committed an overt act of hostility. That they have done. "You have won the Presidency," said he, to the Republicans, "and you are now in the situation of the man who had won the elephant at a raffle. You do not know what to do with the beast now that you have it ; and one-half of you today would give your right arms if you had been defeated. But you succeeded, and you have to deal with facts. Our objection to living in this Union, and, therefore, the difficulty of reconstructing it, is not your personal liberty bills, not the territorial question, but that you utterly and wholly misapprehend the form of government. You deny the sovereignty of the States ; you deny the right of self-government in the people ; you insist upon negro equality ; your people interfere impertinently with our institutions and attempt to subvert them ; you publish newspapers, you deliver lectures ; you print pamphlets, and you send them among us, first, to excite our slaves to insurrection against the masters, and next to array one class of citizens against the other; and I say to yon, that we cannot live in peace, either in the Union or out of it, until you have abolished your abolition societies ; not, as I have been misquoted, abolish or destroy your school-houses ; but until you have ceased in your school-houses teaching your children to hate us ; until you have ceased to convert your pulpits into hustings ; until you content yourselves with preaching Christ, and Him crucified, and not delivering political harangues on the Sabbath ; until you have ceased inciting your own citizens to make raids and commit robberies ; until you have done these things we cannot live in the same Union with you. Until you do these things, we cannot live out of the Union at peace." Senator Wigfall was an earnest, candid, aggressive representative of the dominating sentiment of the Gulf States ; he believed slavery was right ; he be- lieved the North was the aggressor in the great slavery controversy ; he believed in the right of secession ; he believed that he truly represented the sentiments of the people of Texas. He believed that the hour for disunion had struck. Senator Wigfall, his colleagues in Congress, in fact the people of the South, did not comprehend the spirit that animated the people of the North. The three millions of men in the North who cast their ballots for Lincoln and Douglas for President, were not abolitionists ; they had a love of law ; they had the habit of observing the law ; they possessed in the highest degrees the faculty of self-gov- ernment ; they had no desire or intention of interfering with slavery in the slave States ;and while they differed widely upon general questions of politics, they agreed upon this fundamental proposition, that slavery would not be forced upon 87 an unwilling people. They loved the Union ; they did not believe in the doctrine of State rights and secession ; but they recognized the fact that great questions which sharply divide public opinion, can only be settled in the halls of legislature, by compromise, and this was the spirit that animated Republican Congressmen in the course pursued by them as pointed out by Senator Douglas. Looking back upon that eventful period it seems clear that the struggle over the slavery question was a great conflict of opinions, which had their origin in colonial days, and which gained strength as time rolled on, as the inevitable logic of events. While the evolution of public opinion of the Northern States in fact, of the whole Christian world outside of the South during the preceding fifty years, had experienced a great change upon the question of slavery and the African slave trade, so that slavery was regarded as wrong, a violation of the rights of man, and dangerous to free government, the people of the Southern States had become more and more attached to the institution, and less and less disposed to have its rightfulness called in question, while the dream of many of their leaders was the establishment of a great Southern Confederacy with slavery as its chief cornerstone. They did not realize that this country was designed by nature for one people ; that it is indivisible. They failed to recognize the fact that the Constitution would protect slavery as long as they stood by it and ob- served its provisions. They could not lift the veil and see that disunion meant the destruction of slavery. Disunion and slavery were rushing to their doom. While these efforts to find some ground upon which the South would unite with the North for the settlement of the questions which were exciting the coun- try, the Republicans found themselves in a majority in both Houses of Congress, because of the withdrawal of many members representing Southern States. They at once took up the subject of providing additional revenue for the Government. It fell to the lot of Hon. Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont, to take the lead. He set to work, with the assistance of other members of the Ways and Means Commit- tee of the House, and prepared a new tariff bill. Mr. Morrill had been a Whig, a follower of Henry Clay, and was a thorough believer in the protective system. He believed that it was the duty of Congress to legislate so as to encourage the development of the internal resources of the country by multiplying our indus- tries so that we would become the producers of the larger proportion of manu- factured articles required to supply the wants of our own people. He believed that where the foreigner had control of our market, and met no active competition in home products, he would fix the price of his manufac- tures so as to afford him an immense profit. While, if our own people took up the business of manufacturing, they would soon become competitors of the foreign manufacturer, and would also be competitors amongst themselves, and thereby the prices of manufactured articles would steadily be reduced. He be- lieved that the first step to bring about this result was to fix the duty on im- ported articles at such rates as would enable our own citizens to engage profit- ably in the business of manufacture. He recognized the fact that the rate of interest on money and the rate of wages were both higher in the United States than abroad, but he was of opinion that American enterprise, American skill, and American invention would be so combined that the United States would in good time become the leading manufacturing nation of the world. And so the Republican party took up the protective tariff question at the point where the Whig party had laid it down, and the Morrill Tariff law, now famous in the annals of American tariff legislation, was enacted by Congress. It must be said to the credit of President Buchanan that one of his last official acts on March 3, 1861, was to approve this bill. 88 CHAPTER XL LINCOLN'S CABINET ATTACK ON FORT SUMPTER ILLINOIS ANSWERS THE CALL TO ARMS. President Lincoln appointed the following Cabinet officers : William H. Seward, of New York, Secretary of State ; Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, Secretary of Treasury ; Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of War ; Gideon Wells, of Connecticut, Secretary of Navy ; Caleb B. Smith, of Indiana, Secretary of In- terior; Edward Bates, of Missouri, Attorney General, and Montgomery Blair, of Maryland, Postmaster General. At the time of Mr. Lincoln's inauguration, Hon. John Forsyth, of Alabama, and Hon. Martin J. Crawford, of Georgia, were in Washington City, as the accredited Commissioners of the Confederate States of America to the Govern- ment of the United States. It was well known that the mission of these gen- tlemen was to secure from Mr. Lincoln's administration a recognition of the Confederate States Government. They sought an interview with Secretary Seward, but he knowing the object of their mission, declined. On March 13, they delivered to Secretary Seward's assistant a document. They claimed to represent the Confederate States of America ; that the "Confederate States con- stituted an independent nation, de facto and de jure, possessing a government perfect in all its parts, and endowed with all means of self-support." They re- quested a speedy interview that they might present their credentials to the Presi- dent, and lay before him the mission with which they had been entrusted, for the "future welfare of the two nations." Secretary Seward declined to "recognize them as diplomatic agents," or to "hold correspondence with them." He submitted to them a copy of Mr. Lin- coln's inaugural address, and guided by the principles therein laid down, he could not admit or assume that the States referred to by them had, in law or in fact,, withdrawn from the Federal Union, or that they could do so in the manner assumed. He assured Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford that the President had been consulted and declined to have any official intercourse with them. Hon. John A. Campbell, of Alabama, a member of the Supreme Court of the United States, interposed his friendly offices with Secretary Seward in behalf of the Confederate States Commissioners without success. Having failed to obtain an audience as the representatives of the Confed- erate States of America, Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford addressed another letter to Secretary Seward, dated April 9, in which they claimed for the Confederacy the rights resulting from a "manifest and accomplished revolution." And on behalf of their Government and people they declared that they accepted "the gauge of battle," which they alleged had been thrown down by the United States when it refused them official recognition. The harbor of the city of Charleston, South Carolina, had been strongly fortified by the United States ; a small garrison under the command of Major Robert Anderson occupied Ft. Moultrie, but was transferred to Ft. Sumpter, a strong work built upon an island in Charleston harbor. Major Anderson was loyal to his flag. His garrison was short of rations. On January 9, 1861, the steamer "Star of the West," carrying supplies to the Ft. Sumpter garrison, was fired upon from the forts around Charleston harbor, which had been seized by the Confederate authorities, and the vessel was not permitted to discharge her freight. No additional effort was made by President Buchanan's administration to relieve the garrison. Early in April, President Lincoln notified Governor 89 Pickens of South Carolina that supplies would be sent to Ft. Sumpter. This information was communicated to the Confederate authorities at Montgomery. General Beauregard had previously been assigned to the command of the forts and military forces at Charleston, under control of the Confederate Government. He received instructions on April 10, 1861, from the Confederate Secretary of War, directing him to demand the evacuation of Ft. Sumpter, with authority to General Beauregard to proceed according to his best judgment in case of a re- fusal. At two o'clock in the afternoon of April 10, General Beauregard demanded the evacuation of Ft. Sumpter, on the ground that the Confederate States could no longer permit a fortification beyond its control within reach of one of its harbors. Major Anderson declined to evacuate the fort; when asked when he would be willing to evacuate, he replied that he would do so on April 15 at noon unless he received supplies or controlling instructions from his Government. Acting under orders from the Confederate Government at Montgomery, at 3:20 a. m., on April 12, 1861, General Beauregard opened fire upon Ft. Sumpter. The bombardment continued for thirty-four hours. Major Anderson defended the fort until the quarters were entirely burnt, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge-wall seriously injured, the magazines surrounded by flames and its doors closed from the effects of heat, and with no provisions remaining but pork. He accepted the terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, on April 13,. and marched out of the fort on Sunday afternoon, April 14, with colors flying and drums beating, having saluted the flag with fifty guns. A remarkable fact connected with the bombardment of Ft. Sumpter is that not one of the garrison was killed. Tidings of the surrender of Ft. Sumpter were instantly telegraphed all over the United States. The people of the South were intoxicated with joy. Mr. Walker, the Confederate Secretary of War, addressing a public meeting, declared that "No man can foretell the events of the war inaugurated ; but I will venture to predict that the flag which now floats on the breeze will, before the ist of May, float over the dome of the old Capitol at Washington, and if they choose to try Southern chivalry, and test the extent of Southern resources, will eventually float over Fanuel Hall, in Boston." The "New Orleans Picayune" said, "The first fruits of a Virginia secession will be the* removal of Lincoln and his Cabinet, and whatever he can carry away, to the safer neighborhood of Har- risburg or Cincinnati perhaps to Buffalo or Cleveland." The "Richmond Ex- aminer" said, "There never was half the unanimity among the people before, nor a tithe of the zeal upon any subject, that is now manifested to take Washington. From the mountain tops and valleys to the shores of the sea, there is one wild shout of fierce resolve to capture Washington City at all and every human haz- ard." On April 15, 1861, President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling forth 75,000 of the militia of the several States of the Union, to suppress all combina- tions too powerful for the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in the marshals by law. He also commanded that the persons composing such combinations to disperse and retire peacefully to their homes within twenty days, and he summoned Congress to meet in extraordinary ses- sion on July 4, "To consider and determine such measures as, in their wisdom^ the public safety and interest may seem to demand." Before the firing upon Ft. Sumpter the people of the Northern States, while experiencing much anxiety as to the state of public affairs, were profoundly desirous that the peace of the country should not be broken. All of the political excitement which preceded the election in November had quieted down. The great majority of the people had no serious apprehension of a civil war; they hoped and believed that the excitement in the South would give way, and that upon calm reflection the movement to divide the Union would be abandoned, and the affairs of government would go forward as usual. They had taken an active part in the political contest, and had gone to the polls, and had voted for the man of their choice for President, and when the declaration was made that Abraham Lincoln was elected those who had opposed him at the polls freely acquiesced in the result of the election, believing that it was the duty of every citizen, through- out the whole United States, to recognize the will of the people as constitutionally expressed through the ballot box. They could not conceive that any portion of the American people would appeal from the ballot box to the sword. 90 News of the firing upon Ft. Sumpter filled the Northern mind with sur- prise. Tidings of the fall of the fort filled the Northern hearts with indignation. It seemed that in every community throughout the entire sixteen Northern States, the people were animated by but one spirit, that of supporting the Gov- ernment and preserving the Union. This sentiment was not confined to the cities and towns or to any particular class of citizens, but had swept all over the country, and included the people of every avocation and calling in life. In no State of the North had the political issues of 1860 been so earnestly contested as in Illinois ; it was the home of both Lincoln and Douglas. Both men had many warm personal as well as political friends, and they supported their favorites with an earnestness and devotion rarely ever seen in a political struggle. When the call for troops came the response was instantaneous, a number of companies were immediately organized and tendered. Public meet- ings were held in various parts of the State, and patriotic speeches were made in favor of preserving the Union, and supporting Lincoln's administration. Here and there, there were prominent men throughout the State who were not in sympathy with this sudden burst of patriotism, but their voices were for the time being hushed. Governor Yates by proclamation called a special session of the Legislature for April 23. There was a prompt response ; the people flocked from all parts of the State to be present at the meeting. Senator Douglas, who was in Washington when Ft. Sumpter fell, and who had at once called upon the President and assured him of his support in this crisis of the country, felt it his duty to come home to Illinois to advise with the people. He visited Springfield, and was present when the Legislature convened. He was invited to deliver an address in the hall of the House of Representatives, and did so on the evening of April 23. His voice uttered no uncertain sound; he declared himself in favor of the preservation of the Union, at whatever cost of blood and treasure. He said at this time there can be but two parties in this country, patriots and traitors. That the surest road to peace was the most stu- pendous preparations for war. This speech electrified the country, and as was said by Bancroft, Douglas "spoke as with the voice of a million." Three days after the call for troops fifty companies had been tendered to the Governor, and the bankers of Springfield and Chicago had offered loans of $600,000. The Leg- islature was prompt in the passage of laws to meet the emergency. The militia law was amended, a warrant fund of $2,000,000 was created, a board of three commissioners to audit accounts for supplies was authorized. Sixteen regiments of infantry and one battalion of artillery was provided for. Thomas S. Mather was continued Adjutant General; ex-Governor John Wood was appointed Quartermaster General ; John Williams, Commissary Gen- eral ; James H. Woodworth, Charles H. Lanphier and William Thomas, Audit- ing Commissioners, with George Judd as Secretary. The War Department allotted to Illinois six regiments under the first call, all of which were organized by May I, and sent to Cairo. Out of respect to the six regiments sent to the Mexican War, the first of these new regiments was numbered seven, and so on successively to twelve. They were ordered to Cairo in response to a request from the War Department at Washington, to hold that important strategic point. The first troops to reach Cairo were seven companies under command of General Richard Kellogg Swift of Chicago. This force numbered 595 men. The General started with his troops by railroad to Cairo April 21, 1861. In ordinary times the city of Springfield, except during the sessions of the Legislature, was a very quiet place, and had but few visitors. Now, however, the scene was changed ; the city was constantly full of people intent upon getting into the army or to perform some service in connection with the army. The executive departments were kept busy; soon a military camp was established near the city ; thousands of uniformed officers and soldiers were to be seen, and the capital of the State of Illinois assumed all the "pomp and circumstance of war." 91 CHAPTER XII. CONFLICT OF POLITICAL OPINIONS. The questions upon which the people of this country have differed, and which have caused the great conflict of political opinions between statesmen and political parties since the formation of the Government, may be grouped as follows : Pro-Slavery. National Supremacy. State Supremacy. Anti-Slavery. Strict construction of the Consti- Liberal construction of the Constitu- tution. tion. The opinions which men entertained upon these questions were worked out into schools of politics, the great political, moral and social forces of the country gathered about them. The ideas of one or the other of these groups of questions have influenced and controlled public men and the great body of the people, from the beginning. Every public question came within the range and scope of one or more of these topics of thought. Men's hopes of preferment were gratified or blasted accord- ing as they met the public expectation on these questions. The pro-slavery sentiments of Pinckney, Rutledge, Butler, Baldwin and others caused to be put into the Constitution the provision continuing the African slave trade to 1808, the provisions for the return of fugitive slaves, and for repre- sentation in Congress and in the Electoral College based on slave population. It was the opinions of Washington, Hamilton and others favoring national supremacy that put into the Constitution those provisions which gave the United States the powers of a nation. It was the anti-slavery opinions of Thomas Jefferson and Nathan Dane that suggested and finally secured the ordinance of 1787 dedicating the Northwest territory to freedom. A belief in the doctrines of State supremacy and a strict construction of the Constitution caused Jefferson and Madison to prepare and favor the adoption of the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1/98 and 1799, in which it was declared "that the Government created by the compact (that is, the Constitution) was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself, but that, as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infrac- tions as of the mode and measure of redress." The gist of this contention was that the Constitution was simply a "compact among powers" ; that each State was individually sovereign ; that this sover- eignty was recognized and secured in the Constitution as "reserved rights" of the State; and that by virtue of this sovereignty a State had authority to nullify a federal law, and to withdraw from the Union. The opposing theory was and is that the Constitution of the United States created a nation. That the citizens of each State were citizens of that nation and owed it allegiance. That the nation derived its powers from the people. That the Constitution, the laws of Congress and the treaties with foreign nations were the supreme law of the land; and that the Supreme Court of the United States was the final tribunal for deciding the constitutionality of laws. It was adherence to the doctrine of State rights as set forth in the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions that caused the Legislature of South Carolina under the 92 advice of John C. Calhoun to pass an ordinance nullifying the tariff laws of the United States ; and it was President Jackson's opposition to those doctrines that moved him to issue a proclamation declaring the laws of Congress must be en- forced and obeyed. It was the pro-slavery interest which insisted on maintain- ing the balance of power in the Senate, and refused the admission of free States, except with a corresponding admission of slave States. It was the pro-slavery sentiment which, through outrage and blood, struggled to make Kansas a slave State. It was a belief in the doctrine of State rights, and a strict construction of the Constitution that caused the Democratic party in their platforms to endorse the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, and deny to Congress the power to charter a national bank, enact a protective tariff or provide for national internal improvements. It was under a liberal construction of the Constitution that Clay, Webster and other Whig leaders chartered a national bank, passed a protective system of tariff laws, and provided for certain internal improvements, including the national road. It was the aggressive pro-slavery spirit of the South that caused a division of the Democratic party in 1860; and it was the same spirit which, after the election of Abraham Lincoln as President, relying upon the principle of State rights and a strict construction of the Constitution, led the people of the South to secede from the Union, and precipitate the Civil War. This conflict of opinion went to the very pith and marrow of our national system of government. The issue of 1860 was not new; the question of State rights had been discussed so long and earnestly in the South that every intelli- gent man was familiar with it. . The doctrine of the right of secession had stead- ily gained ground. The most distinguished and influential statesmen of the South were thorough believers in it. When the decisive hour to strike arrived, the great mass of the people fully endorsed the action of their leaders. Many Southern men who did not favor the secession movement in 1860-1 believed in the right of secession, and a paramount allegiance to their States, and went with their States when they seceded. In the Northern States aside from the sentiment in favor of preserving the Union there was a deep-seated and settled opinion in favor of the proposition that the Constitution of the United States created a great National Government, which derived its powers from the whole people ; that while the inherent right of revolution existed, there was no constitutional authority for the withdrawal of a State from the Union. While John C. Calhoun had been the apostle of State rights, Daniel Web- ster had been the defender of the doctrine of National Union. The speech of Mr. Webster delivered in the Senate January 21, 1830, in reply to Mr. Hayne of South Carolina, in opposition to the doctrine of State rights and in favor of National Union, was a lucid and unanswerable argument in support of the propo- sition that the Supreme Court of the United States was the final judge of the constitutionality of the laws of Congress and that all the people of the United States, including State officers and State courts, were bound by those decisions. Mr. Webster's speech produced a profound impression at the time of its deliv- ery; it was a plain and complete exposition of the powers of the National Gov- ernment ; the doctrines of the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions were answered fully finally answered. This great speech became a classic in the literature of the country ; schoolboys were familiar with it, the opinions of men were moulded by it. When President Lincoln's call for volunteers came, the mass of the people in the North felt it to be as much their duty to rally for the defense of the Union as to defend their own door sills. The issue thus joined between determined men on both sides, with fixed and definite opinions as to rights and duties, could be settled only in one way. It became a trial of strength, the conflict of opinion in regard to the powers of government under the Constitution was submitted to the arbitration of war. These questions divided the Democratic party of the North, but those men who adhered to and controlled the Democratic organization held to the opinion that the National Government possessed no power under the Constitution to maintain its authority or to preserve the Union by force. They declared that a seceding State could not lawfully be coerced. 93 Those who supported the government held that the Constitution formed a perpetual Union, that organized resistance to the laws of the United States and to the authority of the National Government was rebellion, and that levying war against the United States by the people of any State was treason ; and that by authority of express provisions of the Constitution rebellion could be suppressed and treason punished. The secession of States, their organization of a central government ; the seizure of national property ; the raising and arming of troops ; the denial and repudiation of the national authority ; the demand of the surrender of Ft. Sump- ter, the bombardment, destruction of the fort and compelling the capitulation of the garrison were acts of war. The National Government recognized it as war. The Confederate Govern- ment recognized it as war. The Democratic party in their platforms recognized it as war. And the Republican party recognized it as war. It was war, pro- longed, bloody and terrible. The Constitution, recognizing in express terms that a rebellion may exist in the United States, gave Congress power to suppress rebellion, to declare war, and to raise and support an army and navy. The war was carried to a successful issue. The national life was saved. The national authority was maintained ; slavery was abolished ; and as a result the country entered upon a new era of republicanism and of progress. The war established the legal proposition that the United States is a nation and that the people of all the States owe a paramount allegiance to the National Government. The lives of the Union soldiers were consecrated to the performance of the highest and noblest duty ever devolved upon an army of men. They fought the final battle of the centuries, to maintain the proposition that man is capable of self-government. They fought for the territorial unity of this great Republic. The Confederate cause disunion and slavery defended with a courage, fortitude and self-sacrifice which arouses admiration, went down forever before the irresistible march of these veteran soldiers of the Union. 94 CHAPTER XIII. ACTION OF DEMOCRATS DURING THE WAR ELECTIONS IN ILLINOIS, 1862 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION, AT CHICAGO, AUGUST 29, 1864. Many leading Democrats in Illinois did not endorse the position taken by Senator Douglas in regard to the rebellion ; their sympathies were with the South ; they controlled the organization of the Democratic party and were ready on occasion to use it against the national administration. Their opportunity soon came. The Legislature of 1859 had submitted to the people the question of calling a convention to amend the Constitution ; the proposition was carried. A convention of seventy-five delegates was to be elected in the legislative districts in November, 1861. The Democrats quietly organized for the contest ; the interest of the people at large was centered In the more important questions of the war and but little attention was given to the selection of candidates ; the Democrats elected 45 members, the Republicans 21 with 9 fusion and doubtful. The convention met at Springfield January 7, 1862. The most prominent Democrats in the convention were Wm. J. Allen, Augustus C. French, Melville W. Fuller, S. A. Buckmaster, Albert G. Burr, O. B. Fick- lin, Alexander Stearns, A. D. Duff, H. K. Omelveney, J. W. Singleton, Anthony Thornton, and J. B. Underwood. This convention was called for but one purpose, namely, to prepare amend- ments to the State Constitution, but they acted upon the assumption that they possessed legislative powers and authority to supervise the executive officers of the State Government. Upon organizing the convention they declined to take an oath to support the Constitution, they seriously considered the question whether they did not have authority to elect a United States Senator in place of O. H. Browning. They ratified a proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States, denying the authority of Congress to interfere with the question of slavery. This amendment was submitted to the Legislatures of the States by Congress in March, 1861, as a means of pacifying the Southern States. They called for reports from the Governor and other executive officers in regard to executive business and proposed to investigate the question whether Illinois soldiers had been treated as well as soldiers from other States ; they adopted an ordinance appropriating $500,000 from the State Treasury for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers. They framed a constitution which contained a clause for the election of a Governor and other State officers. The plan was to displace Governor Yates and is executive officers in the midst of their term. They also prepared an act apportioning the State for Congressmen. The Democrats believed that if these neasures could be carried before the people, they could control the State for 'ears to come. Soldiers in the field were given the right to vote on the Consti- tution. John Wentworth, Elliott Anthony, Luther W. Lawrence, A. J. Joslyn and all their Republican colleagues earnestly opposed the whole scheme. The new Constitution was made a party measure, Republicans opposing and Demo- crats advocating its adoption. It is proper to say, however, that some fair- minded Democratic delegates refused to vote for the Constitution. Mr. Under- wood, a Democrat delegate, utterly declined to sign the instrument. The election was held in June, 1862. The people voted upon the issue. The Constitution and all the separate clauses were lost. The Constitution was defeated by 25,525 votes. The soldiers' vote was 11,838; of these 10,151 voted against the Constitution. 95 The Democrats were not discouraged by the defeat of the Constitution; the party was well organized ; the legislative apportionment was to the advantage of their party ; their leaders were at home and could take part in a canvass, while many prominent Republicans and war Democrats were absent in the army. They brought out their strongest men as candidates for the Legislature, for Congress and for Treasurer ; they canvassed the State thoroughly, making the issue of the war the burning topic of debate. They carried the State, elected the State Treasurer, a Legislature with 28 Democratic majority on joint ballot and nine members of Congress, while the Republicans elected but five. The Democratic members of Congress were James C. Allen, Charles M. Harris, John R. Eden, John T. Stewart, Lewis W. Ross, A. L. Knapp, James C. Robinson, William R. Morrison and William J. Allen. The Republican members were Isaac N. Arnold, John F. Farnsworth, E. B. Washburne, Owen Lovejoy (who, dying, was succeeded by Eben C. Ingersoll) and Jesse O. Norton. The Democratic majority on Congressmen at large was 16,299. This great political reaction had occurred in the State of President Lincoln; the Demo- crats were thoroughly united, they were intensely aggressive in their opposition to the war, and violent in their denunciation of the National Administration. The position of the Democracy of Illinois was in complete harmony with the Democrats of other States. Indiana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania had all been carried by the Democratic party, while Michigan and Wisconsin had been held by the Republicans, by greatly reduced majorities. The Illinois Legislature met January 5, 1863. Lieutenant-Governor Hoff- man presided over the Senate. S. A. Buckmaster was elected Speaker of the House. The election of a United States Senator to serve out the unexpired term of Senator Douglas was one of the first duties of the Legislature. There were four Democratic candidates William A. Richardson, Samuel S. Marshall, Richard T. Merrick and William C. Goudy ; these gentlemen addressed a large public meeting in the hall of the House on the evening the Legislature con- vened. It was a meeting of those opposed to the National Administration ; all the speakers denounced the war as barbarous, and Lincoln's Emancipation Proc- lamation as a usurpation. Resolutions on this line were t adopted by the meeting. The next day Governor Yates delivered his message to the two houses. It was a document of great interest and immense power. He made a full statement as to the organization of troops for the Union army in response to the call of the President. He also gave a full account of the provision made for the sick and wounded soldiers. Although addressing an opposition Legislature, he ably justified the war for the Union; he approved the Emancipation Proclamation, demanded the extirpation of slavery, and insisted, as a patriotic duty, that every citizen should stand by the Government for the preservation of the Union and the Constitution. He said, "The secessionists have hoped for success on three grounds ; first, upon our supposed inferior valor ; second, upon foreign aid, and, third, upon a divided North. The two first have failed them. But can I truthfully say that their strongest hopes and main reliance, a divided North, has failed them? Should division mark our councils or any considerable portion of our people give signs of hesitation, then a shout of exultation will go up throughout all the hosts of rebeldom, and bonfires and illuminations be kindled in every Southern city, hailing our divisions as the sure harbinger of success. Can we consent to send a keen and fatal pang to the heart of every Illinois soldier now fighting for his country, by ill-timed party strife at home?" This noble and eloquent appeal gladdened the hearts of all loyal men, but had no appreciable effect upon the actions of that Democratic Legislature. On January 12, Hon. William A. Richardson was elected a Senator of the United States in place of Hon. O. H. Browning, appointed during vacation. The Civil War being the leading topic of thought and debate, numerous resolutions were introduced and referred to committees. In due time the House of Representatives passed a series of resolutions declaring against the further prosecution of the war and recommending an armistice, the calling of a national convention to agree upon terms of peace, and appointing commissioners to secure these ends. These resolutions went to the Senate. The Commissioners named in the sixth resolution, authorized to confer with Congress and aid in securing peace, 96 were Stephen T. Logan, Samuel S. Marshall, H. K. Omelveney, William C. Goudy, Anthony Thornton and John D. Caton, all Democrats except the first named. The Democratic plan was to pass the resolutions and take a recess from February 14 to June 2, 1863, to await the result of the action of the Commission- ers. A long debate ensued. Democratic speakers were vehement in denunciation of the Republican party, of the President and the war ; intense excitement pre- vailed. Republican Senators, though few in number, made a gallant stand for the right. It was during this conflict of passion and oratory that Senator Funk of McLean County got the floor and delivered the speech that made him famous. . His entry into the arena was not only a surprise to the Democracy, but was more than a re-enforcement to the Republican side. He simply took the fight off of all his colleagues' hands ; his was not a defensive battle, but one of assault. It was the assault of a giant. He put the whole Democratic phalanx to flight. (See biography of Lafayette Funk.) The resolutions were adopted and the Legislature on February 14 took a recess to June 2, 1863. The Legislature met pursuant to adjournment. The Governor and his ad- visers decided it was wholly improbable that any beneficial legislation for the soldiers in field or for the State at large could be expected from this revolutionary and disloyal body, and favored an early adjournment. On June 4, Senator Bush- nell introduced a joint resolution to adjourn sine die on June 10; on the 8th the resolution was taken up and amended to adjourn at <( six o'clock this day," and passed the Senate ; this resolution passed the House with an amendment fixing the date of adjournment for June 22 ; the Senate refused to concur. On the morning of June 10, Governor Yates sent a message to the Legis- lature reciting the disagreeing votes and the constitutional authority of the Gov- ernor in such an event to adjourn the Legislature, stating that he adjourned "the General Assembly now in session to the Saturday next preceding the first Monday in January, A. D. 1865." A few members attempted to resist the action of Governor Yates by con- tinuing to meet, but without a quorum ; finally on June 24, the Governor having declined to recognize the actions of the body, they adjourned to Tuesday after the first Monday in January, 1864. It is proper to state that the Supreme Court sustained the action of Governor Yates in proroguing the Legislature. Thus passed out of existence an Illinois Legislature controlled by a body of men whose resolutions and speeches gave encouragement to the rebellion, and who did nor utter a word in favor of suppressing the rebellion, and savine the Union by force of arms. The managers of the Democratic party did not propose to rest upon their victory at the poll of November, 1862 ; they planned a campaign of education for 1863. In addition to numerous public meetings held throughout the State, their State Central Committee called a mass convention of all those who opposed Lin- coln's administration, to meet at Springfield June 17, 1863. This meeting proved to be the largest political gathering ever brought together in the State prior to that date ; at least 40,000 persons were present. United States Senator William A. Richardson was the presiding officer ; he was supported by about fifty Vice- Presidents composed of the most distinguished Democrats in the State, consisting of ex-members of Congress and of the Legislature, members of Congress and prominent lawyers, doctors and business men. It was a great outdoor meeting. A number of stands were erected for the speakers. The principal speakers of the State were Senator Richardson, Judge S. S. Marshall, Congressmen Robinson, Eden and J. C. Allen ; T. E. Merritt, William M. Springer and ex-Governor John Reynolds. Hon. D. W. Voorhees of Indiana and Hon. S. S. Cox of Ohio were present and addressed the convention. The National and State Governments were denounced in unmeasured terms. The* Governor was stigmatized as a usurper for proroguing the Legislature. They adopted a long series of resolutions arraigning and denouncing every act of the State and nation for suppressing the rebellion and maintaining the authority of the Government. The arrest, trial and conviction of C. L. Valland- ingham for violating an order of General Burnside against disloyal acts and put- ting Mr. Vallandingham beyond the Union military lines into the Confederacy, 97 was severely denounced and a demand made for permission for his return. Fol- lowing is the 23d resolution: "Resolved, That the further offensive prosecution of this war tends to sub- vert the Constitution and Government, and entail upon this nation all the dis- astrous consequences of misrule and anarchy. That we are in favor of peace upon the basis of the restoration of the Union, and for the accomplishment of which we propose a National Convention to settle upon terms of peace, which shall have in view the restoration of the Union as it was, and the securing by constitutional amendments such rights to the several States and the people there- of as honor and justice demand." The 24th resolution denied that the Democratic party was wanting in sym- pathy for the soldiers in the field and earnestly requested the President to with- draw the Proclamation of Emancipation and permit the brave sons of Illinois to fight only for the "Union, the Constitution and the enforcement of the laws." To signalize their friendship for the soldiers in the field as distinguished from the cause for which they fought, before the convention adjourned, a subscription was taken up to be used for the relief of sick and wounded Illinois soldiers, and Col. Wm. R. Morrison was appointed to superintend its distribution. They raised by subscription and pledges $47,000. While this great meeting was in session and its orators were denouncing the Government, and its committee preparing its resolutions, General Grant with his splendid army besieging Vicksburg, was conducting one of the greatest campaigns of the war, and which opened the Mississippi River so it ran unvexed to the sea; and General Meade was moving the Army of the Potomac into Pennsylvania, where two weeks later he met the invading forces of the Confed- eracy and fought the greatest battle of the war, sending Lee's army broken and scattered across the Potomac, never to invade the North again. Yet professing love for the soldiers, and contributing some money and pledging more for their relief, the Democratic convention had not a word to say in favor of the cause for which these, brave men were fighting, nor did they express a hope or a desire that they should be successful. The meeting was designed to embarrass the administration, to build up a public opinion against the war and to discourage its prosecution. Such a meeting, conducted by many, of the most distinguished Democrats in the United States, gave great encour- agement to the rebel leaders to continue the desperate and hopeless struggle for dissolving the Union. But opposition to the war did not stop simply at holding public meetings and delivering denunciatory addresses ; a formidable, disloyal secret organization was enlisted, known as the Knights of the Golden Circle ; its officers were given military titles, it was an oath-bound society with three degrees ; its doctrines were identical with those of the secession leaders ; its members were sworn to defend by force of arms the principles they espoused and to implicitly obey all rightful commands of the constituted authorities of the order. Their aims were to discourage enlistments, encourage desertion from the Union army and protect deserters, resist any proposed draft, and circulate disloyal documents. C. L. Vallandingham of Ohio was the recognized head of the order. This organ- ization spread over a number of States ; in 1864 its membership was said to be 300,000, of which 85,000 were in Illinois. In a number of counties these organizations were so formidable and their opposition to the war was so open that many conflicts occurred between them and loyal citizens and returned soldiers. It became necessary to station United States .troops in some of the counties to break up their camps and to overawe these disloyal men. The Confederate Government had great confidence in receiving substantial aid from this organization. Jacob Thompson, late Secretary of the Interior under President Buchanan, C. C. Clay and J. P. Holcome established themselves at Windsor, Canada, as a commission representing the Southern Confederacy ; they were visited by Val- landingham and other prominent Democrats, and were led to believe that it was feasible for the State Governments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to be seized through the co-operation of this secret society and a Northwestern Confederacy formed. 98 Mr. Thompson's correspondence with Mason and Sliclell, Confederate Com- missioners abroad, disclosed the whole scheme, and according to his statement the great Democratic peace meetings held in those States were a part of the programme to feel the public pulse upon the subject of the war, and to arouse the people against its further prosecution. Encouraged by the disloyal leaders, Mr. Thompson and his assistants laid a plan to release the 27,000 rebel prisoners held at Chicago, Springfield, Alton and Rock Island. Much time and money were spent in making the arrange- ments ; several dates were fixed for executing the plan, but an increase of the guard at Chicago and the timidity of the Knights at being drawn into an open act of treason resulted in a complete miscarriage of these well-laid schemes. The opposition of many leading Democrats in Illinois to the prosecution of war became so open and flagrant that several of them were arrested and con- lined in the old capitol prison at Washington, but the most notable person arrested was Clement L. Vallandingham of Ohio. He was the recognized leader of Ohio Democracy and was the most active and violent man in the North in opposing the war. On May I, 1863, Mr. Vallandingham delivered a violent disloyal speech at a public meeting at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, he was arrested May 4, charged with violating the following order issued April 13, 1863, by Gen. Burnside from head- quarters, Cincinnati, Ohio : "All persons found within our lines who commit acts for the benefit of the enemies of our country will be tried as spies or traitors, and if convicted will suffer death. The habit of declaring sympathy for the enemy will not be allowed in this department. Persons committing such offense will be at once arrested, with a view of being tried, as above stated, or sent beyond our lines into the lines of their friends. It must be distinctly understood that treason, expressed or implied, will not be tolerated in this department." Mr. Vallandingham was tried by a Court Martial, convicted, and sentenced to imprisonment. On May 5, before the trial began, Judge Leavitt of the Circuit Court of the United States, an appointee of President Jackson, declined to issue a writ of habeas corpus to release Mr. Vallandingham from arrest. President Lincoln, however, after the trial and conviction of Mr. Vallandingham, commuted the sentence to sending him beyond our military lines into the Confederacy, which was done about May 2oth. This action caused a lengthy correspondence between certain leading Democrats of New York, and also a committee of the Democratic State Convention of Ohio, with President Lincoln. The friends of Mr. Vallandingham insisted that the proceedings against him were in violation of the Constitution and demanded that the order of banishment be revoked. Mr. Lincoln replied to both of these communications claiming the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus "when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require." He said : "Mr. Vallandingham avows his hostility to the war on the part of the Union; and his arrest was made because he was laboring with some effect to prevent the raising of troops ; to encourage deser- tions from the army and to leave the rebellion without any adequate military force to suppress it." He added: "Long experience has shown that armies can- not be maintained unless desertion shall be punished by the severe penalty of death. The case requires it, the law and the Constitution sanction this punish- ment. Must I shoot a simple-minded soldier boy who deserts, while I must not touch a hair of a wily agitator who induces him to desert ? This is none the less injurious when effected by getting a father, a brother, or friend, into a public meeting, and there working upon his feelings, till he is persuaded to write the soldier boy that he is fighting in a bad cause, for a wicked Administration of a contemptible Government, too weak to arrest and punish him if he desert. I think, that in such a case, to silence the agitator and save the boy is not only Constitutional, but withal a great mercy." In his letter to the Ohio delegation the President said : "You claim that men may, if they choose, embarrass those whose duty it is to combat a giant rebellion and then be dealt with only in turn as if there were no rebellion. We all know that combinations, armed in some instances to resist the arrest of deserters, be- gan several months ago ; that more recently the like has appeared in resistance to the enrollment preparatory to a draft ; and that quite a number of assassinations have occurred from the same animus. These had to be met by military force, and 99 this again has led to bloodshed and death. And now, under a sense of responsi- bility more weighty and enduring than any which is merely official. I solemnly declare my belief that this hindrance of the military, including maiming and murder, is due to the course in which Mr. Vallandingham has been engaged, in a greater degree than to any other cause; and it is due to him personally in a greater degree than to any other man." In his letter of June 29th, 1863, the President proposed to the Ohio Com- mittee to revoke the order against Mr. Vallandingham without exacting any promise from him, if the Committee would agree to the. following propositions: 1st, That there is now a rebellion in the United States, the object and tendency of which is to destroy the National Union, and that in your opinion, an army and navy are Constitutional means for suppressing that rebellion. 2nd, That no one of you will do anything which, in your own judgment, will tend to hinder the increase or favor the decrease or lessen the efficiency of the army and navy, while engaged in the effort to suppress that rebellion, and 3rd, That each of you will, in his sphere, dp all he can to have the officers, soldiers and seamen of the army and navy, while engaged in the effort to suppress the rebellion, paid, fed, clad, and otherwise well provided for and supported. This the Committee, consisting of nineteen prominent Ohio Democrats, including George H. Pendleton, declined to do, and so the order was not revoked. Mr. Vallandingham ran the blockade at Wilmington, N. C., went to Canada, and on June 15, 1863, appeared before the Democratic State Convention at Ham- ilton, Ohio, and was nominated as their candidate for Governor. The President decided not to cause his arrest, except for some additional overt act. The election occurred and John Brough, the Republican candidate, was elected Governor by a majority of 101,099. The majority of the soldier vote for Governor Brough was 39,179. Mr. Vallandingham was regarded by the leading Democrats of the country as the great Democratic martyr ; he was accepted everywhere as the Democratic anti-war oracle. In considering Democratic opposition to the war for the Union it is a re- markable fact that while in their party platforms they' professed to desire the re- storation of the Union, in no Democratic convention, County, State or National, held from 1861 to 1865, did they ever pass a resolution in favor of preserving the Union by force of arms. Their opposition to the overthrow of the rebellion by force became more and more intense as the Union armies were more and more successful. The year 1863 was one of great Union successes ; it witnessed the capture of Vicksburg, with its garrison of 35,000 soldiers ; the capture of Port Hudson and the opening of the Mississippi River ; the battles of Gettysburg and Missionary Ridge were won that year. The great Confederate armies had been steadily forced back. Gen. Grant had been placed in command of all the armies and it was obvious to all fair minded men that the Confederate power was waning. But Democratic leaders saw no gleam of hope for the Union growing out of these great victories ; their opposition to the suppression of the rebellion by force was unabated. The country at large recognized the fact that the campaign of 1864 would be memorable in the history of the world. Great preparations were made by the National Government for a mighty effort to bring the war to a successful con- clusion. Gen. Grant planned for a combined campaign by land and sea to begin in May, 1864. The Navy consisted of 510 vessels with 6,000 officers, 45,000 men and 3,249 guns. The Army in the field consisted of 802 regiments of infantry, 148 regiments of cavalry, 249 batteries of artillery and 402,502 officers and men present for duty. On May 5th the great campaign opened. Grant's objective was Lee's army in Virginia. Sherman's objective was Jos. E. Johnson's army in Northern Georgia. Banks and Farragut's objective was Mobile, and the objective of every Union commander was the Confederate forces in his front. Grant, Lee, Sherman and Johnson were the great field marshals of the Civil War ; the destiny of this country was in their hands in 1864. The campaign of that year between the armies led by these men challenged the attention of the world ; great battles were fought and for months the Union forces steadily moved 100 forward, pushing the Confederate forces back ; in August, Lee had been driven from the wilderness into Richmond arid Petersburg, and Johnson losing battle after battle, and unable to resist the advance of Sherman's veteran army, had been relieved by President Davis. Hood had been placed in command and was besieged in Atlanta. On August 29, 1864, when these great military operations were proceeding, the National Democratic Convention met in Chicago to nominate candidates for President and Vice-President. An immense throng of Democrats visited the city to witness the proceedings. A great outdoor public meeting was held. Many prominent speakers were present, but Mr. Vallandingham was the idol of the hour ; his speech denouncing President Lincoln and the wan aroused immense enthusiasm. It happened that persons on the stand observed John Wentworth in the crowd of listeners ; he was invited to come forward and address the meeting ; the vast audience hearing the name shouted for Wentworth. Mr. Wentworth pushed his way to the stand and was introduced to the immense meeting. His great height, his massave frame and his impressive face excited great enthusiasm ; he was greeted with thunders of applause, but he had scarcely entered upon his speech when all was changed. Mr. Wentworth was loyal to the Union. Every effort was made to hoot him down, but he was not the man to be put down ; at last he was permitted to go on. He said : "I am pleased with the opportunity which your call affords me to lay my own views of public policy and public affairs before you, and in so doing I trust 1 shall not be deemed an intruder, for I would not thrust myself before you, or press my views upon unwilling ears. It has long been a part of my political ethics that the true method of discussing public affairs was for the pros and cons to go together before the people. In every public address for the past years of my life I have enforced the correctness of this understanding. I, there- fore, request the attention of all, for I am no party man. I am chained to the partisan car of no class, no interest, no organization ; to my country to my country alone do I owe fealty and render homage. I love that country. It nurtured me in my youth. It honored me in my manhood and now when I am past the meridian of life I love to respond to any call to plead in her behalf. As we cast our eyes over the land and witness the tears that everywhere prevail and the dangers that now environ the Republic, the heart of the patriot sinks with doubt and dread. War with all its dread calamities following in its train is convulsing the Nation. The art of arms has succeeded the pursuits of peace and nearly a million of men confront each other in battle array. Amid the hor- rors of war we naturally look and long for peace. The fathers and mothers of Chicago, whose sons are braving the hazards of battle and perils of disease, long for peace. The wives of Illinois, whose husbands have perished and are per- ishing in the terrible struggle, send up their daily prayers for the cessation of the strife. My one word and hope is for peace. My regret when the mad- dened traitors of South Carolina fired upon the National ensign and forced the Federal authority into a conflict was not more keen and poignant than my joy will be deep and sweet when they lay down their arms and cease the warfare they so wickedly, foolishly and devilishly inaugurated. This is the peace for which we hope, for which we pray and for which we fight. This struggle is like every conflict that has ever existed since time began. If we would have a termination of the struggle we must conquer. The road to victory is the road to peace. It is to this alternative that we are driven a shameful surrender or a certain triumphant lasting victory, and consequently peace. "I have listened with great interest to the eloquent and well considered re- marks of that peculiarly Democratic champion who has just addressed you from the stand. I have heard him bewail in feeling, touching terms the existence and continuance of this 'accursed war.' In terms of indignation, he has invoked against the Federal Administration for the part it has had to act in the bloody drama. But while he was thus deprecating war and violence, I listened in vain for one single breath of censure, one word of reproof from his lips for those who first madly unchained the ugly demon and let loose the storm of deadly hate. Why was not the vials of his wrath poured upon the head of the infamous Beau- 101 regard and the insurgent government at Montgomery, who basely trained their cannon upon a citadel floating the National Flag and shed the first blood in this fraternal fight? Not a Federal gun had been fired, not an act of hos- tility committed, when the rebellious chief acting as Secretary of War for the rebel government telegraphed the fatal order, 'open fire upon Fort Sumpter.' Thus the strife began. But this denunciator of war, this deprecator of strife, this messenger of peace, in his speech, running very near an hour and one-half, had not one word of denunciation and reproof for those who, before God and man, are guilty of its commencement. Why this omission? Why this studied silence on the part of Mr. Vallandingham ? Why are his invectives directed solely to the government which when assailed only then attacked? Does Mr. Valland- ingham wish to be understood that the act of the traitors in opening the strife is not worthy of censure, while the act of the government in opposing force with force is entitled to an hour's intemperate denunciation ? I draw no uncharitable inferences myself. I arraign not the purity or interest of his motives, but I submit that these things are worthy of remembrance. If you, my friend, are quietly marching along the street and are brutally assaulted and fight back as becomes a man, would you not say to the man who denounces you for striking back, but had no words of censure for your assailant, would you not say to him, I ask, 'that he was your enemy and would have tossed up his hat at your defeat?' Nor would the inference be unjust. My peace friends, if the Repub- licans should assail your gathering here to-night and fire on your assemblage, would you be responsible for the fight that would ensue and how would you obtain peace, by vacating the square or enforcing respect for law? But Mr. Val- landingham tells us to expect peace, to stop fighting and negotiate for a re- construction. Sir, we want no 'reconstruction.' The old Constitution the Union as it was and Constitution as it is and the construction of Washington, Jefferson and Madison is all we desire. Under that government we lived and prospered and were happy. Under it the West grew up and expanded ; and under it Chicago rose up to be the pride of the Northwest and glory of the con- tinent ; and when a man talks to me about reconstruetion or prates about a new Union, I mark him as an enemy of my country and robber of my children. "The old Union with its glorious memories, its unfulfilled hopes, its history blazing upon every page with words and deeds of deathless glory, all bind me to the old Union and cause me to abhor the name of 'reconstruction.' I would say to the gentleman from Ohio and those who think with him, 'in God's name say no more about reconstruction.' But sinking every other consideration, for- getting all other motives, moved by no other impulse, let your zeal, your efforts and your energies all be directed to the maintenance of the old construction that is hallowed by the memory of Washington, the glorious history of our revolu- tionary struggle, and dearer by far is it to us and our children than any new- fangled combination that can be hatched up in convention. It is rarely that any good comes out of a convention and the proposed convention of the States, both rebel and loyal, is the most unpromising of the entire brood. If we want peace, then let us conquer. If the South wants peace, let them lay down their arms and cease war; then we will be willing to deal with them justly and gen- erously; then will I try to forget the rivers of Northern blood that they have shed in their unholy struggle for slavery ; then will I try to forget the thousands they have slain, the moans of the bereaved, the hopes they have crushed and hearts they have broken. But while an arm wields a sabre, while the Con- stitution is defied and the laws laughed to scorn, I will uphold the authority whose solemn oath was that the Constitution should be preserved and the laws maintained. "But Vallandingham told you that the Government could never be held to- gether by coercive force, that power brought to apply upon the unruly could never reduce them to obedience. Was there ever a greater heresy uttered by the mouth of man? No coercion! Why, gentlemen, the coercive power of government is the only safety and salvation to society. No government, no community can exist an hour without it. It was the weakness of the articles of the old confederation that they conferred no coercive power, and the states- men of that day saw the pressing necessity of the new constitution. Take today 102 from municipal and governmental organization the power of coercion and society goes at once into anarchy and chaos. The weak would become the modern prey of the strong and might would indeed become right. I have been told that there are those who would disturb the quiet of the gathering in this city ; but the authorities of the city coerce them into respect for law. Surely you should not denounce coercion. That glorious old wheel-horse of Democracy, General Jackson, from whose lips I inhaled the pure inspiration of Democracy and at whose feet I received the first lessons of political and governmental duty, was gloriously free from this modern heresy. His celebrated proclamation against the nullifiers in which 'coercion' gleamed and glistened in every line will give him a name and immortality in history when the maligners and denunciators of his policy shall have been forgotten. I therefore stand for General Jackson and against Vallandingham. Will you stand for Vallandingham and against Gen- eral Jackson? "But I will not press the matter further. The attention you have given me fills me with gratitude and leads me to hope that the canvass will not be marked by such bigotry and intolerance as usually attend a political campaign. Our interests are one, our hopes are identical. Let us, therefore, meet and dis- cuss this matter in a spirit of fraternal love and good will flow from the inter- change of opinion and together we will reap the rich harvest of wealth and glory that awaits our country. As the children of a common destiny the path- way of our progress should be marked by no shameful bickerings, no jarrings, no discord. Differ we may, differ we must, but the difference may be honest and the association not unfriendly; but arm in arm, two by two, let us push on in the race of civilization and progress and reach the summit of greatness and glory ; a proud example of a free, enlightened and tolerant people who love union, liberty and law ; who, when their country was assailed, defended it and when treason reared its bloody banner, beat it back and handed clown to pos- terity the rich legacy of their fathers." The Democratic Convention of 1864 was a notable event. Many distinguished men were delegates. In the New York delegation were Governor Seymour, Samuel J. Tilden, Dean Richmond, Sanford S. Church and ex-Governor Wash- ington Hunt ; from Massachusetts, Josiah G. Abbott and George Lunt ; from Pennsylvania, ex-Governor Bigler and William Wallace, afterwards U. S. Sen- ator; Joseph E. McDonald from Indiana; Governor Powell, James Guthrie and ex-Governor Wyckliffe from Kentucky ; W'illiam Allen, Allen G. Thurman, George H. Pendleton and Clement L. Vallandingham from Ohio ; S. S. Marshall, John D. Caton, O. B. Ficklin, Melville W. Fuller, John M. Douglas, Augustus M. Herrington from Illinois. Mr. Vallandingham was the most forceful character, in fact the central fig- ure, of the Convention. August Belmont of New York, the great banker, Chairman of the Demo- cratic National Committee, called the Convention to order; his violent and de- nunciatory speech indicated the temper of the Convention, and was a suitable in- troduction to its unpatriotic proceedings. He declared that "four years of mis- rule by a sectional, fanatical and corrupt party have brought our country to the very verge of ruin. * * * The past and present are sufficient warnings of the disastrous consequences which would befall us if Mr. Lincoln's re-election should be made possible by our want of patriotism and unity. * * * The inevitable results of such a calamity must be the utter disintegration of our whole political and social system amid bloodshed and anarchy, with the great problems of liberal progress and self-government jeopardized for generations to come." Governor Horatio Seymour was chosen President of the Convention. Val- landingham was a member of the Committee on Resolutions and controlled its action. The following resolution gave full expression to the true sentiments of the Convention and was written by Mr. Vallandingham : "Resolved, That this convention does explicitly declare, as the sense of the American people, that, after four years of failure to restore the Union by the ex- periment of war, during which, under the pretense of a military necessity of a war power higher than the Constitution, the Constitution itself has been disre- garded in every part, and public liberty and private right alike trodden down, and 103 the material prosperity of the country essentially impaired; justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare demand that immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a view to an ultimate convention of all the States, or other peaceable means, to the end that at the earliest practicable moment peace may be restored on the basis of the federal union of all the States." The policy of a majority of the Convention was to nominate a soldier as their candidate for President ; Gen. McClellan was a Democrat, and had a griev- ance ; he had been relieved from the command of the Army of the Potomac ; his name was brought before the Convention ; it soon became manifest that he had strong opposition. Mr. Harris of Maryland and Congressman Long of Ohio opposed his nomination; they declared that "all the charges of usurpation and tyranny that can be brought against Lincoln and Butler can be made and sub- stantiated against McClellan. "He is the assassin of State rights, the usurper of liberty, and if nominated will be beaten everywhere, as he was at Antietam." This debate continued into the night ; the Convention adjourned. The next day a vote was taken and Gen. McClellan was nominated for Presi- dent ; George H. Pendleton of Ohio was nominated for Vice-President. The platform of the party aroused great indignation throughout the country amongst loyal people. Gen. McClellan accepted the nomination, but disagreed with the platform ; in his letter of acceptance he said : "The re-establishment of the Union in all its integrity is and must continue to be the indispensable condition of any settle- ment." The country accepted the platform instead of the letter of acceptance, as an expression of the opinion of the Democratic party. The people believed that if Gen. McClellan was elected President by the party that made the platform, his administration would necessarily reflect their opinions. There was not a word uttered by any of the speakers, nor a syllable in any of their resolutions expressing a wish that the Union army should prevail against the rebellion. The whole intent and scope of the proceedings was to arraign the Government for its efforts to prevent the dismemberment and overthrow of ihe Republic. The Southern Democracy held that the States had the Constitutional right to secede from the Union. The Northern Democracy held that the United States Government had no power under the Constitution to use force to save the Union. It must be understood that in speaking of the Democratic organization it is not the intention to include those Democrats who were loyal to the Union and favored the suppression of the Rebellion ; hundreds of thousands of Democrats men who voted against Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency in 1860 were the most ardent supporters of the war ; it is altogether probable that at least one-half of the Union army was composed of men who had voted the Democratic ticket; take Southern Illinois as an illustration, the 28 counties lying along and south of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad gave Mr. Lincoln only 15,199 votes in 1860, but they furnished 40,839 soldiers for the Union army. The Counties of Alexander, Massac, Pope, Johnson, Union, Saline, Hardin and Hamilton gave Mr. Lincoln 860 votes, but they sent 9,748 soldiers to the army. These men were not substitutes, nor were they drafted men, they were vol- unteers who enlisted because they were in favor of preserving the Union, and because they knew that the hour for compromise had passed; the only way to save the Union was to suppress the rebellion by force of arms. Nearly all the regiments to which these volunteers belonged became veteran regiments and were in the field to the close of the war. When these veteran soldiers came home from the war they found the Demo- cratic organization controlled by rebel sympathizers ; they were not in harmony with their old party, and with rare exceptions those men affiliated with the Repub- lican party, and they and their boys have voted the Republican ticket ever since. 104 CHAPTER XIV. UNION STATE CONVENTION, SPRINGFIELD, MAY 25, 1864 DEMOCRATIC STATE CONVENTION, SPRINGFIELD, JUNE 15, 1864 RADICAL CONVENTION, CLEVE- LAND, O., MAY 31, 1864 UNION NATIONAL CONVENTION, BALTIMORE, JUNE 7, 1864 RICHARD J. OGLESBY ELECTED GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS. Under a call issued for the Union party including Republicans and all others who were "unconditionally in favor of maintaining the supremacy of the Con- stitution of the United States, of the full, final and complete suppression and overthrow of the existing rebellion," a State Convention met at Springfield May 25, 1864, for the purpose of nominating candidates for State offices, and for presidential electors, also to select delegates to the National Convention to nom- inate candidates for President and Vice-President. Major Andrew J. Kuykendall, a war Democrat from Johnson County, was selected to preside ; he was a Senator when the war broke out, and ardently espoused the Union cause ; he was appointed Major of the 3ist Illinois Volunteers and was now the Union candidate for Congress in the Cairo district. There were four able men candidates for Governor. On the first ballot the vote was : Richard J. Oglesby 283, Allen C. Fuller 220, Jesse K. Dubois 103 and John M. Palmer 75. On the second ballot Oglesby secured 358 votes, being a majority; the nomination was made unanimous. The ticket nominated was as follows : For Governor, Richard J. Oglesby ; Lieutenant Governor, William Bross; Secretary of State, Sharon Tyndale ; Auditor, Orlin H. Miner; Treasurer, James H. Beveridge ; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Newton Bateman ; Congressman at Large, Samuel W. Moulton. The resolutions reported by the Committee were not satisfactory to the Con- vention ; they reflected the opinions of a few members who were favorable to the movement led by Secretary Chase and Gen. Fremont against the renomination of Mr. Lincoln. On motion of Hon. Burton C. Cook these resolutions were re- committed to a new Committee. The new platform declared that the first and most sacred duty of every citizen is to sustain the Government and preserve the Union ; that human slavery being the cause of the rebellion, should be extirpated ; the resolutions endorsed Governor Yates' administration ; thanked the soldiers for their heroic services ; expressed pride in President Lincoln, endorsed his ad- ministration and declared "that we deem his re-election to be demanded by the best interests of the country, and that our delegates to Baltimore are hereby instructed to use all honorable means to secure his renomination, and to vote as a unit on all questions which may arise in that Convention." The delegates to the National Convention were, at large: Burton C. Cook, Leonard Swett, Dr. J. A. Powell, Augustus H. Burley, Henry Dunimer, John Huegly. ist district, J. Young Scammon, Lorenzo Brentano ; 2nd, George Bangs, E. P. Terry; 3rd, J. Wilson Shopper, James McCoy; 4th, Harrison Dills, Solon Boroughs ; 5th, Henry F. Royce, Clark E. Carr ; 6th, Joseph L. Braden, Washington Bushnell ; 7th, Geo. W. Rives, Dr. James Cone ; 8th, R. K. Fell, James Brown ; pth, William A. Grimshaw, W. B. Green ; loth, Isaac L. Morrison, J. T. Alexander; nth, William H. Robinson, Dr. T. H. Sams; I2th, John Thomas, William Copp; i3th, F. L. Rhodes, Morris P. Brown. The action of the Convention was received with great enthusiasm through- out the State. The Democratic State Convention met at Springfield June 15. William A. Hacker was made President. No platform was adopted, but a resolution pledg- ing the Democracy to stand by Vallandingham was adopted with great enthu- siasm and excitement. No nominations for State officers were made ; delegates 105 were appointed to the Democratic National Convention and Presidential electors chosen. The action of this Convention did not satisfy the party. A mass meeting was held at Peoria, August 3 ; Gen. J. W. Singleton presided. The temper of the meeting can be judged by the resolutions adopted. They declared against coercion and the subjugation of sovereign States ; that the war as a means of restoring the Union had proved a failure and a delusion, and "that the repeal and revocation of all unconstitutional edicts and pretended laws, an armistice, and a National Convention, for the peaceful adjustment of our troubles, are the only means of saving our Nation from unlimited calamities and ruin." Still another mass convention was held of the Democratic party at Spring- field, August 18, 1864. Two stands were occupied by speakers. The principal speakers were Henry Clay Dean of Iowa, William Corry of Ohio, William J. Allen, William M. Springer, C. L. Higby and H. M. Vandeveer. The proceed- ings of both stands were characterized by great excitement, confusion, and gross personalities upon the issue of an unconditional endorsement of the Democratic nominee for President. Peace resolutions similar to those adopted June 17, 1863, were passed by both meetings. The Convention for nominating a State ticket was held Septem- ber 6 at Springfield. The nominees were : For Governor, James C. Robinson ; Lieutenant Governor, S. Corning Judd ; Auditor, John Hise, State Treasurer, Alexander Starne ; Secretary of State, W'illiam A. Turney ; Superintendent of Public Instruction, John P. Brooks ; Congressman at Large, James C. Allen. Robinson and Allen were at the time members of Congress ; they were ar- dent peace Democrats, having voted with Mr. Pendleton in favor of all proposi- tions for securing peace by compromise. It is proper to state that no war Democrat was nominated on the ticket named at this mass convention. Many so-called radical men were opposed to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln as President. The great complaint made against his administration was that it was not radical enough in its measures against the rebellion. Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, was an avowed candidate, as was Gen. Fre- mont ; they both encouraged a movement against the nomination of Mr. Lin- coln. There was no organized opposition to Mr. Lincoln o'utside of the Demo- cratic party, but those who claimed to be radical Republicans made an effort to arouse Union men everywhere against his election. This movement was started by a circular letter issued by Senator Pomeroy of Kansas and others in which they set forth their reasons for favoring a new man for President. A call addressed to the people of the United States for a con- vention to meet at Cleveland, Ohio, May 3ist, 1864, was issued by B. Gratz Brown of Missouri, Stephen S. Foster of Massachusetts, A. Van Antwerp of New York, Bird B. Chapman of Ohio, Ezra C. Andrews of Maine, and some forty other prominent men. This movement was endorsed by "A call to the radical men of the Nation," signed by a committee of five, headed by David Plumb, and was endorsed by George B. Cheever of New York and fifty-five others. An address "To the People" was also issued by Lucius Robinson, Gen. John Cochrane and thirty-eight others, calling upon the people to attend the Cleveland convention. In an earnest letter criticizing Lincoln's administration, Wendell Phillips opposed the renomination of Abraham Lincoln and endorsed the holding of the Cleveland convention. The great complaint made by these men against Lincoln's administration was that it was not radical enough in its measures against the rebellion. This Mass Convention met ; Gen. Cochrane was selected as chairman. Gen. John C. Fremont was nominated for President and Gen. John Cochrane for Vice- President. On June 4th Generals Fremont and Cochrane accepted the nominations of the Cleveland convention, but after the nomination of Lincoln and Johnson, Gen. Fremont recognized the futility of his candidacy and withdrew, recom- mending that his followers support the Union ticket. 106 A call was issued by Edward D. Morgan, Chairman, February 22, 1864, for the Union National Convention to meet at Baltimore, June 7, 1864. Thirty States were represented, including Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky and West Virginia. Robert J. Breckenridge of Kentucky was temporary Chairman; he delivered an able and patriotic speech. William Dennison of Ohio was made permanent Chairman. Illinois was represented by a full delegation, of which Hon. Burton C. Cook was the acknowledged leader. The platform, adopted with great enthusiasm, consisted of eleven resolu- tions; the most important features were the following: ist, Resolved, that it is the highest duty of every American citizen to maintain against all their enemies the integrity of the Union, and the paramount authority of the United States. 2nd, that we approve the determination of the Government of the United States not to compromise with rebels, or to offer them any terms of peace except such as may be based upon an unconditional surrender of their hostility and a return to their just allegiance to the Constitution and laws of the United States. 3rd, that Slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the strength of this rebellion, and as it must be always and everywhere hostile to the principles of Republican Gov- ernment, justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpa- tion from the soil of the Republic. 4th, that the thanks of tEe American people are due to the soldiers and sailors of the army and navy who have periled their lives in defense of their country and in vindication of the honor of the flag. 5th, that we approve and applaud the practical wisdom, the unselfish patriotism and unswerving fidelity to the Constitution and the principles of American liberty, with which Abraham Lincoln has discharged under circumstances of unparalleled difficulty, the great duties and responsibilities of the Presidential office. There was no opposition to Mr. Lincoln's nomination. When the vote by States was taken it was found that all had voted for Abraham Lincoln, except the delegate from Missouri, who voted for Gen. Grant ; before the result was de- clared Mr. Hume of Missouri moved that the nomination be made unanimous, which was done. In selecting a candidate for Vice-President ten persons were voted for, the contest, however, lay between Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, Daniel S. Dickin- son, a Union War Democrat of New York, and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, then Vice-President. On the first ballot, Johnson received 200 votes, Dickinson 108 and Hamlin 150. On the second ballot Mr. Johnson received 404 votes, and on the motion! of Mr. Tremain of New York the nomination was made unanimous. There was no personal opposition to the renomination of Mr. Hamlin ; he was a man of great ability and experience, with a wide and national acquaintance, but Mr. Johnson was from a Southern State, had adhered zealously to the Union and retained his seat in the United States Senate when all other Southern Sen- ators had resigned, and had acted as Provisional Governor of Tennessee with ability. Mr. Johnson had been a Democrat, but had opposed the secession De- mocracy of the South and had not affiliated with the anti-war Democracy of the North, it was believed that it was wise policy to have such a man identified with the Government as Vice-President, and so he was nominated. The political canvass of 1864 was a great event in the history of the country. The contest was between parties representing the great conflicting opinions upon Constitution and Government which was being settled by the sword. The Northern Democracy, who nominated Gen. McClellan for Presid'ent, entertained the same political opinions that were held by the men in arms against the Govern- ment. The proceedings of the Democracy of Illinois in the Legislature, in their mass convention, June 17, 1863, in the several mass meetings and conven- tion in 1864, all prove that they were in sympathy with the rebellion, that they opposed the use of an army as a means of preserving the Union and of the abolition of Slavery. Their proposition always was to suspend hostilities, and settle the issues by compromise through a National Convention. They ignored the fact that every available means of compromise were ex- hausted, the Southern leaders refusing to consider any proposition except a dismemberment of the Union. 107 The country, then, was involved in a great war with the Southern Democracy to settle their issues by the sword ; while they were engaged in a great political contest with the Northern Democracy upon the question as to whether this war should be prosecuted at all. This, obviously, was a crucial test of the merits and strength of our Repub- lican system of Government. No political campaign in Illinois was ever conducted with more energy than this. The Republican electors were John Dougherty, Francis A. Hoffman, Ben- jamin M. Prentiss, John V. Farwell, Anson S. Miller, John V. Eustace, James S. Poage, John I. Bennett, William T. Hopkins, Franklin Blades, James C. Conk- ling, William Walker, Thomas W. Harris, N. M. McCurdy, Henry S. Baker, Z. S. Clifford. The Republican candidates for Congress who were elected were Samuel W. Moulton, John Wentworth, John F. Farnsworth, E. B. Washburne, Abner C. Harding, Ebon C. Ingersoll, Burton C. Cook, H. P. H. Bromwell, Shelby M. Cullom, John Baker and Andrew J. Kuykendall. All of these candidates besides those who were candidates for the Legislature worked actively in the campaign. A number of these gentlemen had supported Senator Douglas for President in 1860, while the head of the ticket, Hon. John Dougherty, was a candidate for a State office on the Breckenridge ticket of 1860, but love for the Union brought these men together in supporting Abraham Lin- coln in 1864. But the most notable circumstance in the campaign was the part taken by Gen. John A. Logan, Gen. Isham N. Haynie and Col. Robert G. Inger- soll ; all Democrats when the war began, all had seen active service in the army, and now all earnestly advocating the re-election of Abraham Lincoln. These men canvassed the State, addressed immense meetings their arraignment of the anti-war Democracy excited profound interest throughout the State, and con- tributed largely to the success of the campaign. The canvass, although intensely exciting, was peaceful ; the Democracy held their meetings without interference, just as though their efforts were being directed towards saving the Union by advocating the prosecution of the war, instead of denouncing Lincoln's adminis- tration and advising compromise. The election was held and Abraham Lincoln was chosen President. Richard J. Oglesby was elected Governor of Illinois with the whole State ticket Repub- lican. Abraham Lincoln received 212 electoral votes. George B. McClellan re- ceived 21 electoral votes. The popular vote was: Lincoln, 2,216,067, an d Mc- Clellan, 1,808,725. The 39th Congress was overwhelmingly Republican, the Senate 10 Democrats, 42 Republicans ; the House 49 Democrats, 143 Republicans. By this election the political complexion of the Illinois Legislature was changed. In the Senate there were 14 Republicans and n Democrats; in the House 51 Republicans and 34 Democrats, giving a Republican majority of 20 on joint ballot. The people throughout the United States had at the ballot box sternly re- buked the anti-war Democracy. Of the 25 States that voted at the election, all gave majorities to Abraham Lincoln, except Delaware, Kentucky, and New Jer- sey, and of those States the two former elected Republican Governors, the lat- ter a Democratic Governor. The effect of this election was to inspire confidence at home and abroad. It was a heroic expression of the majority of the people, that the Union must be preserved at whatever cost of blood and treasure. Richard J. Oglesby was a native of Kentucky. He was born in Oldham County, July 25, 1824. When twelve years of age he came to Illinois with his uncle. He learned the carpenter trade, was taught rope making and worked on a farm. He followed these employments until he arrived at manhood. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced his profession at Sullivan, Moultrie County. Nature had done much for young Oglesby. Possessing a genial spirit, he made many friends ; wonderfully gifted in voice and manner and possessing great power of argument and illustration, he soon became one of the most pop- ular and persuasive orators of the State. His political career opened in 1852, when he was selected by the Whig convention as a Scott elector. In 1856 he threw himself in the movement for the organization of the Republican party. In 108 109 1858 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in the Decatur district. In 1860 he was a candidate for the State Senate, canvassed actively in support of Abraham Lincoln for President and was, himself elected. This was his first success in the political field. When the Civil War came on he was com- missioned colonel of the Eighth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, being the second regiment of the Civil War series. Having seen service in the Mexican War, he was not a stranger to the duties of camp life and the dangers of the battlefield. He was soon placed in important commands, and promoted to the office of brigadier-general by President Lincoln. In 1862 he was assigned to the command of a brigade in Davies' division and fought with gallantry in the battle of Corinth, October 3-4, 1861. On the first day of the battle he received a dangerous gunshot wound through the left lung. From the wound he did not recover so as to enable him afterwards to take an active command of troops in the field. He was promoted to the position of major-general, and resigned May, 1864. His nomination and election to the office of Governor was a fitting tribute to him as a man and manifested the regard the people have for the men who served their country in war. His administration as Governor was eminently satisfactory. In 1872 he was again elected Governor, and was inaugurated January 13, 1873. On January 23, ten days after his inauguration, he was elected to the United States Senate. He served in this capacity six years, when, in 1884, ne was for the third time elected Governor, serving out the full term of four years. No man in the State ever had a more secure hold of the popular hearts of Illinois than" Richard J. Oglesby. At the expiration of his third term as Governor he retired to his home, "Oglehurst," near Elkhart, Illinois, appearing from time to time on public occa- sions and on the stump, particularly in the campaign of 1896. He was always received by the public with every mark of respect and affection. He died April 24, 1899. 110 CHAPTER XV. EMANCIPATION. President Lincoln believed that Slavery was not only the cause but the strength of the rebellion. The question of emancipating the slaves was earnestly pressed upon his attention by many persons of great influence. On March 6th, 1862, the President sent a message to Congress recommending the adoption of a joint resolution, as follows : "Resolved, That the United States ought to co-operate with any State which may adopt gradual abolishment of Slavery, giving to such State pecuniary aid, to be used by such State in its discretion to compensate for the inconvenience, public and private, produced by such change of system." On March loth on motion of Roscoe Conkling, under a suspension of the rules this resolution was adopted by the House of Representatives by a vote of 97 yeas to 36 nays. On April 2d the resolution passed the Senate, yeas 32, nays 10. Senators Davis of Kentucky and Henderson of Missouri voted in favor of this resolution. Congress had already, August 5th, 1861, passed a law forfeiting all right in slaves where the owner shall employ or permit to be employed such slave in aiding or promoting any insurrection or resisting the laws of the United States. On April i6th, 1862, a bill was passed and approved by the President liberat- ing all slaves held in the District of Columbia, the owners to be compensated at the average of $300 per slave, and $1,000,000 was appropriated to pay loyal owners, and $100,000 to colonize in Hayti or Liberia such of the slaves as desired to emigrate. On May I2th, 1862, the Union Convention of Baltimore met, Archibald Stirling, Jr., President, John H. Lloyd, Secretary. A series of patriotic resolutions were adopted. Amongst other things the Convention resolved "That we cordially approve the firm and vigorous efforts of the administration to maintain the integrity and honor of our country, to crush rebellion, and to -anticipate and defeat the acts of traitors. That we ap- prove the wise and conservative policy proposed by the President in his message of March 6th, 1862, and sanctioned by Congress, tendering pecuniary aid to such States as may choose to adopt a system of gradual emancipation." On July I2th, 1862, President Lincoln, by appointment, had an interview with a number of Senators and members from the border States, urging them to exert their influence in their States in favor of compensated emancipation and colonization. The President received four written communications in reply. Hon. John W. Noell of Missouri and six others favoring the plan, in conclusion said : "We are the more emboldened to assume this position from the fact, now become his- tory, that the leaders of the Southern rebellion have offered to abolish Slavery amongst them as a condition to foreign intervention in favor of their inde- pendence as a Nation. If they can give up Slavery to destroy the Union, we can surely ask our people to consider the question of emancipation to save the Union." Senator Henderson of Missouri also wrote favoring the plan of the Presi- dent. The fortunes of war had been against the Union forces. McClellan's penin- sular campaign had failed. Hooker abandoned Malvern Hill. Pope's army was defeated at the second battle of Bull Run. Gen. Kearney and Stevens killed at Chantilla. Burnside evacuated Fredericksburg. Gen. Lee threatened Wash- ington and invaded Maryland. McClellan again at the head of the army of the ill Potomac gained a great victory at Antietam September i^th, 1862. The tide of war is changed; the Confederate army abandons Sharpsburg and recrosses the Potomac. This change in military affairs decided the President to issue a preliminary proclamation in regard to emancipaton. This he did on September 22nd, 1862, warning all persons in armed rebellion against the United States to cease their warfare and return to their allegiance within one hundred days, otherwise he would issue a proclamation emancipating the slaves in the insurrectionary States. This proclamation met the approval of the numerous religious bodies and citizens who had been urging the President to take such action. President Lincoln was anxious to put an end to the war without further bloodshed; he was desirous of conciliating the South. On December ist, 1862, before the one hundred days of his proclamation had expired, in his second an- nual message he recommended the adoption of an amendment to the Constitution providing for compensated emancipation in all the States of the Union wherever Slavery existed, which shall abolish Slavery at any time before January ist, 1900. In discussing the articles proposed, he said : "As to the first article, the aiain points are : first, the emancipation ; secondly, the length of time for con- summating it thirty-seven years, and, thirdly, the compensation. "The emancipation will be unsatisfactory to the advocates of perpetual Slavery ; but the length of time should greatly mitigate their dissatisfaction. "The time spares both races from the evils of sudden derangement, in fact from the necessity of any derangement." The whole message was an earnest, eloquent, pathetic appeal for the preservation of the Union without further blood- shed. The President's paramount object was to save the Union; in doing this he earnestly desired to inflict as little injury as possible upon the people of the re- bellious States. Time sped on. There was no response from the South, except of scorn and of determined resistance. The first day of January, 1863, came and Abraham Lincoln issued his proclamation of emancipation ; that mighty missile of war ; that great act of humanity and justice ; sounded the doom of Slavery, and en- dorsed the principle that all men everywhere should be free. The people at the polls in November, 1864, by the re-election of Abraham Lincoln, gave their approval to the Proclamation of Emancipation. The opera- tions of the Proclamation were confined to States and parts of States actually in rebellion, and did not affect Slavery in the border States. The progress of the war, and a growing public opinion, clearly indicated the destruction of Slavery. The Legislatures of Maryland and Missouri had in 1863 taken steps looking to the abolition of Slavery in those States. On January I3th, 1864, John B. Henderson of Missouri introduced a joint resolution in the U. S. Senate proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States abolishing Slavery. Senator Sumner of Massachusetts intro- duced a similar resolution ; both were referred to the Judiciary Committee of which Senator Trumbull was Chairman. On February loth, Judge Trumbull reported to the Senate the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution as it was finally ratified. It passed the Senate April 8th, 1864, but failed in the House to receive the necessary two-thirds vote. In his message of December 6th, 1864, President Lincoln urged upon Con- gress the wisdom of adopting the amendment. In speaking of the election Mr. Lincoln said: "It is not claimed that the election has imposed a duty on mem- bers to change their views or their votes any further than, as an additional ele- ment to be considered, their judgment may be affected by it. It is the voice of the people now for the first time heard upon the question. The most reliable indica- tions of public purpose in this country are derived through our popular elections." On January 6th, 1865, on motion of James M. Ashley of Ohio, the resolution was called up for reconsideration; a vote was not taken until January 3ist, when the previous vote was reconsidered and the resolution adopted; yeas 119, nays 56. Speaker Colfax announced the result; it was received by the House and spectators with an outburst of enthusiasm. The resolution was returned to the Senate and on February ist was approved by the President. Senator Trumbull was highly elated over the success of his labors ; he at once telegraphed the facts 112 to Governor Oglesby, who in turn sent a message to the Legislature which was then in session, urging the immediate adoption of the amendment. He said: "Let Illinois be the first State in the Union to ratify by act of her Legislature this proposed amendment. It is just, it is humane, it is right to do so. * * * It is a fit occasion to speak out to the world upon a question of such magnitude, and the whole civilized world will joyously ratify the deed ; the proud soldier in the field will shout 'Amen !' and march on to new victories with a firmer and more confident step." On the same day, February ist, 1865, Senator A. W. Mack moved that the rules be suspended that he might present a joint resolution to ratify the amendment. The resolution was referred to the Committee on Federal Relation and reported back with the recommendation that it be adopted. Sena- tors Green and Cohrs spoke against the resolution, but Gen. Murray McConnell, a life long Democrat, the friend of Douglas, "the Nestor of the Senate," spoke eloquently and ably in its favor. The motion of Senator Vandeveer to lay on the table was lost. The previous question was moved and ordered and the joint resolution was adopted by a vote of 18 to 6. Those voting for the resolution were Senators Addams, Allen, Bushnell, Eastman, Green of Marion, Lansing, Lindsay (Democrat), Mack, Mason (Demo- crat), McConnell (Democrat), Metcalf, Peters, Richards, Strain, Schofield (Dem- ocrat), Ward, Webster and Worcester (Democrat), Senator Funk absent. The joint resolution was at once reported to the House. Alexander McCoy moved that the House concur. Merritt L. Josslyn moved the previous question, which was ordered. The Joint Resolution was adopted by a vote of 58 yeas, 28 nays. Six Democrats did not vote ; all the others voted in opposition. And so on the same day that President Lincoln approved the amendment, the Illinois Legislature ratified it, being the first of the States to act upon this great bene- ficent measure. All honor to Senators Lindsay, Mason, McConnell, Schofield and Worcester. Disregarding party trammels they voted the dictates of their conscience and secured the immediate ratification of this great amendment. 113 CHAPTER XVI. EVENTS OF THE WAR SURRENDER OF GENERAL LEE, APRIL 9, 1865 ASSAS- SINATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN, APRIL 14, 1865. As the war progressed and enlistments increased there was a steady growth of patriotism amongst the people remaining at home ; old party names began to lose their power; Republicans and war Democrats were animated by the same impulse that of saving the Union ; they found a common name to rally under ; they were Union men. The meetings for public discussion were Union meetings ; the theme of the orators was love for the Union, and a willingness to fight for, and to die for the Union. Women prepared delicacies for the sick and wounded Union soldiers ; when veterans came home on furlough, singly or by regiments, they were welcomed as Union soldiers ; the soldiers in the field and their kindred and friends at home were in accord upon the question of preserving the Union ; this was the bond that held the soldiers and the people at home together; abuse of the administration and of the war was taken as reflections on the soldier boy who was exposing his life in the army ; this feeling exerted a powerful influence in political action. The leaders of the Democratic party were so intensely radical in their views, and so obviously sympathized with the enemies of the Government, that the plain people soon began to fall away from them, and the counties which had in 1860 been most strongly Democratic were becoming the most strongly Union ; this reaction in favor of the Union cause set in strongly in the fall of 1863; the capture of Vicksburg and the victory at Gettysburg convinced thousands of intelligent peo- ple that the claim .that the rebellion could not be crushed was an error, and the statement that the offensive prosecution of the war tended to misrule and anarchy was the raving of disloyalty. Many meetings were held after the fall of Vicks- burg ; some were addressed by officers who had engaged in that campaign. The greatest Union meeting held in Illinois during the war was at Springfield, Sept. 3, 1863. It was a mighty concourse of loyal men and women. The weather was delightful ; addresses were delivered from five stands at the same time. The principal speakers for the occasion were Gov. Henry S. Lane of Indiana, Senator Chandler of Michigan, Judge J. R. Doolittle of Wisconsin, Gov. Yates, Generals McClernand, Prentiss and Haynie. A letter from President Lincoln to James C. Conkling upon the Emancipa- tion Proclamation was read. Many of the speeches were a noble vindication of the right and duty of the Government to maintain the Union and perpetuate the free Government. Union and Freedom were the watchwords of the hour. For the purpose of counteracting the evil influences of the Knights of the Golden Circle, the Union League of America was organized. Hon. George H. Harlow was one of its chief promoters and officers. The first meeting was held in Tazewell County, Illinois, in the summer of 1862. It was a quasi secret society, with impressive initiatory ceremonies. Its object was wholly patriotic ; to bring loyal men together ; to unite public opinion in support of the Government and to extend aid and sympathy to the soldiers and their families. There was no secrecy as to its membership or its places of meeting. This League spread rapidly throughout Illinois, and within a year had a National organization with 1,300 councils and a membership of 175,000. Its influence was of great benefit to the cause of the country ; its Councils formed a rallying place 114 for Union men and the League was soon in friendly touch with the army at the front. The American Civil War is now recognized as the most extraordinary exhi- bition of military strength ever seen in the history of the world. During the four years of its duration more than four million of men were put under arms in the armies and navies of the Union and Confederacy. The field of operations between the contending hosts had a frontage of fully two thousand miles ; more than twenty-two hundred engagements, great and small, occurred between the forces; there were three hundred and thirty battles in which the Union losses were more than one hundred in killed, wounded and missing. There were many battles which in point of the number engaged, the generalship displayed, the losses incurred and the splendid valor of the troops, take their places amongst the greatest battles of the world. The campaigns of the Union armies were necessarily aggressive ; it was their business to go in search of the Confederate armies, and by force of arms to overcome all resistance to the authority of the Government. The Confederate generals promptly made West Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri the seat of war, their forces were met and overcome in those States and gradually the tide of battle was carried southward ; their efforts to hold the great rivers, the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, failed ; these rivers and all the railroads leading into the Southern States were held and used by the Union forces ; gunboats policed the rivers from Pittsburgh to Cairo and Nashville, and from Kansas City and Hannibal to New Orleans. Garrisons guarded the railroads from Cincinnati to Atlanta, from Columbus and Memphis to Corinth and Chattanooga and from Washington to Wheeling and Parkers- burgh, while more than seven hundred vessels were used as transports and for blockading Southern ports. The military operations of the army of the East were mainly confined to Virginia, but Maryland and Pennsylvania were the scenes of two of the greatest and bloodiest battles of the war, Antietam and Gettysburg. But that narrow space of country lying between Washington City and Richmond became the great battlefield of the Republic; the largest armies were marshalled there, the greatest generals engaged on both sides of the conflict were from time to time facing each other there, but in the great struggle for mastery no really decisive battles were fought until the end of the struggle in April, 1865. In the West and Southwest, the field of operations was coextensive with the Southern States ; every State summoned its entire military strength and con- tinued the struggle until further resistance was useless. Many regiments and divisions campaigned in Kentucky, Missouri, Ten- nessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, and marching through Virginia were in the grand review in Washington in May, 1865, at the close of the war; the greatest military pageant of modern times. Illinois performed her entire duty in that momentous struggle. Her quota of the two million and three-quarters of troops called for was 244,496. She fur- nished 255,057, being over fifteen per cent of her population. These soldiers were organized into 151 regiments and 9 companies of infan- try, 17 regiments of cavalry and two regiments and four companies of artillery. Some of the Illinois soldiers served in the Eastern, army, but the great majority of them served in the West. Seventy-three regiments of infantry alone served in the Army of the Tennessee. Of these Illinois soldiers, 34,834 lost their lives in the service; they were either killed in battle or died of wounds, diseases or from other causes. The soldiers from Illinois were brought to the highest standard of military skill and discipline ; their valor was unsurpassed by any soldiers in the field. The records of the Adjutant-Generals of Illinois and of the War Department at Washington show that fifty-two of these regiments enlisted during 'the first year of the war, re-enlisted as veterans and served until the close of the war, that officers were steadily promoted from the ranks in recognition of their capacity and services, and that of the officers commissioned by Governor Yates 12 were commissioned by the President as Major-Generals, 20 as Brevet Major- Generals, 24 as Brigadier-Generals, and 121 as Brevet Brigadier-Generals. 115 The story of the four years of civil war, from Bull Run to Appomattox, covers the most intensely interesting epoch in the history of the United States. The preservation of the Union, and the maintenance of the national author- ity, was a cause which inspired a patriotism that did not flag, and a valor that was invincible. The people came to feel that the struggle involved the issue of free gov- ernment not only for this country, but for the whole world. If the experiment of republican government failed in America, in what country or in what clime could it exist ? If it succeeded here, the example would challenge the attention of all mankind and uplift the race. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois was the leader of the people, and of the public sentiment, which saved the country. And Ulysses S. Grant of Illinois, first a clerk in the Adjutant-General's office at Springfield, next Colonel of the 21 st Regiment of Illinois Infantry, became the great field marshal of the Union forces. Victorious at Belmont, Fort Henry, Fort Donalson, Shiloh, Vicksburg and Chattanooga, he was made Commander- in-Chief. From that hour the Union forces moved in unison and upon a great plan. The military campaign of 1864-5 tne country knows by heart. Grant with the Army of the Potomac, Sherman with the Army of Georgia, commenced the great movement on May 5, 1864. Each of these great armies was composed of veterans and led by experienced, successful and distinguished commanders. The Army of the Potomac met the Army of Northern Virginia in the Wilder- ness. A series of terrific and bloody battles ensued, indecisive, but the Union forces steadily gaining ground. When the winter came on, Lee, with the Con- federate forces, were beleaguered at Richmond and Petersburg. The Army of Georgia had captured Atlanta, had divided its forces. Sherman had marched down to the sea and captured Savannah, while Thomas at Nashville defeated and dispersed Hood's army. These great victories thrilled the people of the North, and brought from President Lincoln warm words of praise and thanks. The campaign knew no pause. Sherman entered Savannah December 22d, 1864; on the 24th he wrote General Grant, outlining his plans for an immediate advance. He said : "Now that Hood is used up by Thomas, I feel disposed to bring the matter to an issue as soon as possible. I feel confident that I can break up the whole railroad sys- tem of South Carolina and North Carolina, and be on the Roanoke, either at Raleigh or Weldon, by the time spring fairly opens ; and if you feel confident you can whip Lee outside of his entrenchments, I feel equally confident that I can handle him the open country." By the middle of January the final movement for Sherman's campaign Through the Carolinas was well under way, moving northward through South Carolina. Sweeping everything before him, crossing the Edisto, Broad, Catawba, Pedee and Cape Fear riven, and marching 425 miles, on March 23, 1865, he reached Goldsboro, North Carolina, forming a junction with General Terry, and with General Schofield, who had brought the 2$d Army Corps by railroad and sea from Nashville. On March 2/th General Sherman visited General Grant at City Point, where he met President Lincoln. Here the final conference and arrangements were made for the closing movements of the war. The mighty tragedy of war was drawing to its close. President Lincoln was deeply interested in the approaching campaign. His heart yearned for a cessation of bloodshed. He decided to remain at City Point, the headquarters of General Grant, so that he would be conveniently near in case it was important to communicate with him. Grant's army moved to further envelop Richmond and Petersburg and to seize their railroads. The pressure now became so great that General Lee decided to abandon his works and save his army by retreat. His withdrawal was completed April 2d, the Confederate Government leaving Richmond on the afternoon of that day. General Grant's determination was to head off and capture Lee's retreating army. General Sheridan commanded the troops in the advance. That intrepid soldier knew his business. Moving forward with rapidity and without repose, he reached Five Forks, gaining the front of Lee's army. Here a bloody battle was fought. General Grant saw the end ; he was anxious to stop the effusion of 116 blood. On April 7th he wrote General Lee, pointing out the "hopelessness of further resistance," and asked him to surrender. But it was not until April the 9th that General Lee, at the moment of an impending battle with defeat staring him in the face, decided to surrender. He accepted the generous terms offered by General Grant, and 28,356 Confederate soldiers were paroled. The news of the surrender of Lee was received with universal joy through- out the North. The people knew that the war was practically ended. President Lincoln entered Richmond after its fall, and sought to allay the great consternation of the people, who surrounded him at every turn. He returned to Washington full of gratification that the storm of war was practically over, and was moved with compassion at the misfortunes of the Southern people. The Union was saved ! The sacrifice had been great, but he felt that the Union, free government, and freedom were worth unmeasurably more than they had cost. But still another great sacrifice was to be made the President himself was to fall a victim to the malevolent hatred aroused by the war. No one supposed that the life of Mr. Lincoln was in danger. His official career was absolutely wanting in acts of severity or cruelty, such as might arouse the hatred or malice of individuals and inspire them to murder. Upon the contrary, his kindness of heart, his benevolent disposition, his sympathy for those on both sides of the struggle, who were victims of the misfortunes and sorrows of the war, were well known both North and South. Private malice was disarmed. But some deluded persons, urged on, no doubt, months before by influential people whose connection with the horrid deed never became known, as the result of a well- laid conspiracy, decided to assassinate President Lincoln and Secretary Seward. This bloody deed was performed on the night of April 14, 1865. While sitting in a private box at Ford's Theater, witnessing a performance, John Wilkes Booth entered the box from the rear, shot the President in the back of the head, leaped to the floor of the stage, ran out at the rear of the theater, mounted a horse in waiting and made his escape to Virginia. The terrible deed threw the audience into a tumult of excitement. The wounded and dying man was at once carried to a private residence across the street, where on the morning of April I5th, at 22 minutes past 7 o'clock he died. The name of Abraham Lincoln now filled the world ; his death was mourned in every land. To his country his loss was irreparable ; but the great work he had finished will endure forever. 117 CHAPTER XVII. PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. Immediately after the death of Abraham Lincoln, on the morning of April 15, 1865, Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, was sworn into office as President. He had the good will of the loyal people of the North including the army and navy. He had been nominated and elected Vice-Presiclent as a mark of their confidence and respect in his ability, patriotism and loyalty. In a few days after Mr. Johnson's accession to office, all the Confederate forces had surrendered. The great War of the Rebellion was over. The Congress had adjourned March 4th and was not in session when the war ended. The President did not convene Congress in extra session and give the law-making power of the country an opportunity to be heard upon the issues growing out of the war. The President took the whole matter of reconstructing the seceded States into his own hands. It is fair to say that Secretary Seward fully concurred in the view that the executive department of the Government possessed full power to rehabilitate the seceded States without the aid of Congress. On May 29, 1865, two important steps were taken : William H. Holdeh was appointed Provisional Governor of North Carolina, and a proclamation of amnesty and pardon was issued, "to all persons who have directly or indirectly participated in existing rebellion," con- ditioned upon their taking an oath to support and defend the Constitution and Union, and abide by and support all law r s and proclamations in regard to the emancipation of slaves. Fourteen classes of persons were excepted from the amnesty because of conspicuous connection with the rebellion all diplomatic offices ; all who left United States judicial stations ; all military and naval officers above the rank of colonel ; all who left seats in the United States Congress ; all officers in the rebel service who had been educated at the United States military or naval academies, etc., etc., the aim being to exclude the more prominent per- sons engaged in the rebellion ; but the proclamation provided for special pardons to persons who would apply to the Executive. Applications for pardon were numerous and promptly granted. The records of the State Department (24 volumes) show about 14,000 pardons were granted within nine months after the proclamation was issued. The oath might be taken before any military or naval officer of the United States, or any military or civil officer of the State, author- ized to administer oaths. The order appointing Mr. Holden Provisional Governor outlined a plan for calling a State Convention to form a Constitution, and frame work of gov- ernment, the electors to be loyal citizens as recognized by the amnesty procla- mation, and to have the qualifications of electors in North Carolina prior to the act of secession. This order was applied to other States. William L. Sharkey was appointed Provisional Governor for Mississippi June I3th; James Johnson for Georgia and Andrew J. Hamilton for Texas June i/th; Lewis E. Parsons for Alabama June 2ist, and Benjamin F. Perry for South Carolina June 3Oth. The heads of the several executive departments were directed to establish the machinery of government in those States. The governments which had been previously established in Virginia, Ten- nessee, Louisiana and Arkansas were recognized. The President's plans were being fully carried out by the middle of July ; he had declared in his proclamation that "the rebellion in its revolutionary 118 progress, has deprived the people (of the revolted States) of all civil government" ; the conventions, however, instead of drafting new constitutions, prepared amend- ments to the old ones ; and without submitting the amendments to be voted on by the people, adopted them by the vote of the conventions. These reconsruc- tion conventions then assumed legislative powers and ordered the election of representatives in Congress. In respect to the franchise, President Johnson in his circular to the Provisional Governors, suggested that the elective franchise should be extended to all persons of color "who can read the Constitution of the United States, and write their names, and also to those who own real estate valued at not less than two hundred and fifty dollars and pay taxes thereon." In writing to Governor Sharkey, Mr. Johnson said: ''I hope 'and trust that your Convention will do this, and as a consequence the radicals who are wild upon negro franchise, will be completely foiled in their attempt to keep the Southern States from renewing their relations to the Union by not accepting their Senators and Representatives." But none of the Conventions paid heed to the suggestions of the President ; upon the contrary Codes of Black Laws were enacted with no other design than the re-enslavement of the negro race. The magnanimity of the Amnesty Proc- lamation took the Southern leaders by surprise ; many had left the country, and others were preparing to do so to avoid the consequences of their acts ; but they now found themselves within three months after Lee surrendered, en- trusted with the restoration of civil governments in their States. Nothing like this had ever occurred before in the history of the world. It probably was too much to expect of these men, defeated in the greatest of civil wars, to take up this task of reconstruction with the same spirit of leniency and generosity that had inspired the Proclamation of Amnesty ; at all events no such spirit did animate the Convention. Southern men who had favored the Union cause received no consideration. The leading spirits of secession and rebellion ^controlled and guided the action of the Conventions, and were selected to all the important offices, although many of them were disqualified from taking the lawful oaths of office ; while on all sides the doctrine of secession was still maintained, and hatred of the Union announced. The oath of amnesty required them to "abide by and faithfully support all laws and proclamations which have been made during the existing Rebellion, with reference to the emancipation of slaves" ; instead of enacting some simple statutes to protect and encourage freedmen in their right to work and enjoy the fruits of their labor, they passed the most odious and unjust "Black Codes." The Black Laws of Mississippi and South Carolina clearly show the spirit of the old master class to the colored race. Under those codes negroes were deprived of their right of purchasing a home ; they were prohibited from culti- vating the soil on their own account ; they were required to pay an onerous license for the privilege of pursuing the business of an artisan, mechanic or shop- keeper. They were required to become employed as "husbandmen" or "house servants," their employers were to be known as "masters" and they as "serv- ants." Contracts for services, in case of disagreement between master and servant, were to be regulated and the rate of wages fixed by the district judge or magistrate ; they were subject to arrest and imprisonment if they abandoned their contracts of labor ; they were prohibited from making new contracts with- out having the discharge of their old masters ; the law fixed their time of rising and retiring, their hours of labor, and regulated their social intercourse. The responsibilities of self-support were imposed by their condition of free- dom ; but by these laws they were to be deprived of the right of choosing the means by which this end was to be secured. In fact they were hedged around by so many legal disabilities and regulations, that they possessed none of the ordinary rights of free men and women. They were to be controlled by the most odious and tyrannical customs of the old slave system, now for the first time made statutory law. This legislation possessed one merit it was not insidious; it was a frank and open movement of the old master class to maintain their hold upon the negro by a system of restrictions and limitations which would reduce him to a 119 state of servitude more abject, degrading and pitiable tlian the slavery from which he had been just released. While slaves, their masters were interested in them because they possessed a money value ; besides, the docility of the negro and their attachment to the master's family, brought -master and slave to feel a sincere interest in and devotion towards each other. The Civil War fully demonstrated the existence of this human sentiment. While the war raged the negroes all over the South came fully to under- stand that Freedom and Slavery were contending forces in the strife, and that the success of the Rebellion meant a continuance of Slavery ; while the triumph of the Union army meant their freedom; and yet throughout the whole South there was no conspiracy of slaves against masters ; there were no cases of mur- der, pillage, arson or rape. A statement of Gen. J. B. Gordon of Georgia, who commanded the left wing of Lee's army at Appomattox, made before a Congres- sional Committee is worthy of note. The general was asked the question: "How did they (the negroes) behave during the war when the white men went off to fight and left them at home?" Gen. Gordon answered: "Well, sir, I had occasion to refer just now to a little speech which I made at Montgomery, Alabama, when Gen. Clanton also spoke. He and I both struck on that strain of thought. I went so far as to say that the citizens of the South owed it to the negroes to educate them. One of the things which I mentioned, and which Gen. Clanton also mentioned, was the behavior of the negroes during the war ; the fact that when almost the entire white male population old enough to bear arms was in the army, and large plantations were left to be managed by the women and children, not a single insurrection had occurred, not a life had been taken, and that, too, when the Federal armies were marching through the coun- try with freedom, as was understood, upon their banners." Governor Orr of South Carolina also stated : "While almost the entire able-bodied population of the Southern States was absent from home in the Confederate army, fighting to destroy the Union and to perpetuate Slavery, the negroes remained upon the plantations, labored faithfully, were orderly and obedient, and took care of and protected the families of their masters." The conduct of the negroes toward escaped Union prisoners is a matter of history; they never betrayed them, and never failed to feed them and aid them to escape. In 1863, when the Union armies had gained a secure foothold in Mississippi and other seceded States, and negroes were invited to enlist, many left the plantations to enter the army, but the act of leaving their masters was not accompanied with insult or outrage, they simply walked away. In their lowly cabins, when at midnight escaping Union soldiers knocked at their doors, they were faithful ; as servants in the army they were faithful ; and as soldiers they were both faithful and courageous. The negro race has shown itself to possess in a high degree the virtue of fidelity. This quality of heart and mind aroused great respect for the negro in the breasts of the Union soldiers, and should have appealed to the better side of the nature of the Southern leaders at the close of the Civil War, when they were entrusted with the reconstruction of their State Governments. The work of reconstruction under the President's plan went steadily on. In December, 1865, when Congress met, the Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers of the seceded States were controlled by men recently in rebellion. Senators and Representatives had been chosen, nearly all of whom had taken conspicuous part in the Rebellion, and these gentlemen were present in Wash- ington demanding admission without conditions. As an illustration of the situa- tion, the case of Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia may be cited. On March 3rd, 1865, when Congress adjourned, Mr. Stephens was Vice-President of the Confederate Government, and was doing all he could to dissolve the Union and destroy the National Constitution. In December, 1865, when Congress met, Mr. Stephens, with a certificate of election as Senator of the United States from Georgia, was in Washington City demanding admission to the Senate. Mr. Colfax was re-elected Speaker, December, 1865 ; in his address he spoke of the war and rejoiced that "today, from shore to shore of our land, there is peace;" he declared that "the duties of Congress are as obvious as the sun's 120 pathway in the heavens. Its first and highest obligation is to guarantee to every State a Republican form of Government, to establish the rebellious States on such a basis of enduring justice as will guarantee all safeguards to the people and protection to all men in their inalienable rights." This speech was re- ceived with hearty applause by the Republican members. Mr. Thaddeus Stevens at once offered a resolution for the appointment of a joint committee of fifteen members, nine from the House and six from the Senate, "who shall inquire into the condition of the States which formed the so-called Confederate States of America and report whether they, or any of them, are entitled to be represented in either House of Congress, with leave to report at any time by bill or otherwise, and until such report shall have been made and finally acted upon by Congress, no member shall be received into either House from any of the so-called Confederate States." This resolution, although objected to, was at once passed under a suspension of the rules by a vote of 129 yeas to 35 nays. When the Senate was called to order Senator Sumrier introduced resolu- tions outlining a plan of reconstructing the seceded States; the resolutions of the House, however, were taken up, amended and on December I2th passed. The House concurred in the Senate amendment, and so the Joint Committee on Reconstruction was authorized. Great interest centered in the composition of this Committee; a conflict between Congress and the President seemed in- evitable. President Johnson was self-reliant, combative and uncompromising; there was little hope that he would co-operate with Congress in any steps of re- construction beyond those he had already taken. The committee was composed as follows : Senate William P. Fessenden of Maine, James W. Grimes of Iowa, Ira Harris of New York, Jacob M. Howard of Michigan, George H. Williams of Oregon (Republicans) and Reverdy John- son (Democrat) Maryland. House Thaddeous Stevens of Pennsylvania, Elihu B. Washburne of Illinois, Justin S. Morrill of Vermont, John A. Bingham of Ohio, Roscoe Conkling of New York, George S. Boutwell of Massachusetts, Henry T. Blow of Missouri (Republicans), A. J. Rogers of New Jersey and Henry Grider of Kentucky (Democrats). This action of Congress was approved by public opinion in advance. The struggle for the preservation of the Union had been too severe, the sacrifice of life and treasure too great, and the controversy involved in the war too radical to be disposed of in a summary manner by a few Executive orders. It was conceived that the war settled something, and that the decision of the sword should be permanently recorded upon the Statute book by Congress and the people. The Congress took into account the momentous changes wrought by the war, the creation of a mountain of public debt and the necessity of taking meas- ures to preserve the public credit. They recognized the great obligation of the country to provide suitable pensions to the wounded and disabled soldiers of the Union, and their widows and orphans. They recognized the duty of the Government to protect the emancipated slaves in their freedom, and the right to enjoy the fruits of their labor. The debate on reconstruction was opened by Thaddeus Stevens, December i8th, 1865. Mr. Stevens was the recognized leader of the House of Representa- tives learned, able, experienced, courageous, resourceful ; a born leader of men, old and infirm in body, but mentally strong, alert and aggressive, he had been the leading spirit in the House for the enactment of laws to raise and support the Union armies, and now he was the first man in Congress to discuss the question of reconstruction. Mr. Stevens boldly antagonized the President ; he contended that there are two provisions of the Constitution, under one of which the case must fall. The fourth article says that "New States may be admitted by the Congress into the Union." In my judgment this is the controlling provision in this case. Unless the law of Nations is a dead letter, the late war between the two acknowledged belligerents severed their original contracts and broke all the ties that bound them together. The future condition of the conquered,power depends on the will of the conqueror. They must come in as new States or remain as conquered 121 provinces. "Suppose/' said he, "as some dreaming theorists imagine, that these States have never been out of the Union, but have only destroyed their State Governments, so as to be incapable of political action, then the fourth section of the Fourth Article applies, which says 'The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of government.' But," he in- quired, "who is the United States ? Not the Judiciary, not the President, but the sovereign power of the people, exercised through their representatives in Con- gress with the concurrence of the Executive. It means political government the concurrent action of both branches of Congress and the Executive ; the sep- arate action of the President, or the Senate, or the House, amounts to nothing, either in admitting new States or guaranteeing Republican forms of Government to lapsed or outlawed States. Whence springs the preposterous idea that any one of these, acting separately, can determine the rights of States to send Rep- resentatives or Senators to the Congress of the Union." This speech, of which the foregoing is simply a suggestion, was accepted by the administration as a warning of the opposition that might be expected to their policy of reconstruction. The speech must be answered and Hon. Henry J. Raymond of New York, a close personal friend of Secretary Seward, the editor of the New York Times, the author of the first platform of the Republican party, adopted at Pittsburg, February 22nd, 1856, was selected to make the answer. He was a Republican, a man of splendid ability and had just entered Congress. Mr. Raymond addressed the House December 21 st. It was an able speech from a brilliant man. He defended the policy of President Johnson and took issue with Mr. Stevens upon the proposition that the seceded States had gone out of the Union. He declared : "I cannot believe that those States have ever been out of the Union or that they are now out of the Union. If they were, sir, how and when did they become so? By what specific act, at what precise time, did any one of those States take itself out of the American Union? Was it by the ordinance of secession ? I think we all agree that an ordinance of seces- sion passed by any State of the Union is simply a nullity, because it encounters the Constitution of the United States, which is the supreme law of the land. Were their arms victorious? If they were, thfen their secession was an accom- plished fact. If not, it was nothing more than an abortive attempt a purpose unfulfilled. In other words they failed to secede." On the day this speech was delivered Congress took a recess for the Christ- mas holidays. Congress reassembled January 6th, 1866. On the 8th Hon. Samuel Shellabarger of Ohio delivered an address answering Mr. Raymond. Mr. Shellabarger was recognized as one of the ablest lawyers, and probably the closest and most logical thinker in Congress. His remarks on Reconstruction were very forcible. He said : "If in debating this question I debate axioms, my apology is that there are no other questions to debate in Reconstruction. If in this discussion, I make self-evident things absurd or incomprehensible, my defence shall be that I am conforming to the usages of Congress. I will not inquire whether any subject of this Government, by reason of the revolt, passed from under its sovereignty or ceased to owe it allegiance ; nor shall I inquire whether any territory passed from under that jurisdiction, because I know of no one who thinks that any of these things did occur. I shall not consider whether, by the Rebellion, any State lost its territorial character of its defined boundaries or subdivisions, for I know of no one who would obliterate those geographical qualities of the State. These questions, however much discussed, are in no practical sense before Congress. "What is before Congress?" asked Mr. Shellabarger. "I at once define and affirm it in a single sentence. It is, under our Constitution, possible to, and the late Rebellion did in fact, so overthrow and usurp, in the insurrectionary States, the loyal State Governments, as that during such usurpation such States and their people ceased to have any of the rights or powers of government as States of the Union, and this loss of the rights and powers of government was such that the United States may, and ought to, assume and exercise local powers of the lost State governments, and may control the re-admission of such States to their powers of government in this Union, subject to, and in accordance with, the obligation to guarantee to each State a republican form of government." 122 Mr. Raymond had in his speech asked with great earnestness, "By what specific act, * * * did any one of these States take itself out of the Union ?" Mr. Shellabarger answered that inquiry with great power. ''I answer him," he said, "in the words of the Supreme Court. 'The causeless waging against their own Government of a war which all the world acknowledges to have been the greatest civil war known in the history of the human race.' That war was waged by these people as States, and it went through long, dreary years. In it they threw off and defied your Constitution, your laws, and your Government. They obliterated from their State Constitution and laws every vestige of recog- nition of your Government. They discarded all their official oaths, and took, in their places, oaths to support your enemy's Government. They seized, in their States, all the Nation's property. "Their Senators and Representatives in your Congress insulted, bantered, defied and then left you. They expelled from their lands or assassinated every inhabitant of known loyalty. They betrayed and surrendered your arms. They passed sequestration and other acts in flagitious violation of the law of nations, making every citizen of the United States an alien enemy, and placing in the treasury of their rebellion all money and property due such citizens. They framed iniquity and universal murder into law. For years they besieged your capital and set your bleeding armies in rout back here upon the very sanctuaries of your national power. Iheir pirates burned your unarmed commerce upon every sea. They carved the bones of your unburied heroes into ornaments and drank from goblets made out of their skulls. They poisoned your fountains, put mines under your soldiers' prisons, organized bands whose leaders were concealed in your homes, and whose commissions ordered the torch to be carried to your cities, and the yellow fever to your wives and children. They planned one universal bonfire of the North, from Lake Ontario to the Missouri. They murdered by systems of starvation and exposure, 60,000 of your sons, as brave and heroic as ever martyrs were. They destroyed, in the four years of horrid war, another army so large that it would reach almost around the globe in marching column. And then to give the infernal drama a fitting close, and to concentrate into one crime all that is criminal in crime and all that is detest- able in barbarism, they murdered the President of the United States. I allude to these horrid events not to revive frightful memories, or to bring back the impulses towards the perpetual severence of this people which they provoke. ] allude to them to remind us how utter was the overthrow and the obliteration of all Government, divine and human, how total was the wreck of all constitu- tions and laws, political, civil and international. I allude to them to condense their monstrous enormities of guilt into one crime, and to point the gentleman from New York to it, and to tell him that that was the specific act." Many able speeches were made on the Republican side upon the subject of reconstruction, but it is probable that none exerted more influence than the speech of Mr. Shellabarger. Some days later Mr. Raymond replied to Mr. Shellabarger, but his leadership in favor of the administration proved abortive. He had but a. single Republican follower in the House, his colleague, William A. Darling of New York. Three important measures were adopted by Congress touching the subject of reconstruction, ist, The Civil Rights Bill, entitled, An act to protect all persons in the United States in their civil rights, and furnish their means of vindication. 2nd, The Freedman Bureau Bill, which continued in force the act of March 3rd, 1865, and extends the supervision of the Bureau to all legal refu- gees and freedmen as far as shall be necessary to enable them to become self- supporting. The President vetoed these measures and Congress passed them over the vetoes. The 3rd measure was the I4th amendment to the Constitution of the United Slates, which will not be given in full here, but deserves a careful study by all. \vho wish to have a clear understanding of the history of that period. This amendment being proposed by a two-thirds vote of each House of Congress, did not require action by the President, but President Johnson made known his dissent to the measure. 123 The Joint Committee on Reconstruction made a lengthy report against recognizing the Governments established under the proclamations of the Presi- dent. Both Houses refused to admit members from any of the seceded States. The theory upon which President Johnson proceeded was that the State governments might be reorganized, and the powers of the States fully re-estab- lished without any Congressional legislation whatever; that the right of the people of those states to representation in Congress had not been impaired by the fact that the great body of the electors had actually made war upon the Government, and had placed their State governments in the same position. Ac- cording to President Johnson's conception, all Congress had to do was to open their doors and admit to seats in the two houses Senators and Representatives which might be elected from the revolted States, and these new members were to be permitted without note or comment to enter upon the work of making laws for the Union. The Republican National Committee issued an address presenting the issues, and the matter was taken up by the people. This conflict of opinions between the President and Congress resulted in bringing Democrats North and South to the support of the President. These forces held a convention in Philadelphia which was attended by lead- ing Democrats from every state in the Union. They were unanimous in sup- porting President Johnson's plan of reconstruction, and violently opposing the proposed I4th amendment to the Constitution. To show the complete harmony between the reunited Democratic forces, North and South, a dramatic scene was enacted in the convention by delegates from South Carolina and Massachu- setts, who walked arm in arm into the convention hall. But such a spectacle could not turn the minds of loyal people away from the important issues involved in the campaign. While the cause for which the Confederates fought was lost, their opinions in respect to it had not changed, nor had the passions and prejudices engendered by the war cooled. Although they had been treated leniently they exhibited no magnanimity towards Southern men who had remained loyal to the Union. The leaders in secession and rebellion were leaders still. The breach between Congress and the President was complete. With a man of President Johnson's temperament, it meant that on his part, at least, the struggle would be fierce and vindictive. A new Congress was to be elected in November, 1866; the issues involved in the controversy were to be submitted to the people for their decision. It was an off year, so-called, in politics, but it must be recorded that the political tide rose higher in 1866 than ever before or since. Four great National political conventions were held that year, not to nominate National candidates, but to give expression to political opinions. The Republican party met in State Convention at Springfield August 8th. The issues of the war had caused a new alignment in politics ; many men promi- nent as supporters of the Democratic party now affiliated with the Republicans. The soldier element was well represented in the Convention. Gen. Green B. Raum, who had supported Mr. Douglas in 1860, was selected as the President of the Convention ; he had already been nominated as the Republican candidate for Congress in the Cairo district. James P. Root was Secretary. The Convention nominated Gen. John A. Logan for Congressman at Large, Gen. George W. Smith of Chicago for Treasurer, and Newton Bateman was renominated by acclamation for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The platform endorsed the I4th amendment to the Constitution, the Congressional reconstruction policy for the South, expressed unfeigned and heartfelt thanks to the soldiers and sailors, and paid a tribute to the memory of President Lincoln. The Democratic State Convention met at Springfield August 29th, and was presided over by Gen. John A. McClernand ; nominated Col. T. Lyle Dickey for Congressman at Large, Gen. Jesse J. Phillips for Treasurer, and Col. John M. Crebs for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The principal plank in the Democratic platform was the endorsement of the reconstruction policy of President Johnson, as set forth in the platform of the "National Union" Convention held in Philadelphia August I7th. 124 The Republican candidates for Congress were Norman B. Judd, John F. Farnsworth, E. B. Washburne, A. C. Harding, E. C. Ingersoll, Burton C. Cook, H. P. H. Bromwell, S. M. Cullom, Charles E. Lippincott, - - Case, Ed- ward Kitchell, Jehu Baker and Green B. Raum. The canvass involved the issues of the war and the adoption of the I4th amendment to the Constitution. Democratic candidates endorsed the action of the President in attempting to restore the Southern States to their proper relation to the Union without conditions and violently opposed the I4th amendment. Joint debates were held between Gen. Logan and Col. Dickey, between Mr. Bromwell and Gen. J. C. Black, between Mr. Cullom and Dr. Edwin S. Fowler, and between Gen. Raum and Judge W. J. Allen. Large crowds attended these meetings, and great interest was excited throughout the State. The Democratic ticket, composed of valiant Union soldiers, could not stem the rising tide of Republican popu- larity. The people were ready to honor these men, individually, but could not forget the disloyalty of Democratic leaders. The Republicans carried the State by a great majority, electing the State ticket and eleven Congressmen, all in fact, except Messrs. Lippincott, Case and Kitchell. The majority of Gen. Logan was 55,987. The Legislature had a large Republican majority.. The Senate stood 16 Republicans to 9 Democrats, the House 60 Republicans to 25 Democrats. Many prominent men were members of this Legislature Gen. A. C. Fuller, Col. Thomas A. Boy_d, Gen. Greenbury L. Fort, Daniel Munn and William Shepard were in the Senate ; James C. Conk- ling, Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut, Col. E. N. Bates, Gen. James M. True, Capt. Ed Harlan, William M. Smith, James Dinsmore, Edward S. Taylor, Joseph M. Bailey and Lester M. Bond, members of the House. Franklin Corwin of LaSalle County was elected Speaker, Stephen G. Pad- dock, Clerk, and Gen. Charles E. Lippincott was elected Secretary of the Senate. It was the duty of this Legislature to elect a Senator to succeed Hon. Lyman Trumbull, who was a candidate for re-election. Many persons were favorable to the election of a soldier. Gen. John M. Palmer, Gen. Oglesby and Gen. Logan were candidates ; after a careful canvass amongst their friends Gen. Palmer was selected as the candidate to oppose Senator Trumbull in the caucus. On a preliminary ballot in the caucus Judge Trumbull received 48 votes and Gen. Palmer 28 votes. Gen. Palmer's name was then withdrawn and Senator Trumbull nominated by acclamation. On January 16, 1867, Judge Trumbull was elected Senator, the Democratic vote being cast for Col. T. Lyle Dickey. The 4Oth Congress, chosen at the election of 1866, was overwhelmingly Republican. The Senate had 42 Republicans and 10 Democrats, the House 143 Republicans and 49 Democrats. The 39th Congress adjourned March 4th, 1867, at 12 o'clock noon; the 4Oth Congress met at the same hour, and organized by the election of Schuyler Colfax, Speaker. This was practically a continuation of the Congressional session. A special act had been passed to secure this end. It was felt that the inter- ests of the country required prompt action on the part of Congress. While the military conflict was over, the action of the President had aroused in the master class of the South the hope, the belief, that their power over the subject race could be retained, and that the revolted States would be restored to their political power in the Union without conditions. They were supported in this position by the Democratic organization of the North, and the Southern States had elected members to both Houses of Congress. The 4Oth Congress refused admission to Senators and Representatives from the revolted States upon the ground that the State Governments had not been recognized by Congress as legally existing ; and that the people of those States were not entitled to representation except upon such terms as Congress might prescribe by law. On March 2nd, 1867, a law was passed entitled, "An act to provide for more efficient Government of the Rebel States." On the 23rd of the same month a supplementary act was passed for the same purpose. These acts divided the States into five military districts, and 125 provided for calling Constitutional Conventions under military authority, for impartial suffrage including the colored race, and the adoption of the i4th amendment to the Constitution as a condition to representation in Congress. The great majority of the white men of the South sullenly declined to partici- pate in the Congressional plan of reconstruction, and did not become candi- dates for office nor vote at the election. Only two or three men of National standing who had taken part in the Rebellion identified themselves with the Congressional plan of reconstruction, and they were condemned and ostracized for this action. The work of Congressional reconstruction went steadily forward under the superintendence of some of the most distinguished generals of the army. Many men who had served with distinction in the Union army, and others who had gone South and bought property and settled there, participated in organizing Governments in the Southern States. The conditions imposed by Congress were complied with from time to time by the various States ; their representatives in Congress were given seats and the States were fully restored to tneir relation to the Union. In the meantime the i/|.th amendment was ratified by thirty States, and July 28th, 1868, was by proclamation announced as a part of the Constitution of the -country. Many native born Southern white men participated in this work of recon- struction; some of these were original Union men, others had served in the Confederate army, but they all believed that the true policy for the South was to comply with the laws of Congress, submit with good grace to the inevitable results of the war, and go to work and develop the great natural resources of the country. Looking back over the tragic history of politics in the South since the war, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln looms up as a great National misfortune. Lincoln was wise, kind, considerate. The great triumphant army led by Grant was not filled with malice and thoughts of revenge ; they recognized the courage of the men they had fought for four years, and were animated by a spirit of magnanimity towards them. The loyal people of the North, rejoicing over the fact of the preservation of the Union, were ready to approve by public opinion and at the polls any just settlement of the issues of the war. It is not too much to believe that if Abra- ham Lincoln had lived he would have found a way to unite and restore the bonds of Union upon terms acceptable and satisfactory to both North and South. But Andrew Johnson was not the man for such a crisis ; he had ability and experience, but he was combative, uncompromising and vindictive ; he was self- reliant, and had overweening confidence in his own judgment. Starting out with an expressed determination to punish traitors wherever they could be found, he ended by turning the State Governments of the South over, without condi- tions, to men who had been active in the rebellion, without a protest on his part against Black Codes which were enacted for no other purpose than re-enslaving the negro race. And when the people who elected him to office raised their voices against such proceedings, he indignantly denounced the leaders of the Republican party, and threw himself bodily into the arms of the reunited De- mocracy. The breaking away of President Johnson from the Republican party, and the rancor with which he opposed all their measures, sowed the seeds for that dis- cord and bloody confusion which reigned in the South for years, and which cul- minated in articles of impeachment against him and his trial before the Senate. 126 CHAPTER XVIII. CONVENTIONS or 1868 ELECTION OF GRANT AXO COLFAX Jonx M. PALMER ELECTED GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS. The animosity aroused by President Johnson's administration had not cooled, nor had the Democratic party abated any of its opposition to the recon- struction measures of the Republican Congress ; they had high hopes of carrying the country, and determined to be early in the field. The Democratic State Convention was held at Springfield, April 15, 1868. Anthony L. Thornton was made President. The platform opposed the recon- struction measures of Congress, favored payment of the National debt in legal tenders ; the abolition of National banks and the taxation of Government securi- ties ; opposed the protection tariff and favored the nomination of George H. Pendleton for President. John R. Eden was nominated for Governor with a full State ticket. The Republican State Convention met at Peoria, 111., May 6, 1868. Frank- lin Corwin was chosen President and James C. Root Secretary. Robert G. Ingersoll, S. W. Moulton and Jesse K. Dubois were candidates for Governor. The Convention contanied many friends of Gen. John M. Palmer, and although he was not a candidate and telegraphed that he could not accept, he was nomi- nated on the second ballot. John Dougherty was nominated for Lieutenant- Governor, Edward Rummel for Secretary of State, Charles E. Lippincott for Auditor, Erastus N. Bates for Treasurer and Washington Bushnell for Attor- ney-General. Andrew Sherman, Robert E. Logan and John Reid were nomi- nated for Penitentiary Commissioners, and Gen. John A. Logan was nominated by acclamation for Congressman at Large. The following named persons were selected as delegates to the Republican National Convention at Chicago : John A. Logan, B. J. Swjeet, A. C. Babcock, J. K. Dubois, E. A. Storr at Large. From the districts, John R. Jones, Herman Raster, M. L. Joslyn, Wm. Hulin, James L. Camp, N. D. Swift, Calvin Trues- dale, Ira D. Chamberlain, Mark Bangs, W. L. Wiley, Henry Fish, Calhoun Grant, J. W. Langley, James H. Steele, Giles A. Smith, I. S. Whetmore, Hugh L. Fulk- erton, C. N. Whitney, John A. Logan, A. C. Vanderwater, I. A. Powell, Wm. H. Robinson, P. E. Hosmer, Philip Isermeyer, B. G. Roots, Thomas S. Ridgway. The following named persons were selected as Presidential Electors : Gustavus Keener, Thomas J. Henderson, Jesse L. Hildrup, Henry W. Draper, Joseph O. Glover, Samuel C. Parks, John B. Strong, Charles F. Springer, Stephen A. Hurlbert, Lorenz Brentano, James McCoy. Thomas G. Frost, John W. Blackburn, Damon G. Timnicliff, Edward Kitchell, Daniel W. Munn. The Republican platform endorsed the reconstruction policy of Congress, denounced repudiation, favored paying the National debt according to the letter and spirit of the law : demanded the reduction and equalization of taxes ; ex- pressed gratitude to the soldiers, and endorsed Gen. U. S. Grant for President. The Republican National Convention met in Chicago May 21, 1868. Gen. Carl Schurz was temporary Chairman and Gen. Joseph R. Hawley of Connecti- cut was made permanent Chairman. Hon. Richard W. Thompson of Indiana was Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions. On the second day the plat- form was presented and adopted. It consisted of fourteen resolutions, covering all important political questions then before the people. The country was congratulated on the assured success of the reconstruction policy of Congress. All forms of repudiation were denounced ; that the national 127 128 debt should be extended over a fair period for its redemption, and the rate of interest reduced wherever it can be honestly done ; favored improving the public credit so money could be borrowed at a lower rate of interest. Deplored the untimely death of President Lincoln, and expressed regret at the secession of Andrew Johnson, who had usurped high legislative and judicial functions and refused to execute the law. Expressed gratitude to the soldiers and sailors. Nominations for President being declared in order, General Logan arose and addressed the Chair as follows : "In the name of the loyal citizens, soldiers, and sailors of this great Republic of the United States of America; in the name ot loyalty, liberty, humanity, and justice; in the name of the National Union Re- publican party, I nominate as candidate for the Chief Magistracy of this nation, Ulysses S. Grant." The nomination was received with unbounded enthusiasm ; upon the call of the roil State after State gave General Grant its vote. When Ohio was reached Chairman Jones responded : "Ohio has the honor of being the mother of our great Captain, who never knew defeat, to fight it out through the summer and through the autumn to the end of the great contest." Ohio gave 42 votes for U. S. Grant. The vote was unanimous and General Grant was declared the nominee of the Union Republican party for President. An active contest occurred for the second place. Eleven names were men- tioned. The first ballot was: Wade 147, Fenton 120, Wilson 119, Colfax 115, Durbin 51, Hamlin 27, Speed 22, Harlan 16, Cresswell 14, Pomeroy 6 and Kelsey 4. At the close of the fifth ballot the vote stood, Colfax 541, Fenton 69, Wade 38. Mr. Colfax's nomination was made unanimous. General Grant was also nominated for President by a Soldiers' National Convention held in Chicago May 19, 1868. General Grant's letter of acceptance bore date May 29th. It was a plain epistle such as only he could write. It con- cluded with those memorable words, "Let us have peace." The Democratic National Convention met July 4, 1868, at Tammany Hall, New York. George H. Pendleton was the leading candidate for Presi- dent. Horatio Seymour was President of the convention. On the first ballot for a candidate for President the vote stood: George H. Pendleton 105, Andrew Johnson 63, Winfield S. Hancock 33^, Sanford E. Church 33, Asa Parker 26. On the I9th ballot Thomas Hendricks received 1071/2 votes. On the 22d ballot a stampede was made to Mr. Seymour ; he protested, "Gentlemen, your candidate I cannot be," but nevertheless he received 317 votes and was nomi- nated. General Francis P. Blair of Missouri was nominated for Vice-President. on the first ballot. The Democratic platform opposed everything the Republican party and Congress favored ; especially insisting upon the reconstruction policy of Presi- dent Johnson. That issue was emphasized by what is known as the Broadhead letter written by General Blair to Mr. Broadhead of St. Louis upon the recon- struction policy of Congress. In that letter General Blair said: "There is but one way to restore the Government and the Constitution, and that is for the President to declare these acts null and void, compel the army to undo its usurp- ations at the South, dispossess the carpet-bag State governments, allow the white people to reorganize their own State governments and elect Senators and Rep- resentatives." General Blair declared that this was "the real and only question" and that until this was accomplished "it is idle to talk of bonds, greenbacks, the public faith, and the public credit." This letter suggested the resolution of the Democratic Convention, which declared, "We regard the reconstruction acts (so-called) of Congress, as such, as usurpations and unconstitutional, revolutionary and void." General Blair was placed upon the ticket because of his revolutionary ideas, with a view, no doubt, that he would aid the measures he suggested, in the event of Democratic success. The canvass throughout the United States was earnest and spirited. In Illinois the people were profoundly interested. The election was held and a great Republican victory was the result. Grant and Colfax carried 26 States and received 214 electoral votes. Seymour and Blair carried 8 States and had 80 electoral votes. The popular vote stood : For Grant and Colfax, 3,015,071 ; for Seymour and Blair, 2,709,613. 129 General Palmer was elected Governor by 50,099 majority, with the entire State ticket. The Illinois Legislature was Republican. The Senate stood 18 Republicans, 7 Democrats. The House, 58 Republicans, 27 Democrats. Franklin Corwin was elected speaker and James P. Root clerk. Chauncey Elwood was chosen Secretary of the Senate. John M. Palmer, lawyer, soldier, statesman, author, was born in Scott County, Kentucky, September 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, Illinois, in 1831 ; attended the common schools in Kentucky and Illinois, and entered Alton (now Shurtlefr.') College in 1835, where he remained a year, paying his expenses* which were small, by his labor; in 1838 taught school and studied law; in December, 1839, was admitted to the bar; in 1843 was elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County; in 1847 was elected a member of the Con- vention to amend the State Constitution; in 1848 he was re-elected Probate Judge; and in November of the same year, 1848, was elected County Judge, an office created by the new Constitution, served until 1852 when he was elected to the State Senate as a Democrat to fill a vacancy ; opposed the repeal of the "Missouri compromise." In 1854 the counties composing his Senatorial dis- trict adopted resolutions approving the Nebraska bill ; he declined a Demo- cratic renomination for Senator, but became an Independent candidate, leading the anti-Nebraska Democrats, and was elected. In 1856, owing to the slavery controversy, he separated from the Democratic party; resigned his seat in the Senate, and was a Delegate to the Republican State Convention; was made its President ; was Delegate to the Convention in 1856 in Philadelphia, which nominated John C. Fremont ; favored the nomination of Lincoln as a candidate for Senator by the Republican State Convention in 1858, and supported him dur- ing the canvass; in 1859 was a candidate for Congress. The John Brown raid into Virginia occurred during the canvass, and in consequence he was beaten over 4,000 votes ; in 1860 was one of the Electors-at-large on the Republican ticket, and in 1861 was a member of the Peace Conference at Washington. On the 9th of May, 1861, was commissioned Colonel in the I4th Illinois Infantry; marched under Fremont to Springfield, Mo., in October; was promoted to Brigadier-General of Volunteers in November, 1861 ; in March and April, 1862, commanded a division under General Pope in the operations against New Madrid and Island No. 10; later took part in the operations against Corinth"; in August and September, 1862, marched to Nashville; took part in the battle of Murfreesboro in December, 1862, and January, 1863; was promoted to Major- General of Volunteers ; took part in the operations against the Confederate Army commanded by General Bragg on its retreat via Tullahoma to Chat- tanooga ; commanded a division in the battle of Chrickamauga ; was assigned to the command of the I4th Army Corps in October, 1863; took part in the operations around Chattanooga, including the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, in November, 1863 ; in 1864 commanded the I4th Corps on the Atlanta campaign, and was relieved at his own request August 4, 1864; commanded the Military Department of Kentucky from February, 1865, to May i, 1866; resignation accepted September i, 1866; removed to Springfield in 1867; was elected Governor of Illinois in 1868; supported Horace Greeley in 1872 and Samuel J. Tilden in 1876; was one of the Democratic visitors to Louisiana after the Presidential election in 1876; was nominated as a candidate for United States Senator by the Democratic members of the Legislature in January, 1877, and was afterwards twice nominated for the same office and defeated; was Delegate-at-large to National Democratic Convention in 1884; in 1888 was nominated by the Democratic State Convention a candidate for Governor and was defeated; in 1890 was nominated by the Democrats of the State a candidate for Senator; carried the State by 30,000 plurality; 101 Demo- cratic members of the Legislature were elected who voted for him 153 ballots; on the 1 54th ballot the Independents united with the Democrats, and he was elected United States Senator; resumed the practice of law after his senatorial term, was the (Gold Standard) National Democratic candidate for President in 1896; author of "Bench and Bar" of Illinois, two volumes. General John M. Palmer died September 25, 1900, at Springfield, mourned by the people of the State and Nation. 130 131 CHAPTER XIX. WAR FINANCES. RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM. On March 4, 1861, the credit of the Government was at its lowest ebb ; during the preceding four years the revenues were insufficient to meet expendi- tures by about fifteen million dollars per annum. These deficiencies were met by repeated loans issued at high rates of interest. Under the act of December 17, 1860, $10,010,900 of one year treasury notes were issued, $4,840,000 of which bore 12 per cent interest; the $18,415,000 loan of February, 1861, was placed at $89.03 per $100. Secretary of the Treasury John A. Dix in his report of Decem- ber, 1860, recommended as a means of creating confidence "that the public lands be unconditionally pledged for the ultimate redemption of all the Treasury notes which it may become necessary to issue." The Treasury was empty when Mr. Lincoln became President, but the Mor- rill tariff law approved two days before his inauguration soon began to increase the custom house receipts, and but for the war would have yielded revenue suffi- cient to meet the expenses of the Government without a deficiency. The war came, and with it the responsibility of providing enormous sums of money to meet its expenses. It is well for the country that no one could foresee what the cost of that war was to be ; the bravest statesman would have stood appalled, could they have lifted the veil and seen that it would be necessary to raise two and a half millions of men, and expend six billion dollars to save the Union. The extra session of Congress called after the fall of Fort Sumpter met July 4, 1861 ; there was great unanimity of sentiment to provide means for the suppression of the rebellion. Two important financial bills were passed July 17 and August 5. They provided for issuing six per cent bonds, demand Treasury notes and interest bearing Treasury notes. The success of these loans was en- couraging. There were issued $189,000,000 six per cent bonds, $140,000,000 seven-thirty Treasury notes and $60,000,000 demand notes. But the expenses of the war were almost double the estimates. When Congress met in December, 1861, the financial situation was one of great gravity. Custom receipts had fallen off so that the coin receipts were in- sufficient for the redemption of the demand notes. These notes had depreciated in value and banks refused them as current deposits. The necessity of a national currency became more pressing each month. A bill was introduced to authorize the issue of one hundred and fifty million dollars of Treasury notes, to be a legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, except duties on imports and interest on the public debt. The legal tender clause excited a great debate. On the final vote in the House a number of Republicans and every Democrat voted against it. The bill became a law February 25, 1862. Two subsequent acts authorized the issue of three hundred millions more of these notes. The necessity for this legislation was urgent and pressive, for when the war of the rebellion began all the banks in the Northern States suspended specie payments. These banks had issued $150,000,000 of circulation notes, and held $217,000,000 of deposits. Gold and silver coin amounting to about $200,000,000 disappeared utterly from circulation, leaving the bank notes as the only circulating medium for carrying on the war and transacting the business of the people. To add to the embarrassment, nearly all these bank notes were at a discount. A number of the banks failed, in many cases causing a total loss to both note holders and depositors. The rottenness of the banks in a number of States was such that 132 all bank notes were discredited to such an extent that no one ventured to put them aside as savings. These banks were chartered by State laws, they were under State management, but the disasters resulting from their failures was national, and it became obvious that a national remedy must be applied. No country was ever in greater financial straits than the United States in 1861, but the wisdom of Republican legislators in Congress provided the remedies. They en- acted the legal tender law, the national bank law, and the law imposing a tax of 10 per cent per annum on State bank issues. These laws were experimental at the time, but the experience of the past thirty-five years has fully demonstrated their wisdom. They stand to-day as a monument to the statesmanship of that period. As a result of this legislation, an ample supply of legal tender notes and national bank notes was issued, based on the credit of the United States. The State bank notes were retired, and the days of wild-cat money are simply a mem- ory. This new money filled all the channels of trade, the people transacted their business with it and the Government used it for paying the enormous cost of the war. It was soon developed that the United States could not expect any financial aid from the old world ; a market could not be made in England or on the Con- tinent for United States bonds. The opinion with the ruling classes and with bankers was that the Union would be dissolved, and that the Southern Confed- eracy would be the only stable government left. Of ten million dollars of bonds placed with a prominent banker in London none were sold ; drafts drawn on the banker in anticipation- of sales of bonds were paid in gold sent from California. The Secretary of the Treasury found that the interest-bearing securities of the Government could not be sold to bankers and capitalists of our country in amounts sufficient to meet the requirements of the Government. The Secretary employed Mr. Jay Cooke, banker, as General Agent of the Treasury, to place the loan with the people. Bonds were issued in denominations of $50, $100, $500 and $1,000, and in a short time $400,000,000 of these bonds were sold. This experi- ment demonstrated the wealth of the people, and their willingness to sustain the nation in its trying hour. It solved the financial problem of the war. Congress passed many laws for raising money and for liquidating the debts continually created by the quartermasters and commissioners for supplies for the army, but the direct appeals to the people to subscribe to the various loans were always promptly met. But Congress did not stop when they enacted laws for borrowing money. The Internal Revenue system was established; every occuoation. everv industry, and every object that could bear a tax was taxed. These revenues rose from forty-one millions per annum to three hundred and ten millions per annum. As each new loan was authorized, additional taxes were levied. Another important feature of this financial system was the creation of a sinking fund whereby a certain per cent of the bonded debt should be redeemed each year with receipts from taxes. These measures established the credit of the Government upon a solid foundation. All the expenses of the war were promptly met. When the war ended and the army was disbanded, every officer and soldier received his pay. Under the laws for funding certificates of indebted- ness, "seven-thirty" Treasury notes and three-year bonds, the Secretary of the Treasury by August i, 1865, had taken up all the short term issues, and in ex- change therefor had issued long term bonds. The public debt incurred for the preservation of the Union reached its high- est point on the 3ist August, 1865, the principal of the debt, less cash in the Treasury, being $2,756,431,571, with an annual interest charge of $150,977,697. Resisting the demands, first of the Democratic party and afterwards of the Green- back party, that this debt should be paid off in an issue of irredeemable legal tender notes, the Republican party insisted that the debt should be honestly paid. Legislation to strengthen the public credit, to provide for the refunding of the debt at a lower rate of interest and to resume specie payments was enacted by Republican votes in opposition to Democratic votes, and duties and taxes were retained at such rates as to enable the Government annually to pay off a con- siderable portion of the principal of the debt, besides defraying the annual interest charge. 133 On January i, 1879, m pursuance of an act of Congress the Government resumed specie payments on all its paper promises. On that day for the first time in the history of the United States, every dollar of paper money, whether issued by the Government or by banks, circulated at par with gold coin from end to end of the republic, and these paper issues, whether legal tender notes, Treasury notes, silver certificates or national bank notes, have since January i, 1879, with an increasing volume, circulated throughout the United States at par with gold, and so safe and sound is the currency that it is freely received in all business centers of the civilized world at par with gold. Since the establishment of the national banking system 300 of these banks have failed and depositors suffered great loss. In one notable instance they received only 14 per cent on their claims. But there was no depreciation of their notes. The notes of these failed banks were secured by a pledge of Gov- ernment bonds, consequently the noteholders did not lose a dollar. During the existence of the old State bank issues loss by counterfeiting was a heavy item ; under the present system counterfeiting has become almost a lost art. The exchanges between distant cities is now effected at nominal cost, whereas in the old days the discount on circulation added to the premium on exchange, often amounting to from 3 to 5 per cent. One of the greatest merits of the present monetary system is the powerful influence for good it exerts upon the public mind in cases of financial panics. Formerly, when the panic came banks failed and bank note values collapsed. Now the panic may come and the banks may fail, but every noteholder knows that it is impossible for him to incur loss on his bank notes, and he knows also that Uncle Sam will redeem every dollar of his greenback issues in gold coin, consequently people are not afraid of loss by the depreciation of paper money. Under the existing financial system the people of the United States have prospered as no other people in the history of the world have prospered. The United States has become the leader amongst Cations in agriculture, in manu- facture, in mining, in internal trade, and internal transportation, and all the great financial operations necessary to produce these results have been carried on under the existing financial system. As the people have prospered and grown in wealth the national banking system has grown, and its business has increased in pro- portion to the increase of business and wealth of the country. While the State banks in 1861 had $150,000,000 of circulation, they had only $217,000,000 of deposits, while the national banks now, with a circulation of $199,000,000, have $1,853,000,000 of deposits and hold $239,000,000 of specie. In 1860 the State banks of Illinois had a circulation of $11,000,000, but had only $808,000 deposits, while the national banks of Illinois in 1899 had $6,100,000 cir- culation and the enormous amount of $116,500,000 of deposits and $25,674,000 specie. Under the national bank act banking in the United States has had a great progressive development, and is now the best banking system in the world. 134 CAPETRH XX. THE TARIFF. The Republican party has, from the beginning, favored the levying of imports so "as to encourage the development of the industrial interests of the whole country," and "that policy of national exchanges which secures to the working- men liberal wages, to agriculture remunerative prices, to mechanics and manu- facturers an adequate return for their skill, labor and enterprise, and to the nation commercial prosperity and independence." This was the language of the Republican National Convention in May, 1860. This was not a new doctrine it was as old as the Government. The neces- sity of encouraging home manufacturers by protective duties as a means of securing commerial prosperity and independence was forcibly presented to Con- gress by Alexander Hamilton while Secretary of the Treasury, and approved by Washington. Later Mr. Clay advocated a protective tariff, and it became known as the American System. Three times prior to 1861, namely, in 1812, 1824-1828 and 1842 was the country placed under the encouraging influences of the protective system, and each time large sums of money were invested in new manufacturing enterprises, and general prosperity was the result. These periods of prosperity, however, were short ; the enactment by the Democratic party of low tariff laws, based upon the ad valorem system, opened the United States to foreign markets, flooded the country with foreign products, broke down home industries, established a heavy balance of trade against the United States, caused a steady drain of gold and silver, produced stringency in the money market, advanced the rate of in- terest, discouraged enterprise and industry, and placed the country in the grip of hard times. This was the condition of the United States when the Republican party made the foregoing announcement of its principles. Looking back over the past forty years at the results which have flown from the protective system established and maintained by the Republican party when in power, the dispassionate mind must yield to the claim that the resolutions of the Republican Convention were words of wisdom and prophecy. The Democratic party had long ago firmly taken the position in favor of a tariff for revenue only, and against imposing duties discriminating in favor of American products ; they held that laws imposing protective duties were uncon- stitutional. They utterly repudiated the contention that the development of the internal resources of the United States and the establishment of manufacturing industries in this country would result in the reduction of prices of manufac- tures ; they contended that the tariff duty would necessarily increase the price of the foreign article in this country, and continue to do so without reference to the increase of home products in competition. The Democratic party has never yielded the law question, that protective duties are unconstitutional. The United States courts have been open to them for forty years to test that question, but no Democratic lawyer fresh from a National Democratic Convention where he has voted as a delegate in favor of a platform declaring protective duties uncon- stitutional has ever had the courage to present a brief in the Supreme Court of the United States alleging that the duty on a particular article was unconstitu- tional because the rate of duty was protective in its character ; that it discrim- inated in favor of the American product to such an extent that the foreign product could not be imported in competition ; and that, therefore, the Supreme Court should declare the law null and void. 135 But while this cry of unconstitutionality of protective tariff laws is not good enough to base a law brief upon, it is quite good enough for a Democratic rally- ing cry in a heated political campaign. It is perfectly just and fair to say that there is no force whatever in the claim of the Democratic party that protective laws are unconstitutional. The pro- tective system has been advocated and defended by many of the most able men in the country, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Andrew Jackson gave the weight of their great influence for levying protective duties. John C. Calhoun had voted for such a measure and advocated protective duties in a speech in April, 1816, but later made protective legislation the ground for South Carolina nullification. Henry C. Gary and Horace Greeley wrote with great power and clearness upon the benefits which would result from a diversification of the productive industries of the country, arguing that by levying of protective duties as a permanent system, the natural resources of the United States would be developed ; that manufactures of all articles which could profitably be produced in this country would be established ; that wages would be increased ; that the home market would be secured for home products ; that prices of manufacturers would be reduced ; that there would be a large and better market for agricultural products ; that exports would be increased ; that the balance of trade would finally be with this country ; that the exportation of gold and silver would practically cease ; that the country would become independent and the people more prosperous. One of the earliest writers upon this subject was W. Winterbotham in his "Historical View of the United States of America" (4 vols., New York, 1796). In volume I he says : "There seems to be a moral certainty that the trade of a country, which is both manufacturing and agricultural, will be more lucrative and prosperous than that of a country which is merely agricultural. Not only the wealth, but the inde- pendence and security of a country appear to be materially connected with the prosperity of manufactures. Every nation, with a view to those great objects, ought to endeavor to possess within itself all the essentials of national supply. These comprise the means of subsistence, habitation, clothing, and defence. The possession of these is necessary to the perfection of the body politic ; to the safety as well as to the welfare of the society ; the want of either is the want of an important organ of political life and motion ; and in the various critical events which await a State, it must severely feel the effects of any such deficiency." "The extreme embarrassment of the United States during the late war (re- ferring to the revolution), and from an incapacity of supplying themselves, are still matters of keen recollection." "The importation of manufactured supplies seem invariably to drain the merely agricultural people of their wealth. But the uniform appearance of an abundance of specie, as the concomitant of a flourishing state of manufactures, and of the reverse where they do not prevail, afford a strong presumption of their favorable operation upon the wealth of a country. There is always a higher probability of a favorable balance of trade in regard to countries in which manu- factures founded on the basis of a thriving agriculture, flourish, than in regard to those which are confined wholly or almost wholly to agriculture." Mr. Winterbotham insisted that the introduction of manufactures would occasion a positive augmentation of the produce and revenue of the society ; that they contribute essentially to rendering them greater than they could possibly be, without such establishments, because of the following circumstances : First The division of labor. Second An extension of the use of machinery. Third Additional employment to classes of the community not ordinarily engaged in the business. Fourth The promoting of emigration from foreign countries. Fifth The furnishing greater scope for the diversitv of talents and disposi- tions which discriminate men from each other. Sixth The affording of more ample and various fields for enterprise. Seventh The creating, in some instances, a new, and securing in all, a more certain and steady demand for the surplus products of the soil. 136 The same writer, referring to the state of manufactures in the United States soon after the revolutionary war, says : "There is a vast scene of household manufacturing, which contributes more largely to the supply of the community than could be imagined, without having made it an object of particular inquiry. This observation is the pleasing resu* of the investigation to which the subject has led, and is applicable as well to the Southern as to the Middle and Northern States. Great Quantities of coarse ciotns, coatings, serges, and flannels, linsey woolseys, hosiery of wool, cotton and thread, coarse fustians, jeans and muslins, checked and striped cotton and linen goods, bed-ticks, coverlets and counterpanes, tow linens, coarse shirtings, sheetings, tow- eling and table linen, and various mixtures of wool and cotton, and of cotton and flax, are made in the household way, and in many instances to an extent not only sufficient for the supply of the families in which they were made, but for sale, and even in some cases for exportation. It is computed in a number of districts that two-thirds, three-fourths, and even four-fifths, of all the clothing of all the inhabitants is made by themselves." The important measures suggested by the writer for successfully encourag- ing home industries were "Protective duties or duties on those foreign articles which are the rivals of the domestic ones intended to be encouraged. The ex- emption of the materials of manufactures from duty. Drawbacks of the duties which are imposed on the materials of manufacture the encouragement of new inventions and discoveries, and of the introduction into the United States of such as have been made in other countries, particularly those which relate to ma- chinery. Judicious regulations for the inspection of manufactured commodities. The facilitating of pecuniary remittances from place to place, and the facilitating of the transportation of commodities." These wise suggestions made and printed 104 years ago nine years after the constitutional government was launched constitute to-day the foundation of Republican tariff legislation and the commercial prosperity of the country. It is obviously the business of the lawmakers of each country to legislate to promote the interests of their own people. It is not to be expected that the lawmakers of one country will knowingly enact laws to advance the interests of a foreign country to the prejudice of their own. Free trade may be wise and beneficial for some countries, while for others it may be ruinous. England became the workshop for the world under the pro- tective system; she then adopted free trade, not only as a rule for her own action, but as a great commercial and moral principle for the government of other countries. Her leading statesmen organized a free trade propaganda, supported by the writings of Adam Smith, John Stewart Mill, John Bright, Mr. Gladstone and others. Free trade as a fundamental principle of true political economy was the watchword, the shibboleth of their clubs, public speakers, writers, and press. English free trade was not presented as a system specially suited to that country whereby breadstuffs, provisions, cotton and' other raw materials came in free for the use of manufactures and their employes, but as a system suited to all coun- tries, all climates and all conditions countries principally engaged in the pro- duction of food stuffs and raw material for manufacturers, were encouraged to continue in producing both for itself and for others the things in which its labor was relatively most efficient, and leave manufacturing to the countries where it was already established and where skilled labor for such industries abounded ; and to depend upon free and untrammeled interchange of products as the basis for wealth and progress. The Republican party was not a believer in the universal application of the doctrines of free trade ; such a system was, no doubt, suited to England with its limited agriculture, its enormous investment in manufactures, its dependence on foreign countries for food and raw material, its dominating navy and commercial marine, its immense foreign commerce and accumulated wealth which made London the financial center of the world. But in the opinion of the Republican partv this countrv was not to be gov- erned by the rules adopted by the British Islands. They were of opinion that free trade was not suited to the conditions of this great continental Republic ; they knew that the United States occupied the best subdivision of the earth's surface, 137 namely, the great central belt of North America ; the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico affording them greater facilities for water transportation than are possessed by any other nation. The diversity of climate is unequaled by any other country. The United States has more rich agricultural land ; larger deposits of granite and fine build- ing stone ; greater forests of good timber ; greater coal deposits ; greater iron, copper, zinc, lead, gold and silver deposits ; and more diversified productions from the soil than Great Britain and the whole of Europe. It was clear to Republican statesmen that the establishment of manufacturing industries, and the develop- ment of the natural resources of the country would inevitably produce wealth rapidly, increase wages and enlarge commerce. A just consideration of the causes which have led to the phenomenal growth of the United States, and the wonderful prosperity of the country, must find in the protective legislations of Congress the original inspiration, and the continuing encouragement to capital, enterprise and industry. Such a wonderful result could not come by chance. The laws of cause and effect operate at all times, and under all circumstances. Millions of people have immigrated to this country, not simply to get better government but to get better wages. This is made clear by the fact that when times are good immigration is greater than when times are hard. People from every clime and country have come to the United States because the word has gone out over the world that labof received a better reward here than elsewhere. Labor received a better reward here because the products of poorly paid labor were not permitted to come in com- petition with the higher paid labor of this country. The producers of the old world were required to pay for the privilege of selling their wares in this country in competition with the products of our own people. And why not? The foreigner pays no taxes here for the support of government. He does not fight our battles in time of war. Why then should he have access to our market without paying for the privilege, when he brings articles to be sold in competition with similar articles produced here? Foreign manufacturers object to our protective system. If this system was to their advantage and not to ours they would favor it, but as it enables our manufacturers to engross the home market, largely, to the exclusion of foreign goods, they do not favor it. This country now has reached such a development of mechanical energy and skill that the balance of trade will, no doubt, be favorable for years to come ; the yield of precious metals will be kept at home, and financially the people will be in better condition than the people of all other nations. Free trade between the States would result in a great increase in products and their annual value, and thus bring about a great increase in both domestic and foreign trade. The Republicans believed that the true policy for this country was to en- courage the people to do their own work of manufacturing instead of having the foreigner do it for them. To sell more than they bought, to export more than they imported ; and by this means to have an annual balance of trade in favor of the United States instead of against them. From colonial times to the date of the passage of the Morrill tariff law, March 3, 1861, the people of this country were dependent upon foreign manufactures for most of the simple necessaries of life, and all of the elegancies of dress and household decoration. The cutlery, queensware and table linen of the kitchen and dining room ; the sheets, bed-spreads, lace curtains, brussel and velvet carpets, vases and bric- a-brac were of foreign make. The wardrobes of men, women and children when made of fine goods of wool, silk, linen or cotton, plain or printed, were imported ; while over thirty million of dollars of silk goods were imported in 1860, not a yard of silk was manufactured in the United States. In the manufactures of iron, steel and other metals substantially the same condition prevailed. The civil war aroused the dormant energies of the people. The Government became a large purchaser of everything produced by farm or factory. The Pacific Railroad was subsidized and homesteads were granted to settlers on public lands. An immense impetus was given to all industries. 138 The war ended. A million men left the field of war, and returned to the field of enterprise and labor. In 1865 without a pause this country entered upon the most extraordinary era of development that has ever been witnessed in the his- tory of the world. The industrial progress of the States of the old world has been constant but slow ; but in this country the development has gone forward by leaps and bounds. In thirty-five years the population has increased forty million ; eleven States have been added to the Union ; one hundred and fifty-six thousand two hundred and twenty-five miles of railroad have been built ; five lines of railroad joins the East with the Pacific States. The world recognizes the leadership of the United States in agriculture, manufactures, mining, means of internal transportation, in domestic commerce and wealth. There is no con- troversy over the proposition that the scale of wages and style of living is higher here than in other countries. Nor can it be disputed that American invention, skill, and enterprise has enabled manufacturers to cheapen processes, hasten pro- duction and reduce prices, thereby outstripping foreign competitors. The world has shared the benefits of lower prices and increased consumption as the result of the building up of American industries. In 1848, when gold was discovered in California, the stock of the precious metals in the United States was very low. The output of the mines was large, but very little of it could be retained in this country. From 1850 to 1878 inclusive, a period of twenty-six years, the balance of trade against the United States was $ I >535>579>655- In 1877 the exports were larger than the imports, but it was not until 1880 that the flow of coin came this way. From 1850 to 1879, inclusive, a period of thirty years, the net export of gold and silver from this country was $1,256,431,408. Almost the entire output of the mines was shipped abroad to pay the trade balances. In 1876, however, domestic manufactures had become so extensive that the home market was largely engrossed by home products, and exports exceeded imports by nearly eighty million dollars. In 1881 the exports exceeded the im- ports by nearly two hundred and sixty million dollars ; in 1898 the exports ex- ceeded the imports by nearly six hundred and fifteen and a half million dollars. From 1876 to 1899 inclusive, a period of twenty-four years, the exports have exceeded the imports by $3,722,315,000. A forcible illustration of the wonderful increase of business in this country is shown by a few facts : In 1860 pig-iron produced in the United States was 821,223 tons; in Great Britain, 3,826,725 tons. In 1890 the United States pro- duced 9,012,379 tons pig-iron, while Great Britain produced 7,904,214 tons. In 1860 the United States produced 11,838 tons of steel, but in 1895 produced 6,114,- 834 tons of steel. In 1870 the coal mined in the United States was 29,342,580 tons ; in 1894 it was 152,447,791 tons. In every line of industry the same marvelous increase in production can be observed. The most important fact is that the improved machinery introduced into agriculture, manufactures, mining and commerce in the United States enables a given number of operators here to turn out a larger quantity of products than can be produced by the same number of persons in any other country. In the United States the forces of nature are utilized in a greater degree for performing labor for man than in any other country. 139 CHAPTER XXI. GENERAL GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. THE CONVENTIONS OF 1872. The inauguration of General Grant as President brought the legislative and executive departments of the Government into complete harmony. The Southern people had great respect for and confidence in the President. The generosity and kindness with which he treated General Lee and the Confederate Army at the time of the surrender at Appomattox touched the hearts of the Southern people. But it was scarcely consistent with human nature that those who had favored secession, and had supported the Confederate cause during the war, should quietly and cheerfully acquiesce in the great changes which necessarily took place as a result of the emancipation of the slaves. The opposition to Congressional reconstruction during President Johnson's regime was continued : these questions were finally taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, and a decision had. The Supreme Court held that the State had no right to secede, that the ordinances of secession were absolutely null ; that because of rebellion, their State governments were not competent to repre- sent them in their relation to the Union ; and that Congress had the right to enact laws to re-establish the relation of the Confederate States to the Union. This decision of the court sustained the convention of the Republican leaders in Congress in every particular. President Johnson's idea of settling everything by executive proclamation was overthrown ; and the proposition that the Southern States were to be restored to their proper relation to the Union by law was established. When Congress met December 5, 1870, all the Southern States were fully represented. In the House of Representatives the Republicans had 172 and the Demo- crats 71 members. The Senate stood 61 Republicans and 13 Democrats. Many of the Southern States had strong Republican delegations in Congress. These men were elected by the loyal whites, joined by the colored vote. Consid- erable emigration set in from the Northern States to the South. Many officers of the Union Army, after their term of service, became citizens of Southern States. These people were usually Republicans and took part in politics ; they participated in the work of organizing governments under the reconstruction laws and took office in the State and county governments, and as members of Congress. Political power had thus passed from the hands of those who organ- ized rebellion and opposed the authority of Congress to the hands of those Southerners who loyally accepted the result of the war, reinforced by Northern emigrants, and the enfranchised negroes. The Southern leaders decided to regain political power, come what might come. They knew that a majority of the qualified voters were against them. They decided to conduct their political campaigns through secret organization, and secure by intimidation and force what they felt could not be gained by argument. These secret societies were organized all over the South, and were known by various names ; but the most common was the "Ku-Klux-Klan ;" the mem- bership was exclusively Democratic. The lawlessness of their conduct increased, as they spread terror by their midnight raids, and it became manifest that detection and punishment would not follow their misdeeds. During the political canvass of 1868, intimidation and murders were frequent. While a reign of terror prevailed in some other States, Louisiana was the scene of the bloodiest deeds during that year. There were fully one thousand political murders perpetrated in 1868. It was not until Con- 140 gress passed a law for the suppression of such deeds that the "Ku-Klux-Klan" disbanded. The power of the United States to issue a paper currency, and declare it to be a legal tender in payment of public and private debts, was fiercely contested by the Democratic party ; it was made a political question, and was brought be- fore the Supreme Court of the United States, which then had a Democratic majority. The court held that the legal tender act was unconstitutional, although strong dissenting opinions were filed ; that of Mr. Justice Miller being an exceptionally strong and lucid argument in favor of the act. This decision was rendered in 1869. In 1870, the question was again brought before the court. Two new mem- bers had been appointed ; there was a Republican majority on the bench ; and in the second decision the validity of the legal tender act was sustained, judge Miller's dissenting opinion in the former case was adopted as good law by the court. No reflection can be justly cast upon the court because of these conflicting decisions. The Democratic members were thoroughly grounded in the strict construction theory of the Democratic party, and with perfect sincerity rendered their decision adversely to the. act. While the Republican members were deeply imbued with that broader prin- ciple of construction favored by Hamilton, and adopted by Chief Justice Mar- shall. They therefore held that the legal tender act was fully within the power of Congress and was therefore constitutional. That decision has been universally accepted as good law. The progressive nature of a free government creates a certain unrest in politics ; besides in every party there are men of extreme views upon the various issues that arise; these added to the ambitions of some, and the jealousies of others, keep up a constant movement for new parties for the purpose of engraft- ing new laws, and different administration on the country. In 1872, the spirit of unrest animated many leading Republicans. They were dissatisfied with the laws of Congress, and the executive administration. These people called themselves "Liberal Republicans." The "Liberal Republican" movement began in Missouri in 1870, under the leadership of B. Gratz Brown and Carl Schurz. They demanded greater liberality in the laws of Missouri in removing the disabilities of the Confederates. The Democracy allied themselves with the "Liberal Republicans" and they carried Missouri by 40,000 majority. This gave great prestige to the move- ment ; it was supported by a number of very able newspaper men, namely : Whitelaw Reid, Horace Greeley, Murat Halstead and Henry Watterson. Sen- ator Sumner, Charles Francis Adams, Judge Trumbull and Governor Palmer gave it their support, but Horace Greeley editor of the New York Tribune, was the recognized leader. A National "Liberal Republican" Convention was held at Cincinnati, May i, 1872. Carl Schurz was permanent Chairman. Horace Greeley, Charles Fran- cis Adams, B. Gratz Brown, Jacob D. Cox, Andrew G. Curtin, David Davis, John M. Palmer and Lyman Trumbull were all mentioned and considered for nomina- tion for the Presidency by the Liberal Republicans. They had all been promi- nent in the counsels, and recognized leaders of the Republican party. On the sixth ballot Horace Greeley was nominated for President ; Governor B. Gratz Brown of Missouri was chosen as candidate for Vice-President. The regular Democratic National Convention met at Baltimore, July 9th. James R. Doolittle of Wisconsin was made President. Mr. Doolittle had been a Republican United States Senator from his State. The convention adopted the "Liberal Republican" platform and endorsed the candidacy of Greeley and Brown for President and Vice-President. The "Straight-out Democrats" nominated Charles O'Connor of New York, for President and John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts for Vice-President. The Temperance National Convention of February 22, 1872, nominated James Black and A. H. Colquitt for President and Vice-President. The Labor Reform National Convention nominated David Davis and Joel Parker for President and Vice-President. These gentlemen declined, and a sub- 141 sequent convention held August 22cl at Philadelphia endorsed the nomination of Charles O'Connor. The Republican National Convention met at Philadelphia, June 5, 1872. A platform of principles was adopted, the most important plank of which was a declaration in favor of the resumption of specie payment by the National Gov- ernment. Ulysses S. Grant was renominated for President and Henry Wilson of Massachusetts, then a Senator from that State, was nominated for Vice- President. A spirited canvass followed these nominations. Mr. Greeley made a tour of the country and delivered a number of speeches. The continued popularity of General Grant was attested by the vote of the people. The popular vote was, for Grant, 3,597,070 ; for Greeley, 2.834,079 ; for O'Connor, 29,489 ; for Black, 5,608. Grant received 286 electoral votes. Mr. Greeley having died, the Liberal Republican-Democratic vote of 80 electors was scattered. Thomas A. Hendricks received 42 votes, the largest number cast for one person. The 43d Congress elected in 1872 was composed as follows: Senate, 54 Re- publicans, 19 Democrats ; House, 203 Republicans, 88 Democrats. James G. Elaine was re-elected speaker of the House of Representatives. General Grant was inaugurated as President the second time March 4, 1873. During the eight years of his Presidency, he was earnestly devoted to the ques- tion of restoring peaceful relations between the people of the North and South. But the passions of the war had not cooled ; nor had the new relations ex- isting between the white and colored people of the South been acquiesced in by the majority of the whites. Congress passed an act to suppress the "Ku-Klux- Klan ;" an act to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution ; an act allowing suit against persons who should deprive others of the rights of citizen- ship; and also an amnesty act which relieved from political disabilities all per- sons engaged in the civil war, except about 300 persons who had served the United States in important public offices immediately preceding the rebellion. The President was an earnest advocate of sound finance. He opposed the expansion of the depreciated legal tender notes, and favored the resumption of specie payments. In 1875, the bill providing for the resumption of specie pay- ments January I, 1876, was passed by Congress and approved by the President. A most important service to the United States, in fact to all civilized nations, was the inauguration by President Grant of the principle of arbitration, for the settlement of grave questions of dispute between nations. During the Civil War, certain vessels were built in British Navy Yards for the Confederate government, to be used as cruisers against the commerce of the United States. Although protests were made by the American Minister, these vessels were allowed to go to sea, where they received their armament and men, and at once began to prey upon United States merchantmen. The captures became so numerous, that our Merchant Marine found it dangerous to navigate the ocean. The result was that the foreign trade of the United States was transferred to foreign bottoms, most of which sailed under the British flag. During the last months of President Johnson's administration, our Minister to England, Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, negotiated a treaty for the settle- ment of claims between the two nations. The preamble of the treaty referred to claims of citizens, and subjects of the two nations, which "are still pending and remain unsettled" and that a settlement of such claims should be considered as "a full and final settlement of every claim upon either government arising out of any transaction of a date prior to the exchange of ratifications." This treaty left out of view the complaints made by the United States against the unfriendly acts of the British government during the civil war, particularly that of allowing the cruisers built in British navy yards to prey upon American commerce. The treaty met with no favor in the Senate. Mr. Sumner, Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, brought in a report recommending that it should "be rejected." 142 Mr. Sumner supported the report with an able speech. After speaking of the great losses to this country, he said : 'The truth must be told, not in anger, but in sadness. England has done to the United States an injury most difficult to measure." In April, 1869,. a short time after President Grant entered upon his office, the treaty was rejected. In his message to Congress in December, 1869, the President expressed his approval of the action of the Senate, and remarked that the rejection of the treaty was "followed by a state of public opinion on both sides not favorable to an immediate attempt at renewed negotiations, but he expressed the hope that the time will soon arrive when the two Governments can approach the solution of this momentous question with an appreciation of what is due to the rights, dignity and honor of each." A year passed by. The British Government had shown it- self unwilling to go beyond the treaty negotiated with Reverdy Johnson. In December, 1870, President Grant treated of this subject again in his annual message to Congress. He said : "The Cabinet at London does not appear willing to concede that her Majesty's Government was guilty of any negligence, or did, or permitted, any act of which the United States has just cause of com- plaint." He added, "Our firm and unalterable convictions are directly the re- verse." He then made a clear and practical recommendation that Congress should "authorize the appointment of a commission to take proof of the amounts, and the ownership of these several claims, on notice to the representative of her Majesty at Washington." And, that authority be given for the settlement of these claims by the United States, so that the Government shall have the owner- ship of the private claims, as well as the responsible control of all the demands against Great Britain. This was an unusual step for a Government to take. It showed conclusively to the English authorities and people, that President Grant was profoundly in earnest in regard to the subject in hand. He had lifted the question entirely out of the category of a demand for the payment of a few private claims, and placed it upon the basis of a claim of the United States against Great Britain, involving the rights and duties of Nations. This action of President Grant was taken at a time when the war between France and Germany was at its height, and no one could foresee whether other nations would become involved in that great struggle or not. Whether this war hastened the action of the British, will never be known, but it is nevertheless a fact that within sixty days from the date of the President's message, an agree- ment had been reached for the appointment of a "Joint High Commission" to meet at Washington to discuss the various matters of difference between the two governments. This commission met and soon agreed upon a basis for the adjustment of the Alabama claims before a commission to meet at Geneva, Switzerland, where damages of $15,500,000 was awarded. But the most important and substantial part of this settlement is the paragraph in the treaty of Washington wherein it is stated that, Her Britanic Majesty had authorized her High Commissioners and Plenipotentiaries, "to express in a friendly spirit the regret felt by Her Majesty's Government for the escape, under whatever circumstances, of the Alabama and other vessels from British ports, and for the depredations committed by those vessels." Having arranged for the arbitration of these claims, it was also stipulated in the treaty, that the Northwest boundary question, involving the ownership of San Juan Island, contiguous to Washington Territory, should be submitted to the Emperor of Germany, who was authorized to decide the question, "finally and without appeal." Upon due consideration, Emperor William held that the Island of San Juan belonged to the United States. The settlement of these grave questions, by arbitration in a friendly spirit, before tribunals of distinguished and learned men, set an example to the world, which there is a growing disposition to follow. President Grant, and his Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish, are entitled to the highest honor for the services they rendered their country in these affairs. 143 CHAPTER XXII. GENERAL JOHN M. PALMER'S ADMINISTRATION. GENERAL OGLESBY AGAIN ELECTED GOVERNOR, THEN SENATOR. LEIUT-GOVERNOR BEVERIDGE AS- SUMES THE OFFICE . CONVENTIONS OF 1876. The election of 1866, the first after the close of the Civil War, and held dur- ing the agitation created by the conflict between President Johnson and Con- gress, brought together the great majority of the men who supported the war; they voted the Republican ticket. The accession of the war Democrats to the Republican column, was in many counties, particularly in southern Illinois, a political revolution. The election of 1868 thoroughly consolidated the party. John M. Palmer, an original Republican, a man of great ability, power and influence, distinguished alike in his civil and military career, entered upon the office of Governor, supported by a strong body of Republicans in the executive and legislative departments of the Government. John Dougherty, the Lieutenant Governor, was a man of ability and long experience in public affairs. A life-long Democrat, he promptly espoused the cause of the Union, and identified himself with the Republican party as the only course left to a man who favored the preservation of the Union. Edward Rummel was well qualified for tfre office of Secretary of State. Gen- eral Charles E. Lippencott. auditor, and Col. Erastus N. Bates, treasurer, were men who had distinguished themselves in the army. They were able, popular and eminently successful in the conduct of the busi- ness of their office. Washington Bushnell, a lawyer of recognized ability and a leading Republi- can of the State, was Attorney General. James P. Slade, School Superintendent, and Herbert Dilger, Adjutant General, were able and diligent in their perform- ance of duty. The administration of Governor Palmer was eminently successful ; he had the good will and hearty support of the Republican party of the State. A man of strong and fixed opinions upon Constitutional questions, jealous of any apparent infringement upon his powers and duties of office. An incident connected with the great Chicago fire in October, 1871, exerted a powerful influence upon his subsequent political career. The overwhelming disaster of the fire made im- mediate help absolutely necessary. The public everywhere responded, and food and money poured into the city as if by magic. But the unfortunate people were bereft of suitable police protection. At the request and with the entire sanction of the city authorities, General P. H. Sheridan commanding the department, ordered troops to the city as a temporary guard to protect life and property. Governor Palmer was not consulted by the City Government nor by General Sheridan. He had not called for the troops, and he regarded the stationing of soldiers in the City of Chicago to act as a local police as a usurpation of authority and an infringement upon the powers and duties of the Executive of Illinois. He could not justify or excuse the act because of the extraordinary emergency under which it was done. In the correspondence which followed, Governor Palmer indicated his opinions upon the question of State rights. They were not in har- mony with the accepted ideas of the Republican party, but were not new to Gov- ernor Palmer. In his inaugural address delivered January nth, 1869, he had set forth with considerable force his views upon that question. In discussing the question of the incorporation of railroads by national authority, he said: "It is essential to the usefulness of State governments that 144 145 their just authority should be respected by that of the Nation. Already the authority of the States is in a measure paralyzed by a glowing convention that all their powers are in some sense derivative and subordinate, and not original and independent. The State governments are a par of the American system of government. They fill a well defined place and their just authority must be re- spected by the Federal Government, if it is expected that the laws will be obeyed. "It is the clear duty of the National Government to decline the exercise of all doubtful powers, when the neglect to do so would be to bring it into fields of legislation already occupied by the States, thereby raising embarrassing ques- tions and presenting a singular and dangerous instance of two jurisdictions, claiming the right to control the same class of subjects and treating rival cor- porations with different powers." This unpleasant episode colored the administration of Governor Palmer; he gradually dropped away from his political moorings and was ready in 1872 to accept a nomination for the Presidency in opposition to the regular Republican nominee. He was elected to the United States Senate and affiliated with the Democracy, but, true to his convictions, as he always has been, in 1896 he re- fused to support the free silver platform of the Democratic party, and was voted for for President as a sound money Democrat. His anti-Slavery sentiments in 1854 carried him out of the Democratic ranks ; but his State rights opinions caused his return at a later day to that party. Of the fourteen members of Congress from Illinois chosen at November election, 1868, eleven were Republicans, namely: John A. Logan, Norman B. Judd, John F. Farnsworth, Elihu B. Washburne, Horatio C. Burchard, John B. Hawley, Ebon C. Ingersoll, Burton C. Cook, Jesse H. Moore, Shelby M. Cullom and John B. Hay. This was an able body of men and they exerted great influence in the deliberations of the House of Representatives. General Logan was re-elected in 1870 was chosen Senator; and in 1888 was the Republican candidate for Vice-President on the ticket with James G. Blaine. Mr. Washburne was appointed MinisteV to France. Mr. Burchard was Director of the Mint, Mr. Hawley was made Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, General Moore was appointed Pension Agent, and Mr. Cullom was twice elected Governor of Illinois and is now serving his third term in the United States Senate. In 1870 the Republican party elected nine members of Congress. John L. Beveridge succeeded General Logan, who was elected to the Senate. Charles B. Farwell succeeded Mr. Judd ; Bradford N. Stevens succeeded Mr. Ingersoll and Henry Snapp succeeded Mr. Cook, who died. The other Republi- can members elected in 1868 were re-elected, except Mr. Cullom, who, owing to a split in the party, was defeated by James C. Robinson, Democrat. At the November election, 1872, Richard J. Oglesby was elected Governor, John L. Beveridge was elected Lieutenant Governor, George H. Harlow, Secre- tary of State, Charles E. Lippincott, Auditor, Edward Rutz, Treasurer, James K. Edsall, Attorney General, and Newton Bateman, Superintendent of Public In- struction. Edward L. Higgins was appointed Adjutant General. The Legislature was strongly Republican. Shelby M. Cullom was elected speaker of the House, and Daniel Shepard, clerk. Daniel Ray was elected Secre- tary of the Senate. The Congressional delegation now contained nineteen members of the House. Of these fourteen were Republicans and five Democrats. The Republi- can members were John B. Rice, Jasper D. Ward, Charles B. Farwell, Stephen A. Hurlbut, Horatio C. Burchard, John B. Hawley, Franklin Corwin, Greenberry L. Fort, Granville Barriere, William H. Ray, John McNulta, Joseph G. Cannon, James S. Martin and Isaac Clemens. The Democratic members were Robert M. Knapp, James C. Robinson, John R. Eden, William R. Morrison and Samuel S. Marshall. Mr. Rice having died was succeeded by Bernard G. Caulfield, a Democrat. This delegation was composed of men of ability and experience. Messrs. Hurlbut, Fort, McNulta, Martin, Clemens and Morrison had served with dis- tinction in the army. Mr. Marshall had been returned to Congress after a previous service in the house and on the bench. 146 When the Legislature convened in January, 1873, one of their first duties was to elect a United States Senator. Governor Oglesby was a candidate and was elected without Republican opposition. He was inaugurated Governor, January 1 3th, and was elected Senator, January 23rd, having remained in office only ten days, when he was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Beveridge, who was in turn succeeded as presiding officer of the Senate by John Early of Winnebago County, who was elected President of the Senate for two years, when he in turn was succeeded by Archibald A. Glenn of Brown County, a Democrat. The financial panic of 1873 was widespread and disastrous. Many of the greatest houses in the country went down as the result of over-trading and the utter collapse of values. The financial disorders precipitated a flood of discussion ; the great panacea offered for the relief of the country by a large faction of both of the old parties was an unlimited issue of legal tender notes. Members of Congress elected from Illinois : Charles B. Farwell, Stephen A. Hurlbut, Horatio C. Burchard, Thomas J. Henderson, Greenberry L. Fort, Ruhard H. Whiting and Joseph G. Cannon ; six in number were Republicans : Bernard G. Caulfield, Carter H. Harrison, John C. Bogby, Scott Wike, William M. Springer, John R. Eden, William A. J. Sparks, William R. Morrison and William Hartzell ; nine in number were Democrats, and Alexander Campbell, Adlai E. Stevenson and William B. Anderson, three in number, were Green- backers. The Greenbackers in Congress affiliated with the Democratic party in the House of Representatives; the Democrats had 181, the Republicans 107, In- dependent 3. In the Senate the Republicans had 54 and the Democrats 19. In the Illinois Legislature the opposition had a majority. As before stated Archi- bald A. Glenn was elected President of the Illinois Senate and R. R. Townes was elected Secretary. Elisha M. Haynes was chosen speaker of the House and Jeremiah J. Crowley, clerk. The discordant element in this Legislature forbade the enactment of any beneficial legislation for the State. The Republican party of Illinois was divided upon the financial question. Many of its prominent men favored expansion, while others favored the resump- tion of specie payments. This question was carried into the Convention of 1874. The Convention of 1874 adopted a platform affirming the resolution of the Re- publican National platform of 1872 favoring a resumption of specie payments. This question held the Committee on Resolutions for several hours, but finally, by a unanimous vote, the platform was adopted by the Committee and ratified by the Convention. The Committee on Resolutions was composed of 21 mem- bers with Hon. F. W. Palmer, then editor of the Inter-Ocean, as Chairman. The financial issue of the campaign in Illinois was clear and distinct. The Republicans favored the resumption of specie payments, and a general system of national banking, while their opponents favored winding up the National Banks and issuing an unlimited amount of legal tenders. 'While the Republican party lost many votes at the election and suffered a number of defeats for Congressmen and the Legislature, it held to its position of sound finances, and earnestly opposed the financial heresy of the Green- backers, that National currency would circulate at par without any promise or provision for its redemption in coin. The Greenback party organized to secure an expansion of the currency swept from end to end of the country, here and there electing members of Con- gress and State Legislatures at the November election, 1874. The Republicans gathered their strength for the political contest of 1876. The Republican State Convention met at Springfield. Shelby M. Cullom and Andrew M. Sherman were nominated for Governor and Lieutenant Governor re- spectively. George H. Harlow was renominated as Secretary of State, Thomas B. Needles as Auditor, Edward Rutz as Treasurer, and James K. Edsall as Attor- ney General. The following named persons were chosen as Presidential Electors : John I. Rinaker, George Armour, Louis Schaffner, Joseph N. Bailey, Frank- lin Corwin, Oscar F. Price, David E. Beaty, Michael Donahue, George G. 147 Chaffee, Syrus Happy, Joseph J. Castles, Peter Schuttler, Boliver G. Gill, Allen C. Fuller, John B. Hawley, Jason W. Strevell, Alexander McLean, Philip N. Miniere, Hugh Crea, James M. Truitt, George C. Ross. The delegates to the Republican National Convention consisted of the fol- lowing named persons : At large: Robert G. Ingersoll, Joseph W. Robbins, Green B. Raum, George D. Bangs. District: Sidney Smith, George M. Bogue, John McArthur, S. K. Dow, Frank M. Palmer, Charles P. Farwell, William Coffin, E. E. Ayres, L. Burchell, Alexander Walker, A. R. Mack, J. W. Hopkins, J. Everts, G. N. Chittenden, J. F. Culver, A. Burk, Thomas A. Boyd, Enoch Emery, D. Mack, D. McGill, J. M. Davis, George W. Ware, William Prescott, N. W. Branson, C. R. Cummings, R. B. Latham, D. D. Evans, L.J. Bond, Benson Wood, Thomas L. Golden, James S. Martin, George C. McCord, John I. Rinaker, H. L. Baker, William Adams, Isaac Clemens, F. D. Ham, William H. Robinson. The Republican National Convention was held at Cincinnati, June 14 and 15, 1876. It was attended by many of the most distinguished men of the nation. Edward McPherson, of Pennsylvania, was the presiding officer. The most prominent candidate for nomination was James G. Elaine, of Maine, but Governor Morton of Indiana, Benjamin H. Bristow of Kentucky, Roscoe Conkling of New York, Governor Hartranf of Pennsylvania, and Ruther- ford B. Hayes of Ohio had many friends. The nominating speeches were able and eloquent and elicited great applause. When Illinois was called for nominations, Robert G. Ingersoll took the stand and made a most eloquent and powerful speech nominating Mr. Blaine. This speech is historical and will no doubt live amongst the greatest of oratorical gems. Mr. Blaine came within five votes of a nomination on the third ballot. This occurred late in the afternoon when night was coming on. An adjournment was forced ; during the night the opponents of Mr. Blaine came together, united upon Gov- ernor Hayes, and he was nominated the next morning. Roscoe Conkling, John M. Harlan, J. Donald Cameron and James N. Tyner arranged this combination and secured the defeat of Mr. Blaine. William Wheeler of New York was nom- inated for Vice-President. General Hayes was at the time of his nomination Governor of Ohio. He had been a distinguished soldier, and was a popular and successful man before the people of Ohio. He had beaten at the polls for Congress and Gov- ernor, George H. Pendleton, William Allen, and Allen G. Thurman, the three leading Democrats of Ohio. The Republican party united earnestly in the sup- port of Hayes and Wheeler. John L. Beveridge, elected as Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Governor Oglesby, November, 1872, and inaugurated as Governor January 13, 1873, upon the election of Governor Oglesby to the United States Senate, is a native of New York. He was born in Greenwich, Washington County, July 6, 1824, and was brought up on a farm. His ancestors were Scotch Presbyterians. He came to Illinois in 1842 with his father's family. He attended Granville Academy, in Putnam County, and Rock River Seminary, at Mt. Morris, Ogle County. He removed to Tennessee, engaged in teaching, studied law and prac- ticed that profession in his adopted State. In 1851 he returned to Illinois, having in 1848 married Helen M. Judson, an Illinois girl. He lived at Sycamore three years, but in 1854 removed to Evanston, and opened a law office in Chicago with his partner, John F. Farnsworth. When the Civil War came on they both decided to enter the military service. John F. Farnsworth was commissioned colonel of the 8th Illinois Cavalry and Captain John L. Beveridge commanded one of the companies. He was soon promoted to the rank of major. The regiment served in the Army of the Potomac with great distinction. In 1863, Major Beveridge was commissioned colonel of the 1 7th Illinois Cavalry, and had an extended service in Missouri. He was mus- tered out February 6, 1865, with the rank of brevet brigadier-general. In 1866 he was elected sheriff of Cook County, Illinois. From that time forward his advancement in popularity and preferment was rapid. In 1870 he was elected to the State Senate. He resigned that position for Congressman-at-Large as successor of General Logan, who was elected to the United State Senate. In 148 149 1872 he resigned this office to accept the office of Lieutenant-Governor. It is an interesting and remarkable fact that General Beveridge in three weeks held the several positions of Congressman-at-Large, Lieutenant-Governor and Gov- ernor of the State of Illinois. The Democratic party held their National Convention at St. Louis, June 27th, 2Qth, 1876. The Convention adopted an elaborate platform demanding re- form. The vital issues presented were a demand for the repeal of the Resump- tion Act, and a tariff for revenue only. Samuel J. Tilden of New York and Thomas J. Hendricks of Indiana were nominated for President and Vice-President. These were both able men, lawyers of national reputation, experienced in public affairs, adroit in political manage- ment. Mr. Tilden was a millionaire, and both were popular with their party. Peter Cooper of New York, and Samuel F. Cary of Ohio, were nominated for President and Vice-President by the Greenback party, and Green Clay Smith of Kentucky was nominated for President by the Prohibition party. The American National Convention nominated James B. Walker of Illinois and Donald Kirk- patrick of New York for President and Vice-President. General Hampton of South Carolina in the Democratic National Convention promised the solid vote of the South for the Democratic nominees. The important issues of the campaign were, purity of elections, the Repub- licans demanding a "free ballot and a fair count" ; the financial question, the Republicans advocating the resumption of specie payments ; and the tariff, the Republicans standing firmly in favor of a protective tariff, and the Democrats favoring a tariff for revenue only. It soon developed that the Democracy of the South proposed to carry the election of their States by intimidation. The Ku-Klux-Klan had introduced this system through a mysterious and disguised organization which performed its work at night. The laws of Congress had favored the disbandment of that asso- ciation. 150 CHAPTER XXIII. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1876. SHELBY M. CULLOM ELECTED GOVERNOR. THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION. PRESIDENT HAYES' ADMINISTRATION. In 1874 the Democracy of Alabama had carried that State by open violence and fraud. The same policy was inaugurated in Mississippi in 1875. Volunteer military companies were organized and armed ; they operated in twenty-six counties where Republican majorities existed, they broke up Re- publican meetings and assassinated many people by shooting, hanging and drowning; they overcame a Republican majority of 35,000, and carried the State. In these States the Democratic party having by intimidation, murder and fraud placed in the ballot boxes a majority of votes for their candidates, secured their election and seized those State governments. The success of these political enter- prises were so great that Southern Democratic leaders decided to apply the "Mississippi Plan" to the whole South. Every necessary step in the way of armed political organization was adopted. A reign of terror was inaugurated, particularly in Louisiana, Mississippi, Ala- bama, South Carolina and Florida. Murder ran riot. The history of the political campaign and election in those States in 1876, is a history of intimidation, fraud and murder. With a peaceful and fair election all of those States were Republican. In Illinois the entire Republican State ticket was elected. Shelby M. Cullom, Governor-elect, of Springfield, Illinois, was born No- vember 22, 1829, at Monticello, Wayne County, Kentucky. In 1831 his father, Richard N. Cullom, removed with his family from Ken- lucky to Tazewell County, Illinois, where he engaged in farming. Mr. Cullom became prominent in politics and was elected four terms to the Legislature, serving in the loth, I2th, I3th and i8th General Assemblies. Young Cullom was raised on a farm. He attended the local schools and upon proper prepara- tion entered Rock River Seminary, at Mount Morris, where he remained two Stewart & Edwards, in Springfield, and was admitted to the bar in 1855. His first official position was city attorney. In 1856 he was elected to the Illinois Legislature. He identified himself with the Republican party and was again elected to the Legislature in 1860, and was chosen Speaker of the House. In 1862 President Lincoln created a claim's commission, to which were appointed George S. Boutwell of Massachusetts, Charles A. Dana of New York and Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois. In 1864 Mr. Cullom was nominated and elected to Congress from the Springfield district, de- feating his old law preceptor, John T. Stewart. He was re-elected in 1866 and in 1868, and participated in the enactment of the important measures at the close of the war, including the I4th and I5th Amendments to the Constitution. In 1872 he was again returned to the Legislature, and was again made Speaker, and was re-elected to the Legislature in 1874. With this long and varied experi- ence in both State and National affairs, Shelby M. Cullom was nominated and elected Governor of Illinois. Few men have ever been better prepared to un- dertake the performance of the duties devolving on the Governor of a great State than Governor Cullom. He proved himself to be a capable executive officer. His career as a public officer has covered a greater period of time than any other of its citizens who ever held important public offices. He was six years a mem- ber of the Illinois Legislature and twice Speaker. Six years in the lower house of Congress, six years as Governor and eighteen years a United States Senator making thirty-six years of almost constant public employment, and this does not include his service as city attorney, nor service on the claims' commission. 151 This public service of Senator Cullom's covers the most important era in modern times. He was an active participant in connection with the legislation of this country during the Civil War and since the war, and covers also the Span- ish War and the legislation incident to that important event. He has been on the side of the great progressive 'movement in law and in politics, inaugurated and carried forward by the Republican party, and has taken an active part as a constructive legislator, framing laws to meet the necessities of this great and growing country. The election for President turned upon the result in Louisiana, South Caro- lina and Florida. Both parties claimed a victory. Basing his decision on the telegrams of the Governors of those States, as to the result of the election, Zach- ary Chandler, Chairman of the National Republican Committee, sent out a mes- sage that "Hayes and Wheeler have received 185 votes and are elected." The returning boards of those States decided that Haves and W'heeler had received majorities. The Presidential succession after the election became a grave national issue. Distinguished men of both political parties visited the States in dispute and in- vestigated the conduct of the campaign and election. The atrocious and bloody deeds of the Democratic organizations were fully brought to light. The con- tention and agitation aroused at this time was so great that civil war seemed imminent. Congress, whose duty it was to count the vote, took the subject up, and passed a law organizing an "Electoral Commission", consisting of fifteen mem- bers, five Senators, five members of the House, and five Judges of the Supreme Court. The Electoral Commission was composed of the following named: Judges Clifford, Field, Miller, Strong, and Bradley ; Senators Edmunds, Mor- ton, Frelinghuysen, Bayard and Thurman ; Members of the House Abbott, Hun- ton, Payne, Garfield and Hoar. Senator Thurman retired and was succeeded by Senator Kernan. This august body met, deliberated, passed . M. D. Massie, New Canton, Pike County. Lyman F. vVheeler, Greene County. Geo. N. Black, Springfield, Sangamon County. Edward S. Greenleaf, Mor- gan, Morgan County. Hugh Fullerton, Havana, Mason County. R. B. Latham, Lincoln, Lo- gan County. Albert Emerson, Monticello, Piatt County. Thomas E. Bundy, Tuscola, Douglas County. -J. W. Fisher, Edgar County. Daniel L. Gold, Lawrence- ville, Lawrence County. -E. M. Ashcraft, Vandalia, Fayette County. R. T. Higgins, Vandalia, Fayette County. -Frederick H. Pieper, Belle- ville, St. Clair County. Jonathan Miles, Miles Sta- tion. Macoupin County. -E. O. Freeman, Cobden, Union County. James A. Viall, New Bruns- wick. Johnson County. Chas. Churchill, Albion, Ed- wards County. Wm. H. Robinson, Fairfield, Wayne County. GEO. SCHNEIDER. County. ELECTORS AT LARGE Chicago, Cook ETHELBERT CALLAHAN, Robinson, Crawford County. 1. Robert T. Lincoln, Chicago, Cook County. 2. John M. Smyth, Chicago, Cook Coun- ty. 3. J. A. Kirk. Chicago. Cook County. 4. C. M. Brazee, Rockford, Winnebago County. 5. R. E. Logan, Morrison, Whiteside County. 6. Col. I. H. Elliott, Princeton, Bureau County. 7. James Goodspeed, Joljet. Will County. 8. A. Sample. Paxton, Ford County. 9. S. D. Puterbaugh. Peoria. Peoria County. 10. E. C. Humphrey, Aledo, Mercer County. DISTRICTS. II. Wm. A. Grimshaw, Pittsfield, Pike County. 12. J. C. McQuigg, Pana, Christian Coun- ty. 13. Capt. J. H. Rowell, Bloomington, Mc- Lean County. 14. W. R. Jewell. Danville. Vermillion County. 15. J. M. Sheets. Paris, Edgar County. 16. J. W. Peterson. Carlyle. Clinton County. 17. W. T. Norton, Alton, Madison Coun- ty. 18. Geo. W. Smith, Carbondale, Jackson County. 19. W. H. Johnson, Carmi, White County. 162 REPUBLICAN STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE AT LARGE. Robert Bell. Mt. Carmel, Wabash County. John W. Bunn, Springfield, Sangamon County. W. F. Calhoun, Clinton, De Witt County. M. B. Thompson, Champaign, Champaign County. George T. Williams, Chicago, Cook Coun- ty- H. L. Taylor, Streator, La Salle County. REPUBLICAN STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE BY DISTRICTS. 1. John H. Clough, Chicago, Cook County. 2. George B. Swift, Chicago, Cook County. 3. H. H. Thomas, Chicago, Cook Coun- ty. 4. M. B. Castle, Sandwich, De Kalb County. 5. A. M. Jones, Warren, Jo Daviess County. 6. J. M. Beardsley, Rock Island, Rock- Island County. 7. L. B. Ray, Morris, Grundy County. 8. E. A. Wilcox, Minonk, Woodford County. g. Frank Hitchcock, Peoria, Peoria County. 10. H. F. McAllister, Oquawka. Hender- son County. DANIEL SHEPARD, Secretary. 11. E. J. Pearce, Whitehall, Greene County. 12. John S. Nicholson, Beardstown, Cass County. 13. Jonathan Merriam, Springfield, San- gamon County. 14. James H. Clark, Mattoon, Coles County. 15. H. Van Seller, Paris, Edgar County. 16. John R. Tanner, Louisville, Clay County. 17. W. P. Bradshaw, Edwardsville, Madi- son County. 18. Daniel Hogan, Mound City, Pulaski County. 19. Thos. W. Scott, Fairfield, Wayne County. A. M. JONES, Chairman. A primary election was held in the seven Senatorial districts of Cook County for delegates to the county convention. The popular vote of the county at this election was for General Grant. In fact there is no doubt that if the delegates in each county to the State Convention had been chosen by popular vote, that the convention would have been overwhelmingly for General Grant's nomina- tion ; as it was, General Grant's friends had a strong working majority, and sought to exercise their rights as a majority in the selection and instruction of delegates to represent the Republican party of the State in the National Con- vention. As is shown above, the convention passed a resolution instructing the dele- gates to use all honorable means to secure the nomination of Ulysses S. Grant, and vote as a unit in his support. This resolution was in the precise language employed by the convention of 1860 and 1864, when delegates were selected and instructed to vote for the nomination of Abraham Lincoln, and similar resolutions of instructions were adopted by the convention of 1868 and 1872 for the nomination of General Grant. In six preceding conventions the Republicans of Illinois had selected their dele- gates to National Conventions, through the instrumentality of State conventions, and had exercised the right and power of electing delegates, whose opinions agreed with the majority, of instructing the delegates, and by resolutions requir- ing them to vote as a unit in support of the candidate who was the choice of the Republicans of the State. This had been the practice of political parties in the State from time immemorial. The Republican majority in the Illinois State Convention of 1880, in select- ing delegates to the National Convention, and in instructing them, were, in their opinion, carrying out the wishes of a majority of the Republicans of the State by exercising the traditional powers of a State convention. The right to "in- .struct" and to impose the "unit rule" was as old as Illinois politics. 163 CHAPTER XXV. THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION AT CHICAGO, JUNE 2, 1880. GAR- FIELD AND ARTHUR NOMINATED. The National Republican Convention of 1880 met at 12 o'clock noon, Wed- nesday, June 2d, in Exhibition Hall, Chicago, and was called to order by Hon. J. Donald Cameron, chairman of the National Committee. Rev. D. Kittredge offered prayer. The call for the convention was read by Col. Thos. B. Keogh, secretary of the National Committee. Mr. Cameron delivered an address, and nominated Hon. George F. Hoar of Massachusetts as temporary chairman ; the nomination was unanimously agreed to. A committee consisting of Davis of Texas, Frye of Maine, and Raum of Illinois conducted him to his seat. Mr. Hoar delivered an able and eloquent address. Other temporary officers were selected, whereupon a resolution was adopted for the appointment of four committees, "Permanent organization", "Rules and order of business", "Creden- tials", and "Resolutions", to consist of one member from each State and Terri- tory, to be named by the chairman upon the call of the roll. The roll being called, the committees were appointed. The members from Illinois were : Credentials, Green B. Raum ; Resolutions, Emery A. Storrs ; Permanent organization, Rich- ard H. Whiting; Rules and Order of Business, A. W. Metcalf. Upon motion of General Logan, 500 tickets of admission were to be given daily to the Veteran Soldiers' Association. On motion of Mr. Conkling, the convention at 3 105 p. m. adjourned until Thursday morning. This convention was composed of 750 delegates. All the States, Territories and the District of Columbia were represented. Each State sent to this conven- tion men of ability and standing. The Southern delegations contained many men who then were prominent and who have since occupied positions of importance. On the second day of the convention the Committee on Permanent Organi- zation made its report, recommending that the temporary offices be continued as the permanent organization. The report presented a list of vice-presidents and assistant secretaries with a member from each State and Territory. Illinois was represented by John Wentworth as vice-president and George W. Brinkerhoff, assistant secretary. The report of the committee was adopted. The Committee on Credentials not being ready to report at I o'clock p. m., the convention took a recess until 5 :3O p. m., and, having met at that hour, after some debate at 7:30 p. m. adjourned until 10 o'clock the following day. Many contests for seats as delegates were pending before the Committee on Credentials. Contests were made in ten Congressional districts of Illinois. In the First by William J. Campbell and Elbridge G. Keith, Alternates Arthur Dixon and Louis Hutt ; Third, Washington Hesing, Elliott Anthony, Alternates George Struckman, John A. Maison ; Fourth, C. W. Marsh, Lot B. Smith, Alternates D. M. Marsh, A. C. Fassett ; Fifth, Robert E. Logan, W. H. Holcombe, Alternates J. H. Maiser, J. S. Kosier ; Sixth, James K. Edsall, John P. Hand, Alternates S. J. Hume, William Jackson ; Ninth, John A. Gray, W. Selden Gale, Alternates C. Ballance, John Lackey ; Tenth, Henry Tubbs, John Fletcher, Alternates Wil- liam Venable, J. P. Graham ; Thirteenth, F. Low, E. D. Blenn, Alternates D. R. Smith, W. E. Gapen ; Seventeenth, William E. Kueffner, E. Guelich, Alternates H. M. Kimball, C. W. Thomas. On June 4th, at 10 a m., the convention met and was opened by prayer. Mr. Conkling of New York offered the following resolution : "Resolved, as the sense of this convention, that every member of it is bound in honor to support its nominee, whoever that nominee may be ; and that no man should hold a seat here who is not ready to so agree." 164 The resolution was adopted. General Garfield, chairman of the Committee on "Rules and order of business", by direction of the convention, made his report, which was read for information. A minority report signed by eleven members, including Mr. Metcalf of Illinois, was presented. The minority made objections to changing Rule 6 of the Convention of 1876 ; that rule was as follaws : "Rule 6. In the record of the vote by States, the vote of each State, Territory and the District of Columbia shall be announced by the chairman ; and, in case the vote of any State, Territory or District of Columbia shall be divided, the chairman shall announce the number of votes cast for any candidate, or for or against any proposition." The majority report contained the following addition to that rule : "but, if exception is taken by any delegate to the correctness of such announcement by the chairman of his delegation, the president of the convention shall direct' the roll of members of such delegation to be called, and the result shall be recorded in accordance with the votes individually given." The minority objected to this change in the rule. The object of the majority was to relieve delegates from the operation of "instructions" and the "unit rule". The minority held to the view that State con- ventions possessed power and authority to bind the consciences of their dele- gates to vote in the nominating convention for the candidate who was the choice of a majority of the State convention. Action on the rules was postponed until after the report of the Committee on Credentials was made and disposed of. Mr. Conger of Michigan presented the report of a majority of the Com- mittee on Credentials. This report recommended the admission of the contesting delegates in the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Ninth, Tenth, Thirteenth and Seventeenth Districts of Illinois, and in favor of A. M. Wright and R. S. Tuthill, the sitting delegates from the Second District of Illinois. Contests of seats of delegates from Kansas, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Utah were also reported upon. The action of the committee in the Illinois cases was based upon the claim that these contesting delegates were elected by Congressional District Conven- tions held at Springfield during- the State Convention, composed of the delegates sent to the State Convention from their Congressional Districts. General Clay- ton of Arkansas, on behalf of the minority of the committee, made a report in re- gard to all the contests. The minority report was signed by B. F. Tracy, New York ; Powell Clayton, Arkansas ; Webster Flanagan, Texas ; Green B. Raum, Illinois ; William H. Hooker, Maryland ; Isaac Heyman, Alabama ; George T. Clark, Colorado ; Richard P. Stoll, Kentucky ; H. E. Havens, Missouri ; J. M. Thornburg, Ten- nessee ; John Cessna, Pennsylvania ; Charles C. Tompkins, Virginia ; William N. Taft, South Carolina ; Joseph E. Lee, Florida. This report showed that the Republicans of Illinois had always chosen delegates to National Conventions by means of State Conventions; that this was done in 1856, 1860, 1864, 1868, 1872 and in 1876; that the uniform practice of the State Conventions was to form a committee consisting of one member from each Congressional District charged with the duty of selecting delegates to the National Conventions. In summing up the history of Republican State Conventions in Illinois this report said: "Thus it is seen that the final source of power, so far as political precedents and history of the State of Illinois are concerned in selecting delegates to National Conventions, is the State Convention itself." The Illinois contest was recognized as involving the most important prelimi- nary question before the convention ; it aroused profound interest with every dele- gate and with the immense throng of citizens attending the convention as specta- tors it excited a great deal of bad feeling on both sides. The arguments before the committee were earnest and able and at times vehement and acrimonious. Some of the ablest men in the State appeared before the committee arguing the questions involved on the one side or the other. The morning session of the convention continued until 4:20 p. m., when a recess was taken until 7 o'clock p. m. When the convention was called to order at 7 o'clock p. m., the contested cases were taken up. The Illinois case was reached in due course. Mr. Quarles 165 of Wisconsin introduced a resolution fixing one hour as the time for discussion of the Illinois contests and allowing" the contestants to select someone to represent their case. Hon. George S. Boutwell of Massachusetts offered the following as a substitute : "Resolved, That all the cases of contested seats be decided by adopting the usage of each State, as that usage has existed heretofore ; and that in each State in which the uniform usage has been to elect delegates to the Republican National Convention by a State Convention, that usage shall be deemed binding; and the same shall be true in respect to delegates sent by Congressional District conventions in States where tnat has been the usage." Mr. Conger objected to the substitute as not being germane to the question before the convention. Mr. Boutwell spoke to the question at considerable length and with great earnestness. Among other things he said: "I know that this is an important day, an important moment in our proceedings. I call the attention of the committee, both majority and minority, to the circumstance that they have this day in the presence of this convention, by their common judg- ment, and finally by the ratification of the convention, closed this question, unless the convention will follow the lead of the committee. What have they said ? That in Louisiana, a State Convention, without reference to the districts might elect delegates to this convention, and my friend Gen. Warmoth and his delegation sit here by the judgment of the gentleman from Michigan (Mr. Conger), and his associates, and by the judgment of this convention, without a district in the State of Louisiana having had one word to say about that election. We have a mighty constituency behind us, who have taken no oath to observe the obligation that we have imposed upon ourselves. "Will they obey, will they abide by, will they ratify what you will do, if they believe that a State, that States, that constituencies, that Republicans, by the mere power of numbers in this convention have ratified arid determined that to be the law of the convention which defies argument, despises reason, tramples logic under foot and leaves no exercise for the conclusion except the possession of power ? When this committee has allowed Louisiana to come in here as a State, not recognizing the existence of districts as constituent, independent powers in the organization of that convention, I ask what they have to say to Illinois, to Kansas, to West Virginia and to the other States where the district system does not exist. "Now, I fear that New England delegates, living in a community where the district system has always existed, may suppose that because their plan is the approved plan with them, and because of usage and by habit, and upon judg- ment they believe that plan to be the better, will undertake in this convention to impose that plan upon States and communities which have not voluntarily adopted it. "I have this to say, that the State of Illinois either is entitled to the thirty- eight representatives who sit here by authority of the State Convention which met at Springfield on the I9th of May last, or it is not entitled to any representa- tion whatever, except the four delegates who come from the State at large. If the right of the twenty men whose seats are contested is vicious, and are not to be supported here, then send home every delegate from the State of Illinois except the four, if you would be consistent. But if you intend to disown and disavow and trample under foot the usage of a State like Illinois, like Kansas and like Nebraska, you should have set an example by denying to Louisiana the right to come in when her delegation was contested." General Logan addressed the convention on this question. He said: "Illi- nois asks you to allow her to be represented as she has been in every Republican convention from 1856 down to the present hour. Men talk about district repre- sentation. The gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Bateman) eloquently spoke of his State. But his State has a mode of holding conventions differing from that of our State. In Ohio delegates are elected by district conventions, and State dele- gates at large by a State convention. That is their proceeding. It is not ours. The State of Maine elected her four delegates-at-large by her Legislature. Is riot that true? (A delegate from Maine, "Yes.") Very well; that is different 166 from ours. We do not seek to interfere with Maine, and Maine should not put her clutches on the rights of Illinois. "Massachusetts elects her delegates by district conventions. We do not wish to disturb the rules in Massachusetts. Louisiana elects her delegates the same as we do in Illinois, by a State convention. You have not interfered with Louis- iana; why interfere with Illinois? In 1856 the first Republican convention in this State sent her delegates to the national convention by a committee of one from each Congressional district, reporting to that convention delegates, three from each district and six from the State at largre, and thev were affirmed by that convention, on the report of that committee. The committee in 1860 did the same. In 1864 the same. In 1868 the same. In 1872 the same. In 1876 the same. In 1880 the same. I introduced a resolution in the State convention, a convention of delegates not sent to district conventions, but delegates appointed by the several counties of this State to represent the State in the State conven- tion. For what purpose? For the purpose of nominating State offices, for the purpose of electing delegates to the national convention ; for the purpose of selecting Electors for our Presidential election ; for the purpose of electing a State Committee. That convention was a State convention, not a district con- vention. It was composed of delegates from counties. They met together. A committee was appointed by the chairman, on a resolution, of one Republican from each Congressional district to make a report to that convention. That committee reported two delegates from each Congressional district, and four Delegates-at-large, Electors for the State, and they were voted on in that con- vention by counties, and adopted in that convention as all delegates ought to be in a State convention. "All this noise ; all this clamor about the convention of the State of Illinois, is the thought of an after hour, and for a purpose. Now let me say to the Sherman men here, to the Elaine men, to the Edmunds men, if I may call them such, I mean the men who represent these different candidates, gentlemen, if you can beat the old soldier all right. For him I claim nothing that is not due to each and every citizen of this grand Republic ; he asks nothing that he will not grant to others ; we demand nothing for him that is not due to each and every other man, and each and every other candidate. We that support him do it because we think he is worthy, and you do the same for the candidates you support. Not one word has ever been lisped by the Grant men against any of your candidates. You have never heard a Grant man say he would bolt your nomination not one and you never will. If, as I said, you can beat him, all right ; he will stay here till vou do it. But do not beat the old soldier bv tricks ; do not, by chicanery, beat the old soldier, that led your armies and saved your country ; do not by such means beat the man that has been recognized by every civilized nation of the earth as the grandest citizen the world knows to-day. "I ask why this new rule shall be established by this convention, before any State has ever received notice that it shall be so done? If you pass a resolution by this National Convention that the States shall hereafter hold their conven- tions by districts, Illinois will cheerfully obey it ; but, until the National Con- vention shall establish that rule by resolution requiring it to be done, no State is required to change its form or its mode of procedure in their State conventions. So it is with reference to our State ; we have so selected our delegates ; and what I wanted to call the attention of delegates to is this, and I say it now not in the manner of warning I never make threats I have none to make ; God forbid that I should ; but I do say this : If I was a candidate for President I would not want a convention that nominated me for President to do it by de- priving my opponent of the votes from his State. I appeal to this convention. I have no desire to discuss the question, only to have this convention understand the position of the delegation from Illinois, that they may deal with it fairly. This is all we ask. I do think that the chairman of the committee should cer- tainly change his resolution. He certainly should give an opportunity for fair and free debate on this question." Mr. Butterworth of Ohio offered a resolution fixing one hour for each side in the debate in the Illinois cases, and that at the expiration of the time the 167 convention should proceed immediately to vote upon the question. This resolu- tion was agreed to. Mr. Conger, chairman of the committee, and Elliott Anthony of Chicago spoke for the contestants. Green B. Raum and Emery A. Storrs spoke for the sitting delegates. The whole burden of the argument m favor of the contestants was tliat they were chosen by Congressional district conventions, organized at Springfield, of delegates of the State convention from the several districts, and that the contesting delegates held certificates of election from the officers of those Congressional district conventions. There was no claim that the action of the alleged Congressional district conventions was reported to the convention and approved by it. The broad ground was taken that the State Convention had never claimed the right nor exercised the power of choosing the delegates to represent the districts. Air. Anthony in an able and eloquent address presented these views and concluded by saying: "We are here pleading for justice, and we ask no more than to follow the precedents of the party." In the course of his address General Raum said : "The sitting delegates from the State of Illinois are willing to rest their rights upon the law of this case, and upon the precedents which have been established by long usage of the party in the State of Illinois. "It has been well said by various gentlemen who have addressed this con- vention that there is not to-day and never has been a uniform rule in all tlie States in respect to the selection of delegates to the National Convention. Whenever a uniform rule is adopted, the Republicans of Illinois will cheerfully acquiesce in that rule ; but 1 say to you, Mr. President, as is said in this minority report, that we do not wish to be subjected to an ex post facto rule a rule adopted after the facts. We want this case tried by the law, as it exists to-day, that law having been established by the usages of the Republican party since 1856. "There is an unbroken line of precedents in the State of Illinois to the effect that the State conventions from time immemorial have selected the delegates and sent them to the Republican National Conventions of this country. The usage of both of the parties of the State of Illinois has been the same for the last forty years. To my certain knowledge since 1852 no convention. Whig, Democratic or Republican, sending delegates to the National Conventions in this country, have acted otherwise than through a State Convention. I assert that it is a fact that cannot be controverted, that there never was a district con- vention held in the State of Illinois to select a delegate to a National Conven- tion." Upon the question of the instruction of delegates by the State Conventions of Illinois, General Raum said : "In 1860 when Lincoln of sainted memory, was presented by the Republi- cans of Illinois for the suffrages of the people of this country, the delegates w r ere selected by a State Convention and the following resolution was adopted : Re- solved, That Abraham Lincoln is the choice of the Republican party of Illinois for the Presidency, and the delegates from this State are instructed to use all honorable means to secure his nomination by the Chicago Convention, and vote as a unit for him. And the said delegates shall have power to fill all vacancies." In 1864 the delegates were selected m the same way by a State Convention, and a similar resolution was passed, instructing the delegates to that convention to vote for Abraham Lincoln as a unit. In 1868, I happened to be a delegate to the convention. I was on the Committee on Resolutions and assisted in the preparation of the letter of instruction to those delegates. Those delegates were selected by the State Convention. They took their instructions from the State Convention, and went to the National Convention and assisted in the nomination of Ulysses S. Grant. In 1872, Ulysses S. Grant was again presented by Illinois to the suffrages of the people of this country. I had the honor of penning the letter of instructions to the delegates, to use all honorable means and vote as a unit for Ulysses S. Grant. Mr. President, the fact that the Republicans of Illinois have always and everywhere claimed the right to instruct their delegates is conclusive evidence that they also claim the right of selecting delegates who would obey their instructions. 168 "What was the issue in the Springfield Convention? When we went down to Springfield, we found a minority in that convention who were threatening up and down the streets of that city, and through the corridors of the hotels, that unless we conducted the affairs of that convention according to their will and pleasure, they would bolt the convention. There was an issue. The majority of the convention was in favor of selecting delegates to support Ulysses S. Grant, and the minority of that convention told us in the convention itself, in the course of debate, that they would not obey the instructions that that convention might give them to vote for Ulysses S. Grant. "We have been told by the honorable chairman of the Committee on Cre- dentials, that there are fifty contests here in this National Convention. Why these contests? Why is it that from one end of this country to the other, you find that there are contests for seats in this National Convention ? I will tell you Mr. President why. It is because you are seeking to invade, to overturn and destroy the ordinary methods of the Republican party in these states. I say to you that these are revolutionary measures. This convention can turn those eighteen delegates out. You have the power to do it, but I say to you if this revolutionary spirit is carried forward another four years, the hour has struck for the destruction and overthrow of the Republican party. I warn you, Mr. President, and 1 warn you, gentlemen of the Convention, that the Republican party cannot stand such a strain another four years. We are willing to learn from New England, we are willing to learn from adjacent states, we are willing to be taught our A B C's in politics. I have been in politics these thirty years and I find that I do not know anything about it. I find that the whole thing is to be learned over again. I find that if a State Convention meets, and nobody objects, why then they can send delegates to a National Convention. But if somebody gets into one corner of a hotel and gathers two or three around him, and files a protest and comes up with credentials and says : 'Here is a district convention,' then your State Convention is of no validity." Mr. Storrs made the closing speech. It was after midnight when he began ; every delegate was present ; every seat in the galleries was filled. Mr. Storrs reputation as a speaker was national. On this occasion he was at his best. He earnestly believed in the rightfulness of the cause he represented. Mr. Storrs began : "A proposition is made for the first time in the political history of a National Convention to abolish State Conventions in Illinois. It will not work. We have gone along since 1856 under our system of State Conventions and have rolled up magnificent Republican majorities. I hope that Maine, I hope that Ohio, looking back to their troublesome history as Republican States, will not undertake to force upon us their methods. It is very clear that they had better adopt ours. I stand here tonight with the only evidence of title as a delegate to this Convention, that a delegate from the State of Illinois ever presented. It is a question of title. I hold tonight the credentials from the State Convention, and my title is no better because the evidences are the same as to the eighteen dele- gates who you propose to exclude. Since 1856 this State has held Republican State Conventions and there has never been an instance in its history not one in which a delegate was appointed to a National Convention where the author- ity to make the appointment did not proceed from the Convention at large. I do not care how vigorous, declamatory, noisy or vehement the assertion to the contrary may be. That is the history of the State. "Let me call your attention to the call for this convention. It is a conven- tion of what? Of the Republicans of the State of Illinois. To meet how? To meet in State Convention. For what purpose ? As a State Convention as an entire, complete, indivisible body to nominate candidates for State offices, and to name forty-two delegates to this body. That is the call. Recognizing the call, the thousands of Republicans of this State sent 693 delegates, not to a congrega- tion of Congressional Conventions, bt't to a great solid body called a State Con- vention, in which either the majority or the minority must rule. "Never has there been an instance in the entire history of this State when such a thing as a Congressional District Convention was held within, outside, on the verge of, near by, or adjacent to a State Convention. Never. Now, what is the offense which the State of Illinois on this occasion has committed? It if. 9 desired, speaking authoritatively through its State Convention, to give expres- sion to its will. Whatever its will, we knew of but one method by which that will could be ascertained. It was by an appeal to the convention itself. When the convention, representing the Republicans of the State, declared by its ma- jority its preference for a particular candidate, that was the will of the State, and if it had the power thus to express its will, it had, I undertake to say, power to make this expression effectual. "If it had the right to instruct, and no one denies that it does possess that power, with the right to instruct it had the right to make its instructions so vigorous that they would be obeyed. If it couid express its will, it had a right to enforce the execution of that will. It had a right to defend itself against treachery, trickery, fraud, corruption, violated faith, broken pledges and disre- garded instructions. It did protect itself, and that convention, as all prior con- ventions have done, selected men who needed not to be instructed. It selected men who knew no law but the will of the majority which they represented ; who knew no 'boss' and no allegiance to anything and recognized no despotism ex- cept the stern, inexorable and irreversible despotism of duty. "Now it is within your province to determine for us how we shall select our delegates to a State Convention. Will you please be good enough, and fair enough, and just enough to tell us what the law shall be in the future? Obedient citizens, bending before and recognizing the will of the Republicans of the nation as they have expressed it, we will undertake to obey, but make no law for us to- day, which shall be operative yesterday. Impose upon us no change in the policy of our party which shall be retroactive in its effect. So long as we transgress none of the rules of our political organization, so long as we are faithful to its creed, so long as by a majority running up tQ 50,000, we carry your banner in victory to the front, always in front, respect our precedents and consider kindly our peculiarities. "The Republicans of the State of Illinois are not the men to indulge in threats. We do not undertake to terrorize others, and we decline to be terrorized ourselves. W r e support the ticket ; we are for the candidate first, last and all the time, whomsoever he may be. We never saw a foe yet in the political field in whose presence our standard was ever voluntarily lowered even an inch. It has gone down sometimes in defeat. It has never been drawn down. It has never known a surrender. "I appeal to considerations away beyond the mere personal preferences which we feel tonight. I appeal to those considerations infinitely grander, vastly nobler, than those personal preferences that inspire the galleries, and, I am afraid, the body of this Convention. I appeal to the great cause which absorbs within itself and is grander than all the greatness of our individual leaders. I appeal for that harmony in the future which we must have. I appeal to that just judgment of the party which I do not believe will ever knowingly, or willingly, or deliberately inflict a wrong. I conjure you to stay your hand over what the Republican party in this State will regard as an outrage on its dignity, and on the freedom of its action. And now, looking to this future, into which we are so rapidly walking looking to this great contest upon which we are so soon entering, do not, I beg you, by one single word that you may utter, or one vote you may cast, impair the energy of that great rank and file which con- stitute the 50,000 Republican majority of the State of Illinois. I beg you to deal justly with us all, and whatever individual preferences this great convention may express, will be responded to, not half-heartedly, not desparingly, not doubtingly, but with whole soul and in dead earnest. "Nominate James G. Elaine if you will, and when the gentlemen who are cheering in the galleries tonight are reposing under the soft summer sky, tired of politics and disgusted with its fatigues, you will find the followers of the grand, old, silent soldier awake by their camp fires, and carrying the banner of the slug- gard forward to triumphant victory." Loud and long-continued applause followed this portion of the address. In- somuch that it interfered with the conclusion of Mr. Storrs' speech, Mr. Raum arose and said : "This Convention can be brought to profound order by every- 170 body uniting in three cheers for the nominee of this Convention." The cheers were enthusiastically given. Mr. Storrs proceeded : "Give the grand old state that never knew a draft and never rilled up a regiment with paper soldiers give the grand old state, the home of Lincoln and Douglas and Grant, a fair chance. "Citizens of one country, members of one party, let us remember that while we accept no indignities from our enemies, we hope, and trust and pray our friends will put none on us. Here in the midnight, with the storm without, and these assembled Republicans within, we are first to be just, first to be fair, and vic- tory is ours as sure as the morning comes." This address elicited loud and long- continued applause. Mr. Conger of Michigan asked unanimous consent that Col. Robert G. Ingersoll should be permitted to address the convention on behalf of the con- testants. Mr. Ingersoll not being a delegate, under the rules prepared by the majority, was not entitled to speak ; unanimous consent was not given. At one o'clock Mr. Butterworth moved to adjourn until 10 o'clock in the morning. The convention was in no mood for delay and refused to adjourn by a vote of 653 to 103. The convention proceeded to vote upon the Illinois contested cases. General Clayton of Arkansas moved to substitute the minority report which favored the sitting members, the districts to be voted upon separately ; this motion was lost by a vote of 353 yeas, 387 nays. Of those voting nay, 22 were from New York and 24 from Pennsylvania, making 46 votes of delegates who had been instructed to cast their ballot for General Grant. These votes were decisive. Had they been cast in the interest of General Grant's nomination the result would have been 391 yeas, 338 nays, and the contesting delegates from Illinois would have been refused admission. But the friends of Mr. Elaine, Mr. Sherman, Mr. Edmunds, Mr. Washburne and Mr. Windom united almost to a man in applying the plan of Congressional District Conventions for the selection of delegates in the State of Illinois, when no such plan had ever been the practice with any party in the State. To say that this action excited a great deal of opposition and indignation is stating the case mildly. The friends of General Grant in every state felt, and in their hearts believed, that the action of the Na- tional Convention was a usurpation of power. In the New York delegation the bitterness of feeling was intensified by the fact that some of the sitting delegates who voted with the majority to turn the Illinois Grant delegates out, had been delegates to the New York Republican State Convention and had publicly pledged themselves to abide by the instruc- tions of the convention, directing the delegates to support General Grant. Had these delegates declined to do this their names would have been stricken from the list of names presented to the convention and other persons selected who were known to favor General Grant's nomination. General Steward L. Wood- ford made a movement in the convention to this effect, but was deterred from pressing it to a vote by the declaration of parties in open convention that they would consider themselves in honor bound to obey the instructions of the State Convention. After voting upon four districts, the call for the division of the question was withdrawn and the majority report was adopted, whereby the 18 contesting dele- gates were to be admitted to seats in the convention. At 2 o'clock and 20 minutes a. m. the Convention adjourned to n o'clock Saturday morning. The Convention met Saturday, June 5, at n o'clock. The Rev. Mr. Paxton offered prayer. He delivered a solemn and eloquent appeal to the throne of grace. He prayed: "Forbid, O God, that the cry of passion should be louder here than the calm voice of duty. Forbid, O God, that prejudice should warp judgment and compromise principle. Forbid that personal preference should impair or imperil the peace, harmony, the enthusiasm, the unity of purpose, and the fidelity to trust of this convention. Teach these men that they be brethren, and teach them all that the cause they represent, the principles they advocate, the interests at stake, the ends to be secured are vastly greater and more important than the success of any man in the race for the nomination." The contests in the Second and Third Districts of Kansas were taken up. Four persons claimed seats as having been chosen by Congressional District 171 Conventions. Notwithstanding the decision of the Convention in the Illinois eases, Hon. P. B. Plumb, representing the sitting delegates, felt that the principle involved was too important to be surrendered without further struggle. He felt that the customs of the Republican party in the various states, should be re- spected, and that any fixed rule to govern all the states should operate in the future and not have retroactive effect. He said: "i simply say that whatever rule may be for the future, however the judgment of the Republicans of the United States may be as to what shall prevail hereafter, a rule should not now be made which should operate in an ex post facto manner; that we should have the benefit in a Republican Convention of our own precedents, and what we believe to be in our own State Conventions the fair intent and meaning of the call of the National Committee. I may say further, that the cases cited by the gentle- man from Ohio yesterday as to the action of his state, are not at all parallel, and I am as proud of the independence of the Republican votes of that state as he is. I was one of them myself once. I know about as much, I think, as any one need to know about the practice in that state. I know that it differs entirely, and al- ways has differed from the practice that has obtained in Kansas. In Ohio, the districts elect their delegates themselves, independent of the State Convention and independent of the machinery of that convention. The districts elect dele- gates to perform two things, i. e. : To go to the State Convention and assist in choosing four delegates-at-large, and to choose, acting in their separate capacity as district delegates, acting directly for the district, the two persons to represent that Congressional district in the National Convention. "I beg this Convention to note that there is no parallel whatever between these two cases as matter of fact, because in the case in Ohio, as in Massachusetts and these other states where they have this* town meeting idea in regard to things, which they now seek to apply to communities where this practice does not apply I say their proceeding is different from ours. We have not elected never have elected men whose functions were solely and only, or even partially, to be members of a District Convention for the election of two delegates to repre- sent that district in National Convention. In Ohio, under the practice also, when these district delegates are nominated their names are certified to the State Con- vention, which, as a matter purely of form and convenience, certifies or ratifies the action of the district, and the persons so named are put upon the rolls of the delegates from the State of Ohio. We contend simply for a rule of action we believe to be right." By a vote of the Convention the contesting delegates from Kansas were given seats. The contests from West Virginia and Utah were de- cided in the same way. The report of the Committee on Credentials was then adopted. The next business in order was consideration of the report of the Com- mittee on Rules. Mr. Sharp of New York offered a substitute which fixed the time to be occupied in the nomination of candidates and provided for an im- mediate ballot for candidates for President and Vice-President. General Garfield, chairman of the committee, opposed the substitute and insisted upon the adoption of a full set of rules. He addressed the Convention at some length and in the course of this speech said : "It is the business of this con- vention to prescribe a rule which all shall obey chairman and delegates equally. No man is greater than the law, and no man should be greater than a just rule. Settle the rule. Settle it in any way you please. Make it the unit rule, and I am bound by it. Make it the individual rule that each individual shall have the right to vote, and I am bound by it, for two reasons : First, because you make it the rule, and, greater still, because I believe it to be everlastingly right." It is obvious that General Garfield recognized the fact that the question of "Instruc- tions" by State Conventions and the "Unit Rule" were involved in this con- troversy. The substitute of Mr. Sharp was voted down. The further considera- tion of the report was resumed. The tenth rule reported by the committee read as follows : "Rule 10. A Republican National Committee shall be appointed to consist of one member from each State, Territory and the District of Columbia, represented in this Convention. The roll shall be called and the delegates from each State, Territory 172 and the District of Columbia shall name, through their chairman a person to act as a member of such committee." Two amendments were offered to this rule, one by Mr. Boutwell of Massa- chusetts, and one by Mr. Butterworth of Ohio, which were adopted and were as follows : "Said committee shall within the next twelve months prescribe a method or methods for the election of delegates to the National Convention to be held in 1884, announce the same to the country, and issue a call for that conven- tion in conformity therewith. Provided that nothing in the method or rule so prescribed shall be so constructed as to prevent the several districts of the United States from selecting their own delegates to the National Convention." This rule in regard to "District Representation" was the first of the kind ever adopted by a National Republican Convention. It in direct terms operated upon the future, and established the- present system of selecting district delegates by Con- gressional District Conventions, instead of by State Conventions. The Convention refused to adopt the minority report, objecting to the amendment of Rule 6 of 1876, which was reported as Rule 8. The amendment read as follows : "But if exception is taken by any delegate .to the correctness of such announcement by the chairman of his delegation, the president of the Con- vention shall direct the roll of members of such delegation to be called, and the result shall be recorded in accordance with the votes individually given." The rules reported and thus amended were adopted by the Convention. Three great states, Illinois, Pennsylvania and New York, had, through their State Conventions, instructed their delegates to support General Grant as a candidate for President, and vote as a unit ; the 18 delegates admitted on contests in Illinois, were opposed to General Grant ; 24 of the Pennsylvania and 22 of the New York delegates, although instructed, were not favorable to General Grant's nomination ; three delegates from Alabama and two delegates from Kansas, who were admitted on contests, were opposed to General Grant. So there were 23 anti-Grant delegates admitted on contests and 46 delegates instructed for Gen- eral Grant relieved from their instructions, making a total of 69 delegates from those five states which the friends of General Grant felt he was unjustly deprived of. Mr. Pierreport of New York presented the report of the Committee on Resolutions. The platform was an admirable presentation of the claims of the Republican party upon the confidence and support of the American people, and of the principles and policies which were to govern the party in the future. The platform was adopted by a unanimous vote. At 5 125 p. m. the Convention toolc a recess until 7 o'clock p. m. The Convention met Saturday evening, June 5th, at 7 o'clock p. m. The first business was the appointment of a Republican National Committee to con- sist of one member from each State, Territory and District of Columbia. General John A. Logan was selected to represent the State of Illinois. The roll of states was then called in alphabetical order for the nomination of candidates. On the. call of the State of Michigan, Mr. Joy in an able speech nominated James G. Blaine of Maine. The nomination brought long-continued applause. The nomination was seconded by Mr. Pixley of California, and Mr. Fry of Maine. On the call of the State of Minnesota, Mr. Drake nominated William Win- clom as a candidate for President. On the call of the State of New York, Mr. Conkling, in a most able and elo- quent address, nominated Ulysses S. Grant. Mr. Bradley of Kentucky seconded the nomination. On the call of the State of Ohio, Mr. Garfield eloquently and ably presented the claims of John Sherman and nominated him as a candidate for President. On the call of the State of Vermont, Mr. Billings nominated George F. Edmunds as a candidate for President. On the call of the State of Wisconsin, Mr. Cassody nominated Elihu B. Washburne as a candidate before the Convention. At 1 1 '.46 p. m. the Convention adjourned until Monday, June 7, at 10 o'clock a. m. Fifth day. Monday, June 7th, 10 a. m., the President called the Convention to order. The business in order was balloting for candidates. The President 173 directed the reading of rules 7 and 8, which related to the manner of proceeding. The roll of the States was called and a vote taken, which resulted : Total number of votes cast 755. Necessary to a choice, 378. Ulysses S. Grant received 304, James G. Blaine 284, John Sherman 93, George F. Edmunds 34. Elihu B. Washburne 30, and William Windom 10. Upon this ballot the vote of Illinois was Grant 24, Blaine 10, Washburne 8; New York was Grant 57, Blaine 17, Sherman 2 ; Pennsylvania was Grant 32, Blaine 23, Sherman 3. Thus 63 delegates disregarded the instructions of their State Conventions, and instead of casting their votes as a unit for Ulysses S. Grant, voted for other candidates ; these 63 votes, added to the 304 cast for General Grant, would have given him 367 votes, lacking but 1 1 of a nomination. It cannot be doubted that with such a vote on the first ballot, General Grant would have been finally nom- inated. After the :8th ballot at 3 135 p. m. the Convention took a recess until 7 p. m. The President called the Convention to order at 7 o'clock, p. m. The Con- vention continued to ballot for a candidate for President. Ten ballots were taken during the evening. The 28th ballot stood as follows : Grant 307, Blaine 279, Sherman 91, Edmunds 31, Windom 10, Washburne 35, Garfield 2. Necessary to a choice, 378. At 9:50 p. m. the Convention adjourned until Tuesday morning at 10 o'clock. Sixth day. Tuesday, June 8, 1880, at 10 a. m. the Convention met and was called to order by the President. Prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. H. W. Thomas. The 29th ballot was taken, the only material change was a gain by Mr. Sherman of 25 votes, 19 of which were Massachusetts delegates, changing from Edmunds to Sherman. On the 3Oth ballot, Mr. Sherman received 120 votes, this being his highest number. On the 34th ballot General Grant received 312. It was clear that there would be no break in the Grant forces, and that continued balloting would steadily augment his strength. The hour had come for a change. The Wis- consin delegation led the way. They cast 16 of the 20 delegates for Garfield; that gave him 17 votes. Blaine 275, Sherman 107, Edmunds n, Windom 4, Washburne 30. On the 35th ballot, of her 30 votes, Indiana cast 27 for Garfield, giving him 50 votes, while Grant had 313. The roll of the States was again called and a vote taken. Votes cast, 755 ; necessary to a choice, 378. James A. Garfield received 399, Ulysses S. Grant 306, James G. Blaine 42, Elihu B. Washburne 5, John Sherman 3. When the result of the vote was announced, Mr. Conkling delivered a short address and moved that James A. Garfield be unanimously presented as the nominee of the Convention. This motion was seconded by General Logan, General Beaver, Mr. Hale, Mr. Pleasants of Virginia, Mr. Campbell of Wes.t Virginia, Mr. Hicks of Florida, Mr. Norton of Texas, Colonel Houck of Ten- nessee, and General Harrison. The nomination was made unanimous. At 2 :25 p. m. the Convention took a recess until 5 p. m. The Convention was called to order at 5 o'clock p. m. Nominations for Vice-President were in order, and the roll of States was called for that purpose. Mr. Pixley of California nominated Elihu B. Washburne of Illinois. Mr. Robinson of Connecticut nominated Marshall Jewell of Connecticut. Mr. Hicks of Florida nominated Thomas Settle of North Carolina. Mr. Conger of Michigan, by request of the Michigan Convention, presented the name of Thomas W. Ferry of Michigan, and also a letter from Mr. Ferry declining to stand as a candidate. Colonel Houck of Tennessee nominated Horace Maynard of Tennessee. General Woodford of New York nominated Chester A. Arthur of New York. This nomination was seconded by General Kilpatrick of New Jersey, Mr. Storrs of Illinois, Mr. Lynch of Mississippi, and Mr. Filley of Missouri. Mr. Harris of North Carolina withdrew the name of Mr. Settle and then seconded the nomination of General Arthur. Mr. Chambers of Texas nominated Edmund J. Davis of Texas. During the roll call there were many friendly remarks made in regard to the selection of a candidate for Vice-President, the interest centering on the candi- dacy of General Arthur. There were 757 votes cast ; necessary to a choice, 376. 174 The votes were divided as follows: Arthur 468, Washburne 193, Jewell 44, May- nard 30, Bruce 8, Alcorn 4, Davis 2, Settle i, Woodford i. Upon the motion of Mr. McBeth of Missouri, seconded by Mr. Raymond of California, the nomination of General Arthur was made unanimous. And so the Convention unanimously nominated as candidates, James A. Garfield for Presi- dent, and Chester A. Arthur for Vice-President. After adopting a resolution of thanks to the officers of the Convention and the citizens of Chicago, and also a resolution for the appointment of a committee to formally notify the candidates of their nomination, the Convention at 7 o'clock and 25 minutes p. m. adjourned sine die. General Garfield and General Arthur, both being delegates to the Con- vention, were in the city. At 1 1 p. m. the Committee on Notification, consisting of one member from each State, Territory and the District of Columbia, assem- bled in the club room at the Grand Pacific Hotel, the President of the Conven- tion, Hon. Geo. F. Hoar, chairman. A committee was appointed to conduct the nominees to the room. Upon their appearance Mr. Hoar delivered addresses to each of the candidates informing them officially of their nomination and received from them their formal acceptance of the nomination conferred upon them. 175 CHAPTER XXVI. DEMOCRATIC AND GREENBACK CONVENTIONS OF 1880. THE CAMPAIGN. ELEC- TION OF GARFIELD AND ARTHUR. ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT GAR- FIELD. GENERAL ARTHUR BECOMES PRESIDENT. The Democratic National Convention met June 22d, at Cincinnati, and nom- inated Winfield S. Hancock of Pennsylvania for President and William H. Eng- lish of Indiana for Vice-President. The platform was more brief than their great "Reform platform" of 1876. The principal declarations of the Convention were: 1. We pledge ourselves anew to the Constitutional doctrines and traditions of the Democratic party. 2. Opposition to centralization. 3. Home rule, honest money and a tariff for revenue only. 4. The right of a free ballot. 5. The existing administration is the representative of conspiracy only. 6. The fraud of 1876-7 to be punished ia 1880. The Greenback National Convention met in Chicago, June nth, and nomi- nated James B. Weaver of Iowa and B. J. Chalmers of Texas as candidates for President and Vice-President. The Prohibition Convention met at Cleveland, Ohio. June I7th, and nomi- nated Neal Dow of Maine for President. Both of these last named parties promulgated lengthy platforms presenting their issues to the country. As a national issue the prohibition question attracted no attention. The Greenback agitation taking its rise in the west lost its force there, but had gradually worked eastward and was now making its final struggle in the state of Maine. The Democrats of Illinois nominated Lyman Trumbull for Governor, with a full State ticket. Judge Trumbull was a man of splendid ability ; he had a national reputa- tion as a lawyer ; he served on the State supreme bench ; was elected to the United States Senate in 1854 as an anti-Nebraska Democrat ; identified himself with the Republican party ; was one of its trusted leaders in the Senate : was chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary, and aided in framing the recon- struction laws during and after the war; was tw 7 ice re-elected, in 1861 and 1867. Judge Trumbull was in the Senate during the impeachment trial of President Johnson, and was one of the seven Republican Senators who voted against im- peachment. His action in this case was not approved by his Republican col- leagues of the House, and was severely commented upon in the public press. The impeachment of the President divided the country on party lines ; the mass of Republicans believed the President guilty and that he should be removed from office, while the Democrats were united in opposition. These seven Republican Senators differed with their party friends upon this great and important question, and the result was that they lost the prestige in the party and were all retired from the Senate. When the time came to elect a successor to Judge Trumbull in 1873, Gov- ernor Richard J. Oglesby was chosen, and Judge Trumbull was permanently retired to private life. After the impeachment trial was over, the Illinois Re- publican State Convention met at Peoria and nominated General Palmer for Governor. The Committee on Resolutions reported to the convention a strong party platform, but did not allude to Judge Trumbull's action on the impeachment question. That matter was seriously discussed by the committee, but they de- 176 enjamin F. Marsh, Dietrich C. Smith, Joseph G. Cannon and John R. Thomas. Major Hawk died and was succeeded by Robert R. Hitt. The Democratic members were James W. Singleton, William M. Springer, Samuel W. Moulton, William A. J. Sparks, William R. Morrison and Richard W. Townshend. The Democratic party of Virginia was seriously divided upon the question of the public debt of the state. General William Mahone led the Readjuster faction of the party in 1879. In 1880 they nominated a separate electoral ticket for Hancock and English, refusing to support the regular ticket. The State of Virginia by a plurality vote was carried by General Hancock, but the Readjuster and Republican vote combined constituted a large majority of the electors of the state. These voters the following year came together, nom- inated Cameron, a Readjuster, for Governor and Lewis, a Republican, for Lieu- tenant Governor and carried the state, electing the state ticket and five Congress- men. This movement brought General Mahone into the Republican ranks and contributed to a more friendly relation in politics between the North and South. Green B. Raum, of Illinois, then Commissioner of Internal Revenue, exerted great influence in bringing about the affiliation of the Republican and Readjuster parties of Virginia. He visited the State and spoke from the same platform with Colonel Cameron, the fusion candidate for Governor. The inauguration of General Garfield as President on March 4th, 1881, was a popular and interesting event. People from all parts of the country flocked to Washington. The President appointed the following Cabinet officers : Secre- tary of State, James G. Elaine ; Secretary of the Navy, William H. Hunt ; Secre- tary of the Treasury, William Windom ; Secretary of War, Robert T. Lincoln ; Postmaster General, Thomas L. James ; Secretary of the Interior, Samuel J. Kirk- wood ; Attorney General, Wayne McVeagh. General Garfield's administration opened auspiciously. During his public career the President had made a wide circle of acquaintances, and had established a reputation for ability equal to that of any other statesman of the country. His friendships. were numerous, warm and cordial. Secretaries Blaine and Windom were men of the broadest experience, with hosts of friends, and ambitious to give the country a great and successful administration. These three men were warm, personal friends, had been long-time associates in public life and each possessed the confidence of the other. Every member of the Cabinet was well qualified to perform the important duties of their respective departments. Harmony prevailed in the excutive ad- ministration. In the- 47th Congress the Senate was practically divided equally between the two great parties, the House of Representatives, however, contained a large Republican majority, and this gave the Administration all the legislative support required for successful administration. It seemed improbable that any act would be done to precipitate a crisis in the Administration. When it came to the selection of persons for appointment to the important offices in New York the President requested a conference with Senator Conkling and other prominent Republicans of the State. The interview 179 occurred at the Executive Mansion on a Sunday evening. The list of appoint- ments then to be made were agreed upon to the satisfaction of both the President and the Senator. When Mr. Conkling was about to withdraw he turned to the President and inquired if he wished to consider the appointment of the Collector of the Port of New York ; the President replied that that question would be left for a future interview. The next day the appointments agreed upon were made, but William H. Robertson was also appointed Collector of the Port. It trans- pired that the President received numerous telegrams from New York City after the interview with Mr. Conkling, urging him to appoint Mr. Robertson ; and yielding to these demands he sent Robertson's name to the Senate. Senator Conkling and Senator Platt were surprised and indignant. Senator Conkling felt that after his conversation with the President he should have been consulted before the appointment of Collector of the Port was made. He had serious objections to Mr. Robertson. The Senator held that Robertson had been guilty of a great breach of faith as a delegate to the National Convention of 1880. Mr. Robertson and several other persons who were personal and political friends of Mr. Elaine were selected as delegates to the National Republican Convention of 1880 by the Republican State Convention of New York. That convention passed a resolution instructing their delegates to support General Grant as a candidate for President and to vote as a unit. It had long been the practice of New York Republicans to instruct their delegates to National Conventions. Such repre- sentations were made on the floor of the convention by some of Mr. Elaine's friends that the convention became satisfied that all of the delegates would hold themselves bound by the instructions. The State Convention contained a large majority in favor of General Grant ; if it had been announced by these friends of Mr. Elaine that they would not abide by the instructions, other delegates would have been selected in their place, but Mr. Robertson and others accepted their credentials as delegates encumbered with the instructions of the State Convention without protest or objection. When the National Convention met, Mr. Robertson and the other friends of Mr. Elaine in the New York delegation at once affiliated with the opponents of General Grant, and upon all important preliminary questions voted with the friends of Mr. Elaine. When it came to balloting for candidates for President these men, led by Mr. Robertson, bolted the instructions of their State Conven- tion and cast their ballots first for Mr. Elaine, and afterwards for General Garfield. Senator Conkling believed that these bolting delegates were in honor bound to observe and carry out the instructions of their State Convention ; he regarded their failure to do so as an act of political treachery, and on that account he ob- jected to the appointment of Mr. Robertson as Collector of the Port of New York. It is now understood that Mr. Elaine did not urge the appointment of Rob- ertson at the time it was done ; although Senator Conkling and his friends all believed that Mr. Elaine had influenced the President to make the appoint- ment ; but after the appointment was made, and the struggle with New York Senators was precipitated, Mr. Elaine exerted all his pow r er to sustain the Admin- istration. Senators Conkling and Platt resigned their seats in the Senate. When the legislature of New York entered upon the task of electing their successors they were candidates for re-election. A great struggle ensued. The Administration members of the Legislature refused to enter a caucus and thus bind themselves to submit to the action of the majority. Mr. Conkling and Mr. Platt were de- feated and retired to private life. The political struggle created a serious seism in the Republican party of New York. The wounds of such a conflict are slow to heal. President Garfield did not live to witness the outcome of the breach. On Saturday morning, July 2, 1881, just as he and Secretary Elaine entered the Sixth Street Railroad depot in Washington City to take a train for Long Branch, President Garfield received, in the back, a mortal wound from a pistol in the hand of the assassin Guitteau. The President fell to the floor. He was at once carried up stairs and placed upon a mattress on the floor in one of the large offices. The most skilful physicians of the city were instantly called to his relief. It was obvious that the wound was of a most serious nature ; the President suf- fered intense pain as from ten thousand needles pricking his feet, but he endured the pain with wonderful composure, and spoke freely with the doctors and 180 others who were admitted to the room. He was conveyed to the Executive Man- sion and everything was done for him that the most distinguished physicians and surgeons could devise, but no medical or surgical skill, no tender nursing of loved ones could relieve him in that hour of trial. He died at 10:35 P- M. Sep- tember 1 9th, 1881, at Elberon, New Jersey. Chester A. Arthur, Vice-President, was in New York at the time of the death of the President ; the Cabinet officers stopping at Long Branch informed him by telegraph of the sad event and advised him to take the oath of office. This he did during the night of September iQth ; three days later the oath of office was publicly administered in the marble room of the capitol at Washington. On the same day the Cabinet, through Secretary Elaine, tendered their resigna- tions. The President requested them to continue in the discharge of their duties, which they all agreed to do until such time as the President should see fit to form a Cabinet of his own selection. Certain changes were soon made. Mr. Elaine was succeeded by Theodore Frelinghuysen as Secretary of State ; Mr. Windom by Charles J. Folger as Secretary of the Treasury ; Mr. James by Tim- othy O'Howe as Postmaster General ; Mr. Kirkwood by N. M. Teller as Secretary of the Interior, and McVeagh by Benjamin Brewster as Attorney General. The country was in a prosperous condition. Agriculture, manufacturing, mining and commerce were steadily being developed ; foreign trade was expand- ing. The financial condition of the country was sound and the revenues of the government were ample to pay current expenses and steadily reduce the public debt. In fact, the revenues had so grown that during President Arthur's term nearly $45,000,000 of internal revenue taxes were repealed. The Administration was successful and satisfactory to the general public. President Arthur grew upon the people in popularity. In 1882 a governor was to be elected in New York. The Democratic party nominated Grover Cleveland, Mayor of Buffalo, as their candidate for governor. The Republican party held their convention and Charles J. Folger was nomi- nated for governor by a large majority. Judge Folger had served many years, with great distinction, on the bench of the Court of Appeals of New York, and was at the time of his nomination Secretary of the Treasury under President Arthur. His connection with the Arthur administration identified him wth the "stalwart" wing of the Republican party of New York, although the judge had not been active in politics for many years because of his position on the bench. His nomination was antagonized by the wing of the party which had supported Mr. Elaine in 1880. After the nomination was made it transpired that a gen- tleman sat with the State Central Committee as a proxy of Hon. William H. Robertson without authority, it being alleged that the telegram upon which he acted was not sent by Mr. Robertson. It was not pretended that the action of this man in the committee had any influence whatever in securing the nomi- nation of Judge Folger, but it was alleged to have been a fraud by one of his supporters and should be atoned for by the withdrawal of Judge Folger and the nomination of some one else. It will be recalled that Mr. Robertson, who made this complaint, was the same person who was delegate to the National Convention of 1880 and bolted his instructions, and was in 1881 appointed Collector of the Port of New York by President Garfield. Having been retired by President Arthur, he was now get- ting his revenge. Judge Folger declined to withdraw. He made the race for governor as the regular nominee of the Republican party of New York and was defeated. Grover Cleveland was elected by Republican voters who bolted the Republican nomination and gave him enough support to raise his majority to 194,000. The men who supported Mr. Elaine in 1880 at Chicago took the lead in defeating Judge Folger in 1882. The election of Grover Cleveland by so great a majority instantly made him a Presidential possibility with the Democratic party in 1884. It will be seen later on that he was nominated and elected, and his election was brought about by a few Republicans remaining from the polls. These men abstained from voting for the simple reason that they were close personal friends of Roscoe Conkling. They were in strong sympathy with him, believing that he had been deeply wronged by Mr. Elaine, and therefore they withheld their votes and Mr. Elaine was defeated. 181 CHAPTER XXVII. THE CONVENTIONS AND CAMPAIGN OF 1884. CAUSES WHICH LED TO THE ELECTION OF A DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENT. ILLINOIS ELECTS GOVERNOR OGLESBY FOR THE THIRD TIME. GEN/ LOGAN RE-ELECTED SENATOR. The law of cause and effect works with perfect sincerity. A just action bears good fruit, while an unjust action portends evil. It is now perfectly clear that a chain of political misfortunes followed the Republican party as the legitimate effect of the action of the majority of the convention of 1880. The act of setting aside and overthrowing the long-established practice of "instructions" and the "unit rule" and making the new rule operative in that convention was obviously for the purpose of releasing delegates who were instructed for General Grant. The minority submitted, but the action sowed the seeds of discord It divided the party in New York. It caused the appointment of William H. Robertson as Collector. It caused the resignation of Conkling and Platt. It prevented the Republicans of the New York legislature from holding a caucus to nominate candidates for Senator. It caused the defeat of Conkling and Platt for the Senate. It divided the party in New York, causing thousands of Republicans to vote the Democratic ticket to defeat Folger for Governor and elect Cleveland. It de- feated Mr. Elaine for President in 1884. This lesson clearly demonstrates the fact that to enable great political bodies to exercise a healthful control upon public opinion, they must themselves be guided by the highest standards of justice 'and propriety. President Arthur's Administration had given great satisfaction to the coun- try. Every department had been run upon business principles. The President was a man of pleasing address, easy to be approached, with an extensive acquaint- ance of public men ; well versed in methods of administration, and deeply im- pressed with the principle that the public offices should be run in such a manner as to make the business affairs of the government acceptable and satisfactory to the people. It is a proper record to make that President Arthur's administration was popular with the people. President Arthur was a candidate for the presi- dential nomination and was earnestly supported by a large following. George F. Edmunds, John A. Logan and John Sherman were also candidates, but James G, Elaine was supported by the largest number of delegates. The convention consisted of 819 delegates. On the first ballot the vote was: Elaine, 334^2 ; Arthur, 278; Edmunds, 93; Logan, 63^/2 ; Sherman, 30; Hawley, 13; Robert T. Lincoln, 4; General Sherman, 2; necessary to a choice, 410. On the fourth ballot Mr. Elaine received 541 votes. The friends of General Logan and John Sherman had gone to his support. With great unanimity of pur- pose, the convention nominated John A. Logan of Illinois for Vice-President. This ticket was enthusiastically endorsed by Republicans everywhere. The Prohibition party held a convention at Pittsburg, July 23. 1884, an( ' nominated John P. St. John of Kansas and William Daniel of Maryland as can- didates for President and Vice-President. The Greenback party, at a convention held at Indianapolis, Inch, May 28, 1884, nominated Benjamin F. Butler of Massachusetts and A. M. West of Mis- sissippi as candidates for President and Vice-President. It was perfectly well understood by every intelligent voter that neither the Prohibition or Greenback tickets could be elected, but the advocates of National Prohibition, and the advo- cates of an expansion of the Greenback currency, were anxious to agitate for these measures and have their friends counted. The country recognized that the contest was between the Republican and Democratic parties. 182 The Democratic Convention was held at Chicago, July 8 to 11, 1884. A number of men prominent in public affairs and well and favorably known by Democrats throughout the country, were candidates before the convention. These men had been Governors of States, and Senators, and members of Con- gress. They had been before the public and had been leaders of the Democracy for thirty years. They were all popular men with their party, but the convention concluded that they must have a new man ; a man without a record ; a man of ability, of course, but one who had taken no part in the political conflicts grow- ing out of the slavery question and the war. That man was at hand ; he was then Governor of New York. He had beaten Judge Folger, the Republican candidate, by 194,000 majority. Mr. Cleveland was nominated as a candidate for President and Thomas J. Hendricks of Indiana, was nominated for Vice- President. It was a somewhat remarkable fact that these two men had never met; indeed, Mr. Cleveland's acquaintance with public men was exceedingly limited. He had never attended a National Convention, and had taken but little part in politics. The canvass was conducted with great spirit and energy on both sides. Blaine and Logan each made a tour of the country, addressing large audiences. Mr. Hendricks also delivered a number of addresses, but Mr. Cleveland made no active personal canvass. It was apparent from the start that New York was the pivotal state ; an independent Republican faction led by Carl Schurz, and re- enforced by George William Curtis and Henry Ward Beecher drew off many Republican votes. The "Burchard" incident at the interview of a number of ministers of the gospel with Mr. Blaine where, in characterizing the support of the Democratic party, Mr. Burchard coined the phrase of "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion," un- doubtedly lost many Irish votes to Mr. Blaine, but the real cause of the defeat of Blaine and Logan in New York state was the ill will existing between Mr. Biaine and Roscoe Conkling. This was of long standing, and culminated during President Garfield's administration. Many friends of Mr. Conkling failed to vote and as a result the state of New York cast its vote for Cleveland and Hen- dricks. There were four candidates for Governor nominated in Illinois, in 1884, with a full complement for State officers on each ticket. The Republicans nom- inated Richard J. Oglesby, for Governor ; John C. Smith, Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry Dement, Secretary of State ; Jason Gross, Treasurer ; Charles P. Swi- gert, Auditor, and George Hunt, Attorney General. The Democrats nominated Carter H. Harrison for Governor; Henry Seiter, Lieutenant-Governor ; Michael J. Dougherty, Secretary of State ; Albert Oren- dorff, Treasurer ; Walter E. Carlin, Auditor, and Robert B. McKinley, Attorney General. The Greenback party nominated Jesse Harper for Governor, and the Pro- hibitionists J. B. Hobbs for the same office. The canvass was prosecuted with great energy on all sides. The fact that General John A. Logan was a candidate for Vice-President and General Oglesby was a candidate for Governor, and that the campaign was conducted for the Re- publicans by A. M. Jones, chairman of the State Central Committee, gave as- surance that the Republicans of Illinois would earnestly stand by their colors. Carter H. Harrison was a strong and popular man, particularly in Chicago ; he brought out the entire strength of his party. The Republicans carried the State by a plurality, the vote being as follows : Oglesby, 334, 234 ; Harrison, 319,635; Harper, 8,606; Hobbs, 10,904. As compared with the vote four years previous, the Democrats had made a gain of 42,314 votes, while the Republicans' gain was only 6,197 votes. The popular vote was : Grover Cleveland, 4,874,986 ; James G. Blaine, 4,851,- 981 ; Benjamin F. Butler, 175,370; John P. St. John, 150,369. The electoral vote was for Cleveland 219, for Blaine 182. President Cleveland was duly inaugurated March 5th, 1885. He appointed the following Cabinet : Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware ; Sec- retary of the Treasury, Daniel Manning of New York ; Secretary of \Var, William C. Endicott of Massachusetts ; Attorney General, Augustus H. Garland of Arkan- 183 sas ; Postmaster General, William F. Vilas of Wisconsin ; Secretary of the Navy r William C. Whitney of New York; Secretary of Interior, Lucius Q. C. Lamar of Mississippi. In Congress the parties were divided as follows : (49th Congress) Senate ^ 41 Republicans, 34 Democrats; House: 182 Democrats, 140 Republicans. In the 5Oth Congress the Republicans still had a majority in the Senate and the Dem- ocrats a majority in the House. The result of this political situation was thrt the laws placed upon the statute books by the Republican party in respect to the finances and revenues of the government remained in full force. In each Con- gress an effort was made by Democratic leaders to change the tariff laws, and break down the protective system, under the leadership in turn of Hon. William M. Morrison of Illinois, and Hon. Roger Q. Mills of Texas. Each brought for- ward a bill to reduce the tariff rates and increase the free list. In these efforts they were strongly aided by President Cleveland, who sent a message to Congress making a strong argument in favor of free raw material, selecting wool as the article to thoroughly illustrate his views. The President urged placing wool on the free list as the means of greatly increasing the products of the mills, and materially reducing the cost of clothing. Under the leadership of Samuel J. Randall of Pennsylvania, there were a number of Democratic members opposed to reducing the tariff. Upon the final votes, these members united with the Re- publicans and defeated the bills. During this entire term of President Cleveland the revenues were ample to carry on the government and leave a large surplus to be applied to the reduction of the public debt, but the President was not favorable to buying bonds in the open market at a premium, so that the revenues continued to pile up in the treasury until business men and bankers alleged that the business interests of the country were suffering for want of sufficient currency. Still Mr. Cleveland declined to relieve the money market by the purchase of bonds. Finally the Secretary of the Treasury decided to increase the deposits of the government in the National Banks. The usual amount of government deposits in the Depository Bank was $15,000,000. This amount was swelled to about $65,000,000, and the banks held this money for many months without interest. At last Congress took up the sub- ject, and such action was taken as to bring the President and Secretary of the Treasury to continue the plan adopted by their Republican predecessors of reducing the public debt by the purchase of bonds, whenever there was surplus revenue in the treasury. This administration of President Cleveland was not notable for any special features in administration. While great professions were made in favor of the civil service reform system, these did not stand in the way of the removal of thousands of Republicans from office and the appointment of Democrats in their stead. The Democrats had been out of power for 24 years, and it was quite natural that they should expect to fill the offices. The Admin- istration made haste to gratify the urgent demands upon them. Many prominent men who had opposed he prosecution of the war for the Union, and by their activ- ity had made themselves obnoxious, found this a favorable opportunity for their vindication ; they sought important positions and in many cases were appointed to them. The worst feature in the appointments made by Mr. Cleveland was that many persons utterly unworthy of trust were selected ; notably men who had been indicted, convicted and punished for frauds at elections. It is, however, just to say that William C. Whitney, Secretary of the Navy, deserves great credit for the able manner in which he enlarged and .carried forward the plans for increasing the strength of the navy so ably inaugurated by William E. Chandler, Secretary of the Navy under President Arthur. But one of the most cruel acts ever performed by a government was the unjust measures taken by Mr. Cleveland's administration against John Roach, the contractor, for the construction of four war ships under contracts made with Secretary Chandler. Mr. Roach was one of the most enterprising, able and con- scientious ship-builders in the world. He had done much to build up the Amer- ican merchant and war navy. Mr. Roach was a staunch, outspoken Republican ; this made him a marked man with the Cleveland administration. Upon the trial trips of the "Dolphin" her construction was condemned, although it ap- peared that every beam, plate and bolt followed the naval plans. Payments were 184 suspended on the vessels, Roach was unable to carry the load of completing the remaining three ships and he was forced into bankruptcy. Subsequent events conclusively showed that the vessels were in every way worthy and when finally completed under the management of the government, they fulfilled the expec- tations of the department. But Roach was ruined and died of a broken heart. It wa? left to a subsequent Republican Congress to make some reparation for this injustice by an appropriation to pay a balance due on the vessels. Ac the election of 1884 in Illinois, Richard J. Oglesby was elected governor, John C. Smith, lieutenant governor, and with them the whole Republican state ticket, but the legislature, consisting of 51 senators and 153 representatives was politically a tie, the Republicans having 102 members and the Democrats 102. It was the duty of this legislature to elect a Senator to succeed General John A. Logan, the sitting member, whose time expired March 4th, 1885. The news that the Democrats had elected an equal number of the legislature with the Repub- licans excited great interest throughout the state. It was soon noised abroad that an error had been made in the count of the votes for state senator in the Sixth Senatorial District, this being one of the Cook County Districts. The judges of election after the ballots were counted in that district had anriouncec' the results at the various polls, and it was found that Henry A. Leman, a Republican, had been elected by a majority of 39x5 votes ; this result was an- nounced in the newspapers, but upon a recount of the ballots it appeared that the name of Rudolph Brand was printed on a large number of Republican tickets instead of the name of Mr. Leman, thus giving Brand 6,696 votes and Leman 6,686 votes, electing Brand the Democratic Senator by 10 votes. It also appeared that the tally sheets and certificates of the judges of election sustained this state- ment of the vote. The judges of election were taken by surprise by such infor- mation. An examination was made of the papers and a searching investigation of the facts. It was found that the tally sheets and certificates had been changed, and that counterfeit Republican ballots with Brand's name printed upon them had been subsituted for the genuine ballots which had Leman's name upon them. The genuine ballots had been stolen from the ballot box and the spurious ballots inserted in their stead. It appeared that the conspirators who perpetrated the fraud caused counter- feit ballots to be printed, that they secured access to the ballot boxes deposited in the county clerk's office and perpetrated the fraud as above stated. Evidence of tht.se facts were produced to Governor Hamilton, who declined to have a cer- tificate of election issued to Brand, but caused a certificate to be issued to Leman. The Democratic contention was that on the face of the returns Brand was elected, and if Leman had any rights, it was the right of contest before the legislature. If this glaring and outrageous fraud had received such a recognition the Dem- ocratic party would have had a majority of one on joint ballot and Colonel Wil- liam R. Morrison, a Democrat, would have been elected to the United States Senate. The outcome of this fraud in the court was that Joseph C. Mackin, an in- fluential Democratic manager, was sent to the penitentiary for four years upon a charge of perjury. The legislature met January 7th, 1885, and was divided as follows : Senate, Republicans 26, Democrats 24, Greenback Democrat i ; House, Republicans 76, Democrats 76, Independent i. The senate was presided over by Lieutenant Gov- ernor Smith. William J. Campbell was elected president pro tern, and L. F. Watson secretary. In the house Elijah M. Haynes, Independent, was elected speaker, and R. A. D. Wilbanks, Democrat, was elected clerk. Caucuses were held by members of the respective parties. Col. William R. Morrison was nomi- nated for the Senate by the Democrats, and General John A. Logan was nomi- nated by the Republicans. On February icth the House of Representatives voted for a Senator, and on the I3th the Senate performed the same duty. On the same day the two houses met in joint assembly, 200 members being present. A vote for Senator v/as taken without an election. These joint assemblies continued from time to time from February i3th to May igth, 1885, 118 ballots being taken before the final result was reached. The Democrats were determined to defeat General Logan and left nothing undone to accomplish that end. 185 Three legislators died during the session, Robert C. Logan, a Republican oi the house, died and was succeeded by a Republican, Dwight R. Spofford, May 21, 1885. Francis M. Bridges, a Democratic senator,. died and was succeeded April nth by Robert H. Davidson. These vacancies did not influence the sen- atorial issue. J. Henry Shaw, a Democrat of the House, representing the 34th district, composed of the Counties of Mason, Menard, Cass and Schuyler, died. The election for his successor was set for May 6th. The counties were all Demo- cratic, having given a Democratic majority of 2,050 at the previous November election. The Democrats nominated Arthur A. Leeper to fill the vacancy. The Republicans made no nomination. They agreed upon William H. Weaver as their candidate and made a still hunt for votes. Mr. Weaver's candidacy was privately made known to prominent Republicans in every county who were charged to convey the information confidentially to their Republican acquaintances. So well was the secret kept that Weaver's candidacy did not become known until the polls were closed and the judges began to count the ballots. Mr. Weaver was elected by 336 majority. The Democrats of the district and throughout the state were indignant at the result, and the official declaration of the votes was needlessly de- layed. Senator Mason and Representative Calhoun visited Cass County ; Rep- resentatives Fuller and Messeck went to Mason County and Representatives Chapman and Snycler visited Menard, all for the purpose of seeing that the election of Weaver was properly declared. At the end of a week the returns for the election were made. Mr. Weaver received his certificate and on May I5th presented himself to the house for admission to his seat. The Democrats arranged to make a determined effort to defeat Logan before Weaver was recognized as a member ; the joint session was prolonged and a recess taken to the next legislative clay, and Weaver held at bay in the meantime. Lambert Tree of Chicago was now the Democratic candidate, Col. Mcirison having been withdrawn. The opinion among Democrats was that two or three Republicans could by fair means or foul be induced to bolt the Re- publican nominee and vote for Mr. Tree. In the event that plan could not be can ied out, they were willing to cast their votes for some Republican who might have friends in Logan's ranks who would abandon him. Charles B. Farwell was selected by the Democrats as that man. It is proper to state, however, that Mr. Farwell did not seek to become the Democratic candidate. After a great struggle Weaver was sworn in and took his seat. May iQth, 1885, arrived and the Senatorial question was obviously on the eve of being brought to a close. The two houses met in joint session and the iiSth and final ballot was taken. Logan received 103 votes, no Democrats at first voting. When the list of members not voting was called, 21 senators and 72 representatives, in all 93 Democratic members, voted for Mr. Farwell. This action by the Democrats did not shake the fidelity of the supporters of General Logan. Not one of the 103 offered to change his vote. When this maneuver was started Mr. Barry, a Dem- ocrati.: member from Calhoun, rose in his seat and at the top of his voice said, "I change from Lambert Tree to John A. Logan." This action was greeted with loud applause by the Republicans, but Mr. Barry upon the urgent solicitation of his party friends changed his vote to Lambert Tree, saying, "I want to be in harirony with my party, but I want to see everything done fairly here. I give node 2 that before any Republican shall take the election away from John A. Lo- gan I will vote for Logan." All the Democrats of the house' changed from Tree to Farwell except Barry, Dill, Linegan and Prickett. When the Democrats of the senate commenced voting for Mr. Farwell, Mr. Barry again arose and said, "I change to General Logan." Four Democratic senators, Gore, Merritt, Rinehart and McNary, declined to change from Tree to Farwell. This movement was an obvious failure and those voting for Mr. Farwell changed their votes. The Democratic vote as re- corded was :Tree 96, Black 2, Morrison i, Hoxie I, Schofield i ; total 101. The vote cast for General Logan was as follows: Senate: Adams, Ains- worth, Berggren, Campbell, Clough, Cochran, Crawford, Curtis, Evans, Funk, Hogan, Leman, Mason, Morris, Ray, Rogers, Ruger, Sellar, Snyder, Sumner, Thompson, Torrance, Tubbs, Wheeler, White and Whiting 26. House : Allen cf Johnson, Allen of Vermillion, Baird, Barger, Bassett, Bogardus, Boudinot, Boutelle, Boyden, Breckenridge, Brown of Edwards, Brown of Ogle, Buchanan, Calhoun. Campbell of Kankakee, Castle, Chapman, Clay, Cleaveland, Collins, Cooley, Fowler, Fuller, Gittings, Goodnow, Goodspeed, Greenleaf, Graham, Ham- ilton, Hanna, Harper, Headen, Hiatt, Hood, Humphrey, Hunter, Ingalls, Ken- nedy, Kerr, Kinsey, Lawrence, Logsdon, Long, MacMillian, McCord, Messick, Miller, Morgan, Nowers, Oldenburg, Orendorff, H. A. Parker, Francis W. Par- ker, Pike, Pollock, Powell, Prunty, Rogers of Jackson, Rodgers of Warren, Ruby, Scharlau, Sheffield, Sittig, Snyder, SpafTord, Stassen, Stewart, Struckman, Sundelius, Taylor of Cook, Thomas, Tontz, Trexler, Unland, Weaver, Whitte- more, Yost 77; total, 103. The taking of this vote occupied a great amount of time ; when it was finally concluded the speaker declared that "John A. Logan has received a majority. Therefore, I declare him duly elected United States Senator." The great struggle of over four months was ended. Enthusiastic applause followed in which Demo- crats joined. A committee consisting of Messrs. Merritt, Fuller, and Chapman conducted General Logan into the hall ; he was presented by the speaker to the joint assembly and delivered an address in which he expressed his gratitude to the legislature and the people of the State for the honor conferred upon him. Of Colons! Morrison and Mr. Tree he spoke with respect, declaring, 'T leave here having no bitter feeling towards anyone who may have opposed me." The re-election of General Logan was received throughout the country with marks of great satisfaction. He and Mrs. Logan received telegrams of congratu- lation from prominent people from all parts of the country. A reception and banquet was tendered him at the Grand Pacific Hotel, which was followed by the Union League Club banquet, where 150 distinguished persons greeted him with speech and good cheer. General Logan by invitation visited New England, where he was received with every mark of respect and consideration. He was given banquets in Boston and in the states of Alaine and Connecticut. 187 CHAPTER XXVIII. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1888. ELECTION OF HARRISON AND MORTON. JOSEPH W. FIFER ELECTED GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. The Illinois Republican State Convention met at Springfield, May 2d, 1888. Hon. Lewis E. Payson, member of Congress from Pontiac, was made president. There were seven candidates for governor. On the first ballot the vote was as follows: Joseph W. Fifer 288, John McNulta 136, Clark E. Carr 115, James A. Connelly 100, John I. Rinaker 98, John C. Smith 58, Francis M. Wright 48. On the fifth ballot Fifer received 606 votes and was nominated. There was a spirited contest for lieutenant governor between Lyman B. Ray, William H. Collins and James S. Cochran. Mr. Ray, however, carried off the honors. Four popular men made an exciting contest for secretary of state. Senator Isaac N. Pearson, General Jasper N. Reece, Speaker W. F. Calhoun and Repre- sentative Thomas C. McMillan about equally divided the convention. Mr. Pearson was nominated on the fifth ballot. There were ten candidates for auditor. Three of these, Pavey, Berggren and Lewis, received the largest support, all the rest having retired before the fifth ballot, when the vote stood: Pavey 409, Berggren 279, Lewis 159. On the sixth ballot Charles W. Pavey was nominated. Colonel George W. Hunt was re-nominated for attorney general with but little opposition, and Charles Becker was nominated by acclamation for treasurer. This was a strong ticket, popular with the people and brought out the entire Republican vote. General Walter Q. Gresham, formerly of Indiana, now a citi- zen of Chicago and Judge of the United States Circuit Court, was a candidate for President. Senator Cullom had many friends who were in favor of giving him the endorsement of the convention for President, but the convention was enthu- siastic for Gresham, and passed a resolution endorsing his candidacy. The dele- gates to the National Convention were as follows, at large : Charles B. Farwell, George R. Davis, Horace S. Clark and William F. Hadley. ist District, William J. Campbell, Eugene Cary ; 2d, William E. Kent, Henry Scherer ; 3d, John A. Roche, Leonard Swett ; 4th, William Boldenweck, Canute R. Matson ; 5th, Isaac L. Elwood, Homer Cook ; 6th, Charles A. Works, William Spensely ; 7th, Thomas E. Milchrist, Joseph Little ; 8th, Henry Mayo, L. E. Bennett ; 9th, James E. Morrow, John H. Jones; loth, Julius S. Starr, Clarence E. Snively; nth, Ben- jamin F. Marsh, John M. Turnbull ; I2th, William L. Disten, Richard W. Mills; I3th, John A. Ayers, William Brown; I4th James Milliken, B. F. Funk; I5th, Frank K. Robinson, Charles P. Hitch ; i6th, Thomas W. Scott, D. B. Green ; I7th, R. T. Higgins, Benson Wood; i8th, William A. Haskill, Cicero J. Lindley; iQth, Jasper Partridge, George C. Ross ; 2Oth, William R. Brown, Edward E. Mitchell. The Presidential electors selected by the convention were : Charles H. Deere, John Crerar, Michael B. Kearney, John R. Wheeler, Orrin W. Potter, Harvey A. Jones, Duncan Mackay, Jr., James Dinsmoor, Isaac C. Norton, Richard J. Hanna, E. A. Bancroft, Robert Moir, James M. Truitt, Thomas Worthington, Jr., Deitrich C. Smith, Vespasian Warner, William R. Jewell, Ethelbert Callahan, Alexander M. McTaggart, Emery P. Slate, Allen Blakeley, Henry Clay Horner. The Democratic State Convention met at Springfield May 23d. General Jesse J. Phillips was chosen president. John M. Palmer was nominated for gov- ernor ; Andrew J. Bell, lieutenant governor ; N. Douglas Ricks, Secretary of state ; Andrew Welch, auditor ; Charles H. Wacker, treasurer, and Jacob Creigh- ton, attorney general. 188 189 The Democratic National Convention of 1888 met at St. Louis, Mo., June 5, and was called to order by Calvin S. Brice of Ohio, Chairman ; Simon P. Sheerin acting as secretary. S. M. White of California was made temporary chairman and Patrick A. Collins of Massachusetts was permanent chairman. The convention was composed of the great leaders of the party from all parts of the United States. But one name was on the lips of every delegate for nomination for the Presidency, and that was Grover Cleveland. Mr. Cleveland had led the Democracy to victory in 1884, and he was by acclamation made their standard-bearer for 1888. Hon. Allan G. Thurman of Ohio Was nominated for Vice-President by acclamation. Mr. Thurman undoubtedly added great strength to the ticket. A man of recognized ability and integrity, he had the personal friendship and respect of hosts of Republicans. He had filled many public positions, and had served in the United States Senate with distinction as the colleague of Hon. John Sherman. The platform expressed the opinion of the party on various topics and made a strong demand for the reform of the tariff and for the reduction of the surplus in the National Treasury. The Republican National Convention met in Chicago June 2Oth, and re- mained in session until the 25th. The leading candidate for the nomination for President was John Sherman, of Ohio, then a United States Senator. Much of the time of the convention was occupied in settling contests in several state delega- tions. On the first ballot the vote stood : John Sherman 229, Walter Q. Gresham 109, Benjamin Harrison 85, Chauncey M. Depew 99, Russell A. Alger 84, William B. Allison 72, and 153 scattering votes. Mr. Sherman's highest vote, 249, was cast on the second ballot. On the eighth ballot General Harrison received 544 votes, which gave him the nomina- tion, which was made unanimous. Levi P. Morton of New York was nominated for Vice-President. The canvass was active and spirited. General Harrison re- mained at his home in Indianapolis during the canvass, where he received numer- ous delegations. His speeches were able and eloquent. Mr. Fifer made a strong canvass for governor. The vote in Illinois was as follows : For President, Benjamin Harrison, 370,473; Grover Cleveland, 348,378; Clinton B. Fisk (Prohib.), 21,695; A. J. Streator (Labor), 7,090. This political contest again brought into the field four tickets for State offi- cers. The candidates for Governor were : Joseph W. Fifer, Republican ; John M. Palmer, Democrat ; Willis N. Jones, Labor, and David H. Harts, Prohibi- tion. The Republican party carried the State and elected their whole ticket, but as in 1884, it was by a plurality. The vote stood as follows : Fifer, 367,860 ; Palmer, 355,313; Harts, 18,915; Jones, 6,364. Total opposition, 380,592. This election gave the opponents of the Republican party a majority of 12,632 votes. The Democratic leader in this great struggle was John M. Palmer, the president of the first Republican State Convention of Illinois. As has been seen, he broke with his party, and this year led the Democratic hosts against the party he helped to organize. To the careful observer of politics and the drift of political opinion, the elections in Illinois conclusively show that there was an impending crisis for the Republican party. As will be seen, the crisis came four years later with the election of John P. Altgeld as Governor. The Prohibitionists and Labor party had less cause of complaint against the Republican party than against the Democracy. The Republican party had always followed restrictive measures regarding the sale of intoxicants, and had legislated favorably for securing to labor steady employment and good wages, while the Democratic party have done neither one nor the other. But it is the natural course of mankind in politics for minority parties to do all they can to defeat the majority party. This principle of action often brings together the most discordant elements, which unite simply for the purpose of overthrowing the dominant party. Joseph W. Fifer, elected Governor of Illinois November, 1888, inaugurated January 14, 1889, is a native of Virginia. He was born in the fine old town of Staunton, Augusta County, October 28, 1840. His father was a farmer and a stone and brick mason. He removed to Illinois in 1857, settled in McLean County, bought a farm, engaged in farming, manufacturing and laying brick. His son Joseph was raised on the farm and learned the occupation of the father. In 1861 he enlisted in Company C, 33d Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, known as the Normal Regiment, commanded successively by Colonels Charles T. Havey, Charles E. Lippincott and Isaac H. Elliott. This regiment performed distin- guished services and "Private Joe" did his part gallantly. On May 14, 1863, when General Grant attacked Jackson, Miss., during his great movement against Yicksburg, Joseph W. Fifer received a gunshot wound through the body. It was considered fatal, but he rallied, recovered and returned to the regiment and served out his three years' term. When he returned home he had a much broader view of life and decided to secure the best education available to him. He en- tered the Wesleyan University, at Bloomington, and graduated with honor in 1868. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1869. He devoted himself closely to his profession, was elected corporation counsel for the city of Bloom- ington in 1871 and in 1872 was elected State's Attorney for McLean County. He held this office for eight years and performed the duties in the most able and creditable manner. He was recognized by the profession as one of the ablest State's Attorneys in Illinois. In 1880 he was nominated and elected to the State Senate, succeeding John M. Hamilton, elected Lieutenant-Governor. Mr. Fifer served four years in the Senate and took a leading part in debate and legislation. His able career in the Senate brought him prominently and favorably before the people of the State, and, as has been said, was nominated and elected Governor. At the expiration of his term he resumed his law practice at Bloomington. In 1899 he was appointed on the Inter-State Commerce Commission by Presi- dent McKinley. Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton were elected President and Vice- President. The electoral vote stood: Harrison 233, Cleveland 168. The popular vote was for Harrison 5,440,708, Cleveland 5,536,242, Fisk 246,876, Streator 146,836. It was made quite manifest by this election that the Prohibition agita- tion and the Union Labor movement as national political issues were too narrow in their scope to attract a large following of voters. The Illinois legislature was strongly Republican. The senate stood : 35 Republicans, 17 Democrats and I Union Labor. The house stood: Republicans 80, Democrats 72, Independent i. Colonel Asa C. Mathews was elected speaker and John A. Reeve, clerk. Colonel Mathews resigned his seat in the legislature to accept the office of comptroller of the United States treasury, and was suc- ceeded by James H. Miller, who died and was succeeded by William G. Cochran of Sullivan. Lieutenant Governor Ray presided over the senate. Theodore S. Chapman was elected president pro tern and Lorenzo F. Watson, secretary. The 5ist Congress, elected November, 1888, was strongly Republican. The Senate stood: 47 Republicans, 37 Democrats. House: 173 Republicans, 156 Dem- ocrats. President Harrison was duly inaugurated March 4th, 1889, in the presence of an immense throng who visited the capital to take part in the ceremonies. He appointed the following Cabinet: James G. Elaine, Secretary of State; William Windom, Secretary of the Treasury ; Redfield Proctor, Secretary of War ; B. F. Tracy, Secretary of the Navy ; John Wanamaker, Postmaster General ; John W. Noble, Secretary of the Interior ; William H. H. Miller, Attorney General ; J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture. In the House of Representatives there was a spirited contest for speaker. Thomas B. Reed of Maine, Joseph G. Cannon of Illinois, William McKinley of Ohio, and David B. Henderson of Iowa, were candidates. Mr. Reed received the caucus nomination and was elected. In forming the committees of the House William McKinley was appointed chairman of the committee on ways and means and Mr. Cannon was placed at the head of the appropriation committee. These are the two most important committees of Congress ; the one formulates the revenue laws and the other supervises the national expenditures. Much important legislation was brought before this Congress. The increase of the strength of the navy was a favorite idea with the Administration and Con- 191 gress responded with liberal appropriations. The rivers and harbors were not neglected. The refunding of the direct tax of $20,000,000 levied the first year of the civil war, and which in the North had been paid by 'the states, to prevent the complication of private land titles, was refunded. A new pension bill known as the disability bill was passed. The tariff laws were amended, and the protective system extended. In the House of Representatives the Republicans had but sixteen majority excluding the speaker. The Democratic minority was well led and aggressive. It soon became quite clear that under the old rules of the House, this large minor- ity could by dilatory and other obstructive measures prevent the enactment of any law to which they were earnestly opposed. To do business the Republicans must have not only a majority of a quorum present, but they must maintain a quorum of their own members, otherwise the Democrats by refusing to vote would break a quorum and thus prevent action. When the House found itself without a quorum, it had authority under the rules to require the attendance of members until a quorum was secured ; but there was no rule requiring members to vote when present. A member not voting was constructively absent, and enough members refusing to vote although present could at any time break a quorum and suspend business. Speaker Reed decided to break down this old system. He adopted the practice, when a quorum was broken by members present refusing to vote, to count enough of these members to make a "quorum and have the clerk enter their names on the journal as present and not voting. This practice was resented by the Democrats with all their power. They were simply made furious by the speaker counting them as present when they refused to vote. At times the Democratic anger was so great that it seemed they would remove the speaker from his desk by violence ; but Speaker Reed without consulting his colleagues had determined his course and he sat unperturbed by the denunciation and abuse of his opponents. The speaker forced this issue on the House, his party friends, although taken by surprise at his action, rallied to his support, and this principle of counting a quorum, if there is a -quorum present, was incorporated into the rules, and has become established as correct parliamentary law. This rule en- ables majorities which are always responsible for legislation, to legislate. The adoption of this rule made it possible for the 5ist Congress to do business. The most important legislation taken up by Congress was the amendment of the tariff laws. It is undoubtedly true that Mr. McKinley was fortunate in being defeated for speaker. Had he been elected speaker he would simply have "been credited with the government of the House ; as it was, he became identified with one of the most important pieces of constructive legislation ever enacted by Congress in respect to the tariff. This law will ever be known as the "McKinley Bill." The preparation of this measure involved an immense amount of labor, and an extensive and accurate knowledge of the various productive industries of the country, and the possibilities of the building up of new industries. The McKinley Bill as a measure for the protection and development of Amer- ican industries in every field of endeavor, was undoubtedly far ahead of any legis- lation which had preceded it. It contained an important provision for establish- ing reciprocal advantages of trade, by treaty, between the United States and for- eign countries. Mr. Elaine, Secretary of the State, as was President Harrison, was fully alive to the importance of this measure. Reciprocity treaties were made with Brazil, Dominican Republic, Spain for Cuba and Porto Rico, Guatemala, Salvador, the German Empire, Great Britain ior certain West Indian colonies and British Guiana, Nicaragua, Honduras and Austria-Hungary. Under these trade arrangements a free or favored admission was secured in every case for an important list of American products. Special care was taken to secure markets for surplus farm products in order to relieve that great underlying industry of the depression which the lack of an adequate foreign market for our surplus often brings. An opening was also made for manufac- tured products which was calculated to greatly augment our export trade. The treaties in all cases were negotiated upon the basis that certain American pro- ducts were to be admitted into those countries free or upon more favorable terms than the then existing laws of those countries provided, in consideration, that cer- 192 tain products of their countries were to be admitted upon terms more favorable than our tariff laws allowed. The McKinley Bill with its large free list, and its greatly extended system of protection, with the Reciprocity Treaties added, gave an impetus to American production and trade both domestic and foreign, the like of which had never been seen in the history of the world. A mistake was made, however, in not convening Congress in extra session immediately after the inauguration of President Harrison so as to give Congress ample time to pass the tariff law and have it in full operation before the succeed- ing Congressional election. Very soon after the McKinley Bill was enacted the Congressional campaign came on and the Democrats attacked the measure with great energy and vehemence, alleging that the price of nearly every article used by the common people was advanced. An increased duty had been placed on tin as a means of encouraging the erection of factories for the production of tin plate. Changes were rung all over the country upon the subject of the advance in price of tin ; the poor man's dinner-pail was made a great national issue. The election came off in November, 1890, and there was a great political landslide. For the Fifty-Second Congress the Democrats elected 235 members of the House, the Republicans elected 88, and the Farmers' Alliance, 9. Even William McKinley of Ohio was defeated ; but the Senate stood as a bulwark against hasty and unwise Democratic legislation. The Republicans numbered 47, the Democrate 37. Charles F. Crisp, of Georgia, was elected Speaker, and James Kerr, Clerk. William M. Springer, of Illinois, a strong competitor for Speaker, was appointed chairman of the committee on ways and means, and William S. Holman, long known as the watch-dog of the Treasury, was appointed chairman of the com- mittee on appropriations. Mr. Springer reported a tariff bill proposing legislation on the lines of Democratic opinion, that is, a tariff for revenue only. This meas- ure was debated with great ability by gentlemen of both parties. Speaker Crisp left his seat and delivered a lengthy and forcible address against Republican pro- tection and reciprocity, and was answered by a most able and incisive speech by Mr. Reed. The bill did not have a ghost of a chance in the Senate, but the Demo- crats of the House thought it to be their duty to send the Senate a Democratic tariff bill and leave the responsibility of its defeat with the Senate. When Congress met December 6th, 1892, President Harrison made a brief reference in his annual message to the condition of the country at that time. He said: "In submitting my annual message to Congress I have great satisfaction in being able to say that the general conditions affecting the commercial and indus- trial interests of the United States are in the highest degree favorable. A com- parison of the existing conditions with those of the most favored period in the history of the country will, I believe, show that so high a degree of prosperity and so general a diffusion of the comforts of life were never before enjoyed by our people. "The total wealth of the country in 1860 was $16,159,616,068. In 1890 it amounted to $62,610,000,000, an increase of 287 per cent. "The total mileage of railways in the United States in 1860 was 30,626. In 1890 it was 167,741, an increase of 448 per cent.; and it is estimated that there will be about 4,000 miles of track added by the close of the year 1892. "The official returns of the Eleventh census and those of the Tenth census for seventy-five leading cities furnish the basis for the following comparisons : 1880. 1890. Capital invested in manufacturing. .. .$1,232,839,670 $2,900,735,884 Number of employes 1,301,388 2,251,134 Wages earned 501,965,778 1,221,170,454 Value of the product 2,71 1,579,899 4,860,286,837 I am informed by the superintendent of the Census that the omission of cer- tain industries in 1880 which were included in 1890 accounts in part for the re- markable increase thus shown, but after making full allowance for differences of method and deducting the returns for all industries not included in the census of 1880, there remain in the reports from these seventy-five cities an increase in the capital employed of $1,522,745,604, in the value of the product of $2,024,236,166, in wages earned of $677,943,929, and in the number of wage earners employed of 193 856,029. The wage earnings not only show an increased aggregate, but an in- crease per capita from $386 in 1880 to $547 in 1890, or 41.71 per cent. "The new industrial plants established since October 6, 1890, and up to Oc- tober 22, 1892, as partially reported in the American Economist, number 345, and the extension of existing plants 108; the new capital invested amounts to $40,449,- 050, and the number of additional employes to 37,285. The Textile World for July states that during the first six months of the present calendar year 135 new factories were built, of which 40 are cotton mills, 48 knitting mills, 26 woolen mills, 15 silk mills, 4 plush mills, and 2 linen mills. Of the 40 cotton mills 21 have been built in the Southern States. Mr. A. B. Shepperson, of the New York Cot- ton Exchange, estimates the number of working spindles in the United States on September i, 1892, at 15,200,000, an increase of 660,000 over the year 1891. The consumption of cotton by the American mills in 1891 was 2,396,000 bales, and in 1892, 2,584,000 bales, an increase of 188,000 bales. From the year 1869 to 1892, inclusive, there has been an increase in the consumption of cotton in Europe of 92 per cent., while during the same period the increased consumption in the United States has been about 150 per cent. "The report of Ira Ayer, special agent of the Treasury Department, shows that at the date of September 30, 1892, there were 32 companies manufacturing tin and terne plate in the United States, and 14 companies building new works for such manufacture. The estimated investment in buildings and plants at the close of the fiscal year June 30, 1893,, if existing conditions were to be continued, was $5,000,000, and the estimated rate of production 200,000,000 pounds per an- num. The actual production for the quarter ending September 30, 1892, was 10,952,725 pounds. "The report of Labor Commissioner Peck, of New York, shows that during the year 1891, in about 6,000 manufacturing establishments in that state em- braced within the special inquiry made by him, and representing 67 different in- dustries, there was a net increase over the year 1890 of $31,315,130.68 in the value of the product and of $6,377,925.09 in the amount of wages paid. The report of the commissioner of labor for the State of Massachusetts shows that 3,745 in- dustries in that state paid $129,416,248 in wages during the year 1891, against $126,030,303 in 1890, an increase of $3,335,945, and that there was an increase of $9,932,490 in the amount of capital and of 7,346 in the number of persons em- ployed in the same period. "During the last six months of the year 1891 and the first six months of 1892 the total production of pig iron was 9,710,819 tons, as against 9,202,703 tons in the year 1890, which was the largest annual production ever attained. For the same twelve months of 1891-92 the production of Bessemer ingots was 3,878,581 tons, an increase of 189,710 gross tons over the previously unprecedented yearly pro- duction of 3,688,871 gross tons in 1890. The production of Bessemer steel rails for the first six months of 1892 was 772,436 gross tons, as against 702,080 gross tons during the last six months of the year 1891. "The total value of our foreign trade (exports and imports of merchandise) during the last fiscal year was $1,857,680,610, an increase of $128,283,604 over the previous fiscal year. The average annual value of our imports and exports of merchandise for the ten fiscal years prior to 1891 was $1,457,322,019. It will be ob- served that our foreign trade for 1892 exceeded this annual average value by $400,358,591, an increase of 27.47 per cent. The significance and value of this increase are shown by the fact that the excess in the trade of 1892 over 1891 was wholly in the value of exports, for there was a decrease in the value of imports of $17,513,754. "The value of our exports during the fiscal year 1892 reached the highest figure in the history of the Government, amounting to $1,030,278,148, exceed- ing by $145,797,338 the exports of 1891, and exceeding the value of the imports by $202,875,686. A comparison of the value of our exports for 1892 with the annual average for the ten years prior to 1891 shows an excess of $265,142,651, or of 34.65 per cent. The value of our imports of merchandise for 1892, which was $829,402,462, also exceeded the annual average value of the ten years prior to 1891 by $135,215,940. During the fiscal year 1892 the value of the imports free of duty amounted to $457,999,658, the largest aggregate in the history of our com- 194 merce. The value of the imports of merchandise entered free of duty in 1892 was 55-35 P er cent, of the total value of imports, as compared with 43.35 per cent, in 1891 and 33.66 per cent, in 1890. "In our coastwise trade a most encouraging development is in progress, there having been in the last four years, an increase of 16 per cent. In internal commerce the statistics show that no such period of prosperity has ever before existed. The freight carried in the coastwise trade of the Great Lakes in 1890 aggregated 28,295,959 tons. On the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio rivers and tributaries in the same year the traffic aggregated 29,405,046 tons, and the total vessel tonnage passing through the Detroit river during that year was 21,684,000 tons. The vessel tonnage entered and cleared in the foreign trade of London during 1890 amounted to 13,480,767 tons, and of Liverpool 10,941,800 tons, a total for these two great shipping ports of 24,422,568 tons, only slightly in excess of the vessel tonnage passing through the Detroit river. And it should be said that the season for the Detroit river was but 228 days, while of course in London and Liverpool the season was for the entire year. The vessel tonnage passing through the St. Marys canal for the fiscal year 1892 amountted to 9,828,874 tons, and the freight tonnage of the Detroit river is estimated for that year at 25,000,- ooo tons, against 23,209,619 tons in 1891. The aggregate traffic on our railroads for the year 1891 amounted to 704,398,609 tons of freight, compared with 691,- 344,437 tons in 1890, an increase of 13,054,172 tons. "Another indication of the general prosperity of the country is found in the fact that the number of depositors in savings banks increased from 693,870 in 1860 to 4,258,893 in 1890, an increase of 513 per cent., and the amount of deposits from $149,277,504 in 1860 to $1,524,844,500 in 1890, an increase of 921 per cent. In 1891 the amount of deposits in savings banks was $1,623,079,749. It is esti- mated that 90 per cent, of these deposits represent the savings of wage earners. The bank clearances for nine months ending September 30, 1891, amounted to $41,049,390,908. For the same months in 1892 they amounted to $45,189,601,- 947, an excess for nine months of $4,140,211,139. "There never has been a time in our history when work was so abundant or when wages were as high, whether measured by the currency in which they are paid or by their power to supply the necessaries and comforts of life. It is true that the market prices of cotton and wheat have been low. It is one of the un- favorable incidents of agriculture that the farmer cannot produce upon orders. He must sow and reap in ignorance of the aggregate production of the year, and is peculiarly subject to the depreciation which follows overproduction. But while the fact I have stated is true as to the crops mentioned, the general average of prices has been such as to give to agriculture a fair participation in the general prosperity. The value of our total farm products has increased from $1,363,- 646,866 in 1860 to $4,500,000,000 in 1891, as estimated by statisticians, an increase of 230 per cent. The number of hogs January I, 1891, was 50,625,106, and their value $210,193,925 ; on January i, 1892, the number was 52,398,019, and the value $241,031,415. On January i, 1891, the number of cattle was 36,875,648, and the value $544,127,908; on January i, 1892, the number was 37,651,239, and the value "If any are discontented with their state here, if any believe that wages or prices, the returns for honest toil, are adequate, they should not fail to remember that there is no other country in the world where the ^conditions that seem to them hard would not be accepted as highly prosperous. The English agricul- turist would be glad to exchange the returns of his labor for those of the Amer- ican farmer, and the Manchester workman their wages for those of their fellows at Fall River. "I believe that the protective system, which has now for something more than thirty years continuously prevailed in our legislation, has been a mighty instrument for the development of our national wealth and a most powerful agency in protecting the homes of our workingmen from the invasion of want. I have felt a most solicitous interest to preserve to our working people rates of wages that would not only give daily bread, but supply a comfortable margin for those home attractions and family comforts and enjoyments without which life is neither hopeful nor sweet. They are American citizens a part of the great people for 195 whom our constitution and Government were framed and instituted and it cart not be a perversion of that constitution to so legislate as to preserve in their homes the comfort, independence, loyalty, and sense of interest in the Govern- ment which are essential to good citizenship in peace,' and which will bring this stalwart throng, as in 1861, to the defense of the flag when it is assailed. "It is not my purpose to renew here the argument in favor of a protective tariff. The result of the recent election must be accepted as having introduced a new policy. We must assume that the present tariff, constructed upon the lines of protection, is to be repealed and that there is to be substituted for it a tariff law constructed solely with reference to revenue ; that no duty is to be higher be- cause the increase will keep open an American mill or keep up the wages of an American workman, but that in every case such a rate of duty is to be imposed as will bring to the Treasury of the United States the largest returns of revenue. The contention has not been between schedules, but between principles, and it would be offensive to suggest that the prevailing party will not carry into legis- lation the principles advocated by it and the pledges given to the people. The tariff bills passed by the House of Representatives at the last session were, as I suppose, even in the opinion of their promoters, inadequate, and justified only by the fact that the Senate and House of Representatives were not in accord and that a general revision could not therefore be undertaken. "I recommend that the whole subject of tariff revision be left to the incoming Congress." This message was delivered to Congress within a month after the election of Mr. Cleveland to his second term. On the date of that election no one could dis- cern a dark cloud in the commercial and financial sky of the country as large as a man's hand. Every dollar of money in the country, whether it was gold, silver, legal tender notes, silver certificates, gold certificates or treasury notes, all cir- culated at par from one end of the country to the other. There was no run upon the treasury for the redemption of any class of paper circulation. There was ab- solute confidence in the credit of the Nation ; of the ability of the Government to> meet its obligations, and of the disposition and capacity of the Republican admin- istration to maintain the credit of the United States. The revenues of the Govern- ment during Harrison's administration had been ample, not only to meet the pub- lic expenses, but to steadily reduce the public debt. If an error of administration was committed by the Secretary of the Treasury at that time, it was in reducing the public debt too rapidly, that is, reducing the working surplus of the treasury too low for the convenient management of the public business. As is shown by the quotation from President Harrison's message, productive industries of every description, including many new enterprises, were being operated at full stroke, giving adequate employment to labor at remunerative wages. The McKinley tariff law as a whole, and the reciprocity feature in partic- ular, including the treaties made under it, had been denounced by the Demo- cratic platform as vicious, and a pledge was made by the Democracy for their re- peal upon gaining power. Business men everywhere soon began to reason upon this great industrial question, in view of Democratic opinions and pledges, and the conclusion soon became fixed, that a great change in the tariff laws was at hand and that the protective system which had been the basis of tariff legislation, for thirty-two years was doomed. The Revolution in the Hawaiian Islands overthrew the monarchy and estab- lished a stable government. During the last year of President Harrison's admin- istration a treaty was negotiated with the Hawaiian Republic for the annexation of these islands to the United States. This treaty was signed February I3th, 1893, was transmitted to the Senate February I5th, and was pending before that body when President Harrison retired from office. The administration of President Harrison will live in history as able and progressive. General Harrison was and is one of the ablest of American citizens. He is a thorough believer in the prin- ciples of the Republican party, and has contributed largely to the making of its. grand history. 196 CHAPTER XXIX. CAMPAIGN OF 1892, CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. The Republican National Convention of 1892 met at Minneapolis, June 7th. J. Sloat Fassett of New York was chosen temporary chairman and William McKinley permanent chairman. President Harrison was a candidate for renom- ination. Numerous friends of Mr. Elaine were desirous that he should be nominated. He had declared in a letter to Mr. Clarkson of Iowa that his name would not go before the convention. It was believed, however, that if the nomi- nation was tendered to him that he would accept it. Mr. Elaine was ambitious for the Presidency, and no doubt gave heed to the urgent demands of friends, believing that he might be nominated. The relations between the President and Mr. Elaine became strained, and he resigned as Secretary of State before the convention met. President Harrison was renominated on the first ballot ; 905 votes were cast, as follows: Harrison 535, McKinley 182, Elaine 181, Lincoln i. Whitelaw Reid of New York was nominated for Vice-President. The platform was a forcible presentation of Republican doctrine and achieve- ment. The declaration upon the tariff was clear and emphatic. It was : "We reaffirm the American doctrine of protection. We believe that all articles which cannot be produced in the United States except luxuries should be admitted free of duty, and that on all imports coming in competition with the products of American labor there should be levied duties equal to the difference between wages abroad and at home." This was the clearest statement ever made of the reason and necessity for a protective tariff and has been the guiding principle of Republican tariff legislation. The Democratic National Convention met in Chicago, June 2ist. W. C. Owens was made temporary chairman and W. L. Wilson of West Virginia per- manent chairman. There were a number of candidates for the nomination of President. Grover Cleveland was the popular choice, but the delegation from his State were unanimously in favor of David B. Hill. Mr. Cleveland was nominated on the first ballot. It was as follows: Cleveland 617, Boies 103, Hill 114, Gorman 36, Carlisle 14, Stevenson 16, Morrison 3, Campbell 2, Russell i, Whitney i, Pattison i. Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois was nominated for Vice- President. The platform was lengthy and touched upon every political issue. Upon the tariff the declaration was emphatic. It was : "We denounce Republican pro- tection as a fraud, a robbery of the great majority of the American people for the benefit of the few. We declare it to be a fundamental principle of the Dem- ocratic party that the Federal Government has no constitutional power to impose and collect tariff duties except for the purpose of revenue only. We denounce the McKinley tariff law * * as the culminating atrocity of class legislation. * * We promise its repeal as one of the beneficent results that will follow the action of the people in intrusting power to the Democratic party." Other party organizations named candidates for President and Vice-Presi- dent, but the great issue for the people to decide was between the Republican and Democratic parties. Cleveland and Stevenson were elected and with them a large majority in the lower house of Congress. Mr. Cleveland in his inaugural address indicated clearly that in his opinion impending dangers were brooding over the country. His voice was full of warning. In the second paragraph he said : "I deem it fitting on this occasion, while indicating the opinions I hold concerning public questions of present im- 197 portance to also briefly refer to the existence of certain conditions and tendencies among' our people which seem to menace the integrity and usefulness of the government. It behooves us to constantly watch for every symptom of insidious infirmity that threatens our national vigor." Speaking of the currency, he said : "In dealing with our present embarrassing situation as relates to this subject, we will be wise if we temper our confidence and faith in our national strength and resources with the frank concession that even these will not permit us to defy with impunity the inexorable laws of finance and trade. "Closely related to the exaggerated confidence in our country's greatness, which tends to a disregard of the rules of national safety, another danger con- fronts us not less serious. I refer to the prevalence of a popular disposition to expect from the operation of the government especial and direct individual advantages. "The verdict of our voters which condemned the injustice of maintaining' protection for protection's sake, enjoins upon the people's servants the duty of exposing and destroying the brood of kindred evils which are the unwholesome progeny of paternalism. This is the bane of republican institutions and the constant peril of our government by the people. The lessons of paternalism ought to be unlearned and the better lesson taught, that while the people should patriotically support their government, its functions do not include the support of the people. "The people of the United States have decreed that on this day the control of the government in its legislative and executive branches shall be given to a political party pledged in the most positive terms to the accomplishment of tariff reform. When we tear aside the delusion and misconceptions which have blinded our countrymen to their condition under vicious tariff laws, we but show them that heretofore they have been led away from the path of con- tentment and prosperity. When we proclaim that the necessity for revenue to support the government furnishes the only justification for taxing the people, we announce a truth so plain that its denial would seem to indicate the extent to which judgment may be influenced by familiarity with perversion of the taxing power." Mr. Cleveland gave the country notice that in his opinion the country finan- cially was in an embarrassing situation. And he also gave notice that the people should be led back to the path of "contentment" by the repeal of the protective tariff. This address was delivered on March 5, 1893. On June 30, 1893, less than four months after his inauguration, President Cleveland issued a proclamation convening Congress in extra session August 7, 1893. In the preamble to said proclamation, he said : "Whereas, the distrust and apprehension concerning the financial situation which pervades all business circles have already caused great loss and damage to our people and threaten to cripple our merchants, stop the wheels of manufacture, bring distress and privation to our farmers, and with- hold from our workingmen the wage of labor." When Congress met the Presi- dent sent in a special message on August 8, 1893. He depicted the situation of the country as follows : "To the Congress of the United States : The existence of an alarming and extraordinary business situation, involving the welfare and prosperity of all our people, has constrained me to call together in extra session the people's repre- sentatives in Congress, to the end that through a wise and patriotic exercise of the legislative duty, with which they solely are charged, present evils may be mitigated and dangers threatening the future may be averted. "Our unfortunate financial plight is not the result of untoward events, nor of conditions related to our natural resources, nor is it traceable to any of the afflictions which frequently check natural growth and prosperity. With plente- ous crops, with abundant promise of remunerative production and manufacture, with unusual invitation to safe investment and with satisfactory assurance to business enterprise, suddenly financial distrust and fear have sprung up on every side. Numerous moneyed institutions have suspended because abundant assets were not immediately available to meet the demands of frightened depositors. Surviving corporations and individuals are content to keep in hand the money 198 they are usually anxious to loan, and those engaged in legitimate business are surprised to find that the security they offer for loans, though heretofore satis- factory, are no longer accepted. Values supposed to be fixed are fast becoming conjectural and loss and failure have invaded every branch of business." This is the dismal picture President Cleveland drew of the country at the end of five months after his inauguration. Why did distrust and apprehension pervade all business circles? Why had loss and failure invaded every branch of business ? There is but one answer. Business men throughout the whole United States took alarm at the certainty that the Democratic party would so change the tariff law as to destroy the protective policy, under which the business of the country had been conducted for thirty-two years, and place the whole productive industry of the people under the influence of a tariff law, with many important products on the free list. Business men everywhere realized that a Democratic tariff meant the throwing open of the American market to the for- eigner ; it meant a great struggle for control of the markets of the United States with all foreign manufacturers and producers combined against the manufac- turers and producers of the country. They knew that it meant a glutted market and a ruinous competition. Mr. Cleveland's inaugural address sounded the alarm. It was like a fire bell at night. The country realized that the Democratic platform was to be taken as the guide of congressional legislation on the tariff. The platform was hunted up and closely scanned. Section 3 was the center of interest ; it contained these ominous words : "We denounce Republican protec- tion as a fraud, a robbery of the great majority of the American people for the benefit of the few. We declare it to be a fundamental principle of the Democratic party that the Federal Government has no constitutional power to impose tariff duties except for the purposes of revenue only." "We denounce the McKinley tariff law enacted by the fifty-first Congress as the culminating atrocity of class legislation, and we promise its repeal as one of the beneficial results that will follow the action of the people in intrusting power to the Democratic party." President Cleveland convened Congress for the purpose of recommending the repeal of the act of July 14, 1890, known as the Sherman Act, which pro- vided for the purchase of 4,500,000 ounces of silver monthly to be paid for in Treasury notes redeemable on demand in gold or silver coins at the discretion of the secretary of the treasury. It was declared in the act to be "the established policy of the United States to maintain the two metals on a parity with each other upon the present legal ratio or such ratio as may be provided by law." Mr. Cleveland declared in his message 'that the grievous misfortunes which had befallen the country were chargeable to this law, and he insisted upon its repeal. The President's party friends in Congress were not in sympathy with the proposition of repeal, but with the aid of Republican votes the law was repealed. No other important legislation was undertaken by the special session. The repeal of the silver purchase law had no influence whatever upon the panic ; it increased in severity until its crushing influences reached and depressed every business, and brought ruin and bankruptcy to thousands. The Democratic platform, upon which Mr. Cleveland stood when elected, in criticising Republican policies, declared that "We denounce a policy which fos- ters no industry so much as it does that of the sheriff." During the whole period of Republican control the sheriff had never been so active as during the Cleveland administration. The sarcasm of the paragraph must have excited in 1893 a grim humor in the breasts of those who prepared it. The second administration of President Cleveland with its Democratic legis- lation will forever stand as an example of Democratic unwisdom and incapacity, and a warning to the American people to trust them no more in control of National affairs. While every year under the Republican management the Na- tional debt had been steadily reduced until almost two billions of the principal had been paid, during Cleveland's administration, the public debt was increased $230,000,000, when the country was at peace. With full knowledge that the revenues were insufficient to pay current expenses, the President and the sec- retary of the treasury never suggested to Congress measures for increasing the public receipts. They preferred to borrow money to run the government in- 199 stead of increasing taxation. The result was that the National finances were controlled by the money lenders who reaped a rich harvest of profit in nego- tiating government loans. The panic of 1893 placed the country in the grip of hard times. During the four years there were 60,000 failures amounting to $900,000,000; 170 National banks closed their doors with $70,000,000 liabilities; 177 railroads, with 45,000 rniles of track and three billions of bonds and stocks, failed to meet their interest, and were placed in the hands of receivers by the courts. Many manufacturing establishments in every line of production stopped business, and all others re- duced their output. As a result, fully one-third of the working population were thrown out of employment. The farmer, planter and herdsmen did not escape ; the prices of farm products fell and farm mortgages were foreclosed by the thousand. The sheep industry was practically destroyed by free trade in wool. Texas wool declined from 19 to 9 cents per pound, bankrupting the owners of sheep. Foreign and domestic trade suffered alike. There was a universal decline in values ; in real estate, personal property, stocks and bonds. This great depreciation in the value of property during the Cleveland administration as compared with values in 1892 may be safely placed at twenty-five per cent. This conservative estimate would place the cost of Democratic ascendency at sixteen billion dollars in the depreciation of values alone. The suffering of the unemployed and the shame and degradation of enforced mendicancy can never be truly estimated. Did Grover Cleveland and the Democratic party have a grudge against the country and wish to inflict a severe punishment upon it? Not so He and they were perfectly sincere in the belief that legislation on strictly Democratic lines, on the tariff and on all other questions, meant for the people, as Mr. Cleveland stated in his message, a return to "the paths of contentment and prosperity." They were not vicious, but visionary; they were Democrats, and adhered tena- ciously to the old time strict construction theories, which denied to Congress the power to enact a protective tariff ; to charter a National bank ; to improve rivers and harbors, or to expend money on internal improvement. They denied in toto the power of Congress to so fix the duties on imports that home manu- facturers would be encouraged and the home market secured to our own people for the products of agriculture, manufacture and mining. The regular session of Congress met in December, 1893, when the country was in the throes of the panic. Instead of Congress being looked to as a source from which relief might be expected, the assembling of that body intensified the distrust and alarm. Speaker Crisp placed Mr. Wilson of West Virginia at the head of the committee on ways and means. Mr. Wilson is a scholarly man, a fine speaker and well versed in Democratic constitutional theories. His com- mittee took up the tariff question and in good time prepared and passed a bill. Free raw material was the Democratic watchword. Mr. Wilson prepared a free list which struck at many important industries. Free coal and free wool led the way. The bill was a great reform measure. The McKinley bill was repealed and Republican reciprocity completely overturned. Free sugar with a bounty to home producers, provided for by the McKinley bill as a measure to give cheap sugar to the people, and at the same time protect the American product, was wiped out. This bill went to the senate, where it met with formidable resist- ance. Some of the schedules were materially changed, in securing which Re- publicans and a few Democrats co-operated. The rule of the senate allowing endless debate worked against the bill. Senator Quay, of Pennsylvania, prepared a speech of interminable length, of much historical value concerning the development of American manufacture, and of great power as an argument in favor of protection. His pile of manuscript was often brought into play to gain time, and friendly senators would relieve his arduous labor by reading portions of his address. The Democratic manager of the Senate attempted to secure the approval of the President and secretary of the treasury to the various modifications of the bill forced upon them, and sup- posed that they had such approval, but when the bill finally passed, and retained a duty on coal, and left a few industries with partial protection, it was con- demned by the President in a published letter addressed to a member of the 200 house, and the bill was allowed to become a law without the President's approval. Mr. Cleveland's course in this matter caused a serious breach between him and leading Democratic senators, and they were finally completely alienate3 from him politically. The Wilson bill stands out in tariff legislation as the measure which inflicted more injury to the business interests . of the United States than any piece of legislation that ever found its way upon the National statute books. And it did not fairly represent Democratic opinion ; it was not drastic enough ; it left a modicum of protection, where free trade or a much lower rate of duty was expected. But it did introduce largely that vicious system of ad valorem duties instead of specific duties, thus opening the door to fraud by under valuations. There is so much vitality, so much ingenuity, so much push in the business men and the skilled workmen of the country that in spite of unwise, legislation during the Cleveland administration, they kept the field and met foreign com- petition with undaunted courage. Mr. Cleveland was opposed to the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands. In this Judge Gresham, secretary of state, was in full accord. On March 9, 1893, the President withdrew from the further consideration of the Senate the treaty of annexation, as he alleged for the purpose of re-examination. His administra- tion then deliberately entered upon a movement to overthrow the republican government of Hawaii and re-establish the monarchy. The simple statement of the fact is enough to condemn the act, but happily all the plans miscarried and the republic sustained itself. While in fact Mr. Cleveland's administration was a calamity to the country, there were two redeeming features to which it is just to allude: First, Mr. Cleveland was in favor of sound money. He was unalterably opposed to the free coinage of silver at 16 to i. He favored firmly the gold standard. Upon this issue he parted company with his party. Second, Mr. Cleveland and Secre- tary Olney are entitled to great credit for the attitude taken in regard to the territorial dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela. The firm stand in favor of fair play with Venezuela brought about the arbitration of the dispute, whereby a boundary line was fixed which satisfied both sides. But for this timely inter- ference it is highly probable that Venezuela would have been, shorn of important territory to which she is and was justly entitled. 201 CHAPTER XXX. GOVERNOR ALTGELD'S ADMINISTRATION. The political campaign of 1892 resulted in a great Democratic victory in Illinois. Judge John P. Altgeld was elected Governor ; Joseph P. Gill, Lieuten- ant-Governor ; William H. Hinrichsen, Secretary of State; David Gore, Auditor; Rufus N. Ramsey, Treasurer ; and Maurice T. Maloney, Attorney-General. The Legislature was Democratic in both houses, with ten majority on joint ballot. Governor Altgeld was inaugurated January 9, 1893, and the Lieutenant- Governor and other State officers were sworn in the same day. Alfred Oren- dorff was appointed Adjutant-General January 20. After thirty-six years of Republican management the affairs of the State of Illinois passed into the hands of the Democratic party. They had full legisla- tive and executive control. It was not the first time that the Democracy of Illinois had carried the Legislature ; but to carry the State, to elect an entire State ticket and have a good working majority in both houses of the Legislature, was a phenomenal political change. The State of Illinois not only elected a Democratic Governor, but aided in electing a Democratic President. There was nothing in the condition of the public affairs of the State that justified a great political reaction. The administration of Governor Fifer was able and economical. The offi- cers elected with him were men of high character, and performed the duties of their respective offices with fidelity. The public institutions of the State were under the management of most competent, trustworthy and conservative men. The finances of the State had been conducted with great ability ; the State tax levy had been gradually reduced to thirty-one cents per hundred dollars of the assessments, and had yielded sufficient revenue for an economical administra- tion, besides producing an accumulation of more than $2,898,000 in the treasury as a working capital. Besides this, the people of the State of Illinois were in a most prosperous condition. Agriculture, manufacturing, mining and commerce were all conducted at full stroke, while wages and the returns for labor were never more remunerative. There is a certain discontent connected with the greatest prosperity, which is more difficult to satisfy and appease than the discontent arising from misfor- tune, adversity, or hard times. In 1892, the Republican party encountered this condition of the public mind, and although an unparalleled prosperity existed, the perceptions of men seemed to have been dulled as to the causes which contributed to bring it about. The Democrats asserted that the laws enacted by the Re- publicans were unwise and vicious, and that their administration was corrupt. They declared that all that was needed to secure to the people supreme pros- perity, contentment and happiness was Democratic supremacy. The people listened to these Democratic appeals, and a majority voted the Democratic ticket. In due course of time Governor Altgeld, as far as was in his power, placed the public institutions of the State under Democratic management. He ap- pointed his party friends, as was expected of him, to all the important administra- tive positions throughout the State. The Democratic party, after being out of power thirty-six years, was called back by the voice of the people, and was given an opportunity to demonstrate to the public the advantage or disadvantage of the change. Without going into a lengthy examination of public affairs as administered by Governor Altgeld, it is proper to state that during his term the Legislature authorized the erection of a number of new buildings and appro- priated money for the repair of others, so that many important improvements were made in the public institutions while he was Governor ; but there are two 202 questions which involved high executive judgment and discretion which are de- cisive of the unwisdom and incompetency of his administration, namely : His conduct during the Debs' strike-riots in Chicago, and his administration of the financial affairs of the State. The strike in Chicago at the Pullman works involved but few men and none of these railroad employes. The depression of the times had caused a great reduction in the demand for the construction and repair of cars. A reduction in the number of employes and of wages followed, and the strike was the result. Whether the Pullman Company acted with due consideration toward their old employes was a question upon which the public was divided. Not having suffi- cient orders to keep all employes at work, and claiming that the prices for work had fallen, they justified their action in reducing wages. Eugene Debs, president of a new organization known as the American Rail- way Union, fresh from the management of a successful railroad strike at St. Paul, Minn., came to Chicago and took charge of the Pullman strike. He soon had every railroad in the city of Chicago involved. While the employes of the railroads were in no way directly interested in the mechanics who had struck at Pullman, Mr. Debs introduced the sympathetic strike and in a short time the whole railroad transportation business of the city was paralyzed. No one could deny the right of men who were dissatisfied to leave their employment, but leaving their employment means nothing if other competent men were ready to take their places. Mr. Debs forbade the movement of trains. Riots ensued, life and property were endangered, Chicago was dominated by a mob, hundreds of cars and other property were burned and yet Governor Altgeld ignored the existence of the fundamental principle that it was his duty to see that law and order was maintained throughout the State of Illinois. He utterly failed to take necessary and proper steps to suppress the Debs riot in Chicago, to pre- vent the wholesale destruction of property by fire and otherwise, and to prevent the general paralysis of the transportation business of the city. Mob violence was allowed to run with a free hand by the governor, and when the President interposed with United States troops to enforce the orders of the United States Court, Governor Altgeld demanded that the troops be withdrawn. The railroad business of the city of Chicago was in the hands of an irresponsible committee, who regarded mob violence and arson as legitimate means to ac- complish their ends. What did Governor Altgeld do in this great emergency? Did he interpose his authority to prevent disorder and the destruction of prop- erty? Not so. Did he announce to Mr. Debs that while he could not and would not interfere with the strike, that he would see to it that law and order was maintained? Not at all. He took no steps whatever to maintain peace, to prevent disorder and to prevent the destruction of property. There is no proposition in connection with our system of republican govern- ment that meets with more universal and earnest endorsement than that law and order must be maintained. Our republican form of government stands for personal, political and religious freedom ; it is a guaranty for every element of order, for every element of protection. It is based upon the universal doctrine that the citizen with a grievance shall not be permitted to set the law at defiance, and seek a remedy in force and violence. It is recognized on all hands that the question of the settlement of contro- versies between employers and employed is at once of immense difficulty and gravity. Whether by mutual agreement a basis for the settlement of their contro- versies by arbitration will be reached ; or that some law shall be devised, just alike to both sides, under which their controversies shall be settled, is for the future. But in the absence of these arrangements, and whether they are ever provided or not, the principle will continue, that law and order shall be main- tained. The course pursued by Governor Altgeld upon this question is a blemish upon his administration that can never be effaced. When Governor Altgeld took charge of state affairs there was in the treas- ury, to the credit of the revenue fund, for the ordinary expenses of the state, $2,898,245. This was exclusive of the registered bond fund, and the fund for public schools. This was the working capital of the treasury, and had been gradually increased under Republican management. There were unpaid appro- 203 priations of $1,683,429, against this sum, leaving a net working balance of $1,214,816. The old method of issuing auditor's warrants against an empty treasury, and paying those warrants when taxes were collected, was abandoned ; and this better system adopted, of having a surplus on hand to meet the current expenses of the state while taxes were being collected. This system of admin- istration is entirely in the hands of the governor, as he has control, of the levy. The appropriations of the legislature, and the aggregate of the assessments of the State are before him ; consequently it is only a question of computation as to the rate of the levy, to produce the required amount of revenue. It happened, during the administration of Governor Altgeld, that the ex- penses of the State were greatly augmented by appropriations made by the legis- lature ; these increased expenses were approved by the Governor, and he, there- fore, became responsible for them. Instead of assuming the just responsibilities of his position, and levying the necessary taxes to produce the required reve- nue, he adopted a widely different policy. He ran the government from the start, with annual deficiencies ; his levies fell short of the appropriations, and the surplus was steadily exhausted. During the administration of Governor Fifer the levies for State expenses were 38 cents for 1889, 36 cents for 1890, 33 cents for 1891, and 31 cents for 1892. These levies produced $6,659,018, which surn paid the current expenses of the State, with some $450,000 over to be added to the surplus fund. During the administration of Governor Altgeld the levies for State expenses were 31 cents for 1893, 31 cents for 1894, 52 cents for 1895, and 55 cents for 1896. These levies produced $9,356,132, being $2,697,114 in excess of the amount levied and col- lected during the administration of Governor Fifer. This large sum of money did not meet the current expenses of the State ; not only was the surplus used, but large sums of money were borrowed by officers of a number of public insti- tutions to pay current expenses. The increased expense of running the State government under Governor Altgeld as compared with the administration of Governor Fifer can be summed up as follows : Net cash in treasury at end of Gov. Fifer's term $1,214,816 Increased revenues collected 1893-1897 2,697,114 Appropriations unpaid, less cash in treasury Jan. i, 1897. 1,806,865 Interest on loans contracted during Gov. Altgeld's term. 21,927 $5,740,722 When Governor Altgeld retired from office, instead of having nearly three millions in the treasury as a working capital, and almost one million and a quarter of a net surplus, there was only $163,040 in the treasury for State expenses to meet unpaid appropriations of $1,969,905. The financial affairs of the State of Illinois were conducted substantially upon the same line as the national finances. There was a constant deficiency, and a constant necessity to borrow money to keep the wheels in motion. But Governor Altgeld had this advantage over the national treasury: he possessed the power without additional legislation to fix the levy high enough to produce the required amount of revenue, while the President and the Secretary of the Treasury required additional legislation. Governor Altgeld neglected to make the necessary levy. While President Cleveland and Secretary of the Treasury- Carlisle failed to recommend to Congress increased taxation. The Constitution and Laws of Illinois contemplate that the expenses of the State government shall be provided for in advance by taxation. The 1 8th Section of Article IV of the Constitution contains the following: "Provided, the State may, to meet casual deficits or failure in revenue, con- tract debts, never to exceed in the aggregate two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; and moneys thus borrowed shall be applied to the purpose for which they were obtained, or to pay the debt thus created, and no other purpose ; and no other debt, except for the purpose of repelling invasion, suppressing insur- rection, or defending the State in war (for payment of which the faith of the State shall be pledged) shall be contracted, unless the law authorizing the same shall, at a general election, have been submitted to the people, and then have 204 received a majority of the votes cast for members of the general assembly at such election." This provision of the constitution prohibits the creation of a debt, or the borrowing of money by the State in excess of $250,000, unless approved by a vote of the people. But this constitutional inhibition did not stand in the way of Governor Altgeld's administration. During the last sixteen months of his term $1,082,688 was borrowed for the use of thirteen of the State institutions, and $450,000 was borrowed from the Illinois Central Railroad Company in antici- pation of its annual payment to the State. All of these loans bore interest, the total amount of interest paid by the State being $21,927.30. Not only were current expenses provided for by large loans, but money was borrowed even for the erection of buildings which had been authorized by the legislature, and for the payment of which taxes had been levied. In a brief paragraph in his last message Governor Altgeld explains this business, he said : "Several hundred thousand dollars which had been appro- priated for the purpose of erecting buildings and which were to come out of the taxes to be collected next year, have been advanced because the State was needing the buildings, and owing to the low price of material and labor, it was better for the State to build at once than to wait." It did not seem to enter the mind of the Governor that his official actions should be controlled by the constitution. The chief executive of a State whose highest duty is to see that the laws are observed and enforced should be the last person to openly violate a provision of the constitution. These acts were subject to the personal control of the Governor and he was personally responsible for them. Whatever just censure is due to them must fall upon his head alone. Governor Altgeld, claiming to give the State an admin- istration based upon high business principles, was very unfortunate in the selection of the agents to administer many of the important trusts under his supervision. It is unfortunately true that Governor Altgeld's administration is noted for the dishonesty of a number of his most important appointees. The defalcations in connection with the University of Illinois, the West Park Board and the Chester Penitentiary amounted to almost nine hundred thousand dollars, while the mismanagement of the funds of the Industrial Home for the Blind, the Geneva Home for Girls and the Grain Inspection Department caused a loss of nearly $25,000. A remarkable case of negligence and ignorance occurred in the construction of the Asylum for the Incurable Insane in Peoria County. Over $60,000 was expended on this building, located over a coal mine which was liable to cave in at any time and destroy the house. The building found to be insecure, was taken down and rebuilt upon another site with a total loss to the State of the first expenditure. Such wholesale dishonesty and incapacity amongst these Democratic appointees is a reflection upon the judgment of the man who made the appointments and of the party who furnished the appointees. It would seem when the people compare this Democratic administration with Republican man- agement they would be satisfied to leave the Democracy severely alone. 205 CHAPTER XXXI. POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN 1896. The loss of the State of Illinois in 1892 by the Republicans was a source of mortification to the rank and file of the party; their united efforts in 1894 had placed the State again in the Republican column, so that the campaign of 1896 was entered upon with great confidence. The Republican State Convention of 1896 met, April 29, in the Capitol at Springfield; it brought together many of the most notable men of the State. Amongst those from Chicago were Wm. Penn Nixon, General John McNulta, Arthur Dixon, A. H. Revell, George S. Willetts, Isaac M. Hamilton, D. W. Mills, Charles U. Gordon and Charles G. Dawes; from southern Illinois, Isaac Clemens, C. W. Pavey, E. J. Ingersoll, W.H. Parish, James E. Job and J. R. Thomas. The central part of the State was well represented ; among those present were General Horace S. Clark* E. C. Akin, H. A. Snapp, J. H. Rowell, H. G. Reeves, J. M. Sholl and Clark E. Carr. The following named members of Congress were present : J. Frank Aid-rich, George E. White, George E. Foss, E. D. Cooke, William Lorimer, Charles W. Woodman, Hugh R. Belknap, Walter Reeves, George R. Prince, W. F. L. Hadley, E. J. Murphy and A. J. Hopkins. The convention was called to order by the chairman, T. N. Jamieson, who named Martin B. Madden as temporary chairman. Mr. Madden delivered an able and eloquent address. The usual committees were appointed. Senator Orville H. Berry of Hancock was selected as permanent chairman ; James R. B. Van Cleave as secretary, with the following named assistants from each Con- gressional District: Herman Phillips, James B. Monahan, R. J. McDonald, P. O. Cooper, S. B. Weston, William Reed, A. W. Pulver, M. F. Walsh, Oscar Hurd, Frank R. Hinman, Charles P. Bascon, M. M. Stewart, William B. Roch, W. O. Clark, A. McLean, Thomas Williamson, W. A. Patterson, N. Eaton, James Gibson, W. P. Goudy, Theodore Schultz and James M. Young. The committee on resolutions was as follows : James H. Gilbert, D. D. Healy, Dennis Riley, Joseph E. Bidwell, Fred S. Baird, Graeme Stewart, James Reddick, Thomas P. Bryan, Charles S. Fuller, James F. Platt, John Virgin, W. R. Jewell, E. S. Swigert, J. C. Jones, C. V. Chandler, F. A. Clements, C. Ridgeley, J. J. Brown, E. Callahan, Thomas S. Ridgway, Walter S. Louden and John F. Rector. The platform met with unanimous approval ; it endorsed the time honored principles of the Republican party and stood firmly for a pro- tective tariff and for the gold standard. The Presidential Electors chosen: At large, Emil G. Hirsch, Horace S. Clark ; districts, N. B. Judah, Dayton C. Gray, Charles L. Sherlock, F. M. Blount, Ephraim Banning, Chester M. Dawes, Washington Van Horn, W. L. Sackett, E. W. Montgomery, Augustus G. Hammond, Marcellus W. Wilson, W. R. Jewell, Dr. Allen T. Barnes, E. S. Easton, Warren E. Taylor, John H. Coates, H. N. Schuyler, John R. Pogue, Dr. Joseph Hall, Theodore J. Risley, Walter S. Louden and W. W. Duncan. The delegates to the National Republican Convention were : At large, Joseph W. Fifer, Robert W. Patterson, William Penn Nixon and Richard J. Oglesby. Alternates-at-large, Charles W. Pepper, James W. Ellsworth, Jordan Davis and P. T. Chapman. For the districts : Thomas N. Jamieson, William Lorimer, Abner Taylor, Frederick M. Blount, John M. Smyth, Samuel B. Ray- mond, Fred L. Wilk, John Stewart, S. H. Bethea, B. F. Baker, Wright Adams, H. J. Byrnes, Dr. S. S. Wilcox, C. Zell, Alexander Sholl, A. Dow, I. N. Reece, Walter C. Haden, L. L. Lehman, T. W. Scott, J. B. Messick and P. T. Chapman. 206 -There was a spirited contest for the nomination for Governor. John R. Tanner of Clay, Andrew J. Hopkins of Kane and Dr. Joseph Robbins of Adams were placed in nomination. On the roll call of counties the following vote was cast for Governor: John R. Tanner, 1,081 ; A. J. Hopkins, 185 ; Joseph Robbins, 69. Mr. Tanner's nomination was made unanimous. There were three candidates for Lieutenant-Governor William A. Northcott, P. T. Chapman and David Ross. In fact, every office was actively sought for. The full ticket nominated by the convention was : John R. Tanner, Governor ; W. A. Northcott, Lieu- tenant-Governor ; James A. Rose, Secretary of State ; J. S. McCulloch, Auditor ; Henry L. Hertz, Treasurer ; E. C. Akin, Attorney-General ; University Trustees, F. M. McKay, T. J. Smith, Mrs. Mary Carriel. The most exciting feature of the convention was the contest over instruc- tions to the delegates-at-large to the National Convention. The friends of Senator Cullom were anxious to have the delegates instructed for him and Senator Charles W. Fuller presented a resolution to that effect. An amendment was offered by S. H. Bethea to substitute the name of William McKinley. The question was ably debated by Mr. Fuller in favor of Senator Cullom and by W. F. Calhoun in favor of Major McKinley. Upon the motion to lay the sub- ject on the table, made by a friend of Senator Cullom, the adherents of Major McKinley, under the leadership of Calhoun, Bethea, Allerton, Swift and others, voted the motion down with a majority of 200. This settled the question, and a resolution was adopted instructing the delegates-at-large to use their influence and vote for the nomination of William McKinley. This action by the con- vention was not actuated by want of friendship for Senator Cullom ; the opinion prevailed that he stood no chance of being nominated, and that an instruction for him would be of no practical value in securing his nomination ; besides, there was a strong feeling throughout the State in favor of Major McKinley, the opinion being that he was the best representative and exponent in the United States of the protective tariff principle, which was the dominant idea in the minds of the Republicans from one end of the country to the other. The con- vention had an inspiring effect upon the Republicans throughout the State, and this influence spread. The party entered the contest united and strong, with a determination to win. The Democratic State Convention met at Peoria, June 23, 1896, with 1,065 delegates. The most important plank in the platform was as follows : "We demand the immediate restoration of the free and unlimited coinage of both gold and silver, as standard money, at the ratio of 16 ounces of silver to I ounce of gold of equal fineness, with full legal-tender power of each metal, without wait- ing or depending on any other nation on earth." They demanded the "abolition of government by injunction" and approved the administration of Governor Altgeld. The following nominations were made : John P. Altgeld, for Gov- ernor ; Monroe C. Crawford, Lieutenant-Governor ; Finis E. Downing, Secre- tary of State; W. F. Beck, Auditor; Edward C. Pace, Treasurer; George A. Trude, Attorney-General ; Julia Holmes Smith, R. P. Morgan and M. W. Gra- ham, University Trustees. The Peoples' party having agreed to support the Democratic ticket if allowed to nominate the Auditor and three electors, Mr. Beck, the Democratic nominee, resigned, and A. L. Marshall, the Populist nominee, was substituted by the Democrats. The Populist party held their State Convention at Springfield, August 12, 1896. The Gold Standard Democrats held a convention in Chicago, August 25, 1896, adopted a platform approving the gold standard, selected delegates to a National Convention and nominated a State ticket as follows : John C. Black, for Governor ; Chester A. Babcock, for Lieutenant-Governor ; Charles S. Wiley, for Secretary of State ; F. E. Brink, for Auditor ; Edward Ridgeley, for Treas- urer; W'illiam S. Foreman, for Attorney-General; H. S. Busey, C. E. Babcock and August Niehaus, for University Trustees. On September 9, General Black declined the nomination and Hon. William S. Foreman was nominated to fill the vacancy and Daniel V. Samuels was named for Attorney-General. The Middle-of-the-Road Populists held a State Convention at Chicago, Sep- tember 15. The convention endorsed the nomination of Thomas E. Watson 207 for Vice-President and selected candidates for State offices except Governor Henry D. Lloyd, Lieutenant-Governor ; L. A. Quelmolz, Secretary of State; Grant Dunbar, Auditor; Joseph Schwerzer, Treasurer ; JE. I. Burdick, Attorney- General, and Mrs. Fanny Cavanaugh, University Trustee. Other conventions were held by the Prohibition and the Social-Labor Parties which nominated candidates for State offices. The depression in business which set in immediately after the inauguration or President Cleveland involved every industry in the country ; agriculture, manufactures, mining, commerce and finances, all alike suffered; bankruptcies increased, both individual and corporate, carrying down banks, railroads and other corporations ; there was a large shrinkage in the value of real estate, stock, bonds and every other form of personal property; the rate of wages declined, and hundreds of thousands of worthy people were thrown out of employment ; the government's receipts were wholly inadequate to pay current expenses. Although the exports were largely in excess of the imports, there was a steady shipment of gold from the United States ; want of confidence in the future value of American securities caused millions of dollars of stocks and bonds to be returned for sale in the United States ; the redemption reserve in the treasury was constantly encroached upon, and $262,000,000 United States bonds were sold ostensibly to replenish the"reserve, but really to pay current expenses. While this condition of the country was at its height the time for the Presidential election approached. The Republican Convention met in St. Louis, Mo., June 16, 1896; whole number of delegates, 895 ; Marcus A. Hanna of Ohio was chairman of the Republican National Committee and William M. Osborn of Massachusetts was secretary. Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana was made temporary chairman and John M. Thurston permanent chairman. The usual committee on resolu- tions was appointed and reported a platform which was adopted. Thirty-four members of the convention being in favor of the free coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to I, having ineffectually protested against the resolution in favor of the gold standard, withdrew under the leadership of Henry M. Teller, United States Senator from Colorado. On the first ballot for a candidate for President William McKinley was nominated. The vote was as follows : William Mc- Kinley, 661^ ; Thomas B. Reed, 84^ ; Matthew S. Quay, 6i l / 2 ; Levi P. Morton, 58; William B. Allison, 351/2 ; J. Donald Cameron, i ; blank, 4. On the first ballot for a candidate for Vice-President Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey was nominated. The vote was as follows : Garret A. Hobart, 535^ ! Henry Clay Evans, 277 V 2 ; Morgan G. Buckeley, 39 ; James A. Walker, 24; Charles W. Lippitt, 8; Thomas B. Reed, 3; Chauncey M. Depew, 3; John M. Thurston, 2; Frederick D. Grant, 2; Levi P. Morton, i. The platform denounced the then existing Democratic tariff known as the Wilson Bill and endorsed the Republican doctrine of a protective tariff and the principle of reciprocity, promised protection to the wool growers and made this declaration in regard to finances : "The Republican party is unreservedly for sound money. It caused the enactment of the law providing for the resumption of specie payments in 1879; since then every dollar has been as good as gold. We are unalterably opposed to every measure calculated to debase our currency or, impair the credit of our country. We are, therefore, opposed to the free coinage of silver except by international agreement with the leading commercial nations of the world, which we pledge ourselves to promote ; and until such agreement can be ob- tained the existing gold standard must be maintained. All our silver and paper currency must be maintained at parity with gold, and we favor all measures designed to maintain inviolably the obligations of the United States and all our money, whether coin or paper, at the present standard, the standard of the most enlightened nations of the earth." The following resolution in regard to Cuba was adopted: "The govern- ment of Spain having lost control of Cuba and being unable to protect the prop- erty or lives of resident American citizens or to comply with its treaty obliga- tions, we believe that the government of the United States should actively use 208 its influence and good offices to restore peace and give independence to the island." The Democratic party met at Chicago, July 7, 1896. James K. Jones of Arkansas was chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Charles A. Walsh of Iowa was secretary. John W. Daniel of Virginia was temporary chairman; Stephen M. White of California was permanent chairman. The advocates of the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to I had absolute control of the convention. The most conspicuous figures in the con- vention were Governor Altgeld of Illinois and Senator Tillman of South Caro- lina. The platform was an elaborate declaration of the principles of the party. The following quotations are made therefrom : "We demand the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present ratio of 16 to i, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation." "We denounce arbitrary interference by Federal authorities in local affairs as a violation of the Constitution of the United States and a crime against free institutions, and we especially object to government by injunction as a new and highly dangerous form of oppression by which Federal judges, in contempt of the laws of the States and rights of citizens, become at once legislators, judges and executioners." The New York delegation led a movement to amend the silver coinage resolution. Ex-Governor D. B. Hill offered an amendment to the effect that silver dollars issued under a free coinage law should not be a legal tender in payment of debts contracted previous to the passage of the law. This amend- ment was supported by Mr. Hill in an able speech, but was voted down by a great majority. The platform was finally adopted as at first reported by the vote of 628 to 301. William J. Bryan of Nebraska made an able and eloquent speech upon the silver question, which actually carried the convention away from its moor- ings and undoubtedly carried his nomination. William J. Bryan was nominated on the fifth ballot. The first ballot gave W. J. Bryan 119 votes, Richard P. Bland, 235 ; Robert E. Pattison, 95 ; Horace Boies, 85 ; Joseph S. C. Blackburn, 83; Joseph R. McLean, 54; Claude Matthews, 37; Benjamin R. Tillman, 17, and seven other persons received votes ranging from I to 8. Arthur Sewall of Maine was nominated for Vice-President on the fifth ballot, receiving 568 votes ; fifteen other persons were voted for for Vice-President. The Silver Party Convention met in St. Louis, Mo., July 22, 1896; Frank G. Newlands of Nevada, temporary chairman; William P. St. John of New York, chairman. This convention represented the bolting delegates frorii the Repub- lican Convention. They adopted a platform in favor of the free coinage of silver and nominated William J. Bryan for President and Arthur Sewall for Vice-President. The Peoples' Party Convention met at St. Louis, Mo., July 22, 1896. Marion C. Butler was temporary chairman and William V. Allen, chairman. The convention adopted a lengthy platform, of which the silver plank was the most important. It was as follows : "We demand the free and unrestricted coinage' of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to I, without waiting for the consent of foreign nations." The vote of the convention for a Presidential candidate was as follows: William J. Bryan, 1,042; S. F. Norton, 321; Eugene V. Debs, 8; Ignatius Donnelly, 3 ; J. S. Coxey, i. Thomas E. Watson of Geor- gia was nominated for Vice-President. He received 469^2, Arthur Sewall 257^, and four others were voted for. The National Democratic Convention met at Indianapolis, Ind., September 2, 1896. Roswell P. Flower of New York was temporary chairman; Donelsoii Caffery of Louisiana, permanent chairman. The convention favored the gold standard and nominated John M. Palmer of Illinois for President and Simon Bolivar Buckner of Kentucky for Vice-President. The Prohibition Convention met May 27, 1896, at Pittsburg. A. A. Ste- vens of Pennsylvania was temporary chairman ; Oliver W. Stewart of Illinois, chairman. The convention adopted a prohibition platform and nominated 209 Joshua Levering of Maryland for President and Hale Johnson of Illinois for Vice-President. The National Party Convention met at Pittsburg, Pa., May 28, 1896; A. L. Moore of Michigan, chairman. A platform was adopted opposing the manu- facture, sale, importation, exportation and transportation of intoxicating liquors ; favoring female suffrage, issuing of all money by the Government, and discuss- ing various other questions. The convention nominated Rev. Charles E. Bently of Nebraska for President and James H. Southgate of North Carolina for Vice- President. The Socialist Labor Convention met in New York City, July 6, 1896; Wil- liam Watkins of Ohio, chairman; and nominated Charles H. Matchett of New York for President and Matthew Maguire of New Jersey for Vice-President. The platform presented the views of the Socialist organization. The campaign brought out the best speaking talent of the country. The people took a pro- found interest in the event. Mr. Bryan made an extensive tour of the country, meeting immense crowds wherever he went. He fixed his attention solely on the silver question, and could not be drawn from its discussion, claiming that the free and unrestricted coinage of silver by the United States at the ratio of 1 6 to i was the paramount question ; that the property and welfare of the country depended upon the success of that issue, and that all other questions must wait upon it. Mr. Bryan performed a labor as a public speaker unequaled by any man who had ever canvassed the country. Mr. McKinley remained at his home in Canton, Ohio, where he received numerous delegations from all parts of the country. He made many speeches, all clear, forceful and of great ability. He presented the questions of a pro- tective tariff and sound finance in a manner to be comprehended by all. His speeches were full of short, pointed statements of argument and conclusion, covering every phase of the issues of the campaign. These addresses stand as an evidence of the ability and oratorical resources of the speaker. While there were a number of candidates for the Presidency, everybody knew that the issue was between the Republican party on the one side and the Democratic party and its allies on the other. The issues between these two great parties were to be passed upon by the people at the polls. There was fusion on the electoral ticket of the Democrats and Populists, and in some of the states there was fusion on the electoral ticket of the Democrats and Silver Republicans. The popular vote was as follows: William McKinley, 7,107,304; William J. Bryan (Democratic vote 6,287,352, Populist vote 245,728), 6,533,080; Joshua Levering, 130,753; Charles E. Bentley, 13,955; Charles H. Matchett, 33,545; John M. Palmer, 133,542. Total, 13,952,179. Electoral vote: McKinley and Hobart, 271 ; William J. Bryan, 176; Arthur Sewall for Vice-President, 149; Thomas E. Watson for Vice-President, 27. William McKinley and Garret A. Hobart were duly elected President and Vice- President. The Fifty-fifth Congress was divided politically as follows : Senate 34 Democrats, 44 Republicans, 5 Populists, 6 Silver Republicans and I Independent. House 121 Democrats, 203 Republicans, 21 Populists, 3 Silverites, 4 Independ- ents, 5 vacancies. The Fifty-sixth Congress is divided politically as follows: Senate 51 Republicans, 26 Democrats, 5 Populists, 4 Silverites, 4 vacancies. House 185 Republicans, 161 Democrats, 5 Populists, 3 Silverites, 3 vacancies. 210 CHAPTER XXXII. GOVERNOR TANNER'S ADMINISTRATION REVIEW OF LAWS ENACTED IN ILLI- NOIS UNDER REPUBLICAN GOVERNORS SINCE 1856. At the November election, 1896, so widely divergent was public opinion that there were thirteen tickets on the ballot, namely : Democrat, Republican, Prohibition, Peoples' Party, Socialist Labor Party, National Party, Independent Gold Standard Democracy, Independent Party, Independent Democratic Party, Independent Silver Party, Independent Republican Party, National Silver Party and Middle-of-the-Road Party. The vote on the State election stood as follows : Tanner, 587,587 ; Altgeld, 474,270; Gere, 14,582; Foreman, 8,100; Bastian, 985. The vote for Presidential Electors was: Republican, 607,130; Democratic, 464,523; Prohibition, 9,796; Gold Democrat, 6,390; Social Labor, 1,147; Middle- of-the-Road Populist, 1,090; National, 793. Governor John R. Tanner was inaugurated January nth, 1897, on the same clay William A. Northcott, Lieutenant-Governor ; James A. Rose, Secretary of State ; James S. McCullough, Auditor ; Henry L. Hertz, Treasurer ; and Edward C. Akin, Attorney General, were sworn into office and assumed the duties of their respective positions. On February 2d, Jasper N. Reece was appointed Adjutant General. The legislature then in session was strongly Republican. The Senate contained thirty-eight Republicans, twelve Democrats, and one Peo- ple's. The House contained eighty-eight Republicans, sixty-three Democrats and two People's. The Senate had elected Hendrick V. Fisher President pro tern, and James H. Paddock, Secretary ; the House had elected Ed. C. Curtis Speaker, and John A. Reeve, Clerk. In his inaugural address Governor Tanner exhibited a strong grasp of all important public questions. It was quite evident that he had given matters of State government serious consideration, and that he was not entering upon the duties of his office unprepared for the weighty task before him. The financial embarrassments of the State became a matter of serious concern to Governor Tanner immediately upon entering the duties of his office. On February 10, 1897, he sent a special message to the House of Representatives, in which he set forth the fact that the unpaid appropriations of the previous General As- sembly amounted to $1,800,000; that $900,000 of the amount was due a_nd pay- able during the quarter ending March 31, 1897, and that the fund available to pay the same would not exceed $150,000. The Governor recommended that the legislature authorize the borrowing of $250,000, as provided for in the constitution. The authority was granted ; the loan was openly negotiated ; and the money borrowed at 2.6 per cent interest per annum. This loan was authorized by law, consequently the State was able to secure the money at the lowest rate of interest. Making this loan was the only legal means open for the relief of the treasury. The last fiscal year oi Governor Altgeld's administration ended June 30, 1897, six months after the Governor had retired from office. The assessments and tax levies had been made, and nothing Governor Tanner could do would increase the amount of revenue or hasten its collection and payment into the State Treasury. His action in obtaining authority from the legislature to borrow the money was a marked departure from the methods adopted by his predecessor. The period of time covered by the administration of Governor Tanner has been filled with events of great moment and he has of necessity been required to act upon them ; the appointment of competent people to office ; the street railway franchise question in the city of Chicago; the disorders incident to a 211 number of labor strikes ; the Spanish war ; and the finances of the State have all earnestly engaged the attention of the Governor. In regard to the appoint- ments made by Governor Tanner, his most unfriendly critics must admit that in point of ability, efficiency and fidelity to duty these men have never been excelled. Governor Tanner is a Republican. He has labored for years for the success of the party. He is a thorough believer in the proposition that the Republican party can more certainly give the State an efficient administration through its party friends than through its party opponents. He has acted upon these principles and has placed Republicans in the high places of public trust and confidence, but in doing so he has been guided in his selections by a still higher test of fitness, that of ability and integrity. The admirable manner in which all the public institutions of the State have been conducted during Gov- ernor Tanner's term fully attest the merits of the men who have had charge of them. There has been no case of scandal, no case of fraud, no case of pecu- lation, no case of defalcation. When compared with the previous Democratic administration of the public institutions, which was clouded by mismanagement, peculations, fraud and defalcations in nearly all of them, the business of the State" as conducted by this Republican administration stands out in bold relief. It is the duty of men to be honest iti public places and to perform their duties faithfully. Indeed this is always expected of Republican office holders. But having performed their duties with intelligence and fidelity, they are entitled to the commendation of their fellow citizens. In 1897 the extension of the franchises of a number of the street railway companies of Chicago became a burning question. A number of these franchises were about to expire; the managers of the property and the owners of the stocks and bonds necessarily felt a deep interest in having those franchises renewed on liberal terms. This was natural and was to have been expected. The agita- tion of the question as to what would be just terms for the extensions became so heated and intemperate, in the public press and with great numbers of promi- nent people, that a settlement of the matter in Chicago between the companies and the authorities with the approval of the public became impracticable. The railway managers appealed to the legislature and the war was carried to Springfield. The first bill introduced in and passed by the Senate was defeated in the House. The second bill, known as the Allen law, met a different fate. It passed both houses ; it was not a party measure ; it was supported by a large majority o7 the Cook County delegation in the legislature. It was a general law, but conferred certain authority on the city government of Chicago in regard to the extension of street railway franchises. The serious objection made to the bill by its opponents was that under its provisions the city government had too much authority; that the franchise extensions might be made upon terms too liberal. The fear expressed was that undue and corrupt influences would induce the city government to grant to the street car companies long term franchises with inadequate compensation to the city for the use of the streets. The propo- sition which was urged with greatest force was that in addition to the ordinary taxes paid by the companies on their property that they should be required to pay twenty per cent of their gross earnings into the city treasury. The advocates of this plan seemed oblivious to the fact that this was not a tax on the corpora- tions, but a tax upon the traveling public. This bijl came before the Governor for his consideration. Immense petitions were presented urging him to approve the bill. Many large taxpayers urged its approval. The mayor of Chicago and a delegation of prominent men visited the Gov- ernor and in a personal interview presented their views favoring the veto of the bill. After due consideration the Governor signed the bill and it became a law. This Allen law became an issue in Cook County at the following election for legislators. The nominating conventions in a majority of the districts exacted pledges from their candidates to the efTect that they would vote for the repeal of the Allen law. In his message to the Forty-first General Assembly the Gov- ernor discussed the taxation and fares question in connection with the extension of these franchises. He advocated the principles that where the earnings of a company are such as to justify it, instead of having a large percentage of those earnings paid into the city treasury, the fares should be reduced to the traveling 212 public. This proposition is unquestionably just. The city railways should be required to pay their equal proportion of taxes, but they should not be used as an instrumentality to exact from their patrons a tax to the city for the privi- lege of using a public highway. The Forty-first General Assembly passed a bill repealing the Allen law and Governor Tanner approved it. The 'approval of the Allen bill brought down upon Governor Tanner's head an avalanche of severe criticism from many lead- ing men in Chicago and from a portion of the press. To some of these criticisms the Governor replied in kind. He is not a man to submit to abuse tamely. Knowing that he had performed his duty in this matter conscientiously and un- influenced by mercenary motives, he felt indignant at the continuous attacks of the press and their effort to bring him into contempt with the people of the State. However men may differ as to the merits of the Allen law, when they realize the fact that the Governor was in no way responsible for the introduction of the bill, and at no time did he exercise any influence whatever in favor of its passage, but simply performed his duty as he understood it when he came to sign the bill, they will realize the injustice of a prejudice against him for what he did in the matter. There is one thing quite certain, those who have known Gov- ernor Tanner longest and best will acquit him of any improper motive in con- nection with the Allen law. Illinois is now the second State in the Union in the production of coal. There are about one thousand producing mines in the State. To operate these mines requires a very large force of employes. From time to time disagree- ments arise between the owners and the operatives. In 1897, after the inaugura- tion of Governor Tanner, he found that a serious controversy existed between the mine owners and the employes; the trouble continued during most of the year, but by conservatism and persuasion on the part of the Governor, there was no serious outbreak, and no bloodshed during the entire year. In January, 1898, a convention was held in Ohio, where representatives of the mine owners of the coal fields of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Missouri,- and representatives of the mine operatives met, and, after due consultation, agreed upon a scale of prices to be paid in the district ; the differential questions of the rates to be paid were referred to the mine owners and the operatives of each State respectively. Following this convention a meeting of mine owners and operatives was held at Springfield, Illinois, and an adjustment of the prices was had and terms agreed upon without a dissenting voice on either side. Under this agreement, about 860 mines in the State opened up and had an active year in the coal business. A few mines, most of them in the Virden-Pana district, soon closed down, some of them, perhaps, never having opened up under the contract. The operatives did not strike it was a lock-out by the mine owners, they being unwilling to work under the Springfield agreement. It is understood that all of these mine owners were either present or represented at the Springfield meeting, and voted for or did not oppose the adoption of the scale of wages. It seems that the miners were perfectly willing to work at the same scale of wages that was being paid at the other mines throughout the State. Late in the summer the mine owners of Pana quietly brought in several hundred miners from Alabama, most of them negroes who had learned their trade while doing time while under a sentence in the penitentiary. The miners resented this act, and trouble was the result. The militia was called out and a detachment sent down, the commanding officers being instructed to protect life and property and preserve order, but not to assist the mine owners in their scheme of importing laborers under guard. Order was restored for a time. The Superintendent of the Virden mine in Macoupin County sent agents to Birmingham, Ala., and engaged three or four hundred negroes of the same character as before described, to come to Virden and take employment in the mine. The agents, it is understood, did not inform these negroes that trouble existed at Virden, between the company and their old employes. These negro miners were placed in cars, under lock : about seventv-five men from some detec- tive agency, armed with Winchester rifles, accompanied these miners as a guard. Governor Tanner was informed of this state of things while the train was still at St. Louis ; he was also informed by the Superintendent of the Virden mine 213 that the train load of miners were on their way to Virden, and he demanded that the militia at once be sent to Virden to aid in the protection ot these men, as he was satisfied that on their arrival there would be a conflict. The Virden mine had already been enclosed by -a strong stockade and towers, including about ten acres, and some sixty or more armed detectives were already in the enclosure. When these facts were brought to Governor Tanner's attention, he urged the Superintendent to desist from bringing these miners and this body of armed men into the State, urging that this array of armed men was cal- culated to stimulate a breach of the peace, and cause a riot and conflict between them and the large number of laborers who had been discharged. The Gov- ernor, using the telephone, urged the Superintendent that, assuming that he had- the legal right to do this, it was obviously a great moral wrong to precipitate a riot and bloodshed, but the Superintendent insisted that the National Guard should be sent down. This the Governor declined to do, informing the Superin- tendent that if persons came in from neighboring States in the ordinary way that he would afford them protection, if it took the entire National Guard of the State to do so, but that he was opposed to the importation of labor under the guard of a body of armed, irresponsible persons not under the direction of the law officers of the State. The Governor intimated that if he had time to do so, he would call out the National Guard to prevent this armed force and the miners coming into the State from St. Louis. In a few hours this train load of armed men and miners rolled into Virden; their coming had been announced; and a great crowd of people were present to witness their arrival. A commo- tion occurred, and the armed detectives in the towers and on the train fired, killing twelve persons, most of whom were unarmed, innocent spectators taking no part in the disorder. The Grand Jury indicted a number of persons con- nected with this bloody work. Later on there was some rioting at Pana ; the militia were sent to that place and remained there some seven months, until the conflict between the owners and operatives was settled. A number of the negroes, anxious to return to Ala- bama, were furnished transportation, which was paid for out of the contingent fund of the State. Some forty or fifty of these men, thrown out of employ- ment at Virden and Pana, went to Cartersville, Williamson County, and were employed there. These people excited a great deal of opposition, and on a cer- tain Sunday, when a number of them were on their way to church at Marian, eight of them were shot to death by a mob. Indictments were preferred against parties engaged in this riot, but they were tried and acquitted. This was an unhappy business from the beginning to the end and kept the operators of the State in a turmoil for several months. The course of events during that period seems to urgently suggest the enactment of a law in this State of compulsory arbitration, to be conducted under the management of a State Board organized specially for that purpose, and also the enactment of a stringent law for the arrest and punishment of bodies of armed men organized by detective agencies and sent into Illinois to guard miners being transported to disturb districts in the State. The conflict between mine owners and their discharged employes should not be permitted to result in a breach of the peace or destruction of property. When owners of mines have secured the employment of a large number of men, and they, with their families, have for several years been living off the earnings made in the mines, and these people strike for alleged causes or are locked out by their employers, for alleged causes, the miners should be pre- vented from interfering with or destroying property, and the mine owners, also, should be required by law to pause in their operations until such time as the grievances existing between the employer and the employed can be settled by arbitration. The peace of the State must be preserved at every cost, not only as against operatives, but also against mine owners. Governor Tanner was dearly rierht in protesting against the invasion of the State by the armed detec- tives of the Virden mine. It is obvious, from the course pursued by Governor Tanner, that his prime object was the preservation of law and order. When the news of the destruction of the Maine and two hundred and sixty- six of her ill-fated crew reached the United States the Illinois legislature was in session. On, February 17, 1898, two days after the disaster. Governor Tanner sent a message to that body recommending a resolution of condolence to the 214 families of the deceased, and a tender to the National Government of a military force in the event of war with Spain. The legislature the same day passed suitable resolutions in accordance with the views pf the Governor. On April 21, passports were delivered to General Woodford, the American Minister at Madrid, and Polo Y. Bernabe, the Spanish Minister, left Washington City. On April 23, 1898, President McKinley issued a call for 125,000 volunteers. On April 25th the allotment of troops under the call was made by the Secretary of War. Governor Tanner decided to call out the Illinois National Guard in .response to the call for volunteers, so on April 25, he issued a proclamation directing the National Guard of Illinois to assemble at the Fair Grounds near Springfield, April 27, by noon. The greatest activity prevailed in making preparations to receive the troops. Brig.-Gen. J. H. Barkley was placed in command of the post. The promptness with which these troops left their employments, assembled at their proper places of rendezvous, and made all arrangements for responding to the call of duty, can be understood by the dispatch of the Governor sent within thirty-six hours after he had issued his proclamation. This is the message: "Springfield, 111., April 27, 1898. "Secretary of War, Washington, D. C, "Seven regiments of infantry and one of cavalry are mobilized at Spring- field. Approximate strength, 8,000. Await further orders. "JOHN R. TANNER, Governor." On May 25th, the President called for 75,000 additional volunteers. Under these two calls, the Illinois National Guard were equipped and mustered into the service of the United States in the following order: Fifth Infantry, Col. J. S. Culver, May 7 ; 3d Infantry, -Col. Fred C. Bennett, May 7; 6th Infantry, Col. D. Jack Foster, May n ;; Battery A., 111. N. G., Capt. Phillip Yaeger, May 12; ist Infantry, Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13; 2d In- fantry, Col. Geo. M. Moulton, May 16; 7th Infantry, Col. Marcus Kavanaugh, May 18; 4th Infantry, Col. Casimer Andel, May 20. Additional regiments, known as Illinois Volunteers, were organized, equipped and mustered in as follows: ist Cavalry, Col. Ed. C. Young, May 21 ; 9th Illinois Infantry, Col. James R. Campbell, July 4, 1 1 ; 8th Illinois Infantry, Col. John R. Marshall, July 22. . These regiments were composed of as fine a body of officers and men as could have been assembled in the State. The promptness with which the national guard turned out showed their efficiency and discipline, and, further, is con- clusive proof of the wisdom of the national guard law. The Illinois soldiers of the Spanish war reflected credit upon themselves and the State, and are entitled to the gratitude of their countrymen. Col. Marshall's 8th Regiment was com- posed entirely of colored men. Governor Tanner had confidence in the patriot- ism, courage and ability of these men and commissioned men of their own race to offices, including the colonel commanding. They did not disappoint his expectations. With an almost empty treasury and a deficiency of nearly $2,000,000, Gov- ernor Tanner was compelled to increase the rate of taxation for State expenses the first year of his administration. He proposed to bring the State back to Republican methods and had no fears of facing the people on that question. The operations of the State treasury during the past two years in respect to regular State expenses are briefly set forth as follows : 1897 Tax rate 66 cents, amount raised $4,989,326.40 1898 Tax rate 56 cents, amount raised 4,140,668.54 1899 Tax rate 42 cents, amount raised 3,853,467.03 Total paid into treasury $12,982,461.97 These revenues were faithfully used for liquidating the debts contracted by the previous administration ; for paying the current expenses of the government as provided for by law, and accumulating in the treasury a surplus as a working 215 capital, so that the business of the State can be continuously carried on and its expenses paid during each quarter without the necessity of incurring debts or borrowing money. As a result of this judicious management of the affairs of the State, the balance in the treasury on July i, 1900, was $2,103,779.22. Governor Tanner has clearly demonstrated his ability as an executive offi- cer. In the selection of men to administer important positions under him he has shown the rare faculty of surrounding himself with men not only of ability but of fidelity. Their official conduct when compared with their predecessors stands in noble contrast, and is creditable to themselves and to the Republican admin- istration of which they formed an honorable part. The progress of the State of Illinois during the past forty years can be judged by the laws placed upon the statute books and the executive records. If nothing else remained upon which a student of her history could base an opin- ion, these records would necessarily lead to the conclusion that they represented a great, progressive, intelligent, humane and free people. Almost every conceivable subject has been treated of by the law-making power. The subject of education has received constant thought. Agriculture, the great underlying industry, has had intelligent care. Mining and manufac- turing have received due attention. Commerce, transportation, navigation, trade and finance have been encouraged and guarded. The government and improve- ment of towns, villages and cities, including the establishment of parks, have received wise consideration. Laws to secure uniform taxation have been a con- stant study. The treatment of the unfortunate, defective and criminal classes the gov- ernment of erring youth, and the nurture of poor and abandoned children, have all received the attention of legislators, animated by the broadest sentiments of humanity. This great progressive work began with the Legislature of 1857. At that time there were only four State institutions. Three of these at Jacksonville for the care of the blind, the deaf and dumb, and the insane. The fourth was the old and out-of-date penitentiary at Alton. By the act of February 18, 1857, the State Board of Education was created, and the State Normal University at Normal was established. This was the foundation of the present splendid educational system of Illinois. The immediate success of the education of teachers brought about a higher and advancing standard of instruction throughout the State. The Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale followed in 1869. The University of Illinois at Urbana, the Eastern Illinois State Normal School at Charleston and the Northern Illi- nois State Normal School at DeKalb followed in due course. The existing free school system of education of Illinois, with its compulsory provision, affords the rising generation of the State an opportunity to obtain free of cost a good, prac- tical education ; while the normal schools and university conveniently located in various parts of the State are accessible to those who aspire to a higher edu- cation. No State in the Union has advanced to a higher plane for public edu- cation than the State of Illinois. Besides this, the State is the home of a num- ber of well established and successful colleges and universities. The Legislature of 1857 also made provision for the erection of a new penitentiary at Joliet. This institution has been conducted in the most satis- factory manner and has from time to time been in charge of men highly fitted by nature for this class of work. Amongst them Major R. W. McClaughrv stands pre-eminent. No man in the United States is better qualified by experience and natural gift than he, for the management of a great penal institution.. Recognizing his fitness for such a service, he has been selected by the United States Government to manage the National Prison at Fort Leavenworth. Kansas. The imprisonment of the young with hardened criminals was provided against in 1867 bv the establishment of the Illinois State Reformatory ?t Pon- tiac and a State home for juvenile female offenders was established at Geneva in 1803. Provisions for the care of the insane has kept pace with the growth of the State. The Southern Hospital for the Insane at Anna, the Northern Hospital 216 for the Insane at Elgin, were authorized in 1869, the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee in 1877, the Western Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island in 1895, while at Chester an asylum for insane criminals was established in 1889, and a similar institution for the incurable insane was established at Peoria in 1895. Other classes of unfortunates were provided for. An asylum for feeble minded children was located at Lincoln in 1865, and the same year the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary was established in Chicago, while later on, in 1887, the industrial home for blind children was also located in Chicago. But the Legislature did not stop with these institutions. The Civil War left its victims of misfortune and poverty. In 1865 the Soldiers' Orphans' Home was established at Normal and in 1895 the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home was located at Quincy, and the same year the Soldiers' Widows' Home was located at Wilmington. These noble charities one and all will stand as monuments to the humanity and liberality of the people of Illinois. The appropriations for their support have at all times been liberal. Their management has been humane and progressive. The rapid growth in population, in the development of agriculture, in the extension of railroads, in the mining of coal, in manufacturing, in internal com- merce and especially the extraordinary increase of the business interests of Chicago threw upon the legislature of Illinois the grave and important duties of devising and enacting laws suitable to the necessities of so complex a civilization. The old theory that "the world is governed too much" had exerted its influence in the early days of the State, and the people and corporations had been left to carry on their business without State supervision. The time had arrived, however, when the old policy gave way to more advanced ideas and the govern- ment entered upon the task of taking a more active part in the affairs of the people. A number of important measures, far reaching in their character, and per- manent in their duration, were brought forward and passed into laws. A State Board of Equalization, for equalizing the assessments for State taxes, was established in 1867. A State Board of Charities was provided for in 1869; this Board supervised the charitable institutions of the State. In 1871 the Railroad and Warehouse Commission was organized to supervise the railroads and public grain elevators throughout the State so as to prevent discrimination and to maintain uniform and reasonable transportation rates, and by inspection of grain to secure to purchasers the delivery of grain equal to the article con- tracted for according to the established grades ; in connection with this com- mission a corps of grain inspectors was authorized. The beneficial work of this Commission can scarcely be overestimated. State fairs had for many years been patronized by the State, but in 1893 the State Board of Agriculture was organ- ized with a president, secretary and treasurer and one vice-president from each Congressional District, and this Board was given charge of the State fairs, which are now a State institution. The professions and trades also came under the supervision of the State. The Commissioners of Labor were established in 1879. The State Board of Pharmacy and the State Board of Dental Examiners were established in 1881. A corps of mine inspectors, and a State Board of Examiners of Mine Inspectors was authorized by law in 1893 ; as was the State Board of Examiners of Archi- tects ; and the State Board of Examiners of Horseshoers in 1897. The Fish Commissioners were authorized in 1879 ; as were the live stock commissioners in 1885. In 1893 a corps of Inspectors of Factories was created, consisting of a Chief Inspector, an assistant chief and the deputy inspectors. Three game wardens were authorized by law in 1885. A State Board of Pardons was created June 5, 1897. A State Entomologist and a State Veterinarian were provided for by law in 1885 ; while as early as May 25, 1877, three State Agents to enforce the law in relation to cruelty to animals were authorized. On May 25, 1889, the State Historical Library was established with a president, vice-president and secretary, and located at the State Capital. 217 On February 8, 1869, the Lincoln Park Commissioners were authorized, and on the 2/th of the same month and year the West Park Commissioners were provided for. The Illinois State Dairy Men's Association was incorporated March 5, 1883. The Illinois Farmers' Institute was created June 24, 1895, with a president and four other officers and a Board of Directors, consisting of twenty-seven persons, one from each Congressional District, and five ex-officio directors, con- sisting of the Dean of the State Agricultural College and four other State officials. The Illinois State Horticultural Society was created March 24, 1874, and the Illinois State Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association was incorporated December 3, 1896. The mention of the various Commissioners, Boards and Institutions without going into detail as to their various objects and purposes is sufficient to show to some extent the range of legislation. The legislation for the promotion of the interests of Chicago has been of immense importance ; two enactments alone need be cited, viz. : The law in aid of the World's Columbian Exposition, and the act authorizing the Drainage Canal and creating the Sanitary District \>f Chicago, from which $30,000,000 has been collected for the digging of the canal. Both of these great works, car- ried to complete success at a cost of $45,000,000, have brought Chicago to the attention of mankind as the most progressive city in the world. But the legis- lators did not complete their work with the legislation cited. They improved the Common Law System of Pleading and Practice. They created the Court of Appeals, and thereby made it possible for the Supreme Court to keep up with its work. In trials for murder they authorized imprisonment for life. They permitted parties to a suit to testify in their own behalf. They passed laws for the protection of bank deposits ; encouraging and regulating farm draining ; the reduction of the rate of interest ; for the organization of the State Militia ; for the compulsory education of children ; for regulating primary elec- tions ; they established the present mode of conducting elections ; and also passed a law for restricting the right of aliens to acquire and hold real and personal estate. They have enacted a general incorporation law suitable for every industry, employment or business for profit or pleasure. They have made provision for the government of insurance companies, either foreign, American or State. They have enacted a pure food law, for which every householder should be thankful. They enacted a series of laws restricting the sale of intoxicating drinks, including the license law of 1883, which is probably the most comprehensive and wisest legislation upon that subject extant in the United States. They have regulated the employment of child labor by mines, manufacturers and merchants and limited the age of employment. They have enacted laws relieving women of the injustice of many common law disabilities, and have secured to them the right of contract and the disposal of their own property. As before stated, these acts began in 1857, during the governorship of Colonel Bissell. During the Civil War legislation was mainly confined to strengthening the military power of the State, but under Governor Oglesby the good work was taken up again. When Governor Palmer came in January, 1869, the agitation began for regulating railroad passenger rates. Senator Fuller introduced a bill fixing pas- senger rates on railroads at three cents per mile. The bill passed both houses, but was vetoed by the Governor upon the ground that it was an invasion of the corporate contract rights of the railroad. A new bill was passed and approved limiting "to a just, reasonable and uniform rate, fare, toll and compensation for the transportation of passengers and freight." This subject received further attention April 13, 1871, when the railroad and warehouse commissioners' act was passed. The legislature during the administrations of Governor Beveridge and Governor Cullom enacted a number of important measures, and the same can be said of the administration of Governor Hamilton and of the third administration of Governor Oglesby and of the administration of Governor Joseph W. Fifer. The same progressive spirit prevailed during the administration of every Republican Governor, 218 The public debt created for internal improvements reached its highest point, $16,724,177, January i, 1853, and was fully paid off during Governor Cullom's second term. The legislators of Illinois have kept pace with this great progressive age. They have fashioned the laws from time to time to meet the changing conditions of this people. Being the representatives of the people, and knowing their cir- cumstances and needs, the laws have been 'framed accordingly. The splendid legislative superstructure has met the expectations of the people. The machinery of government set in motion by the laws has worked harmoniously, and for the uplifting and betterment of the people. These statutes of Illinois are obviously the result of an immense amount of labor and profound study upon the questions upon which they treat. They conclusively show that their makers were men of fine constructive ability and were devoted to the great task of legislating to the best interests of the people of the State of Illinois. During the past forty-four years the Governors of this State have been Republicans with the single exception of one term of four years from January, 1893, to January, 1897, when John P. Altgeld, a Democrat, was Governor. The Republican party have almost continuously been responsible for legislation. They have led the way in the enactment of nearly every important measure, and it is but fair to claim for the Republican party the credit for the splendid, pro- gressive and wise system of laws which have been enacted for the State. 219 CHAPTER XXXIII. PRESIDENT MCKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION THE WAR WITH SPAIN. The election of William McKinley, President, had the immediate effect of restoring confidence in the future. The verdict of the people was in favor of a protective tariff and the gold standard. They had elected 203 Republicans to the National House of Representatives, being a majority of 49 over all opposi- tion. It was known that the Senate, composed of 90 members, had but 44 Re- publicans, but it was confidently believed"that enough of the six silver Repub- licans would vote for a protective tariff to carry that measure. The second ses- sion of the Fifty-fourth Congress, which met in December, 1896, with Thomas B. Reed as Speaker, did not undertake to legislate upon important questions, although the House had a large Republican majority, but the tariff question was taken up by Hon. Nelson Dingley and others, and the entire time of the session was spent in the preparation of a tariff bill. President McKinley was inaugurated March 4, 1897, with great jubilation. It was quite obvious from everything that occurred throughout the country that a great pall had been lifted and that the people everywhere felt that the Republican platform, upon which, the party went to the country, was not a mere formality but that every promise made therein would be faithfully kept. The President immediately issued a proclamation convening the Fifty-fifth Congress in special session. Hon. Thomas B. Reed of Maine was elected Speaker; he appointed the Committee on Ways and Means, naming Hon. Nelson Dingley of Maine, Chairman. That committee proceeded at once to the preparation of a tariff bill, and in good time it was presented to the House. On March 31, 1897, twenty-seven clays after President McKinley's inauguration, the bill passed the House of Representatives. It passed the Senate July 7, with amend- ments. On July 9, a conference committee of the two Houses began its con- sideration ; the committee agreed upon a report ; that report was adopted by the House July 19, and by the Senate July 24. The bill was immediately ap- proved by the President. The principle which governed in the preparation and passage of this law was plain and simple, namely : that all articles which cannot be produced in the United States, except luxuries, should be admitted free of duty, and that on all imports coming into competition with the products of American labor there should be levied duties equal to the difference between wages abroad and at home. The recommendation of President McKinley in his message to Congress, that "In raising revenue; duties should be levied upon foreign products as to preserve the home market, so far as possible to our own producers," was fully carried out. This law has produced sufficient revenue to pay the current expenses of the Government with a small surplus, while the revenues from the Wilson bill which it repealed were wholly inadequate and were supplementd by loans. The good effect of this law upon the productive industries of the country was instantaneous. The history of the world affords no parallel to the extraordinary revival of business which attended the passage of the Dingley tariff law. The McKinley bill created during President Harrison's administration was simply an amendment of former protective legislation applying the principles to larger classes of products and introducing the important feature of recip- rocity with foreign nations in the interchange of products. As has been shown, the country had prospered as never before under the law, while its repeal by the Wilson bill plunged the country into an abyss of financial and commercial woe. A few comparative figures will shed a flood of light upon the subject. During the first three years of Harrison's administration, the wheat crop was 220 worth $1,190,738,096. During the first three years of Cleveland's administra- tion the wheat crop was worth $677,012,404, while during the first three years of McKinley's administration it was worth $1,140,862,700. Deposits in National banks, 1892, $1,771,000,000; deposits in National banks, 1895, $1,574,000,000; deposits in National banks, 1899, $2,605,000,000. The per capita circulation of money under Harrison was $24.44, under Cleveland, $21.10, under McKinley, $26.50. The total money in the United States, as shown by the Treasury re- ports was: July i, 1896, $1,506,434,966; on July i, 1900, $2,062,425,496. There has been no run upon the National treasury for gold during McKinley's admin- istration as there was during the administration of President Cleveland. In regard to the manufacturers, every industry in the country was quickened, the millions of persons thrown out of employment were given work at increased wages. The wisdom of the protective system is vindicated by results. The United States now leads all nations in agriculture, in manufactures, in mining, in facilities for and cheapness of transportation; in the volume of pro- ducts sold in the home market ; in the rate of wages paid to every class of labor ; in the style of living of its inhabitants ; and in accumulated wealth. There is more raw material for manufacturers imported now than ever before, and there are more manufactured articles exported now than ever before. Manu- factured articles exported in 1860, $40,345,892; in 1880, $102,856,015; in 1900, $432,284,366. By reason of superior skill and cheap transportation American manufacturers are now entering foreign markets with their products, although the wages paid are fifty per cent greater than abroad. The excess of exports over imports in the year ending June 30, 1898, 189931x1 1900 amounted to $1,689,- 778,790, while the excess of exports over imports from 1790 to June 30, 1897, was only $356,809,012. The result of this state of trade has placed this country financially at ease. The drains of the precious metals to pay foreign debts has ceased, the amount of precious metals has rapidly increased, and instead of being a debtor nation, the United States has become a creditor nation. Ameri- can bankers are loaning money to Great Britain and Germany. Experience is often a hard school in which to learn the great lessons of life, the experience of the country under the McKinley bill, the Wilson bill and the Dingley bill, would seem to be sufficient for this day and generation in re- gard to the tariff question. Prosperity depends upon the people having constant remunerative labor. They cannot have that if the tariff law throws open the doors of the home market so that foreigners, without paying for the privilege, can enter that market and sell articles which can be produced here. If we employ others to do our work for us, we certainly will be idle ourselves. The good work of acquiring the Hawaiian Islands, so well began by President Harrison, and suddenly suspended by President Cleveland upon the advice of the Secretary of State Gresham, was earnestly taken up by President McKinley and carried to a successful issue. Those islands have been given, by Congres- sional legislation, a territorial government, which will ensure the progressive development of the people and protect all in civil and religious liberty. Al- ready delegates from those islands have participated in the deliberations of the two great national political conventions of 1900. As a Territory of the United States those islands will steadily grow in importance in respect to their own productions and trade and their relation to the commerce of the Pacific Ocean ; but a few years will elapse when the most carping objectors will recognize the wisdom of the acquisition. The acquisition of the Philippines, Porto Rico and Guam was an event that no wisdom could foresee. It was the inexorable logic of the war with Spain. The public opinion of the country demanded and approved the retention of the islands. The question of the Government of those islands is spoken of in another place. It would seem that their importance to the development of the trade of the United States in the Pacific would be recognized by every person of intelligence. The nations which front the Pacific Ocean have an immense population of industrious and thrifty people ; the United States already draws large supplies from China and Japan. The trade is rapidly increasing. The trade of the world is now largely conducted in steamships ; these vessels require convenient coaling stations, docks, harbors and depots of supplies. With 221 Hawaii, Guam, Samoa and the Philippines, the United States stands unrivalled in advantages for securing a large proportion of this Pacific trade. The East will unquestionable become a great outlet for the surplus products of the enter- prise and skill of the American people. Foreign markets are absolutely essential to the continued advance in business and prosperity of this country ; the home market cannot absorb the products of labor. The man or the party that can secure to the United States additional facilities for trade and new markets must be classed as a public benefactor. The fact must be recognized that a great, successful commerce means peace. The United States stands for free government at home, and for justice and peace between nations. The prestige abroad gained by this country during the admin- istration of President McKinley will undoubtedly work for the betterment of the relations between all the great nations of the world. It will greatly tend to the establishment of universal peace. The Republican party is unwilling to shrink from the great responsibilities which now devolve upon the Republic. They have confidence in the strength of our system of government as it may be applied to district and territory, and they are unwilling to dim the torch of treedom which our forefathers erected here in America in colonial days. The war with Spain was the people's war. It was inevitable. For four hundred years Spain had ruled Cuba with a rod of iron. The laws for the gov- ernment of Cuba were enacted in Spain. The officers were Spaniards, headed by a Captain General, with Spanish soldiers to enforce his authority. A corrupt tyrannical military government was the result. The people were heavily taxed, the revenues not only supported the local government but contributed largely to the Spanish exchequer. The necks of the Cubans, straddled with the prin- ciple of the "divine right of kings" and the "divine right of bishops," had no space left for the divine right of the people ; they were governed by the most tyrannical and bigoted nation in the world, whose aim was to wring from them every dollar that could possibly be exacted. General education was neither in the Spanish scheme of either home or colonial government, consequently the common people of Cuba grew up in ignorance. The discovery of the new world had aroused the avarice of the Spanish people. Spain was the greatest power in Europe ; she was mistress of the seas ; the new world was hers by virtue of a Papal Decree. She decided to control the Western Hemisphere ; her conquests extended to a large portion of South America, all of Central America, and the Southern half of North America. Her colonies were ruled by the sword. The aggressions and cruelties in Peru and Mexico were only equaled by the sacking of Antwerp and the inquisition at home. But tyranny, cruelty and injustice cannot continue forever. The pre- tentions and aggressions of Spanish rulers worked the downfall of their great- ness. Their sea power was broken by England with the destruction of the Armada. As time passed on, the independence of free government in the United States aroused the aspiration and hopes of the people in all the Spanish-Ameri- can colonies. The advent of Napoleon upon the arena of war and politics caused Spain to lose Louisiana Territory in 1800. In South America Chile led the revolt against Spanish rule in 1810, followed soon by Peru and other states. Two years later the people of Central America and Mexico threw off the Span- ish yoke; thus Spain was driven from the mainland, but still held control of her island possessions. Cuba was the gem of the Antilles, naturally the garden spot of the world, rich beyond the dreams of men. Her people panted for free- dom. The home government denied every suggestion of moderation and re- form. The people revolted ; for ten years a civil war raged. The rebellion was suppressed. The galling of the chains continued, and after years of discontent the people again rebelled ; two hundred thousand Spanish soldiers were sent to Cuba. A guerrilla war desolated the, island. A cruel order of the Captain Gen* eral forced the rural population, men, women and children, into the towns, where without work and without food they starved ; hundreds of prisoners were, without public trial, condemned and shot. Girls were sold at public auc- tion to officers of the Spanish army. Respectable, refined, educated women were imprisoned in the same cells with the worst malefactors. Barbarity and cruelty had reached its highest mark in the nineteenth century. The people of the United States at large and their great national political conventions, in 1896, took notice of the deplorable state of Cuba, and expressed decided opinions in favor of Cuban independence, but Spain disdained any suggestions of mercy. In May, 1897, President McKinley appointed W. J. Calhoun, of Illinois, American counsel to the Joint Commission of Spain and the United States to investigate the circumstances attending the death in Cuba of Doctor Ruiz, an alleged American citizen. Hon. W. R. Day h.ad been appointed as counsel, but on his arrival in Washington on his way to Cuba, he was prevailed upon to accept the position of Assistant Secretary of State. This commission was com- posed of Dr. Jose Congosto on behalf of Spain, and General Fitz Hugh Lee on behalf of the United States. Mr. Calhoun arrived in Cuba, May 20, 1897. The Commission was organ- ized at Guanabacoa, some twelve miles from Havana. The evidence brought out the following facts : Dr. Ruiz was a native Cuban, attended a medical col- lege in Philadelphia, took out naturalization papers, returned to Cuba, prac- ticed his profession at Guanabacoa, was married, had a family of children, was a quiet, inoffensive man, took no part in politics, showed interest only in his profession, his family, and his garden of fruit and flowers. Guanabacoa was a storm center of the revolution; there was a band of revolutionists in the neighborhood ; one evening their guerrillas swooped down upon a passenger train, captured some Spanish officers, including a paymaster and his money, and took them away. The Spanish authorities were very indignant over the bold act of the Cubans. It was supposed that some one had given the insur- gents information which led to this capture. Many citizens were arrested on suspicion, among them Dr. Ruiz. He was imprisoned incommunicado, that is, denied communication with any one. The rule for such prisoners was to try them by court martial, the witnesses to be examined in the absence of the prisoner. The accused was not represented by an attorney, or friend, and if found guilty the prisoner was taken from his cell by a file of soldiers and es- corted to a convenient field, where he was shot. Evidence was taken in Dr. Ruiz' case by the Commission. The guard who had charge of him testified that one night Ruiz became very excited ; that he paced his cell crying ; that he would call for his children and his wife ; and at times cried out in great agony of spirit. Finally, the guard said, he heard Ruiz rush across the stone floor and butt his head against the iron-plated door of his cell ; this he did several times. The guard called for help, and when the door was opened the unhappy man was found lying uncon- scious and bleeding from wounds on the top of his head. That morning he died amid violent convulsions. General Lee was informed of his death, and under his direction a post-mortem examination was made, Dr. Burgess, U. S. Marine Medical Inspector, assisting, and it showed the man had died from congestion of the brain. The theory of the prison officials was that he had become suddenly insane. This man was locked up in a narrow cell, with no window, no light, or ventilation except from a transom over the door. No one except his guard could see him or communicate with him. A reign of terror prevailed. None of the other prisoners would tell, even if they knew anything. No evidence beyond that of the prison guards could be obtained. The agreement between Spain and the United States was made up of cor- respondence between Secretary Sherman and Depuy de Lome, the Spanish Ambassador, and a clause in one of Secretary Sherman's letters provided that the Commission could call for any official records or papers connected with the case. Mr. Calhoun taking advantage of this clause, prepared and served a written demand for certified copies of all complaints or orders attending the arrest and imprisonment of Ruiz, and of all depositions taken or evidence given to or before the court martial, etc. The Spanish Commission protested against such a demand, and finally asked for time to consult his government. This was conceded, and after a delay of a week, or ten days, copies of the records and papers were furnished. A translation was made into English, and the fact was disclosed that the prisoner as he entered the prison handed to the jailer a cer- tificate of registration as a citizen of the United States at the American Consulate in Havana. Notice of this fact had been transmitted by the prison officials to 223 Gen. Weyler, the Captain General. Gen. Lee had also written Gen. Weyler that Ruiz was an American citizen and demanded that he be treated as such. The treaty between Spain and the United States provided that American citizens arrested without arms in his hands, should be tried for alleged offenses against the Spanish Government by the civil code and not by the military code. The Spanish civil code provided that imprisonment incommunicado should not exceed ten days. Ruiz, at the time of his death had been imprisoned incom- municado some fifteen or eighteen days, and was undergoing a trial under the military code. All this was in violation of the treaty, and these facts made a basis for a claim for indemnity for the family of Ruiz. But for the blowing up of the Maine, the sudden departure of Depuy de Lome from Washington, upon the disclosure of the celebrated letter he wrote reflecting upon the Presi- dent, and, finally but for the war that soon followed, the United States would no doubt have succeeded in obtaining a substantial sum for Mrs. Ruiz and her children. The tyranny and cruelty of Spanish rule in Cuba, which should have been broken up by the United States years ago, culminated in the diabolical act of blowing up the United States warship Maine. This vessel with 266 of her crew was destroyed by the explosion of a Spanish mine in the harbor of Havana at 9 :4O P. M., February 15, 1898. The news of this dreadful event created a profound impression upon the public mind. The majority of the people at once con- cluded that the destruction of the Maine was due to Spanish treachery. A court of inquiry was ordered by the President ; an exhaustive investigation was made into the cause of the destruction of the vessel. The report, dated March 21, 1898, was able and exhaustive. Its conclusions were as follows : "6. The Court finds that the loss of the Maine on the occasion named was not in any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers or members of the crew of said vessel. "7. In the opinion of the Court, the Maine was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of two or more or her forward magazines." This report fixed in the public mind the opinion that Spanish authority was responsible for the terrible disaster. An apology and a money indemnity could not be accepted in settlement of such an injury. Nothing less than the imme- diate withdrawal of Spanish authority from the Western Hemisphere could be considered. Congress, which had already appropriated $50,000,000 for public defense, passed and the President approved on April igth a preamble and reso- lutions demanding "that the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters," and "that the President of the United States be, and he is hereby directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States, and to call into actual service of the United States the militia of the several States to such an extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect." On the same day an ultimatum was cabled to General Woodford, the Amer- ican Minister at Madrid fixing the hour of noon, April 23, for a full and satis- factory response by the Spanish Government. Spain did not wait for the deliv- ery of the ultimatum. The people of the United States rose up as one man and the deed was done. The American navy at Manila and Santiago proved its superiority in ships, guns and men, and the Spanish fleets went to the bottom of the seas. The American army at Santiago and Manila soon brought the war to an end. The success of the American army on the land and on the sea excited the ad- miration of the world. There were no two opinions in foreign lands as to what should be the outcome of the war. In the United States the great body of people favored the policy of holding all the Spanish islands seized by the Na- tional Army. A treaty of peace was negotiated in which Spain relinquished her sovereignty over Cuba, Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. That treaty, re- quiring a two-thirds vote in the Senate, was ratified, seventeen Democrats voting with Republicans for its approval. It then became the law of the land. Con- gress having declared that Cuba, after the establishment of a stable govern- 224 ment, should be free, the good work of rehabilitating that desolated country wa& set on foot. Peace and order have been restored, schools have been established, cities improved, the people aided and encouraged to return to work; famine, which under Spanish rule decimated the country, has disappeared, plenty pre- vails, the finances of the island have been established on a solid basis, current ex- penses being paid, and $1,500,000 surplus in the treasury. A Constitu- tional Convention meets in November, 1900; the crops for the year are now estimated to be worth one hundred million dollars. The Cuban people will be free, the hand of tyranny has been forever 'lifted from them. They will now have an opportunity to work out the great problem of self-government to which they have aspired, and they will have the sympathy and support of the people of the United States. Their cause was the cause of a common humanity, which appealed to the hearts of the American people; the blood and treasure spent in their behalf was a willing sacrifice made by the people of the United States in the interest of liberty and humanity. While the important legislation of the Republican administration of Presi- dent McKinley, in the interest of the protective system and the gold standard, have brought confidence and prosperity to the country and will ever be reme'm- bered as works of wisdom, the successful war with Spain, with all its attendant diplomatic negotiations, will stand out in the future as the greatest and most important event of this era of American history. It has given the United States that prestige with the statesmen of the old world that will enable this country by her counsels to contribute largely to a universal peace based on respect, con- fidence and fair dealing. Surely it must be admitted that civil government is a great progressive science and that the United States of America, under the 'leadership of the Republican party, is the great exponent of that science. 225 CHAPTER XXXIV. REPUBLICAN AND DEMOCRATIC CONVENTIONS, 1900. The Republican State Convention met at Peoria, May 8. It was composed of 1,537 members. Every county had a full delegation; thousands of citizen's from all parts of the State were present to witness the proceedings. Charles G. Dawes was chosen as temporary chairman: He delivered an able and elo- quent speech. The usual committees were appointee!. The contests of delegations were settled. Joseph W. Fifer was named as permanent chairman and Charles F. Peters as secretary. The following named persons were chosen as Presidential electors : Electors at Large. John Maurice Herbert, Murphysboro; Henry Button Pierce, Oak Park. District Electors. First, Wm. McLaren, Chicago; Second, Edwin S. Con- way, Oak Park ; Third, Thos. J. Finucane, Chicago ; Fourth, James H. Graham, Chicago; Fifth, Wm. J. Moxley, Chicago; Sixth, Edward G. Halle, Chicago; Seventh, Eli P. Chatfield, Chicago ; Eighth, Joseph H. Patterson, Morris ; Ninth, John C. McKenzie, Elizabeth; Tenth, Thomas P. Pierce, Kewanee; Eleventh, Charles L. Romberger, Dwight ; Twelfth, Horace Russell, Milford ; Thirteenth, Isaac Newton Biebinger, Milmine ; Fourteenth, Joseph B. Greenhut, Peoria ; Fifteenth, Burton O. Willard, Rushville ; Sixteenth, Edward J. Frost, Winches- ter; Seventeenth, Nathaniel W. Bronson, Petersburg; Eighteenth, Samuel H. McLean, Hillsboro ; Nineteenth, Sylvester H. Gee, Lawrenceville ; Twentieth, Chas. Kommeyer, McLeansboro ; Twenty-first, J. C. Eisenmayer, Trenton ; Twenty-second, Marion S. Whitley, Harrisburg. The Convention selected a State Central Committee composed of the fol- lowing named persons, one from each Senatorial District : First, Thomas N. Jamieson, Chicago; Second, Charles S. Deneen, Chicago; Third, Ernest J. Ma- gerstadt, Chicago; Fourth, Joseph E. Biclwill, Chicago; Fifth, William J. Mox- ley, Chicago; Sixth, Fred A. Busse, Chicago; Seventh, James Pease, Chicago; Eighth, Luman T. Hoy, Woodstock ; Ninth, J. R. Cowley, Freeport ; Tenth, James McKinney, Aledo ; Eleventh, Ralph F. Bradford, Pontiac ; Twelfth, Len Small, Kankakee ; Thirteenth, Charles G. Eckhart, Tuscola ; Fourteenth, John S. Stevens, Peoria ; Fifteenth, J. Mack Sholl, Carthage ; Sixteenth, H. D. L. Griggsby, Pittsfield ; Seventeenth, T. M. Harris, Lincoln ; Eighteenth, George T. Turner, Vandalia ; Nineteenth, Charles P. Hitch, Paris ; Twentieth, John H. Miller, McLainsboro ; Twenty-first, George F. Mead, Pinckneyville ; Twenty- second, Daniel Hogan, Mound City. At Large. Joseph Robbins, Quincy; Charles Bent, Morrison ; S. H. Watson, Mount Vernon ; John W. Bunn, Spring- field; Edward H. Morris, Chicago; Joseph Brucker, Chicago; G. Bernhard Anderson, Chicago. There were four candidates for Governor, Elbridge Hanecy, O. N. Carter, Walter Reeves and Richard Yates, all men of ability. Judges Hanecy and Carter, both of Cook County, were active competitors for delegates in their own county. Each candidate had a strong following, but upon the first ballot Judge Hanecy was well in the lead. The friends of the two Cook County candidates were unable to agree among themselves, otherwise, it is probable the nomina- tion would have gone to Chicago. But this was not to be. On the third ballot the friends of Judge Hanecy, under the leadership of Hon. William Lori- mer, threw their entire strength to Judge Yates, and he was nominated. It was a happy solution of a very heated contest. Judge Yates was in no way 226 involved in the intense controversy which had sprung up in Cook County, s6 his nomination resulted in harmonizing the party and insuring a united effort for the success of the ticket : The ticket nominated by the Convention was : Richard Yates for Gov- ernor, Wm. A. Northcott, Lieutenant Governor ; James A. Rose, Secretary of State; James S. McCullough, Auditor; M. O. Williamson, Treasurer; H. J. Hamlin, Attorney General. The platform adopted by the Convention reaffirmed the principles of the Republican Party and endorsed the administration of President McKinley. The delegates to the Republican National Convention were the following: At Large. Joseph G. Cannon, Danville; John J. Brown, Vandalia; John M. Smyth, Chicago ; H. P. Judson, Aurora. Alternates. Norman H. Moss, Mount Vernon ; C. H. Castle, Adair; E. H. Morris, Chicago; Maurice Rosenfeld, Chi- cago. District Delegates. First, Martin B. Madden, Henry G. Foreman; Sec- ond, William Lorimer, Charles S. Deneen ; Third, Frank O. Lowden, E. J. Magerstadt; Fourth, Christopher Mamer, D. W. Clark; Fifth, Ephraim Ban- ning, Louis D. Sitts ; Sixth, Graeme Stewart, Bernard E. Sunny ; Seventh, D. S. McMullen, Fred L. Wilk ; Eighth, Isaac L. Ellwood, John Stewart ; Ninth, John M. Rinewalt, L. W. Mitchell; Tenth, F. B. Rice, Charles Deere; Eleventh, John C. Ames, E. C. Brown ; Twelfth, John Lambert, Hamilton K. Wheeler ; Thirteenth, J. A. Rowell, J. P. Middlecoff ; Fourteenth, Fred H. Smith, E. W. Wilson; Fifteenth, W. S. Warfield, Everett C. Harding; Sixteenth, J. G. Pope, Charles A. T. Martin; Seventeenth, W. C. Johns, Loren E. Wheeler; Eigh- teenth, George R. Hewitt, W. G. Cochran ; Nineteenth, H. G. Van Zandt, T. A. Dyas ; Twentieth, Orlando Burrell, L. L. Emerson ; Twenty-first, Charles Beck- er, M. H. Hughey ; Twenty-second, Thomas John, Jr., P. T. Chapman. The National Republican Convention met in Philadelphia, June 19, 1900. It was a notable and enthusiastic gathering. The convention was called to order by Marcus A. Hanna, chairman of the Republican National Committee. Edward O. Wolcott, United States Senator from Colorado, was named tem- porary chairman, and Henry Cabot Lodge, United States Senator from Massa- chusetts, was chosen permanent chairman. These three gentlemen delivered speeches of exceptional power and eloquence, reviewing the principles of the Republican party and the important work of the administration of President McKinley. The convention and great audience were in complete rapport. The telling points of orators were received with billows of applause. The platform abated nothing of former declarations, but stood by the record of the party from the beginning. Its most important features follow : "The Republicans of the United States, through their chosen representa- tives, met in national convention, looking back upon an unsurpassed record of achievement and looking forward into a great field of duty and opportunity ; and, appealing to the judgment of their countrymen, make these declarations : "The expectation in which the American people, turning from the Demo- cratic party, intrusted power four years ago to a Republican Chief Magistrate and a Republican Congress, has been met and satisfied. When the people then assembled at the polls, after a term of Democratic legislation and administra- tion, business was dead, industry paralyzed, and the national credit disastrously impaired. The country's capital was hidden away and its labor distressed and unemployed. The Democrats had no other plan with which to improve the ruinous conditions, which they had themselves produced, than to coin silver at the ratio of 16 to i. "The Republican party, denouncing this plan as sure to produce conditions even worse than those from which relief was sought, promised to restore pros- perity by means of two legislative measures a protective tariff and a law mak- ing gold the standard of value. "The people, by great majorities, issued to the Republican party a com- mission to enact these laws. This commission has been executed, and the Re- publican promise is redeemed. "Prosperity more general and more abundant than we have ever known has followed these enactments. There is no longer controversy as to the value of any government obligations. Every American dollar is a gold dollar or its 227 assured equivalent, and American credit stands higher than that of any nation. Capital is fully employed and even where labor is profitably occupied. No single fact can more strikingly tell the story of what .Republican government means to the country than this that while during the whole period of 107 years, from 1790 to 1897, there was an excess of exports over imports of only $383,028,497, there has been in the short three years of the present Republican administration an excess of exports over imports in the enormous sum of $1,483,537,094. "And while the American people, sustained by this Republican legislation, have been achieving these splendid triumphs in their business and commerce, they have conducted and in victory concluded a war for liberty and human rights. No thought of national aggrandizement tarnished the high purpose with which American standards were unfurled. "It was a war unsought and patiently resisted, but when it came the Ameri- can government was ready. Its fleets were cleared for action. Its armies were in the field, and the quick and signal triumph of its forces on land and sea bore equal tribute 'to the courage of American soldiers and sailors and to the skill and foresight of Republican statesmanship. To ten millions of the human race there was given 'a new birth of freedom,' and to the American people a new and noble responsibility. "We indorse the administration of William McKinley. Its acts have been established in wisdom and in patriotism, and at home and abroad it has dis- tinctly elevated and extended the influence of the American nation. "Walking untried paths and facing unforeseen responsibilities, President McKinley has been in every situation the true American patriot and the upright statesman, clear in vision, strong in judgment, firm in action, always inspiring, and deserving the confidence of his countrymen. "In asking the American people to indorse this Republican record and to renew their commission to the Republican party, we remind them of the fact that the menace to their prosperity has always resided in Democratic principles and no less in the general incapacity of the Democratic party to conduct public affairs. "The prime essential of business prosperity is public confidence in the good sense of the government and in its ability to deal intelligently with each new problem of administration and legislation. That confidence the Democratic party has never earned. It is hopelessly inadequate, and the country's pros- perity when Democratic success at the polls is announced halts and ceases in mere anticipation of Democratic blunders and failures. "We renew our allegiance to the principle of the gold standard and declare our confidence in the wisdom of the legislation of the Fifty-sixth Congress, by which the parity of all our money and the stability of our currency on a gold basis have been secured. "We recognize that interest rates are a potent factor in production and business activity, and for the purpose of further equalizing and of further low- ering the rates of interest we favor such monetary legislation as will enable the varying needs of the season and of all sections to be promptly met in order that trade may be evenly sustained, labor steadily employed, and commerce enlarged. "The volume of money in circulation was never so great per capita as it is today. W T e declare our steadfast opposition to the free and unlimited coinage of silver. No measure to that end could be considered which was without the support of the leading commercial countries of the world. However firmly Republican legislation may seem to have secured the country against the peril of base and discredited currency, the election of a Democratic President could not fail to impair the country's credit and to bring once more into question the intentions of the American people to maintain upon the gold standard the parity of their money circulation. The Democratic party must be convinced that the American people will never tolerate the Chicago platform. "We recognize the necessity and propriety of the honest co-operation of capital to meet new business conditions, and especially to extend our rapidly increasing foreign trade, but we condemn all conspiracies and combinations intended to restrict business, to create monopolies, to limit production, or to 228 control prices, and favor such legislation as will effectually restrain and pre- vent all such abuses, protect and promote competition, and secure the rights of producers, laborers, and all who are engaged in industry and commerce. "We renew our faith in the policy of protection to American labor. In that policy our industries have been established, diversified, and maintained. By pro- tecting the home market the competition has been stimulated and production cheapened. Opportunity to the inventive genius of our people has been secured and wages in every department of labor maintained at high rates, higher now than ever before, always distinguishing our working people in their better con- ditions of life from those of any competing country. ''Enjoying the blessings of American common school, secure in the right of self-government, and protected in the occupancy of their own markets, their constantly increasing knowledge and skill have enabled them finally to enter the markets of the world. We favor the associated policy of reciprocity so directed as to open our markets on favorable terms for what we do not ourselves produce in return for free foreign markets. "In the further interest of American workmen we favor a more effective restriction of the immigration of cheap labor from foreign lands, the extension of opportunities of education for working children, the raising of the age limit for child labor, the protection of free labor as against contract convict labor, and an effective system of labor insurance. "Our present dependence upon foreign shipping for nine-tenths of our foreign carrying is a great loss to the industry of this country. It is also a serious danger to our trade, for its sudden withdrawal in the event of European war would seriously cripple our expanding foreign commerce. The national defense and naval efficiency of this country, moreover, supply a compelling reason for legislation which will enable us to recover our former place among the trade carrying fleets of the world. "The nation owes a debt of profound gratitude to the soldiers and sailors who have fought its battles, and it is the government's duty to provide for the survivors and for the widows and orphans of those who have fallen in the coun- try's wars. "The pension laws, founded in this sentiment, should be liberal and should be liberally administered, and preference should be given wherever practicable with respect to employment in the public service to soldiers and sailors and to their widows and orphans. "President McKinley has conducted the foreign affairs of the United States with distinguished credit to the American people. In releasing us from the vexatious conditions of a European alliance for the government of Samoa his course is especially to be commended. By securing to our undivided control the most important island of the Samoan group and the best harbor in the Southern Pacific every American interest has been safeguarded. "We approve the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. "We favor home rule for and the early admission to Statehood of the Terri- tories of New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma. "The Dingley act, amended to provide sufficient revenue for the conduct of the war, has so well performed its work that it has been possible to reduce the war debt in the sum of $40,000,000. So ample are the government's reve- nues, and so great is the public confidence in the integrity of its obligations, that its newly funded 2 per cent bonds sell at a premium. The country is now justi- fied in expecting and it will be the policy of the Republican party to bring about a reduction of the war taxes. "W r e favor the construction, ownership, control and protection of an isth- mian canal by the government of the United States. New markets are neces- sary for the increasing surplus of our farm products. Every effort should be made to open and obtain new markets, especially in the Orient, and the admin- istration is warmly to be commended for its successful effort to commit all trading and colonizing nations to the policy of the open door in China. "In the interest of our expanding commerce we recommend that Congress create a Department of Commerce and Industries in the charge of a Secretary with a seat in the Cabinet. 229 "The United States consular system should be reorganized under the super- vision of this new department upon such a basis of appointment and tenure as will render it still more serviceable to the nation's increasing trade. "The American government must protect the person and property of every citizen wherever they are wrongfully violated or placed in peril. "We congratulate the women of America upon their splendid record of public service in the Volunteer Aid association, and as nurses in camp and hospital during the recent campaigns of our armies in the Eastern and Western Indies, and we appreciate their faithful co-operation in all works of education and industry. "In accepting by the treaty of Paris the just responsibility of our victories in the Spanish war, the President and the Senate won the undoubted approval of the American people. No other course was possible than to destroy Spain's sovereignty throughout the Western Indies and in the Philippine Islands. "That course created our responsibility before the world and with the un- organized population whom our intervention had freed from Spain, to provide for the maintenance of law and order, and for the establishment of good gov- ernment, and for the performance of international obligations. "Our authority could not be less than our responsibility, and wherever sov- ereign rights were extended it became the high duty of the government to main- tain its authority, to put down armed insurrection and to confer the blessings of liberty and civilization upon all the rescued peoples. "The largest measure of self-government consistent with their welfare and our duties shall be secured to them by law. "To Cuba independence and self-government were assured in the same voice by which war was declared, and to the letter this pledge should be per- formed. "The Republican party upon its history and upon this declaration of its principles and policies confidently invokes the considerate and approving judg- ment of the American people." Martin B. Madden represented Illinois on the Committee on Resolutions. Graeme Stewart was selected as the Illinois member of the Republican National Committee. The renomination of William McKinley as the Republican candidate for President was a foregone conclusion from the beginning. No one else was considered. The public mind rested serenely in the knowledge that he would be renominated, and in the confident belief that he would be re-elected. The question was upon the selection of his running mate. Governor Theodore Roosevelt was the universal favorite, but he had specifically stated that he would not accept the nomination ; that he was a candidate for re-nomination and election as Governor of New York. Governor Roosevelt was a delegate to the Philadelphia convention. He met delegates from all parts of the coun- try, and soon found that the desire for his candidacy as Vice-President was quite universal and sincere. He found himself carried forward by this wave of popularity, and enthusiastic support, and yielded to it. William McKinley of Ohio, was unanimously nominated as the Republican candidate for Presi- dent, and Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, was unanimously nominated as the Republican candidate for Vice-President. This ended the work of the convention. The great throng of citizens from every state and territory, in- cluding Hawaii, which had assembled to witness the extraordinary scene of the Grand Convocation of this Republic selecting a candidate for the greatest office in the world, namely that of President of the United States, after a week of social and political association, returned to their homes inspired more deeply than ever before with grandeur of our system of Republican Govern- ment, and a deeper determination to labor for the success of the Republican party. The Democratic State Convention met at Springfield, June 26, 1900, and nominated the following candidates for State offices : Samuel Alschuler, for Governor ; Elmer E. Perry, Lieutenant Governor ; James F. O'Donnell, Secre- tary of State; George B. Parsons, Auditor; Millard F. Dunlap, Treasurer; James Todd, Attorney General. 230 The Democratic National Convention met July 4, 1900, at Kansas City, Mo. It was a notable gathering of leading Democrats, representing every section of the country, and every faction of the party. There was no opposition what- ever to the renomination of William J. Bryan, of Nebraska ; his wonderful cam- paign of 1896 endeared him to the party, and he was the only person consid- ered. While in 1896 the Democratic Convention adopted a lengthy platform, the single issue upon which they made the compaign was the "Free and unlim- ited coinage of silver at the rate of 16 to r." A great many Democrats who favored the gold standard opposed Mr. Bryan, but the great body of Dem- ocracy, numbering more than six and a half millions, voted for him and en- thusiastically supported the silver plank in their platform. They lost at the election business revived the output of gold increased. Congress passed a financial law fully establishing the gold standard. Prosperity was universal. Confidence was restored. A foreign war had been successfully fought. The Spanish islands had been acquired. An issue was made as to the disposition of those islands. When the Democratic Convention met, the fact was soon developed that a large majority of the delegates were not favorable to making the silver issue a distinct feature of the platform. They were willing to endorse the Chicago platform of 1896 in general terms, but they were desirous of leaving the silver question severely alone. They wanted to make tlie race for President entirely upon a new issue. They desired to present to the people of the country the awful danger that was impending to free institutions as the result of retain- ing the Philippines and the organization of an army to establish order in that archipelago. But while Mr. Bryan had sounded the alarm of imperialism and militarism, he demanded a specific declaration on the silver question Identical with the Chicago plank. The Convention, heartily against its will, yielded to this demand, but showed their repugnance to the silver issue by placing that resolution near the tail-end of the platform and declaring that the burning issue was something else besides silver. The following are some of the important declarations of that document : "We condemn and denounce the Philippine policy of the present adminis- tration. It has involved the Republic in unnecessary war, sacrificed the lives of many of our noblest sons, and placed the United States, previously known and applauded throughout the world as the champion of freedom, in the false and un-American position of crushing with military force the efforts of our former allies to achieve liberty and self-government. The Filipinos cannot be citizens without endangering our civilization ; they cannot be subjects without imperiling our form of government, and as we are not willing to surrender our civilization or to convert the Republic into an empire, we favor an immediate declaration of the nation's purpose to give the Filipinos first a stable form of government ; second, independence, and, third, protection from outside inter- ference such as has b'een given for nearly a century to the Republics of Central and South America. "The greedy commercialism which dictated the Philippine policy of the Republican administration attempts to justify it with the plea that it will pay, but even this sordid and unworthy plea fails when brought to the test of facts. The war of criminal aggression against the Filipinos, entailing an annual ex- pense of many millions, has already cost more than any possible profit that could accrue from the entire Philippine trade for years to come. Furthermore, when trade is extended at the expense of liberty the price is always too high. "The importance of other questions now pending before the American peo- ple is in nowise diminished, and the Democratic party takes no backward step from its position on them, but the burning issue of imperialism growing out of the Spanish war involves the very existence of the Republic, and the destruction of our free institutions. We regard it as the paramount issue of the campaign. "We oppose militarism. It means conquest abroad and intimidation at home. It means the strong arm which has ever been fatal to free institutions. It is what millions of our citizens have fled from in Europe. It will impose upon our peace-loving people a large standing army and unnecessary burden 231 of taxation and a constant menace to their liberties. A small standing army and a well-disciplined state militia are amply sufficient in time of peace. This Republic has no place for a vast military service antf conscription. When the nation is in danger the volunteer soldier is his country's best defender. "We condemn the Dingley tariff law as a trust-breeding measure, skillfully devised to give the few favors which they do not deserve and to place upon the many burdens which they should not bear. "We reaffirm and indorse the principles of the National Democratic plat- form adopted at Chicago in 1896, and we reiterate the demand of that platform for an American financial system, made by the American people for themselves, which shall restore and maintain a bimetallic price level, and as part of such system the immediate restoration of the free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to i, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation. "W r e denounce the currency bill enacted at the last session of Congress as a step forward in the Republican policy which aims to discredit the sovereign right of the National Government to issue all money, whether coin or paper, and to bestow upon national banks the power to issue and control the volume of paper money for their own benefit. A permanent national bank currency, secured by government bonds, must have a permanent debt to rest upon, and if the bank currency is to increase with population and business, the debt must also increase. The Republican currency scheme is therefore a scheme.for fasten- ing upon the taxpayers a perpetual and growing debt for the benefit of the banks. We are opposed to this private corporation paper circulated as money, but without legal-tender qualities, and demand the retirement of the national bank notes as fast as government paper or silver certificates can be substituted for them. "We are opposed to government by injunction ; we denounce the black-list and favor arbitration as a means of settling disputes between corporations and their employes. In the interest of American labor and the uplifting of the workingman, as the corner stone of the prosperity of our country, we recom- mend that Congress create a department of labor in charge of a Secretary, with a seat in the Cabinet, believing that the elevation of the American laborer will bring with it increased production and increased prosperity to our country at home and to our commerce abroad. "Believing that our most cherished institutions are in great peril, that the very existence of our constitutional Republic is at stake, and that the decision now to be rendered will determine whether or not our children are to enjoy those blessed privileges of free government which have made the United States great, prosperous and honored, we earnestly ask for the foregoing declaration of principles the hearty support of liberty-loving American people regardless of previous party affiliations." During the sittings of the Convention prominent Populists and advocates of free silver, who had abandoned the Republican party, were in conference with the Democratic leaders. The object in view was to unite all parties and factions against the Republican party. The favorite plan was the nomination of a Populist as the candidate for Vice-President. Mr. Towne was the Populist favorite. William J. Bryan was unanimously and enthusiastically nominated as a candidate for President. A strong effort was made to induce ex-Goxernor Hill, of New York, to accept the nomination for Vice-President. He could have been nominated if he had consented, but he utterly declined, although it was shown conclusively by the demonstrations of the Conventions that they were sincerely in favor of his nomination. Mr. Hill had led the gold standard men in the Convention against the adoption of the free silver plank, but he had finally acquiesced in Mr. Bryan's demand. Mr. Hill seemed to feel that his attitude on the silver question for- bade that he should be a candidate with Mr. Brvan, and so the Convention respected his wishes. Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois, Vice-President of the United States with President Cleveland, was nominated as the candidate for Vice-President. 232 CHAPTER XXXV. IMPERIALISM MILITARISM. The attitude of the Democratic party in this political contest of 1900, upon the questions growing out of the Spanish war, is of alleged alarm for the perpetuity of free government in America. While the impression widely pre- vails that this issue is made paramount for the purposes of this campaign to throw into shadow the Democratic position on the tariff and silver question; and to draw the public mind away from the consideration of the phenomenal prosperity of the country under a protective tariff and the gold standard. But the Democracy treat this matter too seriously to allow it to go unan- swered. There are certain fundamental questions involved in this issue which it is well to consider. The power to declare war is based upon the inherent right of self-defense. A Government without written constitution or laws possesses this right. In the nature of things it results to a community or government from the individual right of self protection. Congress has power under the Constitution to declare war. When this Nation goes to war, it possesses law- ful authority to do any act against the enemy necessary for success ; the only limitation being an observance of the laws of humanity. If the territory of the enemy is invaded, seized and held, the powers exercised there are not outside of the Constitution of the United States, but clearly within its provisions. The power in Congress to declare war carries with it authority to legislate upon every topic that may arise connected with the progress of the war and the seizure of the enemy's territory. It is universally recognized as the duty of a conqueror in war to preserve order and to administer government in the conquered territory, through the militarv authority, until such time as the law making power of the conquering nation shall provide civil government. It is also universally recognized as lawful and necessary that the commander-in- chief of the conquering nation shall have a free hand in adopting means for preserving order and administering the government of the conquered country. His military orders are law. These are elementary principles which apply to all forms of government. Autocratic Governments, Constitutional Monarchies and Constitutional Republics all possess the same power and authority under such circumstances. The contention, that the government of a conquered coun- try by military authority, is not warranted or authorized by the Constitution, is a dangerous fallacy, which strikes at the very root of the power and authority of self protection. When a man is attacked he need not retreat to a wall and defend himself there ; he may pursue his enemy until he finds himself wholly out of danger. This is so with a nation. In defending the rights of its people it may search for and pursue its enemy to the ends of the earth, and finding him there bring him to punishment. In doing this the nation is exercising its high constitutional power and duty of self defense. The war with Spain was a just war. When entered upon it was the business of the United States to strike down her power at every point. The destruction of the Spanish fleet at Manila and the defeat of the Spanish army, gave the United States a firm hold upon the Philippine Archipelago. Spanish authority, which had existed for two hundred years, was overthrown. Pos- session by the United States imposed the duty of preserving order and adminis- tering government. The cession of those islands by treaty passed the sov- ereignty from Spain to the United States. The treaty became a part of the law of the land. According to the laws of nations, the title of the United States to the Philippine Islands is unimpeachable and the public opinion of the country favors holding the Islands. The original possession having been taken under 233 the war power, that power having been invoked by Act of Congress, it is per- fectly clear that the President as Commander-in-Chief, and military officers acting under him, are strictly within their constitutional duty in restoring order and establishing and administering government until such time as Congress shall by law make other provision. The exercise of military powers for the government of the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands under existing circumstances is not extra Constitutional, but clearly within the constitutional power of the President. This great repre- sentative Republic possesses all the powers under the Constitution necessary for her to perform every act imposed by the duties which may arise during the progress of war, and conditions which result therefrom. The Imperialism of which so much fear is expressed, which is to sap the foundations of this Republic, has its origin in alleged misgovernment of the islands taken from Spain. A complete answer to the charge of Imperialism is found in four simple propositions: Ffrst, these islands are now territory of the United States. Second, the Constitution of the United States confers upon Congress the power to provide government for this territory. Third, the Re- publican party has shown by its past record of forty years that it can be trusted to have this government fulfill every obligation in the interest of liberty, equality and justice imposed upon it as the result of the acquisition of these islands. Fourth, that this is a government of law, and that all laws of Congress relating to the people of the Philippines can be brought to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States and their constitutionality determined. The burning ques- tion in the minds of the Democracy now, is to have the Republican party de- clare its purposes in regard to the Philippine Islands. The purposes of the Republican party might be summarized in a resolution substantially as follows : "Resolved, That the United States accepts the responsibilities and duties de- volved upon it as the result of the just war prosecuted against the Kingdom of Spain. That this Government will establish good governments in Cuba, Porto Rico, the Philippines and other islands acquired from Spain, establishing peace, order and justice in said islands. That the people of these islands will be se- cured in personal and religious liberty, equal and just taxation, a humane ad- ministration of justice, opportunity for education and intellectual development ; the right to work and enjoy the fruits of their labor and a participation in the affairs of government as rapidly as the various divisions and classes of people are qualified therefor. This government will secure to the people of these islands the benefits necessarily growing out of a political connection with the free and progressive people of the United States, and will secure to the people of the States the benefits which will result from the political connection with these islands in the extension of trade and commerce with the Eastern world." In the government of the Philippine Islands the people of the United States will be content with no treatment less than that outlined above. President McKinley's intentions towards the Filipinos must be judged by his acts. By virtue of his constitutional power as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, he has sent out a commission composed of men of undoubted ability, integrity, wisdom and experience, with authority to organize civil gov- ernment there, to stand until such time as Congress may by law provide for the government of the islands. The President has given Judge Taft, President of the Commission, and his colleagues, full instructions to guide them in their work, and those instructions have been published in the daily press for the information of the American peo- ple. What are those instructions? They direct that the Filipinos shall be pro- tected in their liberty and property to as full an extent as we are in Illinois, that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, that excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted, that no law shall be passed respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. In fine, the President requires that the elementary guarantees that lay at the founda- tion of our republican system shall be applied to the Filipinos, giving them rights and protection they and their ancestors never enjoyed in the history of their race. The proclamations, military and civil, which have been issued in the Phil- 234 ippines are a sufficient guaranty to the inhabitants there and to the people of the United States that the hand of tyranny will not be laid upon that people. The acquisition of the Philippine Islands was the inevitable result of causes which had been operating for hundreds of years. The tyranny, oppression and cruelty of Spanish misrule, in all her island possessions, in the nature of things had to come to an end. Animated by no spirit of aggression, or of oppression, the United States has gone forward to the performance of a great duty thrust upon her by causes which she could not control or resist. It was manifest destiny. It was Providence working through the United States to break the chains of Spanish tyranny and for the uplifting of down-trodden and oppressed humanity. Men cry out Commercialism, and sneer at the suggestion that the commerce of this country can be more certainly extended in the East by the possession of the Philippines. Is it a crime for the President and Congress to safeguard the markets of the world for American products? Not so. -This country now leads all nations in production. Foreign markets are absolutely essential to the continued pros- perity of this people. The Pacific Ocean is destined soon to become the theatre of an intense commercial rivalry between the peoples of all the Western nations. The people of the United States cannot afford to relinquish the advantages which have come to them commercially as a result of the war with Spain. Every- body knows that the people of the United States can be trusted to deal justly with the people of their new possessions. The inhabitants of the Philippine Islands never have since the creation of the world exercised rights and duties of self-government. Intelligent men everywhere know that the mass of the Filipinos are not capable of self-government according to our republican sys- tem. In the cities and towns there are men of intelligence and education ; men versed in the business of production and commerce, but as subjects of Spain few of them actually took part in government. These people will at once learn that the Republic means peace, equal rights and equal protection to all; those persons who labor and produce, who earn a living in peaceful avocations, will constitute the governing class in the Philippines and will no doubt in good time exercise the right of suffrage by authority of Congress. But the nomadic races, the tribes of uncivilized savage and barbarous men, cannot be admitted to the ballot. Such persons in the Philippines will take their places in the plan of government, in the subordinate positions, always occupied by such people. Our forefathers when they formed the Constitution excluded the North American Indian from the governing class, and that precedent can safely be followed by Congress at the present day in regard to similar people in the Philippines. It is perfectly safe to say that the people of the Philippine Islands will be given a civil government suited to their condition ; that they will be protected in life, liberty and property ; that they will have a just system of taxation, and that they will not be the subjects of tyranny and misrule under unjust laws of Congress. The Democratic party favored the war with Spain, voted for the declaration of war, voted for men and money, patriotically aided in prosecuting the war, and voted for the ratification of the treaty of peace. Having approved the acquisi- tion of the Philippine Archipelago under the leadership of the presidential can- didate, they now declare against the retention of the Philippines, and raise the issue of "Imperialism" and "Militarism"; declaring that our republican system of government is threatened. The Democratic party evidently has lost confi- dence in the considerate judgment and patriotic devotion to principle of the American people. The expressed fear of military rule in this country has no foundation on which to build. There is no suggestion in public opinion favoring such a view. There is nothing in the public press indicating so direful a change in the minds of the people. No utterance of any man in official position, either legislative, executive or judicial, suggests such danger. In the history of the Republic there is no record from the days of the Revolution to the present hour of any body of soldiers, while in the public service or after their discharge, banding together to overthrow or resist the lawful authority of the govern- ment. The millions of officers and men of the army and navy who, during the past one hundred and twenty-five years, have rallied under the flag and fought the battles of their country, won its independence, subdued the savage, over- 235 came the aggressions of every foreign foe, preserved the Union, and bore the national ensign in victory and honor into foreign lands, were animated by those noble virtues, patriotism and valor. Hundreds of'thousands of these men laid down their lives for their country, while other hundreds of thousands lost health and strength from wounds and disease. What these people have of indepen- dence, of freedom, of unity, of glory, they owe to the army and navy. There has been a continuity of heroic service and devotion to duty from the days of Washington to the present hour. No act of men fighting under the starry banner can be brought forward to impugn their patriotism. The citizens of to-day as compared with citizens of other periods in the history of the country, have not degenerated. Their patriotism is as true as that of 1776, 1812, 1846 and 1861. The soldiers of to-day would no more conspire to overthrow this Republic than did the soldiers of the periods named. Relieved from their mili- tary service, either at home or abroad* they return to their families and friends, not to become willing dupes of conspirators against law and order, but to take up the duties of life at the very spot where they laid them down. The sugges- tion that American soldiers are a menace to the American Republic, a menace to law and order, is a slander upon the patriotism of the people. The Filipinos will never become victims of tyranny and misgovernment as the result of American imperialism. Nor will the liberties of the people of the United States ever be overthrown by militarism Never ! Never ! ! "Till the sun grows cold, And the stars are old, And the leaves of the Judgment Book unfold !" 236 CHAPTER XXXVI. ORGANIZATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY IN ILLINOIS, OFFICERS OF THE STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE 1856-1900 ILLINOIS REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS. When the men of 1856 undertook the organization of the Anti-Nebraska elements of Illinois into a political party, which was to co-operate with similar organizations in the various States of the Union, in a determined effort to pre- vent the extension of slavery into the territory which had been dedicated to Freedom, they could not foresee the mighty effect that this organization was to have upon the destiny of this country. They performed their duty at the time as they saw it, and left to the future judgment of the country the wisdom and justice of their course. Their action in organizing the Republican party has met the approval of the people. Eleven elections for President have occurred in the United States since the meeting of the Republican Convention of May 29, 1856, at Bloomington, in nine of which the Republican party has been victorious. That party has come to be the great controlling power in the country. The Republican party of Illinois has long had a complete organization in every county and has regularly held biennial State conventions at which the principles of the party were from time to time announced, and candidates for State offices nominated, electors chosen, delegates to national conventions selected, and the State organization perpetu- ated. These conventions were composed of the most prominent men of the State, selected by popular conventions in the counties ; they were men who were leaders in their respective localities, many of whom were distinguished because of their military and political services. It is a remarkable fact, and much to be regretted, that no official record has been kept by the State Central Com- mittee of the names of the persons who composed it from time to time, and of its principal officers. The proceedings of the State conventions were never printed in pamphlet form. It has been found a herculean task to bring together all the interesting facts connected with these various conventions and have them appear in this work. The author has really been forced to content himself with giving the names of officers who managed the campaigns, without giving the full list of the committees. The citizens of McLean County have long felt great pride in the fact that the first Republican Convention of Illinois was held at Bloomington. The Mc- Lean County Historical Society commemorated the event by a public meeting on the 44th anniversary of the convention, May 29, 1900. A number of men were present who attended the convention in 1856 as delegates and spectators. This anniversary meeting was largely attended by citizens from different parts of the State ; a number of interesting addresses were delivered. The Historical So- ciety secured a full report of the convention, including a list of the delegates, which, with the account of the anniversary meeting, has been published in a neat volume of 184 pages. An interesting feature of the book is a group picture of General John M. Palmer, General J. M. Ruggles, General Thomas J. Henderson, George Schneider, Paul Selby, J. O. Cunningham, William Vocke, David McWilliams and B. F. Shaw, all of whom were delegates to the convention of May 29, 1856, General Palmer being the President, and General Ruggles one of the Vice- Presidents. The photograph for this picture was taken immediately after the adjournment of the anniversary meeting. By permission of the Historical So- ciety, extracts have been made from their book, in reference to the convention, and the portrait of General Palmer and his colleagues is reproduced in this work. It has been shown in a previous chapter that the preliminary step for the organization of the Republican party was taken at the Editorial Convention 237 held at Decatur, 111., on Feb. 22, 1856, which was called by Paul Selby, of the "Morgan Journal," and responded to by twenty-four other newspapers of the State. This Editorial Convention appointed a comjnittee with authority to call a State convention. Therefore, in making up the record of the Republican or- ganization of the State, it is proposed to begin with the meeting at Decatur. The Editorial Convention was held at Decatur, 111., Feb. 22, 1856, at the Castle House, now known as the St. Nicholas Hotel, with Paul Selby, President ; W. J. Usrey, Secretary. Upon motion, the following named gentlemen were appointed a committee to issue a call for a State convention, to be held Thurs- day, May 29; 1856, in the city of Bloomington : First District, S. M. Church, Rockford ; Second, W. B. Ogden, Chicago; Third, G. D. A. Parks, Joliet ; Fourth, T. J. Pickett, Peoria ; Fifth, Edward A. Dudley, Quincy; Sixth, W. H. Herndon, Springfield; Seventh, R. J. Oglesby, Decatur; Eighth, Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville ; Ninth, D. L. Phillips, Jones- boro. W. B. Ogden declined on accoimt of pressing demands of business. His place was filled by Dr. John Evans. Richard J. Oglesby left the State for a tour through Europe, and his place was filled by Colonel J. C. Pugh. This committee issued a call for a convention to be held at Bloomington, May 29, 1856, for the purpose of nominating candidates for State officers. They fixed the representation at 226 delegates. The convention met at the time fixed by the call and held its meeting in Major's Hall, and was called to order by George T. Brown, of Madison County. Hon. Archibald Williams, of Adams County, was chosen temporary chairman, and Henry S. Baker, of Madison County, was appointed secretary ; on motion of Mr. Judd, George T. Brown was requested to act as assistant secretary. On the call of the secretary, delegates responded from seventy counties. On motion of O. H. Browning, of Adams County, the following committee on permanent organization was appointed: S. M. Church, N. B. Judd, B. C. Cook, Robert Carter, O. H. Browning, J. C. Conkling, S. C. Parks, and David L. Phillips. The committee reported the fol- lowing list of officers and the report was adopted : President John M. Palmer, of Macoupin ; Vice-Presidents J. A. Davis, of Stephenson ; William Ross, of Pike ; James McKie, of Cook ; J. H. Bryant, of Bureau ; A. C. Harding, of Warren ; Richard Yates, of Morgan ; H. C. Johns, of Platt ; George Smith, of Madison ; D. L. Phillips, of Union ; T. A. Marshall, of Coles; J. M. Ruggles, of Mason; G. D. A. Parks, of Will; and John Clark, of Schuyler. Secretaries H. S. Baker, of Madison; C. L. Wilson, of Cook; John Tillson, of Adams ; Washington Bushnell, of LaSalle ; and B. J. F. Hanna, of Randolph. A like committee on resolutions was appointed, which reported the platform of the party. The state ticket was nominated, delegates were appointed to the Philadelphia convention, and presidential electors were chosen. On motion of Mr. Skinner, a State Central Committee, consisting of five persons, was appointed, namely : James C. Conkling, Sangamon ; Isahel Grid- ley, McLean; B. C. Cook, LaSalle; Charles A. Ray and N. B. Judd, Cook. This committee, with its president and secretary, was continued in 183*8, and again in 1860, and conducted the political campaigns in Illinois when Abraham Lincoln was elected president, and Richard Yates, Governor. OFFICERS OF THE REPUBLICAN STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE, 1856-1900. 1856 Norman B. Judd, President. Horace White, Secretary. 1858 Norman B. Judd, President. Horace White, Secretary. i8fx) Norman B. Judd, President. Horace White, Secretary. 1862 Burton C. Cook, Chairman. Horace White, Secretary. 1864 Thomas J. Turner, Chairman. James P. Root, Secretary. 1866 James C. Sloo, Chairman. James P. Root, Secretary. 1868 Colonel A. C. Babcock, Chairman. James P. Root, Secretary. 1870 Charles B. Farwell, Chairman. Daniel Shepard, Secretary. 1872 Charles B. Farwell, Chairman. Daniel Shepard, Secretary. 1874 Colonel A. C. Babcock, Chairman. James P. Root, Secretary. 1876 Colonel A. C. Babcock, Chairman. Daniel Shepard, Secretary. 1878 A. M. Jones, Chairman. Daniel Shepard, Secretary. 238 IB > n ? 2 3 5 td w iftSo A. M. Jones, Chairman. 1882 A. M. Jones, Chairman. 1884 A. M. Jones, Chairman. 1886 A. M. Jones, Chairman. 1888 General James S. Martin, Chairman. 1890 A. M. Jones, Chairman. 1892 James H. Clark, Chairman. 1894 **John R. Tanner, Chairman. 1896 Chas. P. Hitch, Chairman. 1898 Chas. S. Rannells, Chairman. 1900 Fred H. Rowe, Chairman. Daniel Shepard, Secretary. D'aniel Shepard, Secretary. Daniel Shepard, Secretary. Daniel Shepard, Secretary. Daniel Shepard, Secretary. "Daniel Shepard, Secretary. Dr. T. N. Jamieson, Secretary. Charles A. Partridge, Secretary. J. R. B. Van Cleave, Secretary. J. R. B. Van Cleave, Secretary. Walter Fieldhouse, Secretary. STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE, 1894. District. ist T. N. Jamieson, Chicago. 2d Charles S. Deneen, Chicago. 3d E. R. Brainerd, Chicago. 4th S. H. Case, Chicago. 5th M. R. Harris, Chicago. 6th William T. Ball, Chicago. 7th James L. Pease, Chicago. 8th Ira C. Copley, Aurora. 9th H. O. Hilton, Rockford. loth James McKinney, Aledo. nth Geo. W. Patton, Pontiac. District. ?2th E. W. Willard, Joliet. 1 3th L. S. Wilcox, Champaign. I4th Isaac C. Edwards, Peoria. 1 5th W. H. Hainline, Macomb. i6th Chas. S. Rannells, Jacksonville. 1 7th W. F. Calhoun, Decatur. 1 8th W. A. Haskell, Alton. ipth C. P. Hitch, Paris. 2oth John H. Miller, McLeansboro. 2 ist W. A. Stoker, Centralia. 22d W. C. S. Rhea, Marion. At Large Edward H. Morris, Chicago ; Houston Singleton, Decatur ; A. W. Berggren, Galesburg; Charles Goetz, Chicago; Daniel Hogan, Mound City. STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE, 1896. District. ist T. N. Jamieson, Chicago. 2d Charles S. Deneen, Chicago. District. I2th E. W. Willard, Joliet. : 3th Dr. L. S. Wilcox, Champaign. 3d Ernest J. Magerstadt, Chicago. I4th S. O. Spring, Peoria. 4th Joseph E. Bidwill, Chicago. 5th Adam Wolf, Chicago. 6th William T. Ball, Chicago. 7th James Pease, Chicago. 8th Ira C. Copley, Aurora. 9th H. O. Hilton, Rockford. loth James McKinney, Aledo. nth Ralph F. Bradford, Pontiac. 1 5th W. H. Hainline, Macomb. i6th Chas. S. Rannells, Jacksonville. i/th J. R. Smith, Taylorville. 1 8th Dr. R. F. Bennett, Litchfield. juth C. P. Hitch, Paris. 2oth John H. Miller, McLeansboro. 2 ist W. A. Stoker, Centralia. 22c L. T. Linnell, Cobden. At Large A. W. Berggren, Galesburg; I. C. Edwards, Peoria; John A. Sterling, Bloomington ; E. H. Morris, Chicago; J. C. Buckner, Chicago. STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE, 1898. District. ist Thomas N. Jamieson. Chicago. 2d Charles S. Deneen. Chicago. 3d Ernest J. Magerstadt. Chicago. 4th Joseph E. Bidwill, Chicago. 5th Adam Wolf, Chicago. 6th Fred A. Busse, Chicago. 7th James Pease, Chicago. 8th Luman T. Hoy, Woodstock. qth J. R. Cowley, Freeport. loth James McKinney, Aledo. nth Ralph F. Bradford, Pontiac. At Large John Lambert, Joliet ; J. Johnson, Chicago; Joseph Brucker, *Died, succeeded by Charles Partridge. **Resitftied, succeeded by Dr. T. N. Jamieson. District 1 2th Len Small, Kankakee. 1 3th Charles G. Eckhart, Tuscola. I4ih Isaac C. Edwards, Peoria. [5th J. Mack Sholl, Carthage. t6th Chas. S. Rannells, Jacksonville. i7th Clarence R. Paul, Springfield. [8th Dr. R. F. Bennett, Litchfield. I9th Philip W. Barnes, Lawrenceville. 2oth Basil D. Monroe, Louisville. 2 ist James A. Willoughby, Belleville. 22d John M. Herbert, Murphysboro. Daniel Hogan, Mound City ; -Alexander Chicago ; Edward H. Morris, Chicago. 240 STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE, 1900. District. District, ist Thomas N. Jamieson, Chicago. i2th Len Small, Kankakee. 2cl Charles S. Deneen, Chicago. 3d Ernest J. Magerstadt, Chicago. 4th Joseph E. Bidwill, Chicago. 5th William J. Moxley, Chicago. 6th Fred A. Busse, Chicago. 7th James Pease, Chicago. 8th Luman T. Hoy, Woodstock. 9th J. R. Cowley, Freeport. loth James McKinney, Aledo. nth Ralph F. Bradford, Pontiac. 1 3th Charles G. Eckhart, Tuscola. I4th John S. Stevens, Peoria. 1 5th J. Mack Sholl, Carthage. 1 6th H. D. L. Griggsby, Pittsfield. 17th T. M. Harris, Lincoln. 1 8th George T. Turner, Vandalia. 1 9th Charles P. Hitch, Paris. 2oth John H. Miller, McLeansboro. 2ist George F. Mead, Pinckneyville. 22d Daniel Hogan, Mound City. At Large Joseph Robbins, Quincy; Charles Bent, Morrison; S. H. Wat- son, Mount Vernon ; John W. Bunn, Springfield ; Edward H. Morris, Chicago ; Joseph Brucker, Chicago ; G. Bernhard Anderson, Chicago. Committees, 1900: Executive James McKinney, Chairman; Charles S. Deneen, Fred A. Busse, Len Small, Daniel Hogan, Charles P. Hitch, Fred H. Rome, Thomas N. Jamieson, John S. Stevens, John W. Bunn, Luman T. Hoy, H. D. L. Griggsby, Walter Fieklhouse. Finance John W. Bunn, Chairman ; James McKinney, Charles S. Deneen, Charles G. Eckhart, E. G. Keith, Wm. J. Moxley. Organization Len Small, Chairman ; James Pease, Thomas N. Jamieson, George F. Mead, Charles P. Hitch, Fred A. Busse, H. D. L. Griggsby, Ralph F. Bradford. Speakers J. Mack Sholl, Chairman ; S. H. Watson, Thomas N. Jamieson, H. D. L. Griggsby, Joseph E. Bidwill, George T. Turner. Literature Luman T. Hoy, Chairman ; Joseph Brucker, G. Bernhard An- derson, J. Mack Sholl, Edward H. Morris, T. M. Harris, George F. Mead, Chas, Bent. J. R. Cowley. Transportation James Pease, Chairman ; Joseph E. Bidwill, J. Mack Sholl, Wm. J. Moxley, Geo. F. Mead, John H. Miller. Press J. R. Cowley, Chairman ; Charles Bent, S. H. Watson, Charles P. Hitch, Joseph Brucker, T. M. Harris, Luman T. Hoy. Detection and Prosecution of Fraud Edward H. Morris, Chairman ; G. Bernhard Anderson, George T. Turner, Ernest J. Magerstadt, Joseph Robbins, Ralph F. Bradford. Judiciary John S. Stevens, Chairman ; Joseph Robbins, Charles S. De- neen, Geo. T. Turner, Chas. G. Eckhart, John H. Miller. CHAIRMEN AND SECRETARIES OF COUNTY CENTRAL, COMMITTEES, 1900. COUNTIBS. CHAIRMAN, ADDRESS. SECRETARY, ADDRESS. Adams Wm. Summerville, Quincy Walter Warder Cairo . John E. Wall, Quincy. Sidney B. Miller Cairo Bond . . W. W. Lewis Greenville Boone Brown Bureau R. W. Mclnnes, Belvidere John F. Regan, Mt. Sterling E. A. Washburn, Princeton Frank T. Moran, Belvidere. C. H. Perry, Mt. Sterling. Joe A. Davis, Princeton. Wm. U. Mortland, Hardin Carroll J. A. Glenn. Ashland R. Lancaster, Virginia. Champaign : .. Christian Clark Clay Clinton Coles Cook Crawford Cumberland De Kalb OEias Riley , Champaign J. E. Harrison, Taylorville Fenton W. Booth, Marshall John H. Tolliver, Louisville Wm. H. Norris, Carlyle Fred More, Charleston William LOTimer, Chicago A. H. Jones, Robinson A. F. Bussard, Toledo Roval Wright, Urbana. Walter Provine, Taylorville. F. J. Bartlett, Marshall. T. S. Williams, Louisville. H. H. Beckemeyer, Buxton. Bryan H. Tivnen, Mattoon. E. J. Magerstadt, Chicago. J. A. McHatton, Robinson. J. E. Barr, Toledo. A. W. Fisk, De Kalb. De Witt E. B. Mitchell, Clinton F. C. Davidson, Clinton. Douglas Du Page Edgar Edwards Effingham Fayette Ford James Jones, Tuscola E. H. McChesney, Glen Elly n W. H. Clinton, Paris N. E. Smith, Albion J. E. Groves, Altamont G. T. Turner, Vandalia J. P. Middlecoff Paxton Chas. G. Eckhart, Tuscola. H. H. Goodrich, Naperville. C. O. Chestnut, Paris. Ben L. Mayne, Blood. J. L- Mix, Altamont. J. A. Meyers, Vandalia. V. G. Way, Proctor. Franklin Fulton Wm. P. Asa, Benton Jas. M. Stewart, Lewiston Harry L. Frier, Benton. C. E. Snively, Canton. 241 CHAIRMEN AND SECRETARIES OF COUNTY CENTRAL COMMITTEES, 1900. COUNTIES. CHAIRMAN, ADDRESS. SECRETARY, ADDRESS. Gallatin J. H. Grady, New Haven J. G. Pope, Kane J. R. Loomis, Shawneetown. Grundy C. M. Stephen, Morris A. M. Wilson, McLeansboro W. L. Sackett, Morris. J. Mack Sholl, Carthage Jas. A. Watson, Elizabethtown Henderson E. A. Hail, Oquawka Mahlon Love, Orion. Iroquois S. C. Rutherford, Watseka James A. White, Murphysboro E. H. Munsterman, Watseka. John W. Miller, Carbondale. C. D. Kendall, Newton W. F. Johnson, Newton. O. P. Nesmith, Blnford G. Gale Gilbert, Mt. Vernon. Jersey J. W. Becker, Jersey ville Frank Roden, Fieldon. H. C. Gann, Sr., Warren D. B. Blewitt, Galena. Johnson Geo. B. Gillispie, Vienna W. H. Gilliam, Vienna. F. G. Hanchett, Aurora J. T. Phelps, Geneva. Kankakee E. A. Jeffers, Kankakee L- G. Nutt, Buckingham. Kendall W. R. Newton, Yorkville. ' J. S. Budd, Millbrook. Knox Lake M. O. Williamson, Galesburg Samuel Blackler, Lake Forest A. W. Truesdon, Galesburg. R. D. Wynn, Waukegan. La Salle Al. F. Schoch, Ottawa... Geo. M. Trimble, Ottawa. Lawrence Jas. I. Wagner, Sumner M. J. McGowan, Dixon. . J. E. Lemons, Lawrenceville. R. H. Scott, Dixon. Livingston Ed w. O. Reed, Pontiac W. R. Baldwin, Lincoln G. W. Lacy, Pontiac. Macon E. H. Thomas, Argenta Frank S. Dodd, Decatur. James E. McClure, Carlinville.. . H. A. David, Carlinville. Madison Marion Jno. A. Cousley, Alton C. F. Patterson, Sandoval W. R. Crossman, Edwardsv'lle. B. Swartz, Salem. Marshall Henry Marshall, Sparland James Dillon, Lacon. Mason Massac I. R. Brown, Havana D. W. Helm, Metropolis J. J. Cox, Havana. J. B. McCrary, Metropolis. McHenry L. T. Hoy, Woodstock . . H. C. Mead, West McHenry. McLean Menard Mercer Jacob A. Bohrer, Bloomington Edw. H. Golden, Petersburg J. A. Cummins, Aledo Homer W. Wall, Bloomington. F. E. Blane, Petersburg. L. t>. Kirkpatrick, Keithsburg. Monroe Montgomery Morgan J. S. Schneider, Harrisonville W. L. Seymour, Raymond John R. Robertson, Jacksonville. H. C. Voris, Waterloo. W. R. Bateman, Litchfield. Moultrie John R. Pogue, Sullivan Geo. A. Sentel, Sullivan. Ogle Peoria Perry Martin E. Schryver, Polo P. G. Rennick, Peoria Harry B. Ward, Du Quoin Jos. Rice, Mt. Morris. A. Judson Boylan, Peoria. Thos. B. Reagen, Du Quoin. Piatt Pike A. C. Dovle, Cerro Gordo W.W.Watson, Barry Harvey Fay, Bement. Thos. W. Mayo, Pittsfleld. Pope Pnlaski Jno. Gilbert, Jr., Golconda Chas. M. Gaunt, Mound City Barney Phelps, Golconda. Putnam J. B. Albert, Florid Geo. F. Stanton, Hennepin. Randolph Richland Rock Island Thos. Gant, New Palestine J. F. Jolly, Olney B. F. Knox, Rock Island.. . S. W. McGuire, Sparta. John A. Beaird, Olney. W. George Heider, Rock Island. Saline Sangamon Schuy ler Lewis E. York, Harrisburg U. G. 1 1 en in a n . Springfield B. O. Willard, Rushville J. V. Capel, Harrisburg. John Juneman, Springfield. H. B. Soach, Rushville. Scott S. W. Peak, Winchester B. T. Bradley Winchester. Shelby J. C. Westervelt, Shelbyville H. M. Martin, Shelbyville. Stark V. G. Fuller, Toulon St. Clair Stephenson Tazewell Union Vermilion Wabash Chas. Becker, Belleville Smith D. Atkins, Freeport W. R. Curran, Pekin H. H. Kohn, Anna W. R. Jewel, Danville Thos. G. Risley Mt Carmel H. Semmelroth, Belleville. R. P. Eckert, Freeport. John H. Shade, Pekin. W. A. Kelley, Jonesboro. M. W. Thompson, Danville. Chas. Oldendorf, Mt. Carmel. Warren Washington F. E. Harding, Monmouth William Weise, Nashville W. H. Sexton, Monmouth. Wayne White Whiteside Will Williamson F. VV. Brook, Fairfield C. A. Bainum, Carmi Thos. Diller, Sterling H. M. Snapp, Joliet W. O. Potter Lake Creek ... L. M. Forth, Wayne City. W. H. Phipps, Carmi. E. G. Mathias, Prophetstown. John T. Clyne, Joliet. R. B. Morton, Carterville. Winnebago Woodford B. F. Lee, Rockford C. F. Brown, Roanoke F. E. Sterling, Rockford. C. T. Swartz, El Paso. The Republican party has been fortunate in the selection of officers for their State Central Committee ; they were all men of high character ; possessed splendid organizing ability and performed their arduous duties to the entire satisfaction of their party friends. Chairman Judd served with distinction in Congress. Horace White was editor of the "Chicago Tribune," and was recog- nized as one of the leading newspaper men of the country, and, although he has since drifted away from the Republican party, his early labors for its success will always be kindly remembered. Burton C. Cook was an able lawyer, had a long and successful career in Congress and always labored for the success of the party. Thomas J. Turner was a distinguished soldier and member of Con- gress. James C. Sloo was an old citizen of Southern Illinois, and recognized as a wise and an able political leader. Colonel Amos C. Babcock was an Anti- Nebraska member of the Illinois Legislature and helped to elect Judge Trum- 242 bull to the Senate ; served with high credit in the Union army and was a splen- did political organizer. Charles B. Farwell is one of the largest and most suc- cessful merchants in the world; served with great credit in both houses of Congress, and, amidst his pressing business care, performed splendid service as chairman for the Republican party. A. M. Jones was chairman twelve years. This fact alone attests his ability, popularity and success. "Long Jones" was a most able leader and chairman. General James S. Martin, one of the best known citizens of Southern Illinois, soldier and Congressman, performed the duties as chairman with skill and ability. James H. Clark rendered valuable and satis- factory services during a campaign which, unfortunately, went against his party. Gov. John R. Tanner added greatly to his prestige by the able conduct of the successful campaign of 1894. Dr. Jamieson, as chairman and secretary, demon- strated the fact that he is a man of great force of character and ability as a political manager. Charles P. Hitch and Charles S. Rannells, leading spirits in their own sections of the State, added greatly to their political standing by their splendid management of the campaign of 1896 and 1898. Fred H. Rowe, chair- man, and Walter Fieldhouse, secretary, were, in 1900, for the first time identified with the State Committee, and bid fair to win honors in this important field of endeavor. ,- James P. Root was secretary for eight years. He assisted in the notable campaigns of 1864, 1866, and 1868. He had the confidence of every loyal man of the State, and was in close touch with President Lincoln, during the mem- orable campaign of 1864. Mr. Root was succeeded by Daniel Shepard, who served as secretary of fhe committee for eighteen years. Mr. Shepard was thoroughly well equipped for such an office ; he was a man of excellent judgment, infinite patience, and agreeable address. He knew everybody, had the confidence of everybody, and was a great political organizer. He was a most honest, con- scientious, and untiring worker, thoroughly devoted to the principles af the Republican party, and tireless in his efforts for its success. His services were such that his name deserves an enduring place in the records of the Republican party of Illinois. Charles A. Partridge performed the duties of secretary with ability and to the entire satisfaction of the committee, and has since been con- stantly identified with the headquarters of the Department of Illinois of the Grand Army of the Republic. James R. B. Van Cleve, a well known figure in the politics of the State, has had a wide experience in political organization and management. He performed the duties of secretary for four years with great ability. Charles A. Stone, of Chicago, 111., was connected with the State Central Committee for twenty years ; he entered upon the important work in 1876 and continued up to and including the campaign of 1896. At times he acted as Sec- retary but was Assistant Secretary most of the time. He became well known to all the Republican leaders of the State and deservedly had the confidence and respect of all. During the past forty years the Republican party of Illinois has sent a num- ber of its most distinguished citizens to represent the Sttete in Congress. Ly- man Trumbull, Orville H. Browning, Richard Yates, John A. Logfan, Richard J. Oglesby, Shelby M. Cullom, Charles B. Farwell and William E. Mason are names familiar to the American people. David Davis and John M. Palmer, although at the time of their election to the Senate not in harmony with the old party of their choice, assisted in the organization of the party, and whatever differences of opinion afterwards arose, their long and able 'services to the* State endear them to the people and to the Republican party. Senator Trumbull was twice elected to the Senate, General Logan three times, and Senator Cullom is now serving his third term. In the House of Representatives, Illinois has had a long list of able men to aid in shaping the policy of the government by the enactment of wise and just laws. The Republicans elected to Congress since the organization of the party are as follows, the names being given in alphabeti- cal order and not in the order of service : Isaac N. Arnold, William Aklrich, George E. Adams, J. Frank Aldrich, Henry P. H. Brownsville, John Baker, Horatio C. Burchard, John L. Beveridge,Granville Barriere, Lorenzo Brentano, Orlando Burrell, Hugh Belknap, Burton C. Cook, Shelby M. Cullom, Franklin 243 Corwin, Joseph G. Cannon, Isaac Clements, Robert A. Childs, William Cullen, James A. Connelly, Edward Dpicke, George R. Davis, Ransom W. Durham, Reuben Elwood, John F. Farnsworth, Charles B. Farweil, Greenbury L. Fort, Benjamin F. Funk, George Edmund Foss, William H. Gest, Joseph V. Graff, Abner C. Harding, John B. Hawley, John B. Hay, Stephen A. Hurlbut, Thomas J. Henderson, Philip C. Hayes, Robert M. A. Hawk, Robert R. Hitt, Albert J. Hopkins, Charles A. Hill, W. F. S. Hadley, Eben C. Ingersoll, Norman B. Judd, James Knox, William Kellogg, Andrew J. Kuykendall, Owen Lovejoy, John A. Logan, John V. LaMoyne, William Lathrop, John L. Lewis, William Lorimer, Samuel W. Moulton, Jesse H. Moore, John McNulta, James S. Martin, Benjamin F. Marsh, William E. Mason, Everett J. Murphy, Daniel W. Mills, Jesse O. Norton, Lewis E. Payson, Ralph Plumb, Phillip S. Post, George W. Prince, Green B. Raum, John B. Rice, Wm. H. Ray, Jonathan H. Rowell, Frederick Remann, John I. Rinaker, William A.Rodenburg, Walter Reeves, John T. Stewart, Bradford N. Stevens, Henry Snapp, John C. Sherwin, Dederich C. Smith, George W. Smith, Thomas F. Tipton, John R. Thomas, Abner Taylor, Elihu B. Washburne, Jasper D. Ward, Richard H. Whiting, Hamilton H. Wheeler, Charles W. Woodman, George E. White, Vespasian Warner and Benson Wood. Many of those men brought into their legislative lives experi- ences gained in long military service during the Civil War, among whom were Logan, Hurlbut, Oglesby, Palmer, Beveridge, Raum, Henderson, Moore, McNulta, Martin, Rinaker, Marsh, Fort, Post, Hawk, Clements, Connelly, Davis and Thomas. Mr. Washburne entered Congress before the war and was re-elected seven times. He took a leading part in all the important legislation during and after the war, and was afterwards Minister to France. Messrs. Love- joy, Ingersoll, Adams, Cook, Fort, and Rowell were each elected four times, Farnsworth, seven times, and Henderson served continuously twenty years. The elder Aldrich, Davis, Durham, Hawley and Kellogg were elected three times and Burchard and Thomas each served for ten years. General Logan was elected four times to the House and three times to the Senate. Mr. Farweil was elected four times to the House and once to the Senate. Of the present members Mr. Mann and Mr. Boutell have been twice elected. Messrs. Lorimer, Foss, Prince, Reeves, Warner and Graff are serving their third term, while George W. Smith is serving his twelfth year, Col. Marsh his fourteenth year, and Mr. Hopkins his sixteenth year; Mr. Hitt is now serving his twentieth year, while the dean of the delegation, Mr. Cannon, is serving his twenty-fourth year. Senator Cullom has had the longest and most varied experience in public life. He served three terms in the Illinois Legislature, was elected twice as Governor, three times to the Lower House of Congress and three times to the United States Senate. He has devoted fully thirty-six years to the public service, State and National. The people fully understand that the experience obtained from long service is of great importance in conducting the publrc affairs. Sena- tor Cullom and Representatives Cannon, Hitt, Hopkins and Marsh by their long service have gained broad knowledge of public affairs, and have a standing second to none. The service of Senator Cullom at the head of the Senate Com- mittee of Interstate Commerce has been invaluable to the country, while upon the Committee upon Appropriations and Foreign Affairs he has taken a leading part. Few men in the history of the government have acquired greater knowl- edge or attained a higher standing in connection with the foreign affairs of this government. Mr. Hopkins is now recognized as one of the leading men of the country in regard to all questions coming before the Ways and Means Com- mittee, involving the tariff and the internal revenue. Col. Marsh is a man of recognized ability and influence. Mr. Cannon's long connection with the Ap- propriations Committee has enabled him to obtain a clear insight into the opera- tions of every branch of the public service. The Secretary of the Treasury annually submits to Congress the detailed estimate of expenses for the support of the Government. These estimates are considered item by item by the Ap- propriation Committee, and prominent men from each department and bureau are brought before the committee to explain the necessity for each item of ex- pense. Mr. Cannon has participated in these inquiries for so many years, with so much care and zeal, that he has become a master of the whole subject of the 244 public expenses. There was a time when a number of the appropriations made for the support of various branches of the service were in lump sums, and this money, to a certain extent, was expended in the employment of persons in the discretion of the heads of departments or bureaus. Mr. Cannon took this subject up earnestly and in good time the various positions created by official discretion were brought into the list of general employment of the departments, and pro- vided for by the regular appropriation for clerical services. Mr. Cannon is en- titled to just praise for the ability that he has displayed on this committee. He is one of the all-around working men of the House, and is well posted on every subject of debate. James R. Mann, of the first district, is by profession a lawyer ; he has risen rapidly in the House. His position on the Committee of Interstate and Foreign Commerce is important for Illinois, as the subject of converting the Drainage Canal into a ship canal will certainly be urged in Congress. Mr. Mann is a hard worker, an able speaker, and has taken an active part in the debates upon all questions growing out of the Spanish War. William Lorimer, of the second district, has not only shown ability as a legislator, but has developed great capacity as a political organizer and leader. As chairman of the Cook County Republican Committee, he exerts a powerful influence, not only in Cook County, but throughout the State. Henry S. Boutell, of the sixth district, with a preliminary experience in the Illinois Legislature, has shown marked ability in Congress. He is popular in his district and will, no doubt, have a long and useful career in public life. George E. Foss, serving his third term, is now practically at the head of the House Naval Committee, and has won golden opinions as to his knowledge of naval affairs and his progressive spirit in building up the navy. George W. Prince, of Galesburg, has maintained the reputation of his dis- trict, which has been so ably represented by General Philip S. Post, who had not only served his country in the army with distinction, but added to his repu- tation by his service in Congress. W T alter Reeves, of Streator, is well known throughout the State and is pop- ular wherever known. Able in counsel ; eloquent as a speaker ; in the prime of life, he has a splendid field before him for political preferment. Vespasian Warner, of Clinton, soldier, lawyer, statesman, is representing his district for the third time. He is a man of splendid ability and great popu- larity. Joseph V. Graff, of Pekin, now representing the I4th district for the third time, one of the most flourishing districts of the State, a leader of politics of his district, his service in Congress has given great satisfaction to his con- stituents. The seventeenth district has been a political battle ground in which Major James A. Connolly, of Springfield, has been twice successful, in 1884 and in 1886. The Republican party and the State loses an able man in his retirement from Congress. The nineteenth Congressional district, now ably represented by Joseph B. Crowley, of Robinson, has also been a field for strong political struggles, where Hon. Benson Wood, of Erringham, a sterling, popular Repub- lican, was elected in 1894. William A. Rodenberg, of East St. Louis, redeemed his district at the election of 1898. The district is naturally Republican, and with Mr. Roden- berg's known 'ability and popularity, will, no doubt, be held in the Republican column. George W. Smith, of Murphy sboro, was first elected to Congress in 1888 from the Cairo District. He has maintained his hold upon the people against all oppositiqri. Mr. Smith represents a district, which, for years prior to the Civil War, was strongly Democratic. It has been represented in Democratic days by General John A. McClernand, Willis Allen, Samuel S. Marshall, General John A. Logan and William J. Allen, but it is now a rock-ribbed Republican district. The Republicans of Illinois can well be proud of the entire Republican delegation, all men of splendid ability, and their constituents will do well to re- turn them to office, as longer service and greater experience will unquestionably give them a standing by which their constituents will profit. 245 CHAPTER XXXVII. THE NATIONAL DEPARTMENTAL SERVICE. ITS PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS. In the great political discussions before the people from time to time, public speakers of both parties confine themselves mainly to questions of finance, the public debt, banking, tariff, internal revenue, the silver question, imperialism, etc., and upon these issues the result of elections turn. Neither party seem to think it important to bring to the attention of the people the great additions and improvements which have been introduced during the past forty years into the executive administration of the National Government. Every department of the Government has had important new features added to it. New bureaus and new divisions have been created to take care of new and important subjects of administration. This work began as soon as the Republicans found themselves in the majority in Congress in 1860. Prior to March, 1861, the Government printing was done by contract. The investigation made by a Congressional Committee known as the "Covode Com- mittee" established the fact that great frauds had been perpetrated upon the Government through the contract with the public printer. Republican Con- gressmen decided to cut the opportunity of fraud in the business up by the roots by having the work done by the Government itself. By the Act of March 4, 1861, the Government printing office was created, and has done and is now doing the printing and binding required by Congress and the various De- partments. The Government printing office at Washington City is now the largest printing establishment in the world. It is under the management of an officer called the "Public Printer." The employes number 3,477 and the floor space occupied is 242,500 square feet. A new building, now being erected at a cost of $2,000,000, will increase the above area 377,200 square feet. There are 127 presses in use, and the output is 1,000,000 impressions per day. of eight hours. Among these presses is one capable of printing cards on both sides from a bristol board at the rate of 65,000 per hour. There are also two envelope presses, the output of which is 9,500 printed envelopes per hour. The total horse-power of the engines is 900. There are three electric generators in use with an aggregate of 612 kilowatts. There are 219 electric motors in use, having an aggregate of 692 horse-power. There are 750 tons of type in use. Every known article used in a great printing establishment is consumed in large quantities and the purchase of these articles is made upon bids and in a manner to secure first-class articles at the lowest market price. The aggre- gate expenditures of the office per year are $4,000,000, nearly three-fourths of which is for labor. The. office has a circulating library for the use of its em- ployes, containing 2,265 volumes, consisting of historical, biographical and poeti- cal works, and works of fiction. The cost of the printing and binding produced is as low as in any other establishment in the world, and a degree of promptness is secured in certain branches that could not be had from any other establish- ment. When Congress is in session, the Congressional Record is placed upon the desks of the members each morning, containing the entire proceedings of the day previous. A striking illustration of the capacity of the office to execute hurried orders was the printing of the message of the President transmitting the report of the Naval Court of Inquiry upon the destruction of the United States battleship "Maine." This publication consisted of 284 pages of text, twenty- four full page engravings and one lithograph in colors ; although the originals of the illustrations were not in the possession of the office until 3 P. M. of 246 March 28, and the manuscript of the discussion was not received until 6 P. M. of the same day, complete printed copies in paper covers were placed upon the desks of Senators and Representatives by 10 A. M. the following day. No one would now presume to suggest the abandonment of this system of performing the public printing and go back to the old Democratic system of letting the work by contract to private parties. The Government Printing Office is now managed by Hon. F. W. Palmer, of Illinois. Mr. Palmer is a man of great experience ; he served in Congress ; was editor of the Chicago Inter Ocean; and was Postmaster at Chicago for four years. He was four years Public Printer under President Harrison and was re- appointed by President McKinley. He is a man of great executive ability, be- sides being an able public speaker. While Congress had done something in the interest of agriculture by the establishment of a division of Agriculture of the Interior Department," it was not until the Republican party were in control of the Government that this subject was taken up in earnest. By the Act of May 15, 1862, the Agricultural Department was established, and on July i, 1862, Hon. Isaac Newton was ap- pointed commissioner. All the papers, property and effects of the old division was transferred to Commissioner Newton, and the business of this new depart- ment was conducted independently of the Department of the Interior. General Horace Capron of Illinois, Judge Frederick Watts of Pennsylvania, Hon. G. Le Due of Minnesota, Hon. Geo. B. Loring of Massachusetts were Republican successors of Mr. Newton, and Norman J. Colman of Missouri was commis- sioner under President Cleveland. The business of this Department extended with the progressive development of the agriculture of the nation, and it became so important that by the Act of February 9, 1888, the Department was raised to the first rank as an Executive branch of the Government and Gen. Jeremiah M. Rusk was appointed Secretary of Agriculture March 7, 1889, by President Har- rison. General Rusk was a farmer, a man of splendid sense and judgment, and thoroughly devoted to the cause of promoting the interests of farmers. He insti- tuted the "Farmer's Bulletins" which placed the information gathered by the Department more generally in the possession of farmers. He began the inves- tigation of foreign markets for our products. He established the inspection of American meats for foreign markets under the management of the Bureau of An- imal Industry. Pleuro-pneumonia was substantially eradicated. He inaugurated a system of inspection of American cattle by American inspectors stationed in Great Britain. He caused to be enacted the law of March 3, 1891, for the im- provement in transportation of cattle by sea. His department made the dis- covery that the Texas fever in cattle was produced by ticks ; the cause having been found, remedies were instituted and the disease was eradicated. J. Sterling Morton, of Nebraska, was Secretary of Agriculture under President Cleveland and James Wilson, of Iowa, under President McKinley. Perhaps the most important addition to the executive department is the establishment of the Weather Bureau. The study of the weather and of storms engaged the attention of many prominent men in the early history of America ; Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and others, gave the subject considerable attention. It was conceived that by proper observations in various parts of the world, the laws of storms and changes of the weather might be learned. Scientific men took this subject up in many countries, and meteorol- ogy became a subject of careful study. In 1845 ^ was earnestly taken up in this country, and for twenty years Professors Espey and Henry of the Smithsonian Institution ; Maury on behalf of the Navy ; General Reynalds on behalf of the Army Engineer Corps ; Major Lachlan on behalf of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; and Commissioners Newton and Watts on behalf of the Department of Agriculture pressed the subject upon the attention of Congress, but that body left the matter unacted upon until 1869. Commissioner Newton took the lead in urging Congress to authorize the establishment of signal stations. At last General A. J. Myer prepared a scheme of weather warning, suitable for execution by the signal corps. The matter was again brought to the attention of Congress, under the leadership of General Halbert E. Payne, and a joint resolution was passed February 9, 1870, requiring 247 the Secretary of War to take meteorological observations at the military stations and at other points in the United States, for giving notice to the northern lakes and on the sea-coast, by telegraph and signals, of the approach and force of storms. This was the beginning, but in 1871-2, the purposes for which these signals were designed were enlarged and declared to be for the benefit of com- merce and agriculture. From this small beginning in 1870, the present Weather Bureau sprang. In good time it became clear that the service had gone beyond the advantage of army control, as the science of meteorology was apart from ordinary military instruction and required special training. Under an act of Congress the Bureau was transferred from the war department to the agricul- tural department. This bureau has been thoroughly systematized ; the employes connected with the service have had special training ; stations have been established in all parts of the United States and in the West Indies, so that the condition of the weather can be made known to the distant points from the central station at Washington City and predictions of the weather can be made with great accuracy. Farmers have warnings of coming frost and of cold waves. The state of the rivers is watched and warning of floods given. So important has the work of this bureau become that the daily reports are watched with interest all over the country and prove of inestimable value to agriculture and commerce. The warnings and records of the course of the terrible storm which visited and destroyed the city of Galveston demonstrated the accuracy with which this well organized bureau can make predictions concerning the weather and storms. This is a bureau that has secured a permanent place in the executive branch of the Gov- ernment under Republican legislation. The extension of the foreign commerce of the United States is a subject which has called forth the best efforts of Republican statesmen. Honorable William M. Evarts, of New York, while Secretary of State, during the admin- istration of President Hayes, conceived and established the present system of Consular Reports upon the state of foreign trade. Mr. Evarts prepared the necessary orders governing this subject and required the Consuls of the United States in foreign countries to make a careful study of the production and trade in their respective districts and to make periodical reports upon the same, the object being to gather from all parts of the world information as to the state of the trade of the world, so that the people of the United States could success- fully enter those markets with their products. Mr. Evarts made provision for these reports to be published monthly, and a consolidated report at the end of each year giving full details of the information gained by American Consuls throughout the world. These reports were freely distributed, and their import- ant contents were printed in the leading newspapers. The Consular reports have been published daily since January i, 1898. No other government pub- lishes Consular reports daily. The reports of our Consuls cover almost every subject which is of interest to the people of the United States, in connection with production and trade of other countries. As an illustration of the varieties of the subjects treated, a few headings are given from the Consular Reports of September, 1900: Changing Conditions in the German Iron and Coal Markets ; Special Taxa- tion of Department Stores in Germany ; Elbe-Trave Canal ; New German Pro- cess of Welding Pipes; Americanizing German Shoe Trade; The Utilization of Fruit in Germany ; German Stone-Ware Factory ; Chemical Foods in Ger- many ; Municipal Ownership of Street Railways in Halle ; Railroad Accommo- dations in Central Europe ; Traveling Rates on Scotch Railroads ; Freight and Insurance Rates in Foreign Trade ; Transportation Taxes in Spain ; Electric Tramways in Valencia; Tanning Machinery in Spain; American Wheat in Valencia ; Extension of the United States Trade with Spain ; Antwerp Ivory Market ; American Trade in Scotland ; American Clover Seed ; French Silk In- dustry ; New Automatic Shuttle in France ; German Sample Room in Constanti- nople ; The Liquor Traffic in Russia ; Farm Laborers' Wages in Sweden ; Amer- ican Products in Siberia ; Flour in Japan ; Camphor Monopoly in Formosa ; Australia Butter Packing; Electric Works in Bombay; United States Locomo- tives in Egypt ; Farm Life in Brazil ; Mineral Resources of Hayti Railways. 248 It is fully recognized that the Consular Reports of foreign trade has con- tributed largely to the success of American merchants and manufacturers intro- ducing American products abroad, and the enterprise of American Consuls in obtaining and communicating important information has placed the Consular service of the United States in the lead of all other nations. The Treasury Department, more than all other departments at Washington, has had important additions made to it. The Bureau of Internal Revenue, with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue at its head, was organized in 1862, and its large force of collectors and their subordinates throughout the United Stales has collected the internal revenue taxes for the last thirty-eight years. This system, created as a means of raising revenue to carry on the war, has become a permanent system of raising revenue, and its affairs have been conducted with such ability and prudence that these revenues are collected without serious fric- tion and at a very small percentage of expense. The Comptroller of the Currency has the supervision of the National Banks. This bureau was organized by the Act of June 3, 1864. It is part of the Republican system for giving to the country a stable paper currency, and is a branch of the Government which has proved itself to be of immense value to the country. The office of Commissioner of Navigation was created by Act of July 5, 1884, and has charge of the general superintendence of the commercial marine and merchant seamen of the United States, and is also charged with the decision of all questions relating to the issuing of registers, enrolling, licensing of ves- sels, etc. In 1898 there were inspected 8,649 steam vessels and 58 sailing vessels. The efficiency of this service is shown by the fact that there has been a steady reduction in the annual loss of life by accidents to machinery. This bureau, under the Supervising Inspector General of Steam Vessels, superintends the administration of the steam boat inspection laws and the examination of engi- neers, pilots, etc., and the issuing of licenses to the same. By the Act of June 29, 1870, amended by the Act of March 3, 1875, tne Marine Hospital Service was re-organized and the supervising surgeon general given general charge of the service, including the supervision of marine hos- pitals and relief stations. A most important addition was made by the Act of February, 1893, for the prevention of contagious diseases and their spread, also the conduct of the quarantine service of the United States and the prevention of the introduction of diseases from one state to another. The Bureau of Immigration, created by Act of March 3, 1891, has general charge of the subject of immigration and the enforcement of the Alien Con- tract Laws. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is the outgrowth of the establish- ment of the Republican system of finances and paper currency. The bureau designs, engraves, prints and finishes all of the securities issued by the Govern- ment, embracing United States notes, bonds, and certificates, national bank notes, internal revenue, postage, and custom stamps, treasury drafts and checks, disbursing officers' checks, licenses, commissions, patent and pension certifi- cates, and portraits authorized by law. It is, no doubt, the greatest bureau of the kind in the world. All its work is of superior quality and produced at the lowest possible cost. In June, 1899, there were 1,904 employes, and during that year the number of sheets printed was over one hundred and twenty mil- lions, produced at an average of $16.80 per thousand sheets. Sporadic attempts had been made for establishing a Government Life Sav- ing Service, but without much interest being taken in the subject, until the ad- ministration of General Grant. An appropriation of $200,000 was made April 7, 1871, and the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized to employ crews of surf men at such stations as he might deem necessary for a life saving service. In 1878 Congress provided for the present bureau of the Treasury Department with a general superintendent in charge. This is the only exclusively governmental establishment of the kind in the world, the life saving institutions abroad being all voluntary societies supported by donations of benevolent persons. To a Republican President and a Republican Congress is due the credit of having 249 organized an elaborate system of relief for seafarers, wrecked upon our coasts, backed by the means and energies of the Government. On June 30, 1899, there were 265 stations: 193 on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, 56 on the coasts of the Great Lakes, 15 on the Pacific coast, and one at the Falls of the Ohio River. The total number of disasters to vessels during that fiscal year was 722, the number of persons involved, 4,574 ; lives lost, 63 ; vessels lost, 72. The value of property involved was $8,243,000 and the value of property 'saved, $6,391,000; lives saved, 4,511. The total cost of the service for the year, $1,419,- ooo. Since organization the total number of disasters has been 11,170; value of vessels, $119,540,000; value of cargoes, $49,888,000; value of property saved, $132,000,000; lives saved, 85,008; lives lost, 908. The wisdom of establishing this bureau is borne out by the extraordinary results that have followed. No department of the Government has had such phenomenal growth since the Republican party took charge of the Government in 1861, as the Post-Office Department, with its immense service. This cannot be more clearly illustrated than by a comparison of the gross revenues during the fiscal year, 1860, the last year of President Buchanan's administration, and the fiscal year, 1899: Gross receipts for 1860, $8,518,067; gross receipts for 1899, $95,021,384. The difference of the management of the Post-Office Department is illus- trated by a comparison of the expenditures for the same periods : Expenditures for 1860, $19,170,609; expenditures for 1899, $101,632,160. Deficiency in 1860, $10,851,542; deficiency in 1899, $6,610,676. While the deficiency in the one case was 1 20 per cent of the receipts, the deficiency in the other was about seven per cent of the receipts. Besides, the rate of letter postage in 1860 was three cents, whik in 1899 it was two cents; the weight of a single letter in 1860 was limited to one-half an ounce, while the weight of a letter in 1899 was limited to one ounce. To illustrate the phenomenal growth of the post-office service in some of the great cities of the Union, Chicago may be taken as an example. In 1880 the receipts at Chicago were $1,234,921, while in 1899 the receipts were $6,149,- 420; in 1893 the collections of mail were 570 per day, while in 1900 they were 2,051 per day; the number of employes in 1893 was 996, in 1900 the number was 1,516; the number of carriers in 1893 was 935, in 1900 the service required 1,289; the pieces of mail handled in 1895, 700,000,000, had increased to 933,330,- ooo in 1899. Three important improvements have been made in the mail service, namely : the Railway Mail Service, the free delivery system, and the Rural Free delivery The Railway Mail Service, which was instituted in 1864, provides for the receipt of mail matter on the cars, its classification and distribution, and delivery along the line of the railroad at the various stations. This system took the place of the old plan of distributing post-offices, to which mail matter was sent from the outlying post-offices for assortment and distribution. In 1900 the railway mail service is conducted upon 176,000 miles of railway. There are 729 railway mail cars in use ; 3,658 cars in which there are apartments for this service ; 25 apartments in the electric and cable street cars ; 72 apartments on steam boats ; and 8,840 persons are employed. This service by its prompt and certain deliv- eries has revolutionized the postal service of the United States. The Free Delivery Service is an important branch of the post-office service, established July I, 1863. It has been extended to 835 cities; 15,550 regular and 4,000 substitute carriers are employed. As a means of stimulating correspond- ence, the rate of postage was reduced from three cents to two cents October i, 1883, and the weight of a single letter was increased from one-half ounce to one ounce, July I, 1885. The growth of the postal service was so rapid, and the volume of mails at important centers became so large, that it became almost an impossibility to make the deliveries from windows of a post-office. The free delivery of mails is simply the outgrowth of the great development of the postal service and has been extended to its present dimensions to the great convenience of the public and without any increase in expenditure as compared with receipts, for it is a law of the postal service that increased facilities increases receipts. The Rural Free Delivery is the last and most unique improvement in the postal service brought into active operation by a Republican administration. 250 The subject of Rural Free Delivery of the mails had attracted the attention of Congress as early as 1894, and $10,000 had been appropriated to make an experi- ment in this line. The subject, however, met no encouragement at the hands of the Democratic administration. In the House, Mr. Henderson, Chairman of the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads, believed the scheme impos- sible of execution, and "would require an appropriation of at least twenty mil- lions to inaugurate it." First Assistant Postmaster-General Jones stated that the department would not be warranted in burdening the people with such ex- pense ; and Postmaster-General Bissell stated that the proposed plan of rural delivery, if adopted, would result in an additional cost to the people of about twenty million dollars for the first year, and he opposed the scheme. Congress increased the appropriation to $20,000 in 1895, and Postmaster-General Wilson, while expressing the opinion that the plan of establishing a rural free delivery system was wholly impracticable, decided to make a test, and the appropriation of $20,000 was made available in 1896. Twenty-three routes were established in a number of states, and the cost in the delivery of the mails over the various routes established bore out the unfavorable opinions cited. The cost of delivering each piece of mail ranged from 4.09 cents to 2.64 cents. This was the state of the service when the Republican administration took charge. The subject was taken up by First Assistant Postmaster-General Heath and H. Conquest Clarke, Special Agent, and in a short time the rural free delivery service was put in successful operation from 383 distributing points radiating over 40 states and one territory. The intelligence and care in laying out the various free delivery routes, and the enthusiasm with which farmers and others accept this service, has demonstrated the fact that it can be indefinitely extended without any ma- terial increase of expenditure. One of the unique experiments noted with the free delivery service has been the establishment of the "Westminster Rural Wagon Route," in the state of Maryland, and conducted upon the same prin- ciple as the Railway Mail Service, the mail wagon being fitted up somewhat like a postal car and having a driver and a postal clerk. It has been shown by this free delivery service that the accommodations which will be afforded to the agricultural population will result in the saving of an immense amount of valuable time in going to and from the post-offices from which they have heretofore received their mails. This is certainly an interesting and promising development of a great department by a progressive Republican administration. Other important improvements in the public service might well be named, but three others will suffice. The establishment of United States Depositories in all the large cities and at all the important tax-paying centers has greatly added to the convenience of transacting financial business with the Government. The funds deposited by the Government are secured by the deposit of United States bonds with the Treasurer of the United States, and these funds are held subject to the immediate draft of the Treasurer. During the Democratic regime, up to 1861, there were no places of deposit for Government funds except here and there where Assistant Treasurers were located. Another important improvement in the public service is the almost universal custom of disbursing officers making their payments by checks instead of in cash, thus relieving those officers from the responsibility and care of handling money, leaving the actual payment of the cash to the Assistant Treasurers and bonded depositories. The third improvement is the present thorough system of inspections by competent agents of the various departments, whereby the various collectors and other officers throughout the country having financial re- sponsibilities have their offices and books regularly examined by expert ac- countants. The result of these careful business methods has secured to the government the strictest accountability for public funds, defalcations being now almost unknown. It is obvious that civil government is a great progressive science, and that the Republican party is the leader in carefully and wisely ad- vancing that science. When the Republican party took possession of the National Government, March 4, 1861, with Abraham Lincoln as President, it found eleven states had renounced their allegiance to the Union ; had organized the Confederate gov- 251 ernment and had raised an army to overthrow the Union. It found a bankrupt treasury ; the national credit impaired ; and a paper circulation composed of the notes of broken and suspended banks ; gold and silver coin had practically dis- appeared from circulation. Forts, arsenals, custom houses, mint, money and public property had been seized. The army and navy had been scattered by order of the retiring Democratic administration. Forty-one days later the National flag had been fired upon, Fort Sumpter was forced to surrender and civil war was precipitated upon the country. The Republican administration on behalf of the Nation accepted the chal- lenge to battle ; enacted laws for the preservation of the Union ; raised armies ; created a navy ; levied taxes ; created a national paper currency composed of legal tender notes and National Bank notes ; established public credit ; issued bonds ; borrowed money ; raised more 7 than two million and a half of soldiers ; fought battles ; overcame the rebellion and saved the Union ; freed four million slaves, made them citizens, guaranteed them civil rights and gave them the bal- lot ; paid off and disbanded an army of a million men ; pensioned its disabled sol- diers, and the widows and orphans ; maintained the honor of the country at home and abroad and forgave its enemies. It aided the construction of Pacific rail- roads ; granted homesteads to settlers on the public lands ; organized territorial governments ; admitted new states ; maintained the system of a protective tariff and thereby encouraged enterprise and industry ; reduced expenses ; reduced taxes ; preserved the public credit ; reduced the public debt ; refunded the debt at a lower rate of interest, and resumed specie payments, giving to the country a sound circulation of gold, silver and paper, every dollar being of equal value. The foreign policy of the United States under Republican management has been fr.ank and sincere. The interests of peace have been advancd by the introduc- tion of arbitration. The Hawaiian Islands have been added to our territory by peaceful negotiation. A just and successful war has been prosecuted against the Kingdom of Spain, and the authority of that nation at last eliminated from the Western Hemisphere. Cuba, released from tyranny, oppression and cruelty will be made free. Porto Rico, the Philippines and Guam, are now territory of the United States and will be lifted up into the sunlight of freedom. In the unhappy controversy with China American statesmanship has led the way; American soldiers, sailors and marines have borne a conspicuous part in the res- cue of the diplomats of all nations from the treacherous hands of the Chinese government. During the mighty epoch in the history of the Republic from March, 1861, to the present hour, Republican statesmen of wisdom and experi- ence have prepared, enacted and administered the laws which have advanced the interests and prosperity of the people, and encouraged the development of the resources and industries of the country. In population, freedom, progressive intelligence, productive industries, wealth and general prosperity, this Republic stands unequaled. Its national progress has been phenomenal, but this has been equaled by its influence for good government among the people of the whole world. Among the nations of the earth the United States occupies the van in the great march of human rights and human progress. The duty of conducting this Nation on the line of its great mission must devolve upon the Republican party ; it is the only party fitted by its antecedents and high moral principles for this work. 252 ABRAHAMn LINCOLN. The name of Abraham Lincoln is imperishable. His brief public career of four years and twenty-one days as the leader of the cause of the preservation of the Union brought him conspicuously before the world. His plea for peace upon taking the oath of office of President was a noble effort to push aside the threatened scourge of war. When war came his appeal to arms rallied the loyal sentiment of the country, and during the whole of the struggle he became dearer and more near to the hearts of the people, until the Northland resounded with the anthem, "We are coming, Father Abraham, six hundred thousand more." With wisdom, courage, fortitude, patience and kindness he led the country through the dark clouds of war; the greatest followed him as a natural leader, and those who fought to overthrow the government learned to revere his name and look upon his character as without flaw or blemish. Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin, Larue county, Kentucky, February 12, 1809. His ancestors were Quakers from Bucks county, Pennsylvania. When eight years old he went with his father and mother to Spencer county, Indiana. At nineteen he went down the Mississippi river on a flatboat, receiv- ing ten dollars a month for his wages. At twenty-one he migrated with his father's family to Illinois and split rails to fence the new homestead. At twenty- three he was a Captain of Volunteers in the Black Hawk War. He kept a store. He learned surveying. At twenty-five he was elected to the Illinois Legislature and was re-elected three times. At twenty-seven he was admitted to the bar. In 1837 he removed to Springfield. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a Whig. In 1849 he sought unsuccessfully to be appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office, and declined an appointment which required residence in Oregon. In 1854 he was a 'candidate for the United States Senate as the unanimous choice of the Anti-Nebraska Whigs, who were a minority in the Legislature. His influence induced his supporters to vote for Judge Trumbull, an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, who was elected. In 1858 he was the nominee of the Republican State Convention for United States Senator, with Stephen A. Douglas as his rival. These two great men had a joint debate which attracted the attention of the whole country. Douglas was re-elected; Lincoln was defeated, but from that hour he was recognized as a great exponent of Republican doctrine. In 1860 he was elected President and inaugurated March 4, 1861. His writings and speeches constitute a part of the classic literature of the country. Following is his address delivered at the dedication of Gettysburg Ceme- tery, November 19, 1863 : "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this coun- try a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. "Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. "But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from 233 these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion ; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln was married to Miss Mary Todd, who was a descendant of a prominent Kentucky family. He died April 15, 1865, by the hand of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth. His body rests in the monument erected to his memory at Springfield, 111. Mrs. Lincoln died July 16, 1882. Their son, Robert T. Lincoln, of Chicago, is their only surviving descendant. STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS- Stephen A. Douglas was born in Brandon, Rutland county, Vermont, April 23, 1813. He died at Chicago, June 3, 1861. He worked at cabinet-making ; studied at an academy at Canandaigua three years; studied law; settled in Jacksonville, Illinois, March, 1834; was an auc- tioneer's clerk ; taught school ; was admitted to the bar. He soon had a lucrative practice ; became active in politics as a Democratic orator ; had the title of "The Little Giant." Attorney-General of the State ; member of the Legislature of 1835. Appointed Register of the Land Office at Springfield in 1837. Secretary of State December, 1840. Judge of the Supreme Court, 1841-1843. Served in lower House of Congress, 1843-1847, and was prominent in the Oregon con- troversy. Advocated the annexation of Texas ; as chairman of House Com- mittee on Territories reported joint resolution declaring Texas to be one of the United States. Favored the Mexican War. Elected United States Senator and served from 1847 to 1861. Supported Clay's Compromise Measures of 1850. Maintained that the people of each territory should be permitted to decide for themselves whether it should be a free or a slave State. Senator Douglas was the author of the popular sovereignty doctrine. Was a candidate for Democratic nomination for the Presidency in 1856. James Buchanan received 168 votes and Douglas 121. It required 193 votes to nomi- nate. Mr. Douglas telegraphed his friends to vote for Buchanan, and he was nominated. In 1857 he vigorously opposed the admission of Kansas as a slave State under the Lecompton Constitution; this involved him in a serious contro- versy with Buchanan's administration and Southern Democratic leaders. In 1859, after the memorable and exciting contest with Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senatorship, during which the great joint debate was had, he was re-elected United States Senator. In 1860 he was candidate for the Democratic nomination for President. The Southern wing of the party bolted, held another convention and nominated John C. Breckenridge. The regular convention took a recess at Charleston to meet later at Baltimore, where Mr. Douglas was nominated. His popular vote was 1,374,664, while he secured only twelve electoral votes. Abraham Lincoln was elected President. Senator Douglas performed a service for Illinois, and the States on both sides of the Mississippi river below Cairo, of such enduring importance that his name should be forever cherished by the people of this and those other states. Senator Douglas took the lead in securing a grant of land from the National Government to aid in the construction of a railroad from Cairo northward, with two branches, one to Chicago, the other to Galena; and similar grants to aid in building railroads from points opposite Cairo one to Fulton on the Texas line, the other to New Orleans. Mr. Douglas advocated the acquisition of Cuba, whenever that island could be honorably obtained from Spain. He did all in his power to appease the clamor in the South for secession upon the election of Abraham Lincoln. But his greatest act, and one which entitles him to everlasting fame, was the prompt and courageous stand for the Union when Fort Sumpter was fired upon. His prompt cry to arm was a clarion note heard and responded to throughout the land. 254 ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT. General Ulysses Simpson Grant was born April 27, 1822, at Point Pleasant, Ohio, and died in New York State, at Mount McGregor, July 23, 1885. His body rests in the splendid tomb erected to his memory on the banks of the Hudson in Riverside Park, New York City. His family was American in all its branches. Matthew Grant, the founder of the American branch of which General Grant was a descendant, emigrated to this country and settled at Dorchester, Massachusetts, in May, 1630. General Grant was the eighth generation from Matthew Grant. Noah Grant, the grand- father of the General, enlisted in the Continental Army and was in the Battle of Bunker Hill. He served during the entire Revolutionary War and was at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. He first emigrated to Penn- sylvania, and later to Ohio, where he raised a family. Jesse R. Grant, the father of the General, was one of these. General Grant received a preliminary education in the schools of Ohio and graduated from West Point, entering the Fourth Infantry. He joined General Taylor on the Rio Grande in 1846, and was in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma and Monterey. He joined General Scott at Vera Cruz and took part in all of the engagements between that city and Mexico ; was breveted first lieutenant and captain; was promoted to captain, August, 1853, while serving in Oregon; resigned July 31, 1854, and settled in St. Louis, where he married Miss Dent. He removed to Galena, where he lived when the Civil War began ; was one of the first to offer his services to his country ; was commissioned by Governor Yates as Colonel of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers ; commis- sioned Brigadier-General May 17, 1861 ; assigned in August to the command at Cairo ; fought the battle of Belmont in Missouri ; captured Paducah, Ken- tucky; February 6, 1862, captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee river, and at once moved against Fort Donelson on the Cumberland, by land and water, and captured that place and a large part of the garrison. He moved his army to Pittsburgh Landing, on the Tennessee river. April 6, his army was attacked by Confederate forces under Generals Albert Sydney Johnson and Beauregard. The two days' battle of Shiloh was fought and won, being one of the bloodiest battles of the war. In September, 1862, was assigned to command the district of West Tennessee, with headquarters at Jackson. The battles of luka and Corinth were fought by troops in his dis- trict, and while not present at the latter battle, he made the general plans of the engagement. At the battle of Corinth the Confederates, with a force of thirty-six thousand men, were repulsed with great slaughter by a Union force of eighteen thousand men. He was commissioned Major-General of Volun- teers. He planned and executed the campaign and siege of Vicksburg, one of the most brilliant military achievements of any age. Leaving his base of sup- plies, he crossed the Mississippi river May i, 1863, and in nineteen days had fought and won six battles and laid siege to Vicksburg. The siege continued forty-six days, when the garrison of 31,500 surrendered. For this achievement he was made Major-General of the United States Army, July 4, 1863. Was immediately assigned to command of the Military Division of the Mississippi, composed of the departments of the Tennessee, Cumberland and Ohio. He proceeded to Chattanooga and assumed command of the army, which was then besieged by General Bragg, who had but recently gained a great victory at Chickamauga. Chattanooga was re-enforced by two army corps under General Hooker, and one army corps, the Fifteenth, under General Sherman, from Vicksburg. General Sherman reached Chattanooga, November 23, 1863 ; that evening the great battle of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain opened. General Sherman crossed the Tennessee river above Chattanooga that night, and on the 24th attacked Braggs' right wing, while General Hooker moved against Lookout Mountain, from which he dislodged the enemy. On the 25111 the Army of the Potomac on the right wing, the Armies of the Cumberland and Ohio 255 in the center, and the Army of the Tennessee on the left wing, attacked and defeated the Confederate forces on Missionary Ridge, where, four hundred feet above the plain, they were strongly entrenched. General Grant was commis- sioned Lieutenant-General for his achievements on this field and assigned to the command of the Armies of the United States, March 7, 1864. He at once entered upon the task of organizing armies for a great combined movement in the spring of 1864. The campaign opened May 4; the Army of the Potomac, under the immediate command of General Meade, but under the direction of General Grant, moved against General Lee's Army in the Wilderness in Vir- ginia. General Sherman, with an army one hundred thousand strong, with Thomas, Hooker and McPherson in command of the three great armies, opened the Atlanta campaign, while other forces in different parts of the country moved against the Confederate armies. The military operations of 1864 in Virginia and Georgia attracted the attention of the world. The destiny of the American Republic hung upon the result of that campaign. President Lincoln and Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, rendered every possible assistance to strengthen the army ; the people of the North, and the people of the South, wrought up to the highest pitch of devotion for their respective armies, gave every encourage- ment possible to the contending forces on both sides, but General Grant's con- summate military skill and his unflinching determination to succeed enabled the Union forces to push back the Confederate forces until they took refuge finally in Richmond and Petersburg; while Sherman for one hundred days carried forward his campaign through battle and siege until Atlanta fell ; then, dividing his army, leaving Thomas to cope with Hood, he marched down to the Sea and captured Savannah. All the armies that year had great leaders, but it was the genius of Grant that secured a combined and co-operative movement along the whole line of military operations. The great campaign of 1865 was but a continuation of the plans of the previous year. Sherman turned the head of his column north- ward through South Carolina to North Carolina, the Confederate forces finding it impossible to resist his impetuous march. It was obvious that the last hour of the Confederacy was at hand. Grant put his great army in motion, with the intrepid Sheridan in advance. Lee withdrew from Richmond, hoping to escape. His efforts proved to be vain; his army was brought to bay at Appo- mattox, Virginia, where, on April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered his army to General Grant, accepting the most generous terms ever offered to a defeated foe. Here the war was practically ended, and the United States and the world accorded the honor to General Grant of being the great military leader who saved his country. In 1868 the Republican party turned to General Grant as the man then best fitted for the Presidential office. He was elected that year and again in 1872, and for eight years, with distinguished ability, presided over the affairs of this country. While being the most successful man in time of war, he now became the most earnest man in the country for peace. The administration of General Grant was distinguished for two very im- portant acts one relating to the finances of the government, where he declined to approve a law for the expansion of paper currency and insisted on the resump- tion of specie payments, and the other the settlement of the outstanding contro- versies of Great Britain, involving the Northwest Boundary and the Alabama Claims, both of which, upon the suggestion of President Grant, were settled by arbitration, establishing a precedent which has been taken up by the govern- ments of the world and is now recognized as the wisest and most humane method of settling international controversies. General Grant made a tour of the world, and in every country was received by crowned head and peasant with every evidence of honor and affection. He was a plain, unaffected man, of great kindness of heart, true to his friends, of extraordinary soundness of judgment and firmness of purpose, inspiring all who met him with the possession of native good sense. His name, by the side of Lincoln's, will be honored as long as civil government lasts. 256 JOHN ALEXANDER LOGAN. Major-General John A. Logan was born in Jackson county, Illinois, Feb- ruary 9, 1826, and died at Washington City, D. C., December 26, 1886, while serving as a senator of the United States. The respect and affection in which he was held were shown by his public funeral, which was attended by many thousand persons, including the most distinguished of the land. His body reposes in a tomb erected to receive it on Meridian Hill, Washington, D. C. General Logan received a common school education and graduated from the Louisville College in 1852; but he had already served in the First Illinois Regiment in the Mexican War, rising from the ranks to be Lieutenant and quartermaster. He was admitted to the bar in 1852, and was elected Prosecut- ing Attorney for the Third Judicial Circuit. Was elected member of the Legis- lature in 1856 and was elected to Congress in 1858; he was in that notable Congress which preceded the Civil War. He exerted his best influence for the preservation of peace, and declared himself inflexibly in favor of maintaining the Union. After the Civil W T ar began, he attended the special session of Congress and voted for supplies of men and money to carry on the war. As a private citizen he was on the field of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, and fought as a private soldier in a Michigan regiment. Upon the adjournment of Congress he returned home and raised the Thirty- first Illinois Volunteers ; was commissioned Colonel in August ; was at the Battle of Belmont, and also at the Battle of Fort Donelson, where he was severely wounded; was commissioned Brigadier-General March i, 1862, and had a command under General Grant at Jackson, Tennessee. He was commis- sioned Major-General November 29, 1862, and assigned to the Third Division, Seventeenth Army Corps. He commanded this division during the campaign against Vicksburg, and at the siege of Vicksburg pushed his works so near the enemy's outer fort that he mined and blew it up on June 25. This aggressive and determined movement undoubtedly hastened the surrender, which occurred July 4, 1863. General Logan was at once placed in command of the forces occupying the city of Vicksburg. He was in the campaign in February, 1864, against Meridian, Miss., and was assigned to the command of the Fifteenth Army Corps, which, in November, 1863, had marched to the relief of Chattanooga. The Fifteenth Army Corps was composed of four divisions, and was undoubtedly one of the greatest military organizations of its size that ever engaged an enemy, and he, as its leader, gave it an inspiration that made it invincible. General Logan was one of the most conspicuous figures in the Atlanta campaign of 1864. When General McPherson fell during the battle of July 22, when Hood, leaving his entrenchments around Atlanta, moved out in the night and attacked the Army of the Tennessee, General Logan assumed command of the army in the midst of that battle, when the advantages at the time were all with the Confederate forces ; but his presence along the line inspired universal enthusiasm amongst the Union troops, so that they closed up the intervals between their columns and met and vanquished the Confederate forces. The battle of July 22, 1864, waged and won by the Army of the Tennessee, resulted in one of the most splendid victories of the war. General Logan on that day exhibited high faculties of command, and it was supposed by the Army of the Tennessee that he would be continued in its command, but six days later he was superseded by General O. O. Howard, a graduate of West Point. General Howard came west in command of the Eleventh Corps, under General Hooker. He is a man of admirable character, and a true soldier, and was well worthy of the assignment, but his selection gave serious offense to General Hooker, who, ranking General Howard, felt that he shoufd have been preferred ; and to Generaf Logan, who had served with the Army of the Tennessee from the beginning, and whose successful career placed him conspicuously at the head of all volun- teer officers of the American army. He felt that he had earned and was entitled to the command of the Army of the Tennessee, and his friends in the army and at home were in full accord with this sentiment; but General Sherman, whose good intentions cannot be called in question, was of opinion that it was safer to have an officer in command of that great army who had received his educa- 257 tion at West Point ; so upon his recommendation, President Lincoln assigned General Howard to the command of the Army of the Tennessee. Returning home on a leave of absence in the fall of 1864, after the capture of Atlanta, General Logan at once entered actively into the political campaign, advocating the re-election of President Lincoln. He addressed great meetings in all parts of the State, and delivered some of the most eloquent and able speeches of that year. His speech, delivered in Chicago, was a masterpiece of argument and oratory in favor of the election of Abraham Lincoln as a neces- sary means for the preservation of the Union and civil government in the United States. His engagements in this political campaign prevented him from accom- panying the Army of Georgia on its great march to the Sea, but he came to Savannah in January, 1865, and assumed command of the Fifteenth Army Corps. General Logan commanded the Fifteenth Army Corps in the great campaign through the Carolinas, participated in the battles of that campaign, and was present at the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston. He marched with his troops to Washington City and participated in the great review in May, 1865. He was then assigned to the command of the Army of the Tennessee, and proceeded with that army to Louisville, Kentucky. Upon the restoration of peace he left the service as a Major-General of Volunteers. In 1866 he was nominated and elected as Congressman-at-large in the State of Illinois, and was re-elected to the same position in 1868 and again in 1870. He was three times elected to the United States Senate first in 1871, again in 1879, and for the third time in 1885. In 1884 he was supported in the National Republican Convention for the office of President. Honorable James G. Elaine was, however, nominated for President and General Logan was nominated for Vice-President. During the progress of that campaign General Logan deliv- ered a number of speeches throughout the country and added to his reputation and popularity as a public speaker. The Republican party was defeated. Gen- eral Logan was undoubtedly one of the greatest men who ever lived in the State of Illinois. His achievements in every field of endeavor marked him as a man of extraordinary ability. He was a lawyer, a soldier of great renown, a statesman of recognized ability and a popular orator. He was the recognized leader of the Republican party in Illinois, and exerted a powerful influence with the Republican party throughout the country. He had the friendship and the confidence of the most distinguished men of both parties, but his friendships were not confined to the great the poor arid the humble were welcome in his house. He was the devoted friend of the Union Soldiers, and to him more than to any man during his service in Congress is due the securing to the men who saved the Union a proper recognition by law for their services. General John A. Logan married Mary S. Cunningham, daughter of Captain John M. Cunningham, of Williamson county, Illinois, who had a distinguished service in civil life as well as in the Mexican war. Mrs. Logan was a suitable companion for her husband. She was in full sympathy with all his aspirations, and her wide acquaintance and popularity no doubt added much to his success. They had two children Major John A. Logan, Jr., who fell in the Philippine Islands gallantly leading his command, and Mary Logan, wife of Major Tucker, Paymaster of the United States Army. HAMILTON CLUB. The Hamilton Club, of Chicago, essentially a young man's club and the largest of its kind in the West, was organized April 9, 1890, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the surrender at Appomattox. The purposes of the club is the advancement of political science, the promotion of good government local, state and national and the development of patriotism and Republican princi- ples. While partisan in its organization, it aims to inculcate the highest ideas of citizenship and makes a feature of addreses by public men not limited to partisan views. It seeks, through discussions of political questions and kindred subjects, to encourage that independence of thought which is the product of an educated and intelligent citizenship. At the same time it is an earnest supporter of the 258 Republican ticket in local as well as national campaigns, although its by-laws prohibit it from taking any action prior to the conventions. So far is this idea of avoiding entangling alliances with any party faction carried that holders of elective offices or employes of public corporations are not permitted to vote at the club elections. The experience of similar organizations that have adopted no such restrictions made this provision seem necessary. With these safeguards the club has pursued its course without friction, and as a result is able to take part in a campaign with a will and determination which make it a power. The influence of the club has been felt most forcibly, however, during Presidential campaigns. In the contest of 1896, the club speakers addressed over a hundred workingmen's meetings, promoted by the political action committee of the club, on the financial issues of that contest. This was one of the most effective agencies of that struggle. During the campaigns the club has con- ducted a number of large mass meetings, perhaps the most notable of which was that of October 20, 1894. At this meeting the main part of the audience was assembled in the First Regiment Armory and the overflow in a large build- ing near by. Thomas B. Reed addressed the seventeen thousand people present at these meetings. Subsequently Mr. Reed was elected an honorary member of the club, and in December, 1895, on the occasion of his election as Speaker of the House of Representatives, the club presented him with a handsome and most artistic gavel, made, in part, of wood from the farm of Henry Clay, wrought with gold and silver ornamentations and bearing Hamilton's famous words: "As too much power leads to despotism, too little leads to anarchy." The club devoted great energy to securing the passage of the local civil service law, and its membership was especially active in advocating its adoption by the voters of Chicago, which was accomplished at the April election in 1895. About this time the club made belief in civil service reform for city, State and Nation a requisite for membership. Since the adoption of the law the club has created a standing committee whose duty it is to report infractions of the law and recommendations as to its proper enforcement. At the Legislative session of 1895 the club interested itself in changing the compensation of members of the General Assembly of the State from five dol- lars a day, which they were then receiving, to the present sum of one thousand dollars for the session. It was believed that this change would shorten the sessions of the Legislature, and thus attract a better class of citizens to that important service. The Hamilton Club is entitled to the credit for the passage of this law, having alone championed it from its introduction to its final passage. In 1899 the club prepared an elaborate draft of a "Corrupt Practices Act" and submitted it to the General Assembly, but too late for favorable action. The purpose, however, was largely educational, and that was accomplished. That body is now familiar in general with this legislation, which is upon the Statute books of most of the States. During the first eight years of its existence the club was confined in its active membership to the South Side of the city of Chicago, and its field of operations was correspondingly restricted, but in March, 1898, in deference to the prevailing sentiment of the members, it secured a central location in the heart of the city, with all the facilities of the modern city club, actively entered into club life, began the publication of a newspaper, organized a whist team, made billiards a popular feature, and in a number of ways added to the attract- iveness of the club. Its scope being thus extended to the whole city, and through a large non-resident list to the State, and in fact to the whole country, its membership has immensely increased and at this writing numbers a thou- sand. Owing to this increase in facilities and membership, the club has since been able to take even a more active and effective part in party affairs in the city, State and country. Particularly is this true in the department of public speak- ing. The reputation of the club along this line is such that it is called upon repeatedly to furnish speakers for public occasions in Chicago and elsewhere." The club is endeavoring to make a complete collection of Hamiltoniana. It possesses the famous limited edition of Hamilton's works, edited by Senator Lodge ; numerous biographies, the prize orations delivered for a generation at Hamilton College, his autograph and all of the notable pictures of him, including a print of his famous portrait now in the New York Chamber of 259 Commerce, and photographs of the various Hamilton monuments, his tomb and the famous thirteen elms planted by him in front of his homestead. On January nth of each year the club celebrates the birthday of its patron saint by a public address upon his life and character. There are upon the walls of the club rooms likenesses of most of the prominent Republicans of the past and present, and the club library includes enough on political and economic subjects to satisfy the wants of the ordinary investigator along those lines. Perhaps the most notable feature of the club's history has been its banquets, commencing in 1891, at which the club has entertained such men as Governor Roosevelt, ex-Governor Hoard, Professor Booker T. Washington, ex-Speaker Reed, Senators Depew, Davis, Lodge, Foraker and Dolliver, Postmaster-Gen- eral Smith and our own Senators. These have been among the great political banquets of the country ; they have J^een of the highest character, and have brought forth some of the best and brightest political thought. The addresses on these occasions are a substantial contribution to the political literature of the day, and are printed and widely distributed. The club also publishes, from time to time, the best of the addresses delivered before it on other occasions and original articles on public questions written by its members. It will be noted that the club has cRosen many speakers from the South. It has been the aim to have the Sovith represented at each banquet, as a matter of patriotism. This feature led up to the most celebrated of the banquets, given on the club anniversary in 1899, in recognition of the tide of Americanism which had its rise in the Spanish war -and hastened the obliteration of all sec- tional feeling in this country. The Auditorium Theater was filled the par- quet by banqueters and the rest by spectators. The occasion was non-polit- ical and purely patriotic. The growing feeling of brotherhood between North and South was the theme, and the toasts, "Grant," "Lee" and "The Union," Appomattox Day being celebrated as "The First Day of Peace." The presidents of the organization have been the following: Robert Mc- Murdy, Frederick A. Smith, Robert Mather, Edward J. Judd, Arthur Dixon, Samuel W. Allerton, Frank I. Moulton, Jesse Holdom, Hope Reed Cody, George W. Miller and Fred A. Bangs (1900). JOHN R1LEY TANNER. Hon. John R. Tanner, Governor of Illinois, was born April 4, 1844, in Warwick County, Indiana. His ancestors emigrated to this country at an early date. His great-grandfather, John Tanner, was a soldier during the Revolu- tionary war from Virginia, and his grandfather, John Tanner, was a soldier of the war of 1812, from Boone County, Kentucky, and died of wounds received in the battle of Lake Champlain. His father married Eliza V. Downs, daughter of the famous Baptist preacher commonly known as Tom Downs. Governor Tanner began life in a log house on his father's farm, three miles from Booneville, Indiana. He was taught to work, learning the business of farming, for which he had a fondness. He obtained his education at the com- mon school. The teachers of that period insisted upon laying a solid founda- tion of preliminary education upon which the superstructure of knowledge could be erected ; they taught their pupils spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, gram- mar, geography and history. When an intelligent, studious boy passed through the various classes of the common school of that day, he was well fitted for the business of life, and possessed such an education as enabled him by study to master the great problems. It was in such a school as this Governor Tanner was educated. His father was unable to afford him a collegiate course. At the outbreak of the Civil War the Tanner family consisted of eight members father, mother, four brothers and two sisters. The mother died during the war, at Carbondale, 111., in 1863; and neither of the sisters now sur- vive. The male members of the family, five in number, all entered the Union army. The father enlisted in the Fourteenth Illinois Cavalry, was captured and died in a rebel prison-pen at Columbus, Miss. His grave is unmarked and 260 261 unknown. Albert Tanner, one of the brothers, volunteered in the Twenty-sixth Kentucky Infantry ; was severely wounded in battle and died at Nashville, Tenn., in 1863. The youngest brother, Frederick, enlisted in the Eighteenth Illinois Infantry and died in the hospital at Pine Bluff, Ark., in September, 1864. The two survivors, J. M. Tanner and John R. Tanner, enlisted in the service, the former in the Thirteenth Illinois Cavalry and the latter in the Ninety-eighth Illinois Infantry, having enlisted in Company "A" in 1863, serving with that regiment until June, 1865, when he was transferred to Company "B" of the Sixty-first Illinois Infantry, being finally mustered out in September, 1865. He served with Sherman's army in Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia, his regiment forming a part of what is commonly known as Wilder's Brigade. No better body of troops fought under the flag. The comrades of John R. Tanner bear testimony that he was a true solclier, performing every duty with alacrity and courage. The military record of this family of farmers is a proud heritage for their descendants. Returning to his adopted State of Illinois after the war, his family and home broken up, Mr. Tanner purchased a small farm of sixty acres in Clay county and began farming for a living. He married Loretta Ingraham in December, 1866. He continued farming and selling fruit trees until 1870, when he was elected sheriff of Clay county. His term of sheriff was followed by a term as Circuit clerk, at the close of which he again engaged in farming and in the real estate business. In 1880 he was nominated State Senator for the Forty-fourth District, and for the first time redeemed it from Democracy. During his term of Senator he was engaged in saw-milling with his brother, and continued in that business until 1886, when he was elected State Treasurer of Illinois. In 1887 Mr. Tanner had the misfortune to lose his wife, and being left a widower with two children, his first thought was to their education, that they might be properly fitted for the duties of life. His daughter, Lucinda J., finished school- ing at Mrs. Summers' Academy, Washington, D. C. His son, J. Mack Tanner, graduated from Knox College, at Galesburg, 111., with the class of 1891. Mr. Tanner was for about one year United States Marshal of the Southern District by appointment of President Arthur. He served for a few months of Governor Fifer's term as Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner. Resigning this office, he was shortly thereafter made Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, which place he held until President Cleveland's administration. In 1894 he became Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, and effected the most complete organization know r n in Illinois politics ; the phenom- inal majority of 1894 was, no doubt, due to his excellent management of that campaign. In 1896 he received the nomination for Governor and was elected by a majority of more than 113,000. Before his inauguration he was married for the second time to Cora Edith English of Springfield, 111. As Governor he has had more than the usual amount of public duties to contend with. The coal strikes at Virden, Pana and Carterville offered serious problems for solution, but peace and harmony were re-established with slight loss of life and with general satisfaction to the conflicting interests. In the war with Spain Governor Tanner was the first to tender the material and moral support of this State to the Nation, and he mobilized within forty-eight hours from the call ten thousand troops ; and through his efforts a regiment of Illinois soldiers was the first mustered into the volunteer service. Perhaps no more serious problem confronted the Governor than the financial embarrassment of the State when he entered upon office. There were deficiencies in nearly all of the institutions and no money in the treasury with which to pay outstanding bills or current expenses. He made arrangements with business firms to furnish supplies needed at their wholesale rates with the understanding that they were to wait until there was funds with which to pay their bills. He also secured a loan of $250,000 at 2.6 per cent interest rate, and by careful and judicious man- agement has brought the State out of this difficulty, restoring its credit, and having at the present time a handsome surplus in the treasury. His knowledge of men, his broad views upon public questions, his close acquaintance with the public affairs of the State, together with his sleepless 262 vigilance and devotion to public duties, have made his administration a most successful one. The career of Governor Tanner from his youth to the present time marks him as a man of great natural ability; in every official relation he has risen to the requirements of the occasion, and has performed every duty with wisdom and fidelity, demonstrating always the possession of a strong reserve force for any emergency. In his messages to the Legislature the Gov- ernor has shown a complete grasp of all important public questions. As a public speaker he is clear, forcible and convincing. His treatment of the political questions at issue in the campaign of 1900 was very able, his arraignment of the Democratic party for its disloyalty, its incapacity and misgovernment was with- ering in its denunciation and sarcasm, while his allusion to the splendid record of the Republican party brought to view the important achievements of the country during the past forty years. WILLIAM A. NORTHCOTT. Lieutenant-Governor William A. Northcott was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, January 28, 1854. His father, General R. S. Northcott, a prominent citizen of Tennessee, was like Andrew Johnson, Parson Brownlow, Horace Maynard, Emerson Etheridge, and many other leading citizens of the State earnestly opposed to secession; he was a Union man heart and soul, but the tide of public opinion in Tennessee went against him, and the State of Tennessee, under the influence of Governor Harris and others, was placed in the attitude of rebellion against the authority and laws of the United States. General Northcott decided to move with his family from Tennessee to West Virginia, taking his son William with him. General Northcott at once identified himself with the Union sentiment of West Virginia, and co-operated in the movement of separating West Virginia from the old mother State and having it recognized and admitted into the Union as an independent State. He also raised a regiment of West Virginia Volun- teers, and was commissioned as Lieutenant-Colonel. He served with distinction during the war, suffering for nine months of the time as a prisoner of war in Libby Prison. In due time he was promoted to the office of Brigadier-General, which position he held when he retired from the service. General Northcott married Mary C. Cunningham, who was the daughter of Dr. James Cunningham. Mrs. Northcott was in full sympathy with her hus- band's sentiments in regard to the preservation of the Union. While her hus- band was at the front fighting for the preservation of the Union she kept her family together and attended to the education of her children. William A. Northcott received his preliminary education in the public schools, and was suitably prepared to enter the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, in September, 1869. He was appointed a cadet to this school, where he received his education. After leaving Annapolis he entered upon the study of law, and from time to time while studying for this profession he taught school. In the year 1877 Mr. Northcott was admitted to the bar. In 1879 Mr. Northcott removed to Illinois and began the practice of law. In the year 1880 President Hayes appointed him Supervisor of the Census of the Seventh District of Illinois. He performed the duties of this office with ability and to the entire satisfaction of the Department. Mr. Northcott was nominated to the office of State's Attorney for Bond county in 1882, and held that office for eleven years, being elected by the people for the second and third terms. Mr. Northcott made a good prosecuting officer; he was not a vindictive man, but his ability as a lawyer and his power before court and jury made him the dread of evil- doers. During this period Mr. Northcott increased his acquaintance through- out the State and took part in the great political movements of that period. As a political speaker he drew large crowds, and was recognized as an interest- ing and forceful speaker. In 1890 President Harrison appointed Mr. Northcott as a member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy at 263 Annapolis, and he was selected by the Board to deliver the oration to the graduating class. In 1888 Mr. Northcott became a member of the Modern Woodmen of America. This is a fraternal insurance society with a membership of 500,000. In November, 1890, he was elected head consul of this association, and has been four times unanimously re-elected to the same position, and now fills that important office. Mr. Northcott has brought to the performance of the important duties connected with this office the very highest order of execu- tive ability. Although Mr. Northcott was deeply engrossed in the duties of head consul of the Modern Woodmen of America, he did not at all lose his interest in politics, for in 1892 he was nominated by the Republican party as a candidate for Con- gress in the old Eighteenth, or Morrison Congressional District, which contains the cities of East St. Louis, Belleville and Alton. Mr. Northcott made a brilliant campaign in the district, but the political fates that year were against the Repub- lican party and he was defeated, but the energy and ability displayed by Mr. Northcott in this campaign made him a conspicuous figure among the leading Republicans of the State. It was only necessary for him to bide his time. In 1896 the great Republican Convention, held at Springfield in June, took Mr. North- cott up and nominated him as the candidate of the Republican party for Lieu- tenant-Governor on the ticket with Hon. John R. Tanner. This was a great year in the Republican politics of the State of Illinois. Four years before the State had gone Democratic; Grover Cleveland had been elected President, and John P. Altgeld had been elected Governor. The Democrats had William J. Bryan as their great national leader this year and the Republican party had for its great leader William McKinley. Governor Northcott entered this political campaign determined to do his part to carry the State for the Republican can- didates, and he delivered addresses in nearly every county in the State. He aroused enthusiasm wherever he went, and was elected Lieutenant-Governor of the great State of Illinois over Hon. Monroe C. Crawford, the Democratic candidate, by a majority of over 137,000 votes. Governor Northcott has per- formed the duties of this office with entire satisfaction to the people of the State. As a presiding officer of the Senate he exhibited the ability and tact so essential to success in a position of that kind. In the absence of Governor Tanner, Gov- ernor Northcott has been required to perform the duties of Governor, and those who have met him in the executive office have recognized in him a man fully capable of performing the duties of the office of Governor of the State of Illinois. On March 31, 1880, Governor Northcott married Julia Dressor, daughter of State Senator Dressor. Mrs. Northcott died in 1881, leaving a son, Nathaniel Dressor Northcott. He has since married Ada Stoutzenberg of Marine, Illinois, and they have one daughter, Amy Northcott. JAMES ALEXANDER ROSE. Hon. James A. Rose of Golconda, Pope county, Illinois, was born October 13, 1850, in the county of his residence. He is descended from a pioneer family, his grandfather being one of the earliest settlers in Southern Illinois. His father, John D. Rose, married Sarah Sutherland. Mr. Rose became a merchant and carried on this business for a number of years, supporting his family in comfort. In tracing the geneology of this family it is found that they originally came from Scotland, and it is believed that most persons by the name of Rose living in the United States are descendants of one general family who emigrated to America at an early date. James A. Rose was educated in the common schools of Pope county and in the State Normal School at Normal, Illinois. After leaving school he decided to study law, but taught school as a means of self-support and as an interesting field of study of human nature. He was a good teacher ; he devoted himself to this business with energy and enthusiasm, and inspired his students with the same spirit. So favorable was the impression 264 265 made by him as a teacher in the public schools that in 1873, at the age of 23, he was elected to the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction of Pope county. He performed the duties of this office with rare ability, and adding to the work of his predecessor in that office, who was an able man, he brought the schools of Pope County up to a standard equal to that of any county in the State. Mr. Rose earnestly pursued the study of law, and in 1880 was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Illinois. In May, 1881, a vacancy occurring in the office of Prosecuting Attorney of Pope county, he became a candidate for election to this office, was duly elected and resigned the office of School Super- intendent. Mr. Rose entered upon the general practice of law at Golconda. He filled the office of Prosecuting Attorney for seven years and a half, and in 1888 declined a third nomination. , This was an important period in Mr. Rose's life ; his continued study and practice of the law established his character as one of the leading lawyers of Southern Illinois. Gifted by nature with a fine voice, an impressive and eloquent delivery of speech, and well versed in the art of the trial of cases, he became one of the best trial lawyers in the courts. But Mr. Rose did not confine himself to the study of law. When a boy ten years old, in 1860, he espoused the cause of the Republican party. As a youth he was deeply interested in the great struggle for the preservation of the Union, and in his manhood he studied the politics of his country, and soon became an effective and popular speaker upon political questions. He was chosen Chairman of the Republican County Com- mittee of Pope county, and thoroughly organized the party in every precinct. He took part in every political campaign, and soon every precinct in the county was carried by the Republican party. In 1889 Governor Fifer appointed Mr. Rose one of the trustees of the Pontiac Reform School, and held this position for about a year, when he was appointed by Governor Fifer one of the commissioners of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester. He held this position until the beginning of the admin- istration of Governor Altgeld, when he gave way for the appointment of a Democrat. Mr. Rose filled the positions to which he was appointed by Gov- ernor Fifer with intelligence and fidelity. In these positions, as in those which he had previously held, he demonstrated the fact that he possessed a high order of executive ability. In 1896 Mr. Rose became a candidate for nomination by the Republican party for the office of Secretary of State. He secured the nomination, and was elected, as was the entire state ticket, bv an overwhelming majority. Mr. Rose has now held the office of Secretary of State for three years. The fact is recog- nized throughout the State that he is a thoroughly capable man for the place. In his office he is accessible to all comers. He has surrounded himself with intelligent and faithful men, and the immense business of the office is transacted without friction. In times past much of the important work of the Secretary's office had fallen behind, but during Mr. Rose's administration all the work is being brought up to date in a methodical and systematic manner. Mr. Rose is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and has been an elder in the church for more than twenty years. He has been three times elected as a delegate to the General Assembly. Mr. Rose is a member of the Masonic Fraternity; he has attained to the Knight Templar degree. He has served for a number of years in the Grand Lodge of Masons, and was for some time Dis- trict Deputy Grand Master of the order. He is a member of the Hamilton Club of Chicago. As Secretary of State Mr. Rose's residence is at Springfield, Illinois, where he lives with his family. He was married to Elizabeth M. Young, July 27, 1874. Mrs. Rose was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, and came to this country with her father and mother when she was eleven years of age. They have had four chil- dren, namely: Jessie Josephine, Helen Elizabeth, Charles Roscoe and James A. Rose. All living except the last, who died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Rose are hospitable people, and enjoy the society of friends. Their home has always been a delightful meeting place for young and old. 266 267 FLOYD K. WHITTEMORE. Hon. Floyd K. Whittemore of Springfield, 111., is a descendant from Colo- nial parentage. His ancestors came from England to America in 1630, a period when families left the old world to find political and religions freedom in the new. Mr. Whittemore was born in New York State, but at an early age was brought to Illinois by his parents, who settled at Sycamore, DeKalb County, where he received his education at the High School. In i86s voting Whitte- more accepted the position of Assistant Treasurer of the State, under James H. Beveridge of Sycamore, who was elected State Treasurer in 1864. This step changed his whole plan of life ; he had intended to become a lawyer. While filling his position at the State Treasury Mr. Whittemore made the acquaintance of Jacob Bunn of Springfield, then orfe of the greatest bankers of the State, and accepted the position of cashier of his bank. He filled this position with great ability and to the entire satisfaction of Mr. Bunn. When the State National Bank of Springfield was organized, Mr. Whittemore was made its cashier, which position he held continuously for twenty years. Mr. Whittemore was made acting Assistant Treasurer of the United States at Chicago by President Harrison. In this position his responsibilities were great. The receipts and payments made by him during that period were more than five hundred million dollars. In 1895 he became Assistant State Treasurer. While holding this position he was nominated by the Republican State Con- vention of 1898 as a candidate for State Treasurer, and was elected by a majority of 43,450 votes over M. F. Dunlap, the Democratic candidate. It will be seen that Mr. Whittemore has, for the past thirty-five years, been intimately identified with great financial affairs in connection with banks, the State Government and the National Government. His financial experience has been equaled by few and surpassed by no man in the State of Illinois. He has made financial sub- jects a careful study, and has always been an earnest advocate of sound money. In politics Mr. Whittemore has always been a Republican ; a resident of the Capital of the State, where men from all parts of the State assemble, his acquaintance became large ; he knows every leading man in the State and has a wide circle of friends. He had no competitor for the nomination in 1898, and was nominated as a candidate for State Treasurer by acclamation. Mr. Whitte- more is a man of enterprise, and has always been successful in his under- takings. He has, for a number of years, been largely engaged in farming in Sangamon and Madison counties. He is socially an agreeable man, and his friendships are firm and steadfast. JAMES R. B. VAN CLEAVE. There is no man in public life who can number a greater host of friends and acquaintances that James R. B. Van Cleave of Illinois. He was born October 9, 1853, at Knoxville, Knox county, Illinois, at that time the headquarters of what was known as the "underground railroad system," where fugitive slaves were guided by sympathetic friends to the land of freedom. Thus the very atmosphere and environment surrounding his youth was one of liberty. Mr. Van Cleave was educated at Knox College, Galesburg, an institution which has for fifty years been foremost in the educational annals of this country. After leaving college, he engaged with the New York Herald and the Chicago Times as traveling correspondent through the South during the Hayes-Tilden electoral contest. This brought him in contact with the leading men in public life and disclosed a field for his own activities and energies, which he has occupied ever since. He helped to organize and was secretary of the original Elaine Club of Chicago in 1880, and after the nomination of General Garfield the nominee invited Mr. Van Cleave to take charge of the records and act as his secretary at Mentor until the permanent officers, Gen. Swaim and Col. Rockwell, could 268 assume their duties. Mr. Van Cleave was an enrolling and engrossing clerk in the Thirty-second General Assembly, and acted as private secretary to the late Senator W. J. Campbell. Later he was private secretary and chief clerk of the Custom House of Chicago under Collectors Smith, Spalding and Seeberger. tti 1887 he was appointed Deputy City Clerk of Chicago under D. W. Nickerson and was reappointed by City Clerk Amberg. In 1891 he was elected City Clerk, running 10,000 votes ahead of his ticket. In 1893, though defeated for re- election, he polled 13,000 more votes than any other candidate on the ticket. In 1895 he was again elected City Clerk by a majority of 45,000, a figure never before reached by a candidate for this position. During his tenure as City Clerk Mr. Van Cleave introduced the most perfect system of caring for the records which the city had known, taking all documents and ordinances from the time of the -Are and properly indexing and filing the same. For more than twenty years Mr. Van Cleave has participated in every Republican convention held in this State, and, including the National Convention of 1876, which nominated President Hayes, he has held official positions in all. He has been a member of the First Ward Republican Club of Chicago since 1876, and has been secretary of the Cook County Central Committee and secre- tary of the Republican State Conventions for many years, as well as the Repub- lican county conventions held in Cook county. In the campaign of 1896 he was secretary of the State Central Committee and a member of the Executive Committee. The result of that election. shows conclusively the great labor per- formed that year. At the beginning of the campaign a victory seemed doubtful, as only predictions of failure and defeat were made, but he closed his books on the 6th of November with a success for his party the most conspicuous and stupendous since its organization. James R. B. Van Cleave carries with him the qualities of victory skill, method, confidence and experience and draws upon them for success when the occasion permits. His administration of the Insurance Department of Illinois, of which he has been superintendent since May 6, 1897, has been eminently satisfactory, his treatment of the difficult problems involved in State supervision of the great interests connected with his department has been uniformly fair and just to ail. He was Inspector-General of the Illinois National Guard from 1897 to 1899, and was a conspicuous success. His aid in mobilizing the Illinois troops for immediate service in the Spanish- American war was timely and efficient. Mr. Van Cleave was married in 1882 to Josephine Helen Schweich of Rich- mond, Mo. They have three children Helen Farwell, aged 14; Bruce, aged 5, and Wallace, nearly 4 years old. He is a Knight Templar, Mystic Shriner, Knight of Pythias, member of the Royal Arcanum, A. O. U. W., and the National Union. He is a member of the Union League, Chicago Athletic, Mar- quette, Hamilton, Miltona, Sangamo, Cumberland and Eagle River Clubs. He is in the prime of usefulness and vigor, and bids fair to enjoy a long lease of activity, which is the hope of a multitude of friends. JASPER NEWTON REECE. One of the most prominent of the present officials of the State is the subject of this sketch, who was born at Abingdon, Knox county, Illinois, April 30, 1841. His parents were David and Priscilla (Nichols) Reece, the former of whom was born in the city of London, England, and came to the United States at the age of sixteen years. The parents were married in Ohio and came to Illinois in 1836, settling at Abingdon, where six children were born to them. Gen. Jasper N. Reece was educated at Hedding College, taking the scientific course, and was duly graduated. He engaged in business and was thus employed when the war broke out in 1861. He enlisted as a private and was sent to the front and saw many trying and arduous services and experiences. Later he enlisted in another regiment and continued to serve, receiving one promotion after another, until October, 1864, when he was mustered out as captain of his company. He 270 271 participated in many severe campaigns in the Southwest, fighting the bush- whackers and guerrillas, remaining often in the saddle for days at a time, and undergoing many hardships and passing through many imminent dangers. Upon leaving the army he engaged in business in Monmouth, Illinois, farm- ing and merchandising, at which he was quite successful. In 1876 he became a member of Battery B, Illinois National Guard, and in July, 1877, was appointed Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Gen. E. N. Bates, then commanding the Second Brigade, I. N. G. He was immediately ordered to East St. Louis with the brigade to quell the riots in that city. In the November following, General Bates having resigned, he was appointed commander of the Second Brigade to succeed him. He was sent to East St. Louis in 1886 to quell the railroad riots there, and was on duty for a period of six weeks. He remained in command of the Second Brigade until 1891, when he was appointed Adjutant- General of Illinois by Governor Fifer, and held the position until 1893. In February, 1897, he was appointed Adjutant-General of the State by Governor Tanner, and is now officiating in that position. The General is a man who has traveled widely, and is well informed on a great variety of subjects. He has been connected with many important public enterprises, and in all things has carried the responsibilities of citizenship worthily and honorably. He was brought up a Methodist, but is now a member of the Congregational Church. He is a member of the Masonic order, having reached the thirty-second degree ; is also a director of the Modern Woodmen of America, and is president of the Interstate National Guard Association. He is prominent in many other benevo- lent and secret organizations. He was married in 1861 to Mary J. Allen of Abingdon, whose family was among the earliest settlers, coming to Illinois in 1833. To them were born six children, of whom three are now living Captain E. A. Reece, Major R. R. Reece, and a daughter, Cora, yet living at home. His first connection with politics was with the Republican party as a boy of fifteen years during the Fremont campaign in 1856. In his enthusiasm he parted his hair in the middle in imitation of Colonel Fremont. In 1860 he went to Chicago and took part in the demonstration made by the friends of Mr. Lincoln, and on that occasion carried a rail through the muddy streets of the city. At this time he was a member of an organization that was controlled by the leaders who were present in the interests of Mr. Lincoln and came to Chi- cago a week before the assembling of the National Republican Convention. It was his good fortune to stand within ten feet of the platform during the taking of the ballot for President. He considers the excitement and enthusiasm of that historic occasion one of the most important and memorable events in his life. After the convention he returned home and organized a company of ''Wide Awakes." Since the war he has taken an active part in every Republican cam- paign down to the present. He was president of the Lincoln Guard of Honor which had charge of the remains of Abraham Lincoln after the attempt to steal his body, and on the twenty-second anniversary of his death the body was turned over by the Lincoln Guard of Honor to the Lincoln Monument Association, and during this ceremony General Reece was the last to gaze upon the face of the martyred President. EDWARD C. AKIN. Fortunate environments encompass nearly every man at some stage of his ]f thosf: who claim that fortune has favored certain individuals above others will career, but the strong man and the successful is he who realizes that the proper moment has come, that the present and not the future holds his opportunities, but investigate the cause of success or failure, it will be found that the former is largely due to the improvement of opportunity, the latter to the neglect of it. It is this quality of improving every opportunity that has made Edward C. Akin a leader in thought and action. He was born in Lockport township, Will county, 272 273 Illinois, July 19, 1852, and now resides in Springfield, Illinois. He is a son of Edward H. and Sophronia C. Akin. In the public schools of Joliet, and at Ann Arbor, Mich., Mr. Akin received a thorough education. From 1871 to 1875 he was paying and receiving teller of the First National Bank of Joliet, where he acquired an extensive acquaintance throughout Will county. In the fall of 1878 he was admitted to the bar and has been in active practice ever since. He has ever been identified with the Republican party, and in 1887 he was elected city attorney of Joliet. Although the city was at that time Democratic from 500 to 600, he defeated the Democratic nominee by a majority of 716. In 1888 he was nominated for State's Attorney of Will county, and at the ensuing election led the entire State and county ticket by 800 votes. In 1892 he was renominated and again led his ticket J)y hundreds of votes, and is credited by the leaders of both political parties with having saved the county ticket from defeat. His most brilliant political victory was achieved in the Spring of 1895, when he ran as the Republican candidate for Mayor of the city of Joliet. Although opposed by a Citizens' ticket led by a Republican, he defeated the Democratic nominee by a majority of 260 votes, receiving nearly as many votes as both of his opponents combined. In 1897 he was elected Attorney- General of Illinois, a position he has filled in a most satisfactory manner. As a lawyer Mr. Akin stands among the leaders of the Illinois bar. As a public prosecutor he had no superior in the State, and his conduct of municipal affairs won for him the admiration of all good citizens, regardless of party affiliations. He is a man of high character and sterling integrity, and although he has been prominently before the people of his State and county for the past thirteen years, no breath of suspicion has ever been cast upon his private life or official acts. Being a man of fine appearance and pleasing address he has won an enviable reputation throughout the state as a public speaker. Mr. Akin selected his wife in the person of Louise M. McRoberts, a daughter of Judge Josiah McRoberts, of Joliet, and their union was celebrated in 1877. WILLIAM ERNEST MASON. Hon. William E. Mason of Chicago, Illinois, was born July 7, 1850, in Franklinville, Cattaragus county, New York. His father, Lewis J. Mason, mar- ried Nancy Winslow. Mr. Mason was a man of high character and standing, and well respected by all who knew him. His business was that of merchant. Anti-slavery in sentiment, he identified himself with the Abolition party, but, being conscious that there was no prospect for success for Abolition candidates, in 1856 he united with the Republican party, and supported John C. Fremont for the presidency. Two years later Mr. Mason removed with his family to Bentonsport, Iowa, where he resided until his death in 1865. The father had been anxious to afford his son William every advantage possible for acquiring an education, and had sent him to the public schools at Franklinville and Ben- tonsport, and two years before his death had placed him at Birmingham College, where William was studying at the time of his father's death. By the death of Mr. Mason the burden of self-support was thrown upon his son William E. Mason, who faced the situation with courage and confidence. He soon secured employment as a school teacher, and for three years devoted himself earnestly to this work, carrying on his studies at the same time. In 1869 he was employed as a teacher in the public schools of Des Moines, continuing this employment for two years more. The time had now come when he was to carry out a long-cherished plan that of studying law. He entered, as a student, the law office of Hon. Thomas H. Withrow, a gentleman of high standing in the profession, and eminent as a corporation lawyer. Soon after Mr. Mason entered the office Mr. Withrow was appointed General Solicitor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, and removed to Chicago, whither Mr. Mason accompanied him. After remain- 274 275 ing one year with Mr. Withrow, Mr. Mason entered the office of Hon. John M. Jewett, where he finished his preparatory studies for admission to the bar. He remained several years in the law office of Mr. Jewett, but in 1877 he formed a law partnership with Judge M. R. M. Wallace, and began the practice of law on his own account. The firm secured a large practice, which brought Mr. Mason prominently before the courts and the public. He soon established the reputation of being safe in counsel, a good lawyer in the preparation and trial of a case, and an advocate of great eloquence and ability. Later Mr. Mason established the law firm of Mason & Ennis. He has been engaged in the prose- cution and the defense of many important lawsuits, and his reputation as a most competent and forceful lawyer is well known in Chicago. Mr. Mason has been a Republican "in politics since his boyhood. He iden- tified himself with the party as soon as he arrived at the age of manhood. He was elected to the Illinois Legislature before he was thirty years of age. In 1882 he was elected to the State Senate from the Ninth Senatorial District. During his service in the Illinois Legislature he familiarized himself thoroughly with the business of legislation, with the public affairs of the State, and particu- larly the interests of Chicago, taking a leading part in connection with all important legislation. In 1888 Mr. Mason was elected to Congress in the old Third Congressional District. He at once became a conspicuous figure in that body and took an active part in the debates of the House. His speeches were able, eloquent, often humorous and witty. He showed himself to be so thor- oughly familiar with public affairs, that, although a young member of the House, with a short experience in National legislation, he was capable of sustaining himself in a running debate with the most experienced members, or in an ex- tended speech upon any subject which he might choose to discuss. In quick retort and humorous repartee Mr. Mason was soon regarded as a dangerous antagonist. He was re-elected to Congress in 1890, and 1892 he was again nominated as a candidate for Congress, but in the great political landslide of that year, caused by the temporary reaction of public opinion as to the wisdom of the McKinley Tariff Law, Mr. Mason, like many other Republican candidates, for Congress, was defeated. For many years Mr. Mason had participated in all the political campaigns of the State, was recognized everywhere as an able orator, received a hearty welcome wherever he appeared, and became one of the best-known and most popular men in the State. In 1894 Mr. Mason was a candidate before the Illi- nois Legislature f6r election to the United States Senate, and, although he had an enthusiastic following, was defeated; but his ambition for that high place was not cooled by defeat. In 1896 a Legislature was to be elected whose duty it would be to choose a United States Senator. With characteristic energy and enthusiasm Mr. Mason went before the people, declaring himself as a candidate for the Senate, and as a result of his canvass-a Legislature was elected a large majority of whom were his warm supporters. In January, 1897, Mr. Mason was elected to the Senate, receiving 125 votes on joint ballot, his opponent, Hon. John P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate, receiving 78 votes. This was a great personal triumph of Mr. Mason's and demonstrated the fact that he had a strong hold upon the people. Senator Mason took his seat in the United States Senate, March 4, 1897 ; his term of service will expire March 3, 1903. Soon after Senator Mason took his seat in the Senate he made a determined attack on an old rule of the Senate, which enables a minority, by continued discussion and objections, to so obstruct business that no measure can be brought to a vote except practically by unanimous consent. Mr. Mason insisted, and as the public believed rightfully insisted, that that rule should be changed so that a majority could control the business and bring the Senate to a vote upon any question on a certain day and hour, as is done in the House of Representatives. Mr. Mason was earnestly in favor of declaring and prosecuting a war against Spain for the liberation of Cuba, but he was unalterably opposed to the policy of the National administration for the acquisition of the Philippine Islands by 276 ill the government, and by military array overcoming the resistance offered by the Filipinos against the authority of the United States. The Senator insisted that these people were fighting for independence, that they were justly entitled to it, and that it was inconsistent with our Declaration of Independence, and our sys- tem of government to subject them to the authority of the United States with- out their consent. In the war in South Africa between Great Britain and the Boer Republics, Senator Mason has been outspoken in his sympathy for the Boers; he has made a number of public speeches upon this subject, and has eloquently plead the cause of the South African Republics. In 1873 William E. Mason was married to Edith J. White, daughter of George White, a prominent citizen of Des Moines, Iowa. They have a large and interesting family of children. WILLIAM A. RODENBERG. This gentleman, though comparatively young, is one of the most prominent Republicans, as well as one of the most promising politicians of the State. He resides at East St. Louis. His birth occurred in Randolph county, Illinois, October 30, 1865, his father being Rev. Charles Rodenberg and his mother formerly Anna C. Walters. The father has been active in the ministry for about forty years as a member of the German Methodist Episcopal Church. During his long and eventful career in the ministry he has served as pastor of some of the most important appointments in the State. He possesses high oratorical powers and a strong individuality, which together with his earnest and consistent piety, account for his popularity as a pulpit orator and his success in the cause of the church. At present he is stationed at Decatur, Illinois, where he has a large, appreciative and intelligent congregation. William A. was educated in the public schools of Nashville and Belleville, Illinois, and later entered Central Wesleyan College at Warrenton, Mo., select- ing the classical course, and was duly graduated in 1884 with the degree of A. B. Succeeding that event he attended the law school of Washington University, St. Louis, and was admitted to the bar in 1892. In 1887 Central Wesleyan College conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. From his youth he evinced a strong tendency for literature, took great pleasure in study and was specially fond of historical research. Much of the means to secure his education was obtained from teaching school. He taught in St. Clair county in 1884 and 1885, and at Staunton, Illinois, in 1885 and 1886. From 1886 to 1891 he served as principal of the Mount Olive schools, Macoupin county. Previous to attending law school he had first read law for a period in the law office of Hon. M. W. Weir of Belleville, Illinois. He is six feet in. height, weighs 200 pounds, has dark complexion and is sociable and magnetic by nature. He is an easy and persuasive speaker, and has gained an enviable reputation as a stump orator, second to few if any others in this part of the State? He has been a Republican since boyhood, and at all times has proved his faith in that party by upholding its principles with vigor and ability. Recog- nizing his fitness for the position, and having confidence in his personality, oratorical capacity and skill as an organizer and manager, his party in the Twenty-first District nominated him for Congress in 1898, and, after an inter- esting and instructive campaign, he was triumphantly elected in a district which had a normal Democratic majority of 3,500. The wisdom of his nomination was thus conclusively proved. His popularity carried him through, the vote being as follows: Rodenburg, 20,461 ; Fred J. Kern (Democrat), 19,956. Pre- vious to this he had taken an active part in politics, serving as secretary of the St. Clair County Central Committee and chairman of the judicial committee for the First Judicial District of Illinois. He had also run for County Super- intendent of Schools of Macoupin county in 1890, suffering a defeat by about 700, when the county gave a general Democratic majority of 2,400. He is now 278 279 recognized as one of the strongest of the young .leaders of the Republican party in the southern part of the State, and has been renominated for Congress in the Twenty-first District. He is a member of the Methodist Church and of the following fraternal societies : Masons, Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen of America, Ancient Order of United Workmen, Improved Order of Red Men, Court of Honor, Eastern Star, Knights of Khorassan and the Fraternal Mystic Circle. From 1892 to 1898 he was State Deputy Head Consul for Illinois of the Modern Woodmen of America, in which capacity he had occasion to deliver addresses in almost every county in the State. He is president of the Fraternal Mutual Indemnity Association and vice-president of the Illinois Trust and Investment Company. WALTER REEVES. Among those men who have distinguished themselves in the practice of law, and who have exalted and dignified that profession in this State, is Hon. Walter Reeves of Streator, Illinois. From his earliest experience his tastes and inclinations ran in the direction of the legal profession, and even as a boy he began those elementary studies which pave the way for a profound knowledge of law and equity. He was born September 25, 1848, near Brownsville, Penn- sylvania. His early education was received at the common schools, but he succeeded in acquiring, in addition thereto, by diligent study, a wide acquaint- ance with science and literature. His parents were Harrison and Maria (Leon- ard) Reeves, highly respected citizens of the Keystone State. The ancestors of Mr. Reeves on his father's side came from Scotland and England ; on his mother's side the ancestry is Welsh and German. Mr. Reeves, therefore, pos- sesses the blended and excellent traits of the Anglo-Saxon race. During his early life he passed through many severe experiences, not only in securing his education, but also at hard work upon his father's farm. It should be empha- sized that the bulk of his education was obtained by his own unaided efforts, under many difficulties, but with a determination and success that rounded out and polished his literary acquirements. After leaving school, while still a com- paratively young man, he became a teacher, and so continued during a consid- erable portion of the succeeding seven or eight years. The primary purpose of his course as a school teacher was to secure means to promote still further his education, particularly in law, and to fit himself in all respects for a useful and honorable career before the bar of this State. In due time he entered an office and continued his legal studies, and in 1875 was licensed to practice law. He established an office at Streator, Illinois, and immediately entered upon the active work of his profession. Within a short time he had a profitable clientage, and had become interested and identified with many of the most important cases in that section of the State. Steadily his practice grew, and now it may be stated that few lawyers in the State, outside of Chicago, enjoy a larger clientage. From childhood up he has been a consistent and unfaltering Republican, deeply interested in the success of his party, and proud of his patriotism. His prominence as a member of his party, his strength as a public speaker and his well-known integrity were the elements recognized by his numerous friends when he was brought forward as a candidate for the Fifty-fourth Congress. After a spirited campaign, during which he displayed unusual skill and ability in the field of politics, he was triumphantly elected. He was re-elected for the Fifty- fifth Congress and again for the Fifty-sixth Congress, and has been renominated for the Fifty-seventh Congress. In 1900 his friends brought him prominently before the people of the State as a candidate for the governorship of Illinois. Mr. Reeves has been identified with all the worthy public enterprises of his community. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, and is a great reader of current literature. He was married June 27, 1876, to Marietta M. Cogswell. 280 281 DAVID DAVIS. Hon. David Davis was born in Cecil County, Maryland, March 9, 1815. His ancestors settled in this country at an early date, some of them emigrating from Wales. By the death of his father he was left an orphan while quite young. His education was begun in the public schools of Maryland ; having something of an income at his command he decided to take a collegiate course, and attended Kenyon College, Ohio. Having the acquaintance and friendship of Judge Henry W. Bishop, of Lenox, Mass., he read law in his office, and later took the legal course in the New Haven Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1835. The expenses incident to his education had absorbed his small estate, and he was at once thrown upon his personal efforts to make headway in the world. He removed to Illinois, and in 1835 settled 'at Pekin. The following year he changed his residence to Bloomington, which became his permanent home. He was well received at Bloomington, made many friends, and soon established a good practice of the law. In politics he was a Whig. In 1840, at the earnest solici- tation of his political friends, he became a candidate for the State Senate on the Whig ticket. He made an able canvass of the district, and drew out the full vote of the Whig party, but failed of election. He was beaten by Governor John Moore, a popular Democratic leader of great experience. In 1844 he was again a candidate, and was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly of Illinois. His record in the Legislature was highly satisfactory to his con- stituents, in fact, he had now established the reputation of being a man of ex- cellent judgment, a first-class lawyer, a sincere friend and an honest man. So in 1847 his friends made him a candidate as a member of the Constitutional Con- vention, which framed the constitution of 1848. As a member of the Constitu- tional Convention Mr. Davis performed a great work for the State in his labors to establish a more uniform judiciary system. Upon the adoption of the new constitution, he was elected one of the Cir- cuit Judges of the State without opposition. This action of the people brought him into his true field of labor. His circuit was composed of fourteen counties, and covered one of the richest and most rapidly growing sections of the State. The duties of this office, begun at a time when there were no railroad facilities, involved a great deal of time and labor in going from county to county and in holding the courts. David Davis was one of the best Circuit Judges of the State. The attorneys who practiced in his courts were among the most able and most distinguished men of Illinois. Lincoln, Douglas, Baker, Trumbull, Hardin, Judge Logan and many other prominent .men appeared before him. Judge Davis occupied the position of Circuit Judge for fourteen years, rendering decis- ions in many important cases but few of which were ever reversed. While Judge Davis occupied the bench he did not undertake to participate in active partisan politics, but he kept fully informed of the great current of political events in the country, and the threatening aspect of the slavery question. He was in full ac- cord with the leading Whigs of the State in opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the enactment of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He was a close personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, and felt great interest in the debate of 1858 between Mr. Lincoln and Senator Douglas. Two years later, when Mr. Lincoln became a candidate for the Presidency, at his earnest solici- tation Judge Davis broke over his settled rule in regard to politics, and accepted the appointment by the State Convention of delegate at large to the Repub- lican National Convention at Chicago. Judge Davis labored in that convention for the nomination of Mr. Lincoln, and did as much perhaps as any other dele- gate to secure that result. When the nomination was made and the convention adjourned Judge Davis returned to his duties on the bench and left to others the active work of conducting the campaign. In 1861 General Fremont was assigned to duty at St. Louis, Mo., with authority to organize and equip an army to operate against General Sterling Price and other Confederate generals in Missouri. The exigencies of the service demanded prompt action in the purchase and accumulation of all kinds of quartermaster's stores, horses, mules, wagons, harness, tents, blankets, corn, oats, hay, etc., and the great bulk of these articles was bought on credit, quartermaster's certificates being issued in payment in lieu of cash. The haste with which this business was done, the want 282 283 of proper system, and the loose manner in which the purchases were made, soon brought the whole business into disorder, and suspicion was thrown upon the integrity of many of the contracts. To straighten out this bad condition of affairs, President Grant appointed a commission consisting of Judge Davis, General Holt, and Mr. Campbell, of St. Louis, to investigate and to adjudicate the numerous claims against the quartermaster's department of Missouri. This was a heavy task, involving great labor and the exercise of business knowledge as well as legal talent. The work was done in a most satisfactory manner and the findings of the commission stood the test of the courts. This was the first introduction of Judge Davis to business connected with the United States Government. President Lincoln had unlimited confidence in the good judgment, ability and the integrity of Judge Davis, ami he was glad to avail himself in so im- portant an affair of so experienced a man. In November, 1862, a vacancy oc- curred in the United States Supreme Court. The President appointed Judge David Davis to fill that vacancy. This appointment was made during the sec- ond year of the civil war; many new and important questions were pressing upon the attention of that court of last resort, and it fell to the lot of Judge Davis to consider and pass upon some of the most momentous issues ever de- cided by a court in this country. One of the most important questions passed upon was the constitutionality of the legal tender acts of 1862-3. The necessities of the war imposed upon Congress the duty of providing a circulating medium for the transaction of the business and the government of the people during the war. The State bank issues were either worthless or greatly depreciated ; gold and silver absolutely disappeared from circulation. The war could not be conducted to a successful issue without the use of large sums of money. To remedy the then existing evils Congress authorized the issuing of $300,000,000 of treasury notes, and made them a legal tender, in payment of all debts, public and private. The constitutionality of this law was called into question, the case of Hepburn against Griswold involving that question was taken by appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States. The case was ably argued, and with a divided court the act was declared to be unconstitutional. Judge Davis was of the minority, and joined Mr. Justice Miller and others in a dissenting opinion which for clearness and power of statement has never been surpassed by an opinion rendered by that court. In due course of time this question was again brought before the court and the constitutionality of the law was upheld. Judge Davis united with the majority of the court in holding that "the acts of Congress known as the legal tender acts are constitutional when applied to contracts made before their passage, and are also applicable to contracts made since." This decision firmly establishing the proposition that Congress has constitutional power to authorize the issuing of a legal tender currency resulted in giving to the people of the United States the best circulating medium that the world has ever seen. This is only one of many important cases upon which Judge Davis was called to bring to bear his sound judgment and great judicial experience. In 1872 many prominent statesmen and politicians opposed the renomi- nation of General Grant to be President, and the leaders of this so-called liberal movement were casting about for a suitable candidate for President. The Labor Reformers also essayed to bring a Presidential candidate into the field with the hope and expectation that all the elements opposed to the regular Republican organization would concentrate on their candidate. Judge Davis was regarded as a Presidential possibility; he was well and favorably known throughout the country, and a Labor Reform party holding an early conven- tion nominated him as a candidate for President. The liberal movement, includ- ing Mr. Sumner, Mr. Greeley, and many other Republican leaders, was encour- aged by the Democratic party. At the convention held in May. 1872, the names of Judge Davis and Senator Trumbull were brought before the convention, but Horace Greeley, of New York, was nominated ; this nomination was ratified by the Democratic party, and Mr. Greeley became the candidate for President of these elements in 1872. Judge Davis had maintained his residence at Bloom- ington, during all the years of his service on the Supreme bench of the United States. He had lost none of his popularity in the State, so that when the Illinois 284 Legislature at its January session in 1877 found an opposition majority on joint ballot against the Republican party, and there was a two months' struggle on the question of selecting a United States senator to succeed John A. Logan, a majority of the Legislature united upon Judge Davis; he was elected to the United States Senate for a term of six years from March 4, 1877, and he ac- cepted the position. Judge Davis had passed twenty-nine years of his life upon the bench, four- teen years as a Circuit Judge in Illinois, and fifteen years as a Judge of the Su- preme Court of the United States. It was a noble record. His retirement from the bench, and his withdrawal from the association of the men with whom he had been so long, was impressive, and the step was taken with a certain degree of reluctance. His letter to the court announcing his retirement and their reply shows the high esteem in which he was held by the members of that august tri- bunal. While Judge Davis had had but little experience in a legislative body, his long and able career on the bench gave him a standing in the Senate that is rarely ever accorded to a new member. He was assigned to the Committee on the Judiciary, and sat with Conkling, Carpenter, Edmunds, Thurman, and other distinguished men, and performed the duties of his position with marked ability. So highly respected was he by the Senate that he was selected as presiding offi- cer, and filled the position of acting Vice-President for nearly two years. When the Senatorial term of Judge Davis expired he returned to his old home at Bloomington and devoted his time and attention to the care and management of his large estate. Judge David Davis was twice married. His first wife, the mother of his children, was born in Massachusetts, and died at her old home in that State in November, 1879. In March, 1883, Judge Davis married Adaline Burr, of Fay- etteville, N. C. Judge Davis died June 26, 1886; his surviving children were George Perrin Davis and Mrs. Sarah B. Swayne. ISAAC FUNK. Hon. Isaac Funk was born Nov. 17, 1797, on a farm in Clark County, Ken- tucky. He died, after a brief illness, in the home of his son Duncan, in Bloom- ington, 111., Jan. 29, 1865. Of Mr. Funk's remoter ancestry, we have but little knowledge. The name is German ; his grandfather, Adam Funk, was born in Germany, but in what place we do not know. He came to America about 1750 and probably settled first in Pennsylvania. Mr. Funk's father, whose name also was Adam, was reared in Virginia ; his wife's name was Sarah Moore, and she was of German descent. They had nine children, six boys and three girls, Isaac being the fourth son. In about the year 1790 the family removed to Kentucky, where Isaac was born ; the first ten years of his life were spent there. In 1807 the family removed to Fayette County, Ohio; sixteen years of Mr. Funk's life were spent at this place. We learn that Isaac attended school, all told, parts of but three winters, this when he was ten to thirteen years old. We know nothing of the character of his teacher ; all we know is that he was renowned as a very severe discipli- narian, even for that day ; Mr. Funk often alluded to the frequent and fearful thrashings that he gave his pupils ; all remembrance of the other qualifications of the teacher, if he had any, seem to have faded from his mind. We, who now know all about schooling, smile at the old-time methods, and yet there must have been some kind of virtue in those backwoods schools, otherwise how can we explain the fact that so many boys of those days with so little schooling, ac- complished so much, while now so many with so much schooling accomplish so little? In 1823 Mr. Funk started for Illinois; in May of the following year he pitched his camp on the east side, just at the edge of what is now known as Funk's Grove ; on this spot, or very near it, he lived the balance of his life-time. Mr. Funk was married in June, 1826, at Peoria, to Cassandra Sharp. The pair returned immediately after their marriage to the Funk's Grove home. In partnership with his older brother Absalom, Mr. Funk began to farm a little with 285 such rude implements as could be procured at that time, in the new country. As the settlement increased, the Funk Brothers, Isaac and Absalom, began to buy the surplus stock of the region and drive it to such markets as they could find ; first to Peoria, later to eastern markets and to Chicago. This business of handling cattle and hogs grew to vast proportions. The brothers learned their business well ; they were alert, worked very hard, dealt fairly with everybody, and thus gained a pretty complete monopoly of the stock buying business of all their region. With the profits of their business they bought land. About 1840 the partnership was dissolved, Isaac continuing alone, still extending his live stock operations, still putting the profits into land. The fertility and value of the prairie lands of Central Illinois was not generally known to the first settlers, but Mr. Funk evidently discovered very early after his arrival the matchless fer- tility of the prairie land, and no doubt in the very first years of his residence here, conceived the purpose of acquiring all he could of the land in and around Funk's Grove ; to accomplish this purpose he worked by day and by night. He pursued it with tremendous energy and splendid daring. When the Illinois Central and Chicago & Alton railways were projected and partly built, he foresaw that lands would rapidly rise in value, and about that time, in the short space of three or four years, he bought more than twelve thousand acres of land and sent himself $80,000 in debt. At the time of his death he owned in McLean County 25,000 acres of land, 20,000 of it being in one body in and around Funk's Grove. We do not know that any other man in the United States has, by his own unaided efforts, acquired as much land equally valuable and fertile as there is in the Funk's Grove tract, all bought and paid for by Mr. Funk in his life-time. Mr. Funk was a powerful man physically ; he was five feet ten and one-half inches in height ; normal weight two hundred pounds ; stout but not obese ; finely proportioned; compactly built; black hair, inclined to curl; Roman nose; long, strong upper lip ; mouth wide, closing firmly in handsome lines ; complexion ruddy to dark ; eyes dark brown, clear, penetrating and steady, but flashing with fire and power when aroused. In politics, Mr. Funk was a Whig while that party was still in existence. In 1840 he was elected to the lower-house of the State legislature. While always taking an active part and having an intelligent interest in public affairs, Mr. Funk was in no sense a politician. Mr. Funk's great business was sufficient to occupy most of his time and always required the closest attention, but he was a broad-minded man and knew full well that he owed a duty to his State and the public. While in no sense a politician, he felt the keenest interest in public affairs and found time to take an active part in the management of county affairs and also in the conduct of political cam- paigns, State and National. He was a member of the Republican party from the first ; he was not at first an abolitionist. Mr. Funk was a law-abiding citizen, trained to respect the rights of property, and while the laws of his country recog- nized the right of property in slaves, Mr. Funk abided those laws. Just pre- ceding the war time, Owen Lovejoy, candidate for Congress in Mr. Funk's dis- trict, delivered a great speech in Bloomington. Mr. Funk heard it; he was converted to abolitionism and ever afterward hated slavery and was ready to welcome any lawful means of abolishing it. He was a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, and entered into the Lincoln campaign of 1860 with all the zeal and enthusiasm of his strongly emtional nature. For the election of Lincoln he gave of his time, labor and money without stint. In 1862 he was elected to the State senate by the Republicans of his district to fill the unexpired term of Gen. Richard J. Oglesby; he was re-elected for the next term. It was during this term, in the darkest days of the War of the Rebellion, when the fate of the Union seemed to be trembling in the balance, that he made his famous speech in the senate in favor of an appro- priation for what was known as the Sanitary Commission. The opponents of the war had a majority in the senate ; they were openly and persistently opposing any and every measure calculated to furnish aid and comfort to the armies of the Union. To Mr. Funk their conduct seemed nothing less than treason to the country and government. He was unaccustomed to speaking in public, but there came a time when, in his own words, he could sit in his seat no longer and see men trifling with the interests, of his country. It was then that he arose and 286 hurled at the opposition that philippic of philippics, which will never be forgotten by those who heard it, and is probably remembered today by more people than remember any other speech ever made in Illinois. "Mr. Speaker: I can sit in my seat no longer and see such boy's play going on; these men are trifling with the best interests of the country. They should have asses' ears to set off their heads, or they are secessionists and traitors at heart. I say there are secessionists and traitors at heart in this sen- ate. Their actions prove it. Their speeches prove it. Their gibes and laughter and cheers here nightly, when their speakers get up in this hall and denounce the war and the administration, prove it. I can sit here no longer and not tell these traitors what I think of them, and while so telling them I am responsible for what I say. I stand upon my own bottom. I am ready to meet any man on this floor, in any manner, from a pin's point to the mouth of a cannon, upon this charge against these traitors. (Tremendous applause from the galleries.) I am an old man of sixty-five. I came to Illinois a poor boy. I have made a little something for myself and family. I pay $3,000 a year in taxes. I am walling to pay $6,000, aye $12,000 (great cheering, the old gentleman bringing down his fist upon his desk with a blow that would knock down a bullock and causing the inkstand to bound a half dozen inches in the air), aye, I am willing to pay my whole fortune, and then give my life to save my country from these traitors that are seeking to destroy it. (Tremendous cheers and applause, which the speaker could not subdue.) "Mr. Speaker, you must please excuse me. I could not sit longer in my seat and calmly listen to these traitors. My heart that feels for my poor country would not let me. My heart that cries out for the 'lives of our brave volunteers in the field, that these traitors at home are destroying by thousands, would not let me. My heart that bleeds for the widows and orphans at home, would not let me. Yes, these villains and traitors and secessionists in this senate (striking his clenched fist on the desk with a blow that made the house ring again) are killing my neighbors' boys, now fighting in the field. I dare to tell this to these traitors, to their faces, and that I am responsible for what I say to one or all of them. (Cheers.) Let them come on, right here. I am sixty-five years old, and I have made up my mind to risk my life right here, on this floor, for my country. These men sneered at Col. Mack a day or two ago. He is a little man, but I am a large man ; I am ready to meet any of them in place of Col. Mack. I am large enough for them, and I hold myself ready for them now, and at any time. (Cheers from the galleries.) "Mr. Speaker, these traitors on this floor should be provided with hempen collars. They deserve them. They deserve them. They deserve hanging, I say. (Raising his voice and violently striking the desk.) The country would be better off to swing them up. I go for hanging them, and I dare tell them so right here to their traitors' faces. Traitors should be hung. It would be the salva- tion of the country to hang them. For that reason, I would rejoice at it. (Tre- mendous cheering.) "Mr. Speaker, I beg pardon of the gentlemen in the senate who are not traitors, but true, loyal men, for what I have said. I only intend it and mean it for secessionists at heart. They are here, in this senate. I see them joke, and smirk, and grin at a true Union man, but I defy them. I stand here ready for them and dare them to come on. (Great cheering.) What man with the heart of a patriot could stand this treason any longer. (Cheers.) I denounce these men and their aiders and abettors as rank traitors and secessionists. Hell itself could not spew out a more traitorous crew than some of these men who disgrace this legislature, this State and this country. For myself, I protest and denounce their treasonable acts. I have voted against their measures. I will do so to the end. I will denounce them as long as God gives me breath. And I am ready to meet the traitors themselves here or anywhere, and fight them to the death. (Prolonged cheers and shouts.) "I said I paid three thousand dollars a year taxes. I do not say it to brag of it. It is my duty yes, Mr. Speaker, my privilege to do it. But some of the traitors here, who are working night and clay to get their miserable little bills and claims through the legislature to take money out of the pockets of the people, are talking about high taxes. They are hypocrites, as well as traitors. 287 I heard some of them talking- about high taxes in this way, who do not pay five dollars to support the Government. I denounce them as hypocrites as well as traitors. (Cheers.) The reason they pretend to be afraid of high taxes is that they do not want to vote money for the relief of the soldiers. They want also to embarrass the Government and stop the war. They want to aid the secessionists to conquer our boys in the field. They care about taxes? They are picayune men, anyhow. They pay no taxes at all, and never did, and never hope to, unless they can manage to plunder the Government. (Cheers.) This is an excuse for traitors. "Mr. Speaker, excuse me. I feel for my country in this hour of danger. I feel for her from the tip of my toes to the end of my hair. That is the reason I speak as I do. I cannot help it. I am bound to tell these men to their teeth what they are, and what the people, the true, loyal people, think of them. Mr. Speaker, I have had my say. I am no speaker. This is the only speech I have made, and I do not know that it deserves to be called a speech. I could not sit still any longer and see these scoundrels and traitors work out their selfish schemes to destroy the Union. They have my sentiments. Let them one and all make the most of them. I am ready to back up all I say, and repeat it, to meet these traitors in any manner they may choose from a pin's point to the mouth of a cannon." The effect of this speech in the army and among the friends of the Union throughout the whole North can scarcely be measured ; coming as it did from the full heart of a plain man, spontaneously; it aroused a sympathetic echo in hundreds of thousands of breasts that were pained as his was for his country, in the fearful trials through which she was passing. The remains of this remark- able man lie buried in Funk's Grove cemetery, remote from traveled ways and thronged towns, beside the still, running stream and in the heart of the same magnificent forest which captivated his eye when, as a young, strong man, he came this way in search of home and fortune. By his side lie the remains of his beloved and faithful wife, whose death occurred only about four hours later than his. Mr. Funk left a large family ; they and their descendants have, for the most part, kept their residences in McLean County. They are all engaged in agricul- tural pursuits. The immense land holdings of Isaac Funk still remain in pos- session of the family. Several of the sons have taken considerable part in poli- tics and other public business. They are all Republicans. JOHN McNULTA. General John McNulta of Chicago, Illinois, has for many years been a con- spicuous figure in the State of Illinois, as a soldier, as a lawyer, as a Republican in politics, and as a business man he has made a name of which any man might be proud. The General comes of Scotch-Irish ancestry, County Donegal in Ireland, and Invernesshire in- Scotland, were their homes, the remote male line being Northmen or Vikings, who intermarried and merged with the Clan Don- ald. His immediate ancestors came to this country at an early day, and settled in New York. He was born in New York City Nov. 9, 1837. He came west in 1852 and settled in Attica, Indiana. Having received a liberal education, having subsequently conferred upon him out of course pro-merits the degree of A. M. by Wabash College. In 1856 he was employed as a traveling salesman and collector for Dick & Co., wholesale tobacco dealers, traveling on a route in the western part of Indiana and the eastern part of Illinois. In 1858, on attaining his majority, he became a member of the firm. His business as a salesman and collector took him to Bloomington, Illinois ; he became well pleased with the place, and went there to reside permanently in 1859. The Civil War coming on in the spring of 1861, he abandoned his business and on May 3 was made captain of Company A, I r irst Illinois Cavalry. On Aug. 20, 1862, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 94th Illinois Infantry. The colonel of the regiment, William W. Orme, having been assigned to the command of a brigade, the command of the regiment devolved upon Lieutenant- 288 289 Colonel McNulta. He led the brigade for some time, was promoted to be col- onel, and was afterwards breveted brigadier-general for "gallant and meritorious services in battle." General McNulta served from May 3, 1861, to Aug. 9, 1865,. during the Civil War. His regiment, the 94th Illinois, belonged to the Army of the Tennessee, whose commanders were respectively General Grant, General Sherman, General McPherson, General Howard, and General Logan. The army was composed of the I3th, I5th, i6th, and i/th Army Corps. The victorious career of this army was to Belmont, Ft. Henry, Donaldson, Shiloh, Corinth, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Atlanta, the March to the Sea, capture of Savannah,, the campaign through the Carolinas, and the grand review at Washington. Gen- eral McNulta and his regiment at the close of the siege of Vicksburg went to the capture of Yazoo City, thence to New Orleans and back to Morgan's Bend r and then to Atchafalaya, thence to the Texas frontier, thence through the Mobile campaign and back to Galveston at the close of the war. He and the men under him performed every duty devolving upon them and established a reputation for valor, and the performance of duty, which constitutes a part of the glorious record of the soldiers of Illinois. General McNulta was mustered out of the service Aug. 9, 1865. In 1866 General McNulta was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Illinois, and in 1874 to the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1866 he formed a^arj;- nership for the practice of law with Hon. Lawrence Weldon, now a judge of the United States Court of Claims at Washington City. In 1868 he was elected to the Illinois State Senate, and in 1872 Jie was^lected to the Congress of the United States as a Republican. Was renominated in 1874, but was defeated by his Democratic opponent. General McNulta has been identified with the Re- publican party actively for a number of years. In 1880 he was a delegate from his Congressional district to the Republican National Convention. He was a member of the "Old Guard of 306," who stood by General Grant in the mem- orable contest in that convention, and possesses a bronze medal prepared in commemoration of that event. In 1881 General McNulta was appointed Master in Chancery of the Circuit Court of McLean County, and held that office for four years. In June, 1885, he was appointed receiver of the railroad known as the Clover Leaf Route, now the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railway. This appointment opened up to him a new field of endeavor, and gave him an opportunity of exercising the extraordinary powers of administration, which he has shown himself to possess. This receivership was followed by his appointment by Judge Gresham, Judge of the United States Circuit Court, to be receiver of the Wabash Railroad in April, 1887. In the conduct of the affairs of this railroad, General McNulta developed into one of the most efficient railway men of the country, both as manager and lawyer, directing all of its legal complications and becoming to a great extent a guide to the railway traffic associations of the West in the ad- justment of the railway traffic to the Interstate Commerce Law. He mastered all the details of the business, in operating the road, conducting its freight and passenger business, its repairs and betterments and its financial operations, bringing the property up to the highest standard of efficiency and earning power. General McNulta's success as a receiver, lawyer and manager of large proper- ties brought to him the receivership of the Whisky Trust in 1895, this combi- nation with a great number of distilleries, with a capital represented by thirty- five millions of certificates, having practical control of the production and sale of high-proof spirits and alcohol manufactured in the United States. General McNulta mastered the intricacies of this business, carrying on its manufactures successfully, and finally turned the property over in good shape, after it was sold to the corporation which was organized to receive it, with a surplus of over ten and a half million dollars, instead of being insolvent, as was decided in the first instance. General McNulta was the receiver of the Calumet Electric Street Railway, and of the National Bank of Illinois at Chicago, to which positions he was appointed in January, 1898, and receiver of several other corporations at the time of his death. The business of these corporations was being conducted to the entire satisfaction of all concerned in them, by General McNulta, who had been the most successful receiver of the management of large properties of any 290 man in the country. General McNulta was an active supporter of William Mc- Kinley for President ; he favored the Spanish War and the policy of expansion, and delivered a number of able speeches in favor of retaining the Philippine Islands. John McNulta married Laura Pelton at Bloomington, Illinois, Jan. 15, 1862. They have four children living, namely : Herbert, Robert Pelton, Donald and Laura. General McNulta died in Washington, D. C, on Feb. 22, 1900. He was buried at his old home in Bloomington, Illinois. WILLIAM PENN NIXON. ^ William Penn Nixon became a citizen of Chicago in 1872. The Chicago Inter-Ocean had just been established ; its first issue appeared on March 25. Two months later, on May 21, Mr. Nixon became manager of the paper, which position he retained until 1876, when he became editor-in-chief and general man- ager. He has continued to be identified with that great journal, without inter- ruption, until the present time, twenty-eight years. > The Chicago Inter Ocean is a Republican newspaper. It has always been a staunch supporter of the party, it has exerted a powerful influence throughout the United States, but particu- larly in Illinois and the Northwest. Mr. Nixon for over twenty years was editor- in-chief, and publisher of the paper, and, of course, directed its policy, and con- trolled its editorial utterances. The Inter-Ocean never claimed to be the organ of the Republican party, but under Mr. Nixon's management it was largely in- strumental in molding and directing public opinion upon the great political issues of the day. The success of Mr. Nixon as a newspaper man was not accidental ; to ac- complish such results and to exert such an influence- a man must possess strong traits of character; these are found in Mr. Nixon. He is a man of sound judg- ment, an alert and watchful mind, a man of patience, of good temper, an in- defatigable worker, and of good literary ability. All of these qualities he pos- sesses in full measure, and they were brought to bear in the daily labors and management of the Inter-Ocean. So closely identified was Mr. Nixon with the thought of the paper that the readers who are well acquainted with its editor- in-chief could always forecast the position the paper would take upon important public questions. They knew that Mr. Nixon was not erratic, that while he was a progressive man and kept up with the thought of the leading Republicans of the country, he was so thoroughly loyal to the principles and policies of the Republican party and believed so firmly in the necessity of party organization as a means of good government, that he would not on occasion go off on a tan- gent and have the Inter-Oecan "take to the woods." Mr. Nixon is of Quaker stock on both sides of the family, his grandfather, Barnaby Nixon, owned and occupied a plantation situated on the James River, not far from Petersburg, Virginia. Here he lived, reared his family, and spent his entire life. Barnaby Nixon, like all his neighbors, was a slave holder, but unlike the most of them, he became thoroughly convinced that slavery was wrong, and that it was his duty as a citizen and a Christian to emancipate his slaves. The Quaker denomination in all the Colonies had at an early date taken strong grounds against the African slave trade, and the perpetuation of slavery in America, but Barnaby Nixon, who was himself a prominent minister of the Quaker faith, and who had preached the doctrine of freedom to his people, did not wait for the action of the church ; his conscience moved him and he emancipated his slaves. Samuel Nixon, the father of William Penn Nixon, was born and raised on his father's plantation on the James River^ re- ceived a liberal education, and in due time married Rhoda Hubbard, also a descendent of a Quaker family. He removed to, and became a citizen of North Carolina, where he resided for a number of years. He was a merchant and a miller, and established a large business. In those early days railroad facilities in North Carolina were unknown, and Mr. Nixon had to depend on wagons for his transportation. It is a tradition of the family that he crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains twenty-seven times on horseback. Samuel Nixon and Mrs. 291 Nixon had a family of four children, three of whom were born in North Caro- lina. They removed with these children from North Carolina to Wayne County, Indiana, where William Penn Nixon was born, in the town of Newport, now Fountain City. His mother died in 1840. His father died in 1866 at the ad- vanced age of eighty-four. It is an interesting fact to note that the mother of Mr. Nixon was connnected with the Hubbard family, who were early and promi- nent settlers in Virginia, and that one of them married an Indian girl of the Cherokee tribe, who was the great grandmother of Mr. Nixon. William Penn Nixon was placed at a private school by his father, where he received his elementary education. He entered Turtle Creek Academy, in Warren County, Ohio, in the fourteenth year of his age ; he remained there two years. He then went to Harveysburg Academy, to assist his brother ; he remained here one year. He then entered Earlham College, a Quaker institu- tion in Richmond, Indiana. He studied there some time and was again a teacher for a year. He then entered Farmer's College, near Cincinnati, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1854. Murat Halstead, the well known newspaper man and writer, had just graduated from the same institution. Mr. Nixon, still in search of knowledge, entered the law department of the University of Penn- sylvania, pursuing his studies there for four years. He was graduated from this institution with honor in 1859. Mr. Nixon settled in Cincinnati, opened a law office, and soon built up a good practice. A Republican in politics, he identified himself with the organ- ization of Hamilton County, Ohio, and soon became prominent and influential in its counsels. In 1864 a vacancy occurred in the Ohio Legislature, by the death of Hon. Mr. Keck. Mr. Nixon was nominated and elected to fill this vacancy. ^ In 1865 he became a candidate for re-election, was successful before the people, and served in the Legislative session of 1866-7. After the adjourn- ment of the Legislature, Mr. Nixon decided to spend some time abroad ; he traveled extensively through Europe, visiting all the principal capitals and places of interest. On his return home he became interested in the Cincinnati Mutual Life Insurance Co., and was elected its president. In 1869 Mr. Nixon conceived the idea that there was ample room for another daily paper in Cincinnati. He enlisted a number of friends in the new enterprise, and established the Cincin- nati Daily Chronicle as an evening paper. He was the commercial editor for some time, but his associates recognizing his fine business qualifications made him publisher and business manager. In that position he was a pronounced success. Finally the Chronicle Company purchased the Evening Times and con- solidated the two papers. Mr. Nixon then sold out his interest, and resumed active business with the insurance company, of which he had continued to be president. In 1871 a consolidation was effected between the Union Central Life Insurance Co. and the Cincinnati Mutual Life Insurance Co., the corpora- tion controlled by Mr. Nixon, whereupon he sold out his insurance stock and the next year removed to Chicago. This brief summary of the life of Mr. Nixon shows that he was a diligent student, devoting unusual time to gain an education and the acquisition of knowl- edge, that immediately upon starting out in life he took high rank with the public and men of affairs. That his business before coming to Chicago was varied, ex- tensive and successful, well fitting him for the responsible and important position which he at once took on the staff of the Inter Ocean. During Mr. Nixon's long connection with the newspaper world he never became a candidate for public office, contenting himself with advocating the claims of others for office instead of his own. When William McKinley was elected President the friends of Mr. Nixon believed that the time had come that there should be a proper recognition of the valuable services which he had rendered to to the country and to the Republican party bv appointing him to the most important office in the gift of the President at Chicago. In due ^ course Mr. Nixon's name was presented for the office of Collector of the Port. The President knew Mr. Nixon well, recognized his ability, his integrity, his -fidelity to every trust, and his thorough fitness for this office, and gladly ap- pointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. This office Mr. Nixon now holds ; he has thoroughly familiarized himself with every duty, and the business of the government and the people is being conducted with promptness and intelligence. 292 293 Mr. Nixon was married in September, 1861, to Miss Mary F. Stites, daugh- ter of Hezekiah Stites of Cincinnati, Ohio. In the early spring of the following year his wife died. In June, 1869, he was married to Elizabeth Duffield, daughter of Charles Duffield, a well known citizen of Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Nixon have three children, Mary Stites, Bertha Duffield, and William Penn, Jr. Mr. Nixon was several years president of the Associated Press ; he is a member of the Union League Club, Marquette Club, Press Club, the Ohio Society, and a director of the Humane Society. Mrs. Nixon, a lady of education and refine- ment, is a member of the Fortnightly Club, the Woman's Club, and a member of the board of trustees of the Illinois Training School for Nurses. Mr. and Mrs. Nixon have a delightful home at 743 North Clark Street, Chicago. The shelves of their library contain more than two thousand volumes of well-selected books, treating of almost every branch of literature, art and science. Their home is a center for agreeable association for their family and large circle of friends. GEORGE EVERETT ADAMS. In 1835 Benjamin Franklin Adams, a prosperous merchant and manufac- turer of woollens and window glass, a citizen of Keene, N. H., visited Chicago and purchased some land in and around that town. Mr. Adams was so well pleased with his investment and the growth of the West, that in 1853 he re- moved with his family to Chicago. Mr. Adams' ancestors came to America in 1626, settling at Cambridge, but afterwards removed to Ipswich, Mass. One branch of the family trace their lineage to ''William of Ipswich." A member of this branch served in the old French war, and afterwards was one of the first settlers of New Ipswich, New Hampshire, and was a member of the Committee of Safety organized at the outbreak of the Revolution. Mr. Adams was born March, 1800, at New Ipswich; his mother belonged to the Everett family. Early in life Mr. Adams removed to Keene, where he established himself in business, and married Louisa R. Redington of Walpole, N. H. Her mother was a Dana, whose father graduated from Harvard in 1767 and preached in Barre, Mass. Mr. Adams brought his son, George Everett Adams, then thirteen years old, with him to Chicago. Before coming West George went to school at the Academy doing chores and farm work as part of his education. He was a studious boy, fond of books, fond of the woods and streams and of hunting and fishing. His experience, tastes and habits of early life, were those of the average New Hampshire boy. Although he lived at his father's house in town, he had to take care of horses and cattle, and do farm work. His father was in easy circumstances, but thought that boys should learn to work with their hands, and he brought his boys up upon that principle ; he gave them every opportunity for education and the improvement of the mind, but did not neglect the educa- tion of their hands. In 1854 he was sent back to his old home in New Hampshire and placed at Phillips Exeter Academy for one term, and then entered Harvard College, from which institution he graduated in 1860. Mr. Adams decided tcTj study law, and on returning to Chicago he entered the law office of Scammon, McCagg and Fuller, one of the most prominent law firms in the city. In April, 1861, when the Civil War began, and Fort Sumpter fell, Mr. Adams and his brother enlisted in Battery A, Illinois Light Artillery. Upon leaving the service he became a teacher in the Chicago High School, studying law at the same time. In 1864 he entered Dane Law School of Harvard Uni- versity, graduating in 1865. He returned home to Chicago well equipped for the important affairs of a busy life in a great city ; he began the practice of law and continued this with success until the great fire in 1871. The rebuilding of Chicago opened up a new field for Mr. Adams. The care and improvement of real estate required and occupied his attention, and he has been devoting him- self largely to this business for more than twenty-eight years. It can be said that by heredity and environment Mr. Adams has a natural bent for literature and art ; he is fond of books, has read much and is well versed in the best literature of the world. He is a trustee of Newberry Library, and overseer of 294 295 Harvard College, 1892 to 1898, and 1898 to 1904. He is a ready speaker upon literary and political topics. In politics Mr. Adams has always been a Republican. When he was a school boy at Keene the political excitement concerning the slavery question in Kansas was at its height ; he saw a train load of Massachusetts emigrants go by on their way to Lawrence, Kansas. Many of these had Sharp's rifles. He became interested in the political issues of that period and his sympathies were for making Kansas a free State. His_fatherwasa \Yhig, and his grand- father was a Federalist, supporting the administration OfPresident Washington. In 1876. JoxJjieJrrst time^ Mr. Adams took an active part- in politics ; this was in connection with a town election ; it was^not ffisiritentinon to enter political life, but in 1880 his friends secured his^nomination as a Republican candidate for the State Senate. It was a Presidential year; Garfield and Arthur were the Republican candidates. Mr. Adams made a number of speeches in the canvass and was elected. This opened the way to a ten years' service as a legislator. In 1882 he was elected to the Congress of the United States from the Sixth District of Illinois, and was re-elected three terms successively, but was de- feated in 1890 during a great Democratic revival. In Congress Mr. Adams took high rank, and was well esteemed by his associates. He served on two of the most important committees of the House, the Judiciary Committee and the Com- mittee on Banking and Currency. Many important measures came before Con- gress during the term of his service, all of which received his careful considera- tion. Mr. Adams earnestly opposed the measures brought forward by the Democratic party for repealing Republican tariff legislation. He gave his voice and vote for the great tariff measure known as the "McKinley Bill." His ex- perience in Congress as a legislator, the knowledge he acquired while there of the practical operations of the executive departments, and the broad acquaint- ance made by him of prominent men throughout the country, together with his high sense of public duty and his great natural abilities, made his retirement from Congress an actual loss to the country. Mr. Adams is a member of the Unitarian Church, and has been since child- hood. In November, 1871, he married Adele Foster, daughter of John H. Foster, an early settler of Chicago. Mr. Foster and his wife, Nancy Smith Foster, came from New Hampshire, where their families had resided for one hundred and fifty years. Mr. Adams was born at Keene, New Hampshire, June 18, 1840, and is now a citizen of Chicago, Illinois. GEORGE ROYAL DAVIS. George R. Davis was bojrrj January 3, 1840, in the town of Three Rivers, near Palmer, JVIass. His father, Benjamin Davis, was descended from a pioneer family, and was raised at the town of Ware. He married Cordelia Buffington, a member of an old Quaker family of Connecticut. The father and mother of George, being well educated themselves, were anxious that he should have the advantages of a collegiate course. He .passed through the public schools, and was placed at Williston Seminary, East Hamp- ton, Mass., to prepare for college. He was a fine student, mastering his studies with ease, and graduated with honor from the seminary, with the intention of entering college. But this was not to be. The exciting events of the spring of 1861, aroused a martial spirit throughout the old Bay State, in which George R. Davis enthusiastically shared. He enlisted as a private in Company H, 8th Regiment, Mass. Infantry. He soon exhibited his capacity and tact for the leadership of men, and was promoted to the rank of captain; in that position he served with his company, with the i8th Army Corps, in North Carolina, until August, 1863; he resigned his commission in the infantry service, and re- turned home, where he raised a battery of light artillery. His capacity as a commanding officer had attracted attention, and he was tendered a commission as major of the 3d Regiment, Rhode Island Cavalry. He commanded this regi- ment until the close of the war in 1865, and was mustered out of the service with the rank of brevet colonel. As the result of his long and active service in 296 297 the volunteer forces, Col. Davis acquired a fondness for military life, and ac- cepted an appointment in the civil department of the regular army. He was .assigned to the Department of the Missouri, commanded by General Sheri- dan, and reported to that officer for duty. Colonel Davis remained with Gen- eral Sheridan for about four years. He accompanied General Sheridan in his Indian campaigns in 1868 and 1869, and traversed much of the western country, in pursuit of the Indians. He was present on the head waters of the Washita, when "Black Kettle" and his band were defeated and routed. When General Sheridan moved his headquarters to Chicago, in the latter part of 1869, Colonel Davis accompanied him, and remained at the general headquarters until May i, 1871. Colonel Davis resigned his position in connection with the regular army, settled permanently as a citizen of Chicago, and at once established a home for himself and his family. His first private business in the city of Chicago was that of general agent of the Massachusetts Mutual and the Hartford Life Insurance Companies. He held this position for some time, giving entire satisfaction to the companies. In the early seventies, he was active in the organization of the First Regiment, I. N. G., and was made colonel of that body. Colonel Davis soon had a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. His fine personal presence made him an attractive figure in any company. A man of agreeable manners and pleasant address, he soon became popular with all those with whom he came in contact. Always a Republican in politics, he identified himself with that party, and was soon accorded an important place in its councils. His capacity for organi- zation, the influence he exerted over men, his clear perception of the political issues, and his power as a public speaker, soon made him a recognized leader of the politics of Cook County. In 1878, Colonel Davis was nominated for and was elected to Congress from the 2d Congressional District of Illinois. He was re-elected for two successive terms, serving six years in the lower House of Congress. During that service he was assigned to the following committees: Invalid Pensions, Military Affairs, Mines and Mining, Education and Labor, and Commerce ; was a member of the Board of Examiners of the West Point Military Academy, and was selected by his colleagues as a member of the Republican Congressional Committee. The entrance of Colonel Davis into the Congress of the United States gave him an opportunity of broadening his career, which he naturally availed himself of. He made friends and acquaint- ances in every State of the Union, without reference to party ties. He was one of the best liked and most popular men in Congress during his six years of service. Space will not allow to give in detail the services of Colonel Davis while in Congress. It is proper x to state, however, that he was always watchful of the interests. of Chicago, and was mainly instrumental in securing a large appropriation for the improvement of the Chicago Harbor and in saving the Lake Front for the people of Chicago. In 1886, Colonel Davis was elected Treasurer of Cook County for a term of four years. He performed the duties of this office with ability, and at the close of his term, his accounts were promptly settled. Colonel Davis was a great believer in Chicago, and was ever anxious to labor to advance her interests. He had assisted in securing the assembling of national political conventions in the city, and believed that Chicago was the best fitted place for holding the Columbian Exposition, for which Congress had made provision. He entered heartily into the work of bringing the claims of Chicago for the Exposition before Congress. This campaign of Chicago in Washington was entrusted to Colonel Davis. The large acquaintance which he had made in Congress now stood him well in hand. Chicago was successful. Colonel Davis was chosen one of the Directors of the Chicago Board of Man- agement of the World's Columbian Exposition. When the National Board of Commissioners met in Chicago, in September, 1890, Colonel Davis was selected by that board as Director-General of the Exposition. In this position he ex- hibited the highest order of executive ability in the management of its affairs, and contributed largely to the success of that great enterprise. Colonel Davis established himself in successful private business, in manufacturing enterprises. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity, and for a number of years be- 298 ionged to Chicago Commandery 19, Knight Templars. He was also a mem- l)er of the Chicago, Union League, Washington Park, Fellowship and Illinois dubs. George R. Davis, in 1867, married Gertrude Schulin, of New Orleans, La. They have six children, two sons and four daughters. He died Nov. 25, 1899, -and was buried at Rose Hill, in Chicago. WILLIAM SIDNEY ELLIOTT, JR. William S. Elliott, Jr., is now in the full vigor of physical and intellectual manhood. As a lawyer he stands upon a level with the most able, successful, and distinguished attorneys of the State. This position has not been reached by accident nor by a sudden and unexpected flight. Entering the profession twenty years ago, earnest devotion to study, a rare aptitude for the profes- sion, and an extraordinary experience in practice before the courts, have made him a master of the law. Nature has been kind to Mr. Elliott ; physically he is a fine specimen of humanity; he possesses a constitution of iron; his facul- ties are always on the alert ; quick perception, unfailing memory, unerring judgment, and indomitable energy, with an extensive knowledge of human na- ture, have made his rise to his present position natural and inevitable. Mr. Elliott in the course of his practice has been engaged in more than seven thou- sand cases, he has conducted the defense in forty-five trials for murder, and has been employed on one side or the other of many of the most important and intricate cases ever decided in the courts of Illinois. Mr. Elliott did not begin the study of law in his youth ; after passing through the public and academical schools of Quincy^_Ill M he took employment in a banking house in that city, where he mastered the business of banking, from sweeping out the office to the duties of bookkeeper, teller, and assistant cashier ; after devoting three years and a half to this business he came to Chicago, and entered the insurance business ; but eleven years of active business life in Chicago failed to satisfy his ambitious nature. He sought a broader field for the development and ex- ercise of his intellectual forces. At thirty years of age, in 1879, Mr. Elliott decided to enter upon the study of law; he was fortunate in the friendship of two of the ablest lawyers at the Chicago bar, Luther Laflin Mills and Emery A. Storrs. Upon the advice and influence of the one, he entered the office of the other, and set himself the task of becoming a lawyer. Mr. Storrs soon recognized the fine business quali- fications, and the aptitude for the law of Mr. Elliott. Upon his admission to the bar, Mr. Storrs offered Mr. Elliott a partnership in his law business, which Mr. Storrs had conducted with such extraordinary ability as to give him a national fame. These two men, unlike in almost everything else except their agreement in politics, and their devotion to their profession, worked together harmoniously and successfully until their partnership was dissolved by the death -of Mr. Storrs. Continuing the practice of law after the death of Mr. Storrs, Mr. Elliott was appointed Assistant States Attorney under Judge Longenecker. He held this position for five years ; during this period he disposed of nearly six thousand cases. He prosecuted and brought to justice many noted criminals, and be- came a terror to evil doers in general. Upon retiring from the office of Assistant States Attorney, Mr. Elliott re- sumed his private practice, which has grown to be large and lucrative, and, as lias been seen, he has been called to the defense of more men accused of high crimes than almost any other lawyer in the State, and has been one of the most successful defenders. In the course of his practice, Mr. Elliott has secured the respect and friendship of the judges before whom he has practiced, and the good will of the lawyers with whom he has associated. Mr. Elliott has not neglected his duties as a citizen ; he has been identified with the Republican party from his early manhood ; he has never held an elec- tive office for himself, but has been an active worker for the success of the Republican party. He is thoroughly familiar with the principles, policies, and 299 history of parties. He is an able and accomplished political speaker, and has taken an active part in every National and State campaign during the past twenty years. While a man of eloquence and pleasing address, he speaks not simply to amuse but to instruct. He is always subject to the call of the party organization, has delivered many speeches to ward, city, county, State and other clubs, and is always in demand as a public speaker. Mr. Elliott was a candi- date for the nomination for States Attorney of Cook County before the Re- publican convention in the fall of 1884, and in the Republican City Convention of March 15, 1885, he received no votes out of 257 for the Republican nomi- nation for the office of City Attorney. Hempstead Washburne secured the other 147, and the nomination. A true estimate of a man's character cannot be formed by what he does in connection with his profession or in politics, for these really are subordinate to the home life, and the social life. Mr. Elliott has a delightful social side to his character ; he was one of the early promoters of the Apollo Music Club of Chicago; it owes its early success to his liberality and energy. He belongs to the Blue Lodge, Chapter, Council, and Commandery of the Masonic fra- ternity, is a member of the Royal League, the Royal Arcanum, the National Union, the Ancient Order of Foresters, and is a Noble of the Mystic Shrine ; he also belongs to the Illinois, Marquette, Hamilton, Lincoln, and Menoken Clubs, and to the Art Institute, and is an associate member of Columbia Post, G. A. R- He is an active member of the First Congregational Church of Chicago. Mr. Elliott has a delightful home, a fine library, and many beautiful works of art. His collection of portraits of distinguished men hanging in his office suggests his love of art. William S. Elliott, Jr., was born May i, 1849, at Niles, Michigan. He traces his lineage in a direct descent from John Eliot, of Massachusetts, the great missionary to the Indians, as follows : Joseph Eliot (2), Jared Eliot (3), Aaron Eliot (4), Samuel Smithson Eliot (5), William Worthington Elliott (6), William Sidney Elliott (7), William Sidney Elliott, Jr., (8). William Sidney Elliott, the father, was born January 18, 1813, in North Hampton, Montgomery County, New York. Six years later his parents re- moved to Balston Spa, Saratoga County, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. Young Elliott attended school in the winter, worked on his father's farm in the summer, and in 1833 taught school in Rochester. At an early date Mr. Elliott espoused the anti-slavery cause and was a delegate to the first anti-slavery convention held in New York State, which met at Utica in 1835. The opposi- tion to this assemblage was so great that the convention was dispersed. Garrett Smith, who was present at that meeting, expressed indignation at the action of the people, espoused the cause represented by the convention, and invited its members to meet in his city and at his house to finish their deliberations. The action of Mr. Elliott on this occasion showed that the anti-slavery blood of his ancestor, John Eliot, flowed in his veins. Mr. Elliott removed to Michi- gan, locating about a hundred miles east of Chicago, and never failed an op- portunity to aid a slave fleeing northward to gain his freedom. About 1857 Mr. Elliott removed to Quincy, Illinois, where he settled with his family. He was a strong supporter to the Union cause during the Civil War, and aided in equipping men of younger years for the great struggle. Mr. Elliott, in 1840, supported William Henry Harrison for President, and was an earnest Repub- lican in his latter years. He died in 1899, at the advanced age of eighty-se\ren, and was buried at Niles, Michigan. William S. Elliott, Jr., was married October 14, 1871, to Alinda Caroline Harris, daughter of James and Salome Harris, of Janesville, Wisconsin. Mrs. Elliott is a lady of refinement and culture, a prominent member of several so- cial, ethical, religious, and charitable organizations, among them the Arche Club, the Woman's West End Club, and the Chicago Culture Club. Their children are Lorenzo B. Elliott, a graduate of Kent College of Law, and post-graduate and Bachelor of Laws of Lake Forest University; Daniel Morse Elliott, a graduate of Kent College of Law ; Emery S. Elliott, Jessie Elliott and Birdie Leon Elliott. 300 Q 301 GEORGE B. SWIFT. Among the names of the representative men of Chicago who have been closely identified with its interests, and have assisted in .its marvelous growth,, and who, while building up a metropolis, have founded for themsedves repu- tations more enduring than iron or stone, will stand that of George B. Swift,. who, by force of native ability and steady perseverance, has raised himself to a position of wealth and honor. He comes from a State that has furnished to Illinois many of its most honored and valued citizens, his birth occurring in Cincinnati, Ohio, December 14, 1845. His parents, Samuel W. and Elizabeth (Bell) Swift, were natives of the Keystone State. During his youth young Swift attended the public schools at Galena, 111., and at Chicago. In 1865 he branched out for himself as a clerk, but later embarked in the manufacturing business under the firm name of Frazer, Swift & Company, which afterwards became George B. Swift & Company, then and now Frazer Lubricator Com- pany, now actively engaged in general contracting under corporate name of George B. Swift Company. Mr. Swift was first actively connected with the Republican party in the year 1879, when he was elected to the city council of Chicago from the Eleventh Ward. He has been twice elected Alderman. In 1887 he was appointed Com- missioner of Public Works for the city of Chicago and served in that capacity for two years. He was chosen Mayor pro tern of the city of Chicago in No- vember, 1893, and was elected Mayor in December, 1893, but was counted out. In the month of April, 1895, he was elected Mayor by 42,000 majority. Mr. Swift was one of the ablest and most popular Mayors the. city has perhaps ever had, and instituted many reforms while in office. He is always well poised, is a man of keen discrimination and stands high in the estimation of the pulbic. He has shown his appreciation of secret organizations by becoming a mem- ber of the Masonic Fraternity, Hesperia Blue Lodge, Washington Chapter and Chicago Commandery, all of Chicago. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias, Royal Arcanum and Royal League. He is a Methodist in his religious views. On the I2th of November, 1868, he was married to Miss Lucy L. Brown, of Chicago, whose parents were natives of New England. They have seven children, four sons and three daughters. ANDREW JACKSON KUYKENDALL. Major Andrew J. Kuykendall was born March 3, 1815, in Bloomfield Town- ship, Johnson County, Illinois. His grandfather with two brothers were poineer settlers in the British Colony of North Carolina. When the Revolu- tionary War broke out he served in the Continental Army, in the great struggle for independence. After the peace of 1783, Mr. Kuykendall, lured by the glow- ing accounts of Daniel Boone and other hunters and pioneers of North Caro- lina, who had visited Kentucky, he removed with his family to that territory and settled on a farm, where he raised a family of children ; one of these, Joseph Kuykendall, removed with his family from Kentucky to Illinois, early in the year 1815, where his son, Andrew J. Kuykendall, was born at the time and place above mentioned, being the youngest of three brothers. Maj. Kuykendall was born in Illinois while it was yet a territory. When he grew to be of school age the opportunities for education were very meager,, consequently, like Abraham Lincoln, his school experience was confined to a three months' term, but at home and at school he acquired the rudiments of an English education. In early life he took great interest in politics, and in l2^ was elected to the Illinois Legislature, and was re-elected several times to the lower house. He became a candidate for the State Senate in opposition to Hon. John Dougherty, who was a man of prominence, a lawyer of fine abil- ity, and an orator of great power. Maj. Kuykendall met Col. Dougherty in joint debate before the people, and was elected by a good majority. He was re-elected to the Senate, and gained a State reputation for his ability and wisdom as a legislator. 302 303 Maj. Kuykendall was a Democrat in politics. He supported Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency in 1860. He was a member of the Illinois Legis- lature in the spring of 1861, when the Civil War began, and President Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteers. Governor Yates by proclamation convened the Illinois Legislature in special session the latter part of April, 1861. Before leaving his home for Springfield, to attend that special session of the Legisla- ture, Senator Kuykendall called a meeting of the people of Johnson County at Vienna, the county seat. He delivered an address in which he declared himself in favor of the preservation of the Union, and of his determination when he arrived at Springfield to vote for men and money for the Union cause. This early declaration of the Senator exerted a great influence with his people, and during the whole of the great struggle for the Union his conduct was strictly on a line with the sentiments he first expressed. Upon the adjournment of the Illinois Legislature he returned to his home, and soon entered upon the work ,of assisting to raise a regiment of troops. This regiment became the 3ist Illinois Volunteers, with John A. Logan as Colonel, John C. While, of Williamson County, as Lieutenant-Colonel, and Andrew J. Kuykendall as Major. After serving some time as Major of said regiment, he resigned his commission in 1862. It is proper to state that Maj. Kuykendall studied law during the early part of his legislative career, was admitted to the bar, and became a successful practitioner of his profession, but, trained to farming in his early life, he never lost his taste for that avocation, and was a successful farmer and stock raiser. As the struggle of the Civil War proceeded, the conflict of political opinion in Southern Illinois upon the issues of the war became more and more intense, so in 1864 there was great discontent in the old I3th Congressional District at being represented in Congress by a man who was not in hearty sympathy with the prosecution of the war. A political convention was held in the dis- trict, and Maj. Kuykendall was selected as a candidate to represent the Union- Republican war sentiment of the people. Maj. Kuykendall made a spirited and able canvass before the people against his opponent, Hon. William J. Allen, and was elected to Congress by about 1,000 majority. This canvass was watched with great interest throughout the country, and the election of Maj. Kuyken- dall was regarded as a great political revolution in "Lower Egypt." Maj. Kuy- kendall served in the 39th Congress and gave earnest support to all necessary war measures. He was a member of the Masonic Order from the year 1850, was Master of the Vienna Lodge about 1856, and was Junior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1862. Maj. Kuykendall married Cynthia Simpson, August 16, 1836, a woman of excellent sense and judgment, of great kindness of heart and of continuing popularity with her neighbors ; Mrs. Kuykendall has always exerted a most admirable influence upon -her family and friends. As time rolled on Maj. Kuykendall retained the respect and friendship of his wide circle of acquaintances, and died, universally respected, May n, 1891. RALPH PLUMB. Many important and interesting items in the life of this distinguished citi- zen must of necessity be omitted from this volume. Having lived long past the alotted span of life and been very active in public affairs, an interesting volume could be written of the momentous events comprised in his eventful eighty years and over. He was born in Busti, Chautauqua County, New York, March 29, 1816. Four years later his parents moved to Hartford, Ohio, where he was educated and lived until he had attained the age of fourteen years, at which time necessity forced him to begin life on his own account. He worked first as a gardener and later in the store of Richard Hayes & Co., continuing until he had attained the age of majority. During this time he continued his studies with more or less assiduity. He entered into partnership with his old employer under the firm name of Hayes & Plumb, and the firm soon built up an extensive and profitable business. He was married to Marrilla E. Borden on 304 305 October 15, 1838. In 1866 Colonel Plumb was selected by a syndicate of moneyed men to go to Streator, Illinois, to purchase 4,000 acres of valuable coal land, and was required to live in that city, which was then nothing but the prim- itive prairie. He founded and laid out what is now the city and gave every street in the original plat its name. The property of the syndicate prospered greatly under his care and became very valuable. He built about 400 miles of railroad required to handle the coal output of the company, and in many other ways contributed immensely toward the building up of this section of the State. He became the first Mayor of Streator and held the office two terms and had no opposition. He became identified with the growth of the city and was prominent in every movement for the public good. He built at his own ex- pense and presented to the city one of the best high school buildings, fully equipped with all modern conveniences, at a cost of over $40,000. The opera house and the leading hotel bear his name. He may be called with propriety the "Father of Streator." Upon the outbreak of the rebellion he was appointed assistant quarter- master of division with the rank of captain on the staff of General Garfield, and on October 31, 1861, was breveted lieutenant-colonel of volunteers for faithful and meritorious services in his department. He participated in the campaign of Eastern Kentucky, operated in the Big Sandy Valley, participated in the capture of Paintville, Ky., and took part at Middle Creek and at Prestonsburg. He participated at Sounding Gap, Tenn., in the capture of Humphrey Marshall and the expulsion of his forces, in Buell's. movement on Pittsburg Landing, in the battle of Shiloh, in the attack on Beauregard's rear guard, in the siege of Corinth, in duty on the Charleston Railroad with headquarters at Huntsville, in the movements through Northern Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky, in the pursuit of Bragg's forces, in the Tennessee campaign of General Rosecrans, in the battle of Stone River, and from June, 1863, to November, 1865, was as- signed to duty as post quartermaster at Camp Denison, Ohio. He was honor- ably mustered out November n, 1865. His political life has been equally conspicuous. At the age of seventeen years, or in 1833, he joined the Abolitionists in their crusade against slavery. In 1839 he attended a convention of the American Anti-Slavery Society at Cleveland, Ohio, on which occasion a resolution was passed to form the Liberty party to attack slavery politically. The following year he polled his vote for the first Abolition candidate for the Presidency, James G. Birney, and four years later voted for the same candidate. In the spring of 1848 he attended the famous convention at Columbus, Ohio, when Salmon P. Chase secured the passage of a resolution declaring for "Free speech, free territories, and free men." This declaration was the foundation upon which was erected the Free Soil party of 1848 and upon which was nominated for the Presidency Martin Van Buren the following June. He supported Hale and Julian in 1852 and promptly and actively took part in the Fremont campaign of 1856. He has sup- ported every Republican candidate since that date. In 1854 he was a Free Soil member of the Legislature of Ohio. Near the close of Buchanan's admin- istration he, with a number of others, was indicted for assisting a fugitive to escape, and for 84 days was imprisoned in the jail at Cleveland, Ohio, an inci- dent that greatly aided in making Northern Ohio the noted stronghold of Re- publicanism that it is today. Upon his removal to Illinois he became very useful to the Republican party. He represented the 8th District in the 49th and Congresses. THOMAS JEFFERSON HENDERSON. Thomas J. Henderson, of Princeton, Bureau County, Illinois, was born November 29, 1824, in Brownsville, Haywood County, Tenn. His father, Wil- liam Hendricks Henderson, was born in Garrard County, Ky., November 16, 1793, removed to Stewart County, Tenn., in 1816, and afterwards to Haywood County, where, after the death of his first wife, he married Sarah Murphy How- ard, November 6, 1823, the mother of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Hen- 306 307 derson received a good English education, was well instructed in arithmetic, mathematics, and surveying. He was a good practical surveyor, and surveyed and platted the town of Brownsville, where his son, Thomas J., was born. He was the first Register of Deeds of Haywood County. He represented Hay- wood and other counties in the Senate of the State of Tennessee, receiving the largest vote cast for any candidate in the county of Haywood, where he lived. He resigned his seat in the Senate, emigrated to Illinois in 1836, and settled in Putnam County, on Indian Creek. Mr. Henderson was a Whig, and became prominent in the politics of Illinois. He was elected to the Illinois Legislature, and secured the passage of a law creating the county of Stark, and locating the county seat at Toulon. He represented the counties of Putnam, Bureau, Mar- shall and Stark in the Legislatures in 1838 and 1840, serving with Abraham Lincoln, John J. Hardin, Thomas Drummond, Lyman Trumbull, and other men who afterwards became distinguished. In 1842 he was the Whig candidate for Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois, on the ticket with Joseph Duncan. Mr. Hen- derson was a man of ability, a forcible public speaker, and of great popularity. His ancestors, who, it is believed, came from Scotland, settled in Hanover County, Virginia, at an early date- Mrs. Henderson was born in North Carolina, Sept. 15, 1804; her ancestors emigrated from England. She received the rudiments of an English educa- tion, was intelligent, well informed, highly respected, and exerted a good in- fluence upon her family and neighborhood. Mr. Henderson died January 27, 1864, and Mrs. Henderson died January 7, 1879. Thomas J. Henderson, at the age of five or six, was taught to spell and read ; he was placed at the Male Academy, Brownsville, Tenn., and was taught grammar, arithmetic, geography, and other studies, including Latin. He had mastered the Latin grammar when twelve years of age. After coming to Illinois he attended private schools for three terms, and he taught school three or four terms, continuing his own studies. His father removed to Iowa in 1845, an d ne entered the Iowa University, where he remained one term, de- livering the valedictory address at the commencement exercises. Young Hen- derson became a constant reader of history, literature, politics, and general news of the clay, at his father's house. In 1846 he returned to Illinois and settled at his old home. He took employment in a brick yard during the spring, clerked for merchants during the summer, and taught school at Toulon. In 1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court, was later elected Clerk of the County Court, was appointed Master in Chancery, in 1849, and Deputy Circuit Clerk in 1850. For several years he, had devoted his spare time to the study of law; in 1852 was admitted to the bar. In 1853 he opened a law office in Toulon. In 1854 Mr. Henderson was elected to the Illinois Legisla- ture as an Anti-Nebraska Whig, from the counties of Peoria and Stark ; was Chairman of the Committee on Counties, and a member of the Committee on Judiciary. He voted nine times for Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senate, and on the tenth ballot, upon the urgent request of Mr. Lincoln, voted for Hon. Lyman Trumbull, who was elected. Mr. Henderson has a number of interesting letters written by Mr. Lincoln upon the subject of his candidacy for the Senate. In 1856 Mr. Henderson was elected to the State Senate, and voted for Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senate against Stephen A. Douglas in 1859. In 1861 Governor Yates tendered Mr. Henderson a position on the Commission for Auditing Military Accounts. He qualified, but found the duties required too much of his time and resigned. In 1862 a number of companies of volunteers were raised in the counties of Henry and Stark, one of them by Mr. Henderson; the men elected him to be Colonel of the regiment. He was much surprised by this action, and was reluctant to assume the responsibility of commanding a regiment, as he had had no previous military experience, but he accepted the situation, was commissioned Colonel of the H2th Illinois Volunteers by Governor Yates, and was mustered into the United States service at Peoria, September 22, 1862. Col. Henderson v/as ordered to Kentucky. The regi- ment reached Covington, Ky., October n, was equipped at Cincinnati, and 308 309 assigned to a brigade; and on the i8th the brigade was ordered to Falmouth. While on the march Col. Henderson was detached, and assigned to guard a large supply train to Big Eagle, where General Gilmore was encamped. He conducted the train in safety, following General Gilmore's army to Georgetown, Ky., marching with the army thence to Lexington, where' he remained until the spring of 1863. General Henderson's military career was active and important ; his enter- prise, skill and courage soon attracted attention. In the spring of 1863 his regi- ment was mounted, and was kept constantly on the move. A detachment un- der Maj. Dow accompanied Gen. Sanders in his raid through the mountains of Kentucky to Knoxville. The entire regiment followed under Gen. Burnside in August, 1863. He was at Kingston? Athens, Post Oak Springs, Knoxville, Strawberry Plains, and many other places, commanding sometimes a brigade of cavalry and mounted infantry. In February, 1864, his regiment returning to Kentucky, was dismounted and again equipped as infantry. Col. Henderson com- manded for a time the post at Mt. Sterling. In April returned to Knoxville, thence by railroad to Cleveland, from there moved with a large ammunition and ambulance train to join Sherman's army at Tunnel Hill. Passed Catoosa Springs, May 10, and heard the opening guns of the Atlanta campaign at Buz- zard Roost; having turned over the train, on May n, was assigned to the ist Brigade, 3d Division, 23d Army Corps, commanded by Col. Riley. Three days later, at the Battle of Resaca, Col. Henderson received a gunshot wound through the right thigh; he was severely disabled, but returned to his command July 28. Soon after his return Generals Schofield and Cox organized a brigade for Col. Henderson. Comman'd composed of the H2th Illinois, 63d Indiana, i2Oth Indiana, i28th Indiana, and the 5th Tennessee Infantry. Gen. Henderson com- manded these troops until the close of the war. Gen. Henderson participated in all of the important movements of the 23d Army Corps, the campaign of Atlanta, and pursuit of Gen. Hood northward. When Sherman divided his army, the 23d Army Corps remained with Gen. Thomas. Henderson's brigade fought at Columbia, at Franklin, and at Nash- ville ; after the rout of Hood's army, Henderson's brigade went with the Army Corps to North Carolina, was with Gen. Schofield in the campaign against Fort Anderson, Wilmington, Kingston, and Goldsboro, where he joined Gen. Sher- man's army. Was at Raleigh, and was finally mustered out at Greensboro, North Carolina, June 21, 1865. Col. Henderson was "breveted Brigadier-General for gallant and meritori- ous services during the campaigns in Georgia and Tennessee, and especially in the battle of Franklin, Tennessee, November 30, 1864." This deserved recog- nition was recommended by Gen. Schofield in writing, and by Generals Schofield and Cox in person. Gen. Henderson was Presidential Elector in 1868 and voted for Grant and Wilson for President and Vice-President. In 1871 was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue of the 5th Illinois District ; held the office two years, collecting nine million dollars. In 1874 he was elected to Congress from the Bureau County District, and was re-elected nine successive times, serving twenty years in Congress. His acquaintances and friendships included the most distin- guished men of the United States, regardless of politics. He served on many important committees, Banking and Currency, Commerce, River and Harbors, of which he was Chairman in the 5ist Congress, and was Chairman of Military Affairs. Gen. Henderson was an influential and safe legislator. He opposed all measures intended to restore the old State banking system. He supported bills for improving the public credit, reducing taxation, and maintaining the pro- tective system. He advocated the building of the Hennepin Canal. Probably his most important legislative work was for improving the rivers, harbors and water ways of the country. Very few men have served the Nation so long, so faithfully, and with so much intelligence and success. Gen. Henderson belongs to the Masonic Fraternity, is a Templar, and has taken the Scottish Rite degrees except the 33d. He is not a member of any church organization ; his mother was a Methodist and led her son to believe in the Christian religion as the best hope of mankind. 310 Thomas J. Henderson was married March 29, 1849, at Wyoming, Illinois, to Henrietta Butler, daughter of Capt. -Henry and Rebecca G. Butler, natives of New Haven, Connecticut. Gen. and Mrs. Henderson have four children Ger- trude, wife of Charles J. Dunbar; Sarah Ella, wife of Chester M. Durley ; Mary, wife of John Farnsworth, and a son, Thomas B. Henderson. Gen. Henderson assisted actively in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. He was a delegate to the Bloomington Convention in 1856; aided in the nomination of Col. Bissell for Governor, and has taken an active part as a Republican in the politics of Illinois during the past forty-four years. JAMES S. MARTIN. General James S.. Martin, of Salem, Marion County, Illinois, was born August 19, 1826, in Estillville, now Gate City, Scott County, Virginia. His father, John S. Martin, was an early settler in Virginia ; he was a man of good education, great probity of character, and the fact that he served as County Clerk, Circuit Clerk, and Master in Chancery for about twenty years, is con- clusive proof of his ability and popularity. He married Malinda Morrison, who was born and raised in Sullivan County, Tennessee. She was the mother of General Martin. Mrs. Martin was a woman of strong mind and possessed a lovely character, and noted for her charities. Mr. and Mrs. Martin were slave holders, the wife possessing a number of slaves in her own right. Mrs. Mar- tin died in 1828, but before her death she emancipated her slaves, and their interests were afterwards looked after by her husband. Mr. Martin shared the opinions of his wife in regard to the subject of slavery; he also emancipated his slaves, and in the fall of 1844 removed from Virginia to Illinois and settled on a farm, seven miles north of Salem ; here his son James resided with him for three years. General Martin received his education in the common schools in his native town in Virginia, and at Emery and Henry College, Washington County, Vir- ginia. In the spring of 1847 General Martin enlisted in Company C, ist Regi- ment, Illinois Volunteers, for service in the Mexican War, and was elected third sergeant of his company. The regiment was mustered into service at Alton, Illinois, was transported to Ft. Leavenworth, and marched across the plains to Santa Fe. The regiment remained at that post until the war ended and peace was declared, when they returned home and were mustered out of the service at Alton. On the return trip from Santa Fe the company to which General Martin belonged held a meeting and nominated him for County Clerk of Marion Coun- ty, Illinois. Upon reaching home the people of the county ratified this nomi- nation, and he was duly elected at the polls. He held this office for twelve years, and was also appointed to the office of Master in Chancery, which he held for two terms. While holding these offices he studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar July 4, 1861, and formed a law partnership with B. F. Marshall and D. C. Jones, and opened an office in Salem. The country was then in the midst of the great Civil War. In the summer of 1862 James S. Martin decided that it. was his duty to participate in the great struggle for the preservation of the Union. He received the authority from Governor Yates to raise a regiment. Seven companies were enlisted in Marion County, one company in Clinton County, one company in Washington County, and one company in Clay County. He was elected Colonel of the regiment, which was mustered into the service of the United States as the I nth Illinois Volunteers, September 18, 1862, with 930 officers and men. The regiment was ordered from Salem to Cairo, thence they were ordered to report to General Davies at Columbus, Kentucky. On February 2, 1863, Colonel Martin was assigned to the command of the post of Columbus, by order of Brigadier-General Asboth. He held this com- mand, which included the command of the forces at Columbus, until April 18, 1863, when by order of Gen. Asboth he was assigned with his regiment to the command of the post at Paducah, Ky., relieving Col. Dougherty, of the 22d Illi- 311 nois Infantry, then in command. He remained at Paducah until Oct. 31, 1863, when he was ordered by Gen. Sherman to proceed to Florence, Ala. ; embarked on transports for Eastport, Miss., disembarked and took up line of march for Flor- ence, was ordered by Gen. G. M. Dodge, commanding i6th Corps, to join his command, and was temporarily assigned to 2cl Brigade, 2d Division ; went into winter quarters at Pulaski, Tenn. On March 16, 1864, he was ordered to report with his regiment to General Logan, commanding the I5th Army Corps, at Huntsvillc, Ala. General Martin served with the I5th Army Corps until the close of the war, and participated in its great marches and battles ; marched with Sherman from Atlanta to the Sea. He fought with his regiment in the battles of Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta, Jonesborough, Fort McCallister, and Bentonville. He commanded a brigade at the assault on Ft. McCallister, and received the surrender of the commander of the fort. He was breveted Brigadier General May 8, 1865, to take rank February 25, 1865; participated in the grand review at Washington City, and on May 30, 1865, was assigned to the command of a provisional division of the I5th Army Corps, consisting of veterans to be mustered out, and was discharged at Springfield, Illinios, June 27, 1865. President Johnson appointed General Martin First Lieutenant of the 24th U. S. Infantry to take rank July 24, 1866. This appointment was de- clined. On his return home General Martin did not resume the practice of law, but entered upon the business of banking. Prior to the war General Martin was a Democrat in politics, and had supported Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency in 1860. On his return home he found himself unable to affiliate with the Democratic organization which had opposed the war for the Union. He joined the Republican party, as did hosts of his neighbors and comrades, and in 1866 he was nominated and elected to the office of County Judge of Marion County, overcoming a Democratic majority of 600. In 1868 he was nominated as the Republican candidate for Congress against Hon. Samuel S. Marshall. The district was Democratic, arid Mr. Marshall was elected. Presi- dent Grant appointed General Martin Pension Agent for the district embracing Southern Illinois, in 1869. In 1872 he was nominated for Congress and was elected over Hon. Silas L. Bryan, father of Hon. William J. Bryan, later can- didate for President. In 1874 the district went Democratic and he was defeated for Congress by Hon. W. A. J. Sparks. Governor Cullom appointed General Martin Commissioner of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary September 4, 1879; he served in this position four years. It will be seen that General Martin has occupied a number of important positions ; he performed the duties of all of them with distinguished ability. In addition to these public official positions General Martin has been a conspicuous figure in connection with the politics of the State. He has attended all the Republican State Conventions of the State of Illinois, and in most of the conventions represented his county as a dele- gate. He served as a member of the Republican State Central Committee for about twenty years, and was Chairman of the State Central Committee during the canvass which resulted in the election of Governor Fifer. He was a dele- gate to the National Republican Convention in 1876, and voted for the nomina- tion of James G. Blaine for President. Gen. Martin was a member of the Grand Army of the Republic from its or- ganization and was elected Department Commander of the Department of Illi- nois at the State encampment held at Springfield in 1889, served the full term of the office, and relieved by the election of his successor at the State encamp- ment held at Quincy, in 1890. Gen. Martin was married in 1852 to Jane Elston, of Salem, 111. To them four children were born, three of whom are now living. Mrs. Martin died in 1889. He was again married in 1893 to Margaret Savage, of Ashland, Ky. One child has been born to them. His children reside at and near his home in Salem, 111. General Martin has a warm social side, and makes friends wherever he goes. In September, 1882, he and others organized the Southern Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Reunion Association, and he was elected commander, and has been successively elected commander ever since. This association holds annual re- 312 313 unions lasting several days, where are assembled thousands of old soldiers and their families. It is now the largest association of the kind in the West, and General Martin is the life and soul of the institution. JOHN CORSON SMITH. This self-made man and eminent soldier and public official, now residing in Chicago, Illinois, was born in Philadelphia, February 13, 1832. His early ed- ucation was extremely limited, as he was compelled to work in a cotton factory from his earliest childhood. His ancestors were distinguished soldiers and sail- ors in the British service under Wellington and Nelson. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder in Philadelphia, and upon at- taining his majority worked at C'ape May, Keyport, N. Y., and New York City. In 1854 he came to Chicago and began working at his trade as carpenter and builder. The cholera which visited Chicago in 1854 drove him to Galena, where he remained for twenty years, returning to Chicago in 1874, to take charge of the business of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company. While re- siding at Galena he constructed many of the substantial buildings and private residences of that city. In 1860 he was Assistant Superintendent of the Custom House and Post Office at Dubuque, Iowa. In 1862 he abandoned several large and important contracts which had kept him busy for many years, and enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Illinois Regiment. He was afterward com- missioned to raise a company, which he did, and was elected captain thereof, and his company became I, of the Ninety-sixth Regiment, Illinois Infantry Volun- teers. Upon the organization of the regiment he was elected Major. His first ser- vice was in the defense of Cincinnati, but in January, 1863, his regiment was or- dered to the relief of Rosecrans, participating in the second battle of Fort Don- aldson, and later was engaged with Van Dorn at Springhill, Triune and Franklin. He served on the staff of Generals Absalom Beard and James B. Steedman, fought at Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, and was complimented by Generals Steedman, Granger and Rosecrans for gal- lantry at Chickamauga, and was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel in recogni- tion of his services on the field. After the battle of Missionary Ridge, Colonel Smith was placed in command of his own regiment and the Fortieth Ohio Regi- ment on out-post duty at Nickajack Cove, Ga. He participated in the following movements and engagements : Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, New Hope Church, Dallas, Pumpkin Vine Creek, Pine Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain. While in command of a brigade in repelling a night attack at Kene- saw Mountain he was severely wounded. Though unfit for active duty, he again took the field in October, participating in the fight at Nashville, and serving upon several court martials and military commissions, and later returned to the command of his regiment. In February, 1865, he was breveted Colonel by President Lincoln for gallantry in action and soon thereafter was promoted to the full rank of Colonel, and in the following June was breveted Brigadier Gen- eral for meritorious service during the war. Since the war he has taken an active part in the Republican campaigns of the State. He first served as Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, then as special assessor for banks, legacies, etc-, one of the Centennial Com- missioners to the 1876 Philadelphia Exhibition, Chief Inspector of Grain of the City of Chicago, and State Treasurer. He was renominated for the State Treasury in 1882, and was the only one elected on the Republican ticket. As a matter of history, it should be stated that the General's popularity among the people alone saved him from defeat. It was during his first term as State Treasurer that the Treasury was robbed of $15,000, which he made good from his own private resources. In 1872-6 he was a delegate to the Republican Na- tional Conventions from the Galena district. In 1884 he was elected Lieuten- ant-Governor by a largely increased majority, and upon the conclusion of his term, retired with unusual honors to the quiet of private life. In all of these responsible positions General Smith has shown great integrity and great capacity. 314 315 He is one of the most prominent Masons in the United States, and has performed services of vast importance to that fraternity, as well as to the I. O. O. F., in each of which orders he has been a member for more than forty years. He was married in 1856 to Charlotte A. Gallagher, of Galena. They have been blessed with five children, of whom three sons and one daughter survive. His father, Robert Smith, at the age of fifty-six years enlisted in Company A, 3d Ken- tucky Infantry, served three months, three years, and veteranized in the reserve corps to the close of the war. His two brothers, both younger than himself, died in battle. One at Resaca as First Lieutenant of Company I, Ninety-sixth Regiment, and the other at Duck River, Tenn., as a private, aged eighteen years, in Company B, Seventh Ohio Cavalry. ROBERT BOAL. Dr. Robert Boal, of Lacon, Marshall county, 111., was born November 15, 1806. His father, Thomas Boal, married Elizabeth Creain, who was the mother of the subject of this sketch. Both parents died when Robert was quite young; they were of Scotch descent, having emigrated to this country at an early date. Dr. Boal in his youth came West. He was educated in the Cincinnati Literary College, and graduated from the Ohio .Medical College in 1828. He was fond of books, and took up the study of medicine with enthusiasm. He practiced medicine for some time in the city of Cincinnati. In 1834 he made a tour of central Illinois with a view of settling in the State. Two years later he removed with his family from Cincinnati to the town of Columbia, now Lacon. He resided at that place and practiced his profession for nearly thirty years, when he removed to Peoria in 1865. He was induced to make this change from the fact that during the Civil War he was stationed at Peoria in connection with the military service. He practiced his profession in the city of Peoria for twenty-seven years, when he retired, and removed to his old home at Lacon, where he now resides. In 1862 Dr. Boal was appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for the Fifth Congressional District of Illinois, composed of Henry, .Bureau, Knox, Peoria, Stark, Marshall and Putnam counties. He served in .this capacity till the end of the war in 1865. During thjs service Dr. Boal examined .about 5,000 volunteers and drafted men, a large majority of whom were mustered into the United States service, and fought for the preservation of the Union. Dr. Boal was one of the incorporators for the establishment of the Cottage Hospital of Peoria, and for some time was a director in that institution. He is a member of the American Medical Association, Illinois State Medical Society, Peoria City Medical Society, and honorary member of the North Central Medical Association. Dr. Boal was trained in the Presbyterian Church. At the age of thirty-five he changed his church relations and became a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, with which he has remained to the present time. It will be seen that Dr. Boal has been an earnest and active worker in his profession, but he did not confine his activities to the practice of medicine. He always took a profound interest in the politics of his country. In 1844 he was elected to the State Senate, and took an active part in securing the passage of a law for completing the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and also the law for the creation of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, 111. In 1854, when the anti-Nebraska sentiment swept over Illinois, Dr. Boal became a candidate for a seat in the Illinois House of Representatives upon that issue, and was elected. The session of that Legislature in 1855 was made memorable by the candidacy of Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senate. Dr. Boal voted for Mr. Lincoln as long as there was any hope of his election, and then, at the request of Mr. Lincoln, cast his vote for Hon. Lyman Trumbull, who was elected. In 1856 Dr. Boal was re-elected to the Legislature, and was chairman of the joint committee of the two houses appointed in 1855 to investi- gate the conditions of the Hospital for the Insane and the Blind and Deaf and Dumb Institutions at Jacksonville. A most careful and intelligent investigation was made of these institutions and of the manner in which they had been con- 316 317 ducted. It was found that considerable ill feeling and controversy existed between the trustees of these institutions, most of whom were citizens of Jack- sonville. The report of the committee was approved by the Legislature, and a law was passed for the better government of those institutions, an important feature being that the trustees should be appointed from different counties in the State. In 1857 Dr. Boal was appointed by Governor Bissell, trustee of the Deaf and Dumb Institution; he held this position for seventeen years. The last five years he was president .of the Board. He was successively reappointed by Governors Yates, Palmer, Oglesby and Beveridge. The Doctor performed the duties of this position with marked ability. Dr. Boal was a delegate from Marshall county, in 1856, to the Bloomington Convention, which organized the Republican party of Illinois and nominated William H. Bissell as a candidate for Governor. In 1860 he was an alternate delegate to the Republican National Convention at Chicago, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President. The Doctor has been an earnest supporter of the Republican cause since the organization of the party. Dr. Robert Boal was married at Reading, Ohio, May 12, 1831, to Christiana Walker Sinclair; she was of Scotch descent, of excellent family, and a woman of education, intelligence and refinement. Their family consisted of two sons and a daughter. The eldest, Charles T. Boal, has been for many years and is now a citizen of Chicago. The younger son, James Sinclair Boal, died in Chicago after serving ten years as Assistant United States District Attorney under District Attornies Bangs, Leak and Ewing. His only daughter, Mrs. Clara B. Fort, widow of Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General Greenbury L. Fort, resides at Lacon, 111., and is the mother of Captain Robert B. Fort, of the Spanish War, who is now State Senator from the Marshall County District. THOMAS BERRY NEEDLES. Thomas B. Needles of Nashville, 111., is one of the best-known citizens of the State. He was born April 25, 1835, near Waterloo, Monroe county. His father, James B. Needles, was a native of Delaware, and married Lumima Tal- bott of Virginia. Mr. Needles was Sheriff of Monroe county for a number of years, taught school, and was engaged in the mercantile business. Resided for a time at Richview, 111.--" In 1858 he removed to Keokuk, Iowa, but returned to Illinois some time later, and settled at Richview, Washington county. Mr. Needles was educated in the common schools of the country, and by private tutors in the classics and higher branches of mathematics, remaining continu- ously in school until he was eighteen years of age. He assisted his father in the mercantile business, and thoroughly qualified himself for the active affairs of life. Mr. Needles married Sarah L. Bliss, December 18, 1860. Mrs. Needles belonged to an Ohio family of prominence, her mother being a cousin of James A. Garfield, late President of the United States. After his marriage Mr. Needles removed to Nashville, Washington county, 111., his present residence, where he went into the mercantile business on his own account. He has continued up to the present time in active and successful business in the town of Nashville. In 1861 Mr. Needles was nominated on the Republican ticket in Washington county for the office of County Clerk, and was elected by a majority of over 300 votes. This was a complete revolution in the politics of the county; at the election in 1860 the Democrats had a majority of 800. Mr. Needles was four times elected to the office of County Clerk, holding that position as a Republican for sixteen years. In 1876 his popularity through- out the State was such that he was nominated by the Republican State Conven- tion for Auditor of Public Accounts, was elected and held the office for four years, performing its duties with great ability. In 1880 Mr. Needles was elected to the Illinois State Senate from his (the Forty-second Senatorial) District, which had been Democratic, but he overcame the majority, serving in the Senate four years. He was chairman of the Senate Committee on Revenues. In 1884 Mr. Needles was nominated as the Republican candidate for Congress in the old Eighteenth District ; his Democratic competitor was Hon. William R. Morrison, 318 a man of great popularity. After an active campaign the District went Demo- cratic, and although Mr. Needles received a larger vote in the District than the Blaine and Logan electors, he was defeated for the first and only time in his life before the people. In 1889 Mr. Needles was appointed by President Harrison United States Marshal for the Indian Territory and Oklahoma, he being the first United States Marshal appointed for that territory. He served during President Harrison's administation, and had charge of the opening of Oklahoma Territory for settle- ment. In 1894 Mr. Needles was nominated and elected as a Republican from the Washington County District to the House of Representatives of the Thirty- ninth General Assembly of Illinois, and was re-elected to the same position in 1896. During his service in the Legislature he was chairman of the Committee on Appropriations, this being the leading committee of the House. In 1897 Mr. Needles was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians, ex-Senator Dawes of Massachusetts having been appointed chairman of the commission; it is commonly known as the "Dawes Commission," its duties being to determine the citizenship of the Indians, alot their lands in severalty and make treaties with the different tribes, etc., which position M'r. Needles now holds. Mr. Needles has taken an active part during the last thirty years in the politics .of the state ; he has been a delegate to almost every Republican State Convention, and has several times been a member of the Republican State Central Committee. He has been engaged in various private and personal enterprises, and prominently connected with all public enterprises in his town and county. He was the first president of the Centralia & Chester Railroad Company ; has been dn the banking business for many years at Nashville, and is now president of the Washington County Bank. Mr. Needles belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, was Grand Master in 1870, Grand Representative to the Grand Lodge of the United States for four terms, and has been Grand Treasurer during the past fifteen years. He belongs tOJthe Masonic Fraternity and is a Knight Templar. In every avenue of life Mr. Needles has shown himself to be a man of ability and enterprise ; a man of fine social qualities, making friends wherever he goes. He is five- feet five inches in height, weighs about one hundred and seventy pounds, and enjoys robust health. Mr. and Mrs. Needles have two children, the eldest Jessie, the wife of Frank S. Genung, of Evansville, Ind. ; the youngest Winnefred Needles. ,, It is proper to state^that Mr. Needles supported Stephen A. Douglas in 1860; when the Civil War broke out he allied himself with the friends of Lin- coln's administration, and has been a staunch Republican from that time to the present. ABNER C. HARDING. This eminent soldier and professional man was a native of Connecticut, his birth occurring at East Hampton on the loth of February, 1807, but at the age of two years he was taken by his parents to New York State, and was educated in the schools of Herkimer county, where he chopped cord wood for his first geography. He was given unusual advantages for that day, and after complet- ing his career in the common schools he entered Hamilton College of that State and after four years of hard study was graduated with distinction. In early life he was adventurous and managed to see life in many phases. While yet a boy he served as an operative in a wool-carding factory, and when only fifteen years old he took the usual examination for school teaching and successfully passed and began a short career as a pedagogue. Despite his age he managed to control the large boys and was successful. In 1821, when but fourteen years of age, he enlisted as a midshipman in the United States Navy, but was rejected upon examination because his stature was not up to the requirements of that branch of the service. He continued to teach for several years, and during the vacations engaged in various other pursuits to swell his income. He mounted one of the old-time stages and for a season cracked his whip along one of the 320 7 New York thoroughfares. He also secured a stock of tinware and for some lime peddled the same in different parts of his county. Having made up his mind to study and practice law, he devoted himself to his books, beginning in 1826 and continuing with some interregnums for several years. He continued the study after his removal to Pennsylvania, in 1828, under the direction of a Mr. Ruger, and late in that year was admitted to the bar of that State. He began to practice law, and from the start was successful. He possessed many of the qualities absolutely necessary for the successful practice of that difficult profession. Soon his power at the bar brought him fame as well as affluence. His strength as a public speaker and his splendid social qualities brought him prominently before his fellow-citizens for political preferment, and accordingly he was elected to the Constitutional Convention called to frame a new organic law for the State late in the decade of the thirties. In June, 1838, Mr. Harding came west to Monmouth, 111., and there con- tinued his practice. He took active and prominent part in the campaigns of the Whig party, of which he was an enthusiastic member, exerting wide influ- ence. Late in the forties he became interested in railroad building and assisted in building that part of the C, B. & Q. road between Peoria and Burlington. In 1848 he was elected as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. His prominence in politics led to his election to the State Legislature in 1848-50, of which body he was one of the most influential members. In 1851, his eyesight failing him, he relinquished the practice of law and became actively engaged in railroad building, constructing what was then known as the Peoria & Oquawka railroad, in conjunction with Chauncey Harding and Judge Ivory Quinby. Later the route was changed and the road was built from Burlington to Knox- ville. In 1862 he enlisted in the Eighty-third Illinois Infantry, and upon the organization was elected Colonel. He served with unusual distinction, and in March, 1863, was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers, continuing to serve with the highest honor and distinction. In 1864 he was brought forward by the Republicans as a candidate for Congress, was easily elected and represented his district in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, and was placed upon several of the most important committees. His work as a member of Congress during that most important era still further enhanced his reputation as an able and pure-minded patriot and statesman. He secured in his own name the charter to build a bridge over the Mississippi river at Bur- lington, Iowa, and later sold the same to the C., B. & Q. Railroad Company. He was twice married, first to Mrs. Rebecca L. Beyers, who bore him two children, George F. and Mary R. She died in 1833, and two years later he married Miss Susan Ickes, daughter of Dr. Jonas Ickes, a man of much promi- nence and ability in the Keystone State, whose ancestors came to the State with William Penn. In May, 1871, his health having failed, General Harding went to Europe, but returned in August. He died July 19, 1874, leaving an estate valued at more than one million dollars. GREEN BERRY RAUM. Green B. Raum was born December 3, 1829, at Golconda, 111. His father, John Raum, was born at Hummelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793; was well educated, served three years in the Sixteenth United States Infantry as First Lieutenant during the War of 1812; came to Illinois in 1823, lived three years at Shawnee- town, removed to Golconda, served as Major in Black Hawk War; was State Senator in 1833; in 1835 was appointed clerk of the Circuit Court; was elected Clerk of County Court ; held both offices many years, and was Clerk of County Court when he died, March 14, 1869. The original orthography of the name was Rahm; Conrad Rahm, the grandfather of John Raum, emigrated from Alsace, landed at Philadelphia April, 1742; settled at Hummelstown; married Miss Wolfley, reared a large family ; his son Melchoir married Mary King ; they "had a family of twelve children, John being the second. Melchoir Raum died in 1828 and was buried at Harrisburg; was a man of popularity and influence; "he was an elector on the Jackson ticket for President at the time of his death. 321 John Raum married Juliet C. Field, March 22, 1827, at Golconda. She was born December 17, 1810, in Bourbon county, Kentucky; her father, Green B. Field, a native of Indiana, served in the War of 1812 as a Lieutenant, settled in Illinois in 1817, laid out the town of Golconda, served in the first Legislature of the State of Illinois. Green B. Field married Mary E. Cogswell, daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, born in Connecticut, served as surgeon in the Revolu- tionary War, married Francis Mitchell of Virginia and emigrated to Kentucky, where he raised a large family. John and Juliet C. Raum had several children ; all died young except the subject of this sketch and his brother, John Melchoir Raum, late Major of the One Hundred and Twentieth Illinois Volunteers. Green B. Raum attended the common schools. He was taught algebra and Latin by a tutor. The family library contained standard historical and literary works. The family kept pace with current events by reading the National Intel- ligencer, Globe, Saturday Evening Post, Godey's Lady's Book and Littell's Living Age. Green B. was taught to work on the farm and in his father's office. He was in a store for a time, and he went three times to New Orleans on flatboats with produce. When he came of age he began to study law with Hon. Wesley Sloan, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. He settled at Harris- burg in 1857; his law practice grew, it extended into several counties, and became equal to that of any lawyer in southern Illinois. He was a Democrat in politics ; was secretary of the convention which first nominated General John A. Logan for Congress, and was Assistant Clerk of the House of Representa- tives of Illinois in 1859. During that session he prepared a bill to "Reform the Probate System," which became a law. He was a delegate to the Democratic State Convention of 1860, and an alternate to the Democratic National Conven- tion of 1860, supporting Senator Douglas. By agreement of counsel he held the Franklin Circuit Court to enable Judge Allen to attend the Democratic National Convention at Charlestown, S. C. When Fort Sumpter was fired upon he made, at Metropolis, the first war speech in southern Illinois urging the people to stand by the Union and support Abraham Lincoln's administration. He made many speeches to stimulate vol- unteering. He assisted in raising the Fifty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and was commissioned Major. He was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Col- onel, August 31, 1862. He was at the siege of Corinth, and in the movements in northern Mississippi in 1862 under Rosecrans ; was at the battle of Corinth October 3d and 4th ; led a successful bayonet charge which broke the Confed- erate line and retook a battery; was in the winter campaign of 1862 under General Grant ; was in the campaign against Vicksburg ; went down Yazoo Pass ; occupied Grand Gulf and established the base of supplies. Was in the assault on Vicksburg, May 22d ; assigned to command of brigade during siege. After surrender of Vicksburg, went with Fifteenth Army Corps under Sherman to Memphis and marched to relief of Chattanooga; in battle of Missionary Ridge his brigade sustained heavy loss, and he was severely wounded in left thigh. In the fall of 1863, while at home on leave of absence, he addressed meetings approving emancipation and the arming of negroes. He advised all Union men to stand together politically. He favored re-election of Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Recovered from wound sufficiently to rejoin command February 15, 1864. At Huntsville, the Third Division, Fifteenth Army Corps, to which his brigade belonged, was assigned to the defense of the railroad in the rear of Sherman's army; his headquarters were at Resaca; he discovered General Wheeler's cav- alry raid, and caused a concentration of troops for his defeat. Was assigned to command the Division in October, 1864, headquarters at Cartersville. When General Hood made his great northern movement General Raum furnished the transportation and caused General' Corse to reinforce Altoona against the attack of General French. He reinforced Resaca at night, October 12, and held it against General Hood's army; was breveted Brigadier-General in 1864; was on the March to the Sea, and the siege and capture of Savannah; was commis- sioned Brigadier-General and assigned to command in the Shenandoah Valley tinder General Hancock. General Raum resigned at the close of the war and resumed the practice of law the next day after returning home. 322 He was elected to Congress as a Republican in the Cairo District in 1866, after an exciting contest with Hon. W. J. Allen, now United States District Judge. While in Congress he voted for the Reconstruction laws, for the Fif- teenth Amendment to the Constitution, for the purchase of Alaska and for the impeachment of President Johnson. He projected the Cairo & Vincennes railroad and prepared the charter which was passed by the Legislature in 1867. He was made president of the company, secured over a million dollars local subscription, and finally secured the construction of the road. In 18/6 he was appointed Commissioner of Internal Revenue by President Grant, and held the office for seven years, serving under Presidents Hayes, Gar- field and Arthur. He superintended the collection of $850,000,000 and the disbursement of $35,000,000 without the loss of a dollar by defalcation. He then opened a law office in Washington City, and had a large clientage for six years. He was appointed Commissioner of Pensions by President Harrison, and held that office for three and a half years. It is a tradition in both of the Bureaus that General Raum became thoroughly familiar with every detail of administration inside and outside of those offices. His faculty for organization and administration were highly beneficial to both Bureaus. General Raum is a Republican in politics ; he believes in the principles of the party, and is proud of its achievements. He believes in political organiza- tion. He believes that the Republican party can and will give better laws and better administration in National, State and Municipal governments than its old Democratic antagonist. General Raum has been a delegate to eight or ten State Conventions ; was president of the Conventions of 1866 and 1880, and temporary chairman of the Convention of 1876; he was usually on the Com- mittee on Resolutions. In 1874, with eight other members of the committee, he prevented the passage of a greenback platform, holding the party to the doctrine of the resumption of specie payments. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1880, supporting Mr. Elaine in the one and General Grant in the other. General Raum has taken part in every Presidential campaign since the Civil War; he has made political speeches in eleven States ; a number of his speeches have been printed for circulation. He has written numerous articles for magazines, and is the author of "The Existing Conflict Between Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy." On October 16, 1861, Green B. Raum was married to Maria Field, whose father, Daniel Field, was a native of Jefferson county, Kentucky, who married Elizabeth Dailey of Charleston, Indiana. Mr. Field was an early settler at Golconda, where he raised a large family and successfully engaged in merchan- dising, farming and stock raising. General and Mrs. Raum have a family of eight children. RICHARD YATES, JR. Hon. Richard Yates was born in Jacksonville, December i2th, 1860. His birth coincides very closely with that of the Republican party; Lincoln having been elected as the first Republican president in November, 1860. Though comparatively young in years, Mr. Yates is old in experience. The days of his childhood were epoch-making days, and he not only lived in them, but was brought into daily contact with the men who were most active and powerful in shaping events. His father was Governor of Illinois during the four years in which "the big wars that make ambition virtue" were waged, and he earned and has maintained, and as long as history is written and read will maintain a place in the galaxy of "great War Governors." In 1873, the year of his father's death, Richard Yates entered Illinois College, now the University of Illinois, and graduated in 1880, just forty-five years later than his father, who was one of the graduates of this famous seat of learning. In 1879 ne represented his college in the oratorical contest at Champaign, in which the picked men of ten colleges participated. He was awarded first prize, and thereby gained the additional honor of representing all Illinois colleges at the Inter-State Oratorical contest held at Oberlin, Ohio, 1880, where he won the second prize. Mr. Yates then 323 entered the law school of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, graduated in 1884, and the same year was admitted to practice in the courts of Michigan and Illinois. He was admitted to the United States Circuit Court in 1892 and the Federal Supreme Court in 1897. His practice, in the main, has been confined to his native county, though he is favorably known to the lawyers and real estate owners of Chicago and Cook county. In 1888 Mr. Yates married Ellen Wadsworth, also a native of Jacksonville. Mrs. Yates comes of thorough American stock ; her grandfather, Gen. John Wadsworth, having served in the war of 1812, and her great-grandfather in the War of the Revolution. Mr. Yates has been an active member of the Masonic Order, Knights of Pythias, and Modern Woodmen. He served five years in Company I, Fifth Regiment. I. N. G. From 1881 to 1883, he was city editor of the Jacksonville Journal, and gained that insight into human motives and man- ners which is nowhere so fully or so picturesquely visible as in a newspaper office. In his I3th year Mr. Yates joined the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is now a member of Grace Church, Jacksonville. He has also been engaged in Y. M. C. A. work. In 1885 Mr. Yates was vice-president of the Jacksonville branch of this association, while William Jennings Bryan was president. Mr. Bryan graduated from the Illinois College one year later than Mr. Yates. They were fellow-students, and up to 1890 fellow-practitioners at the Jacksonville bar. In 1881 Mr. Yates made his first Memorial Day and Fourth of July ad- dresses. Since then he has spoken on all these occasions, and was a favorite speaker at a great many reunions of the G. A. R. He is a forcible speaker upon social, legal, and political topics. In each of the nine state and four National campaigns between 1881 and 1900, Mr. Yates has been one of the speakers selected by the State Central Committee of Illinois, and in 1896 he was sent by the National Committee to Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio and Ken- tucky. He was chairman of the Jacksonville City Committee in 1883; the Blaine & Logan Club of Morgan County in 1884; the Congressional Committee in 1888; the County Committee in 1890, and the Judicial Committee in 1891. In each of these campaigns the most thorough Republican organization was effected, house-to-house canvasses being vigorously carried on, campaign litera- ture and circulars being systematically resorted to. In 1894, Mr. Yates was elected County Judge of Morgan County, by a majority of 540. His prede- cessor, a Democrat, had been elected by a majority of 1,400. Previous to this campaign, Mr. Yates had been a candidate before the people only twice. He was City Attorney of Jacksonville from 1885 to 1891, having been appointed in 1885 and elected in 1887 and 1889, by good majorities. In 1892 he made a hard fight for the Republican nomination for Congressman-at-large, and obtained the nomination. In the Democratic landslide of that year, however, he was defeated, although he ran ahead of President Benjamin Harrison at the polls. In 1897 he was appointed by President McKinley United States Collector of Internal Revenue for the Central Illinois District, comprising forty counties. His a3 : ministration of the offices of City Attorney, County Judge and collector has been satisfactory to his constituents. In 1886 and again in 1890 he declined the Republican nomination for minority representative in the Legislature. Judge Yates is young in years, but old in memory. He saw and felt the agony of the war. He heard alike its paeans of victory and its dirges of defeat. He saw the triumphant return of the regiments in 1865. He saw Jefferson Davis a prisoner at Fortress Monroe in 1867. His childish eyes beheld with adoring wonder the matchless glory of Lincoln and Grant. In his youth he observed and studied and revered the development of Logan and of Garfield. In his maturity he was a co-worker with all the famous Republican leaders of the State and Nation. He has had a part in all that has happened between Lincoln and McKinley. He has the seasoned energy of a veteran, with the impetuous valor of a recruit. In 1900 Judge Yates was nominated by the Republicans as their candidate for Governor. He conducted his campaign for the nomination in so manly and prudent a manner, that he retained the sincere friendship of all his opponents and had their ardent support for Governor. 324 325 CHARLES ALLING. Charles Ailing, Alderman of the Third Ward, Chicago, was first elected to that office on the Republican ticket, in April, 1897, as the successor of Hon. Noble B. Judah. At the end of that term his constituents showed their appre- ciation of his services by not nominating a candidate against him, and he was unanimously re-elected on the Republican ticket to succeed himself in April, 1899. The Municipal Voters' League made this report of his aldermanic career : "Charles Ailing, lawyer; resides at 3167 Groveland avenue; elected to Council in 1897; record excellent; has been an active member of many special commit- tees appointed by the Mayor. By forcefulness and ability has done much to secure defeat of bad legislation and the enactment of good measures. His re-election very important to public interests." This was the strongest endorse- ment given to any candidate by the League. During his first term Mr. Ailing was appointed to represent the South Side on the Educational Commission of eleven members, and during a year's stuHy of the educational system of Chicago and other large cities gained a broad knowledge of educational affairs, which has been valuable to him in his subse- quent work as a city official. He secured the first appropriation ever made in Chicago by the City Council to establish play grounds in school yards during the summer vacation, $1,000 having been voted by the City Council for this purpose at his solicitation in 1898. During his second term Alderman Ailing has been a member of the Finance and Judiciary Committees, the two most important standing committees in the City Council. He is one of the most influential members of each of these committees, and has gained a broad knowl- edge of the resources of Chicago and of the municipal legislation which it needs. In December, 1899, he was appointed a member of the Small Park Commission, one of the most important special committees ever appointed by direction of the City Council. He is greatly interested in the extension of the boulevard, public bath and park systems of Chicago. Mr. Ailing has become considerably interested in the proposed union of the city and county governments, and is chairman of the* special Governmental Commission appointed for the purpose of recommending desirable changes in the city charter. Charles Ailing was born at Madison, Indiana, on December 13, 1865. He graduated from Hanover College, six miles below Madison on the Ohio river (between Cincinnati andTLouisville), in 1885. He taught school one year and then graduated, after a two years' course in the law department of the University of Michigan, in 1888. He came to Chicago at once, where he has been en- gaged in the general practice of law ever since. He was a contributor to the American and English Encyclopaedia of Law. Mr. Ailing is a member of the Hamilton Club, Chicago Chapter 127, Royal Arch Masons, the Independent Order of Foresters and the Royal League. He attends the First Presbyterian Church at Indiana avenue and Twenty-first street, and has been a director in the South Central District of the Bureau of Asso- ciated Charities for the last three years. CHARLES H. ALDRICH. Charles H. Aldrich is of English ancestry. His forefathers came to Amer- ica at an early date and settled in Vermont. Hamilton M. Aldrich, the father, and Harriet Sherwood, the mother of the subject of this sketch, were married in the State of Indiana, where Charles H. Aldrich was born, at La Grange, August 26, 1850, on his father's farm, where he was brought up, and learned the business of farming. He attended the common school of his neighborhood, entered the Seminary at Orland, Steuben county, Indiana, to which place his parents had moved for the purpose of giving their children a better opportunity of obtaining their education. From the Seminary young Aldrich passed to the High School at Coldwater, Mich., and later at Ann Arbor, Mich., where he was prepared for college. He entered Michigan University and graduated with high honor in the class of 326 327 1875 ', the degree of M. A. was afterwards conferred upon him by .his Alma Mater for distinguished services. After leaving college Mr. Aldrich opened a law office at Fort Wayne, Ind., where he immediately entered upon a successful career as a practitioner, which continued until his removal to Chicago in 1886, where he at once took a high rank at the bar. He gained a national reputation by the vigorous manner in which he presented the claims of the United States against the Southern Pacific railroad, and later by his victory over the Union Pacific railroad and the Western Union Telegraph Company in the suits between those corporations and the United States. Mr. Aldrich was invited to accept the office of Solicitor-General of the United States, and filled that, office with great ability. Upon retiring from his office in Washington, Mr. Aldrich resumed the practice of law in Chicago, and at once became one of the leaders of the Chicago bar, and has been engaged in many of the most important controversies and litigations arising since that time. Mr. Aldrich has been president of the Chicago Law Club and a trustee of the Chicago Law Institute ; is a member of the Union League Club, and has been vice-president and member of the committee on political action of that club. Charles H. Aldrich was married October 13, 1875, to Miss Helen Roberts of Indiana. They have a family of one son and two daughters, and a wide circle of friends. Mrs. Aldrich is a woman of fine social qualities, is highly cultivated, and a fitting companion for the encouragement of her husband in his intellectual pursuits. SAMUEL WATERS ALLERTON. Samuel Waters Allerton is one of the best-known citizens of Chicago, and is one of its most successful and prosperous business men. He has been for many years, and is now, engaged in a number of business enterprises. Most of them are conducted upon a large scale, requiring a great amount of attention and business sagacity; they all receive Mr. Allerton's care. As a business machine, Mr. Allerton has immense capacity and power; he is a great money- maker, and yet, amidst all his financial operations, he does not neglect his political duties as a citizen nor the claims upon him as a man of society. It may be said that Mr. Allerton is a true product of Chicago, but it may be more proper to say, by reversing the statement, that Chicago is the true product of such men as Samuel W. Allerton. Mr. Allerton is a lineal descendant of Isaac Allerton, who came over in the Mayflower, and whose name appears as the fifth signature in the ''Compact" for the Organization of Civil Government, signed November u, 1620, by the Pilgrim Fathers. Isaac Allerton (i) was at the time he emigrated to America, the head of a family; his son Isaac (2) was born at Plymouth, Mass., in 1630; his son Isaac (3) was born January n, 1655, at New Haven; his son John (4) was born at the same place about 1685 ; his son Isaac (5) was born at Norwich, Conn., August 16, 1725; his son Reuben (6) was born December 25, 1753, at Canter- bury, Conn., and was a physician ; his son Samuel W. (7) was born December 5, 1785, at Amenia, Duchess county, N. Y., and was the father of Samuel W. Allerton (8), the subject of this sketch. Samuel W. Allerton, Sr., was a man of education and enterprise. His father being a physician, he also studied for that profession, but decided to learn a trade. He was a merchant tailor, and had a country store. He, with others, erected a woolen factory in 1828, which bid fair to become a paying institution, but the low tariff of 1833 threw open the American markets to foreign manu- facturers, and this enterprise, like thousands of others, failed. This disaster, and the hard times which followed the tariff legislation, broke Mr. Allerton's fortune and left him a poor man; but he retained his energy and perseverance. He was Deputy Sheriff of Duchess county for three years. In 1848 he bought a farm in Wayne county, his son, Samuel contributing largely to this result by his industry and economy. Mr. Allerton lived upon this farm during the balance of his life; he died at the mature age of ninety-nine, August 10, 1885. Mr. Allerton was a man of great force of character and sterling integrity, and exerted a powerful influence for good upon his children. 328 329 Samuel Waters Allerton is the youngest of nine children. At fourteen years of age he removed with his father to Yates county, where the family engaged in the business of farming. He and his brother Henry conducted the business on joint account, first upon rented land, and- afterward upon a farm of their own. They were successful from the start, and accumulated consid- erable money. Samuel decided to quit farming and devote himself to trade, so he and his brother made a division of their property, Samuel taking his proportion in cash. His first important operation was the purchase of one hundred head of cattle for the New York market. He lost $700 in this deal and was very much discouraged ; but his uncle urged him not to lose his courage, stating that, "if you make money, you must sometimes lose it." Some time afterward he made another large purchase of cattle at Dunkirk, at a time when there was an inter- ruption of the railroad by the destruction of the bridges. These cattle were also shipped to New York. Mr. Allerton found the market short of cattle, and he netted $3,000 on this venture. Later on the Sturgis failure, in Cincinnati, swept away his entire capital. He returned to Newark, N. Y., and bought an interest in a store with his brother. Mr. Allerton still had an ambition to try his fortune in the West, but it is probable that the principal attraction was Miss Pamilla W. Thompson, daughter of Astor C. Thompson of Fulton county, Illi- nois. He had met this young woman and had formed a serious attachment for her, so he closed out his mercantile business, gathered all his money together, borrowed $5,000 from a friend, and went directly to Fulton county. He came to Chicago in March and married Miss Thompson in July, 1860. He began at once to deal in live stock. Mr. Allerton was self-reliant and ambitious as a merchant ; he had but little capital and no bank connections. His first big deal was the purchase of all the hogs on the Chicago market, amounting to $80,000. Messrs. Aikens & Norton, bankers, cashed his draft, and the deal was carried through with success. From this time forward Mr. Allerton was a large and successful dealer in live stock. His connection with this business suggested to his mind the organization of a Union Stock Yards, where all the buyers and sellers would be brought together. Mr. Allerton brought this subject to public attention by a letter published in the Chicago Tribune, and to him is due, probably more than to any other man, the establishment of the Union Stock Yards at Chicago. When the National Bank Act was passed, Mr. Allerton urged Messrs. Aikens & Norton to start a National bank ; the matter was set on foot, and Mr. Allerton became one of the original subscribers to the stock of the present First National Bank of Chicago. Having been raised upon a farm, Mr. Allerton has given much of his time to farmnig ; he is now one of the largest farmers of the soil in the country, being engaged in cultivating about forty thousand acres of land. He is largely interested in cattle ranches and in gold mining; has large interests in Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. He is still a dealer in live stock, and continues to make shipments to New York and England. His largest investments are in farms, stock yards and street railways. In politics Mr. Allerton is an uncompromising Republican. He has been identified with the party from the beginning. His early opinions upon the tariff question were derived from Henry Clay and Horace Greeley. He has stood by the Republican legislation upon the tariff and financial questions, and is a forcible writer upon these topics. Mr. Allerton believes in political organiza- tion and contributes both time and money to aid in the organization and com- paign work of the Republican party. Mr. Allerton was the Republican candi- date for Mayor at one time, ' and carried the north division of the city, but Carter H. Harrison, Sr., a most influential and enterprising Democrat, was elected. As before stated, Samuel Waters Allerton was married July i, 1860, to Miss Pamilla W. Thompson, at Peoria, Illinois. Mrs. Allerton died March I, 1881. On March 15, 1882, Mr. Allerton married Agnes C. Thompson, a sister of his first wife. Mr. and Mrs. Allerton have an elegant home in Chicago, have a large circle of friends, and dispense an agreeable hospitality. 330 331 JOHN C. AMES...-' Success in any line of occupation, in any avenue of business, is not a matter of spontaneity, but the legitimate offspring of subjective effort in the proper utilization of the means at hand, the improvement of opportunity and the exer- cise of the highest functions made possible by the specific ability in any case. John C. Ames had his nativity encompassed by those environments which have ever fostered the spirit of personal independence and self-reliance, which have furnished the bulwark of our National prosperity and wonderful industrial devel- opment. He was born on a farm in LaSalle county, Illinois, July 17, 1852, and is a son of Isaac and Arilla (Mooar) Ames, natives of Maine and pioneer settlers of LaSalle county, whither they journeyed as early as 1848. Between the han- dles of the plow, it might be said, young Ames grew to manhood, and in the district school of his neighborhood, received the rudiments of an education. Later he took a two years' course in the Illinois State Normal School, at Nor- mal, and in 1872 laid aside his school books in order to learn a more difficult lesson in the school of experience. He engaged in the drug business with John Dickerman, under the firm name of Dickerman & Ames, at Streator. He sold out his interest in 1873, engaged in- the hardware business with his father, under the firm name of I. Ames & Son, and continued in this connection until 1875, when the store was destroyed by fire. Later he embarked in business on his own responsibility, became the owner of an extensive hardware store, and was unusually successful. Selling out his stock in July, 1885, he turned his attention more particularly to the lumber business, with which he had been interested since 1878. In that year he organized the J. C. Ames Lumber Company, and this organization, of which he has ever been president, has yielded handsome financial returns to the stockholders. Mr. Ames has been the promoter of many enterprises which have contributed not only to his personal prosperity, but have also advanced the general welfare of Streator through the promotion of commercial activity. He was one of the incorporators of the Plumb Hotel Stock Company, was one of its directors, and was also a director and vice- president of the Streator Loan and Building Association, which was organized in 1874. In 1891 he organized the City National Bank of Streator, and remained its president until he resigned that position to take that of United States Mar- shal, having been appointed by President McKinley. In all the positions of trust to which Mr. Ames has been called he has given entire satisfaction and has strengthened the trust reposed in him. He has filled many local offices such as Alderman, County Supervisor, etc., and in April, 1885, he was elected Mayor of Streator, a position he held for two terms, having declined a third nomina- tion. Under Governor Fifer he served as one of the Canal Commissioners of Illinois for four years, and then came his appointment to his present position as United States Marshal for the northern district of Illinois. This was an honor well merited, for he has not only been a recognized leader in the ranks of the Republican party in the State for many years, but in every official position filled by him he has discharged his duties in a manner that has won for him the highest commendation. Socially Mr. Ames is a Mason, a member of Streator Lodge, No. 607, and to Streator Chapter, No. 147, R. A. M., and Ottawa Com- mandery, No. 10, Knights Templar. On the 2d of March, 1875, Mr. Ames was married to Minerva Ross, a daughter of John and Elizabeth (Hunter) Ross, of Lacon, 111. They have one child living, Isaac Carlos, who is now serving his country in the Philippine Islands. A daughter, Aurelia Elizabeth, died at the age of fourteen months, and a son, Walter Cope, died in 1895, when eleven years old. In Streator, where Mr. and Mrs. Ames have long made their home, they are held in the highest regard, and their residence is the center of a cultured society circle. 332 333 EDWIN M. ASHCRAFT. Edwin M. Ashcraft of Chicago, 111., was born August 27, 1848, near Clarks- burg, Harrison county, Va. His ancestors came to this country from England at an early date and settled in Virginia. They were sturdy people of the Anglo- Saxon race, and took an active part in building up the colony and common- wealth. The Ashcraft domain and homestead was in the land of the great military operations of the Civil War. A number of the Ashcraft family, adher- ing to the Union, fought for its preservation in the Union army. James M. Ashcraft, the father of the subject of this sketch, married Clarissa Snider, also a native of Virginia. They had four children, of whom Edwin M. is the eldest. Edwin M. Ashcraft attended the common schools of Virginia, and in 1865, having removed to Illinois at the close of the Civil War, he attended the State Normal University at Normal, 111. Young, ambitious and full of health and strength, he secured employment hauling ties and working on the Illinois Cen- tral railroad as a section hand near the town of Ramsey, where he then resided. Having qualified himself as a teacher, he secured employment in 1867, and for two years was at the head of one of the free schools of the neighborhood. During this period he took up the study of law. He afterward read law in the office of Henry & Fauke, and in January, 1873, passed an examination before the Supreme Court at Springfield, and was admitted to the bar. He settled at Vandalia, opened a law office, and at once made the friendship of the leading people of Fayette county, where he was soon elected Prosecuting Attorney, and filled the office until 1876. In the course of his legal practice Mr. Ashcraft demonstrated the fact that he was a man of sterling ability, and well qualified as a lawyer. He met many able men at the bar, and became noted for his forensic efforts. Mr. Ashcraft was nominated as a Republican candidate for Congress in 1876; he canvassed the district thoroughly, and, although not elected, he re- duced the Democratic majority from five thousand to fourteen hundred. While Mr. Ashcraft is a strong Republican, and has a taste for politics, he has stuck closely to his profession, and is now one of the leading lawyers in the State of Illinois. In the earlier years of his practice Mr. Ashcraft met at the bar such men as John M. Palmer, S. W. Moulton of Shelby, B. W. Henry of Fayette; and in his legal contests with such men he developed the highest qualities of a trial lawyer. In April, 1877, Mr. Ashcraft removed to Chicago and became a member of the law firm of Cratty Brothers & Ashcraft. This partnership continued for four years, when, in June, 1891, the firm of Ashcraft & Gordon was formed. This is one of the best-known firms in the city of Chicago ; has been engaged in some of the most important and difficult cases in the court, and has estab- lished a high reputation for the careful preparation of their cases and the ex- traordinary ability with which they are tried. Mr. Ashcraft is a member of the Hamilton Club, and also belongs to the Masonic Fraternity. He is a man of fine social qualities; makes friends and holds them; is kind and considerate of others; is animated by a broad sense of humanity, and is rightly classed as one of Chicago's best citizens. He was married in 1875 to Florence R. Moore, daughter of Risden Moore, an old and prominent citizen of Belleville, 111. They have four children Raymond M., Edwin M., Florence V. and Allen E. Ashcraft. Mr. and Mrs. Ashcraft are popular people with their neighbors ; they have many friends and are generously hospitable. 334 335 HOMER F. ASPINWALL. The Aspinwall family is one of the oldest of New England families. Its founder, Peter Aspinwall, came to Massachusetts Bay from Toxteth Park, County of Lancaster, near Liverpool, England, and settled in Dorchester, Mass., during the year 1630. He was one of the colonists headed by Governor Winthrop and came with his expedition. In 1650 he moved to Muddy River, now Brookline, Mass., where he died between November 20, 1687, the date of his will, and December 9, 1687, the date of the inventory of his estate. Aaron Aspinwall, great-grandson of Peter, was a member of Captain Watson's Com- pany, Seventh Regiment of the Connecticut line, during the Revolutionary War, -and served from March 10, 1777, until the close of the war. He was eighteen years old at the time of his enlistment. John Aspinwall, son of Aaron, was born at Norwalk, Conn., October 18, 1/71, and died at Freeport, 111., January 6, 1858. His son John was the father of Homer F. Homer F. Aspinwall was born in Stephenson county, Illinois, November 15, 1856, on his father's farm seven miles west of Freeport. His father, John Aspinwall, was born July 21, 1807, at Stillwater, Saratoga county, N. Y. He was a descendant of Peter Aspinwall, who came to Massachusetts in 1630 from Liverpool, England. He married Lucy Shumway, March i, 1835, who was born in Jefferson county, New York, May 28, 1813, a descendant from the family of French Huguenots by that name who came to America during the seven- teenth century. Mrs. Aspinwall died December 29, 1883. In 1845 Mr. Aspin- wall moved with his family to Illinois and settled on a farm, where the following year his son Homer was born. Mr. Aspinwall taught his son the business and occupation of a farmer, and encouraged him to acquire an education. John Aspinwall died April 29, 1889. Homer F. Aspinwall attended the district school and High School of PYeeport, from which he graduated with good standing as a scholar. For two years after leaving school he was a clerk in a wholesale notion store, where he gave entire satisfaction to his employers. Preferring the activities of a farm life, he returned to the farm in Florence township, where he has lived ever since, owning and operating one of the best-developd farms in the Northwest. It is equipped with good buildings and all the modern conveniences and machinery used by the most progressive farmers. He has been a successful farmer, and has made farm life an agreeable and remunerative occupation. Early in life Mr. Aspinwall identified himself with the Republican party, took an active part in politics, and was soon recognized as a leader in his town- ship. He was elected Assessor and held other minor township offices. He was then elected as a member of the Board of Supervisors, held this position four years, and was regarded as one of the safest, strongest and most practical men on the Board. His successful career in public affairs of his county brought Mr. Aspinwall to the front, and in 1892 he was elected to the State Senate from the Twelfth Senatorial District, and re-elected in 1896 by an overwhelming majority. Senator Aspinwall has shown himself to be a man of fine intellectual ability, of sound judgment and of unquestionable integrity. His career in the Senate has reflected credit upon himself, his district and the great party that elected him. He safeguarded the interests of his immediate constituents, and in respect to the general legislation, good measures always received his support, and bad ones his opposition. He has been a delegate to a number of Republican Conventions, the most notable of which was the State Convention of 1880. Senator Aspinwall was a Grant delegate, and voted with the majority in favor of the nomination of Gen- eral Grant for President. He was a warm friend of General Logan, and stood by him in that memorable struggle. Senator Aspinwall is a close student of public questions and is able to present his views with convincing power either 336 337 on the stump or in the Senate, and during political campaigns is always in demand. In 1896 he did effective work on the stump during the political cam- paign of that year. Senator Aspinwall was a boy when the Civil War broke out, and took no personal part in that conflict, but he was a loyal friend of the old soldier. When war with Spain was declared in 1898, he and others began the organization of a regiment of which the Senator was to be the Lieutenant-Colonel. When convinced that his regiment would not be called, he accepted a commission from President McKinley as Captain and Assistant Quartermaster of the United States Army; and assigned to take charge of the United States Transport "Manitoba," one of the largest transports in the service. This vessel, in charge of Captain Aspinwall, visited nearly all the ports of Cuba and Porto Rico, trans- porting troops and provisions during and after the war. He transported over 12,- ooo soldiers without accident. The "Army and Navy Journal," commenting upon the service of the "Manitoba," declared it was the best-managed transport in the service. When the war was over Captain Aspinwall preferred to retire from the military service and resume his position in the State Senate. He asked to be mustered out, but instead a leave of absence of twenty days was given him. This, of course, under the circumstances was not satisfactory, and he was finally mustered out of the service February 13, 1899. Senator Aspinwall served two years as president of the Northern Illinois Agricultural Association, and so managed its finances that the stockholders for the first time received a dividend. He was many years secretary of the Freeport Methodist Camp-Meeting Association ; the grounds and buildings of this asso- ciation are the finest of the kind in the State. He has long been a member of the Methodist Church. He is a Mason of high rank, being a member of Free- port Commandery, Freeport Consistory and the Rockford Shrine. He is also a member of the Modern Woodmen and other similar organizations. Senator Aspinwall was married December 18, 1874, to Emma M. Sheetz, who is also a native of Florence township ; their family consists of a son and daughter, Grace and John R., who reside with their parents at the Aspinwall home in Florence township. Senator Aspinwall is a man of fine social qualities, and has many personal friends in all parts of the State. Mrs. Aspinwall con- tributes her share in making their home an agreeable resort for all their friends and neighbors. SMITH D. ATKINS. This well-known and distinguished soldier and civilian was born June g, 1836, at Horseheads, near Elmira, New York. At the age of ten years he was taken west by his parents, who located on a farm near Freeport, Illinois. In his native State he had attended school for one term, and upon coming to Illinois continued his studies. In 1850 he entered a printing office at Freeport and began to learn to set type, and a year later went to Mount Morris, Illinois, where for a time he worked four hours a day in a printing office and attended the Rock River Seminary. By this time he had made up his mind to become a lawyer; he therefore entered the office of Hiram Bright, at Freeport, and began studying law. After diligent work he was duly admitted to the bar June 27, 1855. He immediately began to practice, meeting with fair success, and thus continued until November, 1860, when he was elected State's Attorney of the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit, consisting of the counties of Stephenson, Jo Daviess and Win- nebago. The next spring the war broke out and he enlisted April I7th as a private under the three months' call and was elected captain of his company, which became "A" of the Eleventh Infantry. Under this call he served mainly in Missouri, and on June 30 was mustered out. He immediately re-enlisted and was again elected captain of his company, going out for three years. He led his company at the right of the regiment at Fort Donelson, and for gallant and 338 339 meritorious service in that battle was promoted Major of the regiment the Eleventh Illinois Infantry and by special order of General Grant was detailed Acting Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of General Stephen A. Hurlbut. He served in this capacity until jafter the battle of Shiloh, when he returned to Illinois on recruiting. service. He took the stump at the request of Governor Yates, and succeeded in putting forty-four companies in camp at Rockford in a short time. Out of these the Ninety-second Regiment was formed, of which he was elected Colonel. His regiment first assisted in driving General Morgan out of Kentucky. In November, 1862, the regiment was assigned to Colonel Cochran's brigade and posted at Mount Sterling, Ky., with Colonel Atkins in command of the post, instructed to guard eastern Kentucky from guerrillas. While here many negroes flocked to his camp, and though requested to do so he refused to return them to their masters. He was indicted by several county grand juries and his arrest was ordered, but the officers were never able to carry the warrants into execution. On November 16, in passing to Nicholasville, he was frequently threatened by mobs of angry citizens, who were prevented from doing him an injury by the loaded guns of his soldiers. He drove the rear guard of Bragg's army out of Camp Dick Robinson, capturing a large amount of stores and a brass field piece, and finally took post at Danville. In January he was promoted to the command of the brigade, continuing thus until July, 1863, when the regi- ment was mounted and assigned to Wilder's famous brigade of mounted in- fantry. In the movement on Chattanooga he acted independently, reporting directly to General Rosecrans, and was the first to enter the city of Chattanooga after its evacuation by Bragg. On the first day at Chickamauga he captured the first prisoners of Longstreet's Corps. In that bloody battle his regiment did not retire until both wings had been flanked. Later he reported to General Wilder on the field, and was assigned to a position on the left of that command- er's brigade. In January, 1864, in the absence of General Wilder, he led the brigade through Athens, Ala., to Shoal Creek, to intercept a rebel raid, and drove a strong Confederate column across the Tennessee river. Advancing he encountered a second column, which he likewise repulsed. On his return to Athens he turned back a third column of Confederates, the various com- manders of the enemy intending to concentrate at that point. In the fall of 1864, when General Kilpatrick reformed his division of cavalry, Colonel Atkins was placed in command of the Second Brigade, and continued thus until Savan- nah was reached. For his gallantry and splendid skill he was recommended for promotion by Generals Kilpatrick and Sherman, was appointed Brevet Brigadier-General and by the special order of President Lincoln was assigned to duty under his brevet commission. In the campaign of the Carolinas he commanded a brigade of cavalry and participated in the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville and operated against Johnson's Confederates until the close of the war. After his faithful and patriotic services he was commissioned Brevet Major-General of Volunteers. After his muster out he resumed the practice of law, but was soon ap- pointed postmaster at Freeport, and later assumed the editorship of the Free- port Journal. He is now the editor and principal owner of the Freeport Daily Journal ; postmaster at Freeport ; president of the Board of Directors of the Freeport Public Library, and has served as a member of the Freeport Board of Education. His first political speech was made in 1856 in support of Colonel Fremont for the Presidency. He has spoken in every presidential campaign for the Republican candidate since the organization of that party. He is chair- man of the Stephenson County Republican Central Committee, and has never been defeated, with one exception, for any office to which he has aspired. He is a thirty-second degree Mason, and has been Captain-General of Freeport Commandery and the Commander of John A. Davis Post, G. A. R. 340 CHARLES BECKER. Among those who left the Fatherland to identify themselves with American lives and institutions, who have pushed their way to the front and who are a credit alike to the land of their birth and that of their adoption, is Charles Becker, a descendant of sturdy German stock. A fact of which due recognition is not usually recorded in connection with the different enterprises of the State of Illinois is that to no foreign element is its presence due in so large a measure as to those who have had their nativity in or trace their lineage to the great Empire of Germany. Mr. Becker was born in Rockenhausen, Rhenish Ba- varia, Germany, June 24, 1840; son of Urban and Mary (Spross) Becker. The father was a man of unusual strength of mind, and as an architect and builder, a business he followed all his life, was possessed of unusual ability. To his marriage with Miss Spross were born twelve children, three of whom are now living. Believing that better facilities for advancement in his profession were offered in the New World, Mr. Becker, with his wife and children, came to the United States in 1851 and located at Belleville, 111., where they passed the remainder of their days. They were people of prominence in that community and they contributed in no small measure to the progress and development of that section. The father died in 1874 and the mother in 1881. In the common schools of Belleville young Becker received his early educational training, and when fifteen yearsTold entered the Harrison Machine Works of that village, for the purpose of learning the trade of molder. In this line of work he soon became expert, but devoted his entire time to it until twenty-one years old. When the tocsin of war sounded, all his patriotism for his adopted country was aroused, and he enlisted in the Federal Army as a member of Company "B," Twelfth Missouri Infantry. On the 8th of March, 1862, he received a dangerous wound in the right thigh, and this injury eventually necessitated the removal of his leg at a point above the knee. Thus crippled in the service of his country, there remained nothing further for him to do on the field of battle, and he returned to his home. Following this he attended school for some time and again accepted a position with the Harrison Machine Works, becoming a member of the office corps. For some time he held this position, but as his sterling worth and unusual capabilities became recognized he was placed in a more important trust. In 1866 he was elected Sheriff and Collector of Taxes of the county for a term of two years, and discharged the duties incumbent upon that position most ably. Afterward he was associated with Mr. Echardt in the brewing busi- ness, but sold his interest to the latter in 1872. The same year he was elected Circuit Clerk and Recorder of Deeds, being the only successful candidate on the Republican ticket at that election a fact that certainly gave evidence as to his popularity with his fellow townsmen. In 1876 he was re-elected, when his party was defeated again. He has been a most earnest and effective worker in behalf of the Repub- lican party, and has held marked precedence in the councils of its leaders in the State, having been for six years the chairman of the Republican County Central Committee. In 1888 Mr. Becker was elected to the responsible posi- tion of State Treasurer, in which capacity he served with signal success and unusual ability, which reflected much to his credit. He is interested in all worthy enterprises, and has contributed largely of his means to the progress and upbuilding of the city in which he makes his home. He is president of the Pump and Skein Works, and the Belleville Stove Works, and has other financial interests of importance. January 23, 1864, he married Louisa Fleischbein, of Belleville, and they became the parents of six children, five of whom are living Bertha, Casimir, Gustave, Arthur and Ray. For the past quarter of a century Mr. Becker has been a prominent member of the Philharmonic Society, and has identified him- self with several German social and musical societies, of which he is an honored member. A man of strong individuality and unswerving integrity, his influence has been exerted in the right direction, and he stands high in the opinion of all. 341 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AYER. Benjamin F. Ayer is a native of New Hampshire ; he came to Chicago in 1857, when thirty-two years of age. He was a lawyer of experience, and was at once admitted to practice in the courts of Illinois. He soon gained a foot- hold at the Chicago bar and -was recognized as a man possessing the natural gifts and attainments essential to great success at the bar. In 1861 Mr. Ayer became Corporation Counsel for the city of Chicago ; held this position for four years, and performed the duties of the office with great credit to himself and of the old charter and the prospective needs of the city, Mr. Ayer drafted the entire satisfaction to the city government. In 1863, after a careful examination revised city charter of that year. After retiring from the office of Corporation Counsel he became a member of the firm of Beckwith, Ayer & Kales. This was one of the strongest law firms in the city of Chicago ; they had a large general practice, but were specially identified with corporation law. Mr. Ayer devoted a great deal of his attention to the law relating to railroads and other incorporated companies, and became especially prominent in this branch of the profession. In 1876 he accepted the position of General Solicitor for the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and was made a director of the company the follow- ing year. On January i, 1890, he became the General Counsel of this great railroad corporation. There could be no higher endorsement of his attainments as a lawyer and the soundness of his judgment as a man than his retention as Qen- eral Counsel for so many years by a company of such large capital and such a multiplicity of legal interests. Mr. Ayer has now been practicing law in Chi- cago for forty-three years ; he has devoted himself constantly to his profession. He now stands, and has for years stood, in the front rank of the Chicago bar. Mr. Ayer is a prominent member of the American Bar Association, also the Chicago Bar Association, of which he has been president. He is a member of the Chicago Club, the Chicago Literary Club, the Chicago Historical Society, and president of the Western Railroad Association. Mr. Ayer possesses a fine library, is fond of books, has an extensive knowledge of general literature, and keeps in touch with the progressive movement of the arts and sciences. Benjamin F. Ayer was born at Kingston, Rockingham county, N. H., April 22, 1825. His father's ancestors emigrated from England in 1637, and settled at Haverhill, Mass. His father, Robert Ayer, was born at this place August 14, 1791 ; his mother, Louise Sanborn, was a daughter of Benjamin Sanborn of Kingston, N. H. He was a descendant of John Sanborn, grandson of Stephen Batchelder, wfib came to America in 1632 from Hampshire, England; settled at Hampton, N. H., in 1638, and became the first minister of the church in that town. Daniel Webster was one of his descendants. After being prepared for college at the Albany Academy, Benjamin F. Ayer entered Dartmouth College, and was graduated in the class of 1846. During the next three years he took a course of study in the law department of Harvard University, and was ad- mitted to the New Hampshire bar in 1849, an d immediately began the practice of his profession at Manchester. In 1853 Mr. Ayer was elected to the New Hampshire Legislature, and the following year he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for Hillsborough county. During these years Mr. Ayer enlarged his knowledge of the law by study, and an extensive practice, and in 1857 sought a larger field of labor by coming to Chicago. Benjamin F. Ayer married Janet A. Hopkins in 1868. She is a daughter of Hon. James C. Hopkins of Madison, Wis., lately United States District Judge for the western district of Wisconsin. Mr. and Mrs. Ayer have four children, namely Walter, Mary Louisa, Janet and Margaret Helen. Mr. Ayer is a Republican in politics ; he has not held or sought any political office for himself, but believing that the mission of the Republican party is to advance the interests of the country, he stands ready always to "lend a hand" in securing the election of the Republican ticket. 342 343 HENRY R. BALDWIN. Henry R. Baldwin was born on a farm near the little hamlet of Greenwood in McHenry county, Illinois, May 24, 1858. His father, Sebrean C. T. Baldwin, married Lovina Stevens at Standing Stone, Bradford county, Penn., in 1833. They removed to Greenwood, 111., in 1839, where they resided continuously up to the time of her death in 1885. Both of them were the children of parents in humble circumstances, and were early accustomed to a life of toil, which life they followed throughout their whole married career. Neither of them had the advantage of any considerable early education, but both were great readers, and through their love of reading canie into close contact with all questions of public affairs. There was born to them a large family of children (consisting of eight boys and four girls), of whom the subject of this sketch is the youngest. All the boys lived to maturity, but only one of the girls lived to grow up, namely, Lucy H. Baldwin, who is yet living and is the wife of William D. Lee, and resides at Hebron, in the old home county. Of the boys, two, namely, Norman and Seth, entered the war for the Union, and served respectively in the Ninety- fifth Illinois Volunteers, and in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illinois Volun- teers. Each of them died during the war in the service of his country. Another brother, Levi, died during the War of the Rebellion, while engaged in teaching public school in central Illinois. Another brother, Sebre D. Baldwin, died in 1883, while serving as County Superintendent of Schools in McHenry county, Illinois. The remaining brothers George F., Aristides E. and Jesse A. are living and are hard workers; George F. being a farmer in McHenry county; Aristides E. a doctor of medicine in Chicago, practicing the specialty of den- tistry, and Jesse A., for many years a practicing attorney at law in Chicago, and is now the partner of the subject of our sketch. The education of Mr. Baldwin was acquired mainly in the public schools at Greenwood, although he attended the Northern Indiana Normal School at Valparaiso, Ind., for a time. During his boyhood and youth he had a great fondness for reading, and early engaged in the duties of a school teacher in the public schools of McHenry County, 111. All, save one, of the brothers and sis- ters who reached maturity, at some time during their lives taught for a time in the public schools. Mr. Baldwin early became convinced that the practice of law offered him a larger inducement than any other profession or occupation. After teaching for a series of years in the country districts, and later at Crystal Lake and at Hebron, in McHenry County, and holding the office in that county of County Superintendent of Schools, he located in the city of Chicago, where he has since lived and engaged in the practice of law. He studied law during a considerable time while engaged in teaching. In the practice of law, Mr, Baldwin has worked diligently and has been connected with much important lit- igation, although the best and most satisfactory part of his practice has been that of office consultations, preparation of legal papers, etc. Henry R. Baldwin has always been a Republican ; his first vote was cast for the nominees of the Republican party, and since that time he has worked for the success of that party. He has never sought nor held any public office, excepting that of County Superintendent of Schools in McHenry county, Illi- nois. He believes that every man should give some attention to politics, and has acted in accordance with this belief. His father was an old-time Democrat, but cast his ballot for Lincoln in 1860, and thereafter remained an ardent Republican. Mr. Baldwin's brothers are active Republican workers. He is a member of the Law Institute in Chicago, one of its directors, and chairman of the Committee on Legal Education; the Chicago and the Illinois State Bar Associations ; the Chicago Athletic Association, and the Hamilton Club, in which club he is at present one of the directors. He is a member also of the Royal 344 345 League and of the Order of Columbian Knights. He has been connected with the Baptist Church since his youth. Mr. Baldwin was married March 6, 1883, to Nettie C. Borden of Crystal Lake, 111. One child was born to them, namely, Ralph W. Baldwin. Mr. Bald- win is six feet tall, strongly built, and a robust constitution. He is a very sociable man by nature, and has encouraged sociability to the extent of his powers ; as a consequence he and his family have a large circle of friends. HENRY C. BEGOLE. In all ages of the world, successful men, whether in politics, war or busi- ness, have attracted the attention of their contemporaries, and set them upon inquiry as to how such success was achieved. If we stop to analyze each case would have been 391 yeas, 338 nays, and the contesting delegates from Illinois of success in business, or otherwise, nine times out of ten we find in the person who has achieved it some good and substantial reason for the result. Thus it has been with Hon. Henry C. Begole, one of the prominent Republicans of Southern Illinois, who possesses integrity, industry and determination, essential qualities for success in any calling. Mr. Begole is a product of St. Clair county, 111., born January 21, 1857; son of William R. and Elizabeth (Porter) Begole, also natives of St. Clair county. The father was a farmer by occupation. In politics he was a life-long Whig and Republican and a man of public spirit and enterprise. He was active in all enterprises for advancing the interests of his section and was an honorable and most worthy citizen. His death occurred in 1887. His widow still resides on the old homestead. Ten children were the fruits of their union. Joshua A. Begole, grandfather of Henry C., was a native of the Empire State, born in Genesee county, and was a pioneer of St. Clair county, 111. His wife was Nancy Terry, a native of St. Clair county. The Begole family trace their ancestry back to the Huguenots who emigrated to America after the Edict of Nantes. Henry C. Begole attended the district school during youth and then entered Howe Institute, East St. Louis, where he secured a good, practical education. Returning to the farm, he was engaged in its arduous duties until 1891, when a desire for a change turned his mind into a different channel. He moved to Belleville, 111., and engaged in the livery and undertaking business, which he has continued up to the present time with an unusual degree of success. In January, 1887, he married Belle, daughter of Max and Leonora Weisenberger, of Collinsville, 111. They are the parents of one son, H. Clay. Mr. Begole is a Knight Templar Mason of the Consistory and Mystic Shrine and is also an Elk. He has always been an enthusiastic Republican and has taken a decided interest in the welfare of his party since his majority. In 1894 he was elected Treasurer of St. Clair county, and discharged the duties incumbent upon this position in so able and satisfactory a manner that in 1898 he was elected State Senator to represent the 49th District of Illinois. During the session of 1899 he was Chairman of the Committee on Live Stock and Dairying and was on several other important committees. As a politician Mr. Begole has been closely in touch with the people of his county. He has been a member of the Republican County Committee for several years and Secretary of the Congres- sional Committee of the 2ist District for four years. As a public officer he has a clean record and exercises a potential influence in the ranks of his party, not alone in St. Clair county, but all over southern Illinois. 346 347 MYRON H. BEACH. Myron H. Beach of Chicago, 111., was born May 22, 1828, on his father's farm, one mile west of Cayuga Lake, Seneca county, N. Y. He traces his lin- eage back four generations, through his father, Elam Beach, to John Beach, a puritan, who came to America about 1639, and settled at Stratford, Conn., in which State the family lived for years. His great-grandfather, Israel Beach, served in the Colonial French and Indian Wars, and the powder horn carried by him is now preserved by his great-grandson. His grandfather, Israel Beach, was a soldier in the Revolutionary War; fought at the battle of Bunker Hill and in siege of Boston. Elam Beach married Hannah Edwards and removed to western New York in 1818. Mrs. Beach was descended from Captain John Edwards, who came to America from Scotland, and settled near Black Rock Harbor, Conn., in the early history of the State. Abel Edwards, father of Mrs. Beach, served in the Continental Army during the whole of the war for inde- pendence. Myron H. Beach lived with his parents until 1850, and learned the occupa- tion of farming. He attended the district school until prepared for the acad- emy. At sixteen years of age he entered Seneca Falls Academy, and remained two years. It was his good fortune that Professor Oren Root, father of Elihu Root, the present Secretary of War, was principal of the academy. Mr. Root, who afterward became professor of mathematics in Hamilton College, possessed the rare faculty of so stimulating and encouraging his students as to arouse in them the greatest enthusiasm for obtaining an education ; the professor's en- couragement and advice decided young Beach to take a college course. After leaving the academy he taught the district school winters, working on the farm summers, continuing his own studies, and in 1850 entered the sophomore class of Hamilton College. He devoted himself earnestly to the study of mathemat- ics and the physical sciences, not neglecting Greek and Latin. He was gradu- ated in 1853. After graduation he taught mathematics one term in Brockport Collegiate Institute. In 1853 he was elected principal of Seneca Falls Academy, in his native town, and filled for three years the position once occupied by Professor Root. While Mr. Beach was principal of the academy it attained its highest degree of prosperity; in no educational institution in the State were higher mathematics or more advanced classes in Greek and Latin taught. Never intending to make teaching his profession, Mr. Beach severed his connection with the academy in 1856, and soon located at Dubuque, Iowa, where he was admitted to the bar the same year. He established a large practice in Iowa, his business including many of the most important cases litigated in the State, involving questions concerning corporations, real estate, trusts, admiralty, pat- ents, trade marks, taxes, negligence, etc. Mr. Beach in politics was originally a Whig, joining the Republican party when it was organized. Was an active party worker, attending nearly all im- portant conventions, and contributed largely to the success of many prominent Republicans, but sought no office for himself. He was connected with the Board of Education of Dubuque for a number of years. His efforts mainly secured the establishment of the High School and the introduction of higher mathematics, Greek, Latin and chemistry ; and inaugurated for all the schools a proper system of examinations for teachers. Mr. Beach was Lieutenant of Company "A," Forty-fourth Iowa Infantry Volunteers in the Civil War, and was in command of the company most of the time it was in service. In 1884 he removed his family to Chicago, and began the practice of law, gaining a large business. His practice embraces more especially insurance, corporation, trade mark and real estate cases, not only in Chicago, but the Northwestern States. A number of the cases he has fought and won in the Supreme Courts of the States and of the United States are leading authorities on the questions involved and determined in them. 348 349 Mr. Beach was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Society in college. He belongs to the Grand Army of the Republic, is a Companion of the Illinois Com- mandery of the Loyal Legion, and a member of the Union League Club, Ameri- can Bar Association and American Historical Association. He is a member of the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago; was an elder in that church in Senaca Falls, N. Y., and Dubuque, Iowa. Myron H. Beach was married December 23, 1857, to Helen Mary Hoskins, daughter of the leading merchant of Seneca Falls, N. Y. Her father's ancestors were Puritans, who settled in Connecticut. Her mother is a descendant of the Livingstons of New York, and a cousin of Commodore Melcanthon Taylor Woolsey. Mr. and Mrs. Beach's eldest son is Captain Lansing H. Beach, U. S. A., a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, in the Engineer Corps, and is now Engineer Commissioner of the District of Colum- bia. The second son is Harry L. Beach, a prominent correspondent of the Associated Press, and one of its representatives in Cuba during the Spanish War. RICHARD FRANKLIN BENNETT. Upon a farm in the County of Shelby, Illinois, on the 2d of October, 1839,. the subject of this sketch was born. He is the eldest son of William B. and Lavinna Bennett, and was educated at the public schools of his county, finishing at Moultrie County Seminary. His education was not elaborate, but was con- fined to the simple branches first, and later to what may be called the vital or substantial branches. At the early age of seventeen years he began teaching school in his native county, to obtain means with which to still further advance his education and prepare himself for the active duties of life. As a pedagogue he proved successful, showing good executive ability and excellent capacity to- instruct, and so continued for the period of three years. For some time previous to this he had determined to study medicine, for which profession he had a special liking, and accordingly took up the study and pursued it diligently until 1861, when he graduated at the Medical School in Cincinnati. In the same year he was united in marriage to Elizabeth J. Storm of Shelby county, and the following year came to Litchfield, 111., where he began the practice of his pro- fession. His skill and ability made him successful from the start, and he soon had a large and profitable practice. The Doctor has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for many years. At present his family consists of his wife and two children, a son and a daughter. The son, Dr. Harry F. Bennett, of Chicago, graduated from medicine in that city in 1894, and imme- diately thereafter began practicing in the same place. The daughter, Marie Bennett, graduated from the Northwestern University in June, 1899. It was not until 1871 that Dr. Richard F. Bennett began to be prominent in the politics of this State. He had from his earliest boyhood been a Repub- lican, and had taken, at all times, a profound interest in the success of his party. His first vote was cast for Abraham Lincoln. In the spring of 1871 he was nominated for Alderman of his ward and was elected with ease, although the ward was strongly Democratic. He was elected for a second term, and by this time his friends recognized in him a party man of great strength and a candidate whom the Democrats had reason to fear. He was therefore brought forward as a candidate for Mayor, was nominated and elected, and so great was his popularity, success and strength with the people that he was retained in the same office for a period of five terms. For the past twenty years he has been a member of the School Board almost continuously, and has done a vast amount for the cause of education. He has been president of the Oil City Building Association for the past ten years, and was one of the earliest and strongest promoters of such organizations in their infancy. He is identified with many of the secret societies and lodges of his home city, among them being Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias and Modern Woodmen. In 1888 he was selected by the Republicans of the old Thirty-Eighth Senatorial District to lead 350 "* ^^^t 351 a forlorn hope as a candidate for the State Senate. He accepted in the interest of his party, made a brilliant campaign, and reduced the majority of his oppo- nent to less than half its normal size. A little later he was selected as State Committeeman from the Eighteenth Congressional District, which position he has occupied for the last four years. In 1897 he was appointed as a member of the Board of Trustees for the Asylum for the Incurable Insane, then in course of erection at Peoria. Later Governor Tanner appointed him to a position on the State Board of Health, which he still occupies. Personally he is extremely popular with the masses of 'people, owing to his affability, integrity and brilliant qualities of mind. He has a remarkable faculty for making and retaining friends. He has been twice urged to"run for Congress, and no doubt could easily have been elected, but has preferred to practice his profession. E. RAYMOND BLISS. E. Raymond Bliss is a native of New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he was born September 3, 1846. He is a son of George Ripley Bliss, D. D., author, professor of theology in the Upland Seminary in Pennsylvania. His mother's name was Mary A. Raymond; she was a daughter of Eliakin Raymond of New York. The Raymond family is one of the best-known families of New York State. They were old settlers in Brooklyn ; were people of prominence and high respectability, and promoters of all educational and other philanthropic move- ments. John H. Raymond, an uncle of Mr. Bliss, founded Vassar College, and by his support and untiring labor made it one of the great educational institu- tions of the country. Mr. Bliss, after passing through the common schools, entered the University at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and studied there for a time. Coming to Chicago in 1863, he attended the old University of Chicago. In 1870 he went to Washington, D. C., entered Columbia Law School, from which he graduated in 1873, and was soon admitted to the bar. Returning to Chicago, he began the practice of law, in 1876, in the law office of Bentley & Quagg. Subsequently he opened a law office and continued the general practice until September I, 1882, when he was appointed County Attorney to the Board of Commissioners of Cook county. He held this office from 1882 to 1884, and again from 1886 to 1889, a period of five years. He introduced many reforms in the conduct of the business of this office. Mr. Bliss familiarized himself with the conduct of public affairs of the county and suggested a number of changes. He was instrumental in the passage of the law establishing the purchasing agency for the county, a change which has resulted in a great saving to the county. The most important service rendered by him to the county was in aiding to place the finances of the county upon a stable basis in order to save the necessity of pledging the taxes for a year or two in advance of their collection. During Mr. Bliss' second term as County Attorney, upon his recommendation, new methods were adopted for the conduct of the business of the County Board, whereby a number of restrictions upon its power were introduced, to remove even the suspicion of fraudulent practices. Mr. Bliss introduced the present Fee Bill in connection with the Probate Clerk's office, from which is derived sufficient revenue to run the office. During Mr. Bliss' term the question of the validity of the law, permitting the annexation to Chicago of Hyde Park, Lake View and other towns, was settled. Mr. Bliss is a member of the State Bar Association. He belongs to and is a prominent member of the Masonic Fraternity, and has attained the thirty- third degree or Supreme Council. He was one of a committee of three Masons appointed to carry out the plan of erecting the Masonic Temple, and after the death of Norman T. Cassette, the prime mover in the enterprise, Mr. Bliss aided largely in securing funds for the completing of the building. This structure is recognized as one of the great landmarks of Chicago, and its erection reflects great credit upon those who were identified with it. Mr. Bliss is also a member of the Union League Club, the Hamilton Club and the Hyde Park and Chicago Athletic Clubs. 252 353 JAMES B. BRADWELL. The school of experience through which the subject of this sketch was destined to pass was calculated to give him that sterling character which has distinguished his subsequent life. The family left England when he was yet an infant and settled in Utica, New York, where they continued to reside until 1833, when they came to Jacksonville, 111., but the following year went to Wheeling, 111., it requiring twenty-one days to make the latter journey. The parents were Thomas and Elizabeth (Gutridge) Bradwell, the father being a man of high character, keen wit and intelligence, and the mother a woman of singular beauty and refined tastes. It required a great deal of resolution for such people to leave the old, settled home in England for the wild prairie of the Western States. They did not fully realize what was before them, but when here did not shrink from the task. Indians were numerous and quite often hostile. In these pioneer days of danger and privation the family passed through many thrilling expe- riences, which made the boy self-reliant, resourceful and cpurageous. He led in all the hard work of the farm breaking prairie, splitting rails, sowing the seed, mowing and cradling in the old-fashioned way, and attending the rude country school in the winter months. He thus acquired a vigorous constitution and a character of noble tendencies and resolutions. Later he attended Wil- son's Academy in Chicago, and completed his education in Knox College, Gales- burg. To the little red brick school house near his home came a young lady teacher, whose acquaintance he made, and whom he afterward married. This was Miss Myra Colby, who has had so much to do in making his after life successful and happy, and who is so well known to Chicagoans. In May, 1852, they were married, and went to Memphis, Tenn., where opposite their home was a slave mart, which intensified their hatred of slavery and stimulated their activity for the cause of abolitionism. They returned to Chicago in 1854, when subject was admitted to the bar and soon had a large practice. In 1861 he was elected County Judge, and in 1865 was re-elected, thus serving eight years. It is well known that during his term of service he instituted greater reforms and prac- tical benefits than had ever before been carried into execution on the bench of Chicago. He was noted for his sterling integrity and fearlessness. The orphan and the widow found in him a zealous friend, carefully guarding their property and interests; the poor a sympathetic judge, studying how to save them costs; but the evil-doer, who had designs on the property of his charges, found him stern and unrelenting. He was the first judge to hold that a marriage contract made during slavery was valid, or, in other words, that the civil rights of slaves, being suspended during slavery, revived upon emancipation. He wrote : "Were there a thou- sand of these decisions (precedents) made under this influence in favor of slavery and against the conclusions I have come to in this case, I would brush them aside as I would a spider's web, and decide this case upon what I consider to be the first principles of law, justice and humanity." This decision met, subse- quently, with wide approval. He has ever been a valiant champion of the col- ored race. He was for four years an influential member of the Illinois Legis- lature. Holding the most advanced views as to the rights of women, he has, throughout his long and useful life, bent every energy and labored in season and out of season, in whatever position he might occupy, to do all in his power to advance this interest. His varied career in many fields of activity may be appreciated by briefly recounting the many positions he has filled. On the 3Oth of July, 1848, he was commissioned by Governor French as Second Lieutenant in the One Hundred and Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia ; he took part in the organization of the American Woman Suffrage Association ; was chairman of the Arms and Trophy Department of the Northwestern Sanitary Commission and Soldiers' Home Fair of 1865, which made nearly half a million for the needy soldiers; president of the Soldiers' Home Board ; one of the founders of the Union League Club and president of its first board of directors ; president of the Chicago Rifle Club ; 354 355 president of the Chicago Photographic Society and chairman of the Committee on Photography of the World's Congress Auxiliary. He is a thirty-third degree Mason, and has held many Masonic offices ; was president of the Chicago Press Club; president and one of the three honorary members of the Chicago Bar Association, and president and for many years historian of the Illinois State Bar Association. After the death of his dearly beloved wife, in 1894, he became the editor of the Chicago Legal News, which Myra Bradwell founded. In the lone- liness of his declining years he finds deep solace in the companionship of the little grandchild, Myra Bradwell Helmer, who was named after the sainted grand- mother. FRED A. BANGS. Fred A. Bangs of Chicago, 111., was born April 3, 1865, at^Lacon, Marshall county, 111. He is a son of Honorable Mark Bangs, whose wife was Harriet Cornelia Pomeroy, both of whom were descendants of old Puritan Revolutionary stock. Honorable Mark Bangs is a gentleman of high character and standing, recognized as an able lawyer, who for a number of years was United States Dis- trict Attorney for the northern district of Illinois, and who is now a citizen of Chicago, and is the senior in the well-known firm of Bangs, Wood & Bangs, of which the subject of this sketch is the junior partner. In 1875 Fred A. Bangs came with his father's family to Chicago, where he now resides, and which is the scene of his life work. Mr. Bangs was afforded every opportunity by his father to receive an education, and lie availed himself of that opportunity with enthusiasm. He received his education in Chicago, both academic and professional. He was a student of the Union College of Law, of the class of 1884, and was graduated from that institution and admitted to the bar of Illinois in the summer of 1886, and was soon admitted as a partner with his father in the practice of his profession under the style of 'Bangs & Bangs. This firm was soon enlarged by the admission of Mr. Wood. It may be said that Mr. Bangs took to the law by natural selection ; he practically grew up in his father's law office, and became familiar with the proceedings and practice long before he was admitted to the bar. His rise in the profession was rapid, and he was soon recognized as a competent office lawyer and a painstaking and successful trial lawyer. Fred A. Bangs is a clear and logical speaker, and is invariably convincing and effective whether as a pleader addressing a jury, or in analysis of an intricate legal position before the court. He possesses to a marked degree what may properly be termed a legal temperament, and which enables him to see promptly and with no uncertainty into the abstruseness of perplexing points that present themselves in the disposition of his cases. This is a great and un- usual talent, and one that is always present in the make-up of eminent lawyers. To it more than to any other one cause may be described the rapid and remark- able success already achieved by Mr. Bangs in both the State and Federal Courts. In politics he is an earnest and uncompromising Republican. He believes in thorough organization and active political work as an indispensable means of attaining success. He is a popular and peculiarly forceful public speaker, and is always in demand at Republican meetings. On such occasions he never fails to hold the attention of his audiences by his sharp and incisive manner, and wins converts to his views by presenting his ultimate points in a simple and convinc- ing style that everyone can understand. For several years he was an influential member of the Hamilton Club, and in recognition of his able and faithful services was elected to its presidency. This position he now fills with honor and credit to both himself and the club. His favorite motto has always been : "Be prompt to discharge with fidelity every accepted trust." Mr. Bangs is of the younger generation of men who have come up since the Civil War, and upon whom the future political destiny of the country must devolve. Those who have known him, or heard him speak, have no fear but that he will respond to the call of his country with the earnestness of purpose, power of expression and singleness of intention that has always characterized his attitude toward public duty. 356 357 In October, 1893, he was married to Ruth Tileston of Evansville, Ind., a lady of charming personality and great popularity. Their home in the I2th ward of Chicago is the centre of the artistic and literary activity of a wide circle of friends. EPHRAIM BANNING. This eminent and distinguished member of the Chicago bar may be said to inherit his legal tendency and., capacity. His mother, who was a Kentuckian by birth, was a sister of the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court of Illinois ; her father was Gilmer Walker, a lawyer of great eminence and with a large practice, and her uncle was Cyrus Walker, who likewise distinguished himself in the practice of law. The latter removed to Illinois and became one of the foremost lawyers of the State, ranking with such men as Lincoln, Douglas, S. T. Logan and others. The father of subject was a man of more than ordinary capacity ; he was a Virginian by birth and removed to the West at an early day and took an active and honorable part in the political and social prob- lems of Illinois and Kansas. From boyhood onward he had turned his back upon slavery and lost no opportunity to throw his influence and efforts dgainst that institution. After living in Illinois for a number of years he removed to Kansas and there still further improved his reputation as an uncompromising foe of slavery. All this effort and activity on his part had not a little to do in establishing in the heart of our subject the strongest sentiments of civil and religious liberty. From Kansas the family moved to Missouri, where they re- sided during the Civil War. Two brothers older than subject promptly en- listed in the P'ederal cause, while the latter, then twelve years of age, remained to assist his father on the farm. One brother lost his life in the service and the other served until the close of the war. Ephraim Banning was born in McDonough county, Illinois, July 21, 1849. H* 5 eaf ly life was passed without noteworthy incident, and upon attaining his seventeenth year had learned all the schools of the neighborhood could teach him. He then attended the Brook- field (Missouri) Academy, and there studied the classics and other branches of a liberal education. Later he became a law student in the office of Hon. Samuel P. Huston of Brookfield. There he received the elements of a legal education which has since ripened into broad and comprehensive knowledge not only of law but of all that will assist in making law dignified and successful. In 1871 he came to Chicago, then so full of possibilities for the young and ambitious stu- dent. He acted as clerk in the office of Rosenthal & Pence, in the meantime continuing diligently his studies, and was finally admitted to the bar in June, 1872. The following October he opened an office for himself, and soon had a living practice, which rapidly increased. He was a hard and indefatigable stu- dent, and fought his cases with a tenacity, vigor and intelligence that soon won for him an enviable reputation. Judge Blodgett afterward said of him at this time: "He had a large and varied practice" in his court, and that "he showed himself a good admiralty lawyer, was well equipped on all questions arising under the bankrupt law and in commercial cases generally, as well as in real estate law." One of his early associates, Frank J. Loesch, in writing of him said : "His preliminary training for admission to the bar was solid, his industry both then and since has been nothing less than wonderful, and while he has in later years confined himself and obtained eminent success as a patent lawyer, his career as a general practitioner during the first ten or twelve years of his practice was beyond the most sanguine expectations of any of our lawyers. He has fulfilled the promise of his youth in being not only a sterling man, but a lawyer who has lived up to the highest ideals of the profession, whose integrity has never been questioned, whose faithfulness to his clients' interests attained that measure of success which it deserved, and whose ability as a lawyer none can dispute." After about ten years he began making a specialty of patent cases. In 1877 he was joined by his brother, Thomas A., and in 1888 by George S. Payson, and in 1894 by Thomas F. Sheridan, who succeeded Mr. Payson as a member of the firm. Their briefs are familiar in all the leading courts of the country. In 1896 he served as a McKinley elector, in 1897 was appointed a member of the State 358 359 Board of Charities, and in 1899 was supported by an immense following for United States District Judge, but failed to get the appointment. He is a member of the Union League, Lincoln and Illinois Clubs, the American, State and Chi- cago Bar Associations, serving on the most important committees of the latter. He is a Presbyterian. He has been twice married to Lucretia T. Lindsley, who died in 1887, leaving three sons, and second to Emelie B. Jenne. JOHN JOSEPH BROWN. Hon. John Joseph Brown of Vandalia, 111., was bojrn in the city of New York, November 15, ^852, his parents being James and Mary Brown, natives of Dublin, Ireland. Both of his parents died when he was still of tender years, and he was thrown upon the mercies of friends, and at the age of seven years was sent to the New York Juvenile Asylum. He remained at the reception house of the Asylum ten days, and at the Asylum proper fourteen days, making twenty-four days in all. At that time there was being organized at the Asylum a company of twenty-seven boys to be sent West to such homes as they could find among the farmers and others. The subject of this sketch was not among this company of boys selected, as he was too young to be of service to farmers ; but his brother William Brown was chosen, and as soon as it was learned by the Board of Directors that William Brown had a younger brother in the institution, they deemed it wise that John should accompany him, and accordingly he joined the others. Upon his arrival in Illinois he was indentured to William Henninger of Hagarstown, a prosperous farmer of that community. In a short time the young boy became attached to his surroundings, and became interested in the affairs of the farm. The hard work to which he was introduced developed a remarkably rugged physique and excellent health, which has ever since been enjoyed by him. Possessing a strong mind, healthy body, a fluent tongue and sparkling and ready wit, he became popular in the entire neighborhood. He was found, at an early age, to possess exceptional social qualities, which in recent years have been the means of attracting to him a wide circle of sincere friends. He was permitted to see many pleasures during his boyhood, and was given fairly good educational advantages. Still later, when at the age of sixteen years, he was permitted, through the kindness of Mr. Henninger, to enter the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington, where he spent five years of earnest, diligent study. Upon his return to Fayette county he spent six years in teaching school, a portion of the time being principal of the Vandalia High Schools. His quali- ties fitted him excellently for the legal profession. He was a ready speaker, was skilled in debate, witty and eloquent in language, logical in thought, and with these qualities he made up his mind to study law. He began the study, and in due time was admitted to practice. In 1881 he formed a partnership with Judge W r . M. Farmer, afterward taking into the firm George T. Turner, who is now County Judge. After the elevation of Judge Farmer to the Circuit Bench, and Judge Turner to the County Bench, Mr. Brown formed a partnership with James M. Albert, under the firm name of Brown & Albert. This firm is by far the ablest and most successful of the law firms of the city. As a lawyer Mr. Brown is exceedingly popular and successful, and as a pleader has few equals before the jury. Whether at the bar or on the platform he is equally at home, and by his brilliant oratory and close analysis of subjects wins verdicts as well as ap- plause. His qualities led him into politics. In 1884 he was nominated by the Republicans of his district for Congress, but the district being overwhelmingly Democratic, he was defeated by Judge Lane of Hillsboro. Later he was nominated for County Judge, and though the county had 500 Democratic majority, he lacked only 43 votes of being elected. In the fall of 1886 he was nominated for Representative of the Thirty-fifth Gen- eral Assembly, and was easily elected. In February, 1889, he was appointed by Governor Fifer one of the Commissioners of the Chester Penitentiary, and served until the election of John P. Altgeld, when he resigned to give place to a. Democrat. In 1894 his friends urged him to make the race for Congress against Judge Lane, but he generously yielded that honor to his friend, Hon. Frederick 360 361 Remann, and by his able support contributed much to the success of that gentle- man. Since his resignation as commissioner he has devoted himself to the prac- tice of his profession. Few lawyers in the State sustain a more honorable and successful relation to the bar than he does. He has lost none of his vigor, interest and activity in politics, and is ever ready to employ his high talents and greatest energies for the good of his party. He was chairman of the Committee on Resolutions at the State Republican Convention in 1898, of which duty one writer states: "It was a delicate position 'that required a cool head, quick judg- ment and a rare political finesse." These difficult requirements were ably and successfully met by this distinguished man, who many years ago, as a poor orphan boy, came west to grow up with the country, and become a useful citizen. The same writer states of him : "It was this homeless, orphan boy, the school teacher, the lawyer, the legislator and man of business competency, the vigorous, genial man who electrified the Republican State Convention and drove the storm clouds from that body." Mr. Brown was married to Nellie G. Blackwell, daughter of Robert Black- well, one of the pioneer newspaper men of the State, who represented his dis- trict in the Legislature when the capital was located at Vandalia. His family consists of his wife and an accomplished daughter, just reaching young woman- hood. Mr. Brown belongs to the Masonic, Odd Fellows and Pythian Orders, and served as Grand Chancellor of the Knights of Pythias in 1896, and is now one of the supreme representatives of that order. He is a Methodist and an enthusiastic Sunday-school worker. He has been repeatedly urged to make the race for Governor, and is well fitted in every way to grace that honorable position. HENRY FRANCIS BADER. The parents of the subject of this sketch were John G. and Margaret Bader, the father being a contractor and builder of considerable prominence in the vicinity where he lived. After a useful life he died in 1876; his widow is yet living. Henry Francis Bader was born June i, 1858, in East St. Louis, 111. He was educated at the public schools of East St. Louis and St. Louis, taking great interest in his studies and coming out of school well prepared for the active duties of life. In 1872, having made up his mind the occupation he wished to pursue through life, he entered the St. Louis College of Pharmacy with the class of 1878-9, and taking the full course was duly graduated, and in 1881, having secured the necessary means, he embarked in business on his own account. He has thus continued until the present time, steadily expanding his business until he now owns and conducts two of the most elegant drug stores in East St. Louis. His business success has been due to his activity, intelli- gence and general capacity for the management of intricate industrial enter- prises. Back as far as he can recollect his views have been identical with those of the Republican party. He began to take an active interest in politics in 1889, at which time he became a candidate for membership on the Board of School Trustees of his district, to which position he was elected. In 1895, so strong was his influence among politicians, he was brought forward by his party as a candidate for Mayor of East St. Louis, and was elected and served for two years, refusing to become a candidate for re-election. He has been a member of the St. Clair County Republican Central Committee for many years, and is the present chairman of the City Central Committee of East St. Louis. In March, 1899, he was appointed by Governor Tanner a Commissioner to the Southern Illinois Penitentiary, in recognition of distinguished services. Aside from his drug business he also became interested in various other industries. In 1890 he was one of the incorporators of the East St. Louis Electric Railway, of which organization he was elected first vice-president. He is a member of the Ma- sonic Fraternity, a Knight Templar and a Shriner, and has reached the thirty- second degree. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Fra- ternal Mystic Circle. He was united in marriage to Louise M. Spannagel, Sep- tember 22, 1881, and by her had five children, four of whom are now living. 362 363 HORATIO CHAPIN BURCHARD. Horatio Chapin Burcharcl was born at Marshall, Oneida county, N. Y., September 22, 1825. His father, Deacon Horatio Burcharcl, was born at West Springfield, Mass., September 14, 1792, and was the Son of Jonathan and Beulah Ely Burchard. Jonathan Burchard was a Revolutionary soldier and a descend- ant of Thomas Burchard, who was born at Roxbury, England, and emigrated to Boston in 1635. Horatio Burchard, Sr., was married at West Springfield, to Frances Chapin, a refined ^and accomplished young lady who had been edu- cated at the Hartford Ladies' Seminary. In 1838, Mr. Burchard, Sr., removed with his family to Aurora, N. Y., and two years later to Beloit, Wis. For two years young Burchard attended school at the Aurora Academy, and afterward at Beloit, during the winters, working on his father's farm in the summer. In the winter of 1846-7 he taught school, and early in 1847 entered Hamilton College at Clinton, N. Y., where he was graduated in 1850. He there decided to take up the law as a profession, and began in the law class of the senior year, studying the legal text books written by American authors, and after graduation continued his studies, in the meantime supporting himself by teaching school. After being admitted to practice in the Wisconsin courts he formed a partnership with J. W. Stewart. His health failing on account of office confinement, he decided to abandon temporarily the law business, and accepted employment as assistant engineer in surveying for a railroad between Janesville and the Mississippi river. In 1853 he came to Freeport, 111. ; had charge of its schools for one year, and in 1855 formed a partnership with Hon. Thomas J. Turner and later with Judge Edward P. Barton and Henry M. Barnum for the practice of law in that city, where he has since continued to reside. Mr. Burchard, by heredity as well as conviction, became an earnest Repub- lican. His fathe_r was an early and out-spoken Abolitionist and one of the seven who organized the Liberty party in 1844. Mr. Burchard's first vote for Presi- dent was cast in 1848 for the Free Soil candidate, Martin Van Buren, but in 1852 he voted with the WJiig party, and in 1856 he entered heartily in the Freemont campaign in the interest of the Republican ticket. In 1858 he was a delegate to the Republican State convention at Springfield, and in 1862 he was elected to the Legislature, where he took an active part in opposing the disloyal measures which the Democratic majority had introduced. In 1864 Mr. Burchard was re-elected ; during this term he introduced a number of bills and succeeded in having them enacted into law; among them were the following: Giving towns and counties power to grant bounties to soldiers enlisting in the Union Army ; authorizing the votes of U^nion soldiers absent from the State to be taken, transmitted and counted ; providing for the registry of voters ; and a bill repealing the so-called Black Laws. In 1868 he was a delegate to the State convention and took an active part in the campaign of that year. In 1869 Mr. Burchard was elected to Congress from the Galena District to fill the unexpired term of Hon. E. B. Washburne, who resigned. He was afterward re-elected for the four succeeding terms. He served during this time two years on the Banking and Currency and eight years on the Ways and Means Committees, and materially assisted in framing and perfecting the im- portant measures then being considered. At the close of his fifth term in Congress he was appointed Director of the Mint, and held this position until after the inauguration of Cleveland in 1885. For his statistical work while Director of the Mint he was elected member of the International Statistical Institute. He then returned to his home at Freeport and resumed the practice of law. Mr. Burchard was a member of the commission appointed by Governor Oglesby to revise the revenue laws of the State, and since the completion of this duty his time has been occupied with professional and private business at Freeport, except in 1893, when he had the supervision of the Bureau of Awards in the Mines and Mining Departments at the World's Fair, and in 1900 was Supervisor of the Census for the Third District of Illinois. On May 15, 1861, Mr. Burchard was married to Jane Lawver of Lena, 111. Mrs. Burchard was educated in the Freeport schools and for a short time at 364 365 the Rockford Ladies' Seminary, and later at the celebrated Ladies' Seminary at Troy, N. Y. She was an accomplished lady and a devoted wife and mother. During the sixteen years her husband was a member of Congress and Director of the Mint, she was with him at Washington, and accompanied him on his travels there and to other places. She died at Freeport, November 17, 1892. Their only child, Edward Lawver Burchard, was born June 5, 1867. He was graduated at Beloit College in 1891, and in July of that year was appointed by Director General Davis stenographer and clerk, and afterward chief clerk, for the department of Mines and Mining in the World's Columbian Exposition, which position he held until jts close, when he became Librarian and Recorder for the Field Columbian Museum. In 1897, upon competitive examination, taken by about eighty applicants in the principal cities of the United States, he, standing the highest, was appointed and now is chief of the division of Archives and Library in the Coast and Geodetic Survey at Washington. CHARLES MILAN BARRICKMAN. Charles Milan Barrickman of Pontiac, 111., was born December 28, 1862, at Newton, Livingston county, 111. His father, Benjamin Barrickman, came, with his wife, Mary A. Barrickman, to Livingston county in 1832, and pursued the occupation of a farmer. Their son Charles was afforded every opportunity for securing an education. After passing through the schools of his neighborhood he entered the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, where he completed his education. After leaving the university, he taught school for two years, studied law, and after an examination before the Supreme Court of the State was admitted to the bar in 1889. He at once entered upon the practice of law at Pontiac, where he soon established a fine reputation as a lawyer, secured a good practice and made many friends. In 1894 Mr. Barrickman was elected to the office of County Judge, was re-elected in 1898, and holds that position at the date of this writing. Judge Barrickman has, by extensive study, fitted himself for the most impor- tant public positions of the State. He is keenly alive to all the great movements of the day, keeps well posted, not only in regard to his profession, but in the great march of public events ; he is an untiring worker and is undoubtedly one of the rising men of the State. The Judge is peculiarly gifted by nature for making friends affable, agreeable, assuring in his address, unpretentious, but always thoroughly in earnest. He rarely ever meets a man but what they part as friends. These points of character, supplemented with zeal and industry in the prosecution of just ends, fit Judge Barrickman for a successful career. As a judicial officer Judge Barrickman has given the bar and the public entire satisfaction. He is clear in his perceptions and logical and incisive in his deductions. On the bench he is at once dignified and unostentatious. His pres- ence inspires confidence and respect. In the conduct of business he is strictly impartial, but sympathetic to both sviitors and their counsel. Judge Barrickman politically has always been a Republican ; he is a thorough believer in the princi- ples of the party, and never fails to perform his part in the political campaigns of the State, exerting at all times a most powerful influence for the success of his party. The Judge is a member of the Masonic Fraternity and of the Knights of Pythias. He is also a member of the Hamilton Club of Chicago. Charles Milan Barrickman is an eminent exemplar of that high citizenship that cannot be restrained to the limitations of any single state, but rather looks out and beyond as is concerned with the fortunes and destiny of the whole land. As both judge and layman, he has followed the loftiest ideals and directed his influence toward the furtherance of those principles that make for the happiness and uplifting of the people. On June 16, 1890, he married Miss Rena M. Ten Eick, an estimable lady of Bloomington, 111. Their hospitable home at Pontiac is a model of domestic felicity, and an admirable expression of that high idealism that sustains and inspires them both. To the literary and social elite of that community this home has become a veritable Mecca, and its occupants the objects of profound and affectionate regard. 366 367 CHARLES BOGARDUS. The history of such a man as Colonel Charles Bogardus increases the respect shown to all those who have been the architects of their own fortunes and who have risen to prominence in whatever work they have undertaken. His life is but another example of what may be accomplished when a determined spirit is at the helm. Colonel Bogardus has tfeen identified with the political affairs of Illinois as one of the Republican leaders for years, and is one of the oldest members of the Senate in point of consecutive service. He is a product of the Empire State, born in Cayuga county, March 28, 1841, and when but six years old was left an orphan. He obtatined a fair common school education in a "catch-as- catch-can" way, and began working in a city store at the age of twelve ; remained nearly four years, when he went with an uncle, a merchant in western New York, as clerk, until his enlistment. On his return at the close of the war he became a partner and conducted the business until his failing health, resulting from his army wounds, caused him to sell out a very successful business. He practiced industry and economy, and thus accumulated considerable means, a good stock of experience and a fair share of knowledge from school books. Prompted by a spirit of patriotism, he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- dred and Fifty-first New York Infantry in 1862 and was elected First Lieutenant of his company. He was promoted to a captaincy the same year, a position he filled in a manner that reflected great credit upon himself, and later he was made Lieutenant-Colonel of his regiment, and was the youngest field officer commanding in his brigade or division of the Sixth Army Corps. Following this he was brevetted to a Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service before Petersburg, Va." He was twice wounded, once very severely, and captured by the enemy. Colonel Bogardus participated in some of the fiercest and bloodiest battles of the war, among which may be named Mine Run, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Sailor's . Creek and Appomattox. In 1872 he came to theJPrairie State and settled'. in Ford county, where he has since made his home, and where he has the unbounded confidence and respect of all. In 1885 he was appointed Colonel and Aide-de-Camp by Governor Oglesby, and was reappointed in 1889 by Governor Fifer. Colonel Bogardus is a practical farmer and stock raiser and has dealt extensively in farm lands as buyer and seller. He owns and operates many magnificent farms in the fertile prairies of eastern, central and northern Illinois. The Colonel was married to Hannah W. Pells of Orleans county, New York, in 1862. They have but one child living. Colonel Bogardus has a long and honorable record in Illinois politics, beginning with his first session in the Illinois House in 1885, an experience that tried every member as with fire. It was the famous session when General Logan and Colonel Morrison so long fought for election as United States Sen- ator, and the Legislature was evenly divided politically. Senator Bogardus demonstrated his ability as a leader, and was rewarded with a return to the House in 1887. The same year he was selected chairman of the Republican caucus. In 1888 he was advanced to the Senate, and in the sessions of 1889, 1893 and 1897 was chairman of the committee to make up the Senate committees for the Republicans. In 1892 he was re-elected to the Senate, and in 1895 was chosen president pro-tem by acclamation in the Republican caucus the highest place in the gift of the Senate. In 1895, in the absence of the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, he was Constitutional Governor for some time. Mr. Bogardus is one of those clear-headed, constructive and able men whose per- sistent industry, comprehensive grasp of details and power to marshal them for practical results, made him invaluable in committee, where legislation is per- fected and all important measures are prepared. During the late war with Spain he organized a regiment of splendid men, finely officered, but was unable to get them to the front. 363 369 ELMER E. BARRETT. Elmer E. Barrett of Chicago, 111., was born in Kalamazoo, Mich., June 2, 1863. Mr. Barrett is descended from Irish stock on his father's side, and from Welsh ancestry through his mother. His paternal ancestors settled in this country before the Revolution, and participated in that great struggle for inde- pendence. The Barrett family was represented in the War of 1812 also, and in the late Civil War as well. They are a race of patriotic people, ever ready to risk their lives for their country in the defense for the right. Mr. Barrett's father was James Henry Barrett, and his mother, before her marriage, was Sarah Hopkins. Elmer E. Barrett was afforded every opportunity for acquiring a good edu- cation. He studied law and was admitted to the bar of the State of Illinois in 1889, and began the practice of his profession in Chicago, where he soon estab- lished a lucrative practice. He became a member of the firm of Shope, Mathis, Barrett & Rogers, composed of Honorable Simeon P. Shope, Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois ; John C. Mathis, Esq. ; Mr. Barrett and R. M. Rogers, Esq. This firm was, from the start, recognized as one of the ablest law firms of the city. Mr. Barrett took an active interest in professional education and was one of the founders of the Chicago College of Law, this being the law department of the Lake Forest University. He has been one of its chief executive officers since its organization, arid is now secretary thereof. This institution is one of the four largest law schools in the United States. Honorable Joseph M. Baily, one of Chicago's most distinguished judges, was its first dean. He held this position until his death, and was succeeded as dean by Honorable Thomas Moran. Mr. Barrett has added to his reputation as a lawyer by his great success as a teacher. He has been largely instrumental in establishing the lines of instruction of this institution ; its curriculum is broad and thorough ; it is not bound down to one method, but has adopted the most useful features of all the systems in vogue. Mr. Barrett aims to teach the fundamental principles of law upon which the American system of jurisprudence rests, and to teach the theory and practice of law making, and tke principles of construction, so that a student, passing through this institution, will be qualified to make his way in the courts. The Chicago College of Law, under the influence of Mr. Barrett, advanced the requirements of study to three years instead of two as the basis for granting the degree of Bachelor of Law. He is president of the Law Journal Print, pub- lishers of the Chicago Law Journal, one of the best and best-known legal publi- cations of the country. He is a member of the Union League, the Marquette and the Press Clubs and the Chicago Athletic Club. He is also a governing member of the Art Institute of Chicago. Elmer E. Barrett was married in 1883 to Helen Marie Walters. Their home is at Western Springs, a convenient suburb of Chicago. REUBEN MOORE BENJAMIN. In common with other States carved out of the Northwest Territory, Illi- nois, in her infancy and youth, received as emigrants many sons of New York State who, thoroughly uniting their own fortunes to hers, gave to their adopted' State loyal and intelligent service, and in their turn waxed strong with her growth and prospered with her prosperity. From 1820 to 1860 Illinois received from the Empire State many engaged in the learned professions, and particu- larly that of law. Among those who thus sought upon the fertile prairies of the W T est a more inviting field for the practice of law than was afforded in their native State, was Reuben M. Benjamin, who has achieved in his new home an unusual degree of sucess as lawyer and judge. He was born at Chatham Center, Columbia county, N. Y., June 29, 1833 ; the youngest son of Darius and Martha (Rogers) Benjamin. His ancestors on both sides lived in Con- necticut in colonial times and he comes of good old Revolutionary stock, his 370 371 grandfather, Ebenezer Benjamin, being a captain in the Revolutionary army. Then, too, his father was a soldier in the War of 1812. His father and his maternal grandfather, Timothy Rogers, were of English, while his maternal grandmother, Sarah (Moore) Rogers, was of Welsh extraction. Reuben M. Benjamin was fitted for college at Kinderhook Academy, New York, and in 1853 was graduated with honors at Amherst College, Massachu- setts. He was principal of Hopkins Academy at Hadley, Massachusetts, from '53 to '54, a student in Harvard Law School from '54 to '55, and a tutor in Amherst College from '55 to '56. In April of the last named year he went to Bloomington, 111., and in the" following September, upon the examination cer- tificate of Abraham Lincoln, was licensed to practice law. Soon after this he became a partner with General A. Gridley and Colonel J. H. Wickizer, with whom he remained as long as they practiced law. In 1863 he formed a part- nership with Thomas F. Tipton, afterwards circuit judge and member of Con- gress ; and since then, at different times, he has been associated as partner with Jonathan H. Rowell, member of Congress for several terms ; Lawrence Weldon, one of the judges of the United States Court of Claims, and John J. Morrissey. In 1869 he was elected a delegate to the convention that framed the State Constitution of 1870, and two years later he was one of the counsel for the people in the celebrated Lexington case (67 111. Rep. n), a case involving the question as to the right of railroad corporations arbitrarily to fix their charges. He was subsequently employed as special counsel for the State Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners and assisted the Attorney General in the prosecution of the warehouse case (69 111. Rep. 80), which was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States and there being affirmed, estab- lished the constitutional power of the Legislature to regulate railroad and warehouse charges and thereby protect the public against imposition. The Western Jurist says : "It is probable that the people of the State are indebted for the results of this agitation to Hon. R. M. Benjamin, of Bloomington, in a greater degree than to any other single individual." As member of the Con- stitutional Convention, and as counsel in these cases, he made most convincing arguments in favor of the rights of the people. In 1873 Mr. Benjamin was elected without opposition to the office of County Judge of McLean county; was re-elected in 1877 and in 1882. He preferred not to be a candidate again for the office, and accordingly retired from the bench at the close of his third term, in December, 1886. Judge Benjamin has ever been a student of his profession, and his knowledge of legal principles and of precedents is comprehensive and accurate. His reasoning is sound, his deduc- tions logical, and he is remarkable among lawyers for the wide research and provident care with which he prepares his cases. Upon the organization of the law department of the Illinois Wesleyan University in 1874, Judge Benjamin was appointed dean of the faculty. He is still connected with the school. He has published the following works : "Student's Guide to Elementary Law," "Principles of the Law of Contracts," and "Principles of the Law of Sales" which are used in several of the leading law schools of the country. In 1880 the degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the Illinois Wesleyan University. Judge Benjamin was married at Chatham, New York, September 15, 1856, to Laura, daughter of David G. Woodin, who for many years was County Superin- tendent of Schools of Columbia county, New York. E'DWARD J. BRUNDAGE. Honorable Edward J. Brundage of Chicago, 111., is a native of New York State. He was born May 13, 1869, in the town of Campbell. The Brundage family are old settlers of the western portion of New York, chiefly in Steuben county. His father, Victor Brundag-e, married Maria L. Armstrong, who was also a native of New York. In 1880 they removed with their family to the city of Detroit, Mich. Young Brundage attended the public schools of Detroit until the death of his father in 1883 when he left school and sought employment, to assist in the support of the family. He was employed in a railroad office, where * 372 373 he gave entire satisfaction, so that, in 1885, when the company removed its gen- eral offices to Chicago, Mr. Brundage being then sixteen years of age, came to Chicago and remained in the employment of the company until 1898. Never neglecting the business of his employer, the railroad company, he devoted all his leisure to hard study, to perfect his education, that he might be enabled to carry out his plan of becoming a lawyer. He took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in October, 1892. He then entered the Chicago College of Law and graduated with honor from this institution in 1893. Mr. Brundage became identified with the Republican party during his early manhood, and has been an active political worker, particularly during the cam- paign of 1896, which ended in the triumphant election of President McKinley. Mr. Brundage has made a wide circle of friends in Chicago, especially in the district in which he resides. In 1898 he was nominated by the Republican party of the Sixth Senatorial District, as a candidate for the General Assembly, and was elected. The ability of Mr. Brundage for public duties was immediately recognized by his associates, and in the distribution of committees of the house he was made chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills, and was also a member of the committees on Corporations, Insurance, Parks and Boulevards and Congressional Apportionment. Mr. Brundage performed the duties of rep- resentative so well that his constituents have nominated him to the office of Senator, and he is now, at this writing, a candidate in the Sixth Senatorial Dis- trict. Mr. Brundage has been appointed by Governor Tanner as vice-president of the Pan-American Exposition to take place at Buffalo, New York, in 1901. It is expected that this exposition will be a great success in every respect. Gov- ernor Tanner selected Mr. Brundage for the position of vice-president, believing that he would have the ability and push to interest the people of Illinois in this great undertaking. He is a member of the Marquette Club of Chicago ; also a member of the Royal League, the National Union, the Order of Columbian Knights, Knights of Pythias and of the Masonic Fraternity. He is now an officer in the Lincoln Park Commandery of Knights Templar. Mr. Brundage has been an active member of all these associations and is a popular man with his associates. Up to this time Mr. Brundage has remained unmarried. WILLIAM NICHOLS BUTLER. Hon. William N. Butler of Cairo, 111., was born August 16, 1856, in Berlin, Green Lake county, Wis. His father was Comfort Edgar Butler ; his mother's name before marriage was Celestia A. Carter. In 1859 Mr. Butler removed with his family to Pennsylvania, where he resided until the outbreak of the Civil War ; he then enlisted in a Pennsylvania regiment for the defense of the country. In due course he enlisted the second time in another Pennsylvania regiment and served during the war. During the absence of Mr. Butler in the army his family removed to New York State and made their home among their relatives in Canandaigua. In January, 1869, Mr. Butler went to the State of Texas, where he expected to make his home. He removed to Illinois, settling at the town of Anna, Union county ; here William N. Butler grew to manhood. After attend- ing the local schools at home he entered the University of Illinois at Champaign, from which institution he graduated June 7, 1879. I n referring to this early part of his life Mr. Butler is always pleased to recount the fact that he worked at various employment during his university term to earn money to pay his way ; he worked as a carpenter, a printer, a clerk in a store and as a teacher ; never, however, neglecting the requirements of the university course. Mr. But- ler decided to study law ; he had the acquantance and friendship of Judge Monroe C. Crawford of Jonesboro ; under his instruction he began his studies. In the fall of 1881 he entered the Union College of Law of Chicago; it happened that he was a classmate and seatmate of Hon. W. J. Bryan. In 1882 Mr. Butler entered the senior class of the Albany (New York) Law School, and upon gradu- ating in 1883 received the degree of Bachelor of Law. 374 375 In August, 1883, he settled at Cairo, 111., and was employed as a clerk in the Internal Revenue Service under Gen. C. W. Pavey, collector; he remained in this position until the fall of 1884, when he was nominated by the Republican party of Alexander county for the office of State's Attorney and was elected. Mr. Butler now entered upon the professional career he had labored so hard to fit himself for, and which had for years been his ambition. He at once took rank among the ablest men at the bar ; the fact that he was thrice re-elected, and filled this important office for sixteen years to the satisfaction of the people, is conclusive evidence of his ability and popularity. Mr. Butler was Corporation Counsel for the city of Cairo -for two years from 1895, and has also been a mem- ber of the Board of Education for six years. He has been closely identified with the official management of the affairs of the Republican party of his county and district. He was chairman. of the Republican Central Committee of Alexander county for six years ; chairman of the Republican Committees of the Supreme Court District and of the Republican Judicial Committee of the First Circuit for 1889. In 1888 he was an alternate delegate to the National Republican Convention of that year. Mr. Butler has also been identified with the Illinois National Guard; he was Captain and Adjutant of the old Ninth Regiment. He belongs to three fraternal societies the Masons, Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. Probably the most highly appreciated honor conferred upon him was the presidency of the Alumni Association of the University of Illinois, which he held during 1888 and 1889, and again in 1899-1900. Mr. Butler, although not a member, is a regular attendant upon the serv- ices of the Presbyterian Church, and is a trustee of the church at Cairo. He was married to Mary Mattoon, October 28, 1885, at Fairbury, 111. Mr. and Mrs. Butler have an interesting family of six children, namely Comfort Straght, born in 1887; William Glenn, 1890; Franklin Mattoon, 1892; Mary, 1894; Helen, 1897, and John Bruce, 1899. WILLIAM J. CALHOUN. William J. Calhoun of Chicago, 111., was born October 5, 1848, in Pittsburg, Penn. He is of Scotch-Irish descent. His father, Robert Calhoun, was born in County Tyrone, Ireland. He was a descendant of the Scotch clan known as the Colquohus. He emigrated to the United States when a young man, and first located in Pittsburg, Pa., where he married Sarah A. Knox. Her father was also of Scotch descent, the family tree extending back and including the celebrated John Knox of Scotland. Her father, prior to his emigration to the United States, was an officer in the British Army ; her grandfather was Captain John Knox, who wrote and published what is called "Knox's Diary," a history of the French and English wars in Canada, in which he participated. Parkman in his histories frequently refers thereto. His mother died in 1858. Robert Calhoun was engaged in mercantile pursuits until he lost his health, when in 1860 he retired to a farm in Mahoning county, Ohio, where he died in 1866. William J. Calhoun was educated in the common schools and took a three year course of study at Poland Union Seminary, Poland, Ohio. He came to Illinois in 1869, settling at Arcola, Douglas county, where he lived some two years ; he taught country schools, worked on a farm and commenced the study of law. He removed to Danville, 111.; was admitted to the bar in 1875, and the same year formed a law partnership with Hon. J. B. Mann of Danville. The firm had a large practice. Mr. Calhoun rose rapidly in the profession, made many friends, and was popular with his political associates. In 1882 he received the Republican nomination for the Legislature and was elected ; he served one term and declined re-election. His legislative career 1 gave entire satisfaction to his constituents. In 1884 he was elected State's Attorney of Vermillion county, and held that office for one term. The partner- ship with Mr. Mann was dissolved during this period, and Mr. Calhoun, now well established in his profession, took rank as one of the leading lawyers practicing at the bar. In 1892 Mr. Calhoun was appointed General Attorney of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad Company, and remained in the service of that corporation until March, 1898. While at all times earnestly devoted to 376 377 his profession, and always reluctant to be drawn away from the regular practice of the law by the acceptance of office, he has been an earnest and active Repub- lican, working for the success of the party in the interest of good government. In 1896 Mr. Calhoun was a delegate from Vermillion county to the Republican State convention, and took the leading part in that exciting convention in sup- port of a resolution instructing the delegates at large to the Republican National convention to support William McKinley for the Presidential nomination. Mr. Calhoun exhibited great tact and judgment in his management of this question ; he separated it absolutely from the contests over the State nominations ; no one supporting his resolution beqame complicated thereby in respect to any other question. His resolution was adopted. The success of the campaign brought Mr. Calhoun prominently forward as a Republican leader in the State, and his close friendship with President McKinley added nationally to his influence and power. Mr. Calhoun was one of the leading stump orators in Illinois during the campaign of 1896, and sus- tained himself admirably before the people as an eloquent and forceful speaker. When William McKinley became President he was anxious to have Mr. Calhoun identified with his administration. He had great confidence in his ability, his judgment and his loyalty, and believed that such a man would be of great service to the country. The President tendered Mr. Calhoun the appointment of Comp- troller of the Treasury, which he declined ; he felt that he would not be justified in giving up his law practice; but in May, 1897, Mr. Calhoun accepted the appointment of the American Counsel to the Joint Commission of Spain and the United States to investigate the circumstances attending the death in Cuba of Dr. Ruiz, an alleged American citizen. The action of Mr. Calhoun in this case brought to light and emphasized the terrible barbarity of Spanish rule in Cuba. In March, 1898, Mr. Calhoun was appointed Interstate Commerce Com- missioner to succeed Hon. William R. Morrison. He accepted that position, but resigned it in October, 1899, to re-enter the practice of law. He is now a member of the law firm of Pam, Calhoun & Glennon, with offices in the Rookery in Chicago. Mr. Calhoun married Alice Harmon, December 30, 1875, at Danville, 111. Miss Harmon was born in Mumford, Monroe county, N. Y. Mrs. Calhoun died August 17, 1898, leaving surviving her two daughters, Marian and Corinne Calhoun. CHARLES C- CARNAHAN. Charles C. Carnahan of Chicago is a self-made man. He is of that type of strenuous young men who, by their own native ability, energy 'and upright character, carve for themselves successful and honorable public careers and elevate official life. He has risen from the humble walks of life to success in the legal profession and to bright prospects for his future political career. He was born at Cochran's Mills, a small village in western Pennsylvania, on the 3d day of April, 1868. He received his early education in the village schools. At the age of seventeen he taught school in his home village for ten months. He received his collegiate education at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Mich. In the spring of 1890 he passed the preliminary law examination in Kit- tanning, the county seat of his home county, and was then registered as a law clerk and read law in the office of J. W. King, a prominent attorney there, until the fall of 1891, at which time he came to Chicago and entered the Chicago College of Law, a branch of the Lake Forest University, and was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1892. He received the degree of LL.B. from the Lake Forest University in the spring of 1893. Immediately upon his admission to the bar he opened an office in the Cham- ber of Commerce building, Chicago, and on the ist of January, 1893, formed a partnership with James Heckman under the firm name of Heckman & Carna- han, which partnership continued for four years and was then dissolved, and the firm of Heath, Carnahan & Stoll was entered into in the spring of 1897, which continued until the spring of 1899, and was then dissolved on account of Mr. Heath, the senior member of the firm, going East to act as counsel for a 378 379 large corporation. The present firm of Carnahan, Slusser & Hawkes was shortly thereafter formed. Mr. Slusser of said firm is the present State's Attor- ney of Du Page county, and the firm has a large and lucrative civil practice in Chicago. In recent years Mr. Carnahan has been connected with some of the largest litigation in Cook county. He for years has been a member of the Chicago Bar Association and the Chicago Law Institute, is a member of the political action committee of the Lincoln Club of Chicago and identified with a number of societies. He was married in 1894 to Katherine A. Hawkes, and they resided for a time in the suburb of Downers Grove, in DuPage county, in which county, at the time of Mr. Carnahan's removal to the city, he was a member of the Republican 'County Central Committee. In 1900 he was the Republican nominee for Congress in the Fifth Congressional District. Mr. Carnahan spent his early days, while not attending school, practically from boyhood and until he entered upon his collegiate course, clerking in his father's general store in his home village, and in the harvest season he assisted in taking the harvest from his father's farm located near the village. He springs from good old American stock, some of his people dating back to the Revolu- tion, his maternal great-grandfather having received at the hands of the govern- ment a large tract of land, on which the village of Worthington now stands in western Pennsylvania, for services rendered the government during the Revo- lution. The family names of his grandparents are respectively, Carnahan and Funk, McKee and Henry. His parents, William H. and Maria L. Carnahan, now reside at Apollo, Pa., and are among the oldest and most highly respected citizens in the county. HENRY H. CARR. Henry H. Carr, of Chicago, was born June 20, 1844, in Northville, LaSalle county, 111. His parents returned to New York, their native state, when he was a child, but when he was about nine years old they again came to Illinois, and settled in LaSalle county. The father was a man of fine business sense and great enterprise. He founded the city of Sandwich, 111., and successfully en- gaged in the general merchandise and grain business. Henry H. Carr grew up amid the busy life in which his father was engaged, and was taught the rudiments of a successful business career. He attended the best schools of his neighborhood, was a studious boy, and at the age of fifteen entered a commercial college at Chicago, and studied during the winter of 1859- 1860. Completing his course, he returned home and went to work in his father's store. When eighteen years of age, with the consent of his parents, he enlisted in Company H, One Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, for three years. His regiment was chiefly engaged in the campaigns of the Army of the Cumberland, and during his three years' service it took part in nearly all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, marched with Sherman to the sea, up the coast, and participated in the grand review of the Federal armies at Washington at the close of the war. He was mustered out at Chicago in June, 1865. After leaving the army Mr. Carr decided to go west ; he secured a position with a large western supply firm at Leavenworth, Kan., a shipping point which then bid fair to grow into permanent importance. The completion of the Union Pacific railroad changed all this, and Mr. Carr returned to Chicago and took a position in Martin O'Brien's Art Emporium. In 1867 he moved to Quincy, 111., where he remained three years with the wholesale and retail house of W. H. Johnson & Co. In 1869 he returned to Chicago and engaged with Field, Leiter & Co. There he remained but a short time. An opening occurred in the Board of Trade firm of E. F. Pulsifer & Co., and he secured an interest therein, and was connected with that commission house for six years. In the spring of 1877 his health became impaired, and he was obliged to seek a respite from business cares. Mr. Carr then made several trips to the Black Hills, combining business with pleasure. In the fall of 1878 he engaged in sheep raising in Texas, but in the following spring returned to Chicago. Now perfectly restored in health, he sought a new connection in the grain trade, and as a result was soon asso- ciated with Norman B. Ream. In 1884 Mr. Ream withdrew from active interest 380 381 in the concern, when the firm of H. H. Carr & Co. was established, with N. B. Ream as special partner. These relations continued for two years, when Mr. Ream withdrew. Thereupon Mr. Carr departed from the old-fashioned methods of trade and originated the system of direct consignments among the farmers. The movement, slow at first, soon acquired momentum, until to-day the firm of which he is at the head stands unrivaled among its class. When he began to advocate his shipping reform he encountered all sorts of opposition. The coun- try buyers, seeing in his success the downfall of their business, fought him bit- terly at every point. He was sneered at and ridiculed as "The Farmer's Friend." Mr. Carr is a Republican of the old school. He has persistently refused^ to become a candidate for office, yet he is always found to be working for the' success of the Republican party and the advancement of good, sound Republican principles. He is a public-spirited man and has done much to promote business interests of Chicago. He is a life member of the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation, and belongs to a number of social and business clubs. He is also a member of several fraternal societies. For several years he was secretary of the Grain Receivers' Association and did much to assist in improving the ter- minal facilities of the railroads entering Chicago. Henry H. Carr was married March I, 1877, to Mary Jane Hobbs of Chicago. They have two children, Maude and Mabelle B. Carr. THEODORE G. CASE. Among the noted lawyers of the State is the subject of this sketch. He is a native of New York, his birth occurring in Castletqn, July 13, 1853, where he received an academic education. In early manhood he engaged for a time in railroading in Texas and elsewhere, but soon returned to New York and devoted himself assiduously to the study of law. He first read in the office of Linn & Babbitt of Jersey City, but later in that of the famous William M. Evarts, from which two sources he acquired the foundation of a splendid legal education. Succeeding his work in these two offices he took a full course in the Law School of the University of New York, finally graduating with distinguished honors. He soon began practicing at Green Bay, Wis., and at once took a front rank among western practitioners. He became one of the solicitors of the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, and was assigned to conduct the foreclosure of that company's first and second mortgages on the Green Bay & Minnesota rail- road's property and appurtenances in Wisconsin. Opposing him were some of the brightest lawyers in the State, but Mr. Case succeeded in securing for his client a decree for $6,300,000. Many other important cases came under his management. He was engaged on one side or the other in nearly all the greatest cases which came before the local court. One of the most important was Jen- nings vs. Green Bay & Minnesota railway, in which the Supreme Court of the State sustained Mr. Case's claim that mandamus would lie against a municipality to enforce issuance of bonds voted to aid in building a railroad. This point was then new, but has now come into general practice, both in State and in Federal courts. In 1885 he resigned his position as general counsel for the Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul Railroad Company, the purchasers of the property of the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad Company, and moved to St. Louis, Mo., where he represented the trustees and bondholders of and secured a decree against the St. Louis, Hannibal & Keokuk Railroad Company for over $1,250,- ooo. While at St. Louis Mr. Case won some of his most notable victories against such eminent men as John B. Henderson, B. Gratz Brown, Patrick Dyer and ex-Governor Reynolds. None but a lawyer of the highest ability, the most consummate sagacity, and the widest range of learning, could have held his own against the odds that Mr. Case was compelled to face. That he successfully did so and that he surpassed many of them as an adroit lawyer of great versatility prove him to be one of the most successful, and therefore one of the best, lawyers in the West. The results of his excellent work are to be seen in many volumes of State and Federal reports. On pages 36, 471 and 7fx) of Volume 22 of the Federal Reporter may be read some of his remarkable successes. The 382 383 one on page 471 where Justice Brewer reversed Judge Treat in the United States Circuit Court in favor of all the contentions of Mr. Case in the case of Blair, Trustee, vs. St. Louis, Hannibal & Keokuk railroad, is a marked evidence of the correctness of Mr. Case's legal acumen and judgment. In 1886 Mr. Case came to Chicago and began active work in the local courts. Though his practice has been general, he has to some extent made criminal and personal injury cases his specialty. One of the notable cases conducted by him here was that of Holdom, etc., vs. Ancient Order of United Workmen. In 1889 he secured a ruling in the Cook County Criminal Court that has since been in constant practice. He scored another important victory in the case of Bowman vs. Bowman, 24 111. App. 165. His work in the Schwartz, Painter, Sutter and Ryan murder cases would alone make any lawyer famous. His great cases are too numerous to specify here. Many of his personal injury cases are the most notable in the history of the bar of the West. In one instance he obtained a verdict for $50,000, the largest ever secured in the West. Through his instru- mentality the Short Cause Calendar Law became a reality. It is not too much to say that Mr. Case is one of the most eminent lawyers in the country. ETHELBERT CALLAHAN. Ethelbert Callahan of Robinson, Crawford county, 111., was born December 17, 1829, in Jersey, Licking county, Ohio. John Callahan, his father, was born in Union county, Pa., and was of Scotch-Irish descent. His mother, Margaret Brown x was born at Bowling Green, Ky., August 25, 1805, and was of English descent. Mr. and Mrs. Callahan, the father and mother of Ethelbert, had re- ceived the common school educations of that period, were people of respecta- bility, honest and industrious, and were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They sent their son to the common schools of Ohio, and were deeply interested in giving him the best possible education, jHe soon acquired a love of books, and was especially devoted to the study of history, ancient and modern. When Ethelbert Callahan was fifteen years of age a circumstance occurred which no doubt gave direction to his whole life. He happened to be at Newark, Ohio, during a term of the Circuit Court, w 7 hen a trial came off, in which Henry Stansbery and Thomas Ewing, two of the greatest lawyers of the State, were opposing counsel. This contest of these intellectual legal athletes aroused in- terest in young Ethelbert, and he began to think of making himself a lawyer. Being ambitious of self-support, and unwilling to depend on his father, who had met with some financial reverses, at twenty years of age he went from his home in Ohio to Crawford county, 111., reaching there in March, 1849. He obtained employment as a school teacher during the winter months, and worked upon a farm during summer for two years. He then secured employment in a retail store and continued in this business for two years. During these years he had not neglected his education, he had extended his knowledge as a school man, and had devoted much of his time to standard literature. In 1853 he took up newspaper work and published the "Wabash Sentinel," at Hutsonville. In 1854 he edited the "Marshall Telegraph," published at Marshall, Clark county, 111., and took an active part in the political discussions growing out of the "Know v Nothing" campaign of that year. In 1857 Mr. Callahan was elected Justice of the Peace. This position gave him the opportunity and the time which he had long been looking forward to. He began the study of law, and devoted himself assiduously to the task. He was admitted to the baV and licensed by the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1859. 1 J" ne > 1861, Mr. Callahan removed to Robinson and began the practice of law. In the same year he was appointed Master in Chancery of Crawford county. Mr. Callahan's career as a lawyer has been successful. In every court where he appears he is recognized as a lawyer of unquestioned ability. Like most lawyers practicing in the smaller cities, Mr. Callahan practices all branches of the profession. The Chancery Docket, the Civil Docket and the Criminal Docket will have his name entered opposite many cases. He is untiring in his efforts to serve his clients. He has been the leading counsel for the defence in 384 some of the most important murder cases that have come to trial in his portion of the State. In the trial of such cases, in the preparation of the instructions to the court, and in forensic efforts before the jury he has shown himself to be a man of ability. Mr. Callahan became interested in political questions early in life. His' attitude in politics was such that he naturally allied himself with the Anti- Nebraska movement in 1854. He was full of the political opinions upon which the Republican party was established, and was one of the organizers of the party in his county. In July, 1856, he made the first Republican speech in Craw- ford county, in a Quaker church on "Quaker Lane." He ardently espoused the cause of Freemont, Bissell and the whole Republican ticket, and with George W. Peck and James H. Steele, made a school house canvass of Crawford county. Mr. Callahan also made a number of speeches that year in other counties in the State. He was appointed by Governor Oglesby a member of the first State Board of Equalization. Mr. Callahan has been four times elected to the Illinois Legislature, namely: To the Tw r enty-ninth, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth General Assemblies. He took an active part in all the important legislation of those sessions. He has been a delegate to a number of the State Republican conventions ; twice chosen as a Presidential Elector for his Con- gressional District, and was twice elected to that position, in 1880 and in 1888. Mr. Callahan has shown himself to be a public-spirited man, having advocated and assisted all public improvements in his section of the State. He was one. of the projectors of the Paris & Danville Railroad, and was a member of the" construction company that built the road from Danville to Lawrenceville. 111. Mr. Callahan joined the Methodist Episcopal Church when twelve years of age, and has continued his membership with that church. He was a delegate to the General Conference of the church at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1872, and was an Alternate Delegate to the General Conference at Chicago in 1900. Having been raised on a farm he has never lost his love for the fields and growing crops, and as a result Mr. Callahan has invested most of his savings in farm land. He is above the average size, being six feet one inch in height, and possesses a powerful frame, and, although weighing 240 pounds, is a man of activity and easy carriage. Ethelbert Callahan married Mrs. Mary B. Jones, June 27, 1854. Mrs. Callahan's maiden name was Barlow. She is a native of Crawford county ; her parents were raised in Kentucky, and were related to the Marshall family. His daughter Mary Callahan was a member of the Ladies' Auxiliary to the World's Eair in 1893 from Illinois. DONALD M. CARTER. Donald M. Carter of Chicago, was born September 10, 1868, at Collins- ville, Madison County, 111. His father, Henry T. Carter, was born in Mary- land, and came to Illinois in his youth. He married Mariam Smith, the mother of the subject of this sketch. Henry T. Carter died in 1876, leaving his son, then eight years years of age, to be reared and educated by his mother. Mrs. Carter was a woman of discretion and good judgment, and was very anxious that her children should have every possible facility for receiving an education, that she could afford them. The common schools in Madison County were of a high class, and in these Donald M. Carter laid a solid foundation for an education. He then entered the high school and graduated with honor. For a time he attended a commercial college in St. Louis, but was not especially attracted by this line of education and soon gave it up. He entered the Iowa State college at Ames, Iowa, taking the course in mechanical engineering, giving special attention to electrical work. He graduated from this institution in 1891 with the degree of B. M. E. He at once obtained employment as an engineer and continued in this service until 1893. He had now attained his twenty-fifth year, had associated with many prominent, educated men, and de- cided that his true field was that of the law. He entered the law office of Francis W. Parker, of Chicago, and began the study of law. He attended the night law 386 387 school of the Chicago College of Law and finished a course in that institution in 1895, when, upon the usual examination, he was admitted to the bar and licensed by the Supreme Court of the state of Illinois. Not content with this preparation, Mr. Carter took a post graduate course in the Law department in Lake Forest University, graduating from that institution in 1896 with the degree of L. L. B. He now felt qualified to undertake the important duties of a law office in Chicago, and soon found an opportunity for taking an active hand in the practice of his profession. Mr. Parker was called to Europe on important business in 1897, and Mr. Carter was given charge of his office and practice. Upon the return of Mr. Parker from Europe, h,e was so well satisfied with the services rendered during his absence that he invited Mr. Carter to a partnership in his business, and the firm of Parker & Carter was established, where they now have offices, at No. 1410 Marquette Building, Chicago. Mr. Carter deservedly stands high with his professional brethren at the Chicago bar. He looks back upon the days when he was acquiring an education and feels a profound pleasure and gratitude at the encouragement received from his mother and her persistent efforts for securing him an education. Mrs. Carter, his mother, is still living at this writing and has great pride in the honor- able career and success of her son. It is proper to state that while Mr. Carter was studying at the Iowa State college, he took a four years' course in military drill, and became so proficient in military affairs that he was commissioned cap- tain in the Iowa militia. Since coming to Chicago, Mr. Carter has become a member of the Union League Club, the Hamilton Club and the Royal Arcanum. In politics, Mr. Carter is a Republican. This, of course, will be readily under- stood from the fact that he is a member of the Hamilton Club of Chicago, an institution organized particularly in the interests of the Republican party, and conducted in the most liberal, intelligent and energetic manner for promoting the success of that great party. Mr. Carter is thoroughly familiar with the principles of the party, is proud of its record, and takes an active interest in its success at the polls. EUGENE GARY. Judge Eugene Cary was born in Boston, Erie County, N. Y., February 20, 1835. He is descended from some of the first settlers of the Plymouth Colony, who came to this country early in the seventeenth century. His ancestors all bore an honorable and loyal part in their country's service and history. The first sixteen years of his life were passed on his father's farm, and the education he received during this time was such as the country district school afforded; he was an apt student and readily mastered the rudiments, thus laying the foundation for a substantial education. At the age of sixteen he started out on his own resources. He taught school several terms, employing his leisure hours in studying law. He then entered the law office of Judge David Taylor at Sheboygan, Wis., and later that of Judge James Sheldon and Judge Nathan K. Hall at Buffalo. He began the practice of law at Sheboygan when twenty- one years old. He was soon elected City Attorney, and in 1857, when twenty- two years old, was made County Judge of Sheboygan County. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he at once enlisted and served as Captain of the First Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and later as Judge Advocate on the staff of the General Commanding the first division of the Fourteenth Army Corps, the Army of the Cumberland. Soon after the close of the war, Judge Cary settled in Nashville, Tenn., and served one term in the State Senate and one term as Judge of the Circuit Court. The Judge had two brothers serving in the Union Army during the war, both surgeons, one of whom died in the service; an uncle was a soldier in the American War of 1812 and was killed in battle, and his Grandfather Cary served in the Revolutionary Army ; thus it is seen that Judge Cary belongs to a patriotic family, a fact of which he may be justly proud. In 1857, while practicing law in Sheboygan, Judge Cary was also local agent for the Aetna and the Hartford Insurance Companies. After the war, 388 389 when living at Nashville, he became Tennessee State Agent for the Aetna- In October, 1871, he came to Chicago, where he organized and managed the West- ern Department of the Imperial Insurance Company. Two years later he accepted the management of the Western Department, at Chicago, of the German American Insurance Company, which position he has successfully held for twenty-seven years. Judge Cary is a cautious and conservative underwriter, and the success of the company under his charge is ample testimony of the value and efficiency of his methods. He stands high in the esteem of under- writers in the United States, and is always called upon to serve on important committees of the various underwriting organizations, having been twice elected to the Presidency of the Western Union, the most powerful for good of all the organizations of fire insurance men. Judge Eugene Cary is an ardent Republican, takes a deep interest in all that pertains to the welfare of his country, and has always been found ready to do his whole duty as a citizen, either as a lawyer, a judge, a legislator, or a busi- ness man. He was solicited in 1883 to accept the nomination for Mayor of the city of Chicago on the Republican ticket. He made an aggressive cam- paign, and although he failed to secure the office, it was generally conceded that he received a large majority of the legal votes cast, but was defeated by the peculiar "counting out" method then in vogue in Chicago. Judge Eugene Cary is held in high esteem by his friends in the various social organizations and clubs of which he is a member. He served one term as Commander of the Illinois Commandery of the Loyal Legion, one term as President of the Commercial Club of Chicago, the leading business club of the West, and in January, 1900, was elected President of the Union League Club, the foremost social and political club of Chicago. FREDERICK E. COYNE. Mr. Coyne was born in East Orange, N. J., in 1860. In early life he at- tended the public schools, but upon reaching the age of twelve years was obliged to go to work. He was one of a large family, and through the misfortune and ill health of his father found himself, thus early in life, thrown to a large extent upon his own resources. His early life was uneventful, but was characterized by his efforts to secure an education, and by the hard work necessary to sustain him- self. One of his first occupations was to sell newspapers, 6ut he soon secured a position as clerk in a store, and in 1879, when but nineteen years of age, he con- cluded that the west would afford him better opportunities than the east, and accordingly went to Kansas City, but not meeting the favorable opening antici- pated, he returned for a while to New Jersey. In 1883 he came to Chicago, and ere long began a system of furnishing quick popular lunches in the business center of the city. This business grew rapidly until the name of Coyne was synonymous with superior bakery products and lunches. His present business may be said to be wholesale bakery, but he is also proprietor of two large lunch rooms, located respectively at 179 Lake street and 164 Madison street. He has been a Republican since he was old enough to know the nature of political policies. His political principles may be said to have been inherited from his father, who was an unswerving Republican. Mr. Coyne has never sought public office, but his services during the National Campaign of 1896 were so eminent and effective that President McKinley, in recognition thereof, ap- pointed him Collector of Internal Revenue, First District of Illinois, which posi- tion he yet holds. The receipts from this office for the last fiscal year were $14,- 748,000 as against $5,700,000 the preceding year. Mr. Coyne is a member of the Union League, Hamilton, Marquette, and Menoken Clubs. He was married in 1886 to Pauline Neihaus of Chicago, a native of Indiana. They have four children, two boys and two girls, ranging in age from two and one-half years to twelve years, and their home at 795 Warren avenue is a very happy one to which Mr. Coyne is very much devoted. 390 391 WILLIAM G. COCHRAN. The present Circuit Judge in the Sixth Judicial Circuit of Illinois is William G. Cochran, who has distinguished himself in the judicial affairs of the State. He was born in Ross county, Ohio, November 13, 1844, and is now a resident of Sullivan, Moultrie county, 111. His father, Andrew Cochran, followed the occupation of farming, and was an upright and respected citizen of their com- munity. The father was Justice of the Peace for many years, which fact had much to do in turning the mind of the subject of this sketch in the direction of the legal profession. In fact, it may be stated that the son, while under the jurisdiction of the father, formed his determination to become a lawyer. He attended the district schools for about twelve months in all, and as he expressed it, "that was the extent of my school education." As a boy he was strong and active, did not fear hard work, and enjoyed fun as well as any boy in the State, worked hard on the farm, feeding many head of cattle and in general conducting the laborious task of routine farming, continuing thus through his boyhood. He says of himself that "I could eat anything set before me, and was never troubled about the kind of food, but always wanted quantity." As a boy and as a young man he was not addicted to drink. At the age of sixteen he enlisted in the Union army and served three years, at the expiration of which time he was honorably mustered out. He paticipated in many arduous campaigns and bloody battles, and did not receive a scratch during the whole war. He came to Illinois as early as 1849 ln a wagon, and settled on a farm two miles north of Lovington, Moultrie county, and there his parents lived until their respective deaths. After his return from the war in 1865 he began farming again. In September, 1866, he was united in marriage to Charlotte A. Keyes, of Pickaway county, Ohio, and moved on a farm south of Lovington, where he resided until January i, 1873, when he moved into Lov- ington and engaged in mercantile business. He continued thus for about three years, when he began the study of law alone. He was admitted to the bar on May 23, 1879. -He-practiced in Moultrie and adjoining counties until June 7, 1897, when he was elected Circuit Judge as above stated. Previous to this, in 1888, he was brought forward by the Republicans of his county as a candidate for the House of Representatives, made the canvass and was elected. He took his seat on January 17, 1889, and served two years to the satisfaction of his constituents. At a special session held in 1890, so prominent was he in the Legislature, he was elected Speaker of the House, and was re-elected in 1894 and 1895. In 1896 he was again elected to the Legislature, but resigned in June, 1897, to accept the position of Circuit Judge. He has the reputation of being one of the soundest lawyers and ablest judges in the State. His decisions are well known for the strength of the posi- tions taken by him. In May, 1896, he was elected Commander of the G. A. R. for Illinois and served one year. In 1897 Governor Tanner appointed him Trustee of the Soldier's Orphan's Home at Normal. He was elected President of the Board of Trustees of that institution, which position he now holds. While in the Legislature he was placed upon some of the most important committees, such as the Judiciary, Judicial Department and Internal Revenue, Civil Service, etc. He served as chairman of several of these committees. From his earliest boyhood he was opposed to slavery, and has been a Republican since he en- tered the army. He is a member of the Masonic, Odd Fellows, and G. A. R. Societies. He is a Methodist and was a lay delegate to the general conference which met in Chicago, May, 1900. He is very fond of his family and home, and takes great pleasure in talking with his old comrades in arms. In several important campaigns of the Republican party he has taken the stump, and has proved a powerful and convincing speaker. Mrs. Cochran died December 14, 1899, leaving five children surviving her, three sons and two daughters. The death of Mrs. Cochran was a great blow to the family, especially to her husband. Mrs. Cochran was a woman of fine sense and judgment, was a most faithful wife and mother, and Judge Cochran feels, and is frank to say, that his success in life has been largely due to the faith that she had in him, and the encouragement and support she gave him in 392 393 every laudable effort he made to rise in his profession and in political life. The Judge is now striving to give his children a better opportunity for obtaining education and knowledge than he had himself. JAMES H. CLARK. In the midst of the failures and disasters o_f life it is a pleasure to review the career of James H. Clark and^o recognize tlie push and determination which have brought to bear to yield such good returns. The record of his life is one of interest, for it shows what can be accomplished when one possesses the deter- mination to forge ahead and has the wisdom to make the most of opportunities which present themselves. Mr. Clark is a native of Indiana, born in Putnam county, February 26, 1836, and now has a pleasant home at Mattoon, 111. His father, John Clark, was born in Washington county, Ky., August 13, 1805, and died at Indianapolis, Ind., July 19, 1899. His mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Newman, was born in Virginia, September 26, 1808, and died at Mat- toon, 111., January 14, 1885. When but four years old she moved with her parents from the Old Dominion to Washington county, Ky. ; grew to womanhood and was there married to John Clark in 1826. While a resident of Putnam county, John Clark became one of the founders of the Indiana Asbury University, now the famous DePauw University of Greencastle, Ind., and contributed one of the first $100 toward its establishment. Agricultural pursuits was his chosen calling in life. At the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861 Mr. Clark, with his four sons, was an ardent Union man. Four of the sons entered the Union Army. One died ten days after his time was out while marching with Sherman to At- lanta, but the others served until the close of the war, receiving honorable dis- charges. The vigorous climate of his native county and the frugal and sturdy habits and occupations of his parents gave to James H. Clark a sound constitution, which has had much to do with his success in life. He was educated in the pub- lic schools, made good use of the opportunities afforded him, and then entered the Indiana Asbury University, where he took the scientific course for two years. Like many other prominent men, Mr. Clark's desire, as a means to an end, was to teach, and he wielded the birch for some time. Later he gave this up and engaged in mercantile pursuits, but soon sold out and went to Mattoon, 111., where he engaged in the same occupation, meeting with unusual success. This was in 1861, when excitement was at its height. The Democracy of Coles and 1 adjoining counties were so opposed to the war that it became necessary for all union men to organize for defense of both city and property. This was done through the Union League, which organization Mr. Clark was most active in sustaining. In this way he was brought into politics and received the appoint- ment of postmaster from President Grant in 1869, and re-appointment to the same position in 1873. President Hayes and President Garfield gave him the same position during their administrations, and he only retired in 1885, when President Cleveland came into power, making sixteen consecutive years. His first vote was cast for President Lincoln in 1864, and since then he has been an active supporter of the Republican party. In 18/2 he was first made a member of the Republican State Central Committee, which position he held until 1892, when he was made chairman of the committee, retiring in 1894, when his time was out. In 1890 he was appointed by President Harrison as Bank Examiner for Kentucky, a position he held for two years, resigning on account of sickness of his wife. With others he organized the Mattoon State Savings Bank, May 22, 1893, and was made president, a position he still holds. Socially Mr. Clark is a Knight Templar in the Masonic Fraternity. He is also an active and earnest member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. On the 8th of Sep- tember, 1864, Mr. Clark married Samaritha Tyler, daughter of Amos and Eliza- beth (Lawton) Tyler. She died May 17, 1892, at Mattoon, 111. On the 3oth of August, 1893, Mr. Clark married Nellie G. Tuttle, daughter of Theodore and Abigail Tuttle. She was born and educated in Watertown, N. Y. They are the parents of three children James Holbert, Gladys Elizabeth and Arthur Tut- tle Clark. 394 395 HOPE REED CODY. Hope Reed Cody was born in Naperville, 111., April 14, 1870, the youngest son of Hiram H. and P. E. (Sedgwick) Cody. His father was one of the pioneers of Du Page county, served as its County Clerk, County Judge, and afterwards was for many years Circuit Judge of the Twelfth Judicial District, which comprises the counties adjacent and contiguous to Cook county; Judge Cody was also a member of the Illinois Constitutional Convention in 1870. Hope Reed Cody obtained his early education as a student at the Northwestern College of Naperville, from which' institution he graduated in 1888, obtaining the degree of Bachelor of Science. He was the youngest student who, up to that time, had ever graduated from that college and was president of his class. For a brief period after his graduation he worked as a reporter upon the staff of the Chicago Times, resigning that position to enter the Union College of Law (the law department of Northwestern University), graduating in 1890, but was, on account of his youth, compelled to wait until April, 1891, before he could obtain his license from the Supreme Court to practice law. In 1891 he became an active member of the well known law firm of Hiram H. Cody & Sons, composed of former Judge Hiram H. Cody, Arthur B. Cody and Hope Reed Cody. In his practice he met with more than usual success and was a studious lawyer and ready speaker. Although coming from Democratic stock, upon reaching years of discretion Mr. Cody became a pronounced Republican and took an active part in the Republican politics of Cook county. In March, 1898, he was elected President of the Hamilton Club, the leading Republican club of the West, and under his administration the club not only tripled its membership, but paid off a debt of more than $7,000, in addition to contributing liberally from its treasury towards the Republican campaigns of the fall of 1898 and the spring of 1899. His record in this organization constituted a signal triumph, and evidenced the power of intellect and heart which would have made possible a brilliant career in the higher places of political preferment. As president of the club he under- took many enterprises never before attempted and each was a pronounced success owing for the most part to his industry, tact and the ability to com- mand the co-operation of others. In all that he did he took high but prac- tical ground, and commanded not alone admiration without envy, but the most unselfish devotion. In December, 1898", Mr. Cody was appointed by Judge Orrin N. Carter a member of the Board of Election Commissioners of the City of Chicago and Town of Cicero, and was immediately elected chairman of that board, which position he occupied until his death. While a partisan, his rulings as chairman of the board were so clear and equitable that neither Democrats nor Republicans found any room for adverse criticism. Mr. Cody was a Mason, and a member of the Knights of Pythias, National Union, Royal Arcanum, the Royal League and the Phi Delta Phi Fraternity. In 1897 he was elected regent of the Garden City Council, No. 202, Royal Ar- canum, being the largest council west of New York, numbering over thirteen hundred members, and in the history of that council covering a period of seven- teen years he was the only regent who was ever honored by re-election. He was also prominent in club and social life, being a member of the Union League Club, Chicago Athletic Association, Hamilton, Marquette and Law Clubs. In religion Mr. Cody was a Congregationalist and a member of Plymouth Church. In 1893 he was married to Alta Virginia Houston, of Cincinnati, O., one of the leaders in the select musical circles of that city. At the time of their marriage Mrs. Cody was the contralto soloist at the Union Park Congrega- tionalist Church, of Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Cody had one child, Arthur Huston Cody, now nearly five years of age. Mr. Cody's death occurred at the Chicago Hospital, near his residence, 340 Oakwood Boulevard, Chicago, on the 7th of November, 1899, after an operation for appendicitis, following an illness of about two weeks. Funeral 396 397 services were held at Plymouth Church, Chicago, November 9, at which ad- dresses were made by Rev. F. W. Gunsaulus, D. D., Judge Orrin N. Carter and Hon. James R. Mann. No young man ever passed away in Chicago to receive such marked respect for his memory as was shown at these services. The remains were interred at Naperville, 111. Mr. Cody's death was a great shock and surprise to the public. Extended newspaper notices, both biographical and editorial, were given him. A memorial meeting was held by the Hamilton Club, at which numerous addresses by its prominent members attested the unusual affection they had for him, and acceded the wonderful hold he had upon the minds and hearts ofc the members. Resolutions were adopted by' various societies to which he belonged and the general expression of sorrow showed how wide was his acquaintance with the public and what heartfelt grief was felt at his death. Few men at the age of twenty-nine have reached the prominent place in public -life attained by Mr. Cody. WILLIAM F. CALHOUN. Hon. William F. Calhoun, of Dcatur, 111., was born in Perry County, Penn., November 21, 1844, on his father's farm. His parents were John M. Calhoun and Catherine Calhoun. His father died in 1857, and his mother is still living and resides in Geneseo, 111. The ancestors of the Calhoun family emigrated to Pennsylvania from the north of Ireland before the Revolutionary War. Wil- liam F. Calhoun was taught to work on the farm and assisted in the support of the family after his father's death. He acquired his education in the public schools and academies o? his native county, and soon became a teacher. In June, 1862, before Mr. Calhoun was eighteen years of age, he enlisted in Company H, I33d Penn. Vols., and served with his regiment in the Army of the Potomac until the expiration of its term of service, and was mustered out in June, 1863. He soon after enlisted in Company K, 2oth Penn. Cavalry. This regiment was assigned to the middle military division and served under Gen- erals Siegel, Hunter and Sheridan. Mr. Calhoun as orderly sergeant of his company participated with his regiment in Sheridan's great movement in April, 1865, without the loss of a day from sickness during the whole of his service, and was at Appomattox, April 9, 1865, when Lee surrendered. After his dis- charge from the army Mr. Calhoun removed to Illinois, in October, 1865, locat- ing in La Salle County, where he studied dentistry and practiced his profession until 1869. Mr. Calhoun has always been a firm believer in the principles of the Repub- lican party, and a constant supporter of its candidates. He identified himself with the party immediately upon reaching Illinois, and cast his first vote in the election of 1866 when the ticket was headed by John A. Logan for congressman at large. In 1870 Mr. Calhoun removed to De Witt County. In 1882 he was nominated by the Republican party for the legislature in the 3Oth senatorial dis- trict composed of Champaign, Piatt and DeWitt Counties, and was elected. He was re-elected in 1884 and 1886; he took an active part in all the immediate legis- lation of the state, and became a conspicuous figure in the halls of legislation. In 1887 he reached the highest honor of a member of the legislature of Illinois, that of being elected speaker of the House of Representatives. Mr. Calhoun was a member of the legislature at the time of the great Logan contest for the senator- ship, and was one of the managers of that campaign, which resulted in his elec- tion in 1885. Mr. Calhoun became so deeply interested in the politics of the state that in 1889 he abandoned the profession of dentistry, and removed to Decatur, Illinois, and embarked in the newspaper business. He is now the polit- ical editor of the "Decatur Herald," and is a large stockholder in the Company. This is one of the most influential papers in central Illinois. Mr. Calhoun is now postmaster of Decatur. He was appointed to that office in 1897 by President McKinley. William F. Calhoun was married in 1879 to Miss Blanche Derthick. Mr. and Mrs. Calhoun are popular people at Decatur, Illinois, and have a wide circle of friends. 398 \X3 .$. 399 IRA CLIFTON COPLEY. Ira C. Copley of Aurora, 111., was born October 25, 1864, on a farm near Altona, Knox county, 111. His father, Ira 13. Copley, was born on a farm in the western end of the Catskill Mountains in the State of New York. He received his education there, and when twenty-four years of age came to Illinois, settling in what afterwards became Copley Township in Knox county. Mr. Copley married Ellen Whiting in 1853. Mrs. Copley was born in West Hartford, Conn. She was educated in the common schools, and at Miss Porter's School for Girls at Farmington, Conn. When sixteen years of age she came to Illinois with her fathers' family. Mr. and Mrs. Copley were descended from good New England stock. They settled at Aurora, Illinois, in 1867, where they had a wide circle of acquaintances and friends, and where they raised their family of three daughters and one son. Mr. Copley was a man of great enterprise and industry, and at the time of his death was operating the gas works in the city of Aurora. Ira C. Copley was afforded every opportunity for receiving an education. He first attended the public and high schools at Aurora, graduating from the high school in 1881. He took a preparatory course for college in the Jennings Seminary at Aurora, and graduated from that institution in 1883. He then en- tered Yale University, and was graduated there in 1887. He then entered the Union College of Law, Chicago, in October, 1887, actively pursuing his studies at that College until February, 1889, when it became necessary for him to with- draw from the school to take the management of the Aurora Gas Light Com- pany. Before entering the Law School, Mr. Copley was in the law office of Messrs. Barnum, Rubens & Aims, Chicago, 111., where he began the study of law. Although Mr. Copley had a taste for the law, and had thoroughly laid his plans for entering that profession, he reluctantly turned aside from this profes- sion to enter upon the management of a valuable property in which his family was largely interested. In a business way, Mr. Copley has devoted his entire time to the gas and electric lighting business, since February, 1889. Through his management the two gas companies and the two electric lighting companies in the city of Aurora were consolidated under one management, of which com- pany he now has charge. In 1897 Mr. Copley bought an interest in the Joliet Gas Light Company of Joliet, 111., and became the general manager of that cor- poration, a position which he still holds. Mr. Copley has secured a franchise in the village of La Grange, 111., for the erection of a gas lighting plant, which is now being built. In politics Mr. Copley is a Republican, his father and mother at an early date were Whigs. When the Republican party was organized they embraced its principles, and Mr. Copley always voted the Republican ticket. His children were raised in the Republican faith, and as soon as Ira C. Copley arrived at man- hood, he identified himself with the Republican organization. He has never held a civil office, either elective or appointive; his identification with politics was that of a citizen anxious to promote good government. He represented his Con- gressional District on the Republican State Central Committee from 1894 to 1898, and was a member of the Executive Committee, and was for two years Chairman of the Finance Committee. In 1896 Mr. Copley was elected President of the Illinois League of Republican Clubs at its Peoria Convention. He held this position for two years and declined re-election. Mr. Copley identified himself with the Illinois National Guard. He was a private of Company "B" 3rd Regiment, for three years, from 1880; Captain of Co. "I" in 1893 ; Lieutenant Colonel, and Inspector of Rifle Practice, on the Staff of Brig. General Andrew Welch ; Commanding 3rd Brigade I. N. G. from 1894 to 1899. Col. Copley retired from the service upon the resignation of Gen. Welch. He is a prominent member of the Board of the Aurora Public Library, and has been for the past ten years. He was an alumni member of the Board of Trustees of Jennings Seminary, 1892 to 1897. Mr. Copley has been 400 401 a member of the Masonic Fraternity since 1889. Is a Sir Knight, and a member of the Shrine. He has been a Knight of Pythias since 1890, but has never held office in either of these organizations. Mr. Copley has traveled extensively in his native country, and has made one tour through foreign lands. Ira C. Copley was married in March, 1892, to Edith Strohm of Los Angeles, Cal. Her father, who was of German extraction, was born in Canada, her mother was born in Sweden. Mrs. Copley is a lady of splendid education, and is in every way suited to be the wife of so energetic and enterprising a man. The career of Col. Ira C. Copley from the time he entered college to the present hour has been one of unbroken success. In every field of endeavor he has shown him- self capable. .He now takes rank with men of the greatest business experience and sagacity. CHARLES SYDNEY CUTTING. Charles Sydney Cutting of Chicago, 111., was born March i, 1854, at High- gate Springs, Vt. His father, Charles A. Cutting, and mother, Laura E. Averill, were both born in New England ; they are descended from early English emi- grants who came to America for conscience sake, the Averili's being members of the Society of Friends commonly called "Quakers." Mr. and Mrs. Cutting re- moved to Oregon and settled at Salem, the capital, where their son, Charles S. Cutting, received his education at Wilamette University, in the classical course. At seventeen years of age, Mr. Cutting removed to Cedar Rapids, la., where he was employed as editor of the Cedar Rapids Times. He continued in this position for some time, but at the age of twenty he found himself principal of the high school at Palatine, Cook county, 111. He held this position for a period of six years. He began the study of law in the office of the late Judge Knicker- bocker, and after taking the usual examination was admitted to the bar in 1880. His first law partnership was with Judge Williamson., Like most men who have ever performed editorial work, he retained his fondness for literary pursuits, and has from time to time engaged in newspaper work. Mr. Cutting resided in Pal- atine, 111., from 18/4 to 1895, and has practiced the profession of law since 1881, and is now at the head of the well known firm of Cutting, Castle & Williams. He was appointed Master in Chancery in Cook county, and held that important posi- tion from 1887 until 1890. He was a member of the Cook County Board of Edu- cation for nine years, was President of the Board for three years, and only retired when the Board was discontinued. He was also President of the Palatine Board of Education for three years. Removing to Austin, in the town of Cicero, in 1895, he was soon elected Town Attorney, and held 'that position for two years. He is one of the best known men at the Chicago bar. He has a fine, well bal- anced, judicial mind, ami is by natural gift and careful study well fitted either for the practice of the law or its administration on the bench. He has had a large and lucrative practice. Mr. Cutting is a popular man with many friends. His nomination as a candidate for Probate Judge in 1900 came to him without solicitation or effort on his part, in fact, he was out of the country when nominated. This fact shows the hold he has upon the people and the Republican party. It was strictly a case of the office seeking the man. Mr. Cutting is a forceful speaker ; clear and logi- cal in his propositions, he impresses his audience with his sincerity, and carries conviction by his earnest eloquence. Mr. Cutting united with the Republican party in his youth ; has given it his earnest support ever since. He cast his first vote for Hayes for President in 1876. Mr. Cutting is a member of the Hamilton Club, has united with the Masonic Fraternity ; he is a Past Master and has at- tained the 32nd degree ; he is a Knight Templar, and is also a member of the In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows. He attends the Presbyterian church. Charles Sydney Cutting was married June 27, 1876, to Annie E. Lytle. They have one son, Robert M. Cutting, eighteen years of age, now a student of the University of Michigan. Mr. and Mrs. Cutting are members of the Oaks Social Club of Austin. They have a wide circle of friends and acquaintances, and have a delightful home which is the center of an agreeable society. 402 403 WINFIELD S- COY. Winfield S. Coy was born July 8, 1842, on a farm near the village of Pitcher, Chenango county, N. Y. His father, John Coy, was a descendant of Samuel Coy, who emigrated to this country in 1630. His mother, Almira Pierce, was a cousin of President Franklin Pierce and a descendant of Thomas Pierce, who came to this country from England in 1633. In 1856 John Coy removed to Illinois and settled at Kaneville, Kane county, where Mr. and Mrs. Coy both died. Win- field S. Coy received his education in New \ork State. He attended public and private schools, entered Homer Academy, and graduated with honor at Union College. He entered the Albany Law School, where he pursued the course of law and graduated from that institution. In 1863 he was admitted to the prac- tice of law by the Supreme Courts of New York and Illinois. Being now fully prepared for'the practice of his chosen profession, he settled at Yorkville, Ken- dall county, 111. Mr. Coy had early identified himself with the Republican party, and in 1863 was elected County Commissioner of Schools in Kendall county, when he was little more than twenty-one years old. In 1865 he was elected County Superin- tendent of Schools; this brought him prominently forward, and in 1867, at the state convention of county superintendents of schools, he was elected president. In December, 1868, he was made President of the Illinois State Teachers' Con- vention, and in January, 1869, he was appointed, by Governor Palmer, a member of the State Board of Education. Mr. Coy was an earnest and intelligent worker for the advancement of education in the state. Although engaged actively in school work, Mr. Coy did not neglect his law practice, which grew upon him and became large and important. Seeking a larger field for his legal practice, in the fall of 1869 Mr. Coy removed to Bloomington, McLean county, 111., and was on one side or the other of a large part of the important litigation that was carried on during his residence there. In 1881, he was employed by several private corporations in Chicago to take charge of their legal business, and he re- moved to that city where he has since resided. Since removing to Chicago, he has tried law suits in all of the counties of Illinois except two. He has a large practice in the state of Indiana, has tried cases in the Supreme Courts of Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri and Kansas and also in the United States Courts in most of those states. Mr. Coy assisted in the formation of the Bar Association of Illinois, and is a member of the Chicago Bar Association. It was his good fortune to become a guest at the Fox River House, in the city of Ottawa, Illinois, in the fall of 1857, and after supper, the kind landlady, Mrs. Buel, told him that Judge Scates, Mr. Lincoln and other gentlemen were in the parlor, and invited him to go in. He went into the parlor and was introduced by her, to Mr. Lincoln, Judge Scates, Judge Dick- ey, A. W. Caverly, Burton C. Cook, O. W. Browning, R .S. Blackwell and some others. These gentlemen treated him with great kindness, and advised him to become a lawyer. He left that parlor with a strong determination to fit himself for the learned profession to which those estimable gentlemen belonged. As a result of that meeting, Mr. Coy became an ardent admirer of Mr. Lincoln, and it caused him to come from an eastern state, where he was attending college, to Illinois, to hear the joint debate between Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Douglas at Otta- wa, in the fall of 1858. During the campaign of 1860, Mr. Coy, though only eighteen years of age, belonged to a company of "Wide Awakes," and made sev- eral campaign speeches. During his residence in Yorkville, he was a member of the Republican County Central Committee and a delegate to all County and State conventions. He was chairman of the Republican County Convention of Mc- Lean county in 1871, and was repeatedly sent as a delegate to the County, State and National Conventions while a resident of that county. In Chicago, Mr. Coy has been a resident of the i8th Ward, and an officer of the i8th Ward Republican Club. His counsel is always sought when any question of import- ance arises, and his time and money are freely given when opportunity offers to advance the interests of the Republican party. He usually represents his ward, as a delegate, in the County, City and State Conventions of the party. 404 405 Mr. Coy has been a director of the Veteran Union League, which has been an influential Republican organization in Chicago. In March, 1897, he was unanimously elected President of the Lincoln Club of Chicago, and unanimously re-elected in March, 1898. Under his management, the Lincoln Club became the largest, most popular, and most influential Republican club in the city. Mr. Coy is now president of the Republican Legion of the 5th congressional district. He has never been a candidate for office since he has resided in the city of Chicago; he has frequently been solicited to become a candidate for Congress, and for judicial positions, but has declined. Mr. Coy has always been distinguished for his kindness to young people, and probably no citizen of Chicago is visited by so many young people who are seeking advice and assistance. He is president of the West Side Bureau of As- sociated Charities. ISAAC CLEMENTS. The ancestor of the Clements family in America came from England with Lord Baltimore and had a "King's Patent" to locate "sixteen square miles of land anywhere in Lord Baltimore's dominion." He selected a tract on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, whence the family spread west and south. The father of Captain Isaac was also Isaac, and the mother was Nancy Burt. Both parents were born in 1790 in Maryland. The grandfather served in the Revolutionary War, and the father served in the War of 1812, and soon after- ward moved to near Lebanon, Ohio, and a little later to Franklin county, Ind., where he spent the remainder of his days. Captain Isaac Clements, now residing at Danville, 111., was born in Franklin county, Ind., March 31, 1837. His early education was meager, but when four- teen years old attended a private school, where he sawed wood and swept out the schoolroom to pay his tuition. At the age of sixteen he began teaching to get means to attend college. He entered Asbury (now DePauw) University in September, 1854, and was graduated in 1859, delivering the Latin oration of his class. During vacations he taught school to pay his way through college. While thus engaged he studied law. He caiiie to Illinois in 1859, anc ^ the following winter taught at Thebes, Alexander county, to obtain means to buy law books. In the spring of 1860 he opened a la\y_ office at Carbondale, and in the presidential campaign of that year took an active part as a "Douglas man." In the troublous times succeeding Lincoln's election and inauguration he was a pronounced "Union man." After the fall of Fort Sumter a strong secession sentiment was manifested in southern Illinois. Captain Clements strongly corn- batted this, taking part in many "Union" meetings, one of the first being in Carbondale, April 22, 1861, followed with similar meetings in the neighboring country schoolliouses. The result was to strengthen the Union sentiment vastly in that vicinity. In May he began raising a company to meet the expected call for volunteers and soon had the number necessary. He was mustered in at Cairo, 111., July 27, 1861, as Second Lieutenant of Company G, Ninth Illinois Infantry. He served the term of enlistment three years and was in many bloody engage- ments. At Fort Donelson his regiment lost 200 killed and wounded, and at Shiloh it lost 366 killed and wounded, the heaviest loss suffered by any regiment in the Federal service in any battle of the war. Capt. Clements was wounded twice in this battle. He participated in the battle of Corinth, October 3 and 4, 1862, where he also received a wound. He continued to serve with his regi- ment, taking part in the advance on Atlanta. He was mustered out at Spring- field, 111., August 23, 1864, having served over three years and having received three wounds. He now found himself identified with the "Union men," and accordingly supported Lincoln for President instead of McClellan in 1864. Since that date he has affiliated with the Republican party. In 1872 he was elected to Congress from the Eighteenth district and served one term. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor Cullom one of the commissioners to locate, erect and operate the Southern Illinois Penitentiary, and in this capacity labored for twelve years, 406 407 under Governors Cullom, Oglesby and Fifer. He resigned in the spring of 1890 to accept the position of agent for the payment of United States Pensions at Chicago, under the appointment of President Harrison. He lost the position in 1893 under President Cleveland. In December, 1898, he was tendered the position of Governor of the Danville Branch of the National Home for Dis- abled Veteran Soldiers, which offer he accepted January 6, 1899, and as such he is now officiating. In November, 1864, he married Josie Nutt, only daughter of Rev. Cyrus Nutt, D. D., LL. D., president of the Indiana State University. EDWARD C. CURTIS. Hon. Edward C. Curtis of Grant Park, Kankakee County, Illinois, was born on a farm in Kankakee County, August 12, 1865. His father, Alonzo Curtis, was born in New York State, and a descendant of an old family of that name, who who were among the early settlers at the head of Lake Champlain. The Battle of Bennington was fought on the old Curtis homestead. Alonzo Curtis married Elizabeth Campbell. Mr. Curtis removed to Illinois in 1852 and engaged in farming, but in 1870 he engaged in the mercantile business at Grant Park. Ed- ward C. Curtis, after passing through the village school, entered De Pauw Uni- versity at Greencastle, Indiana, spending several years there ; he afterwards graduated from the Northwestern University at Evanston. During vacations he returned to his father's home at Grant Park, and clerked in his father's store. Upon leaving college he took charge of the mercantile branch of his father's busi- ness. In a short time a banking department was added, and the Grant Park Bank was organized, Mr. Curtis being the cashier. The business of this bank grew, and it became an important financial institution, so that in 1898 it was or- ganized under the laws of the United States as a national bank, Mr. Curtis con- tinuing as cashier. Mr. Curtis is a thorough business man and enjoys the trust and confidence of all those with whom he deals in business. Edward C. Curtis from his early manhood has been a Republican in politics. He is a close student of all political subjects, is thoroughly up on the principles, achievements, and history of the Republican party, and has been active in pro- moting its success. In 1894 Mr. Curtis received the nomination of the Republi- can party for the legislature and was elected from the i6th senatorial district. Upon entering the legislature he was at once accorded a leading position by his Republican colleagues. He took a firm stand in favor of economy in public expenditures. Mr. Curtis at once established a character which lifted him above even the suspicion of legislative corruption. In 1896 he was again nominated for the legislature in his district, and was elected by an increased majority. When the legislature met in January, 1897, the friends of Mr. Curtis brought him for- ward for speaker, and his hold was so firm upon his party friends, that he re- ceived the caucus nomination for speaker by acclamation, all other candidates having withdrawn in his favor. In 1898 he was nominated for the third time, atlhough he met with bitter personal opposition. At the session of the legis- lature in 1899, Mr. Curtis was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Appro- priations. As Speaker of the House during the session of 1897, he was con- fronted with formidable opposition by his political opponents, who, for the pur- pose of preventing legislation upon measures which they did not approve, adopted the dilatory tactics of refusing to vote, although being present in the House. Mr. Curtis, without hesitation, declined to allow the business of legis- lation to be thus interfered with, and, like Hon. Thomas B. Reed, late Speaker of the National House of Representatives, Speaker Curtis counted the sufficient number of members present, who had refused to vote to constitute a quorum, and had their names entered on the journal. This action, of course, excited in- tense opposition on the part of the Democratic minority, but Speaker Curtis firmly enforced the rule. Edward C. Curtis was married in 1897, to Miss M. Etha Griffin. They have one son. Mr. and Mrs. Curtis live at Grant Park, 111. Mrs. Curtis is an experi- enced and delightful home keeper, and they have a wide circle of appreciating friends. 408 409 JOSEPH O. CUNNINGHAM. Joseph O. Cunningham was born December 12, 1830, in Lancaster, Erie County, N. Y. His ancestors were old settlers in the state of New York. His father's name was Hiram W. Cunningham, and his mother's maiden name was Eunice Brown. His great-grandfather was Thomas Cunningham who married Lucy Hutchinson. They lived and died in Milford, Otsego County, New York. Hiram W. Cunningham removed with his family to thfe state j)f Ohio. He sent his son, Joseph, to the schools of the neighborhood in which he lived, and his preliminary education was gained in a little log school house. The teachers of that day devoted themselves assiduously to teaching the children spelling, read- ing, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography and history. Young Cunning- ham learned all this, and was also taught algebra. He studied in Baldwin Academy at Bera, O., and completed a literary course in Oberlin College. He had taken time during the progress of his education to engage in teaching, and after leaving college he went to Vermillion County, Ind., where he was employed for a time as a teacher, devoting his leisure hours to the study of law. Mr. Cun- ningham removed to Urbana, 111., June i8th, 1853, and purchased the "Urbana Union," an independent newspaper. It was the first paper published in Cham- paign County. Mr. Cunningham identified himself with the great anti-Nebraska movement in politics in 1856, and the "Urbana Union" became a Republican paper, and at that time was the only Republican newspaper published between Kankakee and Cairo. Mr. Cunningham made the "Union" a paper of influence and power, al- though at that time the advocacy of Republican principles was in some portion of the state very unpopular. In 1856 Mr. Cunningham was admitted to the bar and decided to devote himself entirely to the practice of his profession. He therefore severed his connection with the "Urbana Union" and sold out his in- terest in it. To fit himself more fully for the practice of law, he attended the law school at Cleveland, O., and on the ist day of May, 1859, opened an office at Urbana,^ Illinois, at which place he has been in the active practice of his profes- sion down to the present time. He was elected County Judge of Champaign County and served in that office from 1861 to 1865. Judge Cunningham per- formed the duties of this important position with entire satisfaction to the pub- lic, and greatly increased his reputation and standing as a lawyer. He is an active and able practitioner at the bar, and is now a member of the leading law firm of Cunningham & Boggs. Judge Cunningham aided in the organization of the Republican parry of Illinois. He was a delegate to the first Republican con- vention at lUoomington, May 29th, 1856, and was present at a meeting at Bloom- ington. May 29, 1900, being the 44th anniversary of the first Republican con- vention. His portrait with that of Governor Palmer taken at the time will be found in this book. Jooseph O. Cunningham was married October 13, 1853, to Miss Mary Mc- Conoughey of Bainbridge, Ohio. Judge Cunningham is president of the Histori- cal Society of Champaign County, and a member of the state Historical Society, and has taken great interest in historical subjects. He is also a member of the Clarksfield, Ohio, Memorial Society before which he has delivered a number of addresses. Judge Cunningham became a member of Iris Lodge E. & A. M. at Cleveland, is now a member of the Urbana Lodge of which he has been master for six years, and has been its representative to the Grand Lodge. Judge Cun- ningham was a member of the first Board of Trustees of the University of Illi- nois, appointed by Governor Oglesby and re-appointed by Governor Palmer. The Judge has a pleasant home at Urbana, Illinois, and a wide circle of friends. 410 X 411 LORIN C. COLLINS, JR. Tracing his ancestry in this country back to the Mayflower, Judge Lorin C. Collins possesses all those characteristics which made that little band of determined men and women cross the ocean and brave the terrors of an un- known and almost unexplored region. Gifted with ability of a superior order and with a positive purpose *in life, Judge Collins is now recognized as one of the foremost legal lights of this country. He is a native of Windsor, Connec- ticut, born August, 1848, and the son of Lorin C. Collins and Mary (Bemis) Collins. The parents were also of American descent and for many years the father was a prominent and influential minister of the Gospel, espousing the faith of the Methodist Episcopal Church, with which he remained in harmony until a disbelief in the question of eternal punishment on his part led him to withdraw. This was while he was a leading member of the Minnesota Con- ference, and the independence and self-reliance thus manifested in the char- acter of the father was in a striking degree transmitted to the son, who is dis- posed to reach independent conclusions by independent investigation, and to reinforce his convictions by the appropriate conduct regardless of what the results to himself may be. In the year 1852 the parents removed to St. Paul and would doubtless have traveled still farther towards the setting sun had that city not then been considered the end of the world in that direction. When twenty years old Judge Collins came to Chicago, attended North- western University at Evanston, from which he graduated in 1872, and having previously had a thorough preparatory training in the Ohio Wesleyan Uni- evrsity, he entered the law office of the then influential firm of Clarkson & Van Schaack, of Chicago, with which he remained until admitted to the bar in 1874. Directly afterward he became a prominent figure in the public mind and ranked among the foremost as an effective organizer, a deep thinker and an eloquent advocate. Politics claimed a fair share of his attention and Judge Collins speedily achieved distinction as a legislator. He was first elected to the Legislature in 1878, and re-elected twice in succession. His remarkable command of language, power of discrimination and prompt decision has won him an enviable position in the legal fraternity and has made him a coadjutor to be desired and an antagonist to be feared. In 1883 he was chosen Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives, being but thirty-five years old at that time, and he discharged the exacting and onerous duties of that position in a manner that reflected credit to himself and the general public. In 1884 he was made Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County by appointment, and so worthily did he discharge the duties incumbent upon this position that upon the expiration of the unexpired term for which he was appointed the people cordially endorsed his work and elected him for the succeeding term. At the end of this term he was re-elected to a position to which it had long been rec- ognized he occupied to adorn and dignify. As a politician his services had been repeatedly recognized by preferment and he reflects much credit upon his party. His public acts have been characterized by the same sterling qualities of mind and heart that give tone and direction to his private life and the confidence placed in him by the public has not been misplaced. His marriage to Miss Nellie Robb occurred in 1873, and they are the parents of three interesting children. The Judge has shown his appreciation of secret organizations by becom- ing a member of the Masonic Fraternity and has advanced to the high degree of Knight Templar in that ancient and honorable body. He is also a distin- guished and active member of the Union League Club, the American Wheel- men, Hamilton, Washington Park, Chicago, and the American Yacht Clubs, in all of which he takes great delight and finds an honored and an influential place. He enjoys their social features and contributes to render them enjoy- able to all. 412 413 SETH FLOYD CREWS. This well known representative of the Chicago bar and eminent citizen ami Republican was born March 29, 1847, in Wayne county, 111., on a farm, but while yet a lad was taken by his parents from the farm and placed in school. He had had the misfortune to lose his right leg, and had no alternative but attempt a professional career, and therefore chose the law. His parents had previously lived in Kentucky, but finally emigrated to Southern Illinois, where the subject of this sketch. grew up and was educated. Having completed his literary educa- tion, and .having^ had some preliminary instruction therein, he began regularly the study of law and after the usual course took the examination and was duly admitted to the bar. He began the practice in his native county of Fairfield in the month of March, 1870, and from the start had a fair clientage. In June, 1873, he removed to Mt. Vernon, Jefferson county, where he re- sumed the practice and where he steadily expanded his profits from his profession and his popularity as a speaker and his activities in the ranks of the Republican party. Pie soon became the strongest and most successful practitioner in that part of the State, and desiring to increase his practice and widen his fields of use- fulness and the sphere of his activities he came to Chicago in June, 1883, and con- tinued earnestly, actively and successfully to practice his profession. He has been engaged on many of the most important cases ever adjudicated in this city and has displayed the most signal capacity for the intricate and perplexing ques- tions falling itro the lot of the lawyer to untangle. Not being permitted by his misfortune to^take part in many of the pursuits to which others may aspire, he has applied himself with extraordinary devotion and fidelity to his profession and has masteredlTniany phases of professional skill unknown to many of his pro- fessional brethren. One important case in which he displayed the most consum- mate ability was that of Gehr vs. the Mexican Central Railway Company. Mr. Crews represented the plaintiff who sued for damages for false imprisonment in the Republic of Mexico. The case was an important one and attracted wide at- tention and interest in both countries, as many questions of international im- portance were involved. As a matter of fact the case required in the contending lawyers a complete and absolute knowledge and mastery of the law of both coun- tries and of international rights. After a long and stubborn fight in which great ability and learning were displayed on both sides Mr. Gehr was awarded a verdict of $40,000. Another great case in which Mr. Crews was engaged was the trial of Mrs. Meckie L. Rawson, the banker's wife, for shooting her husband's lawyer in a court room in Chicago. Mr. Crews appeared for the defendant and dis- played great skill and excellent judgment in the various steps of the adroit de- fense. His power with a jury is very great, owing to his rare conversational gifts, his persuasive oratory and his apt and telling illustrations and stories. It is doubtful if Chicago has at the present time a more capable trial lawyer judged from all standards than Mr. Crews. His arguments are extremely logi- cal and convincing, and are always so artfully interwoven with wit and pathos that few in the city can make any headway against him before a jury. While at Mount Vernon, in the fall of 1876, he was elected State's attorney of Jefferson county and in that position began to show that adroitness which has distinguished his subsequent professional career. At the end of one term he declined a re- nomination. In the fall of 1882 he was elected to the Illinois Legislature and served with distinction one term. In politics he has ever been a strict Republi- can and in many campaigns has rendered valuable services to his party. His profession has, however, engrossed the greater part of his attention and energies. He was married in 1870 to Miss Helena R. Slocumb. They have three boys and two girls. 414 415 EDWARD MARSHALL CRAIG. Edward Marshall Craig was born in Philadelphia, Pa., February ist, 1860. His parents were natives of Ireland, of Scottish descent, and emigrated to Amer- ica in 1842; they settled in Philadelphia. Benjamin Craig, the father, was a dyer by trade, and conducted a large establishment of that kind in Philadelphia. He was very active in the old Volunteer Fire Department and took a prominent part in politics, being a staunch Republican. He died-in 1876. His wife who had a family of seven children five boys and two girls died in 1865, thus the subject of this sketch was left an orphan at an early age. He attended the public schools of Philadelphia and laid the foundation of a good English education, but the death of his father made it necessary for him to leave school and enter upon the active duties of life. He obtained a position with John Sparhakk, a prominent attorney of Philadelphia, and remained with him for three years. By this time he was a rugged young man full of life and energy, and ambitious to make his way in the world. He worked for a time in a wheel and spoke factory ; a woolen mill ; a stone yard ; in a flour and feed store and in the livery business. When nineteen years of age he decided to learn a trade, and he became a steamfitter. He worked at this trade, gaining the confi- dence of his employers and fellow workmen until he became president of the Steam Fitters Union of Philadelphia. James P. Wood & Co., with whom he learned the trade, recognizing his ability, gave him charge of the work in some of the largest buildings in Philadelphia and all parts of the country. During all these years Mr. Craig did not neglect the improvement of his mind, and it was because of his rapid acquisition of knowledge that he became a leader amongst those with whom he associated. Upon reaching his majority he became identified with the Republican party. In 1884 he took a leading part in the political canvas in Philadelphia for Elaine and Logan; he was a member of his ward committee. Two years later he or- ganized the West End Republican Club of the i8th ward, three hundred strong, and was its president for four years. In 1888 Mr. Craig was elected a mem- ber of the Pennsylvania Legislature from the i6th district of Philadelphia. A district in which the extensive ship building interests of that city are located, and which is commonly known in Philadelphia as Fishtown, on account of the large number of population being fishermen ; during his service in the Legislature several obnoxious fishing bills were introduced, which he strongly opposed and succeeded in defeating. . In March, 1890, Mr. Craig came to Chicago as the Western agent of the Pierce, Butler & Pierce, Manufacturing Co., of Syracuse, N. Y. He continued with this firm until it was consolidated with the American Boiler Co., of which he took charge, and which was the strongest concern of its kind in the United States. In 1897 Mr. Craig resigned his position to establish a business of his own. In 1898 he was elected general manager of the Master Steam Fitters' As- sociation of Chicago, and was re-elected in 1899 and 1900. He is also secretary of the Western League of Master Steam Fitters. During the great strike of 1900 in Chicago, Mr. Craig took an active part in the settlement of the controversy, being a member of the Madden Committee. Mr. Craig identified himself with the Republican organization as soon as he became a citizen of Chicago. He has been a member of the campaign commit- tee of the loth ward and is always active in promoting the success of his party. Mr. Craig aided in organizing the Cook County Republican Marching Club in 1894, and was elected financial secretary, declining to accept any compensation for services. In 1897 he was unanimously elected president, and is now serving his fourth term, being re-elected each year to succeed himself. Mr. Craig be- longs to the Masonic Fraternity and the Knights of Pythias. He is also a mem- ber of the strong eastern orders, Knights of the Golden Eagle, Knights of the Mystic Chain, and Knights of Friendship. 416 417 Edward Marshall Craig was married December 9, 1878, to Tillie M. Stengel of Philadelphia. They have two children William H., and B. Clarence Craig. It was through Mr. Craig's efforts that the Dolliver boom was sprung upon the country, just prior to the national Republican convention of 1900, at the head of the marching club that organized 300 strong, went to Philadelphia and would have succeeded in nominating Dolliver had Gov. Roosevelt declined to accept the nomination for Vice-President. SAMUEL J. DREW. This distinguished citizen, who resides at Joliet, III., is a native of England, having been born at Tipton, Staffordshire, April 22, 1864. His parents are Joseph and Sarah Drew, who came to America early in 1882, and with limited opportunities made many sacrifices in support of their faith that their son Samuel J. would make an able, honest and useful citizen. His education was limited to what schooling he could obtain previous to, his thirteenth year, at which time he was obliged to commence work, his first place being in a coal mine. Blessed by nature with a keen and discriminating mind and possessing a passion for study, it is not to be wondered at that he took up a system of study in the even- ings after his day's work was done, and in this manner managed to widely inform himself not only on the contents of the "books, but qn many miscellaneous branches of information that have proved of great value to him in subsequent years. This course of study was continued notwithstanding the fact that he worked from eight to fourteen hours, a day in the mines. He even carried the books into the mines to read during a lull in the work. He says that he had his share of sport, but made it a rule to study or do his duty first and play after- ward. In March, 1882, he came to the United States, locating at Braidwood, Will County, Illinois. He worked in the coal mines until August, 1886, by which time he managed to save a small sum of money, and this, together with what his parents furnished, enabled him to take a business course at the Northern Indiana Normal School, Valparaiso, Ind., graduating in August, 1887. His money was exhausted, but he managed to become an expert stenographer and typewriter, and as such acted as Court Reporter, and later as chief clerk of the Illinois Steel Co. He is now practicing law at Joliet and has a large clientage. The foundation of his belief in the righteousness of labor was laid in the coal mines where he did his first independent labor, and where his observation and study indicated the necessity of reform in labor customs and legislation. Since that day the miners have been his warm and outspoken friends, and he has made a profound study of their trials, needs and home requirements. Upon coming of age he found that he had become an intense American. TEe Stars and Stripes became the symbol of his nationality. He had learned to love America, as he says, because it enabled him to move higher and gives the poor man an equal chance. His position as stenographer probably led him to the study of law, and he was admitted to the bar. Coming to the United States under the age of eighteen years, he became a citizen upon reaching his majority. He is proud of this fact. From the start to the present he has been an unswerv- ing and enthusiastic Republican and a persistent and undaunted friend of labor. From the first he took an active part in politics, believing it to be his duty. He was elected Town Clerk of Joliet and served from 1896 to 1898 inclusive. In the latter year so prominent had he become that he was nominated for repre- sentative of the Twenty-fifth district. He rose from the ranks of labor and was chosen to represent that element in the Legislature. He was elected by a large majority and became one of the most useful members of the house. He was appointed chairman of the Committee on Labor and Industrial Affairs, and was second on Mines and Mining ; as such' he had practical control of labor legislation. He was largely instrumental in securing the passage of bills on Revision of Mining Laws, Arbitration, Union Labels, Free Employment Bu- reaus, and Forbidding Importation of Labor. The latter bill was an" extremely 418 419 important piece of legislation, and a radical departure in labor laws. For years it had been the custom, and on the slightest pretext, to bring men under guard, from another State to take the place of the regular workmen employed in Illi- nois. Then on frivolous grounds the employer would call for the State Militia, who were used, presumably, to protect life and property, but actually operated as a means to overawe and subdue the workingmen. The lowest class of men and guards were imported into this State to take the place of respectable citizens. Mr. Drew had had actual experience in being driven from home under such circumstances, and determined that his chief care in the Legislature should be a law forbidding this. His bill, commonly known as the "Drew Bill," strikes at this evil, and he claims it effectually stops this infamous practice. All kinds of trouble greeted the advent of this measure, but labor's friends, headed by Mr. Drew, stood to their guns and the passage of this measure was demanded as a right belonging to labor. Mr. Drew, during an exciting debate, defended this measure and it finally passed the House by a large majority. It then went to the Senate and opposition greeted its appearance. Mr. Drew followed the bill and never rested until it finally passed the Senate and became a law. It is the first law of the land ever enacted in the United States and Mr. Drew is proud of the fact that the Republican party by the passage of this measure, demonstrated that it was labor's true friend. He is proud of the labor laws passed, and says the proudest moments of his life were when this and other labor laws finally passed both House and Senate. Mr. Drew is highly respected and trusted by the community in which he lives. He is a Methodist, a Mason, Knight of Pythias and a member oFotlier secret societies. His wife was formerly Miss Lizzie B. Parsons, of Braidwood. They have one child, a girl, whose name is Alberta L. JOHN C. CORBUS. Dr. John C. Corbus of Mendota, 111., was born in Millersburgh, O., Septem- ber 30, 1833. His father was a native of Ohio. His mother was born in Vir- ginia, the families of each coming to this country prior to the Revolution, and were participants in the same. Dr. Corbus received an academic education, de- voting himself earnestly to scientific studies, graduating in the medical depart- ment of the Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O. Was married to Miner- va C. McFarland of Wayne county, O., by whom he had four children, Frank G. Corbus, John Corbus, Jr., and Robert C. Corbus, and Ella M. Corbus. Minerva Corbus died December, 1891. In February, 1893, Dr. Corbus married Helen E. Ruggles. Removing to Illinois in 1856 he settled at Melugin's Grove, Lee county, where he engaged in the practice of his profession until the breaking out of the Rebellion when he entered the service as First Assistant Surgeon of the 75th Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Prior to this he was one of the surgeons selected by Governor Yates to go to the battlefield of Shiloh to render medical and surgi- cal aid to Illinois troops. Dr. Corbus was promoted to the rank of surgeon, but was compelled to resign on account of ill-health. On his return from the army he settled in Mendota, where he practiced medicine for thirty-five years. Dr. Corbus has been identified with the Republican party since its organiza- tion, and has given it his earnest support; he voted for Abraham Lincoln for President in 1860. Wedded to the medical profession, and devoting his constant thought to that science, he had left to others the active management of party affairs, but has always performed the duty of a citizen in attending the elections and frequently attending County and State Conventions of his party. He is a member of the Illinois Medical Society ; the North Central Medical Illinois Soci- ety ; the Grand Army of the Republic, and a Companion of the Loyal Legion. He has been a member of the State Board of Charities for twenty-three years, acting as President of the Board a portion of the time. At present Dr. Corbus is Superintendent of the Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane, located at Hospital, Kankakee county, 111. 420 421 AQUILLA J. DAUGHERTY. The subject of this sketch was born on a farm near Hamilton, O., December 6, 1842 and is now residing in Peoria, 111. His father was James Daugherty, and his mother formerly Elizabeth Doty. The father was a cooper by trade and a farmer. He became prominent in the affairs of the county (having removed to Hamilton), and later became Mayor of that city and finally Auditor of the county. James Daugherty was born in 1814, and his father, John Daugherty, served in the war of 1812-14. The wife of the latter was formerly Esther Ward. The family originally came over with Lord Baltimore, the name then being spelled Dough- erty. Elizabeth Doty was descended from Edward Doty, who came over in the Mayflower in 1620. Her father was Zina Doty who was the son of John Doty, the descendants of whom took a prominent part in the settlement of the Miami Valley. The father of John was Joseph and of the latter was Samuel, and of the latter was Edward who came over in the Mayflower. Aquilla J. Daugherty was educated at Hamilton, and at Miami University, Oxford, O. His ambition was to study and practice law, but his father's failure in business compelled him to seek employment for support, and for some time he suffered many discouragements and hardships. He began work with the Ohio State Journal at Columbus, and later with the "Cincinnati Commercial." He soon after secured a position as war correspondent under Geo. D. Prentice of the "Louisville Journal" and represented at different times until the close of the war, the Cincinnati Enquirer, the Louisville Journal and the Cincinnati Ga- zette. He wrote under the nom-de-plume of "Quill." While he was at Mur- freesboro a bitter criticism of Gen. Rosecrans appeared in the Louisville Journal over the signature of "Quill" and trie subject was arrested as the author, but Mr. Prentice of the Journal procured his release from arrest, by showing that a cer- tain colonel was the writer. The latter was cashiered and driven from the army, and subject was given special privileges previously denied him. On another occasion Gen. Logan ordered his arrest for excoriating certain officials for dishonorable practices. When Gen. Grant took command at Chattanooga he sent for Mr. Daugherty and asked many questions concerning his observa- tions and experiences, complimented him and finally gave him a pass which read "Pass the bearer, A. J. Daugherty, correspondent of the Louisville Journal, with- in and through the lines of all the armies, free of charge for himself and horse, on all railroads and steamboats under military control. " This was prized very highly, as it was the most liberal pass ever granted to a newspaper correspond- ent in that department. Mr. Daugherty showed this pass to Gen. Logan when the latter had him arrested, and requested that tEe General would investigate his charges before excluding him from the army. This was done, and Mr. Daugh- erty was completely exonerated. Gen. Logan invited him to make his home. at his headquarters which invitation was accepted and Mr. Daugherty remained' with Gen. Logan until the close of the war. Later he was permitted to supply the soldiers with papers at five cents each in the armies ol Generals Logan, Sheri- dan, Thomas and Sherman, to overturn a pernicious system previously existing whereunder the soldiers were charged ten cents a copy. He was with Rose- crans at the battle of Chickamauga, and witnessed the struggle of Gen. Thomas to hold the enemy in check. He went with Gen. Grant from Chattanooga to Atlanta, reporting all the battles and movements. He then came back to Nash- ville and witnessed Thomas crush Hood. He was then with Sherman in Georgia and the Carolinas and later in the grand review at Washington. After the war he was connected with the Indianapolis Journal, taught school five years in Hancock County, served on the Board of Supervisors, ran for County Sheriff far ahead of his ticket, and in 1875 became stenographer for the T. P. & W. Ry. From 1875 to 1890 he held many positions in the railway and fast freight line service. He became interested in politics and was appointed United States Consul at Callao, Peru. In 1893 he engaged in the grain business 422 t/ S 423 at Peoria. He was a candidate for Congress in 1894. and later was elected to the Illinois assembly and re-elected in 1896. In 1898 he secured his present po- sition as Collector of Internal Revenue in the 5th Illinois district. He is prom- inent in social affairs, and is a wide and thoughtful reader on all current subjects. In 1876 he married Margaret E. Crawford, and one daughter, Willa C., was born to this union, but died in infancy. His wife dying in 1881, he was married ten years later to Miss Jennie Loosely Plahn of Beardstown. A son, Hale Plahn, was born to this union at the Consulate in Peru, September 15, 1892. GEORGE PERRIN DAVIS. George P. Davis of Bloomington, 111., was born June 3, 1842, at Blooming- ton. Mr. Davis is the son of Judge David Davis, late of the Supreme bench of the United States, and one of the most distinguished citizens of Illinois. Judge Davis was a native of Maryland, but was mainly educated in Massachusetts, where in 1838 he married Sarah W. Walker, daughter of Judge Walker of Len- nox, Mass. She accompanied her husband to his home at Bloomington, 111. She was a woman in every way worthy to be the wife of so able and distinguished a man as was her husband. She was the mother of the subject of this sketch. Judge Davis anxious to afford his son, George, the best possible opportunity for gaining an education, placed him at Deacon A. Hikie's school at Lee, Mass., where he remained for some time. He prepared for college at Beloit, Wis., and was in college at that place for two years. He then entered Williams College, Mass., and graduated therefrom in 1864. He then entered the Law School of the University of Michigan, and graduated in 1867. After returning to Bloomington, Mr. Davis formed a partnership for the practice of la^w with William H. Hanna. Mr. Davis had chosen the law as his profession, and had devoted much time and labor in preparing himself for that profession, but he soon became fully satisfied that it was to his interest and to the interest of his father that he should give up the profession of law, and devote himself solely to the management of his father's landed estates. At an early day Judge Davis began the purchase of lands in McLean County, and in the course of a few years he had acquired large bodies of rich land. It was to the care and development of this property that George P. Davis, upon the advice of his father, decided to devote his time and attention. McLean County, as is well known, is agriculturally the richest county in the State of Illinois. The produc- tion of grain and the feeding of cattle have been conducted upon a very large scale, and Mr. Davis is known to have been one of the largest cattle feeders in the county. In this business he has been identified with Lyman W. Betts, and later with E. H. Hyneman and others. These business operations have been large, and in conducting them Mr. Davis has exhibited a high degree of execu- tive and financial ability. Mr. Davis has never been a seeker after office. He was, however, elected a member of the Board of Supervisors of McLean County, from Bloomington Township, and has occupied that position for some twenty years. He has brought to the conduct of the public affairs of the County the same business sagacity and judgment that he applies to his own affairs, and has consequently been able to perform the duties of the office to the entire satisfac- tion of the public. Mr. Davis has been a member of the McLean Historical Society for a num- ber of years, and upon the death of Judge J. M. Scott he was elected President of the Society. The McLean County Historical Society was organized March 19, 1892, with Hon. .John M. Scott as President ; J. B. Orendorff, Vice President ; George Perrin Davis, Treasurer, and Ezra M. Prince, Secretary. Mr. Davis bore an honorable part in the labors of this Society, and in 1899 the first volume issued by it was published, being the War record of McLean County with other papers. It is a book of some 600 pages, well illustrated by the portraits of promi- nent citizens of the county, gives a full and interesting history of the military affairs of McLean County, and numerous sketches of its early settlers. The work is highly creditable to the McLean County Historical Society. 424 97 1 > number of letter boxes from 2,827 to 3.008 ; number of package boxes from 244 to 422; and the receipts from $5,224,659.76 in 1897 to $6,133,551.79 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1899. Mr. Gordon was married June 23, 1898, to Miss Gertrude Wilson Pate, daughter of Alexander Pate of Wellington, Illinois. JOHN GIBBONS. A brilliant example of the self-made American citizen, and a grand exempli- fication of the progress that an ambitious foreigner can make in this country of unbounded opportunities, is shown in the case of Judge John Gibbons. He was born in Ireland, at Ruhan, Fanad, County Donegal, in 1848, and was the youngest of a family of eleven children. When but an infant, John Gibbons was left fatherless, and up to the age of eighteen he saw nothing but the drudgery of farm life and such limited schooling as the place afforded. At intervals his brothers and sisters had emigrated to America, and when eighteen years old the judge decided to cast his fortune in the New World. He first located in Phila- delphia, but as his brother, Patrick Gibbons, had settled in Keokuk, Iowa, and become prosperous, he joined him there. It was this brother who helped the future judge to lay the foundation of his legal education. He was first sent to Notre Dame College, Ind., in 1867, and one year later was graduated from that institution with honors. It is a tradition of the Notre Dame alumni that Judge Gibbons took a four years course in one and won first premium in ail his classes. Recreation or rest were unknown to him in those days, and the pace he then set for himself was not materially modified in later years. From school he went back to Philadelphia and sought to earn a living in various ways. He drifted into the law office of William H. Martin and began reading for the bar. 111*1869 ne went to Keokuk, Iowa, joined his brother, and after studying law for some time, was admitted to the bar. In April, 1871, the municipality of Keokuk elected Mr. Gibbons as a city attorney and in two notable railroad cases, one of which involved a $1,500,000 bond issue, he contended that the city of Keokuk had no power to thus mortgage itself, and that the act of the Legislature ratifying the bond issue was unconstitutional. He won out on both points. He contended that the statute of limitations commenced to run against coupons at their maturity without regard to the maturity of the bond to which they were attached, which contention the Supreme Court of the United States sustained. Mr. Gibbons was city attorney of Keokuk and assistant State's at- torney of the district until 1875 when he was elected to the Legislature, the youngest member of that body. At this time, and for many years afterward he 468 469 was a strong Democrat. He was vice chairman of the Committee on Constitu- tional Amendments and offered a resolution amending the Constitution so as to prohibit public money from being appropriated for the support of sectarian schools. In 1878 he was nominated by the Democratic Convention for Attorney Gen- eral of Iowa and ran about four thousand ahead of his party ticket. He con- tinued practicing law in Keokuk until 1879. During his Iowa career Judge Gib- bons had his first experience with active daily journalism. In the Spring of 1876, in company with others, he bought out the "Keokuk Constitution," which had become famous as the most radical Democratic sheet in the Mississippi Valley. Sam Clark was the editor of the rival paper, the "Gate City," and the passages at arms were numerous. After the Hayes and Tilden campaign Mr. Gibbons wearied of newspaper control and sold out to his partners. In 1879 ne came to Chicago, but it was some time before his superior abilities were recognized. Then the Iowa attorney began to forge to the front. He acquired an introduc- tion to the practice and a standing at the Chicago Bar in conducting personal injury cases, and soon became noted for his ability in unraveling knotty legal problems in every branch of the law. In 1884, as a result of the Elaine cam- paign, he left the Democratic party and has ever since remained with the Repub- licans. His reasons for abandoning that party were deemed of sufficient im- portance to be placed among the best literature of the campaign, and were printed by the leading newspapers of the land. In 1893 he was nominated by the Chicago bar for Circuit Court Judge and received the Republican nomina- tion to fill one of the new terms created by the legislature. He was elected and re-elected in 1897 for a full term. Judge Gibbons was one of the organizers and first president of the Notre Dame Alumni Association. He is president of St. Patrick's Society and a mem- ber of the Press and Hamilton Clubs. In the practice of religion he is a de- vout Roman Catholic and a member of Holy Angels parish, Oakwood Boulevard, but his views in religious matters are as broad as the universe. In 1886 Notre Dame University created him Master of Arts, and in 1894 he was made Doctor of Laws. St. Ignatius' College has also made him an LL. D. He has been one of the owners of the Chicago Law Journal since 1888. Judge Gibbons was mar- ried April 2Oth, 1892, to Mrs. R. B. Fuller (nee Lizzie Christener) of Chicago, and resides at 3541 Grand Boulevard. Two of his uncles, Patrick Gibbons and William Francis Gibbons, were priests, and another uncle, Daniel Gibbons, was a noted physician and surgeon, being a graduate of Glasgow Medical College and the Royal College of London. His parents were John and Cecelia (Carr) Gib- bons, both natives of the Emerald Isle. W. F. GORRELL. There is much in the history of W. F. Gorrell that is of general interest, as it indicates a surmounting of obstacles and a mastering of expedients which have enabled him to win an enviable place among men in whatever walk of life, and to gain prestige as a leader in thought and action. In his youth he was surrounded by disadvantages which seemed almost unsurmountable, but his necessities taught him that what is done must be done through himself alone. Men who follow that precept are worthy and well qualified to perform almost any duty, and will, in almost all cases, make a complete success of life. It is through these efforts that Mr. Gorrell has attained his present responsible posi- tion in the life insurance world. He is a native of Ohio, born July 10, 1838, and his early life was spent upon a farm in Athens county, that state. His father was a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church and was so charitable and unworldly that often his means were very limited. Owing to this he was unable to give his children the educa- tional advantages they so much desired. After receiving his primary training in the common schools young Gorrell decided to better his condition if possible. 470 471 His alert mentality and intuitive apperception quickened his ambition for secur- ing wider educational facilities, and being a lad of push and determination he went to work to accomplish this end. He first secured employment at twenty cents per day and, although he did not immediately get rich at this salary, he secured sufficient funds to pay his expenses for three terms at the Athens High School. Later he taught school for one term and was then admitted to the University of Athens, O., where he was actively pursuing his studies when the Civil War broke out. What was education then, when his country's honor was at stake? Throwing aside his books he became a member of the i8th Ohio Infantry and proved a faithful and trustworthy soldier. Soon after returning home he made his way to Illinois and was actively engaged in teaching school until September, 1874, when he accepted the agency for the Home Life Insurance Company, of New York, for the State of Illinois, and for a period of eighteen years was successfully engaged in that capacity. So active and interested was he in his work that during that period he did more business for the Home Life Insurance Company that the company did in the entire State of New York, which fact speaks most eloquently as to his use- fulness to his employers. Mr. Gorrell was manager for the Iowa Life Insurance Company for the State of Wisconsin, a position he held and filled most admirably for six years. He was one of the directors and a stockholder of the company, and every detail of the life insurance business is thoroughly understood by him. Politically Mr. Gorrell is a staunch and enthusiastic sup- porter of Republican principles and has done much to further the interests of that ''Grand Old Partv." JUDSON FREEMAN GOING. Biography becomes of value only when it indicates the path to be pursued by those who attain to the best things in life, and fails of its true province when it emphasizes aught else. It accords to merit a real place in the world and acknowledges the worth of true ability. In the life of Judson F. Going we find that the causes which have led to his brilliant success in the legal profession are all such as command respect and awaken admiration. In glancing over the history of many of the most influential men of this country one is profoundly impressed with the fact that so large a number first saw the light of day and breathed the invigorating air of the country or village home ; and, also, that it was by these selfsame wholesome firesides that there were nurtured and strength- ened, in frame and fiber, such legions of men who have carved their names on the top round of the ladder of success. Upon a farm near the city of Galena, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born Judson Freeman Going, November 29, 1857. On both sides his ancestors were among the earliest settlers in Illinois ; and those who are familiar with pioneer life, understand the hardships they were called upon to undergo. His father, Adoniram Judson Going, came of Vermont Revolutionary stock, and the Going family was represented in the War for Independence by Captain Jonathan Going. Not a generation passed that this family did not contribute one or more men as clergymen in the Baptist faith, and one, Dr. Jonathan Going, was President of Granville College, O. His mother, whose maiden name was Mary A. Clen- dening, was of Scotch-Irish extraction, her father having been a prominent pio- neer local minister of the Methodist faith. Three of her brothers became min- isters of high standing in Rock River Conference of the Methodist church. During his early life upon the farm young Going attended the district school during the winter months. In 1869 the father died, and the care and training of the family of two girls and three boys fell upon a devoted mother who never wavered in her duty, but taught them lessons of industry, perseverance and honesty which have been the stepping stones to their success in life. In the Autumn of 1873 the family removed to Chicago, where young Going attended the public schools, working as occasion offered at any honest employment, and where he put into practice the lessons he had learned in early youth. Then 472 473 when barely in his "teens" he taught a country school, for a year afterwards was clerking for a dry-goods merchant of Warren, 111., and burned the midnight oil to such advantage that he was able to enter the University of Illinois at Cham- paign, in 18/7. Under the magnetic influence of that eminent educator and dis- tinguished publicist, Dr. John M. Gregory, who was president of that institu- tion, Mr. Going's mind took a decided impetus forward, and his career as a student was a most laudable one. However, his university course was inter- rupted, only to be renewed in 1881, when he returned from teaching the young idea, to resume his studies. He was graduated in the class of 1883. The fol- lowing September he entered the Union. College of Law in Chicago, and was graduated in June, 1885. Immediately afterward he opened a law office, and later he was appointed justice of the peace by Gov. Richard J. Oglesby. He was appointed to succeed himself, but within a month "resigned to accept the office of Assistant under Judge Joel M. Longenecker, then State's Attorney, where he remained until the close of the term, December, 1892. He then formed a law partnership with Hon. C. G. Neely. In 1894, Mr. Going became general counsel of The Calumet Electric Street Railway Company, which position he still retains. In 1885 Mr. Going was married to Miss Gertrude Avery of Eau Claire, Wis- consin, and a daughter and son have blessed this union. In politics, Mr. Going has always been a Republican and has been for years at the head of the Repub- lican organization of the 2Oth Ward. He is a member of the Political Action Committee of the Marquette Club, a member of Kilwinning Lodge No. 311, A. F. & A. M., the Royal League, National Union, Columbian Knights, Improved Order of Redmen and the Phi Delta Phi. In his church relations, Mr. Going is a Baptist. As a lawyer he stands deservedly high and his services for the State have been marked by unselfishness, devotion to duty, and an intense and intelli- gent appreciation of the demands of the hour upon every loyal American. WILLIAM HOUSER GRAY. William H. Gray of Chicago was born September 23, 1847, a t Piqua, O. His father, Jacob C. Gray, was a native of Ohio, and a successful contractor and builder. .He was a man of respectability and standing, and Deacon in the Baptist Church for over fifty-five years, being familiarly known throughout the state of Ohio as "Deacon Gray." He was a progressive man, an earnest sup- porter of general education, and afforded his children every opportunity to receive an excellent education. Deacon Gray died in 1881 at the age of sixty- nine years. The maiden name of the mother of the subject of this sketch was Catherine Houser. She was a daughter of the late Jacob Houser of Dayton, O. Mrs. Gray received a good education and was widely known and highly respected by the people of Piqua. She reared a family of six children two boys and four girls and died in 1897, aged 77 years, respected and loved by all who knew her. She lived in and kept her own home and servants until the day of her death, which occurred while in apparent good health and talking to her children. William H. Gray received his early education at Piqua, graduated from the high school there and studied three years in Denison University. He assisted his father in his building operations for a time, and then entered the employ- ment of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, as civil engineer. He was engaged in the lumber business at Piqua until 1871. Disposing of this business, he became connected with life insurance, with headquarters at Indianapolis, but subsequently transferred to Ohio. In 1877 Mr. Gray organized the Knight Templar and Masonic Mutual Aid Association at Cincinnati. He put such intelligent energy into the management of that concern that it was, at the time he severed his connection with it in 1883, the leading company of its class in the United States. Mr. Gray came to Chicago in May, 1884, and at once organ- 474 475 ized the Knights Templars and Masons Life Indemnity Company of Chicago ; was made its general manager, and has been identified with this organization ever since. Mr. Gray has made this company phenomenally successful. The company is supported by a large array of the best people of the country, and stands as a guarantor for upwards of twenty millions of insurance, with a monied surplus of over $500,000.00. Mr. Gray has been an active and successful business man and is now recog- nized as one of the solid men of Chicago. He is an extensive owner of real estate about one thousand acres in Illinois ; some six thousand acres in Texas ; has a large interest in the Indiana gas fields, and has several buildings in the city of Chicago. Mr. Gray originated the idea of removing the old Libby Prison from Richmond, Va., to Chicago. He alone purchased the old historic struc- ture and disposed of it to the gentlemen who moved it to Chicago. He was a Director and the Treasurer of the Libby Prison War Museum Association. Mr. Gray, in religion, is of the Baptist faith. He is a member of the Unior/ League and Marquette Clubs. He is also a member of the St. Bernard Com- mandery (Knights Templars) and other Masonic bodies. In politics Mr. Gray is a Republican. While not an active worker or speaker, he believes in political organization, performs his political duties as a citizen, and votes the Republican ticket because he endorses the principles of the party and looks upon its continu- ance in power as the best means of securing good government. William Houser Gray was married February 17, 1881, to Miss Orpha Ella Buckingham, of Bloomington, 111., a student of Mount Carroll Seminary, of Illinois. They have a family of three children Ina B., Willie B. and Ralph B. Mr. and Mrs. Gray are people of fine social qualities ; have a delightful home and a wide circle of friends. HOWARD H. GROSS. Howard H. Gross was born in Marathon, Cortland County, N. Y., Septem- ber 27, 1853. His parents were Dr. John C. Gross and Caroline Gross. In 1858 the family moved to Knox County, 111. Mr. Gross began life on a farm, going to school during the winter and doing a man's work in the fields in sum- mer, the Spelling Bee and debating club being his principal diversion. In 1867 the family moved to Galva, Henry County, where Mr. Gross attended school, and worked upon the farm. He drew full wages as a farm hand when he was fifteen years old. At the age of eighteen he taught school, his first charge being about twelve miles from home. The school was rated as an especially hard one to teach, owing to the unruly boys who for years had broken up the school and driven the teacher away. Mr. Gross promptly put down the firsF attempt at disorder, and after that all went well. For several years he taught school in winter and studied law in summer. When twenty years old he engaged with a Chicago firm to travel through Illinois, selling school furniture and apparatus. He remained with the firm over ten years, holding when he left the highest position of any employee. He then went into business for himself at San Fran- cisco. He remained two years, his venture bringing him a good profit. Return- ing to Chicago he conceived the idea of creating for exhibition panoramic views of great battle scenes. In the course of nine years twenty-two of these great pictures were turned out and placed in leading cities from London, England, to Melbourne, Australia. Mr. Gross is a man of wonderful resource and great energy. He lost a large sum in the great Baring failure, but he went to work- harder than ever and was soon on his feet again. Since 1893, Mr. Gross has been a contractor and dealer in paving material. He was a member of the Chicago Board of Education several years, and for two years Chairman of the Finance Committee. Through his efforts civil service was adopted in the schools, also, the project to teach the girls Domestic Science in the schools was established through his efforts, and has proved to be very successful. Mr. Gross, while friendly to Union labor, did not believe that the 476 477 Board of Education had a right to exclude Non-union men from performing school work ; a long controversy ensued, but finally the Supreme Court passed upon the matter, supporting Mr. Gross at every point. As an evidence of his good will toward the wage earner, in February, 1900, he presented to the West Park Commissioners the great cyclorama of the Chicago Fire, the only condition being that it be kept open free for all time to come for trie working man and his family. Mr. Gross is a director of the Bureau of Charities ; Trustee of the Penny Savings Society, which is a means of cultivating habits of thrift in the young. He is a director in the Chicago Commercial Association, and Chairman of the Civic Federation School Committee. He took an active part in drawing up the special assessment bill passed in 1897. In December, 1899, he was elected president of the State School Board Section of the Illinois State Teachers' Asso- ciation. In September, 1900, the Secretary of Agriculture appointed him Special Agent and Road Expert of the United States Government to promote good roads in Illinois and Indiana. Mr. Gross has always been an active worker for the Republican ticket. On the stump he is a forceful and convincing speaker. He was married in 1878 to Dell S. Condit of Englewood. They have four children, the eldest son attending the University of Chicago. He has been an extensive traveler ; his travels have covered the United States, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and the West Indies. He is a member of the Union League Athletic, Hamilton and Men's Clubs. LEONARD GOODWIN. Leonard Goodwin was born at Aurora, 111., October 25, 1859, and his early education was obtained in the public schools of that city. He began to study law and was admitted to practice by the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois in the fall of 1880. In 1881 he moved to Creston, Iowa, where he practiced law for two years. His health began to fail about that time, and he was compelled to travel for several years, finally settling down at San Diego, Cal., and resumed his practice of law. Mr. Goodwin resided in California about seven years, and took prominent part in Republican politics, being a member of the County Central Committee for four years, and chairman of the City Central Committee for four years. He was noted as a Republican leader during his residence in San Diego, and led and directed the movement which resulted in breaking up a corrupt political ring which had existed in San Diego for many years, and in the election of a straight Republican ticket for the first time in the history of the county. He returned to Chicago in October, 1894, and has been actively engaged in the practice of law ever since. He has resided in the 24th ward for the past five years and has taken an active part in Republican politics, and is one of the recognized Republican leaders in the ward and on the North Side. He is an active member of the Marqnette and Hamilton Clubs, and during the presi- dential campaign of 1900 was chairman of the Political Action Committee of the Marquette Club. Under his leadership and direction the Club assumed a more prominent place in Republican politics than it had ever attained before, and a healthy impetus was given to the growth and influence of the club. Under the direction of the National Committee Mr. Goodwin also made cam- paign speeches in North Dakota and Nebraska. He has often been spoken of as a candidate for different offices, but has consistently refused to accept any office or any nomination for an office, the work he has done for the party hav- ing been done purely from motives of patriotism, and not with any idea of per- sonal gain or advancement. Socially Mr. Goodwin is good natured, hale fellow well met, and very popu- lar among his acquaintances. He is very warm in his friendship and loyal to his ideals and to his friends. As a public speaker he is forceful and eloquent and in great demand during political campaigns. 478 479 FRANK H. HALL. Frank H. Hall, of Jacksonville, 111., was born at Mechanics Falls, Me., February 9, 1841. His ancestors on both sides were early settlers in New England. His father, Joseph H. Hall, was born in Paris, Me., and married Sophia Valentine, who was the mother of the subject of this sketch. The Valentine family were great teachers ; at lease one hundred and fifty members of this family have been identified with educational institutions in the United States, and have exercised a powerful influence for good in that line of intel- lectual endeavor. Frank H. Hall commenced his education at the village school at Mechanics Falls, and as he grew up he was taught to work. In due time, he entered the Maine State Seminary at Lewiston, graduating in 1862. At that time the great Civil War was raging, and Mr. Hall enlisted in Company "D" of the 23rd Maine Infantry, as a private. During his term of service he was detailed as acting hospital steward in the army of the Potomac. On July 15, 1863, he was mus- tered out at Portland, Me., and received an honorable discharge. He was then a'dmitted as a member of the first class at Bates College, remaining there less than a year. Mr. Hall was a born teacher. Heredity and environments, and the traditions of his mother's family all tended to bear him forward into this important line of business. He taught a winter school in 1859 and 1860 at Center Minot, Me. He was made principal of Towle Academy, Winthrop, Maine, and served from 1864 to 1866; principal of Earlville, 111., public schools from 1866 to 1868; Principal Aurora (West) public schools from 1868 to 1875; principal Sugar Grove, 111., farm school, 18/5 to 1887; principal Petersburg, 111., Public School, 1887 to 1888; principal Aurora (West) public schools from 1888 to 1890; superintendent Illinois school for the Blind, Jacksonville, 1890 to 1893 ; su- perintendent Waukegan, 111., public schools, 1893 to 1897; superintendent Illinois School for the Blind, 1897 to the present time. He received from Dr. Newton Bateman in 1868 a life State Teachers' certificate. When Mr. Hall became identified with the School for the Blind, he took up the subject of improving the apparatus for teaching the blind. He is the inventor of the Braille-writer and co-inventor (with Harrison & Seifried) of the stereotype-maker. These machines are now in use in more than one-half the schools for the blind in this country as well as in Australia and in many parts of Europe and Asia. Mr. Hall has devoted much time and thought to mathematics, and is the author of a number of works upon this subject. Politically Mr. Hall is an out-and-out Republican. His fathjyuyjiS-a-vVhig, so that his early teachings were in that direction. They were also anti-slavery, and as was the great majority of the people of Maine in favor of Prohibition. Mr. Hall was not old enough to vote for Abraham Lincoln in 1860, but he was thoroughly identified with the Republican party at that time, and believed in its principles. Mr. Hall has long believed that the Republican party represents everything good and great in politics, and that the Democratic party is just the reverse of this. Mr. Hall's first vote for President was for Abraham Lincoln in 1864. He had been a constant reader of the writings of Horace Greeley and George William Curtis, and had great respect and admiration for these men, so in 1872 when Mr. Greeley was nominated as a candidate for the presidency, Mr. Hall followed this great political philosopher and cast his vote that year for Mr. Greeley. He soon discovered that the political company in which he found himself opposed to the principles which he had favored all his life, and he soon went back into the Republican ranks, where he has remained faithful ever since. Governor Fifer appointed Mr. Hall superintendent of the School for the Blind ; he held this position during Governor Fifer's term, and performed the duties of the office with great acceptability, but Governor Altgeld removed him from office. In 1897 he was again appointed Superintendent of the Illinois School for the Blind by Governor Tanner, and now holds that office and performs the duties thereof with great efficiency. 480 481 ISAAC MILLER HAMILTON. Success is methodical and consecutive, and however much we may indulge in fantastic theorizing as to its elements and causation in any isolated instance, yet in the light of sober investigation we will find it to be but a result of the determined application of one's abilities and powers along the rigidly defined line of labor. Professional advancement in the law is proverbially slow. The first element of success is, perhaps, a persistency of purpose and effort as con- tinuous as the force of gravity. But, as in every other calling, aptitude, char- acter and individuality are the qualities which differentiate the usual from the unusual. A little over ten years ago Isaac M. Hamilton was admitted to the bar, and within that time he has gained a prominence for which many older men have striven for a lifetime. He was born at Ash Grove, Iroquois county, III, September 6, 1864, and the principal part of his life has been spent in the county of his birth. His ancestors won distinction both in public and private affairs^ His parents, Ephraim S. and Celia B. Hamilton, were most excellent people, and his father won a most enviable reputation both as a public spirited citizen and as a successful business man. The father died in his fiftieth year, but the mother is still living, resides with her son Isaac, and although now sixty-eight years old, enjoys excellent health. Isaac M. Hamilton received a thorough scholastic training in the Grand Prairie Seminary of Onarga, 111., and of private tutors. He has mastered sev- eral languages ; has found time to pay close attention to the arts and is well known for his culture and refinement. In 1881 he formed a partnership with Tunis Young in merchandising at Ash Grove, 111., and although Mr. Hamilton was but sixteen years old at that time and his partner thirty-two, they have con- tinued the partnership ever since under the firm name of Young & Hamilton, but are now engaged exclusively in the banking and real estate business. How- ever, the firm is now located at Cissna Park. Mr. Hamilton was admitted to the bar in 1889, being one of three in a class of forty to be graded perfect, and since that time he has built up a large and very remunerative law practice in State and Federal Courts. His keen knowledge of human nature and his capac- ity for analysis has attracted universal attention, particularly in his address, "Monstrosities of the Law," which was delivered at the annual meeting of the Illinois State Bar Association, at Peoria, in January, 1894. He has given special attention to the Chancery, Probate and Corporation branches of the law, and has been eminently successful in many intricate and important cases. As ex- ecutor of the large estate of the late William Cissna he was required by the Probate Court to give a bond of $500,000, which he did in half a day, thirty-five of the wealthiest and most influential friends and neighbors signing as his securi- ties certainly a wonderful tribute to his integrity and ability, and an eloquent testimonial of the esteem in which he is held. Mr. Hamilton has been attorney for the village of Cissna Park ever since its incorporation, but he had never aspired to office until 1896, when he was elected a member of the Illinois Senate by almost twice the majority which any other senator ever received in his district. In the three sessions of the Illinois Legislature in which he has served he has won for himself golden laurels as a capable and honorable legislator, as his excellent work upon important commit- tees and upon the floor of the Senate conspicuously verifies. Since its organiza- tion Mr. Hamilton has been constantly and actively identified with the National Republican League. Like many another great factor in the uplifting of human- ity and in the strengthening of ties of home and country, it was disaster, rather than prosperity, that made it possible for the great National League to come into being. Since then the skies have cleared, and victory is again with the great National party, but in all the long past no grander lesson of patriotism has been found on the pages of our history than that of the noble way in which the younger Republican element of this country, setting aside local prejudices, 482 483 decided to band themselves into an invincible league for the common good. The young men of the United States, through the National Republican League, have become the real strength in the great Republican party ; and it is upon the altars of patriotism that they keep the fires of liberty burning. Mr. Hamil- ton is one of those young men whose interests have ever been with the league. Although his most effective work for the league was probably done when, as chairman of the campaign committee of the executive committee, he was so largely instumental in raising the fund with which the enormous and burdensome debts were fully paid and the league put on a sound financial basis which assures it a magnificent and influential future. In addition to his position as chairman of the Finance Committee of the National League, he is President of the Illinois State League of Republican Clubs. Under his able and wise administration this league has grown and prospered to an unprecedented extent. He is always a willing and able worker, in any capacity, for the advancement of league interests everywhere. In his social relations Mr. Hamilton takes a prominent place and is a favorite and forceful member of the Union League, Marquette and Hamilton Clubs, of Chicago. He is a Knight Templar, a Thirty-second degree Mason, a member of the Mystic Shrine, a member of the Grand Lodge Knights of. Pythias of Illinois, a member of the Tribe of Ben Hur and a Modern Woodman of America. Mr. Hamilton is now located permanently in Chicago. His reputation has become so wide and his business so extended, that he decided to seek a point where his business might be more centralized without appreciable loss of success. In Chicago, where he has a host of good friends and where marked success is already his, Mr. Hamilton has made his home. There he has established the successful law firm of Hamilton & Atkinson, of which he is the senior partner. He is yet a young man in his profession, with the foundation so well laid, there can be no doubt as to the future a future which must hold for him distinction and preferment attained only by those lawyers who practice law as a profession, and not as a craft. Being a close student, of a mind quick to question and exacting of a reason, he has more concern for the philosophy of the law and the application of a principle than for legal legerdemain and subtle sophistry. Beyond and above all, he is a student of law, a student of humanity and a student of the tendencies of the times in which he lives. In his remarks he is clear and logical, and his command of clean, incisive and lucid English is equaled by few. Amid the engrossing cares and exacting duties of a busy professional life, Mr. Hamilton has found time and opportunity for investigation and study of many questions touching social conditions and betterment. He contributes liberally of his means to all worthy movements. Since becoming a resident of Chicago Mr. Hamilton became greatly im- pressed with the need of a life insurance company which would be a credit to the great and growing city of Chicago. In connection with J. Ellsworth Griffin Mr. Hamilton has succeeded in organizing the Federal Life Insurance Company, which is the only company organized under the Illinois laws as an old line, legal reserve, stock life insurance company. This company starts out with an excel- lent board of thirty directors. It has the entire confidence of the public and is unqualifiedly commended by the ablest financiers of the city. Mr. Hamilton has accepted the presidency of this new company and is rapidly pushing forward its affairs with his usual aggressiveness and discernment. Under his able man- agement the Federal Life Insurance Company seems destined to achieve phe- nomenal success. LOUIS KRUGHOFF. Colonel Louis Krughoff of Nashville, Illinois, was born November 25, 1836, in Minden, Westphalia. Came to Washington County, Illinois, in 1851. Worked on a farm, attended school and clerked in a store until 1861. He enlisted in Com- pany "H," First Illinois Cavalry, in June, 1861. Was wounded in battle; coming 484 home to recover from his wound, he recruited Company "C," 49th Illinois Infantry. Was in the battle of Fort Donelson and again wounded. Participated in the siege of Corinth, in the Red River expedition, in the Missouri campaign against General Price, marched 750 miles in thirty-five days. Was of the troops that reinforced General Thomas at Nashville in the great battle that overthrew Hood's army. Joined in the pursuit of Hood, and was mustered out in 1865 with the brevet rank of Major, "For gallant and meritorious services." In 1874 helped to organize the Washington County P>ank, and was made cashier. Is now a banker under the style of Needles, Krughoff ?i Co., at Nash- ville, Illinois. Retaining his fondness for military life, in 1877 he organized a Militia Company and was elected Captain, and was soon commissioned Lieuten- ant Colonel of the nth regiment. May 17, 1882, he was commissioned Colonel of the Qtli Infantry, I. N. G., holding this position three years. He was Colonel and Aide de Camp upon Governor Oglesby's staff. He belongs to the Grand Army of the Republic, and has been seven times "Post Commander, and many times a delegate to National Encampments. Was Department Inspector in 1892, was on Council of Administration under General Harlan, and Aide de Camp and chief of staff under General Powell. Colonel Krughoff is a Republican in politics true and tried ; he was a dele- gate in the Republican National Convention of 1880, and was of the "Old Guard of 306," who stood by General Grant, and has a Grant medal commemorating that event. Colonel Krughoff is married, and has an interesting family of two sons and two daughters. HARVEY B. KURD. Hon. Harvey B. Hurd of Evanston, 111., has been a citizen of Illinois for 56 years ; few men in the history of the State have made a greater impression en its public affairs, or have exerted a more beneficial influence. He was born at Huntington, Conn., February 14, 1828; his father, Alanson Hurd, was of English descent, his mother of Dutch and Irish stock, both were sturdy New England people, whose ancestors came to America for conscience sake. It can be truly said of Harvey B. Hurd that he has made his own way in the world. At fourteen years of age he left home, went to Bridgeport and there secured employment with a Whig newspaper, "The Bridgeport Standard," where he spent two years. In the spring of 1844 he went to New York and in the fall of the same year emigrated to Peoria, 111., and entered Jubilee Col- lege. At the end of little over a year, by reason of some disagreement with the President, Rev. Samuel Chase, he left the College and with his small belongings came to Chicago on a baggage stage, arriving here January 7, 1846. He se- cured employment on the "Chicago Evening Journal/' and afterwards on the "Prairie Farmer." His connection with newspaper offices for several years had afforded him an opportunity for study, which he earnestly embraced. In 1847 ne entered the law office of Calvin DeWolf. His advancement was such that in 1848, at twenty years of age, he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in partnership with Carlos Flaven. In 1850 Mr. Hurd formed a part- nership with Andrew J. Brown ; in addition to their law practice they had large transactions in real estate. One of their purchases was 248 acres which forms a part of the original plat of Evanston; in 1854 Mr. Hurd commenced the erec- tion of the house which is now his home. He moved into it September 5, 1855, it is now one of the finest houses in that beautiful town. Evanston became in- corporated in January, 1864, and Mr. Hurd was selected as President of the first village board, and was the author of the first code of ordinances. In 1862 Mr. Hurd accepted the position of lecturer in the Law Department of the University of Chicago, the same year he formed a law partnership with Hon. Henry Booth, which continued until 1868 when Mr. Hurd retired from the practice of law, but returned to it again after the fire of 1871 which considerably impaired his fortune. 485 In 1868 Governor Palmer appointed Mr. Hurd one of the three Commis- sioners to revise, and rewrite the general Statutes of Illinois. Before the work was fairly entered upon, both his associates retired and Mr. Hurd was left to perform this great task alone. He devoted five years of arduous labor to this work; taking the revised Statutes of 1845 as a starting point, he incorporated into them the general laws enacted during the succeeding twenty-four years, adapting the whole to the constitution of 1870, and introducing new chapters where the necessity of the case required. His work was submitted to and en- acted by the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth General Assemblies, and he was appointed by the latter to edit, and superintend the publication of these Stat- utes. Mr. Hurd has edited fifteen editions of "Kurd's Revised Statutes." The able and complete manner in which this great work was performed is enough to give Mr. Hurd enduring fame as a lawyer, but his reputation as a practi- tioner before the highest Courts, and as a teacher of law to students in the Law School single him out as one of the most conspicuous figures in connection with the profession in the State. In 1873 Mr. Hurd was again chosen as Law Lecturer in what was then the Union College of the University of Chicago and the Northwestern University. He is now Professor of Common Law and Equity, Pleading, Criminal and Statutory law in the same school, now the Law department of the Northwestern University. In 1875 Mr. Hurd was the Republican nominee for Judge of the Supreme Court of Illinois; he was opposed by Col. T. Lysle Dickey, a Democrat, and a combination of influences secured the election of Col. Dickey. In 1887 six vacancies occurred in the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County by the conviction of six of its members for defrauding the County, in such an emergency men of the highest probity and ability were wanted. Mr. Hurd was one of the six persons chosen and elected to fill those important positions. The subject of the construction of a Drainage Canal from Lake to River was often mooted but what seemed to be an insurmountable obstacle was the great difficulty of raising the money for the work under the constitutional re- strictions. The City of Chicago proper could not undertake the work as it had already reached the limit of its borrowing and taxing powers. Mr. Kurd's fertile brain solved the problem, he recommended that a new municipality with original taxing and borrowing powers be created. Mr. Kurd's bill was in- troduced in the Legislature; he conducted the exhaustive investigation of the subject and secured a favorable report on the bilFat the session into which it was introduced, and at the succeeding session the law now in force was passed substantially as originally prepared, omitting, however, one important feature of the Hurd Bill, namely, placing under the control of the Drainage Board the water supply of the City. Mr. Kurd has Leen a member of the Committee on Law Reform of the Illinois Bar Association, and was President of the body in 1888-9. He is the author of several reports favoring a policy of breaking up large estates by changing the laws of descent and wills to limit the amount one may take from the same person. He was President of the Commission which reported, and is credited with the authorship in the main of the bill on that subject passed in 1897, known as the Torrence law, and now in force in Cook County. Mr. Hurd has taken great interest in charitable work, particularly amongst children. The Children's Aid Society of Chicago has received his special at- tention, the work of the Society being directed to placing homeless children in family homes. He has also been identified with the Conference of Charities of Illinois, an organization composed of all Charitable Associations of the State. But the most important work ever done for dependent, neglected, and delinquent children in Chicago was the passage of the "Juvenile Court" bill in 1899, of which Mr. Hurd was the author. This law stands as a monument to the wisdom and humanity of Mr. Hurd. Mr. Hurd has been identified with the Republican party since its organ- ization, he was always strongly anti-slavery; he opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill ; he was a strong sympathizer with the free state men of Kansas in their struggle to make Kansas a free state. He attended a Convention at Buffalo, 486 487 Xevv York, in the spring of 1856, which set on foot measures to aid the free State cause. A National Kansas Committee was formed, composed of a mem- ber from each, Northern State. Mr. Hurd was appointed Secretary of the Executive Committee, headquarters at Chicago. In the spring of 1857 the settlers in Kansas found themselves in great need of seed for planting their crops ; at a meeting of the Committee in New \ork City, a resolution was passed instructing the Executive Committee to purchase and forward seed to Kansas settlers ; the resolution also appropriate*! $5,000 to John Brown for the organization and equipment of free soil settlers into companies for self-protection. Mr. Hurd found that the fund at his dis- posal was insufficient to meet both requirements. Mr. Hurd decided that the most pressing needs should be supplied first. He bought ancl shipped to Kan- sas for free distribution 100 tons of seed. This filled a pressing want, and was received with rejoicing. When John Brown applied for the money appropri- ated to him he found the treasury empty. This caused serious complaint by Gerrett Smith and other friends of John Brown, but the beneficial results which followed Mr. Kurd's action fully vindicated his wisdom. Mr. Hurd was married in May, 1853, to Cornelia A. Hilliard, daughter of James Hilliard of Middletown, Conn. They had three daughters, Eda, wife of George S. Lord ; Hettie, who died in 1884, and Nellie, wife ot John A. Corn- stock. Mrs. Hurd died in April, 1887. On November i, 1860, Mr. Hurd married Sarah Collins, widow of George Collins. They had a delightful home over which Mrs. Hurd presided for thirty years. She died in 1890. In July, 1892, Mr. Hurd was again married, to Susannah M. Van Wyck, who died March 25, 1896. FRED E. HARDING. Honorable Fred E. Harding of Monmouth, Warren County, 111., is a native of New York State. He was born Sept. 20, 1847, a t Richfield Springs. After a course in the common schools, Mr. Harding entered Monmouth Col- lege, and afterwards Union College, and graduated from the latter institution, with honor, in the classical course, in the Class of 1869. Mr. Harding re- moved to the State of Illinois, and settled at Monmouth ; he has been con- nected with the Monmouth Bank and the Second National Bank for the past twenty-three years, taking employment first as a messenger and has advanced from that position until he is now President of the Second National Bank. Mr. Harding possesses the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens and is regarded as a thoroughly safe financier. He has been identified with the Republican party from his early manhood, is a firm believer in the principles of the party, and has worked diligently for the success of its candidates. He has been a member of the Warren County Republican Central Committee for the past fifteen years, for the greater part of which time he has been its chair- man. In 1894 Mr. Harding received the Republican nomination for the State Senate ; he made an active campaign in his district and was elected by a major- ity of 6,913 over his Democratic opponent. In the arrangement of committees in the Senate, Mr. Harding was made Chairman of the committee on corpora- tions, which is recognized as one of the most important legislative committees. The Senator's legislative career has given great satisfaction to his immediate constituents, and his colleagues in both branches of the legislature. Senator Harding is one of the rising men of the state; he has, for many years, exerted great influence in the politics of Western Illinois. He is one of the substantial men of Warren County, having large financial interests there. Fred E. Harding was married Sept. 20, 1870, to Miss Lucy A. Nye of Monmouth, 111. They have an agreeable home at Monmouth, and a wide circle of friends. 438 489 JOHN L. HAMILTON, JR. Among the young Republicans who have become prominent in the politics of Illinois is the subject of this sketch. He is the son of John L. Hamilton, Sr., a farmer, who was born in Ireland in 1829. In 1851 he came to Jersey County, 111., where he first worked on a farm as a laborer. In four years he succeeded in earning enough to purchase one hundred and sixty acres of land in Mason County, which a little later he sold, and with the proceeds purchased a consid- erable tract in Macoupin County. In 1864 he sold this and moved to Iroquois County, where he became well known, serving in the capacity of School Director and Supervisor for several years. In 1875 he was nominated by the Repub- licans for County Treasurer, and was successfully elected by about three hundred" majority, notwithstanding that the County was Democratic. In 1877 he was re-elected by 506 majority, the only one of his party on the ticket to win. In 1879, f r tne third time, he was re-elected. In 1880 he was chairman of the Iroquois County Central Committee, and in 1884 was elected to the House of Representatives, and was one of the famous "103" who stood by General Logan in his contest for the United States Senate. He was re-elected to the House in 1886, 1890 and again in 1898. He was one of the strongest, most active and able members of the House of Representatives. In February, 1858, he married Ann Eliza Leeman, and seven of their nine children are now living. Three of his sons during the Presidential campaign of 1896 were Presidents of McKinley Clubs. The subject of this sketch was born in Shipman, 111., May 8, 1862. He was educated at the common scKools where his father resided, finishing at the Watseka High School. He assisted his father in the County Treasurer's office, and later from 1882 to 1886 served as Deputy under B. F. Price, his father's suc- cessor. In 1887 he was appointed Deputy County Clerk, but resigned in i88& to take part in the organization of the City Bank of Watseka. In 1889 he sold out and took an interest with the Banking House of Burwell, Hamilton and Morgan, which he helped to organize, and later was a member of the firm of Hamilton and Cunningham, Bankers. In 1895 he became a member of the City Council, and two years later was elected Mayor and re-elected in 1899 without opposition. During his administration many of the most important improvements ever made in the city were conducted by him. In fact, the name that has been bestowed upon the city, "The Parlor City of Illinois," was due mainly to his efforts. He has served on many important committees of the American Bankers^ Association, among which was the Currency Committee of five members. He was chairman of the committee to amend the Constitution of the American Bankers' Association, and in 1898 was a member of the committee to prepare and present a uniform fidelity bond for adoption at tRe Cleveland meeting in September, 1899. He has taken great interest and been very active in the Bank- ers' Association of the State, having been one of the organizers in 1890. He was elected a member of the Executive Council in 1895 and served to 1897, when he was elected first Vice-President, and in 1898 was elected President at Joliet. In 1892 he married Mary A. Hall of Onarga, Til., and by her has three sons, Lawrence, Donald and Robert. He is a member of the leading societies and city clubs, and stands high as a man and citizen of his community. He is a member of the Bankers', Hamilton, Marquette and Union League Clubs of Chicago, and is also a member of the Masonic Order. His first Presidential vote was cast for James G. Blaine. His readiness as a public speaker and his ability have led to his selection as delegate to County Conventions of his party in recent years. He has also served as a delegate to State Conventions. He was President of the McKinley Club of Hoopeston in 1896, and largely through his efforts and popularity the north end of Vermillion County was carried by the largest majority it ever gave a presidential candidate. 490 491 CHARLES P. HITCH. The subject of this sketch was born January 16, 1850, in Clermont County, Ohio, and is the youngest but one of a family of six children born to Benjamin and Laura A. Hitch highly respected citizens of that County. On both sides of the family the stock is mainly of English origin. Charles P. during his boyhood attended the usual common schools, and at the age of fifteen years entered Parker's Academy, near Richmond, Ohio, where he finished his education. The Academy was well conducted, and the course of study was well calculated to fit students either for a professional career or for active business. Upon leaving this Academy he went to New Richmond, where he accepted a clerkship in the dry goods store of his uncle, and there he remained until 1869. He then came to Illinois, and located in Pans, Edgar County, where he was employed for a period of about four years as a clerk in A. C. Connelly's dry goods store. In 1872 Mr. Hitch was appointed City Clerk of Paris, and occupied the position with credit for one year. At the expiration of that time he was ap- pointed Deputy County Clerk, which position he filled for two terms, or a total of eight years. During this period he became well known to the citizens of Edgar County, and was highly respected for his many good qualities, and for the efficient services which he had from year to year rendered his party. In 1881 he was elected Grand Recorder of the Grand Lodge of the Illinois Ancient Order of United Workmen, which honorary and responsible position he has continued to hold up to the present time. His re-election by the Grand Lodge to this position so many times is a splendid endorsement of his integrity, ability and official record, and an evidence of trie satisfaction which he has given the Order as an officer. In 1884 he was chosen the alternate delegate to the Re- publican National Convention, and was in 1888 elected a Delegate to the Na- tional Convention of his party. On that memorable occasion, Mr. Hitch, after the fourth ballot, voted for Mr. Harrison, and so continued until he was nom- inated. After the election of Mr. Harrison to the Presidency, Mr. Hitch be- came an applicant for the position of United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, and having the unqualified endorsement of a great majority of the Republicans in that section of the State, was so strongly endorsed that he received the appointment to that office in May, 1889. He at once moved to Springfield, and entered upon the discharge of his duties in that office, and made one of the most efficient and satisfactory officials who ever occupied that position. In 1894 he was elected a member of the State Committee from the Nineteenth District, and at once took a front rank in that body, being elected chairman of the Executive Committee that conducted the campaign of 1894. In 1896 he was elected chairman of the State Central Committee, and under his splendid management a large Republican majority was gained for the Republi- can candidates. In recognition of these important services he was re-ap- pointed by President McKinley to his old position as United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, which position he is yet holding. Charles P. Hitch was united in marriage December 25, 1874, to Miss Mary I. Huston, daughter of Dr. Paul Huston of Paris, and has one daughter, Lucy W. Hitch, who was born in 1876. Mr. Hitch is a member of the Masonic Fra- ternity, Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias, being a member of the Grand Lodges of the latter two bodies. He was a charter member of Charity Lodge No. 100 A. O. U. W. By a unanimous vote of the Grand Lodge of that order, in 1883, he was created a Past Grand Master Workman, and repre- sented the Grand Lodge of Illinois in the Supreme Lodge that met at Des Moines, Iowa, in 1885. 492 493 TIMOTHY NATHAN HOLDEN. Mr. Holden was born in North Charleston, N. H., March 21, 1839. He is the son of Richard Holden, a prominent farmer and merchant of that city, who .served as one of the Selectmen in the township of Charleston, and a member of the New Hampshire Legislature in 1848-9. The father was a prominent Whig and later Republican, and became widely known for his upright conduct and his .good citizenship.. He married Sophia Allen, daughter of Nathan and Deborah Allen, and came to Illinois in 1853. Richard and Sophia Holden both died at the age of 84 years. Captain Timothy HolSen, the grandfather, who died iri 1833, served for seven years in the Revolutionary War, and his father, whose name, also, was Richard, was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill. The subject is a resident of Aurora, Illinois. He was educated at the common schools of New Hampshire and Illinois, receiving an ordinary education. His first am- bition was to become a preacher, and a little later he became fascinated with a stage driver, who cracked his whip over the leaders of the four-horse team attached to one of the beautiful Concord coaches, in use at that time. But these early ambitions were soon dissipated under broader ideas which came to Tiim as he grew older. He says humorously of himself, "that, no doubt, the pulpit and the world of transportation are deprived of a shining light." At an early age he secured a clerkship in a country store, and still later was connected with the wholesale drug house of Fuller & Fuller, Chicago, for eleven years. Succeeding this he was connected with the wholesale glassware business on South Water Street, Chicago, and so continued until the great fire of 1871 when he returned to Aurora and entered the services of the C., B. & Q. R. R. as clerk in the shops. Soon afterwards he became associated with John W. Kendall in the hardware business at Aurora, and so continued for fifteen years under the firm name of Kendall & Holden. Mr. Holden is at present engaged extensively in the business of renting, handling real estate, fire in- surance, investments, etc. His first vote was cast for Abraham Lincoln in 1860, and since that date he has voted for every Republican presidential candi- date. He served as Supervisor of Aurora township for the period of fifteen years, and was for eight years chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Kane County. He also served for two years as Mayor of the city of Aurora, and for eighteen years as a member of the Board of Education of that city. For ten years he was honored with the position of president of that board. He served for two years as president of the City Club. During the war of the Rebellion he enlisted under the first call for 75,000 men for three months, as a private, and was assigned to the Seventh Illinois Regiment, which was stationed during this term of service at Cairo and Mound City. Mr. Holden has been very active in the promotion of public enterprises 1 connected with the growth and development of the city of Aurora. Beginning iri 1862 and continuing for several years he was a member of Wabansia Lodge A. F. & A. M., La Fayette Chapter, Apollo Commandery and of the Consistory of Scottish Rite Masons in Chicago. His religious views are liberal and he attends the People's Church, of which he is president of the Board of Man- agers. On September I7th, 1868, he was married to Marian Howell, eldest daugh- ter of the late Dr. O. D. and Cornelia (More) Howell, botfi natives of Delaware County, N. Y., who came to Aurora fn the year 1855. Dr. Howell practiced his profession in this city from that time until his death. They had six chil- dren, two of whom are yet living, Marian and Annie, the latter being the wife of Judge Frank M. Annis of Aurora. Mr. Holden has two sons, Frank Howell and Ben Edwin. These sons after completing their preliminary education in the public schools of Aurora, attended and graduated from the Chicago Man- ual Training School, and for three suceeding years pursued their studies in the Institute of Technology in Boston. A little later they went abroad, and for three years perfected their education at the E'cole des Beaux arts in Paris, France, in the art of Architecture. Ben E. remained in Paris two years longer, still further rounding out and polishing his education. Frank H.'is practicing architecture in New York. 494 495 JESSE HOLDOM. Eloquent advocates, astute pleaders and learned lawyers have been pro- duced in every country where the common law has prevailed. In the legal profession of Chicago, which embraces many of the most brilliant minds of the nation, it is difficult to win a name and a place of prominence, but Judge Jesse Holdom, who stands today as one of the leading members of the Chicago Bench, has won this most enviable position. He was born in London, Eng- land, August 23, 1851, and in tracing back his family tree it is found that his ancestors were Huguenots who fled from France on the eve of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. They settled in that part of London called Spitalfields, in the year 1572, and from that time until the birth of our subject, a period of nearly three hundred years, the Holdoms were all born in the same parish and within half a mile of the place where their ancestors originally settled. Judge Jesse Holdom secured an academic education in the city of his birth and in 1868, when seventeen years of age, came to America. He located in Chicago in July of that year and since that time he has made the second city in the United States his home. The legal profession soon occupied his atten- tion and he diligently applied himself to the mastery of the underlying prin- ciples of jurisprudence. Two years later he entered the office of the late Judge Knickerbocker, with whom he continued until 1876, when he accepted the position of chief clerk in the office of Tenny, Flower & Ambercrombie. While a student in Judge Knickerbocker's office in 1873 he was admitted to the bar. In 1878 he became associated in the practice of law with a brother of Judge Knickerbocker, under the firm name of Knickerbocker & Holdom, and this continued until 1889, since which time and until his elevation to the Bench, he was alone in the practice. Upon the death of Judge Knickerbocker he was publicly mentioned for the vacant probate judgeship, and was afterwards, with- out any personal solicitation, appointed by Governor Fifer as public guardian, and at the November election of 1898 he was elected judge of the superior court, which honored position he is now holding. Thoroughly versed in the science of jurisprudence and equally at home in every branch of the law, his presentations were able, logical and convincing. His arguments showed thor- ough preparation and he lost sight of no fact that might advance his client's interests and passed by no available point of attack in an opponent's argu- ment. Perhaps, however, his greatest reputation has been achieved in chan- cery and probate cases and in litigated questions involving contests of wills and titles to real estate. On the bench his rulings are ever just, incisive and incapable of misrepresentation. Judge Holdom is of a decided literary turn of mind. He has a large library of rare and old books, as well as many de-luxe and limited editions, in which he takes special delight. Some of his happiest hours are spent among the works of great minds, and he is constantly adding to his already large stock of learning, being regarded as one of the best-read lawyers in the city. He also has an extensive law library which contains the modern publications as well as the older writers. Politically the Judge is a Republican and in society relations he is a member of the various social, literary and law clubs, including the Union League, the Hamilton, Caxton, Kenwood, Midlothian, Country and Law Clubs of Chicago, and of the Chicago, Illinois State and American Bar Associations. He has been a member of the Executive Committee of the State Bar Associa- tion for three years past and is now its First Vice President. In religion he is an Episcopalian and a vestryman at Trinity Episcopal Church, Chicago. Judge Holdom is of domestic habits ; he is happy in the society of his family, consist- ing of a wife of charming personality and intellectual tastes, two young lady daughters and a son, Courtland Holdom. 496 497 PERRY A. HULL. The well known lawyer and Master in Chancery, Perry A. Hull, is one of the most prominent men at the Chicago Bar because of his legal attainments and for his ability as an active practitioner. He has long been known as a successful trial lawyer and an able counsellor. He was born at Williamsfield, Ashtabula County, Ohio, December 22nd, 1850, the son of William M. and Samantha C. (Dodge) Hull. He lived and worked on a farm and attended the common schools until seventeen years of age, then entered Kingsville Academy where he remained two years and finished his preparatory course. He then entered Hillsdale College, Michigan, and remained a year and a half, during and following which time he read law for a considerable period with Col. R. W. Ricaby, then prosecuting attorney for Hillsdale County. Mr. Hull removed to Chicago in 1871, and continued the study of law and was admitted to the bar the same year. In January, 1872, he began the practice of law and since that time he has devoted himself exclusively to tlie development of his extensive practice and soon gained prominence as an exceptionally successful trial lawyer. In 1894, he was appointed Master in Chancery for the Circuit Court of Cook County, a position which he still holds. Since then some of the most import- ant litigation that has occurred in Cook County has been carried on before him, notably the foreclosure of the South Side Alley "L" Road which termi- nated by his selling the property for $4,100,000. Mr. Hull has always taken an active part in Republican politics, although he has been a candidate for elective office only once. He was nominated by ac- clamation for State Senator in 1892 in what was then the Second Senatorial Dis- trict, but, notwithstanding he led all the candidates on the Republican ticket in that district, he suffered defeat by 955 votes in a total of over 70,000. As a mem- ber of the Republican Cook County Central Committee, Mr. Hull drafted the first Constitution and by-laws under which the party perfected a systematic organ- ization in the County, and he is to-day the oldest member of this influential body, having been the first elected in 1887. Mr. Hull has become well known in financial and business circles through- out the country for his tact and. ability in handling, promoting and developing large business interests, and his following and clientage in this regard have made him one of the leading public characters of Chicago. He was instru- mental in promoting the General Electric Railway Company for which, in 1896-97, he secured valuable ordinances from the City of Chicago for the operation of a system of Street Railways over a large portion of the South Side. This enterprise was the object of some of the most vicious attacks from com- peting interests and as a consequence was involved in most serious litigation relative to its stock and franchises. All this litigation, including more than 40 suits, were conducted under Mr. Hull's personal direction, without the loss of a single suit, until June, 1898, when, having established the validity of the Company's franchises, the Eastern capitalists whom he represented disposed of their interests at a large profit. The conservative management of this enter- prise and the successful termination of this widely renowned litigation well demonstrated the skill and ability of Mr. Hull as an eminent lawyer and a practical business manager and promoter. Among other enterprises which secured their franchises through the efforts of Mr. Hull was the Illinois Tele- phone and Telegraph Company which, in February, 1899, secured a franchise to construct and operate a telephone system in Chicago, and which is now con- structing its tunnel and conduits under the streets of Chicago. Mr. Hull's wife, Ella G. Hull, is one of the prominent public spirited women of Chicago, especially in movements of a charitable and educational nature. She has always been a friend of the teacher in the public schools and while a member of the Board of Education secured, by means of an Act passed at the special session of the Legislature in 1897, an increase in the salaries of all the grade teachers in Chicago. Mr. Hull has three daughters : Nellie, the wife of Samuel H. Trude ; May Louise and Maybell ; and one son, Perry A. Hull, Jr., who is the youngest child. 498 499 EDWARD SWIFT ISHAM. Edward Swift Isham, the senior member of the law firm of I sham, Lincoln & Beale, was born at Bennington, Vt., January 15, 1836. His parents were Pierrepont Isham, one of Vermont's most distinguished jurists and, for a con- siderable period, a member of its Supreme Court, and Semanthe (Swift) Isham. In his early youth he spent several years in South Carolina, but he prepared for college at the Lawrence Academy, in Groton, Mass., and subsequently entered Williams College in 1853, from which he received his degree in 1857. During his collegiate course he was a member of Gil Psi Society and, after- wards, of the Phi Beta Kappa, and later he received from his Alma Mater the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Laws. After a period in the law school at Harvard and continued study in his father's office, he was admitted to the bar in Rutland, Vt., in 1858, and'in October of the same year he came to Chicago, where in the next year he entered into a partnership with James L. Stark, an old Vermont acquaintance, with whom he continued in practice until 1863. Always a warm supporter of the Union, Mr. Isham was elected a repre- sentative to the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1864-1866), and took an active part in legislative matters, serving as a member of the Judiciary Com- mittee. In 1865 he went to Europe, spending some two years in travel and study. The partnership with Robert T. Lincoln, under the name of Isham & Lincoln, which began in 1872 immediately after the Chicago fire, has con- tinued, the firm being subsequently increased by the addition of William G. Beale, and more recently of Gilbert E. Porter. Politically he has always been a staunch Republican, and during the war of the Rebellion he aggressively espoused the Federal cause, more particularly in support of the Constitution. Through his many public addresses will be found the constant assertion that the national character of the Union and of the Constitution must be .upheld, irrespective of the maintenance or abolition of slavery. Such also has uniformly been his attitude in all his cases in which the effect and meaning of the clauses of the Constitution have been drawn into dispute. Owing to his familiaritv with questions of this character and his established reputation as a jurist, he was prominently mentioned to fill the vacancy upon the Federal Supreme bench in 1881, at the close of President Hayes' administration. His general attitude as a Republican is clearly indi- cated in an interview published in the Chicago Tribune of October 7, 1892, when the Democratic press was claiming that the intellectual men of the country, and those of character and virtue, were drifting into that party. The Tribune, in an editorial article, quoting a part of that interview, said: "While moralizing over the conduct of some of these queer creatures who are too good to be Republicans and yet find nothing repulsive in the Tammany De- mocracy and secession South, Mr. Edward Isham says: T should think it would be an uncomfortable situation to be in alliance with the Solid South and Tammany Hall. The Solid South is supporting the violent destruction of civil rights and unqualified fraud upon the laws of political representation. Tammany is an organization administered for the single purpose of perverting in New York the uses of the machinery of civil government. There is no association in the Republican camp so disagreeable to the moral sense as all this as it seems to me.' " As a lawyer and counsellor Mr. Isham ranks among the foremost of the country, his practice having been of the highest and most responsible charac- ter. His attention has been particularly directed towards questions involving corporate and fiduciary relations, and his success in the management of such affairs is attested by his command of a volume of business limited only by his own inclinations. The following cases, many of which are leading cases, viz., Kingsbury v. Buckner, 70 111. 514; Newberry v. Blatchford, 99 111. n; 100 111. 684; 106 111. 584; Brine v. Insurance Co., 96 U. S. 627; Connecticut Mutual 500 501 Life Insurance Co. v. Cushman, 108 U. S. 51 ; Pickard v. Pullman Southern Car Co., 117 U. S. 34; Tennessee v. Same, 117 U. S. 51; Union Trust Co. v. Illinois Midland Ry. Co., 117 U. S. 434; Pullman^s Palace Car Co. v. Central Transportation Co., 139 U. S., 62; 171 U. S. 138; Same v. Pennsylvania, 141 U. S. 18; Insurance Company v. Hillmon, 145 U. S. 285; are sufficient illustrations of the character of his practice. One familiar with his methods of work would unhesitatingly attribute his professional success to his hard labor and careful preparation in anticipation of his adversary's moves. To his rare legal acu- men he has added a store of knowledge acquired from extensive traveling and reading, and these qualities in a man as devoted to his profession as Mr. Isham is, must necessarily lead to the highest results. In 1861 he married Miss Fannie Burch, of Little Falls, Herkimer County, N. Y., and has living two daughters and two sons. His residence is on Tower Court, Chicago, and at his country home, "Ormsby Hill," at Manchester, Vt. HARVEY C. JOHNS. Harvey C. Johns was born in Delaware County, Ohio, June 20, 1819, and died in Decatur, Illinois, on the 22nd day of April, 1900. He became a physician, and was in active practice in Circleville, Ohio, during his early manhood, but on account of failing health he removed with" his family to Piatt County, 111., in 1849, and engaged in farming and stock raising on a large scale. His home was headquarters for the cattle buyers of that time, and soon became a center of political activity. His interest in cattle prompted him to introduce the shorthorn Durham cattle in Central Illinois, and afterwards the Devons. Both his herds were famous for their high quality ancl did much to improve the con- dition and quality of live stock in Central Illinois. He was one of the organ- izers of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, being one of its first Vice- Presidents, and its second chief officer. He continued for many years as one of its officers and advisers. He was selected as one of the Commissioners- from the State of Illinois to purchase animals in Europe to be brought to Illinois for the improvement of its animal industries. So successful were the Commissioners in the selection made by them that when the animals were sold at auction in Springfield the State made a handsome profit upon the investment, and the people at large were greatly benefited by the in- troduction of highly and strongly bred animals of famous English families. He was also appointed a Commissioner for Illinois to investigate and report upon the Texas cattle disease, and made many recommendations for the sup- pression of that plague, which being adopted, led to its entire suppression in the State. He was an anti-slavery Whig in his political convictions, and was a mem- ber of the General Assembly of Illinois which finally elected Lyman Trumbull United States Senator. In that legislature he voted for Abraham Lincoln for Senator, and it was through information gained by him that the plans of the Democrats to elect Matteson were frustrated and caused many adherents of Abraham Lincoln, at the request of Lincoln, to vote for Trumbull and accom- plished his election. He was a leading Republican in Central Illinois; was 1 present in all the councils in the early days and a delegate to the famous and historical convention at Bloomington. As a delegate to the first National Convention in Philadelphia, he nominated Mr. Lincoln for Vice-President, and was in 1860 one of the active managers of the campaign which led to the nom- ination and election of Lincoln as President of the United States. When the War of the Rebellion commenced, he devoted himself to the raising of regiments for the service and securing their acceptance by the gov- ernment, but immediately after the battle at Fort Donelson he went, at the re- quest of Governor Yates, to take care of the wounded soldiers from Illinois, and had complete charge of their removal to the hospitals. Surgeons were in demand in those days, and again at the request of the Governor, he acted as 502 503 surgeon of a regiment until some other one could be procured. He finally accepted, at the request of Mr. Lincoln, the office of Surgeon of the 129111 Regiment of Illinois Infantry, and after long service resigned because of bad health. His early political associations made him the friend and confident of the early leaders of the Republican party in Illinois. Lincoln, Lovejoy, Yates, DuBois, Trumbull, Davis, Oglesby, Palmer, and Logan after the war, were frequently his guests. Never an office seeker, his efforts were always for his friends, and all those friends were trusted and beloved by the people. ALFRED HANLEY JONES. Hon. Alfred H. Jones, of Robinson, 111., is a native of Illinois ; he was born July 4, 1850, at Flat Rock, Crawford County; his grandfather, Aaron Jones, was a native of Wales ; he married Mary Shepard, a native of Scotland ; emigrating to America, they settled in A'irginia, where they reared a family. Their son, John M. Jones, removed to Kentucky, where in good time he married Elizabeth Ford. Her father, John Ford, was a native of England, and his wife, Hopy Highsmith, was a native of Holland. Mr. and Mrs. Jones emigrated to Illinois and settled in Crawford County ; they were industrious and thrifty farmers ; their son, John H. Jones, was born and brought up on the farm ; he was taught to work and learned the art of farming. His parents, anxious to afford their son every opportunity to get ahead in the world, sent him to the neighboring schools until he was fitted for college ; he entered Westfield College of Clark County, 111., and studied there two years. He completed his education at the National Normal School of Lebanon, Ohio, from which institution he graduated* with honor in 18/0. In 1871 Mr. Jones concluded to try his fortune in the West; he visited Kansas and remained there a year, but came to the conclusion that Kansas was no improvement on Illinois in opportunities for a young man, and so he returned to his native home and settled in the town of Robinson. He began the study of law, and on June 14, 1875, was admitted to the bar; he was at once elected City Attorney of Robinson, and in 1876 was appointed States Attorney to fill out the unexpired term of G. S. Alexander, Esq. Mr. Jones, now only 26 years of age, and but just entering upon the practice of law, took up the duties of his office with confidence and performed them with entire satisfaction to the court and to the public. He rose rapidly in his profession ; his close attention to business, and his successful management of cases before judge and jury soon brought him a large clientage. He has a general practice in the various depart- ments of jurisprudence, and now stands in the front rank of attorneys practicing at the Illinois bar. In politics Mr. Jones has always been a Republican ; he identified himself with the party when a young man and is a prominent factor in party politics in his part of the State. He has given the cause of education his earnest support ; he served fifteen years as a member of the Board of Education at his place, and was appointed a Trustee of the Eastern Illinois State Normal School at Charles- ton, 111., and was chosen chairman of the Board. He served ten years as a member of the town Council of Robinson, and showed himself to be a pro- gressive and public spirited member. In 1886 Mr. Jones was nominated as the Republican candidate for the Gen- eral Assembly of Illinois, and was elected. He represented his District with ability; his services as a legislator added materially to his already well estab- lished reputation and increased his acquaintance and popularity throughout the State- For twenty years Mr. Jones has been a member of the Republican Coun- ty Central Committee of Crawford County, and for six years a member of the State Central Committee. Mr. Jones is well informed on all political issues ; he takes an active part in every political campaign, possesses great ability as an 504 505 organizer, and as a political speaker is in great demand. He is an aggressive, forceful and eloquent campaign orator. He is now Illinois State Food Commis- sioner, having been appointed October 16, 1899, under the new law creating this office. He has perfected an effective organization of the Bureau, and with the aid of wisely selected assistants and inspectors has made it one of the most important departments of the state. His office and laboratory are at Nos. 1623- 1628 Manhattan Building, Chicago. Mr. Jones is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He also be- longs to several fraternal societies, namely: the Masons, Odd Fellows, the Modern Woodmen of America, the Court of Honor, and the Royal Neighbors. Mr. Jones was married to Ellen M. Thompson, of Poolsville, Ind., June 18, 1872. Mrs. Jones died in 1874, leaving a son, Gustavus Adolphus. On No- vember 26, 1878, Mr. Jones married Catherine A. Beals, his present wife. They have had one child, Roscoe, born October 3, 1880, died October 4, 1883. Mr- Jones and his family occupy a delightful home in Robinson; they have a wide circle of friends and are highly esteemed socially. CLARENCE PARKE JOHNSON. The life of any man is of great benefit to the community in which he re- sides when all his efforts are directed toward its advancement, and when he is honest, upright and progressive. Clarence Parke Johnson, Secretary of the State Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Illinois, is a gentleman who has steadily grown in popularity since his connection with the above mentioned organization, and not only is he widely known in this connection, but is a worthy and substantial citizen of the community in which he lives. . He was born in Oskaloosa, la., February 23, 1857, and now resides in Springfield, 111. His parents, William Lewis Johnson and Anna M. (Buffington) Johnson, were natives of the Buckeye State, but subsequently moved to Iowa where the father was engaged in teaching school. Still later, or in 1864, when the Civil War was drawing to a close, the parents moved to Sangamon County, Illinois, and in the common schools of this county young Johnson received his primary education. Like many of the foremost men of this country he grew to manhood on the farm and there received lessons of frugality and industry which have been stepping stones to his subsequent prosperous career. As a boy he evinced a great liking for books, and all his spare moments were spent in reading and study. As a result of his industry and perseverance he began teaching at the early age of seventeen, and as he seemed to have a special aptitude for tEis calling success was assured him from the start. Wide-awake and up with the times, his unusual success attracted the attention of leaders in the educational realm, and after teaching four years in the public schools of Sangamon county he was made principal of graded schools at Rochester and Pleasant Plain, in Sangamon county. After four years of successful work in that capacity he began the study of stenography, which he continued for some time. In the summer of 1883 he assumed the position of city editor of the Spring- field Evening Post and discharged the duties of that position in a capable and most efficient manner. Subsequently he was appointed assistant secretary and stenographer to Governor John M. Hamilton, but resigned that position in the fall of 1884 and took the position of city editor of the Illinois State Journal. In the month of August, 1885, he was elected secretary of the State Board of Live Stock Commissioners, which board was created by an act of the general assem- bly, and went into effect on the ist of July of that year. That position he held" and filled in an able and most efficient manner until July, 1893. His connection with the board was under the administrations of Governors Oglesby and Fifer. In his political views Mr. Johnson is an able and staunch supporter of the Repub- lican party, whose principles he has always espoused. 506 507 THOMAS L. JOY. Success in business carries with it the natural inference that the successful man possesses energy, intelligence and other attributes of men who have risen above their fellows. But energy and intelligence fail to make one shine forth in a social sphere, unless they are united to an exceptional personality. It is temperament that makes a man either liked or disliked. Thomas L. Joy is happy in this respect, for his fine and distinctive personality is what makes him what he is, and his friends are legion. He was born in Equality, Gallatin county, 111., September 15, 1850, and has always resided in the southern part of the state. His father, Rev. E. joy, was also a native of Southern Illinois, and for over sixty years preached the Gospel according to the Methodist doctrine. His mother, whose maiden name was Seed, was born in Ireland, but crossed the ocean to this country when a young girl of seventeen, and located in Lawrencce county, 111. Thomas L. Joy secured a good practical education in his youth, and in 1873, when but twenty-three years old, was married to Miss Lizzie V. Lock- wood, daughter of Willard Lockwood of Mt. Erie, Wayne county, 111., and also a native of that state. This union has been blessed by the birth of one child, a son, Verne E. Joy, who is now in the Consular service in Germany, to which place he was appointed before he was of age. In 18^2 Thomas L. Joy and his brother, Andrew F., established the "Carmi Times/' the first Republican paper ever published at the county seat of White county. At that time Thomas was twenty-two years old and his brother was not yet twenty-one. For eleven years that paper bore the brothers' names, but then Thomas. L. sold his interest to his brother and purchased the Mt. Carmel Republican. In the 1880 campaign the firm established the Cairo News, a daily and weekly paper, which was placed under charge of Thomas L., but that was closed December 1st, and from that date to this Cairo has never had a Republican daily. In the spring of 1888 Mr. Joy sold the Republican and in the fall of that year purchased a half interest in the Centralia Sentinel, a daily and weekly, which two years later fell under his entire control. This establishment, under his control, also published Repub- lican papers at Patoka and Odin, in the same county, and an Independent papef at Sandoval, thus giving them five papers to manage. The "Cleveland Blight," however, wiped out the Odin and Patoka papers. Mr. Joy has ever been an ardent supporter of the Republican party, but lie has never aspired to office nor has he sought one, with the exception of a little appointive one in his younger days. The principles of this party are the only religion Mr. Joy has, while its platform is his Bible. A man of strong convic- tions, he is always and ever ready to work for the best interests of the party, though he has never tried any speech making, that not being in his line. He has a large state acquaintance, as is but natural with one wearing the harness so long. Time and again has he been a delegate to State and other conventions of his party, and in these conventions he has represented all the counties in which he has resided. His son Verne E. has also done a great deal of writing, and is considered a prominent politician for one of his years. Like his father he is happiest when in a Republican gathering, and he will, on his return from Germany, enter with his father in the publication of the Sentinel. 508 509 HOWARD J. HAMLIN. Howard J. Hamlin is a native of the State of New York, was born July 13, 1850, in St. Lawrence County. His parents gave him every opportunity for acquiring an education; after attending the district schools he was placed at the Lawrenceville Academy. He finished his education at the State Normal University at Potsdam, New York. Mr. Hamlin came to Illinois in 1870, and for a time engaged in teaching; he was employed for some time in the public schools of Shelby and Moultrie Counties, and was Superintendent of the Public Schools at Windsor, 111. It was never his intention to make teaching his per- manent calling, this occupation, however, gave him the opportunity to study, which he diligently availed himself of. He entered the law office of Judge Anthony Thornton, and George R. Wendling, two of the ablest and most prom- inent lawyers in the Central part of the State, and was admitted to practice law by the Supreme Court in June, 1875. Mr. Hamlin was at once admitted to the partnership of his preceptors under the firm name of Thornton, Wendling and Hamlin; this partnership continued for some time, but finally Mr. Wendling retired to enter the lecture field. Judge Thornton and Mr. Hamlin continued their partnership and had a large, important and successful practice. Upon the removal of Judge Thornton to Decatur, Mr. Hamlin associated Mr. Kelley with him in the practice of law. Mr. Hamlin is recognized as one of the best lawyers in the State, his prac- tice extends into many Counties, including the Courts of Chicago, he has ap- peared in many noted cases, his preparation and trial of a case have marked him as a most competent and successful lawyer. While he has been devoted to his profession, he has not forgotten nor neglected his duties as a citizen. He be- lieves that it is the duty of every man to identify himself with the political party of his choice, to have a reason for the faith that is in him, he believes that party organization is essential to good goverment under our system, as the only means through which a man can give effective expression to his political opin- ions, and having an admiration for the principles and achievements of the Re- publican party, he has at all times been found working effectively for its suc- cess. Mr. Hamlin has served on the Republican State Central Committee for several years. He was delegate to the National Convention in 1896 that nominated William McKinley for President. In 1898 Mr. Hamlin was a delegate to the Republican State Convention, and was chosen to preside over its deliberations. The occasion was one of great importance, the Republicans of Illinois were to give voice to their senti- ments upon the questions growing out of the Spanish war. Mr. Hamlin delivered a great speech to the Convention ; he drew a graphic picture of the beneficial results growing out of the election of a Republican President and Congress, how confidence was immediately restored, and how the Dingly Bill awoke prostrate industries to a newness of life, and stimulated our foreign trade. He exposed the incompetency of Governor Altgeld's administration as compared with the business methods of his Republican successor, Governor Tanner. But the great feature of the speech was his allusion to the Spanish war ; he declared himself in favor of a policy that "would strike the last vestige of Spanish treachery and cruelty from the Western hemisphere," and that the Stars and Stripes raised by Admiral Dewey in the Philippine Islands were there to stay. These sentiments touched a responsive chord in the hearts of the Convention, and found a place in the party platform. Mr. Hamlin canvassed the i8th Congressional District in 1896; his speech at Vandalia upon the Free Silver issue was held in such esteem that it was printed for general circulation. Mr. Hamlin is recognized as a man of sound political opinions, a safe leader of the party, and one of the best campaign speakers in the State. In 1900 he was elected attorney general. 510 EDWARD P. KIRBY. Edward P.Kirby, of Jacksonville, 111., was born October 28, 1833, at Hadley, Will County, 111. His parents, Rev. William Kirby and Hannah McClure Wol- cott, were New England people and identified with the Colonial History of the country. His first paternal ancestor in this country having come from England in 1631, and his first maternal ancestor in this country having also come from England in 1630. Rev. William, a graduate of Yale College and Divinity^School, came to Jacksonville in 1830 as one of the founders and teachers in Illinois Col- lege, expecting to make education his life work, but ill health compelled him to forego his cherished plan and he engaged in tne work of the ministry, his first pastorate being at Hadley and vicinity, a neighborhood first settled by people from the vicinity of Hadley, Mass. Before leaving Jacksonville he had met and married Hannah McClure Wolcott, who with her father's family had moved to Jacksonville from East Windsor, Conn., in 1830. Rev. William Kirby died in 1852, leaving a widow and six children, of whom Edward was the oldest. He was then prosecuting his studies in Illinois College, which he continued, graduat- ing in June, 1854. Unable to pursue any profession for want of funds, Mr. Kirby, soon after graduating from college^ went to St. Louis, Mo., where he taught a private school for three years, intending then to begin the study of his profession, but decided to teach another year as assistant of Newton Bateman, then principal of West District School of Jacksonville. After Prof. Bateman was elected State Superintendent of Schools in Illinois, Mr. Kirby was appointed his successor, as principal of the school, and continued to teach there until June, 1862. In October, 1862, he married Julia S. Duncan, youngest daughter of Gov. Joseph Duncan, fifth Governor of Illinois, and not long afterward began the study of law in the law-office of Morrison & Epler (Isaac L. Morrison and Cyrus Epler), .and in February, 1864, was admitted to the bar, opened an office, and has con- tinued in the practice of his profession from that day to the present time. Mrs. Kirby died in the summer of 1896 and in the fall of 1898, Mr. Kirby was married to Lucinda Gallaher, daughter of Rev. Wm. G. Gallaher, a pioneer Presbyterian clergyman. In 1860, Mr. Kirby cast his first vote for the Republican party (in 1856, he resided in Missouri, where there was no Republican Electoral ticket), and has continued to act with that party ever since. In 1864, he took an active part in the National Campaign, serving as Chairman of the Republican Club, and as* Secretary of the County Central Committee. He had previously been one of the charter members of the Union League, being present at its organization in Bloomingtoh" TIL, and a delegate to the National Convention of Union Leagues held at Cleveland, Ohio. In 1873, he was elected County Judge of Morgan County, and in 1877 re-elected to the same office. After his election as County Judge, he formed a partnership with William Brown and Robert D. Russell, which continued until the removal of the latter to Minneapolis, where he after- wards was elected Judge of the District Court. The partnership of Brown & Kirby was continued until the former became General Solicitor of the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. In 1890, Mr. Kirby was elected a member of the Legislature, and was then honored by an appointment on several important committees, the most impor- tant, perhaps, being the Committee on Elections, which framed the Australian ballot laws of the State. In 1871, Mr. Kirby was elected Trustee of the Illinois College, and still continues to serve his Alma Mater in that capacity. Soon after his election as Trustee of the college, he was appointed its Treasurer, ari office which he held for twenty-four years, when his resignation, often offered, was finally accepted. Mr. Kirby also served for many years as Secretary and Treasuer of the Trustees of the Central Hospital for the Insane. He was appointed one of the Trustees of that institution by Governor Cullom and re- appointed by Governors Oglesby and Fifer, but resigned the office at the request of Governor Altgeld soon after the latter was installed as Governor of Illinois.' 511 SPENCER S. KIMBELL. Spencer S. Kimbell is one of Chicago's typical business men, who, starting at the foot of the ladder, has by intelligence, industry and enterprise established himself as one of the most successful men in his line of business in the city. Mr. Kimbell was born on his father's farm in Cook County, 111., October 8, 1842, in what was then known as Jefferson Township, now the 2/th Ward of the City. His home is at 1527 Kimbell Ave., within forty rods of where he was born. His parents were Martin N. Kimbell and Sarah A. Kimbell. They settled on their farm in 1836. Young Kimbell worked on his father's farm until he was sixteen years old. He was educated at the district schools, and graduated from Bryant & Stratton's Business College in 1860. When sixteen years ot age he was employed as weigh boy by Singer & Talcott, stone dealers. He remained with them twenty-one years. On August 6, 1862, Mr. Kimbell, then not quite twenty years of age, enlisted as a private in Battery "A," Chicago Light Artillery. He was soon promoted to the office of first Sergeant, and afterwards commissioned as second Lieutenant of the Battery. He became thoroughly familiar with the Artillery service, amf followed the fortunes of his Battery during the War. He was discharged from the service after the close of the War, July 10, 1865, at Chicago. The next day after his discharge he reported for duty to his old employers. Singer & Talcott, found his place open for him, and immediately went to work without losing a day. Mr. Kimbell gave diligent attention to the business of the firm, rising from one position to another till he became Treasurer, and was given charge of the rough stone business in Chicago. He became interested in the Company, and prosecuted its business with success. In 1874 he sold his interest in the Singer & Talcott Stone Company, and bought an interest in the Elcelsior Stone Com- pany, and was made General Manager and Treasurer. After six years of active work he sold out his entire interest in the stone business. Mr. Kimbell then formed a partnership under the name and style of Purington & Kimbell, for the manufacture of common brick. The partnership was soon converted into the incorporated company of Purington-Kimbell Brick Co., of which Mr. Kimbell is still a stockholder. In 1882 he engaged in the pressed brick business under the partnership name of Lockwood & Kimbell. Their business grew rapidly and they soon found it necessary to convert the partnership into an incorporated company, under the style of the Chicago Hydraulic Press Brick Co. This com- pany now manufactures and sells fully 75 per cent of all the face brick used in Chicago and the surrounding towns. Mr. Kimbell is Vice-President and Gen- eral Manager of this corporation, with offices in the Chamber of Commerce" Building, Chicago. The phenomenal success of the enterprises in which Mr. Kimbell has engaged is largely due to his good judgment, business sagacity, enterprise and energy. Mr. Kimbell is a Republican in politics ; he cast his first vote for Abraham Lincoln for President in 1864, and has voted the straight Republican ticket ever since. ~ He has taken deep interest in the public schools, and was elected School Director of his District for six successive years- He served two years as Trustee of the village of Jefferson ; he also served six years as its Township Treasurer, and he so ordered the business of this office that the teachers received their salaries promptly, on presentation of their vouchers. Mr. Kimbell has been twice elected County Commissioner of Cook County ; He was also elected Alderman of the 27th Ward of Chicago. In all of these positions of public trust, Mr. Kimbell has been a faithful guardian of the public interests, and has per- formed every duty with intelligence and fidelity. Mr. Kimbell is a member of Ben Butler Post, G. A. R., and a Companion of the Illinois Commandery of the Loyal Legion, and also a member of the Union Veteran and Union League Clubs. He has been a Free Mason since 1868, is a member of the Oriental Consistory, a 32d degree Mason, and a member of St. Elmo Commandery. He is a member of the Third L'niversalist Church. Spencer S. Kimbell was married September 2, 1865, to Isabella P. Millard of Arlington Heights, Cook County, Illinois. 512 513 GEORGE WASHINGTON KRETZINGER. George Washington Kretzinger was born in the state of Ohio. His father, Rev. Isaac Kretzinger, is a clergyman of the United Brethren denomination. Their ancestors came from Germany at an early date, settling in the state of Virginia. Young Kretzinger was ambitious for an education. He attended the common schools and prepared himself for college. During his first college year, the War of the Rebellion broke out, and young Kretzinger left school, volun- teered as a soldier, and became a member of the famous Black Hawk Cavalry. During the progress of the war Mr. Kretzinger was captured and paroled, and, while awaiting exchange, he again entered college and pursued his studies assidu- ously until the exchange was effected, when he returned to his regiment, and remained in the service until the close of the war. When discharged from the service he once more entered upon his studies at college, and graduated with high honors before reaching his twenty-first year. Mr. Kretzinger decided to enter the legal profession. He secured the posi- tion as a teacher in a classical school in Keokuk, Iowa, where he taught for two years, with success, during which time he prosecuted the study of law under the patronage and direction of Hon. George W. McCreery, who afterwards became Secretary of War under President Hayes, and Judge of the United States Circuit Court, in Iowa. Mr. Kretzinger studied at the office of Henry Strong for a short time ; when admitted to the bar he formed a partnership with Judge Han- namon, of Knoxville, 111., which continued until 1873. Mr. Kretzinger then moved to Chicago, and formed a partnership with the late John I. Bennett ; later on Albert H. Veeder became a member of the firm. This partnership continued for some time, when Mr. Kretzinger and Mr. Veeder continued the practice of law together, but Mr. Kretzinger finally withdrew from the firm for the purpose of associating his brother, Joseph T. Kretzinger, with him in the practice of law. Mr. Kretzinger has made corporation and railroad law his specialty, and he has been identified with much important litigation involving questions of this kind. In 1877 he accepted the general solicitorship of the Chicago & Iowa Rail- road ; also of the Chicago, Pekin & Southwestern Railroad, and the Chicago & Paducah. At the time Mr. Kretzinger became general solicitor of the Chi- cago & Iowa Railroad the company was deeply involved in difficulties whicli were regarded as beyond redress, but Mr. Kretzinger's masterly insight into corporation law enabled him to place the rights of his clients upon firm ground, and it was able to redeem itself from hopeless bankruptcy and place its affairs upon a sound foundation. Mr. Kretzinger is an able advocate. His oratory is both convincing and eloquent, and while intensely logical and terse, his speeches are all illumined by the images of a brilliant imagination. Mr. Kretzinger is in the prime of life ; is a splendid specimen of physical manhood ; has a tireless industry ; and has the respect of a large and widening circle of friends. At present he is General Counsellor of the Monon Railroad, of the Diamond Joe line of steamers, of the Hot Springs Ry. Co., and the Santa Fe, Prescott & Phoenix Ry. Co., of Arizona. This is an important road, being the only north and south road in that territory. Mr. Kretzinger incorporated this company, is now, and has been from the beginning, one of its directors. George W. Kretzinger was married Aug. 29, 1878, to Miss Clara J. Wilson, of Rock Island, 111. They have one son, George Wilson, and a daughter, Clara Josephine. Mr. and Mrs. Kretzinger have a delightful home, surrounded by large and beautifully kept grounds. Their children attend the University of Chicago. Mrs. Kretzinger is a graduate of Vassar College, a woman of rare intelligence. She has been a member of the Austin Woman's Club since its organization, and for two terms was its president. 514 SIS MARTIN B. MADDEN. An extraordinary feature of this country is tlie distinction attained in local, state and national affairs by self-made men. It is extraordinary because in the struggle for supremacy those who possess the advantages of birth and inherited wealth would seem to be the ones to reach the highest prominence. Neverthe- less, whatever may be the reason for it, the self-made man is the one whom success crowns with her fairest laurels. This distinction attained by self-made men is a feature peculiar to this country, for, whether because of climate, encour- agement of example, possibilities of acquisition, it is certain that conditions here are more favorable than anywhere else for a man to rise to the highest positions socially, financially and politically. The men of America who have had the greatest influence upon its history are those who rose from the ranks of the humblest. The youth who is made of the proper material need not circumscribe his ambition ; his birth and beginnings are no bar to his progress. This is the glory of our free country, and in this particular the United States stands out alone among the other nations of the earth. A notable example among the distinguished self-made men of Illinois is Martin B. Madden of Chicago. His rise has been steady and rapid, for he is yet a young man. Beginning at the humblest possible station, he has worked his way up to his present prominence without influence and by sheer force of his own merit. Although not a native of America, having been born in Darlington, England, March 20, 1855, Mr. Madden has resided in the country of his adoption since 1860, and his loyalty to it is unquestionable. Commencing work at ten years old, he gradually worked his way up the ladder of fortune until he is now president of the quarries in which he first served as water carrier, the stock- holders of the Western Stone Company having made him their head, January 16, 1895. A man of many interests, in addition to his connection with the stone trade, Mr. Madden is treasurer of the Cable Building and Loan Association ; a stockholder and director in the Garden City Banking and Trust Co.; a stock- holder in the Commercial Loan and Trust Co., and is a stockholder in numerous other well-known enterprises. He also is an extensive owner of valuable real estate throughout the city. The history of such a man is not yet complete. What has been done is but the outline of what may be expected. Men of his ability do not stand still. All his successes, as well as the reverses he may have met with now and then, are so many schoolmasters which have taught him knowledge, experience, judgment and discretion, that promptly fit him for higher and better stations. Every emergency has been promptly met by him ; he has never failed to seize all oppor- tunities that offered betterment of his condition, or enlargement of his sphere of action, and no matter how high the position may be to which he is called, he will fill it in the same conscientious manner he has observed in the past. In this age of bustle, hurry and rapid development, it is easy enough to pick up men for office who appear bright and give promise of brilliant things, but the expe- rience of mankind is that such promises too frequently fail of fruition. On the other hand there are good men who accept places of public trust, who do not feel they can afford to take the time from the management of their own affairs, and the result is that they neglect altogether to perform their trusts, or what they do do is done hastily and without any proper regard for the rights of the public. When a man is encountered who regards a public office as sacredly as he does his private interests, and has withal the ability to discharge its duties creditably, such an one is entitled to the confidence and gratitude of the people. Those who have followed the career of Martin B. Madden of Chicago cannot fail to observe his rapid progress and his steady gain upon public favor. Within the past ten years he has become a very prominent factor in the political life of the state, and numbers his friends by legions. Eminently successful, 516 517 stimulated by the achievements he has won; thoroughly equipped for every possible condition or duty, it is not possible he will escape higher and more important stations. The people incline to successful men, believing them to be safe and desirable representatives. One has no need to be a prophet to foresee in Mr. Madden's extraordinary career the promise and potency of a life that will be marked by higher and greater successes. The light of the future is the lamp of the past, and in his case the rays shine out clearly in the path ahead. CHARLES LEYENBERGER. Charles Leyenberger, of 6159 Lexington Avenue, Chicago, 111., was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1844. His father, Michael Leyenberger, was a native of Germany, born at Hunchbach, near Strasburg, and came to this country when twelve years of age. He learned the trade of cabinet making and was an indus- trious and well respected citizen. He married Margaret Fix, also of German descent, raised in Pennsylvania. A branch of this family lives in the state of Indiana. Mrs. Leyenberger was a woman of a most admirable character ; she made a lasting and lovable impression upon her son Charles. His most pleasing recollection of his youth is the tender care and loving affection of his mother. Charles Leyenberger attended the public schools at Newark ; was a diligent student and took such an education as became the foundation for the knowledge acquired for a successful business career. He was employed in a lawyer's office for a time and felt the benefit of that association. He then secured employment with a life insurance company of New York. He devoted his time and attention assiduously to the subject of life insurance and mastered the science. His serv- ices with that corporation were so satisfactory that, in 1878, he was sent to Chicago by the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance company to fill the position of State Agent for Illinois. For twenty years Mr. Leyenberger conducted the busi- ness of the Mutual Benefit Company in Illinois and Wisconsin. As a result of his energy, enterprise and strict attention to business, Mr. Leyenberger has become one of the leading life insurance men of the West, and he is recognized as an authority upon many of the complicated questions that arise from time to time in connection with life insurance. Mr. Leyenberger's motto in life is "Do it, and it is done," and in all his business he acts upon this principle. The father and mother of Mr. Leyenberger remained at their old home in Prospect Street, Newark, N. J. It was always an agreeable thing for tfieir son to pay them visits. His father died some years ago, and in January, 1900, Mr. Leyenberger was suddenly called east by the death of his mother, who, at the age of eighty-one, passed to her final rest. She and her husband had been active members of the Peddie Memorial Church ; her husband, before his death, was one of the founders of the German Baptist Church of Newark. Mrs. Leyen- berger left five children surviving her; her oldest son, Charles Leyenberger, being the subject of this sketch. Mr. Leyenberger is a public spirited man and contributes both time and money freely to the promotion of every good work brought to his attention. Being a resident of Hyde Park, and anxious that that subdivision of the city shall remain as one of the most attractive residence districts, he has identified himself with the Hyde Park Protective Association, and unites his efforts with other prominent men, to suppress the unlawful sale of intoxicating liquors. Mr. Leyenberger, and his family are attendants of the Lexington Avenue Baptist Church. Charles Leyenberger was married at Newark, N. J., December 24, 1867, to Alice Gertrude Lyon. They have had six children, four daughters now living. They have also two granddaughters. Mr. and Mrs. Leyenberger occupy a delightful home. They are both sociable people, have many friends, and their house is a center for the frequent assemblage of agreeable people. 518 519 CICERO J. LINDLY. The majority of the men who have legitimately achieved success have been men of courage, honesty of purpose, integrity and energy. The United States has given rare opportunities to men with those characteristics, and Cicero J. Lindly, of Greenville, 111., certainly possesses them in a marked degree. He is at present chairman of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission of Illinois, and has conscientiously and intelligently performed his duties, honoring those whom he represents, benefiting the public and doing credit to himself. Mr. Lindly is a product of Illinois, born on a farm near St. Jacobs, Madison county. December n, 1857, and the son of John J. and Amanda Agnes (Palmer) Lindly, also natives of the Prairie State. His ancestors came to Madison county in the early years of the nineteenth century, and were among the oldest settlers of the same. The father was born in Madison county and the mother was born where a portion of Joliet now stands. In 1867 the father moved the family from the homestead near St. Jacobs to Lebanon, to take advantage of McKendree College for his children, and in this excellent school Cicero J. Lindly received a thorough and practical education. He graduated in the scientific course in 1877, and from the law department two years later. The same year he passed an examination before the Supreme Court at Mt. Vernon, but not being twenty-one years old his license was withheld. He went to St. Louis with ex-Governor Fletcher, and at the Court of Appeals in that city was examined again, passed, and was admitted to practice before he was of age. In politics Mr. Lindly has been unusually active. He has thoroughly can- vassed the state every campaign since 1876. In 1880 he was secretary of the St. Clair County Republican Convention, being prominently connected with the Grant and anti-Grant fight that year. In 1884 he was a delegate to the Repub- lican State Convention at Peoria, and was Presidential elector that year on the Elaine and Logan ticket. In 1886 Mr. Lindly was elected County Judge of Bond County. Two years later he was chosen a delegate to the Republican National Convention and represented Illinois on the Committee of Credentials. He was chairman of the special committee that drafted the report of the National Convention on the Mahone-Wise contested case from Virginia. In 1890 Mr. Lindly was nominated for Congress in the old i8th Congressional District, and largely reduced the Democratic majority. Trie following year he was the Repub- lican candidate for United States Senator and received the entire vote of the Republican party when Palmer was elected. For twenty years he has been a personal friend of Governor Tanner. In February, 1897, he was appointed chairman of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission by Governor Tanner, and was reappointed to the same position in February, 1899. He has the record of making more speeches than any other man in the state canvass of 1896 and 1898. He is an orator of ability and has a commanding physique. There is scarcely a county in the state in which he has not spoken. He has been a dele- gate to every State Convention since 1882. In 1898, upon the death of the president of the organization known as the National Association of the Inter- state Commerce Commission and the Railroad Commissioners of the various states of the United States, Judge Lindly was elected at Washington, D. C, to fill out the unexpired term in May, '98. At the same time and place he was elected to fill the full term of president of this august body, and in 1899, at Den- ver, he was re-elected, making three times he was elecFed to that position, an honor not accorded any man in the past. This is an important and influential body of men, and his selection as president of the organization stamps him as a man in whom his fellow men recognize superior ability and intelligence. Mr. Lindly was married to Miss Alice McNeill, of Greenville, 111., December 22, 1880. She is the daughter of A. McNeill, an extensive stock dealer and land owner. Soon after his marriage he moved again to the old homestead near St. Jacobs, where he resided for two years. In 1882 he purchased a section of land near Greenville, where he has since resided. 520 521 ROBERT WILSON McCLAUGHRY. The present warden of the United States Penitentiary, Fort Leaven- worth, Kansas, is the subject of this sketch. He was born at Fountain Green, 111., July 22, 1839, his father being Matthew McClaughry, a native of Kortright, X. Y., born January 3, 1803, and dying in 1879. He is grandson of Richard McClaughry, who came from Ireland to New York in 1765 and served as a private in a New York -regiment during the Revolution, assisting to capture Burgoyne and taking part in the battle of Bennington. Father of subject was a farmer, and mother's maiden name was Mary I. Hume, daughter of Robert and Catherine Hume, the latter a daughter of Hugh Rose- Both branches of the family are of old Scotch and Scotch-Irish stock. It is known that one ancestor of the family served in William's army at the Battle of the Boyne and that another was a dragoon in the army of Cromwell. Robert W. McClaughry was educated at Monmouth College, Illinois, taking the classical course and graduating in 1860, having previously attended the common schools and passing his boyhood on his father's farm. After gradua- tion he was employed at teaching in the college for a year, having in view a professorship which had been offered him by that institution. Failing health caused him to relinquish his design. He removed to Carthage in August, 1861, and in partnership with his brother-in-law, A. J. Griffith, bought the Carthage Republican, becoming its editor and conducting it as a red-hot Union sheet. On August 15, 1862, having sold his interest in the paper, he enlisted as a private in what afterward became Company B, n8th Illinois Infantry, and was elected Captain. Upon the organization of his regiment he was elected Major and was mustered in as such in November, 1862. He served with the regiment until May, 1864, when he resigned to accept the appointment of Additional Pay- master, serving as such until his final muster out, on October 13, 1865. While he was in college the country was in the throes of the struggle immediately preceding the Rebellion. He espoused the cause of Douglas, for whom he cast his first presidential vote in 1860. Like Douglas himself, he reversed his views when the Union was assailed, and first conducted the paper as above stated in the interests of the Federal cause and later fought gallantly through the remainder of the war to sustain the Union. He did all in his power to counteract the baleful influence of the copperheads while the war continued. He first connected himself with the Republican party in the cam- paign of 1864, when the question of continuing the war was the all-absorbing topic. During a month's furlough he canvassed the State, advocating the re- election of Mr- Lincoln and the quelling of the Rebellion. In November, 1865, he was elected Clerk of Hancock County, holding the same until December, 1869. In August, 1874, he was called by the unanimous vote of the Board of Commissioners to the position of Warden of the Illinois State Penitentiary, con- tinuing until December I, 1888, when he resigned to accept an invitation from the State of Pennsylvania to organize its new State Reformatory. On May 15, 1891, he was made Chief of Police of Chicago by Mayor Washburne, and in August, 1893, became superintendent of the Illinois State Reformatory under appointment of Governor Altgeld. March I, 1897, he again took charge of the Illinois State Penitentiary at the request of Governor Tanner, but July I, 1899, assumed his present duties. Late in the '6o's he became interested in a large stone quarry on the Missis- sippi River in Hancock County, and furnished the stone for the foundation and basement of the present State House at Springfield ; for the railroad bridge across the river at Keokuk and for one of the bridges across the river at Quincy. In 1871 he organized the Ste. Genevieve Stone Company at St. Louis, continuing until 1873, when he sold out and began studying law with Hon. John J. Glenn, having previously read law to some 522 523 extent. He served as trustee of Carthage College, Monmouth College and Knox College. He is a member of the G- A. R. and of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. In 1895 he was a delegate of the United States and of Illinois to the International Congress at Paris. His religious views are Presbyterian. He was married June 17, 1862, to Elizabeth C. Madden, daughter of James G. Madden, attorney of Monmouth. They have five children Charles C., now warden of the penitentiary at Waupun, Wis. ; Arthur C., in charge of the Keeley Institute at Newark, N. J. ; Matthew W., record clerk and identifying officer with his father; John G., who served in the Spanish-American War, and Mary C., who is pursuing musical studies in New York. JONATHAN MERRIAM. Jonathan Merriam, of Armington, Tazwell County, 111., was born Novem- ber i, 1834, in the village of Passumpsic, Vt. The ancestors of the Merriam family came from Hadley, Kent County, England, in the year 1635, and settled in the Colony of Massachusetts. Colonel Merriam's grandfather, Isaac Mer- riam, was a soldier of the War of the Revolution ; his father, Jonathan Merriam, born November 5, 1791, in Ashburnham, Mass., was a soldier of the War of 1812, and afterward became a Baptist minister. He married Achsah Olin, who was born July 13, 1795, at Leicester, Vt. The elder Jonathan Merriam emi- grated from Vermont in 1836, and settled in Springfield, 111., but in 1841 he removed to Tazwell County, settled a farm, purchased the land from the Government, and received a patent for the same, signed by Martin Van Buren, President. Upon this land Mr. Merriam erected a building, which is now the homestead of his son, Jonathan. He died October 22, 1846, leaving surviving him his widow and two sons, Henry Marcellus, and Jonathan, the subject of this sketch; two daughters and a son having died when young. Mrs. Merriam survived her husband 34 years, dying at the old homestead, December 26, 1880, in her 86th year. Colonel Merriam was raised on a farm, and learned the business of agri- culture. His early education was begun in the neighborhood schools. When sufficiently advanced, in his seventeenth year, he entered the Illinois University, paying his way at school by sawing and splitting wood. He afterward entered McKendree College and studied there, but did not graduate, being compelled to leave college on account of ill health. It was the ambition of young Merriam to become a lawyer, but after leaving school he decided to engage in the business of farming, and although from time to time he has been occupied with many important public employments, he has never given up farming, in which occu- pation he has been a leader in Tazwell County. In politics Colonel Merriam has always been a Republican ; he identified himself with that party in 1856, when he was twenty-two years old, and voted for Fremont for President. His father had been a Whig, and had supported Henry Clay for President. Colonel Merriam served as School Director, as Justice of the Peace, and Supervisor. When the Civil War fell upon the country he entered the military service, and was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel of the U7th Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in August, 1862, and served in that capacity until the end of the war. He was mustered out of the service August 5, 1865. Colonel Merriam performed gallant and conspicuous services during the war; his regiment was engaged in active service, and participated in some 33 battles and skirmishes. In 1869 Colonel Merriam was elected as a member of the Constitutional Convention, and took an active part in framing the present State Constitution. In 1873 he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue by President Grant, for the 8th Illinois Revenue District. This appointment was made without socilita- tion on his part. He served as Collector until 1882, when his District was 524 525 consolidated with the 7th Collection District, and he was succeeded in office by Collector James W. Hill of the 7th District. In 1894 Colonel Merriam was elected to represent the counties of Tazwell and Fulton in the 39th General Assembly, and was re-elected to the 4Oth General Assembly. During his service in the House of Representatives he supported Hon. Shelby M. Cullom for United States Senator, and also Hon. William E. Mason for United States Senator. The one being elected by the 39th and the other by the 4Oth General Assembly. Colonel Merriam was appointed U. S. Pension Agent by President McKinley in January, 1898, which position he now occupies and fills with entire satisfaction to the government and the old soldiers. In religious belief, Colonel Merriam, like his father before him, is a Baptist. Colonel Merriam has been married twice. In 1859 ne married Betsy Ann Bar- land, who died June 19, 1861, leaving a daughter. His second marriage was to Lucy C. White, November 10, 1864. They have a family of six children, three daughters and three sons. The entire family of seven children are now living. Colonel Merriam physically is a man of large proportions, and obviously of great strength; in height he is 6 feet 3 inches and weighs 225 pounds. He is a man of strong mental faculties, of great strength of purpose, indomitable as a worker and of inflexible integrity. THOMAS M. LOGAN. There is little that interests one more than the career of a man who, endowed with energy and ambition, enters boldly into the struggle of life and makes for himself a high place in the busy world. In choosing a pursuit or pursuits, taste, mental gift, opportunity and disposition to labor should be considered. A narra- tive of success in life affords a lesson from which others can profit, therefore a sketch of the life of Thomas M. Logan will be proper in this connection. He is a native of the Prairie State, born on a farm where the town of Murphysboro now stands, in Jackson county, August i, 1828. In him were inculcated, early in life, the thrift and energy which dominated his later efforts. He was one ol a good old fashioned family of nine children born to John and Elizabeth (Jenkins) Logan, only one of whom besides himself is now living. Six grew to mature years. The father was a successful physician, but in connection with this also carried on farming and stock raising, with which he also met with a fair degree of success. He owned the land on which the town of Murphysboro now stands and donated it for the town. Mrs. Logan was a sister of Alexander M. Jenkins, who was at one time Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. The early life of Thomas M. Logan was passed in assisting his father on the farm and in attending the common schools of Jackson county, where he received a good practical education. It was but natural that when he came to man's estate he should select agricultural pursuits as his chosen calling, and that he should succeed as well in this and in stock raising as his father. But these arduous duties did not prevent him from turning his attention to other occupa- tions, and for some time he has been engaged in telephone, real estate and hotel business. Mr. Logan has ever manifested a deep interest in political affairs, but did not become identified with the Republican party until 1862. A firm belief in the principles of that party led him to place his faith with it, and a loyal devo- tion to the cause of the Union prompted him to raise a company and join the 3ist Illinois regiment in 1862. Mr. Logan has been twice married, first in 1852 to Miss Alethia Gill, and second to Miss Sally Oliver in 1874. In his religious views Mr. Logan is a Methodist. 526 527 JOHN S. MILLER. John S. Miller is a native of New York State ; he came to Chicago in the spring of 1874, being then twenty-seven years of age. He was a lawyer of four years standing when he came to Illinois, was licensed to practice law in his adopted State, at once began the practice of his profession in Chicago, and during the past twenty-six years has been one of the most active and prominent men in the profession. He has been identified with many of the most important cases litigated in the courts of Illinois ; he has given a great deal of time and attention to questions involving the titles to real estate. Many of his cases have passed through the Supreme Courts of the States and the United States, where Mr. Miller argued his cases with recognized force and ability. In 1891 Mayor Hempstead Washburn appointed Mr. Miller Corporation Counsel for the city of Chicago. He occupied this position for two years- During his in- cumbency of this office two important controverted questions arose between the city government and the railroad companies. The one involving a question of the power and authority of the city government to compel the railroad companies to elevate their tracks, and thus abolish grade crossings ; the other involved the power and authority of the city government to extend the streets of the city over the tracks of the railroad companies. Mr. Miller, as the chief law officer of the city, took the affirmative of these two propositions, and his opinions rendered to the City Council, although meeting formidable opposition by railroad attorneys at the time, are now recognized as sound law, thus set- tling the question of the power of public authorities to impose reasonable duties upon railroad corporations and require them to fulfill them. Probably the most important litigation that Mr. Miller has ever engaged in was the celebrated "Lake Front case," being a litigation between the city of Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad Company, involving the validity and construction of the act of the Illinois Legislature granting to the Illinois Central Railroad a large portion of the Lake Front and submerged lands in the outer harbor of Chicago. This case was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States, and was argued by Mr. Miller before that court. The deci- sion in that litigation was adverse to the railroad company, and held the grant to the railroad company to be beyond the legislative power and void, and sus- tained the State and city's title to the lake front and submerged lands and waters of the harbor. Mr. Miller retired from the service of the city and became a member of the law firm of Peck, Miller & Starr, composed of George R. Peck, John S. Miller and Merritt Starr. This is one of the leading law firms of the city of Chicago, and is well known throughout the whole United States. Mr. Miller is a Republican in politics ; he is thoroughly familiar with the principles and history of the Republican party. He believes that his party is a great instrumentality for good for this country for the enactment of wise laws, and giving the people an honest administration of the government. Mr- Miller is an Episcopalian ; he was at one time a member of Grace Church, but has since united with St. Paul's Church at Kenwood. Mr. Miller was born May 24, 1847, at Louisville, St. Lawrence County, New York. John Miller, his father, was a native of New York ; Mr. Miller's grand- father was a native of Massachusetts, of Puritan descent. His father was a member of the bar, and was for several years County Clerk of St. Lawrence County. The maiden name of his mother was Jane E. McLeod; she was of Scotch-Irish extraction. The parents of young Miller gave their son every opportunity to receive an education. After passing through the necessary preparatory studies, he entered St. Lawrence University, and graduated as Bachelor of Arts in 1869. He was professor of mathematics for one year, and professor of Latin and Greek for two years in that University. He had been previously admitted to the bar at Ogdensburg, New York, in November, 1870, 528 529 hut did not immediately enter upon the practice of the profession of law. Mr. Miller resigned his professorship in the St. Lawrence University in the Spring of 1874, and removed to Chicago, where we find him soon engaged in the active and successful practice of the law. John S. Miller was married December 12, 1887, to Ann Gross, daughter of Dr. James E. Gross, of the city of Chicago. They have two children, a son and a daughter. While Mr. Miller has been deeply engrossed with his professional work he has not neglected the social side of life; he has a delightful home, and he and Mrs. Miller are the center of a large and agreeable circle of friends, and take a lively interest in the welfare and prosperity of their church. HENRY W. LYNCH. Henry W. Lynch, a son of Jesse Lynch and Harriet W. Lynch, was born at Magnolia, 111., July 26, 1857, where his father then resided. Jesse Lynch was an old citizen of Sangamon County, was well acquainted with, and a great admirer of Abraham Lincoln, and attended the convention at Chicago, when Lincoln was nominated for president in 1860. Henry W. Lynch received his preliminary education in the common schools of the state and attended the University of Illinois' for two years. Young Lynch was an industrious boy, and devoted himself to work between school terms. After leaving the university he taught school for one term, after which he took service with the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railway Company at Sheldon, 111.., in 1879, as bill clerk. Two years later he was promoted to the position of agent at that point, where he remained until 1888, when he removed to Peoria, 111., and engaged in the business of a wholesale dealer in coal. Mr. Lynch has always devoted himself assiduously to the business at which he was from time to time engaged, and he became a thoroughly competent business man. Mr. Lynch married Frances M. Baldwin of Oxford, Ind., July 24, 1884. They have two boys, namely, Ralph and Harold. Mr. Lynch has always been a Republican in politics, thoroughly devoted to the principles of the party, and ever ready to perform his duty in connection with the politics of the state. After becoming a citizen of Peoria, he rapidly formed the acquaintance of the leading men of the city, and in 1895 was elected Alderman of the First Ward ancl was re-elected in 1897. In 1899 he became a candidate for the office of Mayor. The canvass was active and exciting ; the Democratic party had a full complement of candidates. The election came off, and the Democratic party was successful in their entire ticket except in the election of their candidate for Mayor. Mr. Lynch was elected and was the only Republican who was successful in that contest. During the present year, 1900, Mr. Lynch was selected as a delegate to the state convention, held in Peoria, and was chairman of the P'eoria County Delegation. He assisted in the nomina- tion of the present Republican candidate for Governor, Judge Richard Yates. Mayor Lynch is a member of the Masonic Fraternity ; he is also a member of the Woodmen of America, Foresters, and the Order of Red Men. He is a member of the Congregational Church, and he and his family attend that service. From the foregoing brief sketch it will be readily seen that Henry W. Lynch is one of the rising men of Peoria County. He possesses all the elements of suc- cessful leadership and will, no doubt, attain greater influence and power. 530 531 ASA CARRINGTON MATHEWS. The narrative of the events of this well known lawyer's life will exemplify the old saying that "A man may make of himself what lie will." Asa Carrington Matthews was born in Perry, 111., in 1833, a son of Benj. L. and Minerva Carring- ton Matthews, both of whom trace their ancestry to Virginia families who served in the war of 1812. Benj. L. Matthews was born in Roan County, N. C., Decem- ber 15, 1806, and moved to White County, 111., in 1817. In the Civil War he was a captain in Company B, 99th Illinois. Asa C. Matthews received his early education in the schools of the neighborhood, spent three years at McKendree College, Lebanon, 111., and graduated at Illinois College, Jacksonville, 111., in 1855- Mr. Matthews became a Republican at the bi^thof Jhe party itself, has been active in all campaigns, and in 1858 canvassed his~Congressional district in the interest of Mr. Lincoln. In the Civil War he entered as a private in Company C, 99th Illinois, and afterward became Captain, Major, Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel of the same regiment ; but the regiment having been reduced by the casualties of war below the minimum, he was not mustered into the service as a full colonel. He was, however, brevetted colonel for meritorious service at the siege of Vicksburg. His brigade was the first to land at Bruensburg April 30, 1863, and at the commencement of the battle, Mr. Matthews commanded the color company. When all his seniors in rank had been wounded and taken to the rear, he succeeded to the command of the regiment. There he held the position against the enemy's fortifications until relieved at 4 o'clock in the after- noon. The force relieving his regiment was soon repulsed, and Gen. Burbridge requested Mr. Matthews to again move his men into position, which he did, gal- lantly driving the enemy back into its fortifications, and holding the position until midnight, when he was again relieved. His military record includes the history of the campaigns and surrender of Vicksburg, Indianola, Fort Espiranza in Texas, Mobile and the campaign against Kirby Smith west of the Mississippi. He was sent by Gen. Canby to the Indian Nation to receive the surrender of Gen. Standwatie, who with Peter P. Pitchland, governor of the Choctaw Nation, were the last Confederates to surrender. He called a council of the civilized tribes of Indians in September, 1865. Mr. Matthews has held many important positions under the Republican party. He was candidate for Congress in his district in 1872; and though de- feated in an overwhelmingly Democratic district, he ran some two thousand ahead of his ticket. During the administration of General Grant, he was col- lector of internal revenue, and was supervisor of internal revenue for Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, which latter position he resigned. He has several times been elected to the Legislature, and was speaker of the House of the 36th General Assembly. During the administration of President Harrison, he was First Comptroller of the Treasury of the United States, an office of dignity and importance, calling for a profound knowledge of law and great experience in affairs. He was judge of the Circuit Court, succeeding Judge C. I. Higbee. October 5, 1858, he was married to Miss Anne E. Ross, daughter of Col. Wliliam Ross, who was an officer in the 21 st U. S. Infantry in the war of 1812, also an officer in the Black Hawk War. He came to Illinois in 1819, was several times a member of the Illinois State Senate and named the town Pittsfield in honor of his old home in Pittsfield, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. Matthews have three children : Mrs. Florence G. Lewis, wife of Frank Lewis, a merchant ; Ross Matthews, who is cashier of the Farmers' State Bank ; and Mrs. Helen M. Hull. Mr. Matthews is fortunate in keeping his family near him all are residents of Pittsfield. Mrs. Matthews is a member of the Congregational Church, which she and her husband attend. 532 533 GEORGE F. MCKNIGHT. Captain George F. McKnight came to Chicago in 1869- He was then thirty-two years old, with a broad experience in the affairs of the world. He first engaged in the business of fire insurance, and for ten years was one of the leading underwriters of the city. In 1879 ne organized the Lake Gas Com- pany, of which he was Treasurer and Manager for nine years. He then became interested in the iron business ; his early training was such, added to his natural capacity for business, that he readily mastered all the details of the different kinds of business in which he was engaged, so as . to make them a success. Captain McKnight is a native of New York State, born at Buffalo, March 9, 1837; his father, George McKnight, was a successful business man at Buffalo, and was a large packer of beef and pork. He died March 4, 1845, leaving his son George, then eight years old, to receive his education and make his way in the world. George received his education in the public schools of Buffalo. Upon leaving school he immediaely went to work on the dock, was employed as clerk on the Troy and Erie Steamboat Line, and mastered the intricacies of this business. He was later employed in the same capacity by the Buffalo and Cleveland Steamship Company. This brought him in contact with all kinds and classes of people, and gave him an opportunity to study human nature. He then took employment with an engineering corps connected with the enlarge- ment of the Erie Canal, and remained in this service until 1858, when he returned to Buffalo, where he was engaged by the firm of John M. Hutchinson in their wholesale leather house. He continued in this business for three years. The Civil War then broke upon the country, and George F. McKnight entered the military service. He enlisted in Company "G," First New York Light Artillery, known as "Frank's Battery." At the end of two years he had gained a complete knowledge of the artillery service, and March 3, 1863, he was com- missioned Captain of the I2th New York Independent Battery. Captain McKnight served during the entire war, and was highly respected for his ability and valor- He was -honorably discharged at the close of the war at Washington, D. C. Although he spent four years in the military service, he had not lost his taste for business, nor a disposition to be employed ; going to New York City he entered the oil business, which he continued until 1869, when he came to Chicago. Mr. McKnight has had a varied career, he has never been idle and his occupations have steadily increased in importance. His mili- tary life, calling forth the performance of the highest duties of citizenship, that of risking one's life for one's country, broadened and elevated him as a man, as it did the great mass of those who served in the great struggle for the preserva- tion of the Union. Captain McKnight has always been a Republican in politics, and has ever been ready to perform his political duties as a citizen. His first entry into official life was when appointed by Governor Oglesby as a member of the Board of Equalization to fill a vacancy. He was twice elected to this position, and brought to the performance of the duties of the office the sound judgment and broad business experience for which he was noted. When the Town of Lake was annexed to Chicago, Captain McKnight was elected as one of the Aldermen to represent the 3ist Ward, then created, in the City Council. He was once re-elected to the same position, and served the city faithfully and well. Captain McKnight is a member of the 3ist Ward Club, and has often been a delegate representing the Republican party in State, County and City Conventions. He is a member of the Illinois Club, and has been a member of the Home Club of Englewood since its organization. George F. McKnight was married to Caroline G. Case, October 22, 1853. They have one son, Sandford C. McKnight. His mother, still living, now resides with him. After the death of her first husband she married James W. Sandford, of Buffalo ; well known and prominent as a real estate man and vessel owner on the Lakes. Mr. Sandford died June 30, 1895. Captain McKnight, although a busy man all his life, has never neglected his social duties and the Home life. 535 ROBERT MCMURDY. Robert McMurdy was born March 8, 1860. His father, Robert McMurdy, D. D., LL. D., was an Episcopal clergyman of prominence, originally from Philadelphia; his mother, Marcella E. Russell, was from Salisbury, Conn. In 1872 his parents moved to Chicago, and here he attended and graduated from the Hyde Park School and afterward entered the University of Michigan in the literary department and graduated from the law department in 1880. In 1885 his alma mater conferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of Laws. Later he was president of the local Alumni Association of that institu- tion. In 1881 he was admitted to the bar of Michigan, and in the same year to the Illinois bar. He opened an office in Chicago and soon built up an extensive general practice. For two years he lectured on Medical Jurisprudence in Hahnemann Medical College, and from 1890 to 1892 was master in chancery of the Circuit Court of Cook County. In 1892 he was nominated for representative by the Republicans of the then second senatorial district and was elected- While in the House he became identified with a number of measures of importance, notably the bill increasing the number of judges in Cook County, the original Torrens Law, the Civil Service Law and one of the early bills for the consolidation of the Supreme Court. He secured the passage of a law permitting museums in public parks to charge an admission fee, and on a referendum the law was adopted by the people. This law was passed with the project in view of establishing a museum in the art gallery building of the World's Fair, and subsequently Mr. McMurdy identified himself with the promotion of the Field Columbian Museum and was one of its incorporators. He was one of the organizers of the Hamilton Club and its first president, a director of the Chicago Bar Association, President of the Chicago Law Insti- tute, and a member of the Illinois Practice Commission. He is a member of the Royal Arcanum and of the Sigma Phi College Secret Society, of which he was president in 1893. The law firm with which he is now connected is that of Church, McMurdy & Sherman, Judge William E. Church, late justice of the Supreme Court of Dakota, being the senior member. He was for many years the senior member of the law firm of McMurdy & Job. In 1891 Mr. McMurdy was married to Miss Lillian May Harter, of Little Falls, N. Y., who died in 1897, leaving no children. JOHN W. MITCHELL. Dr. John W. Mitchell of Harrisburg, Saline County, 111., was born January 15, 1825, in Pleasant Township, Switzerland County, Ind. His father, William Mitchell, a native of Rhode Island, was born April n, 1775. He removed to western New York. He decided to move to the Ohio Valley; in 1817, with his family and belongings he passed down the Allegheny and Ohio rivers in a flatboat ; stopped for a time in West Virginia, then at Long Bottom, Ohio- In the fall of 1818 he settled at Vevay, Switzerland County, Ind. ; he purchased land on French Creek, including a water power; here he opened up a farm and erected a mill for grinding and sawing. On September 15, 1821, his wife died, leaving eight children. About two years later William Mitchell married Mary Fraser, a widow ; by this union three children were born namely : Lucinda, John W., the subject of this sketch, and Robert. In 1826 Mr. Mitchell sold his farm and removed to Madison, Ind., then the largest town in the State. On Decem- ber 3, 1828, he was accidentally killed. Upon the death of her husband Mrs. Mitchell found herself with large responsibilities and but little means. She taught her children to work- 536 537 John W. Mitchell was self-supporting from the age of 12 years. He attended the pay schools, was a good student, learned rapidly, and soon laid a solid foundation for an education ; he was fortunate in the friendship of two families in Madison who had good libraries, of which he had free use. At the age of 13 he entered a store as a clerk; he was engaged in this occupation for five years, all the while earnestly continuing his studies. At eighteen he began the study of medicine- The following year he engaged in the mercantile busi- ness in a store-boat on the Kentucky river ; he pursued this business for several years, extending his trade down the Ohio, Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. This sort of life afforded him time and opportunity for reading and study, which he constantly improved. He finally settled at Rock Quarry, Pope County, 111. In December, 1850, he removed to Saline County, where he has lived ever since. At Independence he practiced medicine, conducted a store, and dealt in produce, sending this to market in flatboats down the Saline, Ohio and Mississippi rivers. He made friends and prospered. In 1855 he removed to Harrisburg, the present county seat, built the first storehouse and continued his business as merchant and physician. Dr. Mitchell now felt himself settled; he began the purchase of real estate, rapidly acquiring some 10,000 acres of land. He has made two additions to Harrisburg, at one time owning two-thirds of the real estate of the town. He has bought, sold and improved a great deal of land, and now owns fifteen or twenty valuable farms. In 1859 he formed a partnership with Robert Mick, an experienced merchant with plenty of capital ; they did a large and profitable business as merchants ; they also erected the pres- ent Court House and Jail at Harrisburg, under a contract with the County Court. Dr. Mitchell's experience in trade, his extensive knowledge of things in general, including chemistry, geology and mechanics, supplemented by his extraordinary executive ability, well fitted him for almost any kind of business- In 1860 he bought a saw mill and added a grist mill ; he soon sold this property and at once erected a large mill property for grinding, sawing and planing. This property was a great benefit to Harrisburg and the surrounding country, establishing a market for grain and lumber. Dr. Mitchell was identified with the construction of the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad. A special charter was granted to this company by the .Illinois Legislature in 1867; upon the organiza- tion of the company the Doctor was made a Director. Green B. Raum was chosen President; both he and Dr. Mitchell were at that time living in Harris- burg. It was recognized as a great undertaking to finance a railroad line be- tween Cairo and Vincennes, 157 miles in length. William P. Halliday and Daniel Hurd of Cairo, presidents of the banks of that city, were also directors of the company. These four men advanced the money necessary to set this enterprise on foot, and co-operated cordially in securing subscriptions and right of way along the line, and in making a contract for the construction of the road, which was completed in 1872. Dr. Mitchell and General Raum built twenty miles of the road. After the construction of the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad Dr. Mitchell became interested in coal mining properties ; he now owns the two valuable shipping coal mines on that road, namely, the New Ledford. near Harrisburg, a vein eight feet thick, and the Bald Knob of 500 acres, in Johnson County, vein five feet thick; these are valuable properties and produce superior coal. It will be seen from this brief summary that from his boyhood to the present time Dr. Mitchell has been actively engaged in business. He has had a wonder- fully successful career as physician, merchant, builder, real estate owner, miller, farmer and coal miner, he has been successful ; all of these occupations and enterprises engaging his attention year after year, and all receiving due care without haste or worry. He has been a large employer of men, always has their good will, and is considerate of their rights and interests- Dr. John W. Mitchell is a many sided man ; his reading is extensive ; he is well posted in literature and politics, has an insight into the arts, sciences and mechanics : he is an interesting talker, but never obtrudes his opinions, and never makes speeches. Those who know Dr. Mitchell best will say that the Almightv made him to be a physician ; it is in this profession where he has won his highest 538 539 laurels. For years he has met professionally physicians of large ability and ex- perience; in conferences his opinion has always been given preference. In diagnosing and treating dangerous diseases he has an extraordinary faculty and judgment; the cases others deem hopeless recover under his skillful hand. In 1861 Dr. O. F. Kress became associated with Dr. Mitchell. Dr. Kress was a graduate of the University of Heidelburg, and a man of rare skill ; they had an extensive and successful practice. Dr. Kress removed to Evansville, Ind. ; since then Dr. Mitchell has declined general practice, confining himself to office prescriptions and practice in the families of a few old friends. In politics Dr. Mitchell has been a Republican since the organization of the party. He has been too busy a man to seek any important offices, but has at all times taken an active part in the politics of his county and district, attending conventions and exerting a strong influence in support of the Republican ticket. He has been Mayor of the city of Harrisburg several times- Dr. Mitchell was a strong Union man during the Civil War and gave his aid and influence in raising troops. His activity in supporting the Union cause made him a marked man with the large copperhead element of Saline County. They went so far as to hold public meetings to denounce him and order him from the county, but when it came to the test they decided not to pit themselves against a man of such well-known courage and wonderful will. Dr. Mitchell in 1864 married Julia Jackson, a native of Hardin County, Illinois. She was a charming young woman and had many friends. She died in childbirth in 1866. In 1869, Dr. Mitchell married Emma S. Mayville. She was born in Bangor, Me. They have had two children, Charles Mitchell and John W. Mitchell, Jr. The latter died July, 1886, aged twelve years. Dr. Mitchell is a Mason of forty-nine years standing, and a Knight of Honor. DANIEL W. MILLS. Daniel W. Mills of Chicago, 111., is a native of Warren County, Ohio, where he was born February 25, 1838, on his father's farm, near Waynesville. His ancestors were early settlers in North America. His maternal great-grand- father was Joseph Brown, an English Quaker, who came to this country with William Penn, in 1632- His people settled in Ohio at an early day, and his mother, Susannah Brown, was born on her father's farm near Cincinnati. In- dians were numerous in Ohio at that time, and often made raids into the white settlements. At the age of three years, Mr. Mills' mother was carried away by a band of Indians and for a time held in captivity. Mr. Mills was left an orphan by the death of his father, and the family was necessarily thrown upon its own resources. Mrs. Mills, the mother, inculcated by example and precept into the minds of her children the necessity of industry and diligence in the performance of their duties. She was also anxious that her children should avail themselves of every advantage of education in their community. Young Mr. Mills passed through the common schools of the village of Raysville, and also through the High School of Waynesville, before reaching the age of nineteen. He accepted employment as a clerk in a general store", learned the business of a merchant, secured the confidence and respect of his employers, and was able to save a portion of his small earnings. In 1859, with what money he had saved, and by the assistance of a rich Quaker named Oscar Wright of Waynesville, Mr. Mills was enabled to embark in trade at Corwin, Ohio, on his own account. He kept a general store to supply all the wants of town and country, and bought and sold produce. He also engaged in the busi- ness of pork packing. In the midst of his successful career as a merchant the Civil War broke out. Mr- Mills at once closed out his store and enlisted in Company "D," iSoth Ohio Volunteers. He served until the close of the war, was promoted to the office of Captain, and kept that position until mustered out of the service. In the spring of 1866 Mr. Mills concluded to cast in his lot with the enterprising citizens of Chicago. He had saved about $5,000, and imme- 540 541 diately engaged in business. He became a manufacturer of candy, and after- wards engaged in the lake shipping trade, and finally in the purchase and sale of real estate. His financial career since coming to Chicago has been very successful. He is now recognized as one of the solid men of Chicago. In politics Mr. Mills is a Republican. His Quaker ancestors were anti- slavery in their sentiments, and he took the anti-slavery sentiment by heredity and environment. Mr. Mills has always felt it to be his duty to participate in the political affairs of the city and county, and lie has become a strong factor in politics. He has served as warden of the Cook County Hospital for four years, and filled the position with credit to himself and with great benefit to the county. He has twice been elected alderman of the I2th ward of the city of Chicago, and represented the 4th Congressional district of Illinois in the 55th Congress. Mr. Mills is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic ; of the Loyal Legion ; is a Knight Templar and a Mason of the 32(1 degree. He is also a member of the Hamilton Club, the Lincoln Club, the Menoken Club and the Illinois Club, all of Chicago. Captain D. W. Mills was married December 25, 1871, to Miss Lucy Morrison, daughter of the eminent citizen ard philanthropist', Orsemus Morrison, who came to Chicago in 1833, and was the first Coroner of Cook Countv. JONATHAN P. MIDDLECOFF. Among the well-known citizens of Eastern Illinois is the subject of this sketch. His birth occurred near Richmond, Wayne County, Ind., February 20, 1838. His parents were Daniel and Theresa (Newcomer) Middlecoflf, both of whom were natives of Washington County, Maryland, where the father was born in the year 1800, and the mother nine years later. Upon their marriage, or soon afterward, they removed from that State in 1827 to Indiana, where they continued to reside until 1847, when they moved to Cincinnati, in which city Mr. Middlecoff conducted a wholesale grocery for several years. In 1861 he came to Ford County, Illinois, where his death occurred five years later. His widow, who moved to Paxton, Illinois, survived him until 1898. When Jonathan P. Middlecoff was a lad nine years old he was taken by his parents to Cincinnati, where he attended the public schools. Later he con- tinued his education in Woodward College, but in 1857 ne accompanied hiS brother Samuel to Illinois, and embarked .in the mercantile business in Ludlow, Champaign County. Upon the breaking out of .the war Samuel enlisted in the Federal Army, and was commissioned Lieutenant in the Fremont Hussars. While in the service at Warsaw, Missouri, he died and his remains were taken to Cincinnati, Ohio, and buried in Spring Grove Cemetery. In 1862 Jonathan P. removed to Ford County and engaged in agricultural pursuits, continuing successfully until 1867, when he came to Paxton and opened up a hardware store, which he conducted for several years. In 1881 he organized the Paxton Brick and Tile Company, of which he was elected president and general man- ager, and has ever since continued to hold that position. During this period, largely through his efforts, the company has built up a very large and successful business, which has not only proved profitable to the owners, but has been a lasting benefit to the farmers of the vicinity. In 1888 he assisted in organizing the Paxton Canning Company, of which he became president, holding that posi- tion for five years. He is an extensive real estate owner, owning several farms and much valuable city property. He is the leading stockholder and is the president of the company owning the Middlecoff Hotel, which was built for $36,000 and is named in his honor. It is one of the best hotel buildings in the State, outside of Chicago. He is president of the Board of Trustees of the Rice Collegiate Institution, president of the Business Men's Association of Paxton, and president of the Board of Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Middlecoff's first vote was cast for Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Pie has served several terms as supervisor" of Patton township, and during the last two I .' 542 543 years of that period was chairman of the county board. He has filled the office of Mayor of Paxton four terms. In 1872 his fidelity and services to the Repub- lican party were rewarded by his election to the legislature. He served on many important committees, among which were Public Buildings and Grounds, Corporations, and County and Township Organizations, and was one of the strongest and most useful members of the House. He is the present chairman of the Ford County Republican Central Committee. He is a member of the Masonic Order. In January, 1864, he married Miss Mary F. Fox, daughter of Richard Fox, native of Cincinnati, where she was educated. Three children were born to this. union, but all are now deceased. . Alice and Samuel died in infancy, and Addie lived to young womanhood, when she died February 9, 1891. THOMAS E. MILCHRIST. In the legal profession, perhaps more than in any other calling, success comes as a reward of earnest, indefatigable effort, energy well directed, and the exercise of sound common sense. There are no chance strokes of good luck, no fortuitous circumstance which can possibly take the place of hard work and years of persevering labor in the law, and he who ranks well in the estima- tion of his colleagues and distinguished members of the profession must cer- tainly be the possessor of great ability and knowledge of the law. Environment may have had considerable to do with Thomas E. Milchrist's choice of a profes- sion ; but man is only endowed with a capacity to learn, and knowledge must be acquired through individual effort. Therefore his prominence as a lawyer is due entirely to his study, close application, his thorough mastery of the principles of jurisprudence and his devotion to the interests of his patrons. He was born at Peel, Isle of Man, April 12, 1840, and crossed the ocean to America with his parents when but eight years old. They settled at Brimfield, Peoria County, 111., and although young Milchrist's early days were passed in hard work in breaking the wild prairie or in other ways, he succeeded in acquiring a good practical education. In August, 1862, when all was tumult and excitement, Mr. Milchrist, feeling his duty to his country paramount to everything else, enlisted in Company G, 1 1 2th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served three years in the War of the Rebellion. At the time of his enlistment he was nearly twenty-two years old and was full of life and ambition. He participated in the East Tennessee and Atlanta campaigns and followed General Hood to Franklin, where that des- perate and bloody battle was fought. He was also in the battle of Nashville, under General Thomas, where General Hood's army made its last stand and was practically destroyed- Then the regiment proceeded to the Carolinas, where it joined General Sherman. Mr. Milchrist's military record is a very creditable one, and he was promoted successively until he reached the rank of Captain. Returning home after the war, Mr. Milchrist took up the study of law, and in 1868 was admitted to the bar, practicing his profession in Henry and adjoining counties until 1889. In the last named year he came to Chicago with the inten- tion of making the second great city in the United States his home, and here he has resided ever since. He at once took an active part in politics, and his support has ever been given to the Republican party, not from selfish motives, but from a deep and abiding conviction that the principles of that party are essential to the highest welfare of the country. His friends in the party find him just the assistant they need, for he is ever ready to sacrifice personal com- fort and his own interests to promote what he earnestly believes is for the welfare of his fellow men. For the past twenty-five years he has been an influ- ential figure in Republican politics in Illinois. For eighteen years Mr. Milchrist was State's Attorney for Henry County, and Assistant United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois for one year. In August, 1890, he was appointed United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois by Presi- dent Harrison, and served until August, 1894, when he was employed by the Government as special attorney for about a year, and made a most conscientious 544 545 and successful officer. By his unusual ability in every line, his accurate knowl- edge of the law and his strict conformity to professional ethics, he has won a most enviable reputation. He has also shown that he is gifted with social traits which have won for him many friends. He is a Knight Templar Mason, a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and a member of the military order of the Loyal Legion. He is now Senator, representing the 5th Senatorial Dis- trict of Illinois. EDWIN ALLSTON MONGER. Edwin Allston Munger is a bright example of the self-made American citi- zen, and he has, by a laborious career, as well as by natural genius, earned the excellent reputation that is accorded him. He was born in Topeka, Kansas, February 26, 1869, and now has a pleasant home at 3307 Rhodes Avenue, Chi- cago. He is a son of Charles P. and Vestella Channing Munger, and grand- son of Darius S. Munger, who founded the city of Wichita, Kansas, and who was one. of the pioneers of that section. In 1870 the father of our subject removed to Osage County, Kansas, on the Marias des Cygnes River, and there made his home until about 1875, when he located in Orleans, Indiana. In the schools of that village young Munger received the rudiments of his thorough education, and there remained until sixteen years of age, spending the time when not in school clerking in a grocery store. Having a pronounced taste for sub- jects of a philosophical and historical character, much of his spare time was spent in reading books that dwelt on those topics, and often when he might otherwise have been engaged with profit- When sixteen years old Mr. Munger went to Newton, Kansas ; engaged in the grain business with an uncle for a year and then for a year more was clerk in an hotel there. Feeling the desire for a better education, he entered the Kansas State Agricultural College, remained there a year and then taught school during the following winter. In the spring of 1889 he came to Chicago and entered the law office of J. Young Scammon. After the death of Mr. Scammon he engaged in the real estate business and for two years attended law school at night. At an early age he had decided on law as his chosen calling, and all his energies were directed toward securing a thorough training in that line. He was graduated from the Chicago College of Law in the class of 1892, and from that time until the present he has been actively engaged in his profession. Mr. Munger has been highly successful in his general practice and is noted for his untiring industry, for his unvarying courtesy toward every one with whom he comes in contact, and for his thorough and conscientious discharge of duty to his clients. Very few men of his age seem to have so bright a future opening before them. In his political views Mr. Munger affiliates with the Republican party. He has never held any public office or other political position, and has rejected a number of offers of political preferment. Socially he is a member of the Fourth Ward Republican Club, the Hamilton Club and the Oakland Culture Club. He has been twice elected National President of the Young People's League of the New Jerusalem Church at their annual conference. He was a director in the Hamilton Club for the year 1898-99, and elected a member of the Political Action Committee of the same club for the year 1899-00. He is a member of the New Jerusalem Church and takes an active interest in its affairs. On the 3ist of August, 1892, he was wedded to Miss Alcmena Silke, who was born in Chicago- They have a bright little boy now five years old. 546 s^ 547 GEORGE W. MILLER. While hundreds in our great republic have risen from poverty to affluence, there are comparatively few who have won tributes of admiration and honor by reason of the splendid intellectual achievements which have gained them precedence in the world of mental activity as has George W. Miller. He was born on a farm near Oilman, 111., January 12, 1869; son of Rufus H. and Ellen M. Miller, natives of Ohio and Massachusetts respectively. The parents moved to Illinois when young, settled in Marshall County, and in 1868 moved to Iroquois County, where they now reside. Five of their eight children are now living. George W. Miller, the only son, was educated in the Gilman public schools and graduated with honors from the High School there in 1887. For two years after this he taught school and then came to Chicago, where he entered the Union Law College in 1889. After one year in that school he went to Wash- ington, D. C., and in September, 1890, entered the law department of the Colum- bian University, where he took the two years' course in one year and graduated in 1891 with the title of LL. B. He was employed in the Census Office while in Washington, and thus paid his way through the university. In 1891 he came to Chicago and procured a position in the law office of Hon. James R. Mann, continuing in that position until January I, 1894- He then became the junior member of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller. This firm was one of the best known in Illinois and continued until 1898, when it was dissolved by the death of Mr. Hayes. Since then the firm has continued as Mann & Miller. Politically Mr. Miller is a strong Republican, although his father was and is as strong a Democrat. In the fall of 1894 he was elected a representative in the Illinois General Assembly from the 3d Senatorial District, including the 3 ist, 33d and 34th wards in Chicago. He at once took a leading position in the House. He was a member of a number of important committees, including Committees on Judiciary and State and Municipal Civil Service Reform. Dur- ing this session he introduced and procured the passage of the present Illinois Pharmacy Law, the present County Civil Service Law, and also what is known as the Torrens Law. In 1896 he was re-elected to the 4Oth General Assembly and was appointed chairman of Committee on Judicial Department and Prac- tice ; a member of the Judiciary, Civil Service, Finance, Elections, and Repub- lican Steering Committees. In this session he introduced and procured the en- actment of the law establishing the Branch Appellate Court; the bill consoli- dating the Supreme Court at Springfield, and again procured the enactment of the Torrens Bill the law of 1895 having been declared unconstitutional by the Illinois Supreme Court. His second term expired in the fall of 1898, and he voluntarily retired to devote himself to the practice of law. In October, 1897, he was appointed a Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County, to succeed F. W. C. Hayes. He was at that time twenty-eight years old and the youngest master in the courts. He was reappointed in December, 1897 for two years, and again in December, 1899. In May, 1898, he was elected president -of the Hamilton Club- This club is Republican in politics, has a membership of over 1,000, and is the leading club of the kind in the West. In August, 1892, Mr. Miller married Miss Carrie E. Sproule of Chicago. They now reside at 9223 Drexel Ave. Although but thirty-one years old, he has won an enviable position in politics and at the bar. While in the legislature he was recognized as one of the best debaters in the Assembly, and he is known at the bar and upon the public platform as a speaker of exceptional eloquence. Possessed of strong personal magnetism, he never fails to make new friends and rarely loses an old one. 548 CLIFTON H. MOORE. Clifton H. Moore, one of the oldest and prominent lawyers of the State, was born in Kirtland, Lake County, O., October 26, 1817; son of Isaac and Philena (Blish) Moore, and a descendant of good old Revolutionary stock- Isaac Moore was an unusually successful farmer, owning two hundred acres of land, most of which he had cleared off himself. On this farm he and his devoted wife resided until 1830 or 1831, when they exchanged it with the Mormons for a farm in Warrensville, O. This was the first farm bought by the Mormons of an unbeliever. John Moore, the paternal grandfather of Clifton H., was a Revolutionary soldier, and was in Fort Stanwix when it was besieged by St. Leger, with his British regulars and Indians, and undoubtedly was saved by General Herkimer and his eight hundred "Dutchmen." He was with General Washington in all those masterly movements from New York to Yorktown that culminated in the surrender of Cornwallis. This worthy man came to Ohio in 1811 and made his home in Kirtland and Chester, then in Geauga County, until his death, in 1845, when about ninety-five years old. He was a self-made man, having been left an orphan when but five years old, and he was appren- ticed to an uncle, named Hyde, as soon as large enough to work. He was engaged in fighting the Indians and British for ten years, being first with the Third New York Regiment under Colonel Gansevort, and afterwards with the First Regiment, commanded by Colonel Goose Van Schaick. After his dis- charge from the army he made some effort to find his brothers and sisters, but with poor mail facilities and little means he did not make much headway. He, however, found one sister who had married a man by the name of Groome, and from her he learned that the other children had gone to Virginia and Kentucky. Clifton H. Moore spent his boyhood in the manner of most farmer lads. In the active, healthful pursuits of the farm, with plenty of pure air and sun- shine, wholesome food and hard work, he grew strong and robust and sound of mind and body. From the age of ten to fifteen Mr. Moore can truthfully boast of seeing most of the theological luminaries of that clay in Ohio, consist- ing of Hartwell, Badger, Rigdon, Alexander Campbell, his father Thomas Camp- bell, Joseph Smith, P. P. Pratt, Orson Hyde and Evangelists Bouchard, Finney and Foot. The last named could beat Milton, Pollock or Dante in describing the torments of the damned- With all these teachings and teachers before him, it should not surprise any one that Mr. Moore has not joined any church, although he gives liberally to all of them. Up to the age of sixteen he assisted on the farm and attended school winters, after which his father "gave him his time," and he attended school at Bedford that summer. Up to 1839 ne went to school in summer and taught during the winter, and then decided to turn his face toward the West. About the first of May of that year he came to Illinois and settled in Pekin, with less than five dollars in his pocket, but with an unlimited amount of pluck and energy. He taught in Pekin until the spring of 1840, when he was offered a position to write in the court house at Tremont by Officers John H. Morrison and John Albert Jones, both clerks there. Mr. Moore now remembers both with deep gratitude. At this time he commenced reading law with Messrs. Baily & Wilmot, and in 1841 was admitted to practice. Another friend who aided him very materially with advice and kind acts was Littleton T. Garth. In August, 1841, he came to Clinton, DeWitt County, 111., and in connec- tion with law carried on other enterprises, for he saw how impossible it would be for any lawyer, in any of the small county seats, to make more than a decent living by the pure practice of law. He invested all his spare means in land, the only thing in which money could be made in Central Illinois in that early day, and has surveyed and entered in his time, mostly for others, between seventy 550 <

^ 559 GEORGE RECORD PECK. George R. Peck, lawyer, born near Cameron, Steuben County, N. Y., May 15, 1843, was the youngest son of Joel M. and Amanda (Purdy) Peck; his earliest American ancestor was William Peck, who came from England to New England in 1637. His parents removed in 1849^0 Jefferson County, Wis., set- tled near Palmyra, where he remained at home, alternating work and study, until 1861. He was fond of study, and early manifested a keen love for litera- ture, reading every good book within reach, and at the age of fourteen he entered the Palmyra high school. Two years later he became a teacher, and in 1859 entered Milton College, at Milton, Wis. On the outbreak of the Civil War, he left college, and enlisted as a private in the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, of which he soon became a lieutenant ; and finally was promoted to a captaincy in the Thirty-first Wisconsin Infantry. He was with Sherman's army in its march to the sea, and was engaged in all the important battles and sieges of that eventful campaign. In the spring of 1865 he participated in the grand review at Washington, and, having been mus- tered out of service, returned to Janesville, Wis., where he began the study of law. In 1866 he was Clerk of the Circuit Court, this being his first and last elective office. In 1871 Mr. Peck removed to Independence, Kan., in company with George Chandler, afterwards Assistant Secretary of the Interior, and there practiced his profession until 1874, when he was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for Kansas. His first great case was an action on behalf of the government for the recovery of 960,000 acres of land in Kansas, including a large proportion of the counties of Labette, Neosho, Montgomery, Allen and Wilson. He was reappointed to the position by President Hayes, but resigned three years later to form a partnership in Topeka, with Hon. Thomas Ryan, who was later United States Minister to Mexico, and is now (1900) As- sistant Secretary of the Interior. In 1879 ne was retained by the Atchison, To- peka & Santa Fe Railroad Company, and for fourteen years from 1881, with the exception of a few months, was General Solicitor of its entire system of railways, extending through thirteen States and Territories. His skillful defense of an injunction suit in 1891, brought against the com- pany by a stockholder of the St. Louis & San Francisco Railway, a part of the Great Atchison System, which they were atempting to purchase, gave him a reputation among the foremost railroad lawyers of the country. In 1892, his successful defense of the Trans-Missouri Freight Association, which had been arraigned by the United States Attorney General, under the Anti-Trust Act, again brought him prominently before the country, as an able and eloquent advocate. He removed from Topeka to Chicago in 1893, and when the Atchison System went into liquidation in December of that year, he demonstrated his ability to deal with the difficult problems of the receivership by entering on a policy which effected reorganization in a marvelously short period. He re- signed as general solicitor of the Atchison System in September, 1895, to be- come general counsel of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, and also formed the firm of Peck, Miller & Starr, which has been concerned in reorganization proceedings and general legal business for several of the largest railroad corporations in the country. Mr. Peck has been a life-long Republican, and has always been a prominent factor in politics. Upon the death of Senator P. B. Plumb, in 1892, he was strongly urged to accept election as United States Senator from Kansas, but declined, and has since confined his political services to making speeches in behalf of Republican National and State candidates, and to the duties 'of delegate to several conventions. He was widely mentioned as a Presidential possibility in 1896, but declined to allow his name used. 560 561 Socially, he enjoys a wide popularity and influence. He is a member of the Chicago, University, Marquette and Union League Clubs of Chicago, and is a moving spirit in the Loyal Legion, of which he has been commander. He exerts wide influence in behalf of patriotism, good government, sound morals and practical Christianity. He has repeatedly made orations at university, pub- lic and educational celebrations, and is reputed one of the most eloquent men in the West. He believes in the widest and highest possible education, and that the state should provide it. He abhors avarice and the thousand social ills to which it leads- He shows his faith in his principles by adorning his life with deeds of kindness and generosity. He is justly considered one of the fore- most citizens of the West. In 1866 he was married to Miss Arabella Burdick, daughter of R. S. and Abbie Burdick of Janesville, Wis., who died at San An- tonio, Texas, March 5, 1896. GEORGE H. MUNROE. George H. Munroe resides in Joliet, Will County, where he has become prominent in business and politics, and has been one of the leaders in building up that large and prosperous city. He was born in Brownville, Jefferson County, N. Y., September 24, 1844, and came to Will County with his parents in 1849. They settled upon a farm south of Joliet, where they resided until the fall of 1862, when they removed to Joliet, his father having been elected Sheriff of the county. Mr. Munroe served as Deputy Sheriff under his father. In 1865 he entered into partnership with his father, George Munroe, under the firm name of G. Munroe *& Son, the firm doing a retail and wholesale produce and grocery business for upwards of twenty years. Mr. Munroe's principal business now, however, is the mortgage loan and real estate business, in company with his only brother, Major Edwin S. Munroe, under the firm name of George H. & Edwin S. Munroe. Mr. Munroe has filled many positions of trust to his credit and to the advantage of the estates and trusts placed in his care. He is interested in farm lands, and his farm, known as "Hotel Munroe Farm," near Joliet, is one of the well known farms of Will County- He is a director and vice-president of the Western Stone Company of Chicago, and also a director in the Joliet National Bank of Joliet. Mr. Munroe has ever been an earnest Republican, taking an unusual interest in clean politics, but has never been an office seeker. In the fall of 1894, when his party tendered him the nomination of State Senator, he gladly accepted the honor and did his part in joining his colleagues in a thorough canvass of the county, every candidate on the Republican ticket receiving unprecedented majori- ties, his own majority being over 2,500, although four years before the Demo- crats had elected their Senator. In the Democratic city of Joliet, where so many laboring men reside, Mr. Munroe's majority was over 1,100. In the Senate he was placed upon the leading committees, and was one of its hardest workers and most efficient members, being the author of a number of important bills, which became laws. All worthy measures received his support. Many of the unfortunates of the State have good reason to remember the hard work of Senator Munroe. It was owing to the tact and persistence of Mr. Munroe that the following institutions were established : The Woman's Relief Corps Home, located at Wilmington ; the Female Prison in Joliet ; the Home for the Incurable Insane located at Peoria, now nearing completion, all these bills having been introduced by him in the Senate. At the end of his term Mr. Munroe declined to be considered as a candidate, feeling that he could not longer neglect his private affairs. 562 ys^Si- 'f 563 WILLIAM P. PEIRCE. Hon. William P. Peirce of Hoopeston, 111.,. was born in Villenova, Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y., March 25, 1830. He is a son of Austin Peirce of New York- State, a man of recognized standing in public affairs and a noted physician and surgeon. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Academy, now the State Normal School at Fredonia, N. Y. He devoted some years to teaching, preceding his study of medicine and surgery, and was finally graduated at the University in the City of New York in the class of 1852. He removed from his native state to Coldwater, near Holly Springs, Miss., where he practiced his profession. At that time the agitation of the slavery question began. Dr. Peirce remained at Coldwater for four years, but in the spring of 1856 he de- cided to leave the south, believing from the intensity and bitterness of feeling then prevailing in the south, that a great collision at arms between the south and the government was imminent in the near future. Being under an un- pleasant espionage by reason of his outspoken Union sentiments, he abandoned his lucrative practice in Mississippi and removed to Lisbon, Kendall Co., 111. On December i8th, 1856, he was married to Mary, eldest daughter of Levi H. Rood of La Salle Co. Dr. Peirce took an active part in the Republican cam- paign of 1856, making many public speeches for Fremont in Northern Illinois. He was even more active and eloquent in the support of Lincoln in 1866, and created a sensation by repeating in northern Illinois the substance of a speech he heard made by Senator Henry S. Foot at Holly Springs, Miss. On the breaking out of the rebellion, Dr. Peirce offered his services as a medical officer, but on learning that three hundred and forty-six applicants were awaiting examination, he at once commenced raising a company, and on the 1 5th day of July, 1861, Company "D," 36th Illinois Volunteers was enrolled and he was commissioned captain. He served in the command of his company until he was appointed Surgeon of the 88th Illinois Infantry, more commonly known as the "2nd Board of Trade Regiment." Later he was selected as a Brigade Surgeon under General William A. Lytle. Dr- Peirce was then de- tailed for service on the Operating Board of the 2nd Division, 4th Army Corps, and served in the sanguinary engagements at Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Resacca, Dallas, Kennesaw Mountain, and Atlanta. He was afterwards chief operating surgeon of the division until the close of the war. During his mil- itary service of four years he was accountable for large quantities of govern- ment property, valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars, yet, at the close of the war, he was in a few weeks able to settle with the Auditor of the Treasury and obtain his receipt in full for every article which had passed through his hands. In 1866 he was elected to represent his county in the State Legislature and served with faithfulness and integrity. Two years later he declined a re-nom- ination. In 1869 he was almost unanimously chosen a delegate to the conven- tion of 1869 and 1870, called to revise the State Constitution. In that body his faithfulness, industry, and skill in debate gave him prominence, and many clauses and sections of that instrument were written by his pen. The questions relating to the power of municipalities to vote aid to, or take stock in rail- road or other corporations, were, after weeks of angry debate, settled by him in a brief speech proposing a separate submission of the question to the people. The "Peirce section," now a part of the State Constitution, denies to all muni- cipalities the right to vote aid for, or make donations to, or become a stockholder in, any railroad or other corporation. His most remarkable public document, as chairman of the committee on Federal Relations, was on the power of a state to limit, or restrict, or deny, by constitutional amendment or otherwise, the power of the State Legislature to act upon proposed amendments to the Consti- tution of the United States. He denied such constitutional authority. 564 / . 565 In 1870 he was elected to the state senate, and took a leading part, serving on the most important committees. Dr. Peirce was recently first vice-presi- dent of the Illinois State Medical Society and chairman of its committee on Surgery, and has written largely on surgical topics. His services have always been called for in political campaigns, and he has gallantly sustained and de- fended the principles and policy of the Republican party. His voice has been heard in several counties of Northern and Eastern Illinois, pressing the claims of the Republican standard bearers from Fremont to McKinley. Dr. Peirce has been twice married. His first marriage was unfruitful. In 1879 he was married to Miss Ella Anderson, and to them were born four sons, William P. Peirce, Jr., June 26, 1880, James Garfield Peirce, Sept. 12, 1881, Gurdon Lamartine Peirce, July 5, 1884, and John Logan Peirce, May 2, 1887. It will be seen from this brief sketch of Dr. Peirce, that he has had an interesting and eventful career. He is a man of great influence in the community in which he lives, a recognized leader in the thought and action of his people. As a Physician, Surgeon, Soldier, and a Stalwart Republican Orator, he stands out in the history of the state of Illinois as an interesting, unique personality. HENRY D. NICHOLLS. No one knows better than the trained politician how valuable to his organ- ization and to the successful accomplishment of a legislative program is the work of the unostentatious but able committeeman. The saying, "old men for counsel, young men for action," is very true, but in the case of the subject of this sketch it has been reversed. Henry D. Nicholls was a good man for coun- sel, although he was young when he was in politics, but being young, he was also available for action. The valuable services he rendered his state and his party were far-reaching in their effect, and will not soon be forgotten. Mr. Nicholls has been a stalwart Republican all his life, and he served his party well, both in office and out. He came from the land of the Quakers, being born in Phila- delphia, March 13, 1846. His education was received in the high schools of his native city, where he spent his boyhood and youth. The sturdy thrift of his stock required that the children should learn some profitable trade or occu- pation, and accordingly when young Nicholls completed his schooling he at once transferred his energies to the carpenter's bench, to which he devoted himself for several years, and in which he attained a thorough knowledge and proficiency. In 1865, the fever that drew men out into the West almost against their wills took possession of Mr. Nicholls, and he forthwith crossed the plains and spent three years on the frontier. He then returned to Philadelphia and became foreman of Disston & Sons' famous saw manufactory. His technical skill and adaptability kept him in the foremost ranks of the men whose special talents were building up that great business, and in 1872 he was given the responsible charge of establishing a department of the Philadelphia house at Chicago. With characteristic energy Mr. Nicholls devoted his entire time and talent to the successful accomplishment of this project, and in this he succeeded beyond the expectations of the men he represented. Under his careful management the Chicago branch developed into a large and profitable property. Mr. Nich- olls conducted it for eighteen years and only resigned control in 1900 to assume charge of the Cincinnati branch of the same firm. In this new position Mr- Nicholls is meeting with the same success as he won in Chicago, and no doubt will duplicate the good work he did there. Mr. Nicholls' political career has been confined to a term in the Illinois Legislature, to which he was elected on the Republican ticket from the I5th District of Chicago. His work as a member of the 4Oth General Assembly was 566 HENRY D. NICHOLLS. 567 able and valuable, and he gave every indication of taking a place among the notable men of his party. He was especially strong in committee work, and his judgment in important matters was always held in high esteem by party leaders on each side of the house. Personal considerations, however, prevented his remaining in politics, and he accordingly withdrew to private life, where the demands of his growing business were making constantly increasing claims on his time and attention. His retirement from public life has been sincerely regretted by his many friends and political associates. JACOB NEWMAN. Jacob Newman was born November 12, 1853. His parents settled on a farm in Butler County, Ohio, where their son remained with them for some time. He was taught to work, and his experiences were similar to those of other farm lads. He attended the common school of the neighborhood, and laid the foundation for an education when he left home to begin life upon his own responsibilities. He had ambition, intelligence and perseverance, qualities of mind and heart which were bound to give him success. He settled at Noblesville, Indiana, where he remained six years. In 1867 he removed to Chicago, where he has made his permanent home. By careful study he prepared himself for college, and by industry and economy he was able to accumulate the expenses of a collegiate course. He entered the Uni- versity of Chicago and was a diligent student. He added to his limited means by earnings made outside of school hours, and graduated with honor with the class of 1873. Mr. Newman, after the usual examination for the bar, was licensed to' practice law by the Supreme Court of Illinois. He formed a partnership with Judge Graham, and the firm of Graham and Newman soon became well known in Chicago, and had a successful business career. Some years later Judge 1 Graham left Chicago and removed to the far West, Mr. Newman succeeding to the law business of the firm upon the dissolution of the partnership. He was able, by diligence in his profession and by the confidence he had secured amongst his clients, to retain his old clientage and add materially to it. In 1881 Mr. Newman formed a partnership with Adolph Moses, Esq., one of the most prominent and successful lawyers in the city. The firm of Moses & Newman had a highly successful career and continued for nine years. Mr. Newman is an all round lawyer ; it may be well said that he is a specialist in all its branches. In the preparation of his cases for the court and for trial, he is untiring in covering every important and available point for success ; he is a splendid trial lawyer. Mr. Newman has been identified with many im- portant cases in Chicago. His identification with the Chicago Gas Trust liti- gation attracted wide attention. Mr. Newman is a gentleman of agreeable presence, engaging manners, and has a wide circle of frieinds and acquaintances. In politics Mr. Newman is a staunch Republican, has a full knowledge of the principles and achievements of the party, and gives the party and its candidates his unfailing support from' a high sense of public duty. He is a member of the Union League Club, Chi- cago Historical Society, and other organizations of the city. He is also a member of the Masonic Fraternity. Jacob Newman was married May 30, 1888, to Miss Minnie Goodman, daughter of Hugo Goodman, one of the early and substantial settlers of Chi- cago. Mrs. Newman is a lady of intelligence and education, and makes the home of her husband an agreeable place for their wide circle of friends. 568 569 FERDINAND W. PECK. The old Peck homestead was located in the very heart of the present city of Chicago, where the endless tides of trade and commerce ebb and flow and where human achievements will roll on until the end of time. Here in the city of his birth and where he is known the best, are laid the scenes of his great- est triumphs and are found the fruition of his brightest hopes. He was born in 1848 at the old homestead, and received his education in the city schools. He early began a business career, and from that time to the present has been con- stantly identified with the wonderful growth of the city and the earnest pro- moter of enterprises having for their object the commercial supremacy of this great inland city. His alert and receptive faculties, his enthusiasm for local public enterprises, his invincible integrity and his high character and conspicu- ous ability contribute to make him one of the foremost citizens of Chicago. It would be difficult to enumerate the benefits which have resulted from his enterprise and public spirit. Few parts of the city have escaped his watchful attention and earnest care. He has contributed immensely to the beauty and advancement of the city, and many great enterprises remain monuments to his courage and genius. Among them is the Auditorium Building, which was con- ceived and carried to completion by Mr. Peck. The structure is owned by a corporation, of which he is president, and contains the largest and most noted opera house in the world. He was for four years a member of the Board of Education and vice-president of that body. He was vice-president of the Co- lumbian Exposition and not a little of its splendid success was due to his efforts and intelligence. He was a member of the commission sent to Europe by the government in the interests of the exposition in 1891. He was the main support of the movement which culminated in the erection of the splendid monument over the graves of the Confederate soldiers buried here. In many other ways he has been connected with the large commercial and public move- ments of Chicago, and now stands before the world and before the people of this western metropolis as one of its most representative and public spirited citizens. He is unostentatious and wholly approachable by persons of all stations, is democratic and sympathetic in heart, is exceedingly fair, frank and just, and blessed with a personality that sparkles and charms and casts a glow of welcome upon all who approach him. He has been heard to say a hundred times that he respects infinitely more a man who attains position through merit than through riches. He possesses wonderful energy and unquailing deter- mination and nothing within the range of human possibility seems to daunt him in the least when once he prepares his plan to act. He is eminently fitted for the responsible position which he now fills- He never has been a candidate for office, and was not for that of Commissioner General to the Paris Exposi- tion of 1900. The office came to him as a recognition of his distinguished abili- ties from President McKinley. The labor which fie performed in preparing the exhibit of the United States at the exhibition was enormous, but it was con- ducted with such excellent taste and with such a close observance of individual claims and rights that not a ripple was caused in the preparation for the great show. It is safe to say that the United States was well taken care of at Paris in 1900. Mr. Peck is the head of a most happy family, having a wife, four sons and two daughters. 570 \ 571 MAX PAM. Max Pam, of Chicago, Illinois, was born in the Empire of Austria, July 16, 1865. He came to this country with his parents when two years old. He received his preliminary education in the free schools of Chicago, and upon his graduation from the high school, he took up a collegiate course of study, and while prosecuting this, entered upon the study of law in the office of Adolph Moses. He was admitted to the Illinois bar by the Supreme Court of Illinois at the age of twenty-one years. Adolph Moses, having an apprecia- tion of the legal ability of Mr. Pam, invited him to a partnership, and the firm of Moses, Pam & Kennedy was established in 1889, and continued for eight years, at which time Mr. Pam associated himself with Charles H. Donnelly, under the firm name of Pam & Donnelly. Later on Edward T. Glennan, Harry Boyd, Albert E. Dacey, and Hugo Pam were admitted to the firm, which con- tinued for two years, under the title of Pam, Donnelly & Glennan, when Mr. Donnelly was elected to the circuit bench and withdrew from the firm, where- upon William J. Calhoun entered the firm, which is now known as Pam, Cal- houn & Glennan. Mr. Pam is now but thirty-five years of age, and yet is at the head of one of the most able and successful law firms in the city of Chicago. Mr. Pam is an active practitioner ; he is a safe counsellor, thoroughly pre- pares his cases, and as a trial lawyer has few equals in the West. Among his clients are many of the largest railroads and other corporations of the coun- try, amongst these being the American Steel & Wire Company, Federal Steel Company, American Bonding and Trust Company of Baltimore, Maryland Casualty Company, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad Company, N. Y- C. & St. L. Railroad Company (Nickel Plate), Omaha & St. Louis Railroad Company, Omaha, Kansas City & Eastern Railroad Company, Kansas City & Omaha Connecting Railroad Com- pany, and reorganized Kansas City, Pittsburg & Gulf Railroad Company, Dav- enport, Rock Island & Northwestern Railroad Company. In politics Mr. Pam is a thorough Republican. He adheres to the politi- cal organization, not for the purpose of seeking office, but for the maintenance of the principles of the party. He is a member of the Hamilton Club and several other social and professional clubs of the city. While he is a genial man by nature, and always an agreeable associate, his profession has so strong a hold upon him that he cannot properly be called a club man. JAMES H. PADDOCK. James H. Paddock was born May 29, 1850, in Lockport, Illinois ; his parents were old settlers in the State. His father, Col John W. Paddock, was an able and prominent lawyer prior to the Civil War ; he practiced in the courts of Kankakee, Will and Iroquois Counties. In 1862 he raised the ii3th Regi- ment of Illinois Volunteers and was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel ; he performed gallant and meritorious services with his regiment. He was in the great campaign and siege of Vicksburg, during which service he was much ex- posed and contraced a serious sickness. After the capture of that great stronghold Col. Paddock was treated in the hospital at Memphis, Tenn., where he died, in August, 1863. For five years after the death of his father, James H. Paddock spent much of his time on the farm of his uncle, Harvey Warner, in Wesley Township, Will County. Mr. Paddock received a common school education. At the age of fifteen he was appointed page in the Illinois State Senate. This event, small in itself, undoubtedly gave direction to and greatly influenced 572 573 his after life. He was a fine looking boy, with pleasing address, attentive to his duties and accommodating, and he made many friends. In 1869 he was made Assistant Postmaster of the Senate. From this time forward his ad- vancement was constant and rapid. Few men in the history of the State have been so closely and continuously identified with that important branch of the Legislature. In 1859 Mr. Paddock was elected Assistant Secretary of the Senate; he held the position until the close of the session of 1875. I" l &77 he was chosen Secretary of the Senate, and was re-elected in 1879 and 1881. In 1895 he was again elected Secretary of the Senate and re-elected in 1897 and 1899. After his experience with the legislative branch of the government, he was appointed Chief deck in the office of the Secretary of State in 1881, and held that position until 1889, when he was appointed Secretary of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission ; he performed the duties of this office for four years. In 1893 Mr. Paddock was appointed by Governor Altgeld as a member of the State Board of Live Stock Commissioners, as the Republican represen- tative on the board. He held this position during Governor Altgeld's term of office. When Governor Tanner took the executive office he reappointed Mr- Paddock on the board, and in 1897 he was made chairman, which position he now holds. In all the varied positions occupied by James H. Paddock he has shown remarkable aptitude for public affairs ; he is a man of fine judgment and splendid executive ability. He has a very wide circle of acquaintances, and is probably as well known as any man in the State. His success in public life shows that he is popular, capable and efficient. In 1873 Mr. Paddock married Mary L. Crawford, of Kankakee. They have two children, a son, Harry W. Paddock, and a daughter, Frances C. Paddock. CHARLES S. RANNELLS. The life of Charles S. Rannells, chairman of the Republican State Commit- tee, is in some respects a very interesting one. It is a life that exemplifies all those qualities which form the character of the self-made man, and as such, it conveys its own lesson to everyone who may read it, and this article will com- mend itself to all as an honest, if imperfect, attempt, to tell something of the career of one who, under all circumstances, has striven conscientiously to do his whole duty, and in so doing has reached a high degree of success- Like many others who have made a success of life, Mr. Rannells was born and reared on a farm, his birth occurring in Morgan County, Illinois, December 5, 1857. After receiving a good practical education in the common schools he entered the Il- linois College at Jacksonville and graduated from that institution in June, 1879. Nor did he leave the farm at this juncture, but returned to it and has since been actively engaged in tilling the soil and in cattle feeding. His active pursuits on the farm did not cause him to lose sight of his duties as a citizen, and several times he was a member of Morgan County Republican Committee. In 1894-96-98 he was elected to the State Committee from the i6th Congressional District, and in 1894 was appointed by Chairman Tanner a mem- ber of the Executive Committee and Chairman of the Finance Committee. In the year 1896 he was appointed chairman of the Executive Committee by Chairman Hitch, and in 1898 was elected chairman of the Republican State Committee. The year previous to the last named date he was appointed a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Committee by Gov. John R. Tanner. With a clear and well trained mind, qualified by nature and improved by culture to a high degree of susceptibility, Mr. Rannells will still continue to meet the cordial approbation of those with whom he has business relations, and will en- large the already wide circle of his acquaintances and will occupy even a larger place and gain a firmer hold upon the public confidence and esteem. 574 575 GEORGE C. RANKIN. Was born in Monmouth, 111., and was there reared and educated, finishing at Monmouth College, from which institution he was duly graduated with honor. His literary ability was shown while he was in the college, and he be- came the poet of his class and the editor of the college paper. He joined the Beta Theta Pi Society and was chosen editor of the national magazine issued by that organization, and a little later was elected general secretary of that fra- ternity in the United States. Like his father, Col. Rankin has ever been a staunch Republican, and has taken great pride on all proper occasions to show his fealty to that organization. His father was a personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. Colonel Rankin was scarcely out of college when he began to take an active part in politics, and in many ways exhibited his devotion to his party. Several times at the State Republican Conventions he served as one of the secretaries, and on these occasions still further enhanced his reputation as a worker in the Republican ranks. He held the position of City Clerk of Monmouth for two terms- A little later he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Warren County and was re-elected twice, serving in all eleven years, each succeeding election giving him a larger majority than before, the last giving him 300 votes ahead of his ticket. He served as secretary of the Association of Circuit Clerks of Illinois, until he resigned the Circuit Court Clerkship to accept the postmas- tership of Monmouth tendered him by President Harrison in 1891. In June, 1895, he was a delegate from the State of Illinois to the National Convention of Republican League Clubs at Cleveland, O. In 1896 he was one of the leading- candidates for the Republican nomination for Secretary of State of Illinois, re- ceiving 273 votes in the state convention. From an early stage in his career he has been connected with the press of the State. He served as correspondent of the Chicago Journal, Tribune, Inter- Ocean, and Times, the St. Louis Globe-Democrat and the New York Herald. He was for four years a member of the executive committee of the National Editorial Association, and was a delegate to the conventions of that organiza- tion held at San Francisco, Chicago and Asbury Park, N. J. The honorary position of Assistant Adjutant General of Illinois, carrying with it the rank of Colonel, was held by him for four years. He was a delegate from this State to the National Convention of the National Guard officers convened at Washing- ton in 1890. He has been secretary of the Warren County Agricultural Society for twenty-three years, and is the present Treasurer of the Business Men's As- sociation of Monmouth. He is also secretary of the Twilight Club, the famous social organization of Monmouth. For several years he has been a member of the Grand Lodge of the State I. O. O. F., and is one of the directors of the I. O. O- F. Orphans' Home. In 1896 he was elected Grand Master of the 75,000 Odd Fellows and Rebekahs of Illinois. He was a member of the World's Fair Committee, and was on the staff of Grand Sire Underwood. He is treasurer of Lodge No. 160 and a mem- ber of the Rebekah and Encampment Lodges and commandant of Canton No. 25. He is also a member of Monmouth Blue Lodge, Warren Chapter, Gales- burg Commandery, Medinah Temple of Chicago, the Knights of Pythias, Mu- tual Aid, Home Forum, etc. He is editor of the Monmouth Republican-Atlas, and president of the Illinois Bankers Life Association of Illinois. He was elected to the 41 st General Assembly of Illinois in November, 1898. and was chairman of the committee on Military Affairs, and member of the committees on appropriations, canals, education, finance, fish and game, print- ing, public charities and state and county fairs. He was also member of the joint conference committee on the omnibus bill and on the appropriations for the charitable institutions. 576 577 LYMAN BEECHER RAY. Lyman Beecher Ray of Morris, Gruncly County, 111., was born August 17, 1831, at Hinesburgh, Vermont. His parents, John Ray, and Annis Beecher Ray were people of high standing; and were descendants of pioneer settlers in Vermont. Lyman was raised on a farm, and was taught the handicraft of that avocation. He received a good English education in the district schools of Vermont, and the village academy. He taught school several winters, and had an experience of one year as merchant's clerk. Upon reaching his majority in 1852, he came to Illinois and settled in Kane County, where he secured em- ployment in a general store. He continued in this employment for about three years, when he removed in 1855 to the town of Morris, his present home; here he engaged in the mercantile business on his own account- Mr. Ray was a successful merchant, he carried on his business as a merchant in the town of Morris for 33 years, retiring from trade in 1888. Mr. Ray was not content to confine his entire energies to the hum-drum career of a merchant in pursuit of wealth ; at an early age he decided to perform his full duty as a citizen in respect to the political affairs of his County and State. In 1856 he identified himself with the great movement in Illinois in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He was one of the men who organized the Re- publican Party in Grundy County in 1856. In that memorable canvass Mr. Ray gave earnest support to Gen. Fremont for President and Col. William H. Bissell for Governor. He also took an active part in the Douglas-Lincoln campaign of 1858, and in 1860 he was an earnest supporter of Abraham Lincoln for President, and Richard Yates for Governor. Mr. Ray became a well known and popular man in his County; he has been habitually selected as a delegate to Republican State Conventions during the past thirty years. In 1872 Mr. Ray was nom- inated as a Republican Candidate for the Legislature, and was elected. He served during the sessions of 1873 and 1874. In 1882 he was elected to the State Senate, and served with great credit for four years. But still higher po- litical honors were awaiting him ; in 1888 Mr. Ray was nominated by the Repub- ilcan State Convention of Illinois as a candidate for Lieutenant Governor, and was elected with a great majority on the ticket with Governor Fifer. Governor Ray performed the duties of this office with ability and dignity; as a presiding officer of the Senate he gave entire satisfaction to his colleagues and upon re- tiring from the office left a record of which any man might be proud- Gov- ernor Ray was re-nominated to the office of Lieutenant Governor by the Re- publican State Convention in 1892, on the ticket with Hon. Joseph W. Fifer, who was nominated for Governor. The Democrats carried the State of Illinois that year and elected Governor Altgeld. Mr. Ray was a conspicuous figure in the Republican State Convention of 1880. He was a member of the Senate in 1885, during the memorable contest over the United States Senatorship, and was one of the 103 members who voted for and elected Gen. Logan to the Senate. He presided over the State Senate in 1891 when Gen. John M. Palmer was elected to the United States Senate. Gov. Ray was President of the "State League of Republican Clubs" of Illinois in 1894. He was also a member of the National Convention of Republican League Clubs and was a member of the Committee on Resolutions. There was a strong disposition in the Committee to report a resolution in favor of the free and unlimited coinage of silver. Gov. Ray's strong opposition to this movement influenced the committee against making such a declaration. Gov. Ray is a member of the Hamilton Club of Chicago. He was married December 20, 1858, to Julia N- Reading, daughter of Judge James N. Reading. Gov. and Mrs. Ray have but one child, Julia E., now the wife of Clifton W. Jordan, of Joliet, Illinois. 578 579 C. W. RAYMOND. Judge C. W. Raymond, of Watseka, 111., one of the most eminent lawyers and distinguished politicians of the State, was born in Dubuque, la., but when a boy was brought to Onarga, 111. by his mother. There he was educated at the public schools, finishing at Grand Prairie Seminary and with a short course at Wabash College. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War his father, William M. Raymond, took an active interest in the Federal cause, assisted in raising volun- teers for the field and became captain of Company C, Fifty-second Indiana Vol- unteer Infantry, in which capacity He did his country invaluable and gallant serv- ice, finally losing his life at the battle of Nashville. While securing his educa- tion the subject taught school in the country districts, worked upon a farm and in the flax mill to secure funds to enable him to continue his studies. In 1878 he came to Watseka and began to interest himself in politics, and soon thereafter secured the position of deputy county clerk, and still later was appointed deputy circuit clerk of Iroquois County, serving to the entire satis- faction of his constituents. While thus engaged he diligently pursued the study of law, of which profession he had determined to become a member, and in 1886 was duly admitted to the bar of the State, and since that time has actively and very successfully practiced this profession- After beginning the practice it was not long before he could easily hold his own with the best lawyers in this por- tion of the State. This fact brought him a great increase in clientage and a corresponding increase in his income and in his popularity and influence. He continued to take great interest in politics and became known as one of the most active and uncompromising Republicans in the State. His recognized ability as a lawyer and his skill as a politician secured for him the position of Master in Chancery for four years. Succeeding this he was still further hon- ored by his selection for the responsible post of judge, in which capacity he served for four years, a portion of the time holding court in Chicago for Judge Carter. He was now recognized by the bar of the State as one of the most incorruptible and able jurists in the West. His practice still further increased, many very important cases coming to his management. In 1890 he was the attorney for Hon. John L. Hamilton before the legislature of Illinois, whose seat was con- tested by H. A. Butzow, the Democratic candidate. After long, vigorous and trying contest, during which the highest legal talent and sagacity were dis- played on both sides, Mr. Hamilton was triumphantly seated. It will be recol- lected that this was the memorable time when many seats were contested be- fore the legislature, and the highest legal talent in the State was called into service. In nearly all the contested cases Mr. Raymond was consulted and was obliged to remain at Springfield until all were disposed of. In the severe and protracted litigation over funds received but not accounted for by certain County officers he was employed by the county and succeeded in winning a sig- nal victory. His practice is now very large and is of the very best character. It may be said that he is on one side or the other in nearly all the important cases in his county, and is consulted in many outside cases from which not a lit- tle of his income comes- He is thus intimately connected with the jurispru- dence of Eastern Illinois and is ranked as one of the most capable lawyers in the State. He served as vice-president of the State Bar Association when Lyman Trumbull was president, and has taken a lively interest in its affairs. He has been active in politics, serving his congressional district one term on the State Central Committee, and was president of the State Republican League for two years. He has made many addresses on public questions in this and adjoining States, and was one of the leaders in the fight for McKinley instructions in Illi- nois in 1896. He declined the position of Civil Service Commissioner ten- dered him by President McKinley, preferring to practice his profession. He is a bachelor, a member of the Illinois division of the Loyal Legion, Sons of the American Revolution and of the Marquette and Hamilton Clubs of Chicago. 580 (L &L^f / IA^*-<4~<4>-^i~> 581 JOHN F. RECTOR. The father of subject, Abraham Rector, was a native of Albany, N. Y., born April 12, 1809. He was drowned at sea off Sacramento, California, by the wreck of the schooner, Bunea Day, on which he was a passenger, February u, 1851. His wife, formerly Miss Joannah Cadwell, was born at Janesville, N. Y., November 7, 1810, and died at Cairo, 111., December 28, 1887. Her second hus- band was Robert Thompson, whom she married at Rising Sun, Ind., in 1857. Little is known of subject's paternal ancestry beyond the fact that his grand- father, John Rector, came from Leipsig, Germany, about 1790. The maternal great grand-father was Milton Cotton, a soldier of the Revolution, who was with Washington's command when the latter reached West Point just after Arnold's treason was discovered- Family tradition says that he witnessed the execution of Major Andre. The maternal grandmother, Clarissa Cotton-Cadwell, was born at Rutland, Vt., in 1787, and died at Canton, Ind., in 1879. The maternal great grandfather was Able Cadwell, of Massachusetts, who died near Syracuse, N. Y., in August, 1840. The maternal grandfather was Matthew Cadwell who died in 1847, aged sixty-two years. The Cottons trace their genealogy direct to the famous Cotton Mather. John F. Rector attended the common schools at Rising Sun, Ind., four winters only, having to leave at the age of twelve to assist in the support of his mother, two sisters and a younger brother. He learned to set type in a print- ing office, clerked in a store, etc. Notwithstanding this he managed, through the gentle influence of his mother, to acquire a fair education in the English branches. Born January i, 1842. he was fourteen years old when he was taken by his step-father to a farm near Golconda, 111. Here he experienced very hard work that robbed boyhood of much of its charms. At the breaking out of the Rebellion he enlisted with his mother's consent, but against that of his step- father. He became a private in Company F, Twenty-ninth Illinois Infantry at Camp Butler in July, 1861. On January i, 1864, he veteranized. He par- ticipated in many arduous marches, bloody battles and exhausting campaigns, and was mustered out at Springfield November 30, 1865- He fought at Fort Henry, at Fort Donelson (where he received a gunshot wound through the hand), Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, siege of Corinth, last great battle of Cor- inth ; was captured by VanDorn at Holly Springs, Miss., and paroled, was ex- changed and served in part of siege of Vicksburg, siege and capture of Mobile and the campaign in Texas, was promoted through all grades, becoming Second Lieutenant in September, 1864, and near the close of the war was commissioned captain, coming home in command of his company. He served on the staffs of Generals Brayman, Lawler and Mower ; served as Assistant Provost Marshal at Natchez and Millican, Tex., receiving at the latter place tons of munitions of war and the paroles of many of Kirby Smith's disbanded troops in the summer of 1865. His whole military career was characterized by steady persistence, gal- lantry in action and pronounced loyalty to the Federal cause. After the war he engaged in farming; was married on February 2, 1868, to Miss N. E. Bozman, of Allen Springs, 111., a descendant of the Pryor family of Kentucky, born near Golconda, 111., September i, 1845; moved to Anna, thence to Cairo in 1870, where he went to work as a printer. After eight years his eye- sight failed, when he clerked for several years in dry-goods stores. He then re- sumed newspaper work, and for eight years was editor of the Cairo Daily Tele- gram, serving at the same time as correspondent of half a dozen metropolitan newspapers. He served four years as surveyor of customs at Cairo under ap- pointment of President Harrison in 1890- In 1894 was elected County Clerk by an immense majority, but resigned the office in February, 1898, to become Postmaster at Cairo by appointment of President McKinley. His first connec- tion with the Republican party was in a boys' marching club during the Fremont 582 583 campaign in 1856. Since that time he has been a member of the Republican party. He has served as a member of the County Central Committee for twenty years, was chairman for four years. Is a member of Warren Stewart Post G. A. R-, is an Odd Fellow and member of the Military Order the Loyal Legion. He s a Universalist. His children are Susan J. and John F. Jr. WILLIAM BARRET RIDGELY. William Barret Ridgely was born July 19, 1858, in Springfield, 111. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers in America, he being directly de- scended from Richard Warren, who came over on the Mayflower, and Simon Huntington, who sailed with the first expedition to Connecticut, but died at sea, leaving a widow and nine sons, who were the founders of the well known family of the name. The Ridgely s settled in Maryland and Delaware in the i/th cen- tury, and the Barrets, his mother's ancestors, were members of the original Lon- don Company, who sent the colonists to Virginia, settling there as early as 1660. Mr. Ridgely's grandfather, Nicholas H. Ridgely, came West from Balti- more in 1824, and entered the United States Bank of St. Louis. He remained in that city some time, and finally removed to Springfield, 111., where he opened a private bank. Mr. Ridgely conducted his business as a banker with so much skill and prudence that whatever depression or panic might occur in the general business of the country, the Ridgely Bank maintained an unshaken credit. When the National Banking law was enacted this private bank was converted into a National Bank and has continued so ever since. The family have been engaged continuously in banking since that date, Mr. Ridgely being the third generation who have been officers of the Ridgely National Bank at Springfield, 111. His father, Charles Ridgely, grew up in the bank, and became one of the best known and most successful business men in Central Illinois. As a banker his standing was not excelled, and he instilled into the minds of his sons the importance of thoroughly qualifying themselves for business. The Ridgely Bank was one oT the Illinois Banks which, in April, 1861, made the generous offer to Governor Yates of a loan of $600,000 to the State at the beginning of the war. Charles Ridgely married Jane M. Barret, the mother of William Barret Ridgely. William received his early education in Springfield, but later went to the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, at Troy, N. Y. He was a close and success- ful student, graduating in 1879, with a degree of Civil Engineer. This careful training laid the foundation for his great success in the management of large manufacturing and mining industries. Having finished his education, Mr. Ridgely entered at once into an active business career. He became manager of the Springfield Iron Co., a large manufacturing enterprise, which has been in successful operation for a number of years, and added very much to the pros- perity and business activity of Springfield. These works were finally consol- idated with the Republic Iron and Steel Co., and Mr. Ridgely was appointed Manager of the Northwestern District, with headquarters in Chicago. His broad experience in the former company, and his marked ability for executive administration won for him the respect of his associates, and their confidence in his judgment. Mr. Ridgely first became actively interested in politics in 1888. He organized protective tariff clubs, and participated with enthusiasm in the campaign. Since 1892 he has been an active worker on the Sangamon County Republican Com- mittee, taking part in the campaign which resulted in Sangamon County being carried by the entire Republican ticket for the first time in its history. Mr. Ridgely is Secretary of the Illinois Republican League, having held this posi- tion since 1896. In May, 1897, he was appointed Postmaster of Springfield, 111. He held this position two years, resigning to become the District Manager of the Republic Iron and Steel Co. 584 585 Mr. Ridgely had an extended experience in connection with the military es- tablishment of the State. He served five years in the Illinois National Guard, and was for three, years Lieutenant of the Governor's Guard at the State Capitol. He was also two years on the staff of Brig. General Reese ; in all of these posi- tions he performed his duties with intelligence and fidelity. He was married October 24, 1882, to Ella Cullom, daughter of Hon. Shelby M. Cullom, now United States Senator from Illinois. Mr. Ridgely is a member of the Sangamon Club of Springfield, the University and Technical Clubs of Chi- cago, the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. THOMAS J. ROBINSON. This gentleman, so well known in Rock Island and elsewhere for many years, but who passed from life recently after a long, honorable and active career, was born in the town of Hope, now App'eton, Maine, July 28, 1818- His par- ents were John and Polly (Dillaway) Robinson, both of whom were also natives of the State of Maine. At the age of twenty years, or in 1838, Thomas J. Robin- son came west to Whitehall, Greene County, Illinois, but remained only two years, returning to the State of Maine. Five years later he again came to this State via the chain of great lakes, Chicago, Joliet, LaSalle and the Illinois River, and for two years was en- gaged in teaching school in the vicinity of Whitehall. Succeeding this he found employment for four or five years as a deputy in the offices of the County Treasurer and County Clerk of Greene County. About this time he purchased a farm on Rock River near the present town of Hillsdale, and after farming upon the same for two years he moved to Port Byron and engaged in merchandising and milling. He continued at these occupations until 1853, when he removed to Rock Island and assumed charge of the ferry between that city and Davenport, Iowa, and continued operating it until his death in 1899, either in the capacity of Master of the boat or President of the company. He became widely known in this occupation, an old and faithful landmark that will be greatly missed. But his active business operations were not confined to the manage- ment of the ferry. He engaged in other pursuits among which were the follow- ing Rock Island enterprises : A glass company, a quilt manufacturing com- pany, a street car company and a watch company. All these various organiza- tions gave him abundant opportunity for the exercise of his excellent capacity for business. They were not all assumed at once, but were taken on as the years rolled round and his varied business opportunities suggested the wisdom of such a course. In 1871 he was one of the leaders in the movement which led to the organization of the Rock Island National Bank, taking a large block of its stock and becoming its president, which office he field for many years and until the time of his death. His prominence in business, his strict probity, his urbanity and fair dealing under all circumstances made him one of the most prominent arid influential characters in this part of the State. In his earlier years he took an active part in politics and was one of the strongest of the advocates of anti-slavery principles in his section of the State. He was originally a Whig, and following the same tendency he became a Re- publican upon the organization of that party, in the ranks of which he was ever after to be found. He never lost his interest in politics, but his numerous bus- iness occupations so engaged his time in later years that he was unable to take an active interest in public affairs. He chose the Whig and the Republican par- ties because of his avowed hostility to the aggressions of slavery. He did much during the war to facilitate the enlistment of volunteers for the Federal service and in other ways to advance the cause of the Union. As chairman of the board of supervisors during the war he did everything in his power to influence the county to a course of liberality toward the raising of money and the procurement 586 p*,. 587 of supplies to aid the troops. As Rock Island was a central point of great im- portance to the army, these efforts were of great usefulness in encouraging en- listments and in discouraging the action of the copperheads. Beginning in 1849 he served two terms as associate justice of the county- He served as delegate to several conventions of his party, was a member of the Methodist church, a Mason, becoming a Knight Templar, Everts Commandery, No. 18. MORRIS ROSENFIELD. Among the many foreigners who Have attained distinction and amassed a competence in this country is the subject of this sketch. He was born in Mueh- ringen, Germany, December 18, 1841, and is the son of Jacob and Ellen Rosen- field, respected citizens of that country. He passed his youth in the usual fashion of boys of that country, and after completing his education in the high school of his native town at the age of sixteen years he found himself at liberty to go where he wished, his time after that date being his own. He was not satisfied with the opportunities afforded young men in his native country, and at last con- cluded to cross the ocean to the United States in the hopes of bettering his con- dition. He landed at New York with scarcely a penny to his name, and came west to Rock Island receiving some assistance from his uncles, Joseph and Mayer, who were engaged in the wholesale hardware business in Rock Island. They gave him employment for a considerable length of time as an errand boy and assistant in their store. In the meantime he continued his studies, much of the time at night, taking up the mastery of English and paying particular atten- tion to the form of government under which he had come to live and form a part. In this way he soon understood English as well and even better than many of the natives, and had become familiar with the fundamental principles of the government, having thoroughly studied the Constitutions of the United States and of the State of Illinois. He made himself so useful to the firm of his uncles that after a few years he was taken into the partnership. He was industrious, honest, intelligent and faithful to every trust, and ad- vanced rapidly in the confidence of his business associates. Before long, believ- ing he saw better chances in other directions, he sold his interest in the store and purchased a small wagon and blacksmith repair shop at Moline, 111., and en- tered into partnership with J. A. First under the firm name of First & Rosen- field. They began the maufacture of wagons on a small scale, having at the start only two men employed in the works ; but with all the energy of which he was capable and with a fixed determination to succeed he set diligently to work un- der many discouragements to build up the factory and to realize something on the little capital he had managed to save. The firm thrived, and in the early seventies he bought Mr. First's interest, and took into the partnership Charles A. Benson and changed the name of the establishment to The Moline Wagon Company. Thus they continued until Mr. Benson's death in 1885, after which Mr. Rosenfield continued alone. He steadily increased and expanded the busi- ness, adding this and eliminating that, until it stands today as a splendid monu- ment to his industry, integrity and executive ability, employing 500 men. He became identified with other branches of business, was vice-president of the First National Bank of Moline, besides being a director and stockholder in many other industrial enterprises. He was, of course, president of the Moline Wagon Company which he had built up and made so successful. From the commencement of his interest in the public affairs of this coun- try he affiliated himself with the Republican party, to which he remained faithful during the balance of his eventful life. He was not an aspirant for political favors, preferring to aid in piloting the party craft to its destined harbor and cargo. However, he served as delegate to the Republican National Convention which nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency, and also to the conven- 588 589 tion which nominated Benjamin Harrison for the second term. For a number of years he served as chairman of the Rock Island County Republican Club. He was an ardent member of the Masonic order and a charter member of the local chapter. He was married November 12, 1874, to Miss Julia E. Ottenheimer of Cincinnati, Ohio. In August, 1895, he was taken seriously ill and was advised to go abroad. There he suffered a relapse and died Jan. 25, 1899, in Germany. LEONARD F. ROSS. The father of subject was Ossian M. Ross, a native of Duchess County, N. Y., and the mother Miss Mary Winans a native of New Jersey. They came to Illinois in 1820, and to Fulton County in 1821, the father engaging in farming and trading with the Indians. He became proprietor of Lewiston, and of Havana on the river ten miles distant. He had been a soldier in the war of 1812, and his grandfather, Capt. Thomas Lee, in the Revolutionary War in sev- eral New York organizations. In 1829 Ossian M. Ross removed from Lewis- town to Havana, where he engaged extensively in farming, stock raising and merchandising. He also kept hotel and operated a ferry across the Illinois River, and so continued until his death in January, 1837. Leonard F. Ross assisted his father in the various occupations mentioned until the latter's death, and the succeeding four years attended the common schools of the county, and finally spent one year at Illinois College, Jacksonville. He then read law with Davidson & Kellogg, Canton, and was admitted to the bar in December, 1844. I" ^45 ne began practicing, and in November of the same year married Miss Catherine M. Simms, daughter of Col. R. C. Simms of Lewis- town. In May, 1846, he enlisted as a private in Company K, Fourth Regirnent Illinois Volunteers, commanded by Col. E. D. Baker, for the Mexican War, went to the front, and on September 4, 1846, was promoted to the First Lieutenantcy of his company. He commanded his company at the investment and capture of Vera Cruz in March, 1847, and at the battle of Cerro Gordo three weeks later. In January, 1847, ne wa . s the bearer of important dispatches from General Scott to Generals Taylor and Paterson, and with an escort of twenty men traversed the enemy's country from Matamoras to Victoria, a distance of 300 miles, cov- ering the distance in less than six days. He commanded the body-guard of Gen. Shields and Col. Baker and Maj. Harris while they made the dangerous recon- noissance of the enemy's lines immediately before the battle of Cerro Gordo. In June, 1847, ne was discharged and came home. In August, 1847, ne was elected ProHate Justice of Fulton County for two years, and was then elected, without opposition, County Clerk for four years- Before his term expired he began farming and stock raising south of Lewistown, and was also interested in a mercantile establishment at Ipava, 111. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore in 1852, and to the same^aTOncThnati in 1856, working at both Conventions in the interest of Stephen A. Douglas. He was present at the Baltimore convention of 1860, but was not a delegate, and on this occasion many Southern statesmen declared to him that "if either Lincoln or Douglas should be elected he would have to make his way to the White House through seas of blood, sah ! seas of blood, sah !" whereupon he replied, "Whoever is fairly elected must be the President if he does have to go through 'seas of blood.' " When the Rebellion broke out lie raised a company at Lewistown and tendered it to the Government. It became Company H, of the Seventeenth Regiment, and when that regiment was organized he was elected Colonel. He at once prepared it for service, and was the first Douglas Democrat to take com- mand of a regiment of Illinois soldiers. During 1861 he served mainly in Ken- tucky arid Missouri; in 1862 in West Tennessee and Northern Mississippi, and in 1863 in Arkansas and Mississippi. His record is a part of the record of his regiment. After the surrender of Vicksburg and the re-opening of the Missis- sipi River, believing the war to be virtually at an end, he resigned and came 590 u r 591 home to attend to his private business which had suffered greatly in his absence. In 1862 his wife died and he married again to Miss Mary E. Warren of Monroe- ville, O. In March, 1866^ he settled on a farm near Avon, 111., and for sixteen years devoted himself to farming, stock raising and dairying. He served as collector of internal revenue for three years, ran as a Repub- lican for Congress in 1868, but was defeated, in 1872 was a delegate to the Na- tional Republican convention at Philadelphia, in 1874 was an independent can- didate for Congress, but was defeated, and was otherwise very prominent in politics. He has given his hearty support to all the Republican candidates for the Presidency from Gen. Grant to McKinley. In 1882 he removed to two farms near Iowa City, la., and engaged extensively in importing and breeding fine stock and dairying. In 1884 he visited England and Scotland to examine the fine herds of that country- He has made four trips to California and in one of them visited Oregon and Washington. In January, 1898, he visited Florida and the Island of Cuba, and while he was in Havana on the I5th of February, the Maine was destroyed. Soon afterwards he visited Mexico, reviewing some of the scenes of the Mexican War. He was the first secretary and afterward the president of the Fulton County Agricultural Society. He was one of the promoters and first president of the Avon Agricultural Society, and while in Iowa was president of the Red Polled Cattle Club of America, for nine years, and served as president of the Johnson County Fine Stock Association. He is a Mason, an Odd Fellow, member of the G. A. R., Society of the Army of the Tennessee, Loyal Legion, Sons of the Revo- lution, and Good Templars. He came from Iowa in 1894 and joined his brother, Hon. Lewis W. Ross, and others in organizing the First National Bank of Lew- istown and served two years as vice-president and president. He has seven children living five sons and two daughters. One son, Frank F., is a soldier in the Philippines, another, Willis W., is in the gold mines of Alaska, and one daughter, Adele, is devoting her life to art. ANDREW RUSSEL. Andrew Russel, the eldest son of William and Emily Gallaher Russel, was born June 17, 1856, in Jacksonville, Morgan County, Illinois, where he received his education in the public schools and at Illinois College. At the age of eighteen, he began his business career as bookkeeper, afterward teller in the Jacksonville National Bank, where he remained until December, 1890, leaving there to become a member of the new banking firm of Dunlap, Russel & Co., which started in business January I, 1891. In 1887, for the first time in the his- tory of the city, the treasurer was chosen by election, Andrew Russel being the successful candidate, which office he has held four times. His grandfather, Doctor Andrew Russel, a surgeon of Glasgow, Scotland, removed with his family to Illinois in 1834. Espousing the cause of the Whigs ; at the formation of the Republican party in 1856, he naturally became one of its founders ; holding so strictly to its political principles to the time of his death, in 1861, that not one of his descendants has ever departed from his teachings. The maternal grandfather, Rev. William Green Gallaher, a Presbyterian min- ister, came to Illinois from Tennessee about 1830. Both grandfathers having always opposed slavery showed their political principles by prominent connection with the Underground Railway. The father, William Russel, one of the oldest and most esteemed citizens of Jacksonville, has, with his sons, lived up to the religious and political principles of the family, being both a Presbyterian and a Republican. The subject of this sketch has been a member of the County Central Com- mittee several times ; Chairman of the City Central Committee ; was candidate for Circuit Clerk in 1888, being defeated by a majority of twenty-three in a strongly Democratic County ; and is the present candidate for State Senator from the Thirty-fourth District. He is also a prominent member of the Independent 592 ' . 593 Order of Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias and Modern Woodmen of America ; one of the trustees of the Jacksonville Public Library and a member of the Art Association. In 1891 Andrew Russel was married to Clara, daughter of Rufus Putman Robbins of Cairo, Illinois. They with their five children reside at present in Jacksonville. For cleanness of life and sterling integrity, both socially and polit- ically, Andrew Russel has never been questioned. WILLIAM RUSSEL. William Russel of Jacksonville, Illinois, is a native of Scotland. He was born in the year 1823 at Whiteclough, in the parish of Crawford-John. He is one of the two surviving sons of the late Dr. Andrew Russel and Agnes Scott Russel. When he was but a few years old the family removed to Rothsay, on the beautiful and picturesque Isle of Butte, where they lived until their removal, in 1834, to the United States- In those early days the trip across the Atlantic Ocean was not what it is to-day on the splendid steamships that cross the ocean in a week. Dr. Russel and his family made the trip across the Atlantic in a sailing vessel- They came West by canal boat and stage, and at the end of a slow and tedious journey arrived in Morgan County, and settled about ten miles southeast of Jacksonville, where the doctor entered a large tract of land and pursued the business of farming. This land, well improved, remained in the possession of the family until a recent date. Dr. Russel was a man of fine education, had graduated at the medical college of Edinburgh and began his professional career as a surgeon in the British Army, after which he prac- ticed medicine and surgery in Glasgow, Scotland, in partnership with Dr. Burns, a member of the Burns family, founders of the Cunard Steamship line. On coming to this country, Dr. Russel gave up the practice of medicine on ac- count of ill health and turned his attention to farming. He was a public spir- ited man, anxious to see the country developed. He was one of the large original stockholders of the Jacksonville, Alton & St. Louis Railroad, now the Chicago & Alton Railroad. In politics he was a Whig. He was an anti- slavery man, and was in sympathy with what was known as the "Underground Railway." He never refused shelter and aid to a slave fleeing north for his freedom. Mrs. Russel, his mother, whose maiden name was Agnes Scott, be- longed to a prominent old Scotch family, and was a first cousin of the Right Honorable William E. Gladstone. The, education of William Russel, the subject of this sketch, was begun in a school in Rothsay, and completed under a private tutor in this country. After having spent a few years on his father's farm, in 1849 ne came to Jack- sonville -and took a position in Gillett's dry goods store. Two years later, he and his brother Andrew opened a retail store for the sale of dry goods and general merchandise, from which he retired in 1888. In 1891 he became one of the partners in the banking house of Dunlap, Russel & Co- He married Emily Gallaher, daughter of the late Rev. William Green Gallaher and Sarah Kautz Gallaher, in the year 1853. Rev. William Gallaher, a Presbyterian min- ister, was born and raised in Tennessee and came to Illinois in its early set- tlement. In politics^he wa,-a--Whig. He was especially interested and very active in the "UndergrouncLJR.ailway." Andrew Russel, the eldest son of Wil- liam Russel, is one of the partners in the banking house of Dunlap, Russel & Co. ; William G. is a farmer ; James G., a Presbyterian minister, and Thomas Scott holds a position in the bank. Of the six daughters, four are engaged in teaching: Jane and Margaret in the School for the Deaf, at Philadelphia; Mary, in Oklahoma ; and Elizabeth in the public schools at Jacksonville, while Catherine and Isabel are at home. Mr. Russel is a strict Presbyterian, having been brought up in that church from earliest infancy. He has been an elder in the Westminster Presbyterian Church at Jacksonville during its entire history. He has been a Republican 594 595 f since the beginning of the party, previous to which time he was a Whig. He voted for the first Republican candidate for President. He was one of the original stockholders of the "Young Ladies' Athenaeum" of this city, and also of the Jacksonville Gas Company. He is a constant reader and is a great Bible and history student. Is tall, slender, with brown hair and clear blue eyes He is the typical Scotchman in appearance, as well as in character and dis- position. The influence of his life, his diligence, firmness, benevolence, unright- ness, and kindness, have been felt by all those who have come in contact with him- GEORQE A. SANDERS. The West is full of men of Eastern birth, ancestry and education, who have distinguished themselves in public affairs, and among them is the sub- ject of this sketch. He was born July 4, 1836, in Williamstown, Mass., his parents being Anthony and Celinda B. Sanders, both of whom were of English descent. The father was a thrifty farmer, and to himself and wife were born a family of fourteen children, eleven of whom grew to maturity. Subject first attended the town schools and later entered Wliliams College, and, taking the regular classical course, was duly graduated with distinction and with the de- gree of Master of Arts. While thus securing an education he contracted debts which he afterward paid by teaching school. Leaving college in 1861 he soon afterward came to Centralia, Illinois, where he was employed as principal and in grading the common and high schools of that city. While thus engaged, though the work was difficult and exacting, he found time to commence his legal studies by mastering the lead- ing text-books on the fundamental principles of law, and after his work in bringing the local schools up to a high degree of success had been brought to a gratifying finality, he entered the office of Sweet & Orme, of Bloom- ington, 111., then one of the most distinguished firm of lawyers in the State, and continued in a more thorough and systematic manner to still further per- fect himself in the law. He was examined regarding his legal requirements by a committee appointed by the Supreme Court and was duly licensed in December, 1863, to practice in the courts of the State. Later he was licensed to practice in the United States District and Circuit Courts, and in 1881 he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States. He first formed a partnership for practice at Centralia with Hon. Richard Nelson, and after the latter's death became associated with Gen. Erastus N. Bates, at the same place, and so continued until 1868, when the latter was elected State Treasurer. Mr. Sanders served under Gen. Bates for two terms as Assistant State Treasurer, and was continued in the same position by his successor, Hon. Edward Rutz, for two years. From the organization of the party he had been a strong and unflinching Republican, and since reaching manhood had taken great interest in the suc- cess of his party. He had a liking and a special fitness for the uncertain game of politics, and his position of Assistant State Treasurer had brought him wide acquaintance in Illinois and an intimate knowledge of its political affairs. He was therefore brought forward by his friends before the Repub- lican State Convention for State Treasurer, but failed to secure the nomination by three votes. He served as City Attorney and as Elector of the Republican ticket in 1872, but aside from these positions has preferred and confined him- self to the practice of his profession. However, he still continues to take great interest in the success of Republicanism, and has taken an active part as an effective speaker in every State and National campaign. Mr. Sanders is a great student of art, science and general literature ; has made many contributions to the current literature of the day on those topics, and has written several books which are of great interest on the subjects discussed. He has traveled much over the country and is familiar with our 5% - 597 social and political surroundings and requirements. He is a musical critic and was one of the organizers of the Authors' Club of Springfield. He has served as director of the First Congregational Church choir of Springfield for thirty consecutive years. Associated with him in the practice of law have been Frank R. Williams, Ralph W. Haynes and W. R. Bowers. His practice is large in the line of railroad and corporation securities and at the same time of a satisfactory and profitable character. He is a member of the State and National Bar Associations, and was a delegate to the convention of the latter at Detroit in 1897. In 1898 Illinois College conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws- NATHANIEL C. SEARS. Judge Sears was born at Gallipolis, O., August 23, 1854, and now resides at No. 2465 Kenmore Avenue, Chicago, 111. His ancestors were of revolu- tionary stock. His great grandfather was a soldier of the Continental Army and served under Washington ; his father, Amos G. Sears, is a native of Ver- mont, as was his mother, Susan A. Davis. They married, came west, settled at Elgin, 111., and resided there for many years. Mr. Sears was a principal of the academy of that place. Mrs. Sears was prominent in educational and benevolent work. These good people are still living and reside with the Judge in Chicago. Judge Sears, as it will be readily understood, has had splendid advantages for acquiring an education- He passed through his father's academy at Elgin, studied at Knox College, and at Amherst, entered the university of Berlin, Germany, and studied there for some time and finally graduated at Amherst with the class of 1875. He received the degree of A. M. from Amherst in 1877, and the degree of LL. D. from the Northwestern University in 1878. After completing his studies, Mr. Sears came to Chicago. He had no ac- quaintances here, and without introduction, immediately went to work seeking a position as law clerk with some good firm, and was employed in the law office of William H. King, a practitioner of high repute at that day- Remain- ing with Mr. King for one year, Mr. Sears passed the necessary examination before the Supreme Court of Illinois, and was licensed to practice law. He at once entered into a partnership with Isaac Adams, under the firm name of Sears & Adams and began the practice of law. The business of the firm grew and in a short time Mr. Lieb's name was added to the firm name. Mr. Sears continued the active and successful practice of law. In 1881, upon a dissolution of the old firm, he continued the business under the firm name of Sears Ik Foster, and later on, in 1887, Mr. Foster having retired, the firm was changed to Sears & Arend. Mr. Sears was elected Judge of the Superior Court of Cook County in 1897, and was soon promoted to the position of Judge of the Appellate Court of the first district of Illinois, which position he now holds. In the practice of law, while Judge Sears prepared his cases well, he devoted his attention al- most entirely to the trial practice, and has been eminently successful. He was the principal counsel for the defense in many celebrated cases. As an advo- cate few men at the Chicago Bar have been so effective and so successful. In politics Judge Sears has been a Republican from his majority. His father was a Whig, and when that party retired from the political field he naturally identified himself with the Republican party. Nathaniel C. Sears, therefore, derived his Republicanism through the early teachings of his father. He took an active part in the political campaign of 1884, making a number of effective speeches for Elaine and Logan. In 1897 Judge Sears was nominated by the Republicans as a candidate for Mayor of Chicago. In that campaign the party, unfortunately, was divided, while the Democratic party was solid for their candidate, Carter H. Harrison. Three independent candidates appeared in the field, namely : J. Irving Pierce, Washington Hesing and John M. Har- 598 599 Ian. As a result of this division, Judge Sears was defeated, judge Sears has never been a candidate for any other political office. Judge Sears is a member of the Union League, Hamilton, University, and Marquette Clubs. He is a Mason, Knight Templar, Shriner, and an Odd Fel- low; in all these clubs and societies he takes a deep interest. He served for one year as president of the Congregational Club ; is a member of the law faculty of the Northwestern University; has. been president of the Amherst College Alumni Association, and of the D. K. E. Alumni Association. He is a member and trustee of the North Shore Congregational Church. While devoted to the duties of the bench, the Judge has a warm side for the sports of the field and stream, and is noted for his success in bringing down big game and catching trout in the streams of the Rocky Mountains. Nathaniel C. Sears was married May 26, 1887, at Elgin, 111., to Laura Raymond Davidson, daughter of Orlando Davidson, well known as one of the early set- tlers of Illinois, and as a man of strong, sterling character, and a leader in Republican politics in his county from the organization of the party. Mrs. Sears was educated at Vassar, and is a lady of rare intellectual and social char- acter. She is not excelled by her husband in fondness for fishing and hunting. Judge and Mrs. Sears have an elegant home and a wide circle of friends- NICHOLAS SENN. Dr. Nicholas Senn is a native of Eastern Switzerland. He was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Oct. 31, 1834. His father was a farmer, and when Nicholas was eight years of age he came to America for the purpose of giving his family the greater advantages of the United States. He settled in Wash- ington County, Wis. Young Senn attended the district schools, where he ac- quired his earlier education. He also attended the grammar school at Fond du Lac, from which he graduated with honor. He taught school for several years, and in 1864, under the encouragement and tutelage of Dr. Munk, of Fond du Lac, began the study of medicine. Two years later Mr. Senn came to Chicago and entered the Chicago Medical College, from which he grad- uated with honor in 1868. He was appointed as resident physician to the Cook County Hospital, upon a competitive examination, and served a year and a half. After leaving the service of the Cook County Hospital, he removed to Ashford, Fond du Lac County, in 1869, and entered upon the practice of his profession, where he remained five years. Seeking a wider field for his life work, he removed to Milwaukee, and soon became attending physician to the Milwaukee Hospital. Dr. Senn's practice was largely confined to surgery, and he became greatly in demand in important cases- He was either attending or consulting surgeon in nearly all the important cases of the county, and his reputation as a surgeon extended throughout the Northwest. The doctor continued in Milwaukee for a number of years. In 1878, animated by a desire to have the experience of foreign investigation and study, he went abroad, and studied for a year in the Uni- versity of Munich, from which institution he received the degree of M. D. Upon his return to the United States, he was elected by the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons to the chair of Practice of Surgery, and Clinical Surgery, which he held for three years, after which he accepted the chair of Principles of Surgery in Rush Medical College. Since 1891 he has ocupied the chair of Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. His field of usefulness became broader and broader. He is professor of surgery in the Chicago Polyclinic, attending surgeon to the Presbyterian Hos- pital, and Surgeon-in-Chief at St. Joseph's Hospital. He has served as Presi- dent of the American Medical Association, is ex-President of the American Surgical Association ; an Honorary Fellow in the College of Physicians (Phila- delphia) ; a life member of the German Congress of Surgeons ; a correspond- 600 601 ing member of the Harveian Society (London) ; and Honorary Member of La Academic de la Medicina' de Mexico ; an Honorary Member of the D. Hayes Agnew Surgical Society (Philadelphia) ; a member of the British Medi- cal Association, and of the prominent national, state and local societies. Dr. Senn is also Surgeon General of the National Guard of Illinois, ex-president of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, and in the late Spanish-American War was Chief Surgeon of the United States Volunteers and Chief of operating staff with the army in the field. He received official recognition from the War Department for meritorious service in surgical work during the Cuban campaign and for scientific study of typhoid fever among the troops. A mere mention of Dr. Semi's publications will indicate to some extent their scope and value. Among them are the following, all of which are accepted, not only in America, but also in Europe : "Principles of Surgery," "Experimental Surgery," "Tuberculosis of the Bones and Joints," "Surgical Bacteriology," "Intestinal Surgery," "The Pathology and Treatment of Tu- mors," and "Tuberculosis of the Genito-Urinary 'Organs." At present he is engaged on a voluminous work entitled "Practical Surgery." Dr- Senn has conferred a lasting benefit on Chicago and the West gen- erally by bis presentation to the Newberry Library of the famous Senn col- lection of rare medical works. A large share of them were gathered by him- self, but the most valuable portion of them constituted at one time the library of the celebrated Dr. William Baum, late professor of surgery in the Uni- versity of Gottingen, and one of the founders of the German Congress of Sur- geons. This collection of rare books, the result of half a century of careful accumulation, were saved from the fate of a public auction by Dr. Senn, and were donated, together with his own extensive library, to the Newberry Library, where they are separately shelved and catalogued and known as the "Senn Collection." Recently he purchased and presented to the Newberry Library, the library of the famous physiologist, Du Bois Raymond, of Berlin, Germany- Dr. Senn has received recognition for his great attainments in medi- cine and surgery, and is noted as an M. D., LL. D., and Ph. D. Dr. Senn is a resident of Chicago. ALBERT LAVINGTON SERCOMB. Albert L. Sercomb is a man whose native abilities have elevated him to the first rank among business men in this country. He is of pleasing address and knows how to gain and retain the friendship of all with whom he comes in contact. He has just attained his majority as manager of the Western branch of the Meriden Britannia Company, for it was in 1878, a little over twenty-one years ago, that he came to Chicago from New York, where he had held a position with the same company from 1875- He has now been ap- pointed general manager of the International Silver Co., which is comprised of sixteen of the largest silver companies in the United States. Mr. Sercomb was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, August 22, 1847, but is of English ancestry, his parents, John and Emma Sercomb, both being natives of that country, the former born in Exeter and the latter in Yeovil. Soon after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Sercomb crossed the ocean to America and settled in Milwaukee, where they were among that city's pioneers. John Sercomb established the first foundry and machine shops in Wisconsin, and was an active and enter- prising business man. He was an ardent Democrat until the formation of the Republican party, when he, like many others of the Democratic party, used all IT'S exertions to elect John S. Eremont, the first nominee of the Republican party for President. From that time up to his death he remained a staunch Republican. Much of the push and energy of this most worthy man has de- scended to his son, Albert L. The latter received his scholastic training in the public schools of Milwaukee and then, while still comparatively young, en- tered upon a clerkship in the commission house of Thomas Whitney, then the president of the Board of Trade. 602 603 When the call for volunteers came in the early sixties, young Sercomb was filled with a patriotic desire to aid his country, and nothing could prevent him from enlisting. He was really too young to be eligible, but he succeeded in joining the ranks of the 3Oth Wisconsin Volunteers and served most faithfully in the ranks- After the war he returned to Milwaukee and entered upon a clerk- ship in a commission house. A few years later he purchased an interest in the crockery business, which was known as Sanford & Sercomb, and met with more than the ordinary share of success. However, he sold out his interests and went to New York as a general salesman tor the large dry-goods house of S. B. Chittenden & Co. At the end of three years he was obliged to give up his position on account of ill health and later he associated himself with the Meriden Britannia Company, which is the largest silver-plating establishment in the world. With this he has remained, as manger of the Western business, for the past twenty-five years. Among fellow jewelers at Chicago he is well known and well liked. He has been president of the Chicago Jewelers' Association, and was chairman of the Reception Committee appointed for the last banquet. Socially, he is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, having joined that order when twenty-one years old, and has gone up the ladder, attaining some of the highest degrees. He became a member of the Grand Army of the Republic in 1866, and is now a member of Columbia Post No. 176, Chicago. Mr. Sercomb is a man of many clubs. He has been president of the North Shore Club, is a member of the Union League Club, the Citizens' Commercial Association and the Marquette Club. He is an extensive traveler, having been all over the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and has also traveled abroad through the British Isles, France, Germany, Belgium and Holland. He selected his wife in the person of Miss Georgia Adams, a native of Westport, Conn., and their marriage was celebrated in New York. Mr. and Mrs- Sercomb are the parents of two sons, Albert Adams and Henry Hiland Sercomb, the former taking his college course at Wil- liams College, Williamstown, Mass., and the latter his preparatory course at St. Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire. ELIJAH B. SHERMAN. Elijah B. Sherman of Chicago, is well known in the city and throughout the State, his conspicuous services in the Legislature, to which he was elected in 1876, and again in 1878, and his close connection with the Circuit Court of the United States in Chicago during the past twenty-one years as Master in Chan- cery, have brought him in contact with most of the prominent men of Illinois and adjoining States. During his service in the first Session of the Legislature to which he was elected, he was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and being familiar with the over-loaded condition of the Supreme Court docket, and the importance of relieving the pressure of the Judges of that Court, he assisted largely in securing the passage of the act establishing Appellate Courfs through- out the State. This law has met with universal approval, and brought the relief so much needed to the Supreme Court. During his second term, Mr. Sherman was Chairman of the Committee on Corporations, and was also a memebr of the Judiciary Committee. The re-organization of the Illinois National Guard, and the establishment of an improved military code, was largely promoted by his efforts. As a recognition of these important services he was commissioned Judge Advocate of the first Brigade, with the rank of Lieuteant Colonel, and served in that position until 1884. Mr. Sherman was appointed Chief Super- visor of Elections for the Northern District of Illinois, by Judge Drummand in 1884. The elections held in Chicago in 1884, 1888, 1890, and 1892, were super- vised by him. The impartiality and fairness with which he performed the im- portant duties of this position gave entire satisfaction to the managers of both great political parties, and drew from them expressions of hearty commend- ation. 604 Mr. Sherman was born June 18, 1832, on his father's farm at Fairfield, Ver- mont. His ancestors were among the earliest English settlers in America. He is a descendant of Rev. John Sherman, who came with Capt. John Sherman, his cousin, the one was also the ancestor of those distinguished men, General W. T. Sherman and Senator John Sherman, the other was the ancestor of Roger Sher- man, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Mr. Sherman's father was Elias H. Sherman, a substantial citizen of Vermont. His mother, Clarissa (Willmarth) Sherman, was a grand-daughter of Rev. Peter Wordan, a patriot and preacher of distinction, whose services are duly recorded in the early his- tories of Massachusetts and Vermont. Until he reached his majority, Mr. Sher- man resided with his parents on a farm, and divided his time between cultiva- ting the soil and obtaining an education. His ambitions and experiences dur- ing this period may be said to be the same as other intelligent and ambitious New England boys. After reaching the age of manhood he was employed for a year in a drug store at Brandon, then for the purpose of fitting himself for college, he attended Brandon Seminary for a year, and Burr Seminary, at Manchester. In 1856 he entered Biddlebury College, and during his course taught school part of the time to defray his expenses. He was a fine student and stood high among his fellows. He graduated with honors in 1860, he then taught school at South Woodstock, and in 1861 he was appointed Principal of Brandon Seminary, of which five years previously he had been a student. As an evidence of the es- timation in which Mr. Sherman has been held by his Alma Mater, he was se- lected to deliver the address of honor for Commencement week, and in 1883 re- ceived from the College a rarely bestowed honor, namely : the degree of LL. D. In May, 1862, when the Civil War was raging, Mr. Sherman enlisted in Company "C," 9th Regiment, Vermont Infantry Volunteers, and was commis- sioned Lieutenant. His regiment met with the great misfortune of being cap- tured by the Confederate Army, at Harper's Ferry, Va., in September, 1862. These prisoners of war were shortly afterwards paroled by the Confederate Gen- eral, and reaching the Union lines were sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, to await an exchange of prisoners. After reaching Chicago, Mr. Sherman decided to enter the legal profession; in January, 1863, he resigned his commission in the army, and at once entered the law department of the University of Chicago. Here he devoted himself assiduously to his studies and graduated in 1864, was admitted to the Bar by the Supreme Court of the State, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession. Mr. Sherman soon acquired a good practice, and established a substantial reputation of being an able lawyer in the preparation and the trial of his cases, and an eloquent and forceful advocate in presenting them to both courts and juries. Mr. Sherman became a successful corporation lawyer; he was employed by the Auditor of State to institute proceedings against a number of irresponsible insurance companies conducting business in violation of law. These prosecutions were carried forward with so much vigor and suc- cess that a number of the companies abandoned their business. Some of the cases, however, were taken to the Supreme Courts of the State and the United States where decisions were rendered sustaining the laws providing for the exercise of State control over corporations. Mr. Sherman was a resident of Chicago at the time of the great fire in 1871. He immediately grasped the immensity of the catastrophe, and the need of prompt relief; while the fire was still raging, Mr. Sherman issued a call to the Odd Fellows of the United States for assistance. The response was immediate and generous. A Committee, of which he was the Secretary, distributed $125,- ooo thus raised, to the victims of the fire. Mr. Sherman is a Republican in politics, thoroughly versed in and earnestly devoted to the principles of the party. Mr. Sherman was one of the founders of the Illinois Bar Association, in 1877, was its President in 1882, and delivered the annual address. He is also a member of the American Bar Association and for several years has been one of its Vice Presidents. He is a member of the Union League Club, Grand Army of the Republic, Veteran Club, and the Illinois Commandery of the Loyal Legion. He is a 32nd degree Mason, a member of William B. Warren Lodge, Chicago Com- mandery and Oriental Consistory, also a member of the Odd Fellows Fraternity, 606 , Illinois Association of the Sons of Vermont, of which he has been President, the Oakland and Saracen Clubs, and has been President of the National Association of the Delta Epsilon Fraternity. Mr. Sherman is a man of fine literary culture and taste- He is a popular speaker, and his addresses are always interesting and instructive. Mr. Sherman was married to Hattie G. Lovering, daughter of S. M. Lovering of Iowa Falls, in 1866. Mrs. Sherman is a lady of intelligence and education; in social life she is popular and exerts a beneficial influence. Mr. and Mrs- Sherman have one son, Bernis W. ; he entered Middlebury College in 1886, graduated in 1890, studied law in the Northwestern University College of Law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1892. WILLIAM SOMERVILLE. Capt. William Somerville \vas born at Hollidaysburg, Pa., August 15, 1837. His father, James Somerville, of Scotch-Irish descent, was born at the same place, May 26, 1800. His mother, Susan Stover Somerville, was born near Frederick, Md., in 1809. She was of Dutch descent. Capt. Somerville was raised on his father's farm, and was engaged in the business of farming until 1861. He received an excellent English education in the common schools of Illinois. When the civil war broke out, he decided to do his part in the suppression of the rebellion. On May 9, 1861, he enlisted in Co. "D," i6th Illinois Volun- teer Infantry, and was mustered into the service as a Sergeant, May 24. The regiment had a brief service in North Missouri in 1861, chasing Guerillas- In January, 1862, the regiment was ordered to Cairo, 111., where it formed a part of General Pope's army. The regiment was engaged in the movement against Island No. 10, New Madrid, and Tiptonville, and later in the siege of Corinth. The regiment garrisoned at Tuscumbia, Ala., until Sept., 1862, when it was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and marched to Nashville, forming a part of the garrison of that place until July, 1863. The regiment was sta- tioned at Bridegport in September. The regiment re-enlisted as Veterans December 23, 1863, and upon their return from Veteran Furlough was assigned to the ist Brigade, 2nd Division, 14th Army Corps, then at Rossville, Ga., and remained in this organization until the close of the war. ThFs regiment be- came a part of the great army of Georgia, which under the leadership of General Sherman fought its way to, and captured Atlanta, pursued General Hood when he marched Northward, made the great march to the sea, captured Savannah, and in January, 1865, entered upon the campaign of the Carolinas, which brought about the final surrender of General Johnston's army. Capt. Somerville was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant December 7, 1861, ist Lieutenant, September 7, 1862, and Captain, December 31, 1864. He participated in all the campaigns of his regiment, and on March 19, 1865, at the battle of Bentonville, North Caro- lina, was severely wounded. This ended his military career. His resignation was accepted May 9, 1865, on account of wounds received in battle. Just four years to a day from his enlistment. Capt. Somerville was a thoroughly com- petent man for the command of troops, took care of his men, maintained dis- cipline, inspired his soldiers with coolness and courage, and was ever ready to perform the most arduous service- Entering as a private, he was four times pro- moted, leaving the service with a Captain's commission, with the capacity and experience to command a regiment. On May I, 1865, before Capt. Somerville's resignation was accepted, he was tendered the office of Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue, by Collector Jackson Grimshaw. The Captain accepted this position, and remained in the service of the Ouincy Collection District for ten years, under Collectors Grimshaw, Cahill, and Tilson. He was then appointed Chief Clerk in the office of the Supervisor of Internal Revenue at Springfield ; he held this position about two months, and was appointed Revenue Agent by Commissioner Pratt. In May, 1876, he resigned the office of Revenue Agent to accept the office of Chief Clerk in the Chicago Internal Revenue Office, under Collector J. D. Harvey. On November 28, 1878, Capt. Somerville was appointed Revenue Agent by Commis- 607 sioner Raum, and held that position until October, 1883, when he was appointed Chief Clerk of the Bureau of Internal Revenue at Washington, D. C., which he held until July 5, 1885. He was re-appointed by Commissioner Miller as Revenue Agent and performed the duties of that office until January, 1893, when he retired from the Internal Revenue service to engage in private business. Capt. Somerville served almost twenty-eight years in the Internal Revenue Serv- ice, under Commissioners Lewis, Orton, Rollins, Delano, Pleasanton, Douglas, Pratt, Raum, Evans, Miller, and Mason, and by all of these Commissioners he was recognized as a man of splendid ability, of sound judgment, an earnest worker, and of undoubted integrity. He is now Superintendent of the Illinois Soldiers and Sailors Home at Quincy ; he was appointed to this position by Gov- ernor Tanner soon after his inauguration. It is needless to say that he is per- forming the duties Of this office with intelligence and fidelity, and to the satisfac- tion of the Governor and the Board of Trustees. Capt. William Somerville was married January 28, 1864, at Eaton, O., to Helen M- Alexander. Mrs. Somerville died April 10, 1871, leaving two children, James A. Somerville, now employed with the C, B. & Q. R. R. at St. Louis, and a daughter, Carrie Somerville, who still resides at her father's house. Capt. Somerville was married a second time to Mary J. Thompson, his present wife. It will be seen that Capt. Somerville has been a very busy man from his early manhood, and has been constantly occupied with important business for the gov- ernment, but he has not neglected his other duties as a citizen. In politics he has always been a Republican. He supported Abraham Lincoln in 1860, cast his first Presidential vote that year, and has been an earnest and influential Re- publican to the present time. Capt. Somerville is a man of good social qualities ; he is a member of the Masonic bodies, and of the Grand Army of the Republic, and is at present Commander of John Wood Post No. 96, at Quincy, 111. ABNER SMITH. This distinguished member of the Chicago bar was born at Orange, in the Old Bay State, August 4, 1843, an( l was reared and educated at Middlebury, Vermont, whither his parents had removed when lie was a lad. He supple- mented the usual town education with a full collegiate course at the college in Middlebury, from which he was graduated with distinction in 1866. He taught school for a year, and in 1867 came to Chicago, which city was then full of possibilities for young and enterprising men. Determined upon pursuing the profession of law, he entered the office of J. L. Stark, and under his guidance took a full course of study and was duly admitted to the bar. He was first associated in the practice with his instructor under the firm name of Stark & Smith, which partnership was continued to the advantage of both until the death of Mr. Stark, after which Mr. Smith continued the practice alone, winding up the affairs of the firm and settling his deceased partner's estate. He continued alone until 1877, when he formed a partnership with J. M. H. Burgett, under the firm name of Smith & Burgett, which relation was sustained until 1887. By this time Mr. Smith had become one of the foremost lawyers in the city, indeed, in the West- He was a hard student, not only in the law, but in all fields of sci- ence, literature and art. He believed that law, the most learned of all the pro- fessions, should be rounded out with the widest learning on all subjects ; that a lawyer could not know too much, and that every item of knowledge thus ac- quired could be used to good advantage in active practice. He has thus from that day to this stored his mind with an incredible amount of useful information on countless subjects, and has thus earned the reputation of being one of the most erudite of the great jurists of Chicago. He has gathered around him a library of general and useful knowledge second to but few in the State of Illinois. The result of all this earnest study and investigation Mas been to place him on the lists of the most cultured scholars, as well as jurists, in the central part of the United States. After the dissolution of the partnership of Smith & Burgett, Mr. Smith con- tinued the practice alone and soon had a large clientage which yielded him a 608 - 609 satisfactory revenue. Many of the most important cases of that day were placed under his direction. He became one of the central figures of the western coun- try in judicial circles and one of the most prominent factors in the adjudication of the great legal problems of that period. So well known became his purity and ability as a practitioner that in 1893 the Republican party, of which he had always been an active and earnest member, selected him for a circuit judgeship, a fitting- recognition of his sterling reputation and professional qualifications. He was elected by a large majority after an exciting and enthusiastic campaign in the fall of 1893 and entered upon the discharge of his duties in December of the same year. The wisdom of his selection has been thoroughly demonstrated. He is one of the most populuar jurists of Chicago, a city famous for the integrity and ability of its judges. This popularity is due to his uniform fairness and impar- tiality to opposing counsel, to his marvelous capacity of reaching correct con- clusions and to his fearlessness in rendering judgments strictly upon their merits regardless of the influence of wealth and position. He is a magnetic and a graceful speaker, possesses warm friendships and rare conversational powers. On October 5, 1869, he was united in marriage with Miss Ada C. Smith, daugh- ter of Sereno Smith, of Shoreham, Vermont. FREDERICK A. SMITH. No matter what wealth one may possess individually, or how fortunate he may be in his ancestral connections, progress at the best can be secured only through individual merit- The legal profession demands a high order of ability and a rare combination of talent, learning, tact, patience and industry. The suc- cessful lawyer and the competent judge must not only possess a comprehensive knowledge of the science of jurisprudence in its various departments, but also must have a fund of broad general information that will enable him to cope with the intricate questions involved and determined with accuracy the points of law, gleaned from voluminous text books. Such qualities are characteristic of the professional record of Frederick A. Smith, whose splendid intellectual endow- ments have gained him prestige among Chicago lawyers, and today he is num- bered among the distinctively representative citizens of northern Illinois. Mr. Smith was born in Norwood Park, Cook County, Illinois, February n, 1844, and is a son of Israel G. and Susan P. (Pennoyer) Smith, both of whom were born in the year 1816, the former in the State of New York, and the latter in Connecticut. The father came to Cook County, Illinois, in 1835, and entered from the government a tract of land that he still owns. In Cook County young Smith grew to manhood, attended the public schools of Chicago, and in 1860 entered the Chicago University, preparatory department. Two years later he became a student in the University, remained there until 1863, and then, throw- ing aside his books, enlisted as a private in the I34th regiment Illinois volun- teers, serving in Missouri and Kentucky until the regiment was mustered out of service in 1864. Entering the university again he graduated from that institu- tion of learning in 1866, and from the Union College of Law, now the law de- partment of the Northwestern University, in 1867. He was admitted to the Illinois bar August 20, 1867. Entering upon his professional career he became a member of the law firm of Smith & Kohlsaat, with which he continued until 1873, a f ter which he practiced alone until 1885. At that date the firm of Mil- lard & Smith was organized, the senior member being S. M. Millard. That part- nership continued until 1889, and the following year Mr. Smith became senior member of the firm of Smith, Helmer & Moulton. Since that time but one change in the firm has occurred, that being in 1895, when H- W. Price became a partner, the firm name then becoming Smith, Helmer, Moulton & Price. Mr. Smith engages in the general practice of law, and his legal lore embraces a thor- ough knowledge of the principles of jurisprudence in all departments. His practice has been of an important character, and he has won the laurel in many forensic combats over old and tried competitors. 610" 611 His high standing in professional circles is indicated by the fact that in 1887 he was chosen president of the Law Club, of Chicago, and in 1890 was made president of the Chicago Bar Association. In 1891 he was made president of the Hamilton Club. In his political views, Mr. Smith has ever espoused the cause of the Republican party and has been unvarying in his support of the principles of that party. In June, 1898, he received the nomination for the posi- tion of one of the judges of the Superior Court. He is a man of scholarly at- tainments, versatile genius and broad knowledge, and is deeply interested in ed- ucational matters, his service being very effective as a member of the board of trustees of the new Chicago University, which position he has occupied since the organization of the institution. He is also a member of the board of trus- tees of Rush Medical College, and in addition to the Hamilton Club is also a member of the Marquette Club and the Union League, three of the leading polit- ical organizations of the city. Mr. Smith was married in 1871 to Miss Frances B. Morey, of Chicago. WILLIAM M. SMITH. This well known and prominent citizen, who resided at Lexington, 111., for so many years and there left the imprint of his spotless reputation" upon" public and private affairs, Was born near Frankfort, Ky., on the 23d of May, 1827, and there thirteen years of his boyhood were passed- During this time he secured the rudiments of an education at the neighboring schools. About this time his father moved to St- Louis County, Mo., where William M. worked on a farm until he had attained the age of nineteen years, in the meantime attending school during the winter months, securing a considerable addition to his previous meager education. He then came to Selma or Pleasant Hill, McLean County, 111., and made his home with his uncle, Milton Smith, in whose employment he remained for a period of three years, working on the farm for from $10 to $12 per month. In 1849, having saved from his earnings the sum of $102.50, he rented forty acres of land from the government at $1.25 per acre, which small tract formed the nucleus of his subsequent large holdings. He was attentive to business, industrious, honest, and soon exerted a strong influence for good throughout the entire neighborhood. By good business management he con- tinued to add to his landed possessions until he finally owned about 800 acres. In 1857 he engaged in a general mercantile business in Lexington, but continued his agricultural pursuits, engaging extensively in the rearing of Short Horn cattle, taking great pride in having the best in that part of the State. He be- came prominent throughout the State as one of the most successful cattle breed- ers in the West, and became a member of the State Agricultural Board and finally served as its president for several terms. In 1858 he began to show great interest in politics. It was a time when all citizens were wide awake on the great questions which were dividing the two great sections of the country. Upon the formation of the Republican party Mr. Smith had warmly espoused the cause of the anti-slavery movement, and did not hesitate to openly declare his views. In 1858, during the ever memorable and historic campaign, he attended the famous Republican convention which met at Decatur and placed Abraham Lincoln in nomination. He brought home with him from that convention a picture of Lincoln and a rail which had been split by him, and later had the rail made into a picture frame in which the picture of Mr. Lincoln was placed. Today that old frame and picture hang on the wall of the old home, and is prized above almost anything else by the family. During the war he was loyal to the Federal cause and did much to prosecute it to a successful conclusion. In 1866 he was elected to the House of the legislature, and con- tinued to serve for three terms with honor to himself and satisfaction to his con- stituents- His prominence in the legislature is shown by his selection for Speak- er during his last term. Later he was appointed railroad and warehouse com- missioner by Governor Cullom, on which board he served for eight consecutive years, six years as its chairman. He was an ardent Republican from principle, and became the leader of his party in his community and one of its strongest 612 ' 613 supporters in the State. So strong was his influence in this section he was often referred to by the Chicago newspapers as "The Duke of Lexington." He was a member of the Methodist church, and was a liberal contributor to all worthy charitable objects. He is said to have declared on more than one occasion "I wouldn't give much for a fellow's religion or sympathy that did not touch his pocket-book." While a young man he was united in marriage with Miss Nancy Hopkins, a daughter of Patrick Hopkins, and grand-daughter of Gen. Joseph Bartholomew, of the Tippecanoe battle fame. One child was born to this union Emily, now Mrs. Sheridan VanDolah. After an honorable and useful life, Mr. Smith passed away March 25, 1886, leaving a competency and a spotless name. WILLLIAM HENRY STEAD. This gentleman resides at Ottawa, Illinois, and is an attorney-at-law. He was born in LaSalle County on a farm, July 12, 1858. His father's name was Henry Stead, and his mother's Sarah Elizabeth Stead, both of whom are living. They, came to LaSalle County nearly fifty years ago, settling on a farm twelve miles southeast of Ottawa. The grandfather of subject was Rev. Henry Stead, of the Methodist denomination and of considerable prominence in New York. Old settlers of the vicinity of Troy and Albany speak of him with great venera- tion and respect. He was a presiding elder for many years. William Henry Stead spent his youth on his father's farm, attending district school until after fifteen years of age, when he entered the Seminary at Onarga, Illinois ; after which he taught school and worked on the farm until he was eighteen years of age. He then attended the Normal College at Ladoga, Jnd., and subsequently entered Asbury University, at Greencastle, Indiana, and be- gan the classic course. In his sophomore year he was obliged to leave col- lege owing to some serious trouble with his eyes, and for two years thereafter was unable to read and compelled to remain in the house. However, during this time, by exercising great care he managed to complete his college studies and was greatly assisted by his mother, who read to him regularly every day. Pre- vious to this he had determined to become a lawyer and expended all his energies with that object in view. He read law for two years with Washington Bushnell, formerly Attorney General of Illinois, and was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1883. He began practicing at Ottawa the summer of that year, and has con- tinued there since with the exception of one year. At first the number of his clients was small, but he steadily won friends and patronage until his clientage was of satisfactory proportions. At the present time his income from his prac- tice amounts to as much as that of any other lawyer in the State, outside of Chicago. He is now associated with Judge B. F. Lincoln. Mr. Stead is the trial lawyer of the firm, and they are retained in all the important cases in the county and have a large practice in adjoining counties. Mr. Stead is particu- larly skillful in preparing his cases ; he is also very persuasive and extremely powerful in his arguments to juries. He never gets tired, and never gives up. He was recently employed by the Canal Commissioners to test (he right of the State to the so-called ninety-foot strip along the Illinois and Michigan Canal- He has always been a Republican, and cast his first vote for General Garfield. He has acquired a wide reputation as an able and skillful campaign orator. He is not an office seeker. He has been City Attorney of Ottawa ; chairman of the Republican Congressional Committee of this district, and in 1896 was elected States Attorney for LaSalle County; he is the present president of the States Attorneys Association of Illinois, and was one of the commissioners of the Omaha Exposition under appointment from Governor Tanner. He has been a Mason and Knight Templar for fifteen years. On September i2th, 1883, he was united in marriage to Miss Ida Martin, her family being one well known and prominent in the State of Indiana. Her brother, Parks M. Martin, is one of the leading Democratic politicians of Indiana, and is the present chairman of the Democratic State Committee. 614- 615 JOSEPH STOCKTON. General Joseph Stockton of Chicago, 111., was born at Pittsburg, Pa., August 10, 1833. He came to Illinois and settled in Chicago before twenty years of age, and was first employed in the commission house of George A. Gibbs & Co., South Water street. He remained with this company for several years, then was employed as a clerk in the office of the American Transportation Company. He afterward accepted a position in the freight office of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, where he remained until the Civil War broke out. He enlisted in the first Board of Trade regiment, which was organized July, 1862, as the ?2d Illinois Volunteers. Mr. Stockton was commissioned First Lieutenant of Company "A," and was shortly afterward promoted to the position of Captain. A few mnnths later he was promoted to the office of Major, upon the resignation of Major Chester. The 72d Illinois Volunteers was assigned to the I7th Army Corps and marched and fought with that great organization, which was a part of the Army of the Tennessee, under the command of Generals Grant and Sherman- The regiment was in the campaign of Vicksburg, the campaign of Meridian, and also under General George H. Thomas in the cam- paign against Hood, including the battle of Nashville. Colonel Stockton was wounded in the battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864, but returned to his com- mand within a month, and continued until the close of hostilities. On May 22, 1863, Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph A.- Wright was mortally wounded on the assault of the works of Vicksburg. Major Stockton was pro- moted to this place, and when Colonel F. A. Starring was detailed on detached service, Lieutenant-Colonel Stockton assumed command of the regiment and retained it until the close of the war. He was brevetted Colonel and subse- quently Brigadier-General for meritorious service in the field. In 1866, after General Stockton's return to Chicago, he became agent of the Empire Trans- portation Company, which position he has held during the past thirty-four years, and has become thoroughly familiar and identified with the transportation busi- ness of Chicago. General Stockton has been an active person in civil life. From 1869, for twenty-four years, he was a member of the Board of Commissioners of Lincoln Park, and devoted much time and study to the development and improvement of that park. He was identified with the location and erection of the Grant Monument in the park, which was dedicated October i, 1891, and, as a recogni- tion of his great service in connection with this work, he received from the trustees of the Grant Fund a handsome testimonial. General Stockton is a lifelong Republican, and, 'although he steadily refuses to become a candidate for an elective office, he has' always taken great interest in the success of the Republican party. General Stockton has been Chief Marshal of every Repub- lican procession in Chicago since the Civil War, including that grand demon- stration preceding the election of President McKinley in 1896. General Stock- ton was Chief of Staff to General Sheridan on the occasion of the reception of General Grant from his tour around the world. He was also Chief of Staff to General Forsyth during the procession on the occasion of President Garfield's funeral. He was on the staff of General Miles at the unveiling of the Grant Monument, and also during the civic parade at the opening of the World's Fair in October, 1892, and he was also Chief Marshal in the Peace Jubilee parade in the fall of 1898. General Stockton is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and of the Loyal Legion ; also a member of the Union League Club and other similar organizations- He is a highly respected citizen, a man of great integrity and fine social qualities and a general favorite with the people. He has had a suc- cessful career in business, as attested by his long continuance at the head of an important transportation company. 616 617 JOHN SANBORN STEVENS. This gentleman, who is one of the prominent citizens of Illinois, is well known in his section of the State, where he has attained prominence as a lawyer and a Republican. He was born in Bath, New Hampshire, September 16, 1838, and is at the present time a resident of Peoria. Mr. Stevens received the usual common school education, supplemented by several terms at the higher schools where his father resided, and after having prepared himself for a collegiate career, he applied for admission to Dartmouth College, passed the examinations successfully and entered upon a full classical course. He encountered many discouragements in securing his education, but being blessed with a strong mind and a retentive memory he succeeded in stand- ing among the leaders of his class, and in 1862 graduated with honors. Suc- ceeding his graduation he secured a certificate, and taught school for two years to secure money to fit himself for a professional career. Even before he entered college he had made up his mind to study law; accordingly at the expiration of his two years of teaching he began the study of law, and in June, 1865, was admitted to practice in Chicago, 111. Soon thereafter he opened an office in Peoria, where he has resided ever since, practicing his profession continuously. He is well known in the Central and Southern portions of the State, particularly to the legal fraternity, among whom he is reckoned one of its ablest and broadest minded members. He has been identified with some of the most important cases ever adjudicated in the courts of Peoria- From the start Mr. Stevens has been a Republican, and in many campaigns has done much to further the interests of the Republican party. In recognition of his eminent service to his party he was appointed postmaster of Peoria in 1876, and occupied that position with credit and to the satisfaction of the citizens until 1880. In June, 1868, he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah M. Bartlett. His parents were Joshua and Abigail (Walker) Stevens. CHRISTOPHER C. STRAWN. Colonel Christopher C. Strawn of Pontiac, 111., is a member of that old, large and influential family of Strawns, who for nearly seventy years have been citizens of Illinois. It is a notable family, whose physical and intellectual endowments have made an extraordinary impression for good in the State. The Illinois branch of the family sprang from four brothers, who were natives of Pennsylvania, emigrated to Ohio, and in the early '30*5 removed to Illinois. Joel Strawn settled near Ottawa; General John Strawn near Lacon; Jeremiah Strawn near Hennipen and Jacob Strawn near Jacksonville. Their Scotch ancestors settled in America prior to the Revolution, and were descended from William Strahan, statesman, lawyer and scholar, who removed to England and was several times a member of the House of Commons. He translated from the French, for the English Bar, "Domat's Civil Law." The brothers bought land in Illinois, cultivated farms, and raised stock- Jacob Strawn attained wealth and national distinction as a cattle producer. The descendants of the Strawn family are found in all the avenues of life, many of them having obtained distinction as advocates and jurists. The late Ruben S. Strahan, Chief Justice of Oregon, was a member of this family. Colonel Strawn was born August 22, 1844, at Ottawa, 111. ; he is a grandson of Jeremiah and Hannah Strawn, and a son of Eli and Eleanor Strawn, late of Ottawa, 111. His mother was a daughter of Captain Lunsford and Nancy Broad- dus ; she was born in Caroline County, Va. Her father, detesting slavery, left Virginia in the early '3o's, and settled near Lacon, where he died in 1865. The Broaddus family is widely known throughout the South. The famous pulpit orator, Andrew Broaddus, of Virginia, and Andrew Broaddus, of Texas, the noted lawyer, are of this family. The Broaddus family is of Welch descent, and has been in this country since Colonial times. Colonel Strawn's education 618 619 was begun in a log school built by his father on his farm and presented to the district. The first teacher was an Irishman named Murphy, who maintained his authority with the rod. He wore a coon-skin cap during school hours as an evidence of his Authority and dignity. His stern and severe manner, and his readiness to inflict punishment for a violation of the rules, resulted in the estab- lishment of the most perfect order and obedience in the school. Mr. Murphy was a typical old-style schoolmaster. He taught his pupils spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar and history, and established for them a sure foundation for an education. He next attended a district school on his Grand- father Strawn's farm in Putnam County, with whom he lived during the term. He also attended the high school in Lacon, and lived with his grandfather Broaddus. He then attended the Ottawa Seminary. Here young Strawn was prepared for admission to the Northwestern University at Evanston, from which he graduated. He was a student of law at Albany, N. Y-, and afterward studied law with Hon T. LyleJDjckey, late Colonel of the 4th Illinois Cavalry, and Judge oftlie Supreme Court of Illinois, and with W. H. L. Wallace, Judge Dickey's son-in-law and law partner, who afterward became a general in the Union Army and fell at Shiloh. Young Strawn enlisted, at the age of seventeen, as a private in Company "I" of the nth Illinois Infantry, commanded by Colonel W. H. L. Wallace. At the expiration of his term his health was broken, but he offered himself for re-enlistment for a term of three years or during the war, and was rejected as physically unfit for military duty. He resumed his law studies, and for a time was in the law office of the firm of Arrington & Dent of Chicago. In June, 1863, he was licensed by the Supreme Court of Illinois. He practiced law in Chicago until 1865; removed to Ottawa and remained one year, visited Omaha and Columbus with a view of settling in Nebraska, and remained there until the summer of 1867, when he returned to Illinois and located at Pontiac. Colonel Strawn was married March 26, 1863, to Clara Frances Bouvrain. She is a daughter of the late Major John B. Bouvrain, a survivor of the Old Guard of the first Napoleon. He came to this country from France with Joseph Bonaparte, after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo and banishment to St- Helena, and for many years managed and superintended the Bonaparte estates at Water- town, New York, Her mother was also a native of France. Major Bouvrain went with the Old Guard to Moscow and was engaged in all of Napoleon's battles, including Waterloo. Mr. and .Mrs. Strawn have had four children Christopher C. II., and Virginia B., now dead, and Major Louis Francis and Roscoe Belmont, who survive. At the breaking out of the Spanish-American War Colonel Strawn recruited a regiment of infantry in Livingston and sur- rounding counties, and tendered the same to Governor Tanner and was com- missioned Colonel, but as there was no call for troops beyond the National Guard, the regiment was not taken into the service. Colonel Strawn's sympathies in politics during the campaign of 1860 were on the side of Senator-Douglas, and had he been of age, no doubt, would have cast his first ballot for that great statesman, but the issues of the Civil War were such that he could not identify himself with the Democratic party as it was then organized. He became a Republican and has been a stalwart and earnest supporter of Republican principles and Republican candidates from that day to the present. His first vote for President was for General Grant in 1868; he supported him again in 1872, and favored his nomination for President in 1880. He is a ripe scholar. The profession of the law is his mistress. He is a safe counsellor, one of the ablest lawyers at the Illinois Bar. He has been identified with many important cases, and is a very successful lawyer. He has been twice endorsed by his home county for the Republican nomination for Congress, in 1892 and again in 1896, and in the winter of 1900 he was favorably mentioned for the Republican nomination for Governor, but would not permit his name to be used in that connection. He is thoroughly versed on the political issues of the day ; he approved the declaration of war again Spain and endorsed the action of the Government in securing Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands as the logical result of a triumphant war. He believes that every interest of the people of those islands will be advanced by their connection with the United 620 621 States ; he also believes that to turn the administration of this country over to the Anti-Expansionists would be a national calamity. Colonel Strawn is a charter member of the T. Lyle Dickey Post, No. 105, of the Grand Army of the Republic. He also belongs to the Masonic Fraternity. LOUIS FRANCIS STRAWN. Major Louis Francis Strawn was born in Omaha, Douglas County, Ne- braska, and now resides at Pontiac, Livingston County, 111. He is the oldest son of Christopher C. and Clara F. Strawn, who also reside at Pontiac. Major Strawn is of the fourth generation in Illinois of that notable family of Strawns who were natives of Pennsylvania. During the seventy years of their residence in this State they have been deservedly recognized as one of the leading families of the State. The grandmother of Major Strawn was Eleanor Broaddus, a daughter of Captain Lunsford Broaddus, a member of the distinguished Virginia family of that name; and his mother, Clara F. Bouvrain, was a daughter of Major John B. Bouvrain, of Napoleon's Old Guard, and marched under the Eagles from Moscow to Waterloo. Major Strawn is of a composite stock; Scotch, Welch and French, and probably amongst the early members of the Pennsylvania family a strain of German. The Illinois family of Strawns have all been successful men. Jacob Strawn, who settled in Morgan county, became a great land holder and a large stock raiser, and was well known on both sides of the Atlantic as one of the most successful breeders of cattle in the world. He was a staunch supporter of the cause of the Union during the war, and at one time gave his check for $10,000 to the National Sanitary Commission. Captain William Strawn, a resi- dent of Odell, was a prominent free state man in the days of "Bleeding Kansas." He organized and equipped a company at his own expense, in Livingston County and LaSalle County, and went with them to Kansas, to defend free state settlers against the aggression of the "Border Ruffians." In 1862 he joined the iO4th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was commissioned First Lieutenant and served with the regiment ; was engaged in many of the great battles of the war and served until the surrender of Lee. He was twice elected to the Illinois Legislature, and served with distinction. He is a son of the late Jacob Strawn, Sr. Lieutenant Milton Strawn, a young and promising lawyer residing at Ottawa, also enlisted in the iO4th Illinois Infantry, was commissioned Lieutenant and was killed in the battle of Hartsell, Tenn. While the older members of the Strawn family engaged largely in farming and stock raising, the younger members have engaged in all branches of business, and the learned professions with marked ability and success. A more extended account of the ancestry of Major Strawn will be found in this book, in the biographical sketch of his father, Colonel Christopher C. Strawn. Major Strawn was given every opportunity for acquiring an education. He attended the city schools of Pontiac, studied in the Wesleyan University at Bloomington, and the Northwestern University at Evanston, and completed his studies at the U. S. Military Academy at West Point. He studied law in his father's office at Pontiac, and was admitted to the practice of law December 7, 1893. He opened a law office in Pontiac and soon had a paying clientage. Later he was admitted to the firm of Strawn, Funk & Strawn. Major Strawn has risen rapidly to the front rank of the profession. He prepares and tries his cases well before judge and jury, and is an advocate of splendid ability. He has been connected with all the important railroad and criminal litigation in his county, and has a splendid legal career open before him. In politics Major Strawn is a Republican. He first identified himself directly with the party by voting for Benjamin Harrison for President in 1888. His military education gave him a taste for military life, and he became a mem- ber of the Illinois National Guard, and May 12, 1896, he was commissioned Lieutenant of Company "F," 3d Regiment. W r hen the Spanish War began and the 3d Regiment was called upon to volunteer, he enlisted with his company and regiment and was commissioned First Lieutenant, 3d 111. U. S- Vol. Inf., 622 623 May 7, 1898; saw service in the field in the Porto Rico campaign under General Brooke, and distinguished himself for true soldierly bearing and bravery in action at Arroyo, Guayama and Cayey. Upon the return of the regiment and its reorganization in the spring of 1899, he was the unanimous choice of the reorganized company for Captain, and received his commission May 16, 1899. At the annual encampment at Springfield in 1899 he was elected Major of the 3d Battalion, to fill the vacancy caused by the promotion of Major RiclTings J. Shand to the position of Lieutenant Colonel, his commission dating August 15, 1899, and he is now one of the most efficient and popular field officers in that veteran regiment. May 19, 1898, after the arrival of the regiment at Chicka- mauga Park, Lieutenant Strawn was appointed acting Commissary of General Compton's Brigade, which position he filled until his regiment was chosen for duty in Porto Rico, when he was relieved and returned to his company for service on the firing line in Porto Rico. In the invasion of Porto Rico, his regiment acted as escort of honor to General Brooke, commanding the ist Division, ist Army Corps. He is now Commander, with the rank of Colonel, of Fred Bennit Camp, No. 20, Spanish-American War Veterans, at Pontiac, 111. He was married to Miss Esther Marie Tracy at Rochester, N. Y., July 26, 1895. To this union has been added a son, Christopher C. Strawn, III., born July 14, 1896, at Pontiac, 111. Miss Tracy's father served in the Union Army throughout the War of the Rebellion, with credit to himself and value to his country. Summing up, Major Strawn gives promise of a brilliant career at the bar, and distinguished services to the State, Nation and his party. He is an earnest, convincing, pleasing and popular speaker on the platform and stump one of the best in the State. CLARENCE E. SNIVELY. Clarence E. Snively of Canton, 111., was born in Ellisville, Fulton County, Illinois, July 4, 1854. At ten years of age he entered the office of the Rushville Times to learn the trade of a printer. He stuck to the business until he be- came a master of the trade. Realizing from the outset that a printer must be an educated man, he devoted much-of-his time to acquiring an education. In 1875 he bought a half-interest in the Carlinville Democrat, a Republican newspaper- In 1878 he purchased the Canton Weekly Register, and two years later he issued a daily paper in connection with this journal. Mr. Snively was now recognized as one of the leading men in connection with the country press of Illinois. The Canton Register was made one of the best papers in the state. Typographically it was a clean, attractive sheet, and its editorial columns were ably conducted. In 1885 Mr. Snively was appointed Postmaster at Canton, by President Arthur. Mr. Snively has been identified with the Illinois and Michigan Canal for some time. Governor Fifer appointed him a member of the Canal Board, and he was made its secretary ; he was afterwards made President of the Board of Canal Commissioners. Mr. Snively has been identified with the Republican party of Illinois from his earliest manhood, and has been a strong party worker for many years. He was alternate to the Republican National Convention of 1884, and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1888 and 1896, and was secretary, on both occasions, of the Illinois Delegation. During the last twenty years Mr. Snively has been secretary of the Fulton County Re- publican Committee, and has had charge of the organization of the party in the county for the greater part of the time. The perfect organization and energetic work, connected with the influence of the Canton Register, finally changed the political status of Fulton County from Democratic to Republican. It is due to Mr. Snively to say that this result must be attributed to his intelligent and ener- getic efforts. For nearly twenty years Mr. Snively has been a conspicuous figure in politics in the state, and he is recognized as a Republican, true and trustworthy. Mr. Snively is a member of the I- O. O. F. ; is a Knight of Pythias, and be- longs to the Order of Red Men. Mr. and Mrs. Snively have eight children, and have a pleasant home in Canton, Illinois. 624 625 CHARLES P. SWIGERT. Hon. Charles P. Swigert was born in Baden, Germany, November 27, 1843; his parents were Philip and Caroline Swigert. In 1848 his father was a sympa- thizer with the Revolutionary element, many of his people were active partici- pants in the Volunteer Revolutionary Army, and after the close of that stirring event the country became very uncongenial for those men who had dared to assert their rights for political liberty. In the general exodus that followed, when such men as Hecker, Seigel, Brentano, Schurz and many others left their native country, the parents of the subject of this sketch also emigrated and sought a home in free America. They came to Chicago, where a brother of Philip had located in 1836. Here Charles got his first schooling at the Scam- mon School. In May, 1854, the family moved to Kankakee county, Illinois, and settled on a farm. In July, 1861, at the age of seventeen, he enlisted in Company "H," Forty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for three years, or during the war. On the night of April 4, 1862, he was one of the twenty heroic men who volunteered to run the blockade at Island No. 10 on the Gunooat Carondelet, landing at New Madrid, Mo., forming a junction with General Pope and the Army of the Mississippi. After an engagement of two days between the gunboat and the Confederate land batteries, in which all their guns were either spiked or de- stroyed by landing parties from the boat, the entire army on the island, numbering seven thousand men, with a large supply of stores, arms and a number of trans- ports, were captured, with no loss on the Union side. On the 9th day of May, 1862, in an engagement at Farmington, Miss., while making an advance on Corinth, Mr. Swigert lost his right arm, having it torn from the shoulder joint by a six-pound solid shot. In going to the rear he was picked up in an exhausted condition and placed in an ambulance with another desperately wounded soldier, and had the exciting experience of being run away with over a corduroy road that the army had hastily and roughly constructed. He survived the wound and the ride, but his military career was ended. Mr. Swigert was discharged from the service and returned to Kankakee county in January, 1863. In Sep- tember, 1863, he entered Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College in Chicago, where he learned to write with his left hand, and took a full commercial course, graduating in June, 1864. During the summer of 1864 he sold a history of the Rebellion in Kankakee and Will counties, meeting with great success. During that winter he taught a district school. In the spring of 1865 he secured a position in the Chicago Postorfice and served eighteen months ; resigning that position, he entered the County Clerk's office at Kankakee as deputy under Captain William F. Kanaga, who had been elected to that office upon his return from Fort Blakely, Alabama, minus one leg. In September, 1867, Mr. Swigert, entered the Illinois Soldiers' College at Fulton, Whiteside county, Illinois, intending to take a four years' course, but in November, 1869, the Republicans of Kankakee county elected him as County Treasurer, which position he held until November, 1880. While holding the office of County Treasurer he was elected to the City Council from the Second Ward in Kankakee, where there was a close contest. He served two years. In May, 1880, he was nominated for State Auditor by the Republican party, by the most remarkable and dramatic convention that ever assembled in this or any other State. It lasted three entire days, with two all-night sessions. General Green B. Raum was the chairman and demonstrated remarkable ability as a presiding officer ; it required patience and forbearance, as well as firmness and knowledge of parliamentary law and usage, to preside over that body. "Long John" Wentworth was a conspicuous figure in that convention, and contributed much to Mr. Swigert's nomination. The Republican State ticket was elected by over 42,000 plurality. Mr. Swigert qualified as Auditor of Public Accounts and Superintendent of the Insurance Department, January 10, 1881. He was 626 627 thoroughly competent for the place, and the honors were only a just recognition of his services to his adopted country. In 1884 Mr. Swigert was renominated and elected to the same office. During Mr. Swigert's administration of eight years as Auditor and ex- officio Insurance Superintendent, much important legislation was enacted relat- ing to the better supervision of life insurance companies and societies, and for the better protection of the interests of the insured, for which he is entitled to no small share of credit. No man ever left the Auditor's office with a better or cleaner record than Mr. Swigert. After retiring from office he spent some time on Puget Sound. He was interested in a town site at Port Townsend, Wash- ington ; the building of an electric street car line ; the organization of a State Bank, and various other enterprises. Since March, I, 1900, he has been the Government Agent for the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, with an office at Chicago. He is considered "the right man in the right place," having suffered the hardships and endured the privations of a soldier's life, he can thoroughly sympathize with the unfortunate old soldiers. In politics Mr. Swigert is and always has been a Republican. He cast his first vote for Abraham Lincoln in 1864. He is an Odd Fellow, a member and Past Grand of Howard Lodge No. 218 at Kankakee, and a member of George H. Thomas Post No. 5, Department of Illinois, G. A. R., having been quarter- master of that post for the last four years. He is and always has been a Meth- odist. On December 25, 1869, he married Lavinia L. Bigelow, a native of Ver- mont ; they have had five children, all boys, of whom three survive. All are married and reside in Chicago. JAMES W. TEMPLETON. Hon. James W. Templeton of Princeton, Bureau County, Illinois, was born at St. Clairsville, Belmont County, Ohio. His father, William Templeton, was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, and married Sarah Tidball Wilson, who was born in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. They removed to Ohio. Young Templeton received his education in the public schools of his native town. When a boy he went to Philadelphia, and obtained employment in a wholesale drug store. In 1863 he removed to Illinois and settled permanently at Prince- ton, where he was employed for a time as a druggist. In 1865 he was appointed deputy county clerk. He was elected clerk of the County Court and served four years from 1869. In 1875 he was appointed postmaster of Princeton and served until 1887. He performed the duties of this office with entire satisfaction to the public, and became an exceedingly popular man in his county. Mr. Templeton has always been a Republican, and identified himself with the party immediately upon reaching Illinois, and has been a constant and earnest advocate of the principles of the party from that time until the present. In 1894 he was nominated as a candidate for the State Senate by the Republicans of the 3ist Senatorial District, composed of Whiteside, Bureau, Stark and Put- nam counties, and was elected. He was re-elected in 1898. Mr. Templeton has taken a high position as a legislator, and has exercised a great deal of influence in the legislation of the State. As a result of this he has a first-class standing in his district- James W. Templeton was married December 2, 1870, to Miss Mandana M. Stevens, whose parents, Justus Stevens and Lurena M. Stevens, were early settlers in Bureau County, from the State of New Hampshire. They have two children, a son, Justus Stevens Templeton, who is a student at Princeton Uni- versity, New Jersey, and a daughter, Gladys Wilson Templeton, who at this writing is in her last year at the Princeton, Illinois, High School. 628 -TflJT ^ ^S * V".,. X x^ 629 JOHN THOMAS. Col. John Thomas was born in Wythe County, Virginia, January n, 1800, of poor parents. His father, John Thomas, was a blacksmith and had a large family and a very small farm, surrounded for miles by large planters and slave- holders, who sent their children to eastern academies and colleges to be edu- cated; nor were there any common or local schools at which the children of the poor might be educated, consequently our subject was deprived by slavery of all means of education except what he received from his mother, who taught all her children to read and write. In order to escape the pernicious influence of slavery his father resolved to move into a free State, and accordingly, on April 28, 1818, the family arrived in St. Clair County, Illinois, at or near the present village of Shiloh and set up a blacksmith shop. John Thomas worked for his father until he was twenty-one years of age, after which he went out for himself, not worth a dollar. The first year after attaining his majority he divided his time between working and going to school. In June, 1822, he married Isabella Kinney, a daughter of Lieutenant Governor William Kinney, and commenced farming on a small scale on rented ground. By thrift and industry he was enabled within six years to buy and stock a farm, and from that time forward he bought land as fast as he was able until he had accumulated about 3,000 acres of the finest farming land in the county. In the early part of his life he was much devoted to military pursuits. In 1832 he was elected to the command of a regiment in the Black Hawk War and served in that campaign with Abraham Lincoln, John J. Hardin, Edward D. Baker and other subsequently noted men of Illinois. He became interested in political questions at an early day. In 1824, when the Legislature submitted to a vote of the people the question of the admission of a slavery clause into the Constitution, he took a most active part in opposition to the proposed measure. In 1854, when Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska bill, he took a very active and zealous part in forwarding the Republican party in opposition to that measure ; and since that he has been an active and con- sistent Republican. In 1838 he was elected to the State Legislature, and served in the last session of that body held at Vandalia, and the first at Springfield. He was elected to the Legislature in 1862, 1864, 1872 and 1874. In 1878 he was elected to the Senate. His large experience and general intelligence rendered him a most efficient and useful legislator. He served with distinction upon several of the most important committees and was very frequently called upon to preside over the deliberations of the House in committee of the whole and in the absence of the Speaker. He was an accomplished parliamentarian and a gentleman of large and varied information, whether political or social, and exercised a very considerable influence in his county. He was the friend of the free and unsectarian schools, and believed that in the education of the masses lie the hope of the Republic- In 1856 he was virtually drafted as a candidate for Congress and ran against Col. J. L. D. Morrison, the Democratic nominee, and beat him over seven hun- dred votes in the county where both resided, and which had for years previously given about one thousand Democratic majority. He also ran ahead of his oppo- nent about seven hundred votes in the adjoining County of Madison, but the other seven counties of the district in some of which a "black Republican" scarcely dare speak in public elected Col. Morrison. His first wife died in the '6o's, and he afterward married Magdelena Hold- ner, a widow, daughter of Jacob Von Euw, a native of Switzerland, and moved to Belleville, 111., where he died December 15, 1894. His son, John E. Thomas, born November 7, 1862, was elected to the Legislature from this County by the largest vote ever cast in the district for that office. He was appointed post- master for the city of Belleville, 111., August, 1898. Mrs. Carrie Thomas- Alexander, daughter of Colonel Thomas," was nominated for Trustee of the Illi- nois University on the Republican ticket in 1900. 630 631 THOMAS FOSTER T1PTON. The parents of subject were Hiram and Deborah (Ogden) Tipton, who became the parents of five children, two of whom died in infancy, and three of whom are still living, to-wit, Thomas F., John and Mrs. Jane Tuttle, the latter two living at Saybrook. The parents were regarded as educated people, both being great readers, and taking much interest in the education of their children. In religion the father was a Universalist, and led a life of singular purity. He was a strong Whig, and denounced slavery as a wrong and a crime. Thomas Foster Tipton was born near Harrisburg, Ohio, August 29, 1833, and is a descendant of ancestors who settled in Frederick County, Md., previous to the Revolutionary War. Sylvester Tipton, grandfather of subject, was the son of Thomas Tipton, and removed from Maryland about 1790 to the North- west Territory, settling temporarily at Chillicothe, O., and later removed to Franklin county; he there followed school teaching until nearly eighty years of age. Joshua Tipton, his brother, moved to Eastern Tennessee, where in 1793 he was murdered by the Indians. The support of his family was thus thrown upon his son John, then but seven years of age. In 1807 the family removed to Harrison County, Indiana, where they bought a farm of fifty-five acres, paying for the same by splitting rails- In 1809 he joined the "Yellow Jackets" commanded by Captain Spencer, became ensign, and served through the campaign, which terminated in the battle of Tipp.ecanoe, November, 1811. During this conflict he succeeded to the command of the company by the death of the captain, and later was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General of Militia. In later life he occupied many positions of trust and responsibility, serving with distinction and high credit to himself. The city of Columbus, Ind., was located upon his land, and for a time was called Tiptonia in his honor. Sylvester Tipton reared a family of eight children, four sons and four daughters. His wife was formally Mary Stark, niece of General Stark of Revolutionary fame. His sons were Captain Thomas, Jonathan, John and Hiram. Jonathan removed to Knox County, 111., but early in the fifties removed to Washington County, la., where his descendants still live, "and where his son Basil has repre- sented his county in the Legislature. Thomas, brother of Jonathan, passed his life at his home vicinity, dying in September, 1864. John, the third brother, moved to Fulton County, 111., where he was accidentally killed by a tree falling on him. Hiram, the youngest son, and the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Franklin County, O., in 1802, and devoted his life to agricultural pursuits. In 1827 he was united in marriage to Deborah Ogden, and in 1837 moved to Pickaway County, Ohio, and seven years later to McLean County, 111., settling in what is known as Moneycreek Township, where the father died March 2Oth of the following year- Thomas F. Tipton passed his early life at hard work, and with but few advantages, beginning work on his own responsibility at the age of twelve years. His tastes led him from the farm to an inclulgment in books, and accordingly he took up the study of medicine, but became dissatisfied with that and dropped it ; began the study of law, and was admitted to practice in 1854, being then in his twenty-first year. He" opened an office in Lexington, where he practiced for seven years, winning distinction by his ability and determined efforts. In 1862 he removed to Bloomington, and became associated with Judge R. M. Benjamin, and in 1868, with Hon. Lawrejice Weldpn, who afterwards became one of the judges of the. United States Court of Claims. In 1866 Mr. Tipton was appointed State's Attorney of the Eighth Judicial District, and in 1870 was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, which position he held until 1877. In 1876 he was elected to the Forty-Fifth Congress, where his services were characterized by that sterling wisdom shown so eminently in his professional career. Upon his return from Congress he resumed the active practice of law, and in 1891 was again 632 633 elected Circuit Judge, for which office his high talents so emiently qualified him. At present the name of the firm is Tipton & Tipton, the junior partner being Thomas W v son of Thomas F. Judge and Mrs. Tipton are the parents of seven children, two of whom died in infancy. Harry V. died at the age of twenty-seven years- Belle E. is the wife of E. E. Van Schoick of Hastings, Neb. ; Helen F. is the wife of William R. Bair of Bloomington ; Thomas W., who married Alice Searles, and now resides at Normal, 111., and Laura B., at home. Judge Tipton has an extensive practice in Central Illinois, and either as Circuit Judge or Counsel has tried forty-seven murder cases and many other important contests. HENRY L. TURNER. Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicago was born August 26, 1845, m Oberlin, Ohio. He has had an eventful and interesting career- When the Civil War closed in 1865 he was not twenty years of age, and yet he had graduated at Oberlin College with honor, and had served in two regiments during the war, as first Lieutenant in the I5oth Regiment, Ohio Volunteers, and afterwards as first Lieutenant and Adjutant of the 1st Regiment United States Colored troops ; he had participated in the engagements of Fort Stevens, siege of Richmond, sec- ond battle of Fair Oaks, Gen. Butler's attack on Fort Fisher, the capture of Fort Fisher by Gen. Terry, the capture of Wilmington, and the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's Army. He was a veteran soldier of many battles before he was old enough to vote. Upon leaving the army he settled in Chi- cago. His first business was in connection with the "Advance" newspaper. He then went to Philadelphia in connection with the great banking house of Jay Cook & Co.; he remained with the firm until their failure in 1873. He returned to Chicago and was again identified with the "Advocate." He pur- chased this paper, managed it for two years, and sold it. In 1874 Col. Turner turned his attention to Chicago real estate ; he formed a partnership with his brother-in-law under the name and style of Turner & Marsh- Mr. Marsh soon retired from the firm to accept an important mission to Europe. Col. Turner then associated himself with William A. Bond, and from May, 1875, for sixteen years, the firm of Turner & Bond conducted a large and successful real estate business at 102 Washington street. In 1892 this firm negotiated the sale of the premises occupied by them to the Cook County Title and Trust Company. They then changed their location to 175 Dearborn street. Col. Turner retired from the firm and established a banking investment business at 92 Dearborn street ; this he conducted with success. In 1899 ne removed his office to 100 Washington street, to the building of the Chicago Title and Trust Company, where he is now engaged in business. Col. Turner was elected President of the Real Estate Board in 1888. He is a mem- ber of the Illinois Commandery of the Loyal Legion. Some years ago he was elected Trustee of Oberlin College. Col. Turner was long identified with the Illinois National Guard, and was Colonel of the ist Regiment. When war was declared against Spain, and a call was made upon Illinois for troops, Col. Turner decided to enter the United States service- His regiment, the ist Illinois National Guards, was reorganized and mustered into the United States service, Col. Turner commanding. The regiment was ordered to Santiago, Cuba, where tfiey participated in the bloody and spectacular assault and siege of that place, which finally surrendered to our forces. Col. Turner is a man of fine business qualifications and is a highly respected citizen of Chicago. His splendid military career in two wars attests his patriotism and valor and gives him an enduring hold upon the affection and gratitude of the people. 634 ^^^t^^\ 635 JOSEPH W. VANCE. General Joseph W. Vance was born at Paris, Edggr^Courity, 111., May 21, 1841. His great-grandfather, Lieutenant William Blackburn, of Campbell's Regiment of Virginians, was killed at the battle of King's Mountain, N- C., during the Revolutionary War. His grandfather, Samuel Vance, was a pioneer settler in Illinois, locating in Edgar County; he owned the land upon which Paris, the county seat, was located. He donated this land to the county, which includes the public square upon which the Court House was erected. Samuel Vance was a man of enterprise, energy and great public spirit; he was highly respected by all who knew him. The father of General Vance was William Blackburn Vance, who was also an early settler in Edgar County. He served as a soldier in the Seminole War, before coming to Illinois, and was a soldier in the Black Hawk War in 1832. General Vance was educated in the public schools, the Edgar Academy and at the United States Military Academy, West Point. Upon the breaking out of the Civil War he was commissioned May 8, 1861, as First Lieutenant, Com- pany "F," 7th Congressional District Regiment of Illinois, and by general orders of the Adjutant General's office of Illinois, he was assigned to the duty of Tactical Instructor of said regiment, upon the suggestion of Captain U. S. Grant, mus- tering officer. On June 28, 1861, he was appointed First Lieutenant of Com- pany "F," 2ist Illinois Volunteers, with rank from May 8, 1861. In July, 1861, upon the recommendation of Colonel U. S. Grant, he was detailed by Brigadier General John Pope to organize and instruct two Missouri regiments at St. Charles, Mo. He commanded Company "F," 2ist Illinois Volunteers, October 21, 1861, at the battle of Fredericktown, Mo. He was Acting Assistant Adjutant General to General Rosecrans in the Tullahoma campaign in 1862, and partici- pated in the battle of Farmington, Miss- He commanded the post at Bards- town, Ky., from October, 1862, to January, 1863, and successfully defended the place against an attack of General John Morgan's Cavalry. He was Assistant Inspector General, 2d Brigade, 2d Division, 2Oth Army Corps, from March till October, 1863, participating in the battles of Liberty Gap, Tenn., and Chicka- mauga, Ga., receiving special mention in the report of Brigadier General Carlin for services in said engagement. He was Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Brigadier General Carlin from October, 1863, to July, 1864, and was in the battle of Look- out Mountain and Missionary Ridge, in November, 1863. He was in the cam- paign of Georgia, in 1864, from Chattanooga to Resaca and Kenesaw Mountain. General Vance's military education and his. extensive experience in the army during the Civil War, pointed him out to the Governor of Illinois as a suitable person to aid in the organization of the Illinois National Guard service. He was commissioned Captain of Company "D," Qth Infantry, Illinois National Guard, in 1876, and Captain of Company "C," I7th Infantry, September 9, 1878. He held this position until February 3, 1881, when he was commissioned Major and Inspector General; on May 15, 1884, he was promoted to the office of Brigadier General and Adjutant General of Illinois. Among the important services rendered during the seven years he occupied this position, was com- piling and publishing eight volumes of Illinois War Reports, from 1861 to 1868, embracing the record of 268,000 soldiers. Also recommending and causing to be incorporated into the Military Code of Illinois, in January, 1885, the present three battalion formation for infantry. Also the establishment of a permanent camp at Springfield, known as Camp Lincoln, rifle ranges, and schools of instruc- tion for officers and non-commissioned officers. This system proved to be highly beneficial, resulted in bringing the service up to a high state of efficiency and discipline, as was demonstrated by the active service of the Illinois National Guard during the serious labor troubles, at Joliet and Lemont, in 1885 ; East St. Louis, and Union Stock Yards, Chicago, in 1886, and' Braidwood and Spring Valley in 1889. These services received the commendation of Governors 636 637 Oglesby and Fifer in congratulatory orders issued by them. General Vance resigned the office of Adjutant General July I, 1891. After returning from the Civil War General Vance engaged in the business of manufacturing woolen goods for a period of nearly ten years. He subse- quently engaged in the business of insurance ; for a number of years he has been interested in mining and manufacturing industries. General Vance has long been actively engaged as a member of the Republican party ; he has never sought an elective office, but has gladly assisted his friends who have aspired to impor- tant positions- He has attended all the Republican State Conventions in Illinois since 1868, as a delegate or an interested spectator. He was a member of the Republican Executive Committee of Sangamon County during the campaigns of 1894 and 1896, which placed that county in the Republican column. General Vance became a citizen of Springfield in 1891. FREDERICK WILLIAM UPHAM. The first of the Uphams in America was John Upham, who came over in the Hull Colony, in 1630, and settled at Maiden, Massachusetts. His son, Lieutenant Phineas Upham, was an officer of Massachusetts troops in King Philip's War, and was killed in the Great Swamp Fight. *In a later generation Jonathan Upham, of the same line, was a soldier of the Revolution, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis. Later still came Calvin H. Upham, who was born at Westminster, Mass. ; was engaged in general merchandising in Wis- consin before and after the Civil War, and in the latter was a Captain and Com- missary of United States Volunteers, in the Department of the Gulf. He mar- ried Miss Amanda E. Gibbs, and to them was born the subject of this sketch. Frederick William Upham was born at Racine, Wisconsin, on January 29, 1861. He received a good primary and secondary education, and was sent to Ripon College, Ripon, Wisconsin, where he pursued an advanced course of study, but did not complete it nor graduate- Leaving college in 1880 he entered at once upon a business career in the employ of the Upham Manufacturing Com- pany at Marshfield, Wisconsin. This was an important lumber concern, and of it Mr. Upham's uncle, Major William H. Upham, Governor of Wisconsin from 1895 to 1897, was president. Mr. Upham remained with it for fourteen years, filling various places, from that of Inspector of Lumber to that of General Manager of the company. In the meantime he, of course, acquired a thorough knowledge of the lumber business in all its departments. In 1894 Mr. Upham decided to establish himself in business on his own account. Accordingly he removed to Chicago, and there organized the Fred. W. Upham Lumber Com- pany, with himself as its president. It rapidly rose to its present prominence as one of the leading concerns of the kind in that city. Mr. Upham is also vice- president of the Creelman Lumber Company, of Cairo, Illinois, and of the Wisconsin Hardwood Export Company, of Wausau, Wisconsin. Mr. Upham is a Republican in politics, and has taken an active part in the' public affairs of that party- In 1892 he was a delegate from the Eighth Wis- consin District to the National Republican Convention, at Minneapolis. In April, 1898, he became Alderman of the Twenty-second Ward of Chicago, but resigned the place on January i, 1899, on account of his election as president of the Cook County Board of Review. He was elected Alderman as the repre- sentative of the business men's and citizens' interests against the professional politicians, and especially in opposition to the granting of too long franchises to street railroad corporations. Mr. Upham is a member and director of the Union League Club, and a member of the Hamilton, Chicago Athletic, Germania, Marquette Clubs and also of the Glen View Golf and Polo Clubs, of Chicago. He is a member of the Society of Colonial Wars, the Sons of the American Revolution, and of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He was married in 1885 at Ripon, Wis- consin, to Miss Alice C. Judd, of that place. They have no children. 638 639 HORATIO LOOMIS WAIT. As lawyer, jurist and citizen the personal life history of Horatio Loomis Wait is interwoven as a part of the warp and woof of Chicago history, and his career has been a phenomenally successful one. In public and private life, in war and in peace, he has never been unmindful of his whole duty. Patriotism is one of the inherent elements of his make-up, as he sprang from good old Revolutionary stock. In tracing back the genealogy of the Wait family in America we find that the first member to settle here was John Wait, son of Richard Wait, who came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony early in the seven- teenth century. He was the father of seven sons, all of whom were in the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars. Five of the sons became commis- sioned officers and two fell in battle. Joseph Wait, second in order of birth of the seven sons, and great-grandfather of Horatio L. Wait, was captain in the corps of Rangers commanded by Major Robert Rogers during the French and Indian war, and as captain of a company assisted in the capture of Ticonderoga. He was commissioned by John Hancock, Lieutenant Colonel of a regiment he recruited in the Revolution, and served as advance guard of General Arnold near Lake Champlain. His son, Marmaduke Wait, was commissioned First Lieutenant in the i6th United States Infantry in 1799, and Israel C. Wait, son of Marmaduke, was a lieutenant in the Mexican war. Upon his maternal side several of Mr. Wait's ancestors were officers in' the colonial wars, the Revolu- tion and the Seminole war. Horatio Loomis Wait was born in New York City August 8, 1836; son of Joseph and Harriet (Heileman) Whitney Wait, both natives of the Green Moun- tain State. He attended Trinity School, New York, and when fourteen years old entered Columbia College Grammar School, preparatory to going to col- lege. He came to Chicago in 1856 and entered the law office of J- Young Scammon. When the war broke out he enlisted in Company D, 6oth Illinois Infantry, but becoming impatient with the delay and tardiness in recruiting in the regiment, he volunteered in the naval service. He was commissioned as- sistant paymaster, with rank of Master in the Navy, by President Lincoln, and ordered to duty on the "Pembina." When the "Pembina" was sent north for repairs, young Wait was transferred to the steamer "Mary Sanford," which conveyed ammunition to the "Monitor" fleet at Charleston. A few months later he was ordered to report for duty on the flagship "Philadelphia." After the war he was transferred to the "Ino" and visited many European ports. Off Lisbon, he was promoted to a paymastership, with rank of lieutenant-com- mander. Returning to the United States in 1867, he was ordered to the United States ship "New Hampshire," but in the following year he was made inspector at Pensacola Navy Yard and transferred accordingly. Resigning his naval commission in 1870, Mr. Wait returned to Chicago and resumed the study of law in the office of Barker & Tuley. August 22, 1870, he was admitted to the bar of Illinois, and became junior member of the firm of Barker & Wait, and so continued till after he was appointed one of the Masters in Chancery of the Circuit Court of Cook County, June, 1876. He is undoubtedly one of the oldest Masters in Chancery in the State. He brought to the office dignity and a profound knowledge of the law, untarnished and incorruptible integrity, and held the important office for more than twenty years. No judge on the bench, perhaps, is regarded with higher veneration and esteem. He is a great traveler, has been a great reader and deep thinker and is a man of scholarly attainments. Mr. Wait is not a politician, but as a staunch Repub- lican takes a great interest in public affairs. He was one of the organizers of the Hyde Park Lyceum, which was later merged into the Chicago Public Library, and he became a member of the Chicago Literary Club, becoming its president in 1893. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was 640 - 641 vestryman and later senior warden of St. Paul's parish. Mr. Wait is also a member of the Illinois State Bar Association and the Church Club. While General Sheridan was at the head of the Illinois Commandery, Mr. Wait was elected companion of the military order of the Loyal Legion, and has since held several important offices in that order. He was elected a life member of the Farragut Boat Club, was also a member and an officer of the Farragut Naval Association of officers and ex-officers of the navy who served during the Rebellion. On the 7th of May, 1860, Mr. Wait married Miss Chara Conant Long, daughter of James Long, an early and prominent citizen of Chicago.; Two sons were born to this marriage, James Joseph W T ait and Henry Heileman Wait, both of whom are enterprising business men of Chicago. GEORGE E. WAITE. Hon. George E. Waite of Geneseo, 111., was born in Stratton, Windham County, Vt. ; his paternal ancestry is English. The name was originally spelled Wayte, later Waite or Wait. The American ancestor is Thomas Wayte, who emigrated to Massachusetts upon the restoration of Charles II. in 1660. Thomas Wayte was a member of the Long Parliament, and was identified with Hampden, Pym, Sir Harry Vane, Sir Thomas Fairfax, Cromwell, Ireton and others in the great struggle for freedom of conscience and constitutional gov- ernment. He did not waver in his opposition to the tyranny of the King. He no doubt saw Cromwell at the head of the Ironsides, and may. have been present at Marston Moor and Naseby- He sat at the trial of Charles I., wit- nessed the matchless prosecution by John Bradshaw, and signed the death war- rant of the King. John Wayte, the grandfather of the Judge, was a soldier of the Revolution and fought at the battles of Concord, Lexington and Bunker Hill; he was a direct descendant of Thomas Wayte. After the war John, Wayte re- mpved to Stratton, Vermont, where he resided until his death. ife had five sons, namely, Amasa, Luther, Daniel, Tyler and Alpheus. Judge Waite is a son of Tyler Waite and Lucia Tyler Waite ; his mother was the daughter of Ebenezer Taylor of Wardsboro, Vermont, and was of Scotch origin. Tyler Waite was a prosperous farmer of education and influence; he and his wife 'reared and educated seven children, namely, Laura,' George E., Lucia, Henry A.., Chastina, Ruth and Dexter Waite. Judge Waite attended the common schools of Ver- mont, prepared for college, and took a .four years', classical course in the Wes- leyan University at Middletown, Conn, j'lie^was especially noted for his ability as a writer and speaker ; he graduated with" honor. He removed to Geneseo, Illinois, in 1856; was admitted to the bar in 1858,' and at once entered upon a successful practice of law. Judge Waite is a Republican in politics; he participated in the organization of the party in 1856, and has without deviation advocated the principles of the arty and supported its candidates; he became widely known throughout the State and was recognized as an able, safe and cmrfageous leader. He has taken an active part in every political campaign, and is a man for an emergency, rising in power and influence with the importance of the occasion. A splendid speci- men of physical manhood, he challenges attention in any gathering. As a speaker by voice, word and action, he appeals with convincing power to an audience. Judge Waite has never pushed himself forward as a seeker after office, but has by the free choice of the people held important judicial, legislative and other positions, performing the duties of all of them with entire satisfaction to the public. He was a member of the convention which framed the present Constitution of Illinois, and was chairman of the Committee on Retrenchment and Reform. His report to the convention, among other things, contained a recommendation for an article prohibiting special legislation. He recognized the great abuse and proposed the only method to put an end to it : his recom- mendation was adopted and incorporated into the Constitution of the State, and 642 643 is one of its wisest and best provisions. Judge Waite has been a careful student of history, and is an intelligent observer of the passing events of the world. He has well-settled opinions upon great public questions, and is a national leader of public opinion. He gave strong support to the cause of the Union, and has done much for both measures and men of his party. In 1859 Judge Waite married Hattie N. Wells, who is also a descendant of Puritan stock. They have a family consisting of three daughters, namely, Laura M., Hattie M. and Ruth M. Waite. Hattie M. is the wife of Thomas Everett; they have a son, George W. Everett. Ruth M. is the wife of Henry M. Dedrick. Judge Waite and his family, have a wide circle of acquaintances and friends, and have the respect and confidence of all who know the'm. FRANK S. WHITMAN. Dr. Frank S. Whitman, the superintendent of the Illinois Northern Hos- pital for the Insane, was born in Belvidere, Illinois, September 27, 1849. His father was from Vermont and his mother from New York. He was reared in Belvidere, where he attended the common schools preparatory to entering the University of Chicago, in which he pursued his studies for three years. The field of medicine attracted his attention, and in it he sought to use his talents, which fitted him particularly for his chosen profession. He commenced his professional career by a course of reading with Dr. J. K. Soule, a leading homeopathic physician of Belvidere. Later Dr. Whitman attended lectures at the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago, from which he graduated in February, 1872. He also received an honorary degree from the Chicago Homeopathic College. While believing firmly in the law of cure enunciated by Hahnemann, he did not believe it to be the only law of cure. He is a broad and liberal man, well read in his profession, and freely makes use of everything in the medical line that has been proven to be of service. After his graduation in the medical schools he began the practice of his profession at Belvidere, where he attained a high reputation as a skillful physi- cian. His standing was so high in the profession that in January, 1899, he was chosen to succeed the late Dr. John B. Hamilton as superintendent of the Illinois Northern Hospital for the Insane, which is one of the largest hospitals in the country, accommodating over 1,200 patients. To be called to the man- agement of such an institution is certainly a very high honor. It is not only in his profession that he has been honored, but also as a citizen of personal worth. He has been elected twice to the mayoralty of Belvidere, and has served six years as President of the School Board. He is now vice-president of the People's Bank of Belvidere, which is an indication of his financial reputation. Dr. Whitman's professional duties have always had his first and careful attention. He has never allowed anything to stand in the way of their proper performance. He has, however, been prominent in politics for many years. He has been for eighteen years the member from Boone County of the Congres- sional Committee of his district. He has repeatedly been a delegate to State Conventions, and has also been an alternate delegate to the National Republican Convention. During the late war with Spain he was appointed Surgeon of the I2th Illinois Infantry, with the rank of Major. This regiment, however, was never called upon for active service. Dr. Whitman is a prominent member of the American Institute of Homeopathy, of the Illinois State Homeopathic Society and of the American Medico-Psychological Society. He was married on January 21, 1877, to Miss Frances Pier of Belvidere, who has proven herself a worthy helpmeet in every sense of the word, and is entitled to a large share of credit for the success which has attended his efforts. r). /rUsCsCMj^ 645 WILLIAM P. WILLIAMS. One of the most prominent of the younger Republicans of Chicago is Wil- liam P. Williams, present Assistant Treasurer of the United States. In a comparatively short time he has acquired a high reputation as a ready, fluent and convincing orator. He was born July 2, 1855, a ^ Pompey, Onondaga County, N. Y., his parents being Porter B. and Mary H. Williams, the former of whom is dead. The mother is yet living in Buffalo, N. Y. When the subject of this sketch was about two years old his parents moved to Buffalo. X. Y., and there continued to reside until 1869, when, on account of the father's failing health, the family moved to Aiken, S. C. William P. Williams was prepared for college at Charleston, S. C., where he early showed great capacity and unusual taste for literature and public speaking. In 1877, having thoroughly prepared himself for a collegiate career, he entered Union College at Schenectady, N- Y., and took a full classical course, graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the class of 1881. During his college career he was one of the foremost orators of the institution, taking one of the oratorical prizes and graduating with Phi Beta Kappa honor, a dis- tinction given to only six leading members of his class. He is also a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity. While at college his tastes led him to deter- mine upon the profession of law, and accordingly, immediately after graduation, he took up that study, but was forced for want of means to relinquish it for a time and turn to business. In. 1883 he came to Chicago as agent for a large eastern car-spring concern; and continued until 1889 in the railway supply busi- ness. Soon afterward he became connected with the marble and tile business, being president and treasurer of the Art Marble Company of Chicago. He is still connected with this business. He served for two years, from 1896 to 1897, inclusive, as secretary of the Union League Club, having joined fhat organiza- tion in 1887. Mr. Williams indulges his tastes in literary subjects and has become a wide reader and student on a great variety of topics. As a result his mind is stored with interesting and useful information, which has become very useful to him in his capacity as an after-dinner speaker. He has always been a Republican, as was his father before him. As early as 1895 he took up the McKinley cause with Charles G. Dawes. There is no doubt that he made the first public speech in Chicago, in December, 1895, which favored Mr. McKinley for the presidency. This speech was delivered before the Marquette Club, and was published by Robert Porter of Cleveland, and ex- tensively circulated as campaign literature. At the banquet of the Hamilton Club in the winter of 1895-6 Senator Foraker was billed to respond to a toast, "The Republican Party," but at the last moment, being unable to attend, he sent his regrets, and the chairman, Samuel W. Allerton, called upon Mr. Williams to fill the vacancy. Accordingly the latter delivered a strong speech, taking the opportunity to boom Mr. McKinley for the presidency. He was one of the organizers and chairman of the finance committee of the William McKinley Business Men's Club, which did such effective service during the McKinley campaign. At the Springfield Convention he was selected to second the speech of William J. Calhoun favoring the endorsement of McKinley's nomination, but in the excitement following certain parliamentary tactics all arguments were passed over, the question put to a vote, and the speech was never delivered. He campaigned for the national committees in Indiana, Nebraska and Illinois, and was invited by Mr. McKinley to make a series of speeches in Ohio, but was unable to accept. He helped organize the McKinley and Hobart National Wheelmen, and was made vice-president of the organization. About 80,000 wheelmen, a large percentage being first voters, were enrolled. They made the 646 647 pilgrimage to Canton, where on behalf of the organization Mr. Williams deliv- ered the oration, which was published by the National committee as campaign literature. He was appointed to his present position on December 20, 1897. Mr. Williams was married in 1892 to Miss Grace Greenwood Jackson of Glenwood, la. They have no children. He is an Episcopalian and resides in the 32d ward, Chicago. He has a beautiful summer home at Lake Beulah, Wis. Mr. William's wide scholarship, brilliant talents and fluent eloquence have won fpr him prominent reputation as an after-dinner speaker. He has performed important services in a great variety of public enterprises, and is prominently identified with the public spirit of Chicago- HERMAN B. WICKERSHAM. Herman B. Wickersham was born at LaPorte, Indiana, July 3, 1859, and until seventeen years of age spent his life on the farm, when he gave up country life and entered the schools of LaPorte, where he took a classical course and graduated in June, 1879. When twelve years old he entered a court room for the first time, with his father, where he was infatuated with a lawyer in the midst of an argument. At that time he settled in his own mind that when he grew up he would become a lawyer. Later in his life his mother attempted to per- suade him to give up the idea of pursuing the .profession of law, and under her persuasion he commenced the study of anatomy with a view of practicing medi- cine as a profession ; but in a short time he gave up all idea of a medical profes- sion and still clung to his desire to practice law. After his graduation Mr. Wickersham entered the law offices of Messrs. Weir & Biddle of LaPorte, one of the leading law firms of the State. In Sep- tember, 1879, he came to Chicago for the purpose of finishing his studies and entered the Union College of Law, at the same time connecting himself with Judge Lyman Trumbull, with whom he remained for about ten years- He graduated from the law school in June, 1881, and commenced practicing in 1882. Immediately after the commencement of practice, his law business developed into a litigated business, which he has retained ever since, and become known at the bar as a conscientious, hard fighter. Soon after he entered upon his profession he became politically inclined and commenced his political life in the old 3d ward of Chicago and took an active interest in local politics, and often went to conventions as a delegate. In 1886 he moved to the North Side and was soon engrossed in the politics of that part of the city. In 1887 he became a member of the Marquette Club, and from that time until the present he has been a prominent factor in that organization, holding the office of Director, Chairman of Political Action Committee, First Vice-President, and in March, 1899, was elected President of the Club. He had the distinction of being the first president of that organization who had a con- testant for the office. He was elected by a handsome majority. Up to Novem- ber, 1899, he had never held a political office, either elective or appointive, when at this time Governor John R. Tanner appointed him a member of the Lincoln Park Board. On the i6th of November, 1899, he was elected by the Commis- sioners of Lincoln Park to the Presidency of the Board, which position he now occupies. In June, 1899, ne was married to Mrs. Fanny L. Sneider, and now resides in the 24th ward. 648 649 THOMAS S. WILLIAMS. This gentleman, now a resident of Louisville, Illinois, was born in Blair Township, Clay County, Illinois, February 14, 1872. His father was William Williams, and his mother formerly Miss Nancy Freeman. His grandfather, William Williams, was one of the pioneers of Clay County. He came from North Carolina, and taught the first school in Clay County. The father of subject served four years as a member of Company B, Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, and served with his regiment from Fort Donelson to the close of the War of the Rebellion. When the war ended he settled on a farm in Blair Township, where he amassed a competence and became a useful citizen- An- derson Freeman, maternal grandfather of subject, served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Thomas S. attended country schools until seventeen years of age, when he entered the public schools of Louisville, paying his way by serving as janitor. Later he took a three years' course in Austin College, Effingharn, pursuing the classical course, but did not gradviate. Succeeding this he taught school at Effingham, Edgewood and elsewhere. He read law with Hon. B. D. Monroe, now Assistant Attorney General of Illinois, in Louisville, and was admitted to the bar in 1896, and immediately formed a partnership with his preceptor under the firm name of Monroe & Williams, which association is still in existence, with a large practice. The firm is one of the strongest in the central part of the State, having a large practice in several counties. Mr. Williams has shown a special fitness for the successful management of jury cases. From boyhood Mr. Williams has taken the deepest interest in politics, and became noted even as a child for the intensity of his Republicanism. In local debating societies he became conspicuous for the vigor and ability with which he defended his political principles. He took an active part in the campaign of 1894, and spoke for the Republican ticket in various places. In 1895, when Coin's Financial School was being extensively circulated, he took part in several joint debates, coming squarely out for the gold standard, when Republicans and Democrats alike seemed in favor of the free and unlimited coinage of silver. His argument for the gold standard was forcible and convincing. During the campaign of 1896 he made over thirty speeches in fifteen counties of Southern Illinois, and was conceded, even by the Democrats, to be an extremely effective campaigner. From 1896 to 1898 he served as city attorney of Louisville to the satisfaction of all. In November, 1898, after a spirited campaign, in which he again showed his remarkable fitness for politics and the stump, he was elected to the Legislature from the Forty-second district, comprising the counties of * Marion, Clinton, Washington and Clay. His ability generally, particularly on finance, was recognized by his appointment to the position of chairman of the Committee on Finance and on other important committees. Although one of the youngest members of the House, he became one of its leading members, winning the reputation of being an industrious worker in the committee room and a strong speaker on the floor. By sheer force of intellectual ability and forensic skill and eloquence he has become one of the foremost Republicans of the State, with a bright future awaiting him. Mr. Williams is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Presbyterian church. He was united in marriage June 9, 1897, at Charleston, 111., to Mis? Mabel Simpson, a classmate at Austin College, and has one child, Harold Simp-** son Williams. 650 651 MOSES O. WILLIAMSON. Moses O. Williamson can boast of a birth-place broader than the vast prairies of Illinois. He was first "rocked in the cradle of the mighty deep." He was born on the Atlantic Ocean, July 14, 1850. His parents, William and Margaret Williamson, were natives of Sweden, and it was during the ocean voyage, while coming to America, that Moses was born. They came directly to Illinois and settled in Sparta Township, Knox County. His father purchased a small farm on Section 22, where he lived until his death, in 1854. His mother died in 1886. They had a family of six children, who lived to manhood and womanhood. Moses remained at the paternal homestead until he was twelve years of age, assisting in the farm labors and farm duties, according to his ability. At this time he went from home to work on the farm of a neighbor, where he remained two years. He then went to the village of Wataga and engaged himself to Olson and Gray, to learn the harness trade, where he served for three years, afterward working one year as journeyman. He then bought out Mr. Gray, one of the partners, and from 1867 to 1879 was in partnership with Mr. Olson. His next venture was the purchase of Mr. Olson's interest in the harness business, which he carried on, single-handed and alone, until 1890, when he came to Galesburg. Mr- Williamson has the ability to please. His rigid life of honesty and integrity has won for him implicit confidence and universal respect. Places of honor have been given him without stint, and no word of criticism or censure has ever been spoken justly against him. Before coming to Galesburg he held the office of Councilman, Justice of the Peace, Village Clerk and Town Clerk, and was ever regarded as a careful and reliable public man. In political faith he is an earnest and conscientious Republican. He believes in his party creed, and has done much for the success of his party candidates and party principles. In 1884 he was made Secretary of the Republican County Central Committee, and has been its Secretary or its Chairman ever since, being its Chairman at the present time. He was elected County Treasurer in 1886, County Clerk in 1890-1894-1898, was one of the organizers of the Swedish American Republican League of Illinois, was its President in 1897, and was one of a committee of five, associated with the Republican State Central Committee in 1896, that had charge of the Swedish part of the campaign in that year in Illinois. In 1900 he was elected State Treasurer. Mr. Williamson is not a bigot. He believes in the freedom of religious convictions. He is an attendant at the Congregational service, though not a member of that church. Both his private and public character are above reproach. His early educational advantages were very limited, and yet by his assiduity and love of learning he became thoroughly fitted for fields of great usefulness. In his sympathies he is patriotic and charitable, loving country, home and friends, and has always discharged his public and private duties ably and honestly, winning for himself the commendations of his fellow citizens. He was married October 18, 1871, to Mary Driggs, a native of Oneida County, New York, and the daughter of William M. and Millicent (Housted) Driggs. Three children have been born to them, two of whom are now living, Addie and Xellie- 652 653 FREDERICK C. WINSLOW. Dr. Frederick C. Winslow of Jacksonville, 111., was born October 6, 1850, at Cuyler, Courtland County, N. Y. His father was Frederick C. Winslow of Massachusetts ; his mother, Mary Anna Forbes of Vermont. These good people descended from old New England families, who were prominently identified with the history of Massachusetts and Vermont. Mr. and Mrs. Winslow, soon after their marriage, came west and settled in Stephenson County, III, in 1836. Mr. Winslow died in 1895. The subject of this sketch received his preliminary education in the public schools of Freeport, 111. He graduated at the Northwestern University in the class of 1870, and in the medical department of the same university in 1874. After completing his course in medicine in the university, Dr. Winslow passed a competitive examination and received the appointment of the first position as interne at the Cook County Hospital, and served a full term of eighteen months in that capacity. At the conclusion of this term of service, Dr. Winslow was appointed to the lowest medical position in the Insane Hospital at Jacksonville, 111., in 1875, and has been identified with the study and treatment of mental dis- eases from the date of that appointment to the present time. His progress in these studies brought him rapidly to the front as an expert in this branch of medical science. Upon the inauguration of John P. Altgeld as governor in 1893, Dr. Winslow resigned his position in the hospital, but four years later, upon the election and inauguration of Governor Tanner, the doctor was ap- pointed Physician and Superintendent of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, which position he now holds. In 1878 Dr. Winslow spent some months in Europe studying the methods of the care and the treatment of the insane as compared to similar classes in this country. Dr. Winslow's identification with the Republican party began with the cam- paign of 1860, when Abraham Lincoln was the Republican candidate for Presi- dent. The doctor was then only ten years old. He and a number of other enthusiastic boys formed a club, called the "Young Rail-Splitters." Their oriflamme was a rail, and these youthful politicians participated with energy in the campaign, and they, no doubt, claimed much of the credit of electing Abra- ham Lincoln president- The doctor has been a consistent and influential Repub- lican from that time until the present hour, taking an active interest and part in the work of the party. He became a member of the Masonic fraternity in 1881 and has. held the office of presiding officer in subordinate bodies of the lodge, chapter, council and commandery, and in the Grand council and Grand chapter of the State of Illinois. He at present holds the third office in rank in the Grand commandery, Knights Templar of Illinois, and second ranking officer in the Grand Conclave Knights of the Red Cross of Constantine. Dr. Winslow was married on February 7, 1881, to Frances Wilkinson Rock- well of Jacksonville, 111., whose family were among the earliest settlers in Morgan County, Illinois, her grandfather having been the first postmaster of Jackson- ville, and being elected county clerk upon the organization of the county. His wife's death occurred in 1898; she left two sons. Dr. Winslow has a wide circle of friends among the medical men of the State, and he is recognized as standing at the head of the profession. He is still comparatively a young man, and has a wide field of usefulness before him. 654 655 CLARENCE SENSENIG WITWER. The Sensenig and the Witwer families in America are the direct descendants of members of that sturdy race which inhabited the two provinces on the banks of the upper Rhine in Germany over two hundred years ago, and which were forced by persecution to leave the land of their birth, the Fatherland, and seek new homes in Pennsylvania. Members of these families and their connections were among the first settlers in Earl Township, Lancaster County, Penn., locat- ing there in 1730, the township and the county having been organized only the year before. Among the papers of George Witwer, father of subject, was recently found a deed from William Penn to William Sensenig, bearing date 1734, in which the name of Michael Witwer, the ancestor of subject, appears. George Witwer, the father, was born in Earl Township, the above county, August 25, 1824. Possessing strong religious tendencies, he united with the German Baptist Brethren at the age of twenty years, and in 1852 was called to the ministry of that denomination. In July, 1849, he married Miss Elizabeth Studebaker, sister of Studebaker Bros., of South Bend, Indiana, who was born in Pennsylvania, May 18, 1829, and was then living in Ashland County, Ohio- He did not confine himself to the ministry, but engaged in the mercantile busi- ness, and in 1863 removed with his family to LaPorte, Indiana, and engaged in farming. In 1868 he was ordained an elder of his church. In 1867 he moved to Hamilton, Missouri, where he remained until 1881, operating a general store and attending to his ministerial duties. In 1881 he removed to South Bend, Indiana, and there remained living a retired life until his death in October, 1886. His widow resides with her daughter, Mrs. Joseph Kopcsay, in South Bend. Of their twelve children nine are living, as follows : John S., Dallas, Texas ; Mrs. Joseph Kopcsay, South Bend ; Mrs. J. M. Mohler, Joliet, 111. ; T. W. Witwer, Chicago ; George M. , South Bend ; Ed. C, South Bend ; J. F-, Columbus, Ohio ; H. E. Kersey, Colo., and the subject of this sketch. C. S. W T itwer, who is now vice-president and general manager of the Joliet Manufacturing Company, was born in Ashland County, Ohio, in 1862. At Hamilton, Mo., where the family removed in 1867, he received his early educa- tion, and worked for his father in the general store, handling agricultural imple- ments and vehicles, being one of the first agents of Studebaker Bros, in the West. As the father was frequently called from home to preach, the care of the business fell largely on his sons. Subject assisted in the store and herded cattle for Dwight & Booth of Hamilton, and when fifteen years old was given $500 in cash by his employers and sent twenty miles on horseback to buy cattle, which he did, driving them five miles, weighing and shipping them to market. From 1879 to September, 1881, he was employed as assistant by Studebaker Bros, at South Bend, and in 1881 and 1882 took a preparatory course at Depauw Uni- versity, Greencastle, Ind. He then took a position in the lumber department of Studebaker Bros-, remaining until the fall of 1883, when he became head sales- man for his brother, John S., at Dallas, Texas. In 1886 he took the road for Studebaker Bros., but the following year removed to Joliet, 111., and took an interest in the Joliet Manufacturing Company, and from that date until 1897 was general superintendent. In 1897 he became its vice-president and general man- ager, which position he now holds. In the early '8o's Mr. Witwer was a member of the South Bend Light Guards. He is a member of the Stone City Union Club of Joliet, and of the Hamliton Club of Chicago. In the fall of 1887 he married Miss Mary E. Shrefrler, only daughter of Andrew H. Shrefrler, late president of the Joliet Manufacturing Company, and at the time of his death in 1897 the oldest manu- facturer in Will County. Their children are, Irene, born July 17, 1890, and died September 30, 1891, and Andrew Hafer Shrefrler Witwer, born February 21, 656 657 1894- Mr. Witwer is not a member of any church, but is a regular attendant of divine service, being a trustee of the Ottawa Street M. E. Church, Joliet, and being a liberal 'supporter of church and benevolent institutions. He has been a staunch Republican all his life, but has refused to accept political honors. THOMAS WORTHINGTON. Thomas Worthington of Jacksonville, 111., is a son of Dr. Thomas Worth- ington and Amelia J. Worthington of Pittsfield, 111. Dr. Worthington, now deceased, was a native of Tennessee, but a descendant of the Worthington and Calvert families of the State of Maryland. Mrs. W r orthington was born in Maryland and was the youngest daughter of Col. Kennedy Long of Baltimore, who commanded the 2/th Regiment in the defense of that city during the war of 1812. Although born in a slave State and by inheritance the owner of slaves, Dr. Worthington was not in favor of slavery, and believed the system of slavery to be inherently wrong. It was chiefly because of his opposition to slavery that he removed from Tennessee and settled in Illinois. Dr. Worthington was a man of splendid and varied, ability ; he stood at the head of his profession as a physician and surgeon; he identified himself with the Whig party, and was twice elected to the State Senate ; he took an active interest in politics, and as a public speaker was able and eloquent ; he was a "Free Soil Whig," and took a firm stand against the extension of slavery into the territories ; he was a leading spirit in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois ; was a delegate to the first Republican Convention of the State, held in Bloomington in 1856; he was a personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, and supported him for President ; was earnestly devoted to the Union cause, and to the continued success of the Repub- lican party- Dr. and Mrs. Worthington were early settlers in Pittsfield, Pike' County, Illinois. Thomas Worthington the subject of this sketch, was born in Spencer, June 8, 1850, while his parents were visiting relatives in that State; he was brought home to Pittsfield, where he grew up, and where he received his early education; he graduated from the High School of his own town in 1869, then entered Cornell University, and in 1873 graduated from that great institution of learn- ing, receiving the degree of Ph. B. Mr. Worthington chose the profession of law for his life work, and entering the Union College of Law at Chicago was graduated from that schopl in 1877. He took up the practice of law at his old home of Pittsfield, where he established a good business, which was extended into other parts of the country. Mr. Worthington's first case in a court of record was one instituted in Baltimore, Md., to recover the interests of his family in his grandfather's estate situated in that city, and which had been sold nearly fifty years previously under proceedings in the Orphan's Court. This case involved property in the city of Baltimore, much of which had been im- proved with modern buildings. A number of persons were interested in the result of the litigation ; a long array of counsel were employed by the defendants and the case was three times taken to the Court of Appeals. This case, entitled Long vs. Long, reported in 62, Maryland Reports, pages 33-88, became a cele- brated case in that State. Mr. Worthington stood by his guns and was success- ful in the litigation, after many years, as to a considerable part of the property. In 1892 two important events occurred in Mr. Worthington's life. On November i6th of that year he married Mirriam M. Morrison of Jacksonville, 111- Miss Morrison was a daughter of Hon. Isaac L. Morrison, one of the leading lawyers of the State, one of the organizers of the Republican party and lately a distinguished member of the Legislature of Illinois. Her mother is Mrs. Anna Tucker Morrison, who is connected with the Tucker, Weeks, Napier, Underbill and other leading families of Long Island. Mr. Worthington became 658 659 a member of the law firm of Morrison & Worthington, and removed his resi- dence to Jacksonville, where he now resides. This firm (now Morrison, Worth- ington & Reeve) has a large law practice. Mr. Worthington has been closely connected with many important cases, and has appeared before the Supreme Court of Illinois, the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court of the United States. For twelve years he has been one of the leading counsel for the 600 defendants in the "Sny Levee Bond Suit," involving about two million dollars and one hundred thousand acres of land and now pending in the United States Supreme Court. Ex-President Harrison is one of the associate counsel for the defendant land owners. It will be readily understood that Mr. Worthington now Stands in the front rank of the profession of law in Illinois. In politics Mr. Worthington has always been an active Republican ; he began making speeches for the party in the campaign of 1880, and has taken a leading part in every political campaign since that date. In 1882 Mr. Worth- ington was elected to the Illinois Legislature from the district composed of the counties of Pike, Brown and Camoun. He was Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket of 1888 for the i2th Congressional District- He was Super- visor of the Census for the loth District of Illinois in 1900. Early in life Mr. Worthington became interested in Masonry ; he was several years Master of the Pittsfield Lodge of A. F. & A. M., and was also E. C. of Ascalon Command- ery of Knights Templars of that place. Mr. and Mrs. Worthington have one son, Isaac L. Morrison Worthington. JAMES A. WILLOUGHBY. James A. Willoughby of Belleville, 111., was born on a farm in St. Clair County, May 2, 1855. Passing through the common schools of the county, he completed his education at McKendree College and graduated in law at Ann Arbor in 1876. He was admitted to the Michigan Bar in 1876, before he was twenty-one years of age, but instead of practicing law, Mr. Willoughby conducted a drug business at Lebanon for four years. He became a candidate in 1880 for the office of Recorder of St. Clair County, and was one of the three Republicans who were elected to office in that county that year. In June, 1885, Mr. Willoughby bought the "Belleville Advocate," and has conducted that journal ever since, making it one of the best newspapers in southern Illinois. Mr. Willoughby has been an earnest Republican from his early manhood, and for more than twenty years has served almost constantly as chairman of the Republican County Committee of St. Clair County. He was chairman of the Congressional Committee during the contest between Jehu Baker and Colonel William R. Morrison for Congressman, when Mr. Baker was elected. Mr. Willoughby is a man of great force of character, exerts a powerful influence in the community where he lives, has a wide circle of friends throughout the State, and is one of the best-known men in Southern Illinois. In 1894 Mr. Willoughby received the nomination for the State Senate in the 49th Senatorial district, and was elected by a majority of 1211. He at once took a prominent position in the business of legislation and was appointed as a member of the committee to arrange the Senate committees. Mr. and Mrs. Willoughby make their home in the city of Belleville, where they have a wide circle of friends and are highly respected. 660 661 FRANCIS M. WRIGHT. Judge Francis M. Wright, of Urbana, Champaign County, Illinois, was born at Briar Ridge, Liberty Township, Adams County, Ohio. August 5, 1844, his parents being James and Elizabeth (Copple) Wright- His father was a native of Pennsylvania, from Scotch-Irish ancestors, and his mother was Ger- man. His father was a mechanic, and also a farmer in Ohio, and there upon the farm the family were born and brought up, Francis M. Wright being the fifth of six children. Francis M. Wright received a common school and aca- demic education, and in June, 1861, enlisted as a private in Company I, 39th Ohio Infantry, for three years, just before he had reached his I7th birthday, and on expiration of his time, re-enlisted in the same company and regiment for the remainder of the war, and was mustered out as Lieutenant in Company C of the same regiment after four years of active service in the armies of the Missis- sippi and the Tennessee. He participated in the campaigns and battles of these armies ; was wounded in the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and marched with Sherman to the sea, and at the close of the war, in June, 1865, was mustered out, not having attained the age of 21 years, after more than four years' active service in the field. Francis M. Wright has been a Republican as far back as he can remember, as when a boy he recollects shouting for Fremont and Dayton, and singing the campaign songs of that time. He has uniformly voted the Republican ticket since he was old enough, and has participated in the advocacy of Republican principles and Republican candidates regularly in every campaign upon the stump since the close of the war. He has always supported the Republican organization in town, county, district and state, and his constituents have sent him as a delegate to every State Republican Convention since he moved to Illinois, which was in 1869. In war and politics he has never been a quitter. He has held no office except that of Circuit Judge, to which he was elected in 1891 and re-elected in 1897, both times as the nominee of Republican conven- tions. In 1897 he was assigned by the Supreme Court as one of the Appellate Justices in the 2d District, was later changed to the 3d District, and was re- assigned to the latter district in 1900, and now occupies that bench at Spring- field, 111. At the close of the war he studied law, was graduated at Cincinnati Law College, with the degree of LL. B., was then admitted to the bar, and practiced for a short time in Georgetown, Brown County, Ohio ; subsequently in 1869 removing to Urbana, Champaign County, 111., where he has since resided and practiced law and been elected to the bench- In addition to his law business he is interested in the First National Bank of Urbana as one of the principal stockholders, is a director and the president of the bank, which has a capital and surplus of $130,000. In 1868 he was married to Miss Elizabeth West of Brown County, Ohio, and to them five children have been born, three of whom are now living Royal, a lawyer; and two daughters, Edith, married to Roy H. Griffin, and Lora, attending Smith College. Francis M. Wright has been a member of the M. E. Church since childhood, belongs to the Masonic Fraternity, G. A. R. and the Illinois Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. 662 663 THEODORE KEPNER LONG. Theodore Kepner Long, No. 4823 Kimbark Avenue, Chicago, was born near Millerstown, Perry County, Pa., on the 26th day of April, 1857. Through his father, he is descended from the sturdy freeholder Menonites who settled in Lancaster County before the Revolution. The buildings of his earliest Ameri- can ancestor, Isaac Long, are still standing in good repair, and have become historical owing to a great meeting, "Grosse Versammlung," held there in 1767 for the organization of the United Brethren Church. The dwelling house is a large old-fashioned colonial structure. The buildings were erected by Isaac Long about 1754. In Berger's History of the United Brethren Church, the au- thor, writing of these buildings, says : "The masonry is of high order. The thatched roof of early times has given way long since to a better covering. They are located on a beautiful farm six miles northeast of the city of Lancaster." Isaac Long's son, David, the great grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was educated for the ministry, and in 1811 migrated from Lancaster County north to the lands along the Juniata River. Here he established a church and a farm of over one thousand acres, which latter was afterwards divided among his descendants, the mansion portion of it descending to his oldest son, Abraham, and later to Abraham's son, Abraham, Jr., the father of Theodore, the subject of this sketch. The early life of Theodore was spent on his father's farm and at "the age oi 15 he taught the district school and began to lay the foundation for an education by attending school in summer time and teaching in winter to earn money to pay the expense of his schooling. This plan was followed for upwards of four years, when he began the study of law, and two years afterwards entered Yale College as a student in the Law Department, and, in addition to the regular law course, took a special course in political economy, modern languages, English literature and Rhetoric. Mr. Long was graduated in 1878, and immediately en- tered the office of the attorneys for the Pennslyvania Railroad at Harrisburg, where he remained several years as an assistant. In 1881 he received an appoint- ment under the Secretary of War, and removed to Washington, D. C, where he also represented several newspapers in Pennsylvania as Washington corres- pondent. He removed to the Northwest in 1883, and located at Mandan, Dakota Ter- ritory, on the west bank of the Missouri River ; Bismarck being situated on the east bank. He bought an interest in the Mandan Daily Pioneer and became its editor. He took an active part in politics and journalism and wrote and pub- lished, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature, a parliamentary guide entitled, "Long's Legislative Hand Book," In the fall of 1884 Mr. Long was elected District Attorney for the family of counties west of the Missouri River and north of the 46th parallel. He was the first prosecuting attorney elected in this district, which at that time had a popu- lation probably more cosmopolitan than any similar area in the United States. Within thisMistrict was the ranch of the eccentric French nobleman, the Marquis de Mores, who was tried for murder in Dakota, and afterwards lost his life in the Soudan; and here, too, was the ranch of Theodore Roosevelt, for whom Mr. Long prosecuted and convicted a band of highwaymen who made a predatory in- cursion into the former's ranch. After the expiration of his term as District Attorney, he removed to Bis- marck where he became the attorney for the Northern Pacific railroad and other corporate interests. Realizing that the extreme west was destined to suffer from a long period of depression, he returned east as far as Minneapolis where, in com- pany with two associates, he promoted and organized the Evening Star, the name of which was afterwards changed to the Evening Tribune. He became the paper's managing editor and continued in that capacity until he sold his interest, and moved to Chicago after the Worldjs Fair. 664 665 During his residence in Chicago Mr. Long has devoted himself exclusively to the practice of the law of life insurance and corporations. He is General Counsel of the Ilinois Life Insurance Company, an institution with which he lias been closely identified ever since its organization. He is a member and director of the Hamilton Club, and a member of the Union League Club and the Mid- lothian Country Club. He is a blue lodge Mason, a Knight Templar, a mem- ber of Medinah Temple Shrine of Chicago, and an active member of the Thirty- second Ward Republican Club. He has always taken great interest in educa- tional matters, and occupies the chair of Medical Jurisprudence in the National Medical University and Hospital. Mr. Long was married in 1885, at Eau Claire, Wisconsin, to Miss Kate Carson of that place, and both he and his wife are members of the Episcopal Church, of which he is also a vestryman. They have one child, a son, William Carson Long, fourteen years of age. CHARLES A. ALLEN. Charles A. Allen is an Illinoisian and was born at Danville, Vermillion County, July 26, 1851. He is the son of William J. and Emily Newell Allen. He was educated in the common schools, and after getting through his early education, taught school for several years, and at the same time commenced the study of law. In 1872, he entered the law school of the University of Michi- gan at Ann Arbor, graduating in 1875, after which he located at Rossville, Ver- million County, 111., where he practiced his profession successfully until 1881, when he removed to Hoopeston, where he has since resided. Mr. Allen has made a fine reputation as a lawyer, and in his chosen pro- fession has met with most flattering success. But it is as a politician and member of the State Legislature that Mr. Allen has become well known throughout the state. From his entry into politics, he has taken rank as a leader. In 1884, he was elected as a Republican member of the house and was conspicuous in the political contest between Gen. John A. Logan, and Colonel William Morrison, Republican and Democratic candidates for the United States senate. In the session of 1885, when the Illinois General Assembly was so evenly divided be- tween the two great parties and when party lines were rigidly drawn ,and party fealty put to the test. In this battle Mr. Allen was one of the loyal ''103," who persistently voted for Gen. Logan. During this heated session, Mr. Allen de- veloped consummate ability and displayed qualities of leadership that established his power as a Legislator. He has been a hard worker as a member of the House, serving on several important committees, including the committee on Judiciary. He was re-elected to the House in 1886, 1888 and 1890, but retired in 1892, and became a candidate for nomination for State Auditor, in the Re- publican State Convention, but failed to secure the nomination. In 1896 he was again elected to the House. In 1897, he was temporary speaker of the house, Chairman of the Judiciary Committee and of the Republi- can Steering Committee. He was again elected to the Legislature in 1898 in spite of much opposition on account of his connection with what was known as the "Allen Bill" of which he was the reputed author, having as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee reported a substitute for the "Humphrey Street Railway Bill." Mr. Allen is now 1900 elected to the Lower House of the General As- sembly. As a parliamentarian, he is one of the best in the West a ready debater and a clear and forcible speaker on all subjects. He is fearless and al- ways has the courage of his convictions. Withal, he has great personal popular- ity and is highly esteemed for his many social qualities. Mr. Allen was married in 1878 to Miss Mary Thompson of Rossville. They have two sons and one daughter. On March 30, 1899, Mr. Allen lost his father by death, aged 76 "an old faithful friend ; he closed his career as gently as an autumn sunset." One of the strongest characteristics and virtues of Mr. Allen is his intense regard for home ties. 666 667 L. E. WHEELER. L. E. Wheeler, the present Mayor of Springfield, 111., was born at Havana, 111., October 7, 1862. He removed to Springfield, 111., in 1879, with his father, Jacob Wheeler, who was then U. S. Marshal for the southern district of Illinois, and who had been a distinguished soldier from Illinois during the Civil War. After passing through the free schools of Illinois, Mr. Wheeler finished his education at Williamsville, Mass., during the years of 1880, 1881 and 1882. Returning to his home, he was appointed to a position in the United States' Internal Revenue service at Springfield, and continued to occupy this position for three years, from 1883 to 1885. Preferring an independent business of his own, Mr. Wheeler retired from public service and in 1886 embarked in the ice and coal business in Springfield. He developed his trade until it became large and lucrative, and he has been successful in all his business undertakings. Like his father before him, he has always been an enthusiastic supporter of the Republican party. His popularity as a man is attested by the fact that he is the first and only Republican that was ever twice elected Mayor of the Capital City- Mr. Wheeler first tried his fortune in politics by being a candidate for Alderman upon the Republican ticket in his ward, which was Democratic. He was twice elected Alderman in that ward, and performed the duties of the office in such a manner as to receive the approval and support of the public in general. In 1897 Mr. Wheeler was nominated for the office of Mayor, and was elected ; and was re-elected to the same position in 1899. He has performed the duties of this important office to the entire satisfaction of the public. Mr. Wheeler is a man of great force of character, is gifted by nature with the faculty of making friends, and is an exceedingly popular man in the city of Springfield. V. C. PRICE. Dr. Price is from the Empire State. He was born at Troy, N. Y., in 1832, where he grew up and was educated at the public schools and the high school. He then took a course in medicine and graduated from the New York Medical College in 'i 856, after which he practiced medicine for several years. As early as 1852 'Dr. Price began experimenting in the manufacture of baking powder, and was the pioneer in its introduction into general use. In 1861 he came to Chicago and established a baking powder manufactory at Waukegan, 111. Then later, in 1863, he started a manufactory on West Lake street, Chicago, and later on East Lake street, which was destroyed in the great fire of 1871. After the fire he had a factory on Randolph street. In 1884 he organized the Price Baking Powder Company, with a factory on the North Side, corner of Dearborn avenue and Michigan streets, which was operated success- fully until 1890, when he turned his attention wholly to the manufacture of flavor- ing extracts, and erected the large building on the corner of Cass and Illinois streets, in which he has built up a very large and profitable business, under the name of the Price Flavoring Extract Company, of which he is president, and his son, R. C. Price, is vice-president. The plant of tills company is altogether modern, commodious and splendidly equipped with every essential to the busi- ness. There are no flavoring extracts which excel or have a higher reputation than those made by The Price Flavoring Extract Company, and deservedly so ; there is not a housewife in the land who does not know and praise these extracts. Dr. Price is also the president of the Pan Confection Company, of Chicago, of which another son, V. L. Price, is secretary and treasurer. This company occu- pies premises adjoining those of the Price Flavoring Extract Company. That Dr. Price is a man of great energy and business capacity is evidenced in the 668 669 success which he has made in his various undertakings. He is known also in financial circles, and for eleven years was president of The Lincoln National Bank, which ws amalgamated with the Bankers' National Bank of Chicago, June i, 1900. While he has been absorbed in active business all his life, he has found time to give some attention to civic matters and political affairs, and is recognized as a public spirited citizen. He has been a Republican always, but has never sought or held public office. He is a generous contributor to campaign funds, and is a strong supporter of his party. Dr. Price was married in Troy, N. Y., in 1858, to Miss Harriet E. White, a daughter of Dr. White of Buffalo, N. Y. They have had six children, four of whom are now living. JOHN A. ROCHE. John A. Roche, ex-mayor of Chicago, was born at Utica, N. Y., August 12, 1844. He was a younger son of Sarah and of William Roche, the latter a man of large abilities and keen wit, whose vocation of expert mason engaged him in the building of big factories in the Eastern states. In 1848 the family moved to Worcester County, Mass., and there the boy John received his early education, and, in his high-school course, began his studies in mathematics and physics, which were later to influence so largely his career. At sixteen years of age he left home for New York City, where he served for four years apprenticeship as a pattern-maker in the Allaire Iron Works, "distinguishing himself as a good draughtsman and a dexterous workman. Meanwhile he continued his studies at the evening school at Cooper Institute, and, becoming a member of the De Witt Association, connected with The Mechanics' Institute and Apprentices' Library of New York City, he augmented his knowledge by books drawn from the library, and made his debut as a debater at the Saturday evening meetings of the association. About this time the Civil War opened, and Roche joined a military company that drilled in the Bowery with the intention and expectation of uniting with MacLeod's Engineer Corps. Since, however, there was a scarcity of mechanics in New York City, where vessels for naval service were being constructed, this company, which was mainly composed of mechanics, was prevailed upon by the* power in authority not to enlist, but to carry on their present work. Prevented thus from joining the army, Roche decided to become a marine engineer in the service of the United States, but no sooner was his preparation for this position completed than the hostilities came to an end. Thereupon Mr. Roche accepted 1 an offer which called him to New England to construct the fly-shuttle~wire loom, invented by the well-known inventor E. B. Bigelow of Boston. Shortly he was employed by the eminent engineer J. R. Robinson of Boston to superintend and design steam plants in the various factories and manufacturing establish- ments of Massachusetts, Maine and New Hampshire. Again he returned to New York to engage in marine engine work, and to devote his spare time to invention and to the pursuit of those branches of learning pertaining to his chosen profession. Subsequently he moved to Providence, R. I., where for some two years he was employed by the Corliss Steam Engine Company. In 1867 he moved thence to Chicago. Upon his arrival, possessing but little money, he took up residence in the old Metropolitan Hotel, on the corner of Randolph and Wells street. Immediately he rented desk room at 86 Lake street, in the hardware store of C. B. Brown & Co., and engaged in selling on commission machinery made in the east. Presently he accepted a situation in the machinery store of Hawkins & James, where a large variety of machinery was sold. Arrangements were made by which Roche received fifteen dollars a week for general supervision of the store, and an added salary of one-half of whatever profits might be made in the steam engine business, which was a branch of trade but lately introduced in the concern. Under Mr. Roche's management this new department developed rapidly, and before long, upon Mr. Hawkins' 670 671 withdrawal, Mr. Roche became a partner in the firm which was reorganized under the name of "James, Roche & Spencer." The business was prosperous until the great fiye of 1871, when the firm suffered a loss of about $60,000, through inability to collect their insurance on account of the failure of the insur- ance companies. The house resumed business, and the partnership was con- tinued for a number of years, renewing gradually its former prosperity. It was in June of this same memorable year of '71 that Mr. Roche married Emma Howard of Chicago, whom he had formerly known in the East. Her sympathy and helpfulness aided him to mend their fortunes after the great reverses brought to them by the fire of the following October. Within a few years he was able to purchase real estate on Warren avenue, and to build his first house, No. 427. Mr. Roche gained his first experience in politics in the aldermanic contest of '74, when he joined the Reformers of the i3th ward and made himself con- spicuous in this organization, to which he continued to belong until 1876, when, in the campaign for state representative, he became a candidate at the primaries against what was known as the Postoffice Faction. He was elected, as he had been chosen, with the understanding that he was independent of the Machine, and he became known as an "anti-Logan man." At Springfield he was con- sidered a Republican without question, but also without obligation to the political machine. When the contest for United States senatorship ensued, he did not think it necessary to declare a preference for any candidate, but he was rated as a Washburn man. Washburn, as it happened, developed very little strength. The Republicans did not have a majority on joint ballot; they were short three votes, and could not elect without the aid of three independents, who had for- merly been Republicans. The night before the balloting for senator there was held a conference of Republicans, which Mr. Roche attended. Grave doubts were entertained by the assembly as to their ability to nominate even General Logan, who had the support of the majority of those present. Various courses of action were proposed, among others the following two expedients that a given number of ballots be cast for Logan, or that voting for Logan continue for six or for ten days. The General was himself present at the conference. John A. Roche was modestly sitting by himself. Being known as one who would act only as his conscience dictated in the interest of the Republican party, he was called upon for his opinion. He made his statement, which was not misunder- stood ; it was to the effect that he wanted a Republican elected, but would make no bargain which would aid the enemy by declaring for a given number of days, or for a given number of votes. He stated, however, that he himself would go into the House and vote for General Logan until he was satisfied that Logan could not be elected, and he urged that there be made no statement which would aid the enemy. Thereupon he was elected by the caucus as a member of the steering committee, for he was trusted by all, even by those unfriendly to Logan. General Logan was quite won by his fidelity and candor, and a warm friendship sprang up between the two men. It transpired that David Davis was elected senator by the vote of the Independents and the Democrats, but the uprightness of General Logan's conduct gained the respect of all, even of his enemies, and of those, who had been elected as anti-Logan men. After the expiration of his term in the legislature, Mr. Roche became iden- tified with the firm of J. A. Fay & Co., and started a new business, of which he was the only representative in Chicago, and which amounted to an exclusive agency in the Northwest. The year previous to his association with the con- cern, something less than $5,000 worth of goods had been sold, but under his charge business grew rapidly, and for several years previous to 1886, when Mr. Roche was elected Mayor of Chicago, the company was selling from $600,000 to $700,000 worth per annum. During the interim Mr. Roche was out of poli- tics. When, however, in the campaign of 1886, George R. Davis became a can- didate for County Treasurer, he again gave attention to public affairs, and was made treasurer for the campaign committee. This connection awakened in hirrt a desire to re-enter public life. Carter H. Harrison, Sr., was then Mayor, and, although there was considerable dissatisfaction abroad, so little hope existed 672 673 of a Republican victory in the next campaign for the mayoralty, that no one seemed to have the courage to take the field against him. Roche sought the nomination. A split in the Democratic ranks occurred, the Labor Wing seced- ing from the old, organization, and several candidates against Roche sprang up, notably Nelson Blake, Graeme Stewart and Sidney Smith. John A. Roche was not a machine man, and had none of the machinery at his command. Never- theless he had the favor of his own ward, the Twelfth, and received a very strong support from the Chicago Tribune, conducted by Joseph Medill. For some two weeks the scramble for the nomination was lively, but when the decisive day arrived Roche was practically nominated unanimously on the first ballot. In 1887 he was elected Mayor of Chicago on the Republican ticket by a majority of 28,000. During his term of office Mayor Roche improved and embellished Chicago at a cost of several millions of dollars, furnished by corporations without expense to the city, in return far privileges granted by the city. As well, he constructed various viaducts and bridges ; at his election all the bridges in Chicago, except one, were operated by hand, and when in two years he went out of office nearly all the bridges moved by power, and many new ones had been built. The water tunnel he extended two miles into the lake, and he made contracts for a pumping engine with a capacity of delivering more than 100,000,000 gallons of water in addition to the capacity of the old ones. For some time previous to Mr. Roche's election the Drainage Canal scheme had been under consideration, but nothing substantial had been done. With the aid of eminent counsel and the co-operation of Chicago's best citizens, Mayor Roche had a bill drawn which provided for the construction of the great drainage canal. This he took to Springfield and conducted a campaign for its passage. At the State Capitol he was given audience in joint session of House and Senate and was granted the privileges of the floor for the purpose of presenting the bill and of championing it at the time it was agreed upon and passed by the House. He was thoroughly conversant with his subject, for he had previously done an immense amount of labor in arranging the surveys and perfecting the plans, after having taken a trip down the Illinois River to make a personal examination of conditions, and to become familiar with all the details. Moreover, he was instru- mental in obtaining from the legislature the right to make a special tax for extending the sewerage system in Chicago, so as to anticipate the work to be performed in connection with the drainage schemes. He is therefore entitled to be regarded as the author of the successful project. Yet other improvements were the result of Mayor Roche's foresight. With his assistance the Public Library had its appropriations increased. Many new schools were erected, and more adequate quarters for police and fire departments were provided. The first attempt at annexation of Hyde Park and other outlying districts was made during his administration. The extension was not accomplished until later, however, under the second bill passed by the legislature, the first having been declared unconstitutional. The mayor himself opposed extensive additions to Chicago, for he believed that too great increase was not to the city's best interest, an attitude which he still maintains. Elected during the anarchistic troubles, he was instrumental in quelling many strikes without violence, and was successful in preserving order throughout the city when the anarchists were hung. Also he instituted many reforms, suppressed gambling and vice, and became celebrated as "The Reform Mayor." At the close of his administration he left the city in good financial condition, with funds in the treasury aggregating $4,000,000, and with the credit of the city in better condition than it has ever been since. Upon leaving the mayoralty Mr. Roche was made general manager and vice-president of a large manufacturing establishment, with an assured income of $25,000 per annum for such services as he had time to render aside from his duties in the firm of J. A. Fay & Co., wherein he still retained an interest. Subsequent to this he devoted himself to real estate matters, having accumulated considerable property. Within a couple of years he was elected president of the Lake Street Elevated Road Company. Hitherto this road had had a difficult existence. There was some iron in the street, but very little railroad, and the 674 675 ordinances were decidedly defective, yet, during the panic of '93 and '94, Mr. Roche built seven miles of road. In 1895 he purchased a controlling interest in the Standard Elevator and Manufacturing Company, and became president. He continued in "this position until the Standard Elevator and Manufacturing Company was combined with several other companies into one larger concern, the Otis Elevator Company, of which he is a director and the managing director in the West. This business enterprise is large and prosperous, and demands nearly all of Mr. Roche's time and attention. Mr. Roche has been a director in various public institutions and business enterprises. Although himself a Unitarian, his work in charitable organizations is not confined to any denomination ; educational interests have always engaged his earnest attention. For years he has been a director in the Chicago Athae- neum. Since 1890 he has been a trustee of the Lewis estate, and has been inti- mately connected with the Lewis Institute, its beneficiary. When Mr. Roche entered upon this trusteeship the estate had a large fund, the accumulation from the $500,000 left by Allan C. Lewis in 1876. Shortly the co-trustees died, leaving him the only surviving member of the board. He applied to the court and selected a new board. The funds of the estate he turned over to the new corpo- ration, organized for the purpose of providing school buildings and equipment, and of conducting a school in accordance with the will of Allen C. Lewis. The institute that was erected, well equipped as it is for instruction in class-rooms, shops and laboratories, possessing value in funds and realty amounting to nearly $2,000,000, has proved very successful, giving instruction at the present time to about 2,000 young men and women. Mr. Roche is a member of the Masonic orders, of the New England Society in Chicago, of the Union League and Kenwood Clubs, and he is an ex-member of the Chicago and Illinois Clubs. He has always been a Republican; he cast his first vote in Illinois for General Grant for President. Since '89 he has had no active interest in politics, yet he keeps in touch with his party, and in 1900 was sent as a delegate to the State convention by the 32d ward, wherein he now dwells. He attends closely to business, is devoted to his home, is ever a friend to good government, and opposed to public influences which threaten the welfare of any part of the whole social body. His travels have made him familiar with almost every section of his native land. He is said to possess considerable property in and about Chicago, and is known as a prosperous man. At present his home in winter is a very handsome residence in the most attractive part of Drexel boulevard ; in summer a country place on the bluffs of Lake Michigan at Highland Park, about twenty miles north of Chicago. In personal appearance Mr. Roche is tall, well proportioned and impres- sively fine looking. His fair brown hair and blonde mustache are becoming gray, but his fine color and his keen blue eyes carry the impression of youth and power. At fifty-six years of age he retains his early vigor of mind and body ; his great executive ability and power of endurance enable him to perform a greater amount of labor than is possible for most younger men. Mr. and Mrs. Roche have three children living, their eldest, a son, William Howard, having died at the age of ten. Their older daughter, for whom they have recently built a beautiful home in one of the most desirable residence portions of Hyde Park, is married to Prof. George C. Howland, of the University of Chicago. Their surviving son, John A. Roche, Jr., is a member of the sophomore class at Harvard, and their younger daughter is preparing for the classical college course. (The foregoing sketch was written by Mrs. George C. Howland, nee Cora E. Roche.) BERNARD EDWARD SUNNY. Bernard E. Sunny was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1856. He became a telegraph operator at an early age, and was employed by the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company. In 1875 he came to Chicago to accept a position with the same company, and was promoted to the position of night manager, and afterwards manager of that company's Chicago office. In 1879 he took the 676 677 position of superintendent of the Chicago Telephone Company, which he re- tained for nine years, during which period the number of subscribers grew from a few hundred to over five thousand. Mr. Sunny was president of the Chicago Arc Light and Ppwer Company for three years up to 1891, at which time he became Western manager of the General Electric Company of New York, which position he continues to fill. Mr. Sunny was closely identified in many of the improvements and advances made in both the telephone and electric lighting field, especially in connection with the solving of the problem of furnishing both classes of service through wares laid underground. Mr. Sunny was elected a director in the World's Columbian Exposition, to represent the electric industry, and served for one year. He declined further service with the Exposition company to become president of the Intramural railroad at the World's Fair, which was the first elevated electric railroad ever operated. Its success led to the electrical equip- ment of all of the elevated railroads in Chicago and the Eastern cities. Mr. Sunny has always been a Republican in politics, and was a delegate to the Philadelphia convention in 1900 from the Sixth Congressional District. Mr. Sunny was married in 1878 to Ellen Clifton Rhue of Brooklyn, New York. HENRY D. ESTABROOK. Henry D. Estabrook was born in Alden, New York, October 23, 1854. Shortly prior to this event his father, Experience Estabrook, had been appointed Attorney General of the Territory of Nebraska, and had himself gone to Omaha to assume the duties of his office. His wife and youthful son followed him early the succeeding spring. The subject of this sketch lived in Nebraska from that time until his removal to Chicago in 1896. Mr. Estabrook's education was received in the high school of Omaha and the Washington University in St. Louis, from which he graduated as a lawyer in 1876. In 1880 he was married to Clara M. Campbell, of Omaha. At the time of his removal from Omaha Mr. Estabrook was in partnership in the practice of law with ex-Judge H. J. Davis, who accompanied him to Chicago, where in 1897, the firm of Estabrook & Davis was merged into the present firm of Lowden, Estabrook & Davis. Mr. Estabrook ranks well as a lawyer, and particularly well as a public speaker. This crowning characteristic comes as hereditary from a line of ora- torical ancestry, so that his inheritance has a good foundation. While oratory at the bar is potential, it is far more so at the forum of the people where the speaker by his intelligence, earnestness and fire, can sway the minds of his listeners ; hence in public life, that is to say in political life, oratory to a certain degree is indispen- sable to personal popularity and success. In recognition of his personal worth and high standing as a citizen and as a speaker, Mr. Estabrook found ready in- gress to the prominent, social and political clubs of Chicago. Thus far, Mr. Estabrook has not entered actively the field of politics and has never sought nor held political office, except Regent of the Nebraska University, to which he was almost unanimously elected and which office he resigned with his Nebraska citizenship. The Republican party is fortunate in having in its mem- bership one whose personal qualities and whose capabilities are of such high order, and one whose influence cannot fail to be felt in party councils. CHARLES BENT. Charles Bent was born December 8, 1844, in Chicago. The family removed to Morrison, Illinois, in May, 1856, and in June, 1858, he entered the office of The Whiteside Sentinel as an apprentice to the printers' trade, where he served three years. After finishing his apprenticeship he remained there as a journey- man until April, 1864, when he enlisted as a private in Company B, i4Oth Illinois Volunteers, and was appointed Third Sergeant. At the expiration of his term 678 679 of service, Mr. Bent returned to his home and was employed on The Sentinel as foreman, but on February 2, 1865, he again enlisted in Company B, I47th Illinois Volunteers, being appointed orderly sergeant, which position he filled until he was commissioned as a lieutenant in July, 1865. He was mustered out with his regiment at Savalmah, Georgia, January 20, 1866, and a week later the regiment was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, Illinois. Returning home he at once resumed his position as foreman in The Sentinel office, which he retained until July, 1867, when he purchased a half interest in the office. In May, 1870, Mr. Bent became the sole owner, and conducted the paper until February, 1877, when he sold the plant. In 1878 he published a history of Whiteside County, which is considered a standard authority upon the subject of which it treats. In March, 1879, he re-purchased The Sentinel, and has since been sole proprietor and editor. It is Republican in politics, and has a wide circulation. Mr. Bent was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue in the Third collection district from 1871 to 1873. He was elected to the State Senate from the nth district in 1878, representing Carroll and Whiteside Counties, and in 1883 was a member of the State Board of Canal Commissioners, having been appointed for two years by Governor Hamilton. In 1889, Governor Fifer ap- pointed him a commissioner of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet, and he held this position for four years. He has served as a member of the State Republican Committee from his Congressional district for several terms, and at this writing is a member-at-large of the Committee. Mr. Bent is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, the Illinois Commandery of the Loyal Legion, the Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, and is also a Mason, a Knight Templar, and an Odd Fellow. JOHN DICKINSON. John Dickinson of No. 4736 Grand Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois, is a native of Massachusetts. He is one of the many prominent and successful business men of this great and growing city who believes that the principles and policies of the Republican party lie at the basis of this progress and prosperity of the country, and that to support the party and vote its ticket is a public duty. Mr. Dickinson is too busy a man to accept an office himself, but he sturdily performs his duty as a citizen and supports the party of his choice by his vote. Mr. Dickinson acompanied his parents to Illinois when a small boy ; they settled on a farm, and he was taught to work and he learned the business of farm- ing. At the age of fourteen he was employed at two dollars and fifty cents per week, nearly all his earnings he turned over to his mother. She exerted a great influence over her son, instilling into his mind high moral principles, and inspir- ing him to industry and economy. He was a regular attendant at Sunday School, and took great interest in the study of the Bible. He worked for a firm of lumber dealers, and did heavy work for a boy. Anxious to engage in busi- ness on his own account, at the age of eighteen he became a partner in the up- holstering business in Evanston ; later he was a partner in a shoe store. He visited Chicago often and became interested in the commission business. He met the late Edward Partridge and discussed with him the subject of trading in stocks, his first purchase was ten shares of Michigan Central stock, the sale of which gave him a profit. He sold out his interests in Evanston and turned his entire attention to business in Chicago. He studied the question of the rise and fall in the prices of stocks, and soon made investments which netted him a profit of $18,000. His success caused the street to call him "Lucky Dick." In due time he opened an office as a broker, and during the past thirteen years has con- ducted a large and profitable business. He is a man of splendid business judg- ment, which is well proven by his uniform success. Mr. Dickinson is a large owner of improved real estate in Chicago, and is recognized as one of the sub- stantial business men of this city. John Dickinson married Miss Miss Mary Johnson in 1876. They have no children. They have an elegant home and are devoted to home life, have a wide circle of friends, and enjoy the social side of life. 680 681 DILLWYN V. PURINGTON. Dillwyn V. Purington, of Chicago, Illinois, was born at Sidney, Kennebec County, Maine, January 22, 1841 ; was educated in the common schools in Maine and Massachusetts, and in Oak Grove Seminary, Vassalbrough, Maine. When the Civil War broke out he enlisted in the army, of which he is proud, and he feels that the experience of that service contributed greatly to fitting him for the large business operations in which he has been engaged since he left the service. After leaving the service Mr. Purington looked about him for a suitable place to settle down for his life work ; he came to Chicago. He engaged in the lumber business in 1869, and remained in it three years ; in 1872 he engaged in business as a manufacturer of brick, and is still so engaged. In 1883 he organized the Purington-Kimbell Brick Company, which for many years was the largest common brick manufacturing concern in the United States ; in 1890 he organized the Purington Paving Brick Company, of Galesburg, for the manufacture of brick for paving streets ; this also is the largest and most complete factory of its kind in the world. The operations of the brick companies with which Mr. Purington is connected are of the most extensive character, and naturally bring him into close touch with building operations and public improve- ments in Chicago. His energy and enterprise have made his companies what they are, and he has established for himself an enviable reputation as an enter- prising, honorable and successful business man. Politically Mr. Purington has at all times been an ardent Republican. Before he was of age he responded to the call of Abraham Lincoln for troops to preserve the Union, and when the war was over he adhered to the party that had controlled the country during the war. He was elected County Commis- sioner of Cook County, Illinois, in 1879, an( l served three years in that capacity, and was elected in 1883 to serve an unexpired term for the same office. It is needless to say that Mr. Purington performed the duties of this office with ability and fidelity. Mr. Purington was married July 18, 1886, to Mrs. Jennie F. Crandall, and they have no children. Mr. and Mrs. Purington have a wide circle of friends and neighbors. HENRY CLAY BEITLER. Henry Clay Beitler was born near Hagerstown, Washington County, Mary- land, July 1st, 1866, and now resides in Chicago. He comes of good political ancestry, his grand-father and father having been Whigs now known as Re- publicans, so that Mr. Beitler has always been a Republican, although in early life a Marylander. His father was a farmer, and his boyhood years were spent on the farm. He was educated in the common schools and the high school at Hagerstown primarily, and graduated from the law department of The Uni- versity of Michigan at Ann Arbor, in 1888. After graduating, he returned to Hagerstown and entered into the practice of law. In 1890, he located perman- ently in Chicago and associated himself with James Lane Allen of the Chicago Bar and Oscar B. McGlasson, then late of Scott County, Illinois. A year later the law firm of McGlasson & Beitler was formed which continued to December, 1899, when Mr. McGlasson retired from practice, leaving Mr. Beitler to con- tinue the business. As a member of the Chicago bar, his standing is of the highest, and a most favorable reputation is firmly established. Like all attorneys who are progressive citizens, Mr. Beitler sought connec- tion with club interests, and for many years has been a member of the Mar- 682 683 quette Club, which is one of the most prominent and influential of the City. In this connection, he has served as the Secretary of the Political Action Committee of the Club, which labored assiduously to prevent bad legislation by the Fortieth General Assembly. He is also a member of the Hamilton Club, and for several years was prominently identified with the Lincoln Cycling Club, the foremost social, athletic club in the West, as director and president. Mr. Beitler's course in endeavoring to bring about purer politics led to his nomination as a Republi- can to represent the Twenty-first Senatorial District as Representative in the Legislature chosen in 1898. He was elected and was made Chairman of the Committee on Parks and Boulevards. This was a very important Committee so far as the interests of Chicago were concerned, as the whole question of the City's parks and boulevards was pressed for consideration. On this Committee Mr. Beitler rendered the City most valuable services. In addition to his labors on the Parks and Boulevards Committee, he served on the judiciary, elections, municipal corporations, judicial department and practice, and other important legislative Committees, not only showing his activity, but fitness to serve on the several committees named, which he did with entire satisfaction as a Representa- tive of the people. As an evidence of the estimation in which Mr. Beitler is held by those who know him best, and as an endorsement of his legislative record, he was renominated and re-elected in 1900 to his former seat in the legislature. As indicating Mr. Beitler's social side, it need only be mentioned that he is a member and has been Chief of the Fraternal Tribunes ; he is also a member of the North American Union both secret societies of the beneficiary order. Mr. Beitler is still a young man, and the public may expect to hear more of him. HENRY BEST. Henry Best is a Chicagoan "to the Manor born," which at the time of his birth, December 22, 1848, was known as Weldon Station, near what is now the corner of Indiana Avenue and Fourteenth Street. His father came from Bavaria and his mother from Germany, who is yet living and is the oldest German speak- ing resident of Chicago. Mr. Best's father Matthias Best, established the first lager beer brewery in Chicago ; he was known as a Democrat and a friend and supporter of Stephen A. Douglas. He died Oct. 24, 1874. Henry Best, the third son, in his youthful days was employed in his father's brewery during the early morning hours, going to school during the day, and returning to the brew- ery after school to work until late at night. At the beginning of the War of the Rebellion in 1861, young Henry ran away from home and enlisted as a drummer boy in the One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Illinois Infantry. His father over- took the Company at Cairo and brought him back home. Subsequently, his father disposed of his brewery and Henry then engaged as a shipping clerk with J. L. Hobart in his tobacco factory, in which he became foreman within a year. Henry Best's introduction into politics was in 1872, when he was nominated on the People's ticket for the office of Constable, which nomination he refused, but nevertheless, was elected in spite of his refusal, by a large majority. He served for the term of his election and with credit. In 1876 he was re-elected on the Republican ticket, serving two years, and was then appointed bailiff under Sheriff Hoffman, serving one year, and was then made clerk of the Grand Jury. In 1880 he was appointed Deputy Sheriff under Sheriff Mann, serving two years. In 1882 he was appointed Deputy Sheriff under Sheriff Hanchett, serving two years, and in 1884 was the Republican nominee for Clerk of the Circuit Court, to which office he was elected by a handsome majority. In 1888, he was re-elected Clerk of the Circuit Court. In 1893, he was elected South Town Assessor and re-elected to that office in 1894, running ahead of the ticket and was the only Republican elected. For the past five years Mr. Best has not been before the public as an office-holder; but his interest in political matters has not abated, as 684 685 his voice and his influence, have frequently been recognized in political affairs ; particularly those in which the welfare of the city have been mostly concerned. He is known as a staunch Republican and one of the most valuable members and" workers in the party. It is largely due to his personal popularity and reputation as a citizen of sound judgment and unchallenged integrity that his political success has been so enviable. He is a prominent member of the Cook County Republican Club, and has served frequently on important political committees. He is identified as a charter member of Court Energy, Independent Order of Foresters ; Garfield Lodge, Ancient Order of United Workmen, and is also a Free Mason and Knight Templar. He is a member of the Hamilton Club, Medinah Temple Mys- tic Shrine and of the Citizen's Association of Chicago ; he is also a member of the Turners. In April, 1870, he was married to Miss Minnie Myers, born in New York, but reared in Chicago. They have three children, two sons and one daughter. Mr. Best has a delightful home and is the owner of several apartment build- ings. He is o'ne of Chicago's most esteemed citizens. EDWIN STAPLETON CONWAY. Edwin S. Conway, the Secretary and Manager of the great W. W. Kimball Company of Chicago, is known as one of the best business men in the city. Mr. Conway is proud of the magnificent success which the house that he has so long managed has achieved. He is a guiding hand in one of the largest business enterprises in the West, its splendid instruments being favorably known almost throughout the civilized world. Mr. Conway is one of the most pronounced fac- tors in Commercial Chicago ; he is a brainy man, who will brilliantly acquit him- self in any position that he may assume. He is tactful, with an unusual endow- ment of good, common, practical sense. He has few equals and hardly a superior as an organizer of business, political and social courses. In the man- agement of his vast business, in his political activity and as the head of social and fraternal organizations, he has been a power in directing toward the achievement of desired purposes. He is a man whose personality makes a deep impression and wins confidence. Mr. Conway has always been a Republican and active in the campaigns of his party. But his activity in politics is the patriotism of a business man. He could have office if he desired it, but his political purpose is not of a selfish char- acter. He believes that every citizen and business man should consider them- selves important factors in popular government, and should perform active duty for the party of their choice. His loyalty to the Republic is evidenced by his loyalty to the doctrines of the Republican party, which he sincerely believes is the party that will perpetuate our beloved institutions. In all activities outside of his business, he is prompted by a public spirit, a sincere desire to promote the interests of the public. In accordance with this spirit he was for six years presi- dent of the Cicero Town Board, but after this long service concluded that he had done his duty in this respect, and resigned two years before the expiration of his term in order to give more attention to his business. Mr. Conway is devoted to the principles of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and has given a large amount of time and energy to their advancement. He was a factor in the establishment of the Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home at Lincoln, 111., and no man has been more liberal in support of the Institutions con- trolled by the Order. He has been Grand Master of the State, serving during the World's Fair year. He is Grand Representative to the Sovereign Grand Lodge serving from 1894 to date. He is a member of the Union League Club and was its Vice President ; and is also a member of Chicago Athletic Club. Edwin S. Conway was married December 25, 1871, to Miss Sarah J. Rogers of Mauston, Wis., a very accomplished lady. They have three children, Earle 686 687 E., now with the Kimball Company; and Carle C., who graduated from Yale College in 1899, is also connected with the Kimball Company; and Sybil Sara. Mr. Conway resides in Oak Park, 111., and has been intimately connected with the progress of that suburb for more than twenty-five years. He is a life trustee of the Scoville Institute of that town. Mr. Conway has been a member of the Republican State Central Committee and also of the Cook County Republican Central Committee. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention held in St. Louis, in 1896, and in 1900 was elected a presidential elector on the Republican ticket. EDWARD C. YOUNG. Edward C. Young was born in Savannah, Mo., March i, 1862. His parents were William H. and Lucinda J. Young. His father was born in Tennessee' and emigrated when a boy with his parents to Missouri. His mother was a native of Kentucky, who also removed to Missouri with her parents while yet a child. William H. Young removed with his family to Montana in 1873, where he died, after which Mrs. Young returned to Savannah, Mo., with the children. Here Edward C. remained until he .was twenty-one years of age. He attended the public schools of St. Joseph, Mo., until ten years of age, and afterward in the country public schools near Savannah for three years. He then entered the High School at Savannah, and graduated in 1879. After graduating he taught school for four years in the country districts, studying law in the meantime. In 1883 he gave up the studv of law and entered West Point Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1887 with a standing of 5 in a class of sixty-four, and with the highest cadet military rank. After graduating at West Point, he was appointed Second Lieutenant in the i8th Infantry, U. S. A., but resigned three months later to enter into business. Mr. Young's first business connection was with the firm of Beldine Brothers & Co., silk manufacturers, in their offices in St. Paul, Minn. Here he remained six months, and was then transferred to their Chicago offices, January i, 1888. Since that time he has remained in continual service with the same firm, also being extensively interested in other lines of business. In 1800 he was elected a director of the firm of Belding Brothers & Co., and shortly afterward a director and secretary of the Belding-Hall Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of refrigerators. He is also a director in the Belding Land and Improvement Company, an organization which has been largely instrumental in establishing the town of Belding, Mich., which now contains nearly 5,000 inhabitants. In 1898 he became a director in the American Union Life Insurance Company of New York City. Mr. Young has always been a Republican, but did not participate actively in politics until 1894, when he did good work for the Republican candidates in his precinct and ward. In 1896 he organized a brigade of about 2,000 uniformed horsemen, which took part in the great sound money parade of that year; Mr. Young served as chief of staff for the parade. In 1900 Mr. Young organized and was Colonel of the Republican Spanish-American War Veteran Regiment ; was vice-president and member of the Managing Committee of the McKinley Club No. i, and a member of the Executive Committee of the Business Men's Sound Money Association. Mr. Young also assisted in the organization of the Commercial, Industrial and Sound Money Parade, and was its chief marshal. In 1890, when the National Guards Regiments were increased from eight to twelve companies, Mr. Young organized Company H, First Infantry, and was commissioned Captain of this company, retiring at the end of his term in 1893. He re-entered the National Guard service in 1896, as Major of the newly organized State Cavalry Squadron, composed of three troops, an additional troop being added in 1897. When the Spanish War broke out, Mr. Young organized the First Cavalry, Illinois Volunteers, at Chicago ; was accepted and ordered 688 689 to report for duty at Springfield, April 26, 180,8; was mustered into the United States service as Colonel of this regiment, May 21 ; ordered to Chattanooga with his regimenj, and remained there until August 25, when the war having been concluded and peace declared they were ordered to Fort Sheridan, 111., and mustered out October n, 1898. In 1899 a bill was passed forming a regiment of cavalry, Illinois National Guard, which Mr. Young organized and was com- missioned Colonel by Governor Tanner ; this position he now holds. Mr. Young has been a conspicuous figure in connection with many of the public enterprises of Chicago during the last few years. He was Chief of Staff at the dedication of the Logan monument. He took a prominent part in the Peace Jubilee in 1898; and in the Fall Festival and celebration attending the laying of the corner-stone of the Chicago Postoffice in 1899; and served as a member of the Executive Committee for the entertainment of the G. A. R. in 1900, also serving as Chief of Aids for the parade of the Grand Army. Mr. Young was a director in the Commercial Association for a number of years ; also a director and chairman of the Building Committee of the Forward Move- ment, a charitable organization ; and a director in the Army and Navy League to assist returning soldiers from the Spanish-American war. Mr. Young is a Mason, a member of the Kenwood Lodge, Chicago Chapter, and Apollo Com- mandery. Edward C. Young was married to Mary E. Belding of Chicago, April 5, 1888. Mrs. Young was the daughter of Hiram H. Belding, one of the pioneer settlers of Chicago, and one of the founders of the silk manufacturing firm of Belding Brothers & Co. They have four children William H., Alice B., Ed- ward C., Jr., and Hiram B. EDWARD G. HALLE. Edward G. Halle comes from an old family in Germany. He was born at Leipsic, January 5, 1844. His parents were Henry and Henrietta Halle. As a boy he entered the German schools in his native country and was put through the rigid discipline for which they are noted. After acquiring the essentials of education he engaged in business. In 1866, at the age of twenty-two he came to America and located in the Minnesota and Dakota country. Here Mr. Halle camped and hunted with the Indians and learned their language and customs. Shortly afterwards he established a drug store in Minnesota also conducting an insurance business. In 1874 he removed to Milwaukee where he became state agent for the Germania Fire Insurance Company in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Dakota and Montana. He remained with the company in this capacity for nine years when he was appointed manager of the Western Department with head- quarters in Chicago, a position he still holds. His territory includes all the western states and Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1891, Mr. Halle was appointed a member of the Board of Education of Chicago by Mayor Washburne and remained on the Board through the succeed- ing administrations, until 1898, when he resigned. He had been twice Vice-Pres- ident and twice President of the Board. He had also been chairman of the com- mittee on Buildings and Grounds, the Committee on German and the Committee on Retrenchment and Reform the last named committee being of his own crea- tion. During the eight years that Mr. Halle was a member of the Board great advancement was made in the Chicago schools. He saw the necessity of econ- omy in school expenditures and urged the Board to put the schools on a business basis. The necessity for good teachers in the schools was of first importance to him and in recognition of this he \vas a friend and supporter of the Normal School. In the two years that he was President of the Board, forty school build- ings were erected and equipped at a cost of $4,000,000.00. As a member of the Board of Education, Mr. Halle gav.e his best services to Chicago in a public capacity. His elections to office in the Board were unanimous always, and when 690 691 he finally resigned, the Board passed a series of resolutions touching in detail upon the notable things advocated and accomplished by him. German-Americanism is strongly represented in Edward G. Halle. He is a good German, but a better American. Germany and the German flag are dear to him, but the United States and its Stars and Stripes are dearer. He has never been a politician, yet he has always been active in politics. He is a staunch Republican and always gives his earnest support for the success of his party. He was chosen Presidential elector on the Republican ticket in 1900 from the 6th Illinois District. At the time of the Spanish war Mr. Halle was one of a com- mittee which went from Chicago to call on President McKinley and assure him of the kindly feelings of Germany and of the Germans toward the United States. In proof of this, the German-Americans of Chicago tendered the services of a German Regiment. This action of Mr. Halle was so appreciated by the German Emperor that he conferred on him the badge of the "Kronen Order II Klasse," a distinction perhaps never before conferred upon a resident of the United States. Mr. Halle is a supporter of President McKinley's administration and looks with pride on the position which the United States has taken as a world power since the opening of the Spanish war. He is a factor in social life in Chicago, and is always called upon on the occasion of German fete days. He is a mem- ber of the Union League, Marquette and Germania clubs. He was the founder and has been President of the latter; The Germania club dates back in embryo to the assassination of President Lincoln. When his body was brought to Illi- nois for burial, the Germans of Chicago tended the services of a mannerchor to sing at the funeral, and the circumstances kept it together. When Mr. Halle came to Chicago he became a member of the society, and through his efforts it became the Germania club and now occupies the splendid club house at the corner of Germania Place and North Clark street. The building was dedicated on April 6, 1889, and represents an expenditure of more than $200,000. Edward G. Halle was married to Miss Elizabeth Gutenberg in Minnesota in 1869, and now resides at No. 485 Dearborn Avenue, Chicago. They have two children living; Frank E. and Fanny Florence. JOHN B. HAY. Hon. John B. Hay was born at Belleville, 111., January 8, 1834. He received a common school education. He was taught to work on the farm ; in his six- teenth year he became a printer. He subsequently studied law in the office of W r illiam C. Kinney of Belleville, and was admitted to the Illinois bar by the Su- preme Court. He at once entered upon the practice of law, and gained a large and lucrative practice. Mr. Hay is an all-round lawyer. He not only prepares his cases well, but tries them well. As an advocate before Court and jury, he is a man of power. He was elected State's Attorney for the 24th Judicial Circuit, in which the County of St. Slair was situated,, and served in this office for a period of eight years, performing all the duties with ability and fidelity. Mr. Hay is a Republican in politics, and is a thorough believer in the prin- ciples of the party. He is identified with the political organization of his dis- trict and gives much time and labor for its success. In 1868 he was nominated by the Republican party as a candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Congressional District. This district (now the Twenty-first) has always been a political battle ground, sometimes carried by the Republicans, but most generally carried by the Democrats. Mr. Hay entered upon his contest with great spirit. He can- vassed the district thoroughly and was elected over Hon. Wm. H. Snyder, his Democratic opponent, by 1,642 majority. Mr. Hay entered the 41 st Congress. This was the second Congress elected after the close of the Civil war, and many 692 693 important questions were pending. He took an active part in all the business before Congress, and established a fine reputation as a legislator. He served on the.Committeeof Invalid Pensions and Post offices and Post roads. In 1870 he was renominated and elected ; he had a continuous service of four years, and rep- resented his district and the state with distinguished ability. When the Civil war broke out he enlisted in the i3Oth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in which he served as adjutant. Upon returning from Congress, Mr. Hay resumed the prac- tice of law, a business which he really did not give up during his service in Con- gress. John B. Hay was the son of Andrew Hay. His parents were both born in the State of Illinois. John B. Hay married Miss Mary L. Hinckley, and they had a family of two children, namely, John Hay and William Sherman Hay. William Sherman Hay is a well known lawyer in the city of Chicago. John Hay is one of the leading lawyers of Minneapolis, Minn. Mr. and Mrs. Hay have always been residents of the city of Belleville. FRED H. ROWE. Vermont, the "Green Mountain" State of New England, and the mother of many men of note men who like their native state were rugged and strong in character, and who were conspicuous for stalwart fidelity to their convictions of right and duty has established its reputation for producing men of brain as well as brawn. The Nation has been benefited and its history enriched by the services rendered in various ways by the "Sons of Vermont" who are scat- tered throughout the country. In several of the States social organizations bearing the title "Sons of Vermont" have been formed to keep alive the fraternal and patriotic feeling of which all Vermonters are justly proud. The barren fields and cloud-capped hills of old New England proved too limited a field of opera- tions for many of the sturdy sons of this grand old state, which if not rich in soil and productiveness, is rich in the historic valor of her people, who find a welcome wherever they go. There is not a Western city or state in the Union that does not boast of some Vermonters among its prominent citizens, and in the civic, legislative, judicial and military records of the country, Vermont has been well recommended, the latest hero hailing from that state being Admiral George Dewey. Among New Englanders who caught the Western fever was Hon. Fred H. Rowe, who is a Vermonter. He was born in the State of Vermont in 1857. His early education was acquired at Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., and from which institution he was graduated. In 1882 Mr. Rowe, then a young attorney, came to Jacksonville, 111., where he entered into the practice of his profession, and where he has since resided. The social and educational attrac- tions of Jacksonville were recognized, and believing that in the field of the law there was an opening for another attorney (there being always room at the top), convinced Mr. Rowe that success might be secured, professionally at least, in his new Western home. Fortified by a strong physique, rich mental endow- ments and thoroughly equipped as a scholar and a lawyer, he found progress easy, and soon became appreciated for his many accomplishments and sterling quality. As a citizen and as a lawyer he has established a high reputation, and is deservedly popular in social circles. Men of the caliber of Mr. Rowe find themselves popular in any community, for there are just such men as are needed to give verility to the affairs of life, and it is to such characters that the develop- ment of the West along all the lines of progress is to be credited. The infusion of those rugged traits in social, moral and religious life has been felt in whatever of success has been achieved in the West. New England leaven has leavened the whole political bodv of the North and West, and the continuance of New Eng- land blood in the affairs of the county cannot but prove of much benefit. At the bar Mr. Rowe is recognized as an able advocate and a logical rea- soner learned in the law, and not only at the bar but in the community he holds 694 695 a high place for integrity and is esteemed for his personal worth by all classes of citizens. In the political arena also Mr. Rovve has made his mark as a political writer of sagacity and ability, having the faculty of reading men and things aright, and the power of analyzing political questions, discerning true from false positions. By reason of his ability in this direction, he has been able to render the Republican party, of which he is a staunch member, good service, and though not regarded as a regular politician seeking political preferment, he was made chairman of the Republican State Committee during the recent cam- paign, and performed the duties of that office with marked ability, making many friends and no enemies, which speaks well for his adroitness as a diplomat. Being a fellow townsman of the Hon. Richard Yates, Governor-elect, and having a close personal acquaintance with him, Mr. Rowe could not but feel more than usually interested in the election of Judge Yates as Governor. To aid in this result he put forth his best efforts, and as Chairman of the State Committee was able to do much for the Judge's election, and to Mr. Rowe and his committee a fair share of the credit for the gratifying result obtained is due. While Mr. Rowe does not claim to be an adept in political management, he has demonstrated his ability as an organizer of forces, and as a leader of shrewdness and energy, highly gratifying to the younger element of the party, which assumed the brunt of the battle, in which each participant won laurels. W. CLYDE JONES. Mr. Jones was born at Pilot Grove, Lee County, la., December 27, 1870. His father, Jonathan Jones, of Welsh descent, was a Quaker, and in 1833 emi- grated from Harrison County, Ohio, and settled in the Southeastern part of Iowa, where he pre-empted government land and later laid out the town of Pilot Grove. His mother, of English ancestry, was from the Quaker family of Buffingtons of Pennsylvania. When W. Clyde Jones was three years old, he removed with his parents to Keokuk, Iowa, where, when old enough, he at- tended the public schools. Upon leaving the high school, he entered the Iowa State College, taking the course in electrical engineering. He graduated with high honors in 1891, being one of two standing in scholarship at the head of the list of graduates from the Institution up to that time. For some time after graduation, Mr. Jones was engaged in the design of machinery and the installa- tion of electrical apparatus ; having assisted in installing in the iron mines of Michigan, the first electric lamps employed in mines. Coming to Chicago and following the bent for public speaking developed at college, Mr. Jones turned toward the law and attended the evening sessions of the Chicago College of Law. During the day he was employed as an elec- trical expert and served as an expert witness in litigation involving electrical matters, and in this capacity he was associated with much of the litigation grow- ing out of the telephone, electric lamp and street railways. In 1893 in response to a prize offer by the Electrical Engineering Magazine, Mr. Jones wrote an essay on "Electricity at the World's Fair," which, for its thorough treatment of the subject, received one of the prizes ; from this time on he was a frequent contributor to the electrical and scientific journals, and articles from his pen on such subjects have appeared in most of these journals. An article on the "'Evolution of the Telephone," written by Mr. Jones, has become a classic and has been published and re-published in a dozen different periodicals. Mr. Jones was one of the founders of the present Chicago Electrical Asso- ciation, and was its President in 1896. He is also a member of the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia and of the Society of Mechanical Engineers, of New York. In 1894 Mr. Jones graduated from the Chicago College of Law, and the following year pursued a post-graduate course, receiving a degree from the Lake Forest University. His graduation thesis, entitled "Trusts and Trade Monopo- lies," was published in a number of law journals in this country and Canada. In 1896, Mr. Jones read an exhaustive paper before the Northwestern Electrical As- 696 697 sociation on "The Legal Rights of Electrical Companies." In 1896 he com- menced the practice of law, and in 1899 formed a partnership with Keene H. Addington, under the name of Jones & Addmgton, which firm continues at the present time. * His practice has been mostly along the line of Corporation law, and he is counsel for a number of large companies. Because of Mr. Jones' elec- trical training he has been frequently retained in causes involving electrical questions. In 1898 Mr. Jones was retained by the automobile companies to contest the ordinance of the Board of South Park Commissioners excluding automobiles from the boulevards and parks, because they frightened horses and thereby in- terfered with the use of the parks and boulevards for pleasure purposes. After a bitter fight in the courts, Judge Gibbons, of the Circuit Court, held the ordin- ance void ; this was the first decision in which the rights of the automobiles on the streets and roadways were established. In 1899, during the Fall Festival at Chicago, Mr. Jones acted as Chief Aide to President McKinley, having charge of the arrangements for the President's reception and itinerary, and with such success that he was re-appointed to the same position during the Grand Army Encampment of 1900. Mr. Jones has taken an active part as a speaker in all National, State and Municipal campaigns of the Republican party since 1896. He has frequently delivered addresses at College and High School commencements and on like occasions. Mr. Jones possesses the two qualities of an orator, a well modulated and resonant voice, and a poetic imagination. W. Clyde Jones was married in 1896 to Miss Emma Boyd of Paullina, la., and now resides in Hyde Park, Chicago. Mr. Jones is a member of the Hamilton, Union League and Hyde Park Clubs and Midlothian Country Club, and is the President of the Chicago Alumni Association of the Iowa State College. JAMES McKINNEY. In the village of Oquawka, 111., situated in Henderson County, Illinois, James McKinney was born April 14, 1852, in which place his boyhood years were spent. In youth he gave promise of a life of future activity and usefulness. As an evidence of the metal of which he was made, he found himself prepared to enter college at an earlier age than was common in his day ; he entered Mon- m on th College, at Monmouth, 111., and was graduated from that institution in 1874, at the age of twenty-two. Being equipped physically and mentally, and now educationally, for the activities of life, he cast about for a congenial voca- tion. The intricacies of finance seemed to be the most attractive and the most congenial. In the same year of his graduation he located at Aledo, the county seat of Mercer, an adjoining county, and there became connected with the Bank of Aledo, with which he has still remained. In 1878 he married Miss Mary O. AicDonald of Aledo, where he established his permanent home, and where social and business prominence have been acquired. With natural endowments quali- fying him for an active and useful life, and with that mental discipline resulting from a collegiate course of study, Mr. McKinney was not long in making himself felt as a business leader, and in recognition of his ability and fitness he was ele- vated to the presidency of the bank with which he first became identified. Like most prominent citizens in an active community, he became interested in local and state politics, and although never a politician, in the common accepta- tion of that term, he never failed, as all good citizens will not, to take an active part in political matters, and to identify himself with whatever influence he could bring to bear with whichever side he thought was in the right. It would be strange if one occupying Mr. McKinney's position should remain in the background po- litically. He was given, and assumed, places of responsibility, and thus became identified actively in politics. Having always affiliated with the Republican party, it was most natural that he -should be selected to represent his community in a political capacity. In 1894 he was made a member of the Republican State 698 699 Central Committee, which position he now holds; then in 1896 he was made a member of the Executive Committee, and is at this time its Chairman. This committee did most excellent service during the National campaign of 1896, and also in that of 1900; much of its good work is to be attributed to the good sense, zeal and political integrity of Mr. McKinney, and to the estimation in which he is held by his associates and by the public brought in contact with him. Few men occupying a similar position, with equal opportunities for political prefer- ment would have refrained from entering the scramble for office which charac- terizes present political methods. But, aside from the desire to do his full duty as a citizen and to lend his influence for the right, he has had no political ambi- tion, and therefore has not been an office-seeker. To show his popularity at home, where he is best known, Mercer County, in which he now resides, urged him for Congressional honors in 1895, and although not nominated, he dis- played a strength most pronounced and satisfactory. He is, comparatively speaking, a young man yet, and political lightning will very probably come his way before long. It is, however, as a citizen and as the head of a banking institution that Mr. McKinney is best known and best appreciated. In financial circles his merit is recognized, having been made a member of the Executive Council oT the State Bankers' Association, an association of honor and financial power. He is now serving his second term in that capacity. It has been said that the lives of all great men are alike in. many particulars, while some few are quite alike physically. Because of Mr. McKinney's resemblance to President Mc- Kinley, he is jokingly called "McKinley" by his intimate associates and friends, which joke is appreciated and taken good naturedly. Mr. McKinney's private and home life is irreproachable, his business integrity unchallenged, and his political worth widely recognized. W. S. EDEN. Mr. Eden was born in Liverpool, Eng., February 14, 1844, and came to this country when six years old, living in New York City until coming to Chicago with his father in 1856. It is here that his life-work has been done, so that in fact he may be called an American, and such he considers himself. His education was acquired at the common schools. His first work was as bell-boy at the Tre- mont House, Chicago, being then twelve years of age. His next venture, for about a year, was as train-boy on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Later, and when yet in his "teens," he went to Michigan, and engaged in the rough work of lum- bering. When the war broke out, being still comparatively a boy, Mr. Eden en- listed in Chicago, in a company known as the "Ellsworth Zouaves," at the first call of President Lincoln for 75,000 volunteers, but was mustered out, the call having been filled. Here an incident occurred, which, but for its fortunate ter- mination, might have changed Mr. Eden's career. It seems that he had ob- iained permission to make a short visit home, before leaving with his Regiment for the front, and during his absence, the Regiment left without Him. But, by Captain Brand's influence, however, Mr. Eden was placed in Company B. and at Camp Douglas was mustered out. Afterward, he was one of the many that were drafted, but being then engaged in business, he could not well leave and paid $800.00 for a substitute to go in his place. Very early in life Mr. Eden began to display those excellent business qual- ities which in later years have made him so successful. He was never afraid to labor, and often continued his work far into the night rather than leave any- thing undone. By his industry and economy he succeeded in accumulating quite a little money before he was twenty years old, and with his capital, started in the real business of life. First he opened a meat market on Canal Street, Chi- cago, for supplying the vessel trade/and was at that time the largest dealer in his line. This business he prosecuted from 1862 to 1865. Afterward he became 700 n-v (J 701 proprietor of the Palmer House Barber shop, and conceived the idea of embed- ding silver dollars in the floor. It was chiefly this act that gave the "Palmer House" more than a national reputation. Later, he was proprietor with Willis Howe of the Howeden Hotel. Subsequently, he became interested in and was one of four men that furnished and opened The Midland Hotel, noted for its prominence, at Kansas City, Mo. He was also proprietor of the Tremont House, Chicago, for ten years, and up to three years ago. His hotel experience was large and successful, and owing to his hotel record he inspired the promotion of the present Great Northern Hotel with all its grandeur, and which he has since conducted with success, since its opening nine years ago. Mr. Eden has made Chicago his home since 1856, and has always been rec- ognized as a thorough-going Republican, though never a candidate for political office. The Republican State Committees are always quartered at the Great Northern Hotel. Mr. Eden is a colonel on the staff of Governor Tanner. In 1875, he was married to Miss Sarah E. Davis of Alabama. They have no chil- dren. JOHN D. YOUNG. Dr. John D. Young of Pellonia, Massac County, 111., is a native of Ten- nessee. He was born in Henry County, October 18, 1844. His father, Elija Young, was born in the Blue Grass region of Kentucky, in 1803; he was a farmer and tobacco manufacturer. John D. Young attended the common schools of Tennessee, where he acquired a solid foundation for an English education. The Young family were loyal people ; they strictly adhered to the Union, and when the War of the Rebellion came on, John D. Young enlisted in the i2Oth Illinois Infantry. This regiment went out from southern Illinois, and was composed of men of splendid physical ability and courage. Mr. Young participated in the battles of Green- ville, Vicksburg, Milligan's Bend, Gun Town and Ripley. He was taken pris- oner, June 12, 1864, and was sent to Andersonville Prison, where he languished for six months, when he was paroled. He was mustered out of the service June 2, 1865. Mr. Young entered the service as a boy; he had now attained man's estate, and proposed to himself to bear a manly part in this life's struggle. He bought a tract of land in Johnson County, 111., and entered upon the business of farming. He made the acquaintance of Drs. Grisham and Morris, and he entered upon the study of medicine under their instruction. Afterwards he en- tered the Kentucky Medical College of Louisville, Ky., and was graduated in 1874. Returning to Illinois, he settled in Massac County, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession. He became well and favorably known in Massac and adjoining counties as a skillful physician and as a public spirited and intelligent man. Dr. Young had identified himself with the Republican party immediately upon his return from the army and had given the candidates of that party his earnest and cordial support. In 1880 he was nominated by the Republican party as a candidate for the legislature and was elected, and two years later he was re- elected to the same position. He performed the duties of a legislator to the satisfaction of his constituents and this added greatly to his prestige and popu- larity. He has kept abreast with the progressive features of his profession, and is recognized on all hands as a physician of great skill and ability, a man of sound judgment, great energy and force of character. On October 19, 1865, he married Lucy Calhoun, daughter of the late Rev. Z. Calhoun of Illinois. Mrs. Young has been a sturdy support of the Doctor in all his struggles for advancement. They have three children : Laura, now the wife of Dr. A. E. Atkins ; Frederick R. Young, a man of high promise, now practicing the profession of law in Metropolis, 111., and a daughter, Alice, de- ceased. Dr. Young is a member of a number of social orders ; is a Mason, an Odd Fellow and a Knight of Pythias. Dr. and Mrs. Young are memBers of the Christian Church and have a wide circle of friends. 702 WILLIAM HALE THOMPSON. William H. Thompson of Chicago, Illinois, is a native of Massachusetts. He was born May 14, 1869, in Boston. His ancestors were early settlers in New England. His parents were born there, but came to Chicago during his infancy. His father, William Hale Thompson, became a large real estate owner in Chicago and in other parts of the west. The subject of this sketch began his education in the public schools of Chi- cago ; attended the Supplementary School in Fessenden Preparatory School, and he then attended the Metropolitan College. At the age of fifteen, with the entire approbation of his parents, he went west in the employment of the Standard Cattle Company of Colorado, Montano and Wyoming, and for five seasons was actively engaged in the ranch business in that country, returning to Chicago each winter for the purpose of continuing his studies. Mr. Thompson, during these five years, acquired a complete knowledge of cattle raising and of con- ducting a ranch. After this experience he managed a large cattle ranch in Nebraska, which was owned by his father and himself. His father, dying, left large real estate interests, the management of which fell to the son, who now devotes his time and attention to that business. Mr. Thompson's long experience with ranch life inspired him with a great love for out-door exercise and sports, and during his city life he is a patron of those institutions which contribute to out-door sports. He is a member of the Chicago Yacht Club, the Washington Park Club and the Chicago Athletic Club. He has participated in the active sports of this last named institution, as well as in its management. He has been "tackle" of the football team, as well as vice-president of. the club. Mr. Thompson is also a member of the Marquette Club, and as a means of promoting his real estate interests he became a member of the Real Estate Board. In politics Mr. Thompson is a stalwart Republican, a thorough believer in the principles of the party and the necessity of political organization. He is an active worker and an influential man in Republican circles. In April, 1900, Mr. Thompson was elected Alderman of the Second ward of Chicago. CHARLES EDWIN HYDE. Charles Edwin Hyde was born in New York City, September 29, 1841. His parents were Edwin N. and Julia Hyde, old residents of New York and descend- ants from the pioneers of Massachusetts and New Jersey. Mr. Hyde was edu- cated in the public schools, and at the age of thirteen years, being ambitious to learn a trade, engaged with Field & Keep, manufacturing jewelers, at New- ark, N. J. His pay during the time of his indenture was $2.25 per week for board and $25 per annum for clothing, payable quarterly. By working overtime five nights each week he earned sufficient for all necessaries and was contented. By attending strictly to business and adhering to the rules of the establishment, Mr. Hyde obtained the good will of his employers, so that when the panic came in 1857, and all business was supended, young Hyde was retained and given general charge of the almost idle plant. During this period he slept in the building and guarded the interests entrusted to his care so faithfully and well that soon after the reopening of the factory he was given his full time and made assistant superintendent over one hundred and fifty employes, a very re- sponsible position for one who had not yet reached his majority. 704 705 When the war broke out in 1861 Mr. Hyde enlisted at the first call of troops, in the Second New Jersey Volunteer Infantry. He was mustered in at Trenton, and Was furnished with an old flint-lock Revolutionary musket, the best arms having been sent to Southern arsenals by Secretary of War Floyd, This New Jersey regiment was the first troops to pass through Baltimore after the attack on the 6th Massachusetts Infantry, thus opening up the direct route to the South for the Northern troops. Mr. Hyde participated in many of the fierce battles which occurred during the early months of the war. He was at the first battle of Bull Run and sub- sequent battles on the Peninsular, before Richmond, Manasses, West Point, Cold Harbor, Games' Mills, Mechanicsville, Charles City Cross Roads, Malvern Hills and others. On the retreat with General McClellan's army to Harrison's Landing, on the James River, Mr. Hyde marched seven consecutive nights and fought seven consecutive days, his only subsistence being fifteen army crackers ; these were exhausted during the first five days and he satisfied his appetite as best he could the balance of the time on remembrances of them. At the close of his term of service Mr. Hyde was honorably discharged. In 1864, while visiting in Indiana he again re-enlisted and was appointed post adjutant at Camp Carrington, Indianapolis, where he remained until the close of the war. In 1865, Mr. Hyde came to Chicago and entered the employ of Scott, Keene & Co., clothing manufacturers. Here he was soon put in charge of the custom department and remained through successive changes in the firm until 1868, wlien he started in business on his own account at No. 115 Madison Street. This establishment was burned in the big fire of 1871, but Mr. Hyde opened up temporary quarters at Halsted and Madison streets, while the fire was stiU burning. He remained at this temporary location until May i, 1872, removing then to No. 255 West Madison Street, and on February i, 1873, lo- cated in the building on the southeast corner of Clark and Monroe streets, where he has remained ever since a period of twenty-eight years. Mr. Hyde is a sturdy Republican. Although he has never sought for office, he always considers it his duty to vote at primaries and sustain his share of the campaign work. He is a resident of the old Twelfth Ward, a change in the boundaries now making it the Eleventh. Mr. Hyde has frequently been a dele- gate to county and State conventions, and in 1900 was a delegate to the con- vention that nominated Hon. Richard Yates for Governor of Illinois. He has never missed voting at his precinct during the past twenty-eight years. Mr. Hyde was the prime mover and organizer of the Chicago Commercial Association, and has been an officer and director from the start ; an organiza- tion which has and is doing very effective work to encourage, foster and ad- vance the best interests, commercially, of its members and the city of Chicago in general. Under its wing the Peace Jubilee in 1898 was promulgated and the Fall Festival in 1899 carried to a successful conclusion. Its members are hard and earnest workers, and have been untiring in their efforts to promote the erection of the proposed grand Exposition Building on the Lake Front : not- withstanding the many obstacles, the Association expects to obtain legislation favorable to their plans at the coming session of the Legislature. The Associa- tion has just taken up with the city authorities the matter of immediate im- provement of river navigation by the removal of the Washington Street Bridge and the pier upon which it rests ; the removal of this obstruction will materially assist five-sixths of the vessels to pass that point with their usual cargoes. Mr. Hyde is recognized as one of the leading merchant tailors of the country. He has been president for two terms of the Chicago Drapers and Tailors Exchange, he was also its secretary and treasurer; also served as president and treasurer of the Merchant Tailors' National Exchange, and is an indefatigable worker for the advancement of the organization. Mr. Hyde was a member of the Merchant Tailors' World's Fair Committee, which erected the beautiful Mer- chant Tailors' Building; this was the only industry that had a building of its own on the Fair Grounds. As treasurer, Mr. Hyde raised about $40,000 in subscriptions, and disbursed the same to the satisfaction of all concerned ; at the close of the Fair he was presented with a handsome gold medal by his asso- 706 707 ciates, many of whom were his competitors in business, as an evidence of his good work in connection with the World's Fair. He was president of the Fox Lake Shooting" and Fishing Club ; is a member of the Illinois Club, having joined in 1884; also a member of the Lincoln Club. Mr. Hyde is a thirty- second degree Mason; he joined the Fraternity in 1865, and took Chapter, Templar and Consistory degrees before the end of the year 1866. He was a charter member, first senior warden, and second worshipful master of the now famous Covenant Lodge No. 526, of Illinois, one of, if not the largest in point of numbers in existence. Today he is the oldest living of thirty past masters of his lodge. Charles Edwin Hyde Was married to Medora A. Sammons in 1869. Miss Sammons is a native of Chicago, her parents arriving here in 1835-36, when old Fort Dearborn was a refuge many a night on account of troublesome Indians. Mr. and Mrs. Hyde still live in the home built by him in 1873, at No. 601 Jack- son Boulevard. They have three children : two sons, Charles Albert and Walter Wood ; arid one daughter, Grace Medora. JOHN F. SMULSKI. Mr. Smulski was born in German Poland in 1867. He came to this country with his father when .he was two years old, and having been raised and educated in this country, he is regarded as thoroughly American. His father, on arrival in this country, Went into the newspaper business, in which he made his mark as a man of literary merit. John F. Smulski began his education in the German schools, and was a 'student of St. Jerome's College, Berlin. Upon his return to this coubtry he went into newspaper business, and subsequently entered Union College of Law, from which he graduated in 1890. Mr. Smulski inherits from his father a taste and adaptability for newspaper work, and as well as being a lawyer, is a good newspaper man. One having the capability and -inclinations possessed by Mr. Smulski could not be expected to refrain from entering politics as an active factor. Owing to his high character as a man, and the estimation in which he is held among the Polish and othef -citizens who know him best, he has been successful as a politician, being a leader among his associates and those who are pleased to confer favors upon him. He first ran for office in 1896, and was defeated by the narrow margin of sixty-three votes by his popular rival candidate, Peter Kiolbassa. As an introduction into politics this result was taken as an evidence of the worth and popularity of Mr. Smulski. In 1897 he ran again for alderman and was elected, and was re-elected by a good majority in 1899. As a repre- sentative of the 1 6th Ward in the City Council, he has established a most excel- lent reputation, not only in looking after the particular interests of his ward, but working for the good of the entire city. He is recognized as an able and ener- getic member of the Council,, thoroughly honest and upright. He is one of the leaders in the Council, and is a member of most of the important committees. He is a loyal Republican, and as a public speaker is forceful, clear and convincing. Four years ago he rendered admirable service to the Republican party, but was prevented from similar activity during the last campaign. He is secretary of the organization of Republican Alderman, a position calculated to render his services of value to the Republican party. Mr. Smulski is a member of the law firm of David, Smulski & McGaffey. He is a member of the Chicago Press Club and of the Lincoln Club. He is also president of the Pulaski Lumber Company, and a director of the Milwaukee Avenue State Bank. These posi- tions attest the social status of Mr. Smulski as well as his business standing. 708 709 JAMES P. MALLETTE. James P. Mallette, of Chicago, Illinois, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1851, where he received his early education; came to Chicago in 1873, and en- gaged in the manufacture of furniture, organizing the Mallette & Raymond Manufacturing Company. In 1883 Mr. Mallette became interested in real es- tate, with his present partner, Charles B. Eggleston, and with Ralph E. Brownell, organizing the firm of Eggleston, Mallette & Brownell. Mr. Mallette assumed active charge of the real estate branch of the business, and the beautiful resi- dence suburbs of Eggleston and Auburn Park are the result of his progressive ideas and keen business foresight. The present firm of Eggleston & Mallette is one of the best known and successful real estate firms in Chicago. Mr. Mal- lette has been a member of the Chicago Real Estate Board for a number of years and has served on several of the important committees. He is a man of excellent business capacity, industrious habits and marked executive ability, and stands high in the financial world. In 1892 Mr. Mallette was appointed a member of the Board of Education by Mayor Washburn, and re-appointed two years later by Mayor Swift. During his term of service he was chairman of the Finance Committee, and an active member of several other important committees. In 1895 Mr. Mallette was selected as a candidate for the office of Drainage Trustee by the Republican party, and on November 5th of that year was elected to that important office, and resigned from the Board of Education upon taking his seat as a member of the Drainage Board. Mr. Mallette has taken an active part in the completion of the drainage canal, and was chairman of the Judiciary Committee of that body during his entire term of office, performing the duties of trustee with great ability, and his name will always be prominently connected with that stu- pendous undertaking. Mr. Mallette is an earnest and influential member of the Republican party, and takes a deep interest in public affairs. In 1877 Mr. Mallette married Miss Mabel L. Stevens, of Chicago, and a family of six children, three boys and three girls, have made the home life very delightful. Mr. Mallette is a mem- ber of the Trinity Reformed Episcopal Church, of which he has been a vestry- man for more than fifteen years. He belongs to Englewood Commandery No. 59, Knights Templar, also a member of the Union League Club of Chicago, and of the Western Society of Engineers. Mr. Mallette is a public spirited man and has done much for Chicago. JOSEPH BRUCKER. Joseph Brucker was born at Ischl, Upper Austria, in that picturesque part of the Alps known as Salzkammergut, October 30, 1849. He was the eldest son of Joseph Brucker, a prominent merchant of that place. Young Brucker re- ceived a thorough elementary and college education, graduating in 1867. He afterward added to his knowledge of the languages and philosophy at various institutions, finally taking a course at the University of Vienna. Being of a very liberal turn of mind, with a leaning toward radicalism, Mr. Brucker was at- tracted to the United States. He left his native country in the spring of 1871, came to America, and proceeded directly to Milwaukee. At this time he had neither relative nor personal friend anywhere in the United States, but he soon succeeded in obtaining employment with the engineering party that surveyed 710 711 the line of the Milwaukee & Northern, now the Superior Division of the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. Following this, he became clerk in a bookstore and .from that humble position he was selected to become a teacher of German, Latin and history in the German and English Academy at Milwaukee. The quiet and conservative course of a teacher's life was not suitable for the active temperament and vivid mind of Mr. Brucker. He bought an interest in a radical German weekly, the "Freidenker" ; this venture marks his entry upon a journalistic career, which continued until 1878. He then became in- terested in the land and immigration business in Northern Wisconsin, and to assist in this work of colonization he published a semi-monthly paper, "Der Ansiedler in Wisconsin." Later he published "Der Waldbote" (Messenger of the Forest), at Medford, Wis. ; this paper is now in its eighteenth year and is still in a flourishing condition. Mr. Brucker spent about ten years of hard work in the woods of Northern Wisconsin, during which period he became interested in various enterprises, such as banking, sawmills, etc., but in the spring of 1891, he returned to his favorite occupation and published the "National Zeitung," a German Republican daily paper in Chicago. This enterprise, after a long struggle against great odds, failed. Two years after the death of Hermann Raster, the late A. C. Hesing, then the principal owner of the "Illinois Staats Zeitung," tendered Mr. Brucker the position as editor, which he accepted, and since January, 1894, he has been con- stantly connected with that paper and is now its managing editor. The Staats Zeitung has long been one of the most powerful German daily papers in the United States. It was the first German daily to denounce the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and to defend the principles of the Republican platform of 1856, vigorously opposing Stephen A. Douglas. In 1856 it advocated the elec- tion of Fremont for President, and in 1858 labored for the election of Abraham Lincoln in the famous struggle with Stephen A. Douglas. This paper has been largely instrumental in leading the German voters into the Republican party. Its influence with German-Americans was shown in 1892 when it is given credit for swinging the voters of that nationality to the support of Cleveland, for Presi- dent, in Illinois and Wisconsin. Supporting and advocating honest and pro- gressive principles always, the Staats Zeitung raised its voice for sound money in 1896 and again in 1900. The paper is now controlled by those who helped to make its past honorable record, and is in a position to make its future his- tory a continuation of that which has gone before. Joseph Brucker will not only continue as managing editor under the new regime of the Staats Zeitung, but he will become a more potent factor than ever in the conduct of the paper. While he always took an active part in poli- tics, newspaper work has absorbed most of his thought and energy. In politics he has always been a staunch Republican, and is an active and aggressive cam- paigner. In 1880 he was invited by the National Committee, and especially by Mr. Arthur, afterward President, to address the Germans in their own language in the States of Indiana, Wisconsin and New York. In 1884 Mr. Brucker was made Secretary of the Wisconsin Republican State Convention, and managed the German Bureau for the State Committee in the National campaign of that year. He led the fight against Carl Schurz, the principal "mugwump" and per- sonal enemy of James G. Blaine ; at this time Mr. Brucker was given the by- name of "The Silver-tongued Pinery Boy" by a political writer on the Chi- cago Tribune. He is now very often addressed in this fashion by his friends. Mr. Brucker continued to take an active part in politics in each campaign, al- though he has never held an elective office. He has been a member of the Illi- nois Republican State Central Committee since 1898. During the campaign of 1900 he had charge of the German literary and the press bureaus organized by the State Committee, and also advised the National Committee in matters pertaining to German campaign literature and speakers. He was also very ac- tive on the stump and gave the party much of his time for this purpose. Through his influence and leadership the "Illinois Staats Zeitung" was the first, and for a long time the only German paper in the whole country advocating Expansion, 712 713 and it had the satisfaction of being followed in this course by the other German papers of Republican tendencies. Joseph Brucker was married in 1873. He has two children, the eldest, a daughter, was married in 1896 to Edwin O. Raster; the other, a son, Ralph, was born in 1877, is now a lawyer and a member of the bar of Cook County. Mr. Brucker is a member of several societies, among which are the Chicago Turngemeinde, the Press Club, the Germania Club, and the Union League Club. ZINA R. CARTER. Zina R. Carter was born on a farm in Jefferson County, New York, in 1847. His father died when Mr. Carter was nine years old, leaving a widow and four children without means of support. Zina R., was the eldest of the children and from the time he was twelve years old was practically the head of the family. He obtained his education in the district school during the winters, it being necessary for him to work during the summer months. When he was fourteen years old the demands upon him were so great that he was obliged to abandon school entirely, and he labored in the forests in the winter and managed the farm in the summer. In 1864, he served one season as a common sailor before the mast on the lakes. He then came West with his family and rented a farm in Du- Page County, Illinois. Here, by hard work and careful saving he laid up a few hundred dollars, and in the fall of 1871 bought an interest in a small grocery store in Chicago. Shortly afterward he bought out his partner's interest in the flour and feed business and sold out the grocery store. Under his careful man- agement, the business rapidly increased and a few years later, he took into part- nership a younger brother, James B., since then the firm has been known as Z. R. Carter & Brother. The business of the firm is an extensive one, both wholesale and retail. Mr. Carter has always been known as a careful, conservative and reliable business man. His character and dealings on the Board of Trade have made him popular among his associates. Since he has been a member of the Board he has served on the committee on arbitration, and the committee on ap- peals ; he has also been a director, second and first vice-president. In 1898 he was elected President of the Board of Trade by a large majority, the vote cast at this election being the largest on record. Mr. Carter has always been a Republican and a strong organization man. Since his first residence in Chicago, he has been active in politics but has never sought office. He has, however, been induced by his friends to accept several nominations and has been successful in every instance but one. In the Spring of 1895, he was elected alderman of the Tenth Ward, resigning in November of that year to accept the office of Drainage Trustee, to which he had been elected. In 1899, Mr. Carter received the unanimous nomination for Mayor in the Repub- lican Convention. He was defeated at the election, owing to peculiar circum- stances which existed at that time. He conducted a masterful campaign and under ordinary conditions would no doubt, have been elected. At the November election of 1900, Mr. Carter was re-elected for another term of five years on the Drainage Board. Mr. Carter resides at 1441 Ogden Avenue and is the head of a bright and interesting family. He has always taken an active interest in public affairs and is a man whose loyalty to his friends has often been the subject of favorable comment. 714 715 CHARLES FITZ SIMONS. In July, 1861, Charles Fitz Simons entered the volunteer service of the United States as a Captain of Cavalry serving under General Banks at Dams- town, Maryland, taking in the battle of Ball's Bluff, October 21, 1861 ; a Platoon of Fitz Simons' company escorted the body of General Baker from the battle field to Washington. Early in 1862 Captain Fitz Simons was promoted to a Ma- jority in the Third New York Cavalry, serving with Banks' Division in the win- ter of 1862. In April 1862, his Regiment was ordered to join the forces of Gen- eral Burnside at Newbern, North Carolina ; being severely wounded at Trenton, North Carolina, June 15, 1862, and recovering but slowly, he resigned in June 1863, returning to his native state and arriving at Albany, New York, the day after the battle of Gettysburg. He reconsidered his action and accepted a com- mission in the Twenty-first New York Cavalry, so that he was only out of service about ten days. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz Simons commanded his Regiment nearly all the time of its service as the Colonel, Wm. B. Tibbits, was Brevetted Brigadier General owing to the special gallantry of himself and his regiment. Colonel Fitz Simons as Regimental Commander took part in all the hardships and severity of the Winter campaigns in West Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley, being again seriously wounded July 18, 1864, at Ashby's Gap, Virginia. While convalescing, he was placed in command of the Remount Camp of Cavalry at Pleasant Valley, Maryland. It was remarked that when General Sheridan went down the valley ostensibly and in fact to finish the war, he had but eight thou- sand men in his command, while General Fitz Simons had eleven thousand men under him at Remount Camp. After the war, General Fitz Simons, by this time a Brevet Brigadier General, was sent with his Brigade to serve on the Plains and in the Rocky Mountains, being mustered out of service in 1866, and coming to Chicago with his wife. Soon after reentering civil life, he engaged in his ante- war avocations as contractor and engineer. In politics he supported the Republican party with both time and money, never holding any office but one, namely, Sergeant at Arms of the Republican National Convention at Chicago, in 1888. There were no emoluments and few privileges attending that position. General Fitz Simons took an active part in the late Presidential Campaign, being a member of the Executive Committee of the Business Men's Sound Money Association. The General is still in the mili- tary harness, so to speak, having been commissioned by President McKinley Brigadier General in the Spanish-American war in 1898. He continues to hold the office of Commander of the First Brigade of the Illinois National Guard. HORATIO N. MAY. Mr. May was born August 7, 1843, at Phillipsburg, Canada. His parents were Americans. He was of the Woodstock branch of the May family, who in 1640 emigrated from Mayfield, Sussex, England. Ezra May, his great-grand- father, married Margaret Lyon, of Roxbury, Mass. Dr. Calvin Dexter May, his grandfather, married Mary Hyatt, of Highgate, Vt., and Horatio May, his father, married Sarah Humphrey, of Highgate, Vt. Horatio N. May came to Chicago in 1856, when he was a lad of thirteen, and shortly afterward began his active career, so closely identified with the growth of the city. He was a member of the old volunteer fire department and remained a member until the paid department came into existence. At one time he engaged in the commission business with John C. Neeley. Later he 716 717 became associated with McKinley, Ingraham & Co., wholesale grocers, and re- mained with them until the firm of Ingraham, Corbin & May was organized, out of which the firm of Corbin & May was established in 1883, and of which he was a member at* the time of his death, September 30, 1898, when the firm was known as Corbin, May & Co., importers and wholesale tea dealers. Mr. May died at Bad-Nanheim, Germany, whither he had gone for rest and re- cuperation of his health. In speaking of his death, Mr. Corbin, the surviving partner, said: "Mr. May had thousands of friends in the business world. His even temperament, kindly disposition and unfaltering honesty in the transac- tion of business commanded the respect of all who came in conatct with him. He was full of civic pride and always ready to contribute his time and money to any movement calculated to benefit Chicago and its people. But Mr. May's character shone out not only as a business man but as a citizen and a man of affairs. While not in any sense a politician, he gave political and party mat- ters close attention and sought at all times to discharge his full duty. He was a Republican, and an active, zealous worker, always public spirited and patriotic rather than partisan." Governor Oglesby, whose intimate friend he was, said : "In the death of Mr. May I feel as though I had lost a dearly loved, congenial and devoted son. I found in him a perfect friend and counsellor ; he was a use- ful, respected and honored citizen ; a modest and unassuming man." Governor Oglesby appointed Mr. May a Commisioner of Lincoln Park; he served three terms, thirteen years, on that board. As to his services on the board, ex- Mayor Hempstead Washburne said of him : "I always looked upon him as one of the cleanest, brightest and most reliable men in the city of Chicago. In the growth of Lincoln Park, his hand was to be plainly seen. During his mem- bership on the board when the park was in its infancy, he was always planning for improvements ; even after he left the board, he was an enthusiastic friend' and conferred with members of the board frequently regarding improvements. The beautiful palm house there is the result of his untiring energy." The Board of Lincoln Park Commissioners at a special meeting held Oc- tober 5, 1898, unanimously adopted the following memorial resolution on the death of Mr. May: "The Commissioners of Lincoln Park have learned with deep degret of the sad death in a foreign land of their honored colleague, Hora- tio N. May, and to the bereaved wife, whose presence and love cheered his last hours, they extend their respectful assurance of their heartfelt sympathy. Both in his private capacity as a business man and a citizen, and in his public capacity as a servant of the people, in more than one high position, Mr. May had earned the confidence and esteem of all who knew him, a feeling shared in fullest measure by members of the board. Some of the important and popular fea- tures of the park bear enduring witness to his energy and painstaking zeal in enhancing the attractiveness of the park and securing for the tax-payers the greatest possible return for their investment therein. His experience in park matters and his excellent judgment made his association with them on the board of a special value to his fellow commissioners, who can here express but feebly their appreciation of Mr. May's high character as a man and of his unselfish and unflagging devotion at all times to the advancement of what he believed to be the best interests of Lincoln Park. He gave freely of his time and means to its interests and the splendid fountain which he presented to Lincoln Park during his first term of service is not the only monument there to his memory. Therefore, be it Resolved, That this inadequate memorial of our high appreciation of the life and character of our late associate be entered upon the records of this board and that a copy thereof be transmitted to his stricken wife as a token of our sympathy for her and of our sense of the great loss both official and personal which we have suffered in his death." Ex-Mayor Washburne so thoroughly appreciated the business qualities of Mr. May, that he made him City Comptroller and placed in his hands the man- agement of the finances of the city. Mr. May was a director of the Union Na- tional Bank, and his associates, aipon hearing of his death, passed the follow- ing : "Resolved, that we desire to record our feelings of respect and esteem for the memory of our late associate, Horatio N. May, whose death has cle- 718 719 prived the bank of an able and conscientious director, who had long devoted his most efficient services to its interests. We deeply deplore the loss of Mr. May as a faithful and true friend, as a capable and upright business man, and as an honorable citrzen whose pure life and public spirit made him an example to all." In his interecourse with others he was always courteous and consid- erate a good friend and a good counsellor. Mr. May was a strong character; whatever he undertook was with a de- gree of earnestness, which foretold success. Honorable and sincere in all things, he made his personality felt wherever his influence could reach, and to his family and friends he has left a legacy in his character of which they may justly feel proud. While Mr. May had not rounded out the allotted time of man, and while Hope gave promise of many things yet to be accomplished, his life was one of much fruitage. The city of Chicago will long hold in remem- brance the good deeds done by him in behalf of the city in which he spent his life and performed his life work. The "May Memorial Chapel" at Rosehill Cemetery, Chicago, one of the most beautiful in the country, was erected to his memory by his devoted wife. WILLIAM H. BAKER. William H. Baker was born September 18, 1865, on a farm in the township of Lyons, Cook County, 111., and just west of the present city limits of Chi- cago. His father, Digory W. B.aker, came to Chicago in the 4o's, was at one time prominent in politics and held the office of West Town Supervisor. His mother's maiden name was Agnes Bielby. When William H. Baker was three years old his parents moved to the city, locating on the West Side, where they remained until the spring of 1871, when they changed their location to the corner of Wood and Monroe Streets, in which neighborhood they now reside. Mr. Baker is virtually a Chicago product, having grown from boyhood to manhood within its limits. He was educated at the Brown School, corner of Warren Avenue and Wood Streets. After leaving the public schools, he took a course in Souder's Business College, from which he subsequently graduated. He then entered the employ of Baker Brothers, wholesale coal dealers, of which firm his father was at that time, and is now, the senior member. He remained with this firm ever since, fulfilling the duties imposed upon him so earnestly and faithfully that he finally became manager, which position he holds at the present time. Having spent his whole life in Chicago, it is quite natural that Mr. Baker should have a large circle of acquaintances, and that he should be a member of a several social organizations ; thus we find him connected with the Illinois, Ashland and Mencken Clubs, also, the Chicago Athletic Association, the Horicon Shoot- ing Club and Garfield Gun Club. Aside from being an active business man and a club men, Mr. Baker has found time to interest himself greatly in charit- able work, a work in which he has become prominently identified. He is treas- urer of the Bureau of Associated Charities, W T est Side District, and has been particularly active in establishing vegetable gardens on vacant land on the West Side for the benefit of the poor. The business qualities of Mr. Baker and his recognized character for in- tegrity induced his friends to have his name placed in nomination for Drainage Trustee, and in November, 1900, he was elected for the term of five years, to serve as a member of the new board. While not known as a politician, Mr. Baker is active in politics and always gives liberally of his time and money to further the interests of the Republican party of which he is a staunch member. During the campaign of 1900, he rendered valuable service and materially as- sisted in the success of the State and National tickets. Mr. and Mrs. Baker re- side on South Central Park Avenue and their hospitable home is often visited by their many friends. 720 721 WILLIAM BOLDENWECK. William Boldenweck was born at Jettingen, Germany, August 9, 1851. He is the son of Carl G. and Christiana Yent Boldenweck. The family, consist- ing of the parents and seven children, came to Chicago in the summer of 1854; the parents died shortly after their arrival, leaving four daughters and three sons in a strange city in a strange land. Mr. Boldenweck's father was a man of a good deal of force of character. He was a contractor and civil en- gineer in the Old Country, and was employed on several important works by Ludwig, King of Bavaria. William Boldenweck inherited largely the quali- ties of his father and has displayed many of his forceful traits, in showing an adaptability to engineeiin^ and the labor incident thereto. His education was acquired at the Dearborn School, a German school, and in the Dyrenfurth Col- lege, an institution at that time located on the corner of Wells and Lake Streets. He was only ten years old when the war broke out, and too young to give any evidences of patriotism^ but later, when he was but twelve years of age, in the spring of 1863, when the war spirit was at its height, his enthusiasm ran away with his judgment and he tried to enlist, but failed on account of his age ; finally he stowed himself away on the gunboat "Michigan," then anchored at Chicago, but was discovered before the vessel left port and was sent home. At the age of thirteen he left school to begin his life work. He com- menced by learning the tinsmith's trade, serving two years. He then became bookkeeper for a hardware firm Holz & Hartman with whom he remained until he was nineteen, when he became book and timekeeper for his brother, Louis H. Boldenweck, a cut-stone contractor; this was in 1871. In 1875 he bought out his brother and entered into business for himself with P. Henne, under the firm name of Boldenweck & Henne. In 1882 this partnership was dissolved, and another formed with Ernest Heldmaier, under the name of Bol- denweck & Heldmaier, which association continued until 1887, when Mr. Bol- denweck retired from business. Up to this time he had devoted himself assidu- ously to business, but, now that he was relieved, he felt at liberty to give some attention to public and political matters. He first became known to the citi- zens of Chicago generally in 1887, when Lake View voted to have a city organi- zation. Mr. Boldenweck was elected Mayor of the new city government, and has the distinction of having been the first and only Mayor Lake View ever had, for although, re-elected in 1889, Lake View voted to become annexed to Chicago, and the office of Mayor consequently became extinct. In the spring of 1891, he was appointed by Mayor Washburne to serve as a member of the Board of Education, and remained on the board three years. In the fall of 1891 he was elected Drainage District Trustee, serving four years, and was re-elected in 1895 for the term of five years, giving him nine years' service on the Drainage Board; he was president from December, 1897, to December, 1900. An incident that occured while he was Mayor of Lake View will indicate something of the calibre of Mr. Boldenweck. Firms that had contracted to construct a system of sewers threw up their work, the Mayor was without a Commissioner of Public Works, but took the matter into his own hands and completed the work, much to his own credit and greatly to the satisfaction of his friends. This characteristic energy, independence and good sense have been emphasized in his record as Drainage Trustee. As president he officiated at the opening of that great undertaking, the Chicago Drainage Canal, and his guiding hand has been discernible during his entire connection with the board. It was largely through his energy and untiring effort that the great work was completed as soon as it was. Mr. Boldenweck is an accomplished business man capable, popular and liberal and of the strictest integrity. He is prominent among the German socie- 722 723 ties of the city, being a member of the Germania Club, Lake View Mannerchor, Krutzer Quartet, North Chicago Turners and other organizations. He is a member of Welcome Lodge No. i, Knights of Pythias, and is a thirty-second degree Mason* On March 25, 18/3, he was married to Miss Adelheid G. Samme, only daughter of Capt. Frederick Samme, one of Chicago's large vessel owners. They have had three children, all of whom died in infancy. C. PRUYN STRINGFIELD, M. D. Dr. C. Pruyn Stringfield was born in Washington, D. C., the son of Francis Marion and Sarah Agnes Stringfield, and is a grandson of the famous surgeon, the late Owen Munson, of Washington. His parents moved to Topeka, Ivans., when he was very young, and his boyhood and youth were spent there. He attended the public schools of Topeka, and there began a journalistic career. He was connected with the Blade, Kansas State Journal and the Capital. He came to Chicago in August, 1881, and entered the employ of the Brad- street Commercial Agency. He continued with them for two years, leaving them to embark in the retail drug business. He purchased a half interest in the drug business of his father and succeeded to the entire buisness in a year and a half. While thus engaged .he entered the Northwestern University and graduated in 1889. He began the practice of medicine and surgery that year, and six months after he was made assistant to the Chair of Principles and Practice of Surgery in the Northwestern University Medical School. He con- tinued in this chair for five and one-half years. At this time his practice had grown so he was compelled to resign to attend his private practice. This ex- perience gave him great opportunities to study human character, as well as become expert in his life's work surgery. He very soon afterwards was ap- pointed consulting physician to the Chicago Baptist Hospital. He has entry to all the hospitals of Chicago and has been in many notable cases. The Chicago Tribune selected him as its expert in the celebrated Holmes' castle murder case. He was hospital steward of the old First Cavalry under Lieut. -Col. Welter, for five years, and on the medical staff of the Second Infantry under Colonel, now General Wheeler. Dr. Stringfield is now the contract surgeon of the United States Marine Corps, attached to the Chicago office. He did general family practice for the first nine years, but his practice became so large that he de- cided to quit the arduous part and gave up the out practice, confining himself to office consultations and hospital work. This, in addition to his practice as resident physician of the Grand Pacific Hotel, consumes his entire time. Dr. Stringfield has a wide acquaintance among doctors and students, as well as the general public being a member of the American Medical Associa- tion, the Illinois State Medical Society and the Chicago Medical Society. He is a past chancellor of the Knights of Pythias and a member of the Grand Lodge, and was chaplain of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. He is an active member of the Hamilton and Chicago Athletic Clubs, and widely known as a consistent Republican always ready to help his party in any way possible. His friends in the administrative circles are legion. He is the personal friend and physician to Senator Mason, and a host of other leaders in the party. He has never sought office, but has always been regarded as good timber. He was married August 14, 1889, to Miss Josephine Milgie, of Chicago. His offices are in the Western Union Building. 724 725 ARTHUR HUMPHREY. Born beyond the Middle West, July 13, 1858, from an ancestry embracing some of the oldest and most influential families of old Virginia and Pennsyl- vania, Mr. Humphrey spent the earlier portion of his life on a farm and in the stock-raising and milling business, where a naturally robust constitution and kindly disposition were given full development. In his youth he attended the common schools and later a State normal, but his real education was acquired by private study and reading and in the school of nature and experience. In 1880 Mr. Humphrey came to Chicago, a stranger, with practically no capital, but with a sterling integrity, an indomitable will and an abiding faith in the future. He soon secured a position as instructor and afterwards as super- intendent of the business department, of Bryant's Business College. While en- gaged in this work his leisure time and evenings were employed in reading law. With a desire to get a more practical experience and a knowledge of business men and methods, he later entered the employ of one of the largest concerns at the Union Stock Yards. Here his thorough knowledge of accounts was soon demonstrated and he gained a most valuable business experience. He often says that of all his schooling the time spent with this house was of the most practical value, for it gave him a thorough knowledge of first-class business men and methods. While engaged with this house Mr. Humphrey pursued his legal studies with a regularity and tenacity which was, to say the least, unusual, and when the time came, took the examination for admission to the Illinois Bar before a committee appointed by the Appellate Court, and was one of the fortunate few who passed a most rigid examination. After devoting nearly an- other year to hard work and study he entered his chosen profession. Then commenced those days of waiting for business and clients which try the souls of young professional men, and cause so many to fall by the wayside. Mr. Humphrey possesses in a high degree three characteristics which have dominated his life and have contributed largely to his success, honesty, indus- try and determination. When he is once convinced that a thing is right, and sets his mind upon accomplishing it, he never gives up, but works and waits with a singleness of purpose and determination that usually brings success. Mr. Humphrey practiced alone up to 1892, when he formed a partnership with ex- Judge Barnum and his son, under the firm name of Barnum, Humphrey & Bar- num, which continued for six years, when Mr. Humphrey withdrew. Since this time he has practiced alone, with greater success than before. Mr. Humphrey is an able lawyer, thorough, careful and painstaking in his business. He enjoys an enviable reputation as lawyer and a man, and has built up a good general practice, but prefers corporation and real estate law, in which he has won his greatest success. Reared in an atmosphere of political intensity, such as characterized the early days of Kansas, it is not strange that Mr. Humphrey should be a stalwart in Republicanism, and a firm adherent to his party. Although a man of strong convictions and active in politics, he is not a politician and has never held nor has he been a candidate for political office, preferring to devote his attention to his profession. Mr. Humphrey possesses fine literary tastes ; and, besides an ecxellent law library, has a fine general library of over fourteen hundred volumes of care- fully selected works. He is fond of biography, history, travel and adventure, as well as fiction and poetry, but does not care particularly for the popular novel* of the day, preferring Scott, Thackeray, Hawthorne, and others of the same school. He is fond of outdoor sports, particularly riding, driving and the "rod and gun," but finds little time to gratify his tastes in this direction. Mr. Humphrey is a member of the Union League, Marquette, Hamilton and Wood- lawn Park Clubs, also a Mason. 726 727 GRAEME STEWART. Mr. Stewart is of Scotch ancestry the Stewarts of Ayrshire. His parents came to America in 1845 anc l m l &5 removed to Chicago, finally settling in what is now the west division of the city. His father, William Stewart, was a prominent citizen during the early days of the city's 'history and was closely identified with its material progress, particularly on the West Side. He was one of the founders of Hesperia Lodge of Masons ; one of the promoters of the West Side Masonic Temple, and has been president of the Illinois St. An- drew's Society. Graeme Stewart was born August 30, 1853, in Chicago, at the corner of Franklin and Monroe streets, now a prominent business center. Later the Stewart family removed into what became the Ninth, now the Eighteenth, Ward. His early education was acquired at the public schools, chiefly the Skinner School. He also attended a German school, afterwards entering the University of Chicago with the class of 1872. While attending the university he acted as office boy in the wholesale grocery house of George W. Flanders & Co. In this service he acquired some knowledge of mercantile affairs which he found of benefit in later years. His first inclination was toward a profession, but ill- ness before graduating caused him to abandon his studies and change his course. After terminating his schooling he commenced commercial life with King, Stewart & Aldrich, and was subsequently advanced to shipping clerk. Later, he became a salesman for the same firm, holding this position until he became identified, in 1880, with the firm of W. M. Hoyt & Co., wholesale grocers, in which he is now a director. The building occupied by this company stands upon historic ground being the site of old Fort Dearborn of the very early days and is replete with thrilling interest, to which Mr. Stewart fre- quently recurs when in a reminiscent mood. Though Mr. Stewart is emphatically a business man whose mind is taken up with the affairs of the large house with which he is connected, he, never- theless, takes an active interest in politics, National, State and municipal, espe- cially the latter, and is an outspoken advocate of clean business methods in politics, particularly with regard to the administration of municipal affairs. Af- ter the great fire of 1871, there being at that time no military guard for Illinois, Mr. Stewart was active in the organization of the first Illinois regiment, arid was one of the charter members. This regiment was disbanded after the National Guard Act was passed in 1876. Mr. Stewart has never held office, and is free from political alliances. He is an ardent Republican and believes every one should be a party man to the extent of doing his full duty as a patriot and a citizen. He resides in the Twenty-fourth Ward, where his personal influence is recognized. For many years he has been one of the controlling forces of the Cook County Central Republican Committee, and is also a valuable member of the National Repub- lican Executive Committee. He has served on the Board of Education for six years. Mr. Stewart is a member of Hesperia Lodge No. 411, A. F. & A. M., Washington Chapter No. 43, Montjoie Commandery No. 53, Oriental Con- sistory and Mystic Shrine Medina Temple, also a member of the Hamilton, Marquette and Chicago Clubs. In 1879 Mr. Stewart was married to Miss Nellie Pullman. They have two children, Helen and Mercedes. Mr. Stewart resides at No. 181 Pine Street, Chicago. 728 729 D. F. CHILLY. Mr. Crilly is a Pennsylvania!!. He was born at Mercersburg, Pa., October 14, 1838. When he was ten years of age his parents removed to Newport, in that State. His father was John D. and his mother Rebecca Crilly. His father was what is known as an Irish-American, and with two of his sons served in the Civil War. John D. Crilly was at one time editor of the Perry County Standard," at Bloomfield, Pa. Afterward, he engaged in hotel and mercantile business in that place. He owned several stages which ran on the state routes before the days of railroads, and was an all-around business man of intelli- gence and energy. He was known also prominently in politics and was a great friend and admirer of James Buchanan, the Democratic President from Penn- sylvania. D. F. Crilly was educated in the common schools, in his youth, chiefly at Newport and Mercersburg, Pa. At the age of seventeen he came West and located in Iowa City, la., and there learned the "building trade." After a three years' residence in Iowa City, he removed in 1858 to St. Louis, Mo., where he worked at his trade until 1860. From St. Louis he went south to Louis- iana, where he was engaged in building sugar houses on plantations when the war broke out. He left Louisiana and with great difficulty came North, but with the assistance of Captain Dardin and the influence of a New Orleans bank- ing firm, Foley, Avery & Co., he finally reached St. Louis, his former home. Here he remained for one year, following his trade, and then removed to Chi- cago, where he commenced business as a building contractor and where he has since resided. Mr. Crilly has now retired from active business, but is followed by his sons. His business career has been active and successful to a marked degree, and has been characterized by energy, honesty and integrity. He is the owner of the old Stock Exchange Building, corner of Dearborn and Monroe Streets, Chicago, and is a large real estate owner in the city. While Mr. Crilly was in active business he was the contractor for many buildings erected in Chicago, before and after the great fire. Among the latter may be mentioned "The Meth- odist Church" block, corner Clark and Washington Sts., and many other import- ant buildings. The last large contract in which Mr. Crilly was interested was for building the "Windsor Hotel," in Denver, Colo., which is one of the best hotel buildings in that city. Mr. Crilly has been essentially a business man and in no sense a politician. He has never held an elective office, nor aspired to political preferment. He is a thorough-going Republican, and takes great interest in ward politics, and sev- eral times has been treasurer of his ward club. He is a member of and has been treasurer of the Hamilton Club. He is now South Park Commissioner by appointment of the Circuit Judges. He is one of the oldest members of the Union League Club, his membership dating from the first year of the club's organization. He is a member and director of the Sheridan Club, and is a member of the Builders' Club. He is a prominent Mason, being a member of Home Lodge, Chicago Chapter, Apollo Commandery, Consistory, and a Shriner. He has been treasurer of Apollo Commandery, and was treasurer of the Knights' Templar charity ball each year but one since its organization. Since Mr. Crilly's retirement from business he has spent much time in traveling in the United States and has spent two years in Europe, widening his field of observation and gaining fresh knowledge. In 1863 he was married to Elizabeth Snyder London, of Fort Franklin County, Pa. They have a family of six children, all living four boys and two girls Erminnie, George, Frank, Edgar, Isabelle and Oliver. 730 731 WINFIELD NEWELL SATTLEY. Winfielcl Newell Satiiey was born June 19, 1859, at Ferrisburg, Addison County, Vermont. His parents, Robert Preston and Harriet Foote (Newell) Sattley, were thrifty New England farmers. His paternal grandparents came to the United States in 1/84, and settled on Long Island ; but the following year they removed to Ferrisburg, Vermont, and settled on a tract of land that is now known as the "W. N. Sattley stock farm," and contains about 736 acres. On this old homestead several generations of Sattleys were born and reared, among whom was the subject of this sketch and his brothers. Mr. Sattley obtained the rudiments of an education in a little old red school house, about one mile from the old home farm ; afterward he attended the public schools at Burlington, Vermont, and took a course in the Commer- cial College, at the same city. On December I5th, 1878, he entered the employ of the Vermont Life Insurance Company, at the home office in Burlington, and was soon promoted to the position of chief clerk. He came to Chicago January 8, 1881, as general agent for the company, his territory covering the State of Illinois. In February, 1884, he accepted the general agency of the Massachusetts Mutual Life and remained with that company until April i, 1887, when he resigned to become superintendent of agencies for the State of Illi- nois of the New York Life Insurance Company, being in the employ of this com- pany until March 15, 1889. He then became manager for the State of Illi- nois for the Manhattan Life Insurance Company, a position he held for ten years, during which time the business of the company in the State was in- creased more than four-fold. Mr. Sattley was assistant manager of the Equita- ble Life for Northern Illinois from May ist, 1899, to October ist, 1899; he then received an appointment in the executive special department of the Mu- tual Life Insurance Company, which position he now holds. Mr. Sattley is a born insurance man. From the commencement of his career he has followed the business of insurance and he understands every de- tail thoroughly. His methods of managing the affairs of the companies with which he has been connected have always given great satisfaction to the offi- cials at the home office. In politics Mr. Sattley has always been a Republican ; although not a politician he never neglects the duties of citizenship, and is alw r ays found work- ing for the success of the party. When the Hamilton Club was organized he became one of its charter members ; was its vice-president in 1892, and assisted in building up the large membership of the club. He is a Thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Mason and Knight Templar, being a life member in each of the following bodies : Oriental Blue Lodge, La- fayette Chapter, Palestine Council, Apollo Commandery, Oriental Consistory and the Order of Elks No. 4 ; he is also a member of Medinah Temple, Wash- ington Park Club, and the Chicago Athletic Association. Mr. Sattley was one of the organizers of the Sons of Vermont in Chicago, was chairman of the ex- ecutive committee for several years and was elected President in 1896. Winfield Newell Sattley was married to Miss May E. Kelley, on June 19, 1884. They have two interesting children, Ethelwynne May and Winfield Newell, Jr. 732 NJ 733 CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE 1900 CAMPAIGN RE-ELECTION OF WILLIAM McKiNLEY RICHARD YATES, JR. ELECTED GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS CONCLUSION. The election of November 6, 1900, must take its place as one of the most im- portant in the history of the United States. It was a high test of the intelli- gence, the patriotism and continuity of purpose of the American people. The great question, the true issue involved in the contest and to be decided by the people, was whether they proposed to continue the Republican party in power and with it continue the gold standard, the protective tariff, and that extraor- dinary prosperity and confidence in the future, which accompanied these great measures, and Republican administration ; or, whether they proposed to re- turn the Democratic-Populistic party to power, with its hostility to protective legislation and the gold standard, and its demand for the passage of a law for the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to i. The people could not be drawn aside from this issue. The attempt to create, as paramount, an issue against the Republican ad- ministration of Imperialism and Militarism, proved absolutely abortive. The majority of electors of both parties by an unmistakable expression of public opinion had approved the Spanish War, and the acquisition and retention of Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands. They had faith in the Republican prin- ciples of government, and in the ability of the United States to govern those islands in accordance with those principles. They had faith in themselves and knew that misgovernment in those islands by the administration of any party, would call down on its head public condemnation and a change of party ad- ministration. The canvass throughout the country was remarkable for the friendly spirit in which it was conducted and the cheerful manner in which the unsuccessful party accepted defeat. But another feature made the contest most remarkable : for the first time in the history of the Republican party did it have the sympathy of the ruling classes in Great Britain and the Continent. Heretofore, the feel- ing on the other side favored the success of the Democratic party. That party held to doctrines concerning tariff legislation which had the approval abroad ; they opposed protection ; they favored a tariff for revenue only, such a tariff as gave to foreign producers easy and highly profitable access to the American market. Consequently, it was to the interest of the foreigner that the Demo- cratic party should succeed. But in this year of 1900 it was different. Great Britain, France, Germany, and the whole of Europe have adopted the gold standard ; they believe in it ; they believed that general prosperity depends upon its continuance. The United States had loomed up above the horizon of pro- duction, commerce and finance as the most conspicuous figure in the sky. Leading statesmen, and men largely engaged in production and trade abroad held the opinion that if the United States should adopt the free coinage of silver, the finances of this country would at once be based upon silver, and this would result in world-wide calamity. Continuance of the gold standard in the United States was the paramount question in their minds and they put aside their long- time opposition to Republican protection and hoped for the success of the Re- publican party. The great day came. More than fifteen millions of electors cast their bal- lots. The Republican party was sustained. William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt were elected President and Vice-President of the United States. A strong working Republican majority was returned for the National House of Representatives, besides, Republican success in various States insures an in- creased Republican majority in the United States Senate. The Republican State 734 ticket was elected in Illinois with a safe Republican majority in the Legislature insuring the election of a Republican United States Senator. Two interesting facts have appeared following the announcement of Republican success : First. There has been a marked advance in the value of stocks and bonds the world over; prices in London and Berlin immediately advanced upon the announce- ment of the re-election of President McKinley. Second. In the business cen- ters of Democratic States, there has been marked expressions of satisfaction that there is to be no change of national policy by changing the political char- acter of the administration. The business men of the country are satisfied to have the present conditions continue and were not willing to risk a change. The following named State officers were elected in Illinois : Richard Yates, Governor ; William A. Northcott, Lieutenant Governor ; James A. Rose, Secretary of State ; James McCullough, Auditor ; Moses O. Williamson, Treas- urer ; Rowland J. Hamlin, Attorney General ; Alexander McLean, Samuel A. Bullard and Carrie T. Alexander, University trustees. The delegation returned to Congress from Illinois was : Republicans : First district, James R. Mann, Chicago ; Sixth, Henry S. Bon- tell, Chicago; Seventh, George E. Foss, Chicago; Eighth, Albert J. Hopkins, Aurora ; Ninth, Robert R. Hitt, Mount Morris ; Tenth, George W. Prince, Gales- burg ; Eleventh, Walter Reeves, Streator ; Twelfth, Joseph G. Cannon, Danville ; Thirteenth, Vespasian Warner, Clinton ; Fourteenth, Joseph V. Graff, Pekin ; Twenty-second, George W. Smith, Murphysboro. Democrats : Second district, John J. Feeley, Chicago ; Third, George P. Foster, Chicago ; Fourth, James McAndrews, Chicago ; Fifth, William F. Ma- honey, Chicago; Fifteenth, J. Ross Mickey, Macomb ; Sixteenth, T. J. Selby, Hardin ; Seventeenth, Ben T. Caldwell, Chatham ; Eighteenth, Thomas M. Jett, Hillsboro; Nineteenth, Joseph B. Crowley, Robinson; Twentieth, James R.Wil- ^liams, Carmi; Twenty-first, Frederick J. Kern, Belleville. There was great disappointment among Republicans throughout the state over the result in Cook County. While the County gave a majority for the ' Presidential ticket of 17,567, Judge Yates, the Republican candidate for Gov- ernor, lost the County by 7,573. His opponent, Samuel Alchuler, a man of recognized ability, no doubt carried a large Jewish vote, which otherwise was Republican. Other Republican State candidates carried the County ranging from i,ooo,the plurality for Lt. Governor Northcott, to 14,175, the plurality for James McCullough for Auditor. But the defeat of William Lorimer of Chi- cago, and of W. A. Rodenberg of East St. Louis, for Congress, was a severe blow to Republican pride and prestige. However, the general result throughout the State was satisfactory and assuring. The Republicans of Illinois have again shown their strong adhesion to the principles of the Republican party, and their vote on November 6, 1900, is one of confidence in the present National Repub- lican administration. The Republican principles and policies for domestic affairs, the conduct of our Foreign relations, and particularly our Territorial Ex- pansion by the acquisition of Hawaii, Porto Rico, the Philippines and Guam have all received popular endorsement. The Ship of State moves on in grandeur and in glory with the Republican party at the helm. 735 l-XU-H > a - n CO rl 00 *t- O O r*3 I-*" -f C-I *f- ' Hrj f*l M - is J o tt Q r < ft Pn O .-4 P PH O PH 01 g h^ <1 r I O r-H & fe O 1 3s fw " *- '~ ' IS 00 *** cjs "-"' - - rt S* : W 8*B : : : :* : :*" :|g . o . rtti^^- .(^ . .o-or 1 ^ -C 1 * c^ooi'- - " o 1. O Q w gfcH {*- o -oo i r- >o i- ! ;- !2St R \o ^ oo s^? O O 1- iH ^-1 -00 > S H -ON . .O^fO^OOf*) -t- . -CO .^--- .rO . O" .I^O t- -O^O^ . t* -00 c^ ao -r oo^HTj-ro^H . 'r o o r*) i-t o o ro -rooo -o - -o O> -fO - OiCM-^ ** O O ' -00 sC M ^- sO t- rjCMO f*Jf*5O" CO -n . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . (M 1 . . c^^or--<^roi > -ooor v i-'^ .io*oooc^o fioo'** .^roi-"'-i-^r / lC i QOO s -r^^**^ .r-r^r^^ JOOCNirOi-i^r^c^ton-HOO 1 ^ -OOOOC'OiO ->O^iO r-I'-C v r';C-OC: rv l ^f-*-<^'O 'O-O>f^ looo^-cionr^ooot ino^t- u)^-r*xu'> -^r^o n-HOo^i-niocvio -un^on Hrt o ** U ^O'O-HPO>*IO ' ^ H . ro C ^ -t i~ r^f ~ f- " X ~ u. O r^ r') o -1- O O "~, o- t - /. -t- * c: c- X c^ c Q.-O. (*.. S ioio_r^o r -^? o x^=;oc_S t.M r- M ^i- = f, r-, x_i- i- i c;r.x_ 131 ^ tff^^f*T CJCf t* M^^^t^^^-" 1 ^^ ^i/TsiTc^ ^TcT'^'t'i'f Tf^r^^^H r^i/f r * v ic -T o c- C n rono-riooo'M^ofOf'ld* IH P (M "> M r ri ro * *> lor^T i-*^-oinft- O o-ooi-rooo'-t 003^ & 736 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY, FROM THE DISCOV- ERY IN 1492 TO 1860. 1492. Aug. 3, Columbus sets sail from Palos, in Spain. Oct. 12, First land discovered (one of the Bahamas). 1 27, Cuba discovered. " Dec. 6, Hayti or Hispaniola discovered. M93- Jan. 16, Columbus returns to Spain. Sept. 25, Columbus sails from Cadiz on his second voyage. " Dec. 8, Columbus lays the foundation of Isabella, in Hispaniola, the first European town in the New World. 1494. May 5, Jamaica discovered. 1496. Mar. 10, Columbus sails again for Spain. J 497- June 24, Newfoundland discovered by the Cabots. 1498. May 30, Columbus sails from Spain on his third voyage. July 31, Trinidad discovered. Aug. i, America discovered by Columbus. 1499. June 16, America discovered by Americus Vespucius. 1500. Amazon river discovered by Pinzon. April 23, Brazil discovered by Cabral. 1502. May n, Columbus sails on his last voyage. Aug. 14, Bay of Honduras discovered by Columbus. 1504. Sept. 2, Columbus returns to Spain. 1506. May 20, Columbus dies, in his fifty-ninth year. 1508. St. Lawrence river first navigated by Aubert. 1512. April 2, Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon. Baracoa, the first town in Cuba, built by Diego Velasquez. 1513. Sept. 25, Pacific ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa. 1516. Rio de la Plata discovered by Juan Diaz de Solis. 1517. Patent granted by Charles V. for an annual import of 4,000 negro slaves to His- paniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. " Yucatan discovered by Francis Hernandez Cordova. 1519. Mar. 13, Cortes lands at Tabasco, in Mexico. " April 22, Cortes arrives at San Juan de Ulloa. Vera Cruz settled by Cortes. Nov. 8, Cortes enters Mexico. 1520. Montezuma dies. " Nov. 7, Straits of Magellan discovered by Ferdinand Magellan. 1521. Aug. 13, Mexico taken by Cortes. 1522. Bermudas discovered by Juan Bermudez. 1525. First invasion of Peru by Pizarro and Almagro. 1528. Pizarro appointed governor of Peru. 1531. Second invasion of Peru by Pizarro. 1532. First colony founded in Peru by Pizarro. J 535- Chili invaded by Almagro. 1537. California discovered by Cortes. *539- May 18, Ferdinand de Soto sails from Havana, on an expedition for the conquest of Florida. 1541. Aug. 6, Orellana explores the Amazon, and arrives at the ocean. 1545. Mines of Potosi, in South America, discovered. 1548. Platina discovered in the south of Mexico. 737 1563. Slaves first imported into the West Indies by the English. 1576. Elizabeth's and Frobisher's straits discovered by Martin Frobisher. J 585. June 26, Virginia visited by Sir Walter Raleigh. 1586. Tobacco introduced into England by Mr. Lane. 1587. Aug. 13, first Indian baptized in Virginia. 1602. May 15, Cape Cod named by Bartholemew Gosnold. " 21, Martha's Vineyard discovered by Gosnold. 1607. May 13, Jamestown, Virginia, founded. 1608. July 3, Quebec founded. 1609. Hudson river discovered by Henry Hudson. 1611. Lake Champlain discovered by Champlain. 1616 Baffin's bay discovered by Baffin. 1617. Pocahontas dies in England. 1619. June 19, first general assembly in Virginia. ' T May 20, Long Island sound first navigated by Dermer. 1620. Aug. 5, Puritans sail from Southampton, England, for America. " Nov. 10, Puritans anchor at Cape Cod. " first white child born in New England. " Dec. n, first landing at Plymouth. " 25, first house built at Plymouth. " Slaves first introduced into Virginia by the Dutch. 1621 May 12, first marriage at Plymouth. 1630. Boston settled. " Oct. 19, first general court of Massachusetts colony, holden at Boston. 1631. Delaware settled by the Swedes. 1632. First church built at Boston. 1633. First house erected in Connecticut, at Windsor. 1634. Maryland settled. '' Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. 1636. Hartford, Connecticut, settled. " Providence founded by Roger Williams. 1637. First synod convened at Newtown (now Cambridge), Massachusetts. 1638. New Haven founded. " Harvard college founded. " June i, earthquake in New England. 1639. Jan. 14, convention at Hartford, Connecticut, for forming a constitution. " April, first general election at Hartford. " First printing-press established at Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Stephen Day. 1642. Oct. 9, first commencement at Harvard college. 1643. May 19, union of the New England colonies. 1646. First act passed by the general court of Massachusetts, for the spread of the gospel among the Indians. 1647. May 19, first general assembly of Rhode Island. 1648. First execution for witchcraft. " New London settled. 1650. Harvard college chartered. " Constitution of Maryland settled. 1651. Navigation-act passed by Great Britain. 1652. First mint established in New England. 1654. Yale college first projected by Mr. Davenport. 1663. Jan. 26, earthquake felt in New England, New Netherlands, and Canada. 1664. Aug. 27, surrender of New Amsterdam to the English. 1665. June 12, New York city incorporated. 16/2. First copyright granted by Massachusetts. 1673. Mississippi river explored by Marquette and Joliet. 1675. Junt 24, commencement of King Philip's war. 1676. Aug. 12, death of King Philip. 1 68 1. Mar. 4, grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn. 1682. Oct. 24, arrival of William Penn in America. " Louisiana taken possession of by M. de la Sale. 738 1683. First legislative assembly in New York. " Roger Williams dies, in his eighty-fourth year. 1686. First episcopal society formed in Boston. 1687. First printing-press established near Philadelphia, by William Bradford. 1688. New York and New Jersey united to New England. 1690. Feb. 8, Schenectady burned by the French and Indians. " First paper-money issued by Massachusetts. 1692. William and Mary college, Virginia, chartered. 1693. Episcopal church established at New York. " First printing-press established in New York, by William Bradford. 1695. Rice introduced into Carolina. 1698. First French colony arrive at the mouth of the Mississippi. 1699. Captain Kidd, the pirate, apprehended at Boston. 1700. Episcopal church established in Pennsylvania. 1701. Oct., Yale college chartered and founded at Saybrook. 1702. Episcopal church established in New Jersey and Rhode Island. 1703. Culture of silk introduced into Carolina. " Duty of 4 laid on imported negroes, in Massachusetts. 1704. Tonnage duty laid by Rhode Island on foreign vessels. " Act "to prevent the growth of popery," passed by Maryland. " First newspaper (Boston News Letter) published at Boston, by Bartholomew Green. 1706. Bills of credit issued by Carolina. 1709. First printing-press in Connecticut, established at New London, by Thomas Short. 1711. South Sea Company incorporated. 1712. Free schools founded in Charlestown, Massachusetts. 1714. First schooner built at Cape Ann. 1717. Yale college removed from Saybrook to New Haven. 1718. Impost duties laid by Massachusetts on English manufactures and English ships. 1719. First Presbyterian church founded in New York. 1720. Tea first used in New England. 1721. Inoculation for smallpox introduced into New England. 1722. Paper-money first issued in Pennsylvania. 1725. First newspaper in New York (the New York Gazette), published by William Bradford. 1726. First printing-presses established in Virginia and Maryland. 1727. Earthquake in New England. 1730. First printing-press and newspaper established at Charleston, South Carolina. 1732. Tobacco made a legal tender in Maryland at id. per pound, and corn at 2od. per bushel. 1732. Feb. 22, George Washington born. First printing-press and newspaper established at Newport, Rhode Island. T 733- Georgia settled. " Freemason's lodge first held in Boston. 1737. Earthquake in New Jersey. 1738. College founded at Princeton, New Jersey. 1741. Jan. i, General Magazine and Historical Chronicle, first published by Benjamin Franklin. 1742. Faneuil Hall erected at Boston. 1750. First theatrical performance in Boston. 1754. Columbia college founded in New York. 1755. Defeat of General Braddock. Sept. 8, battle of Lake George. Earthquake in North America. First newspaper (Connecticut Gazette) published at New Haven. 1756. May 17, war declared with France by Great Britain. First printing-press and newspaper established at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, by Daniel Fowle. T 758. July 26, Louisburg taken by the English. Aug. 27, Fort Frontenac taken by the English. Nov. 25, Fort du Quesne (now Pittsburgh) taken by the English. 739 '759- Ticonderoga taken by the English. Sept. 18, Quebec taken by the English. 1761. Mar. 12, earthquake in New England. 1763. Feb. 10, treaty of peace signed at Paris, between the English and French. First newspaper published in Georgia. 1764. Mar., right to tax American colonies voted by house of commons. " April 5, first act for levying revenue passed by parliament. " 21, Louisiana ordered to be given up to Spain. 1765. Stamp act passed by parliament. Mar. 22, stamp act receives the royal assent. " May 29, Virginia resolutions against the right of taxation. " June 6, general congress proposed by Massachusetts. " Oct. 7, congress of twenty-eight delegates convenes at New York, and publishes a declaration of rights. 1766. Feb., Dr. Franklin examined before the house of commons, relative to the repeal of the stamp-act. Mar. 18, stamp-act repealed. 1767. Tax laid on paper, glass, painters' colors, and teas. 1769. Dartmouth college incorporated. " American philosophical society instituted at Philadelphia. 1770. Tea-plant introduced into Georgia. I 773- Tea thrown overboard at Boston. 1774. Boston port-bill passed. " Sept. 4, first continental Congress at Philadelphia. " Dr. Franklin dismissed from the postoffice. 1775. April 19, battle of Lexington. " May 10, Ticonderoga taken by the provincials. " June 17, battle of Bunker's Hill. July 2, General Washington arrives at Cambridge. " Dec. 13, resolution of Congress to fit out a navy of thirteen ships. " 31, assault on Quebec, and death of General Montgomery. 1776. Jan. 3, battle near Princeton. March 17, Boston evacuated by the British. " July 4, declaration of independence. '' Sept. n, battle of Brandywine. " 15, the British take possession of New York. " 27, the British take possession of Philadelphia. " Oct. 4, Battle of Germantown. " 22, battle of Red Bank. " 28, battle of White Plains. " Nov. 16, capture of Fort Washington by the British. " Dec. 26, battle of Trenton. 1777. Sept. 19, battle near Still water. J 7?8. June 28, battle at Monmouth courthouse. " Dec. 29, Savannah taken by the British. 1780. Aug. 16, battle near Camden. 1781. Bank of North America established. " Jan. 17, battle of Cowpens. March 15, battle of Guilford. Sept. 6, Fort Trumbull, Conn., taken by Arnold, and New London burnt. " 8, battle of Eutaw. Oct. 19, surrender of Lord Cornwallis. 1782. March 4, resolution of the house of commons in favor of peace. April 19, independence of United States acknowledged by Holland. " July, evacuation of Savannah. Dec. 14, evacuation of Charlestown. 1783. Jan. 20, cessation of hostilities agreed on. Feb. 5, independence of the United States acknowledged by Sweden. " 25, independence of the United States acknowledged by Denmark. March 24, independence of the United States acknowledged by Spain. 740 i/83- July, independence of the United States acknowledged by Russia. April n, proclamation of peace by Congress. 19, peace proclaimed in the army by Washington. Sept. 3, definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris. Oct. 18, proclamation for disbanding the army. Nov. 2, Washington's farewell orders. ' 25, New York evacuated by the British. 1784. Feb., first voyage to China from New York. 1785. July 9, and Aug. 5, treaty with Prussia. 1786. Shay's insurrection in Massachusetts. Sept. 20, insurrection in New Hampshire. 1787. Sept. 17, federal constitution agreed on by convention. 1788. Federal constitution adopted. 1789. March 3, George Washington elected president. April 30, inauguration of George Washington. 1790. District of Columbia ceded by Virginia and Maryland. May 29, constitution adopted by Rhode Island. 1791. Mar. 4, Vermont admitted into the Union. Bank of the United States established. First folio Bible printed by Worcester of Mass. 1792. June i, Kentucky admitted into the Union. 1793. Washington re-elected president. '' Death of John Hancock. 1794. Insurrection in Pennsylvania. T 7p6. June i, Tennessee admitted into the Union. " Dec. 7, Washington's last speech to Congress. 1797. March 4, John Adams inaugurated president. 1798. Washington reappointed commander-in-chief. 1799. Dec. 14, death of George Washington. 1800. Seat of government removed to Washington. " May 13, disbanding of the provisional army, 1801. March 4, Thomas Jefferson inaugurated president. 1802. July 20, Louisiana ceded to France by Spain. 1803. Feb. 19, Ohio admitted into the Union. " April 30, Louisiana purchased by the United States. August, Commodore Preble bombards Tripoli. 1805. June 3, treaty of peace with Tripoli. 1806. Expedition of Lewis and Clark to the mouth of the Columbia. 1807. June 22, attack on the frigate Chesapeake. July 2, interdict to armed British vessels. " Nov. II, British orders in council. " Dec. 17, Milan decree. " 22, embargo laid by the American government. 1808. Jan. i, slave-trade abolished. " April 17, Bayonne decree. 1809. March i, embargo repealed. " 4, James Madison inaugurated president. 1810. March 23, Rambouillet decree. 1811. May 16, engagement between the frigate President and Little Belt. " Nov. 7, battle of Tippecanoe. 1812. April 3, embargo laid for ninety days. " June 19, proclamation of war. (War declared June i8th.) " 23, British orders in council repealed. Aug. 15, surrender of General Hull. " Action between the frigates Constitution and Guerriere. " Nov., defeat at Queenstown. " Action between the Frolic and Wasp. Action between the United States and Macedonian. " April 8, Louisiana admitted into the Union. 1813. April 27, capture of York, Upper Canada. 741 1813. May 27, battle of Fort George. " June i, Chesapeake captured by the Shannon. " Sept. 10, Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Oct. 5, battle of the Thames. " Dec. 13, Buffalo burnt. 1814. March 28, action between the frigates Essex and Phoebe. " July 5, battle of Chippewa. " 25, battle of Bridgewater. " August, Washington city captured, and capitol burnt. " " 9, ii, Stonington bombarded. " " n, M'Donough's victory on Lake Champlain. " Sept. 12, battle near Baltimore. " Dec. 24, treaty of Ghent signed. " " 25, battle of New Orleans. 1815. Feb. 17, treaty of Ghent ratified by the president. " March, war declared with Algiers. 1817. Mar. 4, James Monroe inaugurated president. " Dec. 10, Mississippi admitted into the Union. 1818. Dec. 3, Illinois admitted into the Union. 1819. Dec. 14, Alabama admitted into the Union. 1819. May, first steamship sailed for Europe. 1820. Mar. 15, Maine admitted info the Union. 1821. July I, "Jackson takes possession of Florida. " Aug. 10, Missouri admitted into the Union. " First settlement of Liberia. 1824. March 13, convention with Great Britain for suppression of slave-trade. " April 5, convention with Russia in relation to the northwest boundary. " August 13, arrival of General Lafayette. 1825. Mar. 4, John Quincy Adams inaugurated president. '' Sept. 7, departure of General Lafayette. 1826. July 4, death of Presidents Adams and Jefferson. 1829. Feb. 20, resolutions passed by the Virginia house of delegates, denying the right of Congress to pass the tariff bill. " March 4, Andrew Jackson inaugurated president. " May 2, hail fell in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to the depth of twelve inches. " 17, death of John Jay, at Bedford, New York. " Sept. 15, slavery abolished in Mexico. " Nov. 9, separation of Yucatan from Mexico, and union with the republic of Central America. " Dec. 4, revolution commences in Mexico. 1830. Jan. 20, General Bolivar resigns his military and civil commission. " 27, city of Guatemala nearly destroyed by earthquakes. " April 4, Yucatan declares its independence. 1831. Jan. 12, remarkable eclipse of the sun. " July 4, death of James Monroe. " Oct. I, free-trade convention at Philadelphia. " 26, tariff convention at New York. 1832. Feb. 6, attack on Qualla Battoo, in Sumatra, by U. S. frigate Potomac. " June 8, cholera breaks out at Quebec, in Canada; being its first appearance in America. " Aug. 27, capture of Blackhawk. " Sept. 26, university of New York organized. " Nov., union and state-rights convention of South Carolina. " Dec. 28, John C. Calhoun resigns the office of vice-president. 1833. Mar. i, new tariff-bill signed by the president. " 4, Andrew Jackson inaugurated president for a second term. " II, state-rights convention of South Carolina. " 29, Santa Anna elected president of Mexico. " May 16, Santa Anna inaugurated president of Mexico. 742 1833- Oct i, public deposits removed from the bank of the United States, by order of Gen. Jackson. " Nov. 13, remarkable meteoric showers in the United States. 1834. Mar. 28, vote of censure by the senate against General Jackson, for removing the deposits. 1835. April 18, French indemnity-bill passes the chamber of deputies. '' Dec. 16, great fire in New York. 1836. April 21, battle of San Jacinto, in Texas. " June 14, Arkansas admitted into the Union. " Dec. 15, burning of the general postoffice and patent office, at Washington. 1837. Jan. 26, Michigan admitted into the Union. Mar. 4, Martin Van Buren inaugurated president of the United States. 1840. Jan. 19, antarctic continent discovered by the U. S. exploring expedition. " June 30, sub-treasury bill becomes a law. 1841. Mar. 4, William Henry Harrison inaugurated president of the United States. " April 4, death of President Harrison. " Aug. 9, sub-treasury bill repealed. " 18, bankrupt act becomes a law. 1843. March 3, bankrupt act repealed. " June 17, Bunker Hill monument celebration. 1845. Mar. i, Texas annexed to the United States. " 3, Florida admitted into the Union. " 4, James K. Polk inaugurated president. " June 18, death of Andrew Jackson. " Dec. 24, Texas admitted into the Union. 1846. May 8, battle of Palo Alto, on the Rio Grande. " 9, battle of Resaca de la Palma, do. " 13, proclamation of war existing with Mexico. " June 18, United States senate advises the president to confirm the Oregon trea'v with Great Britain. " July 28, new United States tariff bill passed. " Aug. 3, President Polk vetoes the river and harbor bill. " 6, revolution in Mexico, in favor of Santa Anna. " 8, President Polk vetoes the French spoliation bill. " 10, Congress adjourns. " 18, Brigadier-General Kearney of United States army, takes possession ofr Santa Fe. " 19, Commodore Stockton blockades the Mexican ports on the Pacific. " Sept. 21, 22, 23, battles of Monterey, Mexico. " 26, California expedition with Colonel Stevenson's regiment of 780 officers and men, sails from New York. " Oct. 25, Tabasco in Mexico, bombarded by Commodore Perry. " Nov. : }, Commodore Conner takes Tampico. " Dec. 6, General Kearney defeats the Mexicans at San Pasqual. " 25, Colonel Doniphan defeats the Mexicans at Brazito, near El Paso. " 28, Iowa admitted into the Union. 1847. Jan. 8, Mexican Congress resolve to raise fifteen millions of dollars on the property of the clergy for the war with the United States. " 8, 9, battles of San Gabriel and Mesa in California, fought by General Kearney, who defeats the Mexicans. " 14, revolt of the Mexicans in New Mexico against the United States authorities. " 24, battle of Canada, in New Mexico. Mexicans defeated by the Americans under Colonel Price. " Feb. 22, 23, battle of Buena Vista. Mexicans 21.000 in number, under General Santa Anna, defeated by 4,500 Americans under General Taylor. " 28, battle of Sacramento. Colonel Doniphan, with 924 Americans, defeats 4,000 Mexicans. " Mar. i, General Kearney declares California a part of the United States. " 20, city and castle of Vera Cruz taken by the army and navy of the United States, under General Scott and Commodore Perry. 743 i847- April 2, Alvarado taken by the Americans under Lieutenant Hunter. " 18, battle of Cerro Gordo. Mexicans under Santa Anna defeated by the Ameri- cans under General Scott. " 18, Tuspan in Mexico taken by Commodore Perry. " May I, Smithsonian Institution at Washington, corner-stone laid. " Aug. 20, battles of Contreras and Churubusco, in Mexico. Mexicans defeated by Americans under General Smith, part of General Scott's command. " 31, new constitution of Illinois adopted by state convention. " Sept. 8, battle of Molina del Rey, near the city of Mexico. The Americans under General Worth (part of Scott's command), defeat the Mexicans under General Santa Anna. " 12, 14, battle of Chapultepec, near Mexico; the Americans, under Generals Scott, Worth, Pillow, and Quitman, defeat the Mexicans under Santa Anna. General Scott and American army enter the city of Mexico on the i4th. " Sept. 13, to Oct. 12, siege of Puebla, held by the Americans against the Mexicans. The latter repulsed by the former, under Colonel Childs. " Oct. 9, the city of Huamantla, in Mexico, taken by the Americans, under General Lane. " 20, port of Guayamas, in Mexico, bombarded and captured by the Americans. " Dec. 31, the several Mexican states occupied by the American army placed under military contributions. 1848. Jan. 27, a national convention to nominate president and vice-president called by the whig members of Congress. At an adjourned meeting it was resolved that the convention meet at Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 1848. Feb. 18, By a general order, Major-General Scott turns over the command of the U. S. army in Mexico to Major-General Butler. " May 22-26, the democratic national convention at Baltimore nominate General Lewis"' Cass of Michigan for president, and General William O. Butler of Kentucky for vice-president. " 25, Major-General Scott received by the municipal authorities of the city of New York. There was a large military and civic procession. " 29, Wisconsin admitted into the Union. " 30, treaty of peace between the United States and Mexico, which had been signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848, afterward modified at Washington, and confirmed by the Mexican Congress; ratified by the American commission- ers, Sevier and Clifford, and the Mexican minister of foreign relations, Don Luis de la Rosa. It was proclaimed in the United States, July 4, 1848. " June 7, 8, the whig national convention meet at Philadelphia, and on the second day, fourth ballot, nominate General Zachary Taylor for president, and, on second ballot, Hon. Millard Fillmore for vice-president. " 22, 23, democratic convention at Utica, N. Y., nominate Martin Van Buren for president and Henry Dodge (who declined June 29) for vice-president. " July 4, corner-stone of monument to General Washington, laid at the city of Wash- ington. Oration by Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, speaker of the United States house of representatives. " Aug. 13, Oregon territorial bill, with prohibition of slavery, passed by Congress. " 9, io, free-soil convention at Buffalo, nominate Martin Van Buren, of New York, for president, and Charles Francis Adams, of Massachusetts, for vice- president. Sixteen states were represented by delegates. " 14, adjournment of 3Oth Congress, ist session. " 17, destructive fire at Albany, N. Y. " Sept. 9, destructive fire at Brooklyn, N. Y. " Nov. 7, presidential election. " Dec. 4, meeting of the 3Oth Congress, second session. " 6, Taylor and Fillmore elected president and vice-president by the electoral colleges. 1849. March 5, inauguration of Zachary Taylor as president, and of Millard Fillmore as vice-president, of the United States. " May io, Riot at Theater, New York, occasioned by dispute between Actors Forrest and Macready. 744 1849- Aug. ii, Proclamation of President against marauding expedition to Cuba. " Sept. 14, French Ambassador dismissed from Washington. 1850. March 31, President Taylor died. " " John C. Calhoun, Senator from South Carolina, died. " " Millard Fillmore, I3th President. " Aug. 15, California admitted as a state. Fugitive slave law passed. 1851. April 25, President Fillmore issued proclamation warning promoters of expedition against Cuba. June 16, Census of United States completed; total population, 23,347,884. " 29, Henry Clay, Senator from Kentucky, died. Oct. 22, President issued proclamation against sympathizers with revolutionary movement in Mexico. Dec. 24, Part of Capitol at Washington and whole of Congressional library destroyed by fire. Dec. 30, M. Kossuth, the Hungarian Chief, arrived at Washington on invitation of Congress. 1852. March 20, Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by Mrs. Stowe. Oct. 3, U. S. S. Crescent -City boarded at Havana and not allowed to land mails and passengers. Oct. 24, Daniel Webster, eminent statesman, died, aged 70. Expedition of United States fleet under Commodore Perry to Japan. 1853. March 4, General Franklin Pierce inaugurated fourteenth President. June 21, Koszta affair. Koszta, a Hungarian refugee to United States, after taking out naturalization papers, visited Smyrna, was seized by crew of Austrian brig Huzzar. By direction of American minister at Constantinople, Capt. Ingraham of U. S. Sloop St. Louis, demanded Koszta's release by a certain hour and pre- pared to attack Austrian vessel. Koszta was given up July 2. July 14, Crystal Palace opens at New York. Dec. 18, Duel between M. Sottle, American minister at Madrid, and M. Turgot. ( 26, Great fire at New York. 1854. Jan. 9, Astor Library, New York, opened. 18, William Walker proclaims the republic of Sonora divided into two states, Sonora and Lower California. Feb. 28, American steamer Black Warrior seized at Cuba. 1854. March 23, Commercial treaty concluded beween Japan and the United States by Commodore Perry. " June 7, Reciprocity treaty between Great Britain and United States, respecting Newfoundland fisheries, international trade, etc. " July 13, Captain Hollins, in American Sloop Cyane, bombards San Juan de Nicaragua. Oct., Negotiations for annexation of Sandwich Islands. 1855. March-April, Dreadful election riots in Kansas. J 855. July, Dispute with British Government on enlistment. Sept. 3, General Harney gains a victory over the Sioux Indians. 1856. May 2, Senator Sumner savagely assaulted in National Capital by Preston Brooks, M. C. from South Carolina. May 28, Mr. Crampton, British envoy, dismissed. " June 17, John C. Fremont nominated Republican candidate for President. " Nov. 4, James Buchanan elected fifteenth President. J 8S7. Jan. 16, Lord Napier, appointed British envoy to United States, warmly received March 18. " March, Decision in "Dred Scott" case rendered by United States Supreme Court. " May-June, Disorganized condition in Utah; troops march to support new Governor. June, Election riots in Washington against Irish electors. " Riot in New York on account of changes in police arrangements. " August, Commercial panic in New York and extending throughout the country. " December, Import duties of the protective tariff reduced from 23 to 15 per cent. 1858. May, Dispute with Great Britain respecting right of search of American vessels settled. " June, Peace restored in Utah. 745 1858. August, Great rejoicing at the successful completion of the Atlantic telegraph. " Sept. 18, Massacre of emigrants at Mountain Meadow; Mormons suspected of crime". " Sept. 18, Lieut. Moffit seizes the American slave ship Echo and takes her to Charles- ton with cargo of Africans. 1859. Jan. 28, Death of W. H. Prescott, eminent American historian. " June 25, American Commodore Tatnall assists the English at the Chinese engage- ment on the River Peiho; in his report said: "Blood is thicker than water." " July, General Ward, United States Envoy, goes to Pekin, but does not see the emperor. " July 27, General Harney sends troops to San Juan Island, near Vancouver Island, "to protect American settlers." Governor Douglas also sends troops. " Oct. 16, John Brown's raid upon Harper's Ferry, with twenty-seven men, seizing the arsenal; Col. Lee, with military, kill some and capture the balance. " Nov., Gen. Scott supersedes Gen. Harney at San Juan; conciliatory arrangement for joint occupation of Island. " Nov. 28, Death of Washington Irving. " Dec. 2, John Brown executed. " Dec., Agitation in Congress over election of speaker. House not organized until February i, 1860. 1860. March 28, President Buchanan protests against proposed investigation of his acts. " March, Companions of John Brown executed. " May 16, Abraham Lincoln nominated at Chicago as Republican candidate for President. " May 17, Japanese Embassy received by the President at Washington. " " William Goodrich, noted publisher of school books, and who wrote under name of "Peter Parley," died. " June 18, Stephen A. Douglas nominated at Baltimore as regular Democratic candi- date for President. The Seceders nominated John C. Breckenridge. " June 23, The Great Eastern arrived at New York. " Sept. 20, The Prince of Wales arrived at Detroit. Visits Washington October 3, Philadelphia October 9, New York October II, Boston October 17; embarks at Portland October 20. " Nov. 6, Abraham Lincoln elected i6th President. Intense excitement all over the Southern States. " Dec. 20. South Carolina seceded from the Union. Dec. 26, Major Anderson occupied Fort Sumpter, removing his garrison from Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor. Dec. 30, Delegates from South Carolina not received by President Buchanan. Presi- dent Buchanan vacillated in his policy towards Southern States. Secretary Cass, Cobb, Floyd and Thompson resign. New York and other states protest against secession. 1861. Jan. 4, A general fast observed as result of proclamation. " Jan., Secession of states Jan. 8, Mississippi; January n, Alabama and Florida; January 19, Georgia; January 26, Louisiana; February I, Texas. Jan. 12, Vicksburg fortified. Jan. 21, Kansas admitted as a State. Feb. 8, Jefferson Davis elected President of Southern Confederacy. Inaugurated at Montgomery, Ala., February 18. Mar. 2, Morrell Tariff bill passes Congress. President Davis prepares for war; 100,000 men to be raised. " Mar. 4, Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President. 746 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. The great Slaveholders' Rebellion threatened by the Southern statesmen during the political campaign of 1860 took form immediately after the announcement of the election of Abraham Lincoln as President. , 1860. November 7. Presidential election. November 10. Bill introduced in South Carolina Legislature to raise 10,000 volunteers. Legislature ordered the election of a Convention to consider the question of Secession. Senator James Chestnut resigned. November n. United States Senator Hammond of South Carolina resigned. November 14. Alexander H. Stevens addressed the Georgia Legislature in opposition to Secession; favored a State Convention. November 15. Senator Robert Tooms replied to Mr. Stevens; he favored secession. Mr. Stevens soon joined the secession movement. Governor Letcher of Virginia called extra session of Legislature. Great public meeting at Mobile adopted Declaration of Causes of Secession. November 17. Large Secession meeting in Charleston, S.'C. November 18. Georgia Legislature voted $1,000,000 to arm the State, and ordered election of State Convention. Maj. Anderson ordered to command of Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor, relieving Col. Gardner, ordered to Texas. November 19. Governor Moore called extra session of Louisiana Legislature. November 20-23. Banks suspend in Philadelphia, Trenton, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond and Southern States. November 24. Vigilance Association organized in Lexington District, S. C. The movement extended throughout the South, the object being to rid the country of Northern people whose sympathies were for the Union; thousands of men and women were forced to leave the country. November 29. Mississippi Legislature sent Commissioners to confer with authorities of other slaveholding states. December i. Great secession meeting at Memphis, Tenn. Florida Legislature pro- vides for State Convention. December 3. Congress meets. President Buchanan's message denied right of seces- sion. Message attacked by Senator Clingman of North Carolina, and defended by Senator Crittenden of Kentucky. December 4. The President sent Mr. Trescott to South Carolina to ask postponement until Congress could decide upon remedies. Senator Iverson of Georgia made secession speech. Senator Saulsbury of Delaware spoke for the Union, reproving Iverson. December 5. Secession Delegates elected to South Carolina Convention. December 6. John Bell of Tennessee, late candidate for President, published letter in favor of the Union. In House of Representatives, Committee of 33 appointed to consider question of compromise, consisting of 16 Republican, 17 opposition. December 10. Howell Cobb, Secretary of Treasury, resigned. Senator Clay of Ala- bama resigned. Louisiana Legislature met, appropriated $500,000 to arm State, and called a State Convention. Debate in Congress on State of the Union. Senator Iverson, Wigfall and other Southerners declared for secession and against any compromise. December 13. Great Union meeting in Philadelphia. At session of Cabinet, President opposed reinforcing Fort Moultrie. December 14. Lewis Cass, Secretary of State, resigned because the President would not reinforce Southern forts. 747 18601861. December 17. South Carolina Convention assembled. Governor Pickins favored immediate secession. Senator Wade of Ohio addressed Senate, foreshadowing policy of Lincoln's Administration. December 18. Senator CrittenderTs Compromise Measure introduced. Jacob Thomp- son, Secretary of the Interior, visited Raleigh to influence North Carolina Legislature to vote for Secession. December 19. Senator Johnson of Tennessee made able speech favoring Crittenden's Compromise Bill. Governor Hicks of Maryland refused to receive the Secession Commis- sioner from Mississippi. The Commissioner addressed a secession meeting in Baltimore. December 20. South Carolina Convention unanimously adopted a Secession Ordi- nance. News of the action hailed with immense enthusiasm throughout the South. Com- mittee of 13 appointed in Senate to consider Compromise Measure. Caleb Cushing reached Charleston with message from President Buchanan guaranteeing that Maj. Anderson should not be reinforced and asked the Convention to respect Federal laws. Convention refused to make any promises. December 22. North Carolina Legislature adjourned. A bill to arm the State failed to pass the House. The Crittenden proposition voted down in the Committee of 13. December 23. The robbery of the Indian Trust Fund discovered at Washington. December 24. The people at Pittsburgh refused to permit the shipment of ordnance from the arsenal to Southern forts. South Carolina Convention adopted a "Declaration of Causes" for Secession, and formally perfected the withdrawal of the State. An address to the slave holding States was adopted. Governor Moore ordered a session of the Alabama Legislature. Convention elected in Alabama. Majority for secession over 50,000. South Carolina members of Congress present their resignation. The Speaker would not recognize it, and their names were called through the session. December 25. South Carolina Convention adopted resolutions to form a Confederate Government of slaveholding States. December 26. South Carolina Commissioners arrived in Washington. Maj. Anderson left Fort Moultrie, and with his band of about 80 men established himself in Fort Sumpter. December 27. Governor Magoffin called an extra session of the Kentucky Legislature. Maj. Anderson's movement created intense excitement; troops were ordered out in Charles- ton, and aid was tendered from ^Georgia and other States. Revenue cutter Aikin treacher- ously surrendered by Capt. M. L. Coste to the South Carolina authorities. December 28. South Carolina seized the Custom House, Postoffice and Arsenal at Charleston, and occupied Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie. December 29. John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, resigned, charging the President with trying to provoke Civil war, by refusing to withdraw Maj. Anderson. The South Carolina Commissioners formally, sought an audience of the President. He replied next day, refus- ing to receive them. December 31. South Carolina adopted an oath of abjuration and allegiance, and sent Commissioners to other Slave States, with the view to the formation of a Southern Con- federacy. 1861. Jan. 2. Governor Ellis of North Carolina took possession of Fort Macon, at Beau- fort, the works at Wilmington, and the U. S. Arsenal at Fayetteville. Georgia troops in possession of Forts Pulaski and Jackson and the U. S. Arsenal at Savannah. Jan. 3. Florida State Convention met at Tallahassee. South Carolina Commissioners wrote an Insulting letter to the President and went home. Jan. 4. Fast-day, by proclamation of the President; it was generally observed in the Free and the Border Slave States, but disregarded in the South. Fort Morgan, at the mouth of Mobile Bay, and the U. S. Arsenal in Mobile, seized by order of Governor Moore of Alabama. South Carolina Convention appointed seven delegates to "the General Con- gress of the Seceding States." Jan. 5. Steamer Star of the West sailed from New York with supplies and reinforce- ments for Fort' Sumpter. Governor Hicks of Maryland published a strong Union address to the people. South Carolina Convention adjourned, subject to a call by the Governor. Jan. 7. Meeting of Alabama State Convention. Meeting of Mississippi State Conven- 748 1861 Continued. tion. Meeting of Tennessee Legislature. Meeting of Virginia Legislature. Senator Toombs of Georgia made a violent Secession speech in the Senate. Jan. 8. Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior, resigned, after treacherously be- traying the sailing of the Star of the West to reinforce Fort Sumpter. Jan. 9. Star of the West arrived off Charleston, and was fired upon and driven back to sea by the rebel batteries. Mississippi Convention passed a Secession Ordinance, 84 to 15. Jan. 10. Florida Secession Ordinance passed, 62 to 7. Jan. ii. Alabama Secession ordinance passed, 61 to 39. Philip S. Thomas, Secretary of the Treasury, resigned, and John A. Dix of New York appointed in his place. U. S. Arsenal at Baton Rouge, Forts Philip and Jackson, below New Orleans, and Fort Pickins, on Lake Ponchartrain, seized by order of the Governor of Louisiana. Legislature of New York voted to tender the whole military power of the State to the President for the support of the Constitution. Jan. 13. Virginia State Legislature adopted bill calling a State Convention. Commo- dore Armstrong surrendered the Pensacola Navy Yard and Fort Barrancas to the Florida troops. Lieut. Slemmer, in command of Fort Pickins, refused to obey Armstrong's order, and saved that important fortress to the Union. Jan. 14. South Carolina Legislature declared that any attempt to reinforce Fort Sumpter would be an act of war. Jan. 16. The Crittenden Compromise practically voted down in the United States Senate, by the adoption of Mr. Clark's substitute, that the Constitution is good enough, and that Secession ought to be put down. Arkansas Legislature voted to have a Conven- tion. Missouri Legislature voted to hold a Convention. Maj.-Gen. Sandford of New York City tendered to the President the services of the First Division of 7,000 men for any service which may be required. Col. Hayne, in the name of Governor Pickins, demanded of the President the surrender of Fort Sumpter. The President refused to receive him in any official capacity. Jan. 18. Massachusetts Legislature tendered to the President all the power of the State to support the Federal Government. Virginia Legislature appropriated $1,000,000 for the defense of the State. Jan. 19. Georgia Secession ordinance adopted, 208 to 89. Alex. H. Stevens and Herschel V. Johnson voted in the negative. Tennessee Legislature called a State Con- vention. Jan. 21. Alabama members of Congress resigned. Jefferson Davis took leave of the Senate, in consequence of the secession of his State. Jan. 22. Sherrard Clemens of Virginia made a strong Union speech in Congress. Jan. 23. Georgia members of Congress resigned. Mr. Etheridge of Tennessee, in a speech in Congress, declared secession to be rebellion, and to be put down at any cost. Jan. 24. Arsenal at Augusta, Ga., seized by the State. Jan. 25. Correspondence between Governor Brown of Georgia and Mayor Wood of New York, about seizure of arms by the New York police. Rhode Island Legislature repealed the Personal Liberty Bill. Jan. 26. Louisiana Convention adopted a Secession ordinance, 113 to 17. Jan. 28. Texas State Convention met at Austin. Jan. 30. North Carolina Legislature submitted the Convention question to a vote of the people the first recognition in all the South that the people had any right to a voice in the matter. Ex-Secretary Floyd indicted by a Grand Jury for malfeasance and con- spiracy. Revenue cutters Cass, Capt. J. J. Morrison, and McClelland, Capt. Breshwood, surrendered to the Louisiana authorities by their commanders. Feb. i. Mint and Custom House at New Orleans seized by the State authorities. Texas Convention passed a Secession ordinance, 166 to 7, subject to a vote of the people. Feb. 4. The Rebel Delegates met at Montgomery, Ala., to organize a Confederate government. Howell Cobb was chosen chairman. The Peace Congress met at Washing- ton, ex-President Tyler presiding. Feb. 8. Col. Hayne, commissioner from South Carolina, unable to get recognition, finally left Washington. The Montgomery Convention adopted a Provisional Constitution. Gov. Brown of Georgia seized New York ships in Savannah Harbor, in retaliation for the seizure of arms in New York. The ships were released on the loth. Little Rock Arsenal surrendered to Arkansas. 749 1861 Continued. Feb. 9. Jefferson Davis and Alex. H. Stevens elected Provisional President and Vice- President at Montgomery. Feb. ii. President Lincoln started for Washington. Feb. 13. Electoral vote counted. Lincoln and Hamlin officially declared elected. Feb. 18. Jefferson Davis inaugurated President of the Confederate States of America. Feb. 19. Enthusiastic reception of President Lincoln in New York City. Fort Kear- ney, Kansas, taken by Secessionists; soon after retaken. Feb. 21. Jeff. Davis appointed his Cabinet. Toombs, Secretary of State; Memminger, Treasury; and L. P. Walker, War. Governor of Georgia made another seizure of New York vessels. Feb. 22. President Lincoln's night journey from Harrisburg to Washington, in order to prevent an anticipated outrage in Baltimore. Feb. 25. News received of the surrender and treason of Maj.-Gen. Twiggs in Texas. Feb. 26. Capt. Hill refused to surrender Fort Brown, Texas, under Twiggs' order. Feb. 27. Peace Congress submitted to the Senate, their plan of pacification. Feb. 28. Vote on Corwin's report from the committee of 33; the resolutions adopted 136 to 53. March i. Gen. Twiggs expelled from the army. March 2. Revenue cutter Dodge surrendered to the rebels at Galveston. March 4. Inauguration of President Lincoln. Texas State Convention declared that State out of the Union. March 5. Gen. Beauregard ordered to take command of the rebels at Charleston. March 6. Fort Brown surrendered. March 18. Supplies cut off from Fort Pickins, Pensacola. March 22. Dr. Fox, of the Navy, visited Maj. Anderson, as special messenger of Government. March 25. Col. Lamon, Government messenger, had an interview with Gov. Pickins and Gen. Beauregard. March 28. Vote of Louisiana on Secession published. For, 20,448; against, 17,296. March 30. Mississippi Convention ratified the Confederate Constitution 78 to 7. April 3. Long Cabinet meeting on Fort Sumpter business. Great activity in the Navy "Department. Rebel battery on Morris Island fired into a schooner nobody hurt. South Carolina Convention ratified the Confederate Constitution, 114 to 16. April 7. Virginia Convention refused, 89 to 45, to submit a Secession ordinance to the people. April 7. Gen. Beauregard notified Maj. Anderson that intercourse between Fort Sumpter and the city would no longer be permitted. Steam transport Atlantic sailed from New York with troops and supplies. April 8. Official notification given that supplies would be sent to Maj. Anderson, by force, if necessary. State Department declined to recognize the Confederate States Com- missioners. April 9. Steamers Illinois and Baltic sailed from New York with sealed orders. April 10. Floating battery of the rebels at Charleston finished and mounted. Large numbers of troops sent to the various fortifications. April ii. Fears of the seizure of Washington. Troops posted in the Capitol oath of fidelity administered to the men. Confederate Commissioners left Washington, satisfied that no recognition of their government would take place under President Lincoln. Beau- regard demands of Maj. Anderson the surrender of Fort Sumpter. The Major declined. Bids for Treasury notes opened. Whole amount taken at a premium. April 12. ACTUAL COMMENCEMENT OF WAR. Bombardment of Fort Sump- ter began at 4:30 a. m., and continued all day; partially suspended at nightfall. The rebels had in action 17 mortars and 30 large guns, mostly columbiads. The rebels fired at in- tervals all night; Sumpter was silent. Pennsylvania Legislature voted $500,000 to arm the State. Fort Pickins reinforced. April 13. Fort Sumpter opened fire about 7 a. m. At 8 o'clock the officers' quarters were fired by a shell. At 10 o'clock a chance shot struck down the flag. At noon most of the woodwork of the fort was >n fire; men rolled out 90 barrels of powder to prevent explosion. Sumpter's fire almost silenced;; the flames forced the destruction of almost all the powder; cartridges were gone, and none could be made. About i p. m. the flag- 750 1861 Continued. staff was shot away, when the flag was nailed to the piece, and displayed from the ram- parts. Senator Wigfall now came with a flag of truce, arrangements were made for evacu- ating the fort, and at' 12:55 P- m - the shot-riven flag was hauled down, the garrison departed on honorable terms, taking their flag, arms, and private property. No man was hurt in the fort during the action, and none were killed on the rebel side. April 14. Major Anderson and his men left Fort Sumpter, and sailed for New York. April 15. The President's proclamation issued, calling for 75,000 volunteers, and com- manding the rebels to return to peace within 20 days. Extra session of Congress called. New York Legislature voted 30,000 men and $3,000,000 for putting down the rebellion. Several Southern vessels at New York were seized and fined for irregular clearances. April 16. Governor Magoffin refuses to furnish troops from Kentucky under the President's proclamation. Gov. Letcher makes a similar response from Virginia. Goy. Harris, of Tennessee, refuses soon after; also Gov. Jackson, of Missouri. April 16-17, etc. General uprising in the North. Proclamations, military orders, vot- ing men and money, the order of the day. In the principal cities, crowds visited news- papers and firms suspected of disloyalty, and compelled them to raise the Stars and Stripes. Legislatures not in session were called together; banks offered loans to the Government; great public meetings were held; Union badges worn by everybody. April 17. Virginia Secession ordinance passed in secret session 60 to 53 to be sub- mitted to the people. Gov. Letcher recognized the Southern Confederacy by proclama- tion. Massachusetts Sixth Rgiment started for Washington. April 18. Pennsylvania volunteers reached Washington. The Virginians obstruct the channel at Norfolk to prevent the sailing of war vessels from that point. Maj. Anderson reached New York. Sixth Massachusetts pass New York. Fourth Massachusetts arrive. Lieut. Jones burned Harper's Ferry Arsenal to keep it from the rebels. Two of his men were killed by rebel shots. April 19. Rebels, under Col. Van Dorn, seized the steamship Star of the West, off Indianola. Attack on the Sixth Massachusetts in Baltimore two killed and seven wounded eleven rioters killed and wounded. Baltimore in the hands of the mob. The Mayor and Governor informed the President that no more troops could pass through Baltimore with- out fighting their way. New York Seventh left for Washington. (From this date for many days troops were rapidly pouring in for Washington, Annapolis, and Fortress Monroe.) April 20. Great mass meetings in New York all parties for the Union John A. Dix presided. Maj. Anderson was present. Branch Mint at Charlotte, N. C., seized. Several bridges on the Northern Pennsylvania Railroad burned (in Maryland). Arsenal at Lib- erty, Mo., seized. John C. Breckinridge spoke against the Government at Louisville, Ky. Gosport Navy Yard destroyed to keep it from the rebels. The Pennsylvania, Delaware, Columbus, Merrimac, Raritan, Columbia, Germantown, Plymouth, Dolphin, and United States, vessels of war, scuttled and set on fire. The Cumberland was towed out. April 21. Government took possession of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad. Over 4,000 men left New York for the seat of war. War sermons preached in most of the Northern churches. Senator Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee (Union), mobbed at Lynchburg, Va. April 22. Arsenals at Fayetteville. N. C., and Napoleon, Ark., seized by the rebels. New York City appropriated $1,000,000 to equip volunteers, and $500,000 for their fami- lies. Western Virginia begins to take sides for the Union. Union meeting at Lexington, Ky. Senator Crittenden spoke. New York Seventh arrived at Annapolis. Vermont Leislature met in extra session. April 23. John Bell came out for the rebels. First South Carolina Regiment started for the Potomac. April 24. Rebels under Solon Borland seized Fort Smith, Ark. Gov. Magofnn called an extra session of the Kentucky Legislature. April 25. Maj. Sibley surrendered 450 U. S. troops to the rebel Col. Van Dorn at Saluria, Tex. Legislature of Vermont voted $1,000,000 to equip volunteers. Six hundred U. S. troops arrived at New York from Texas. Gen. Harney arrested by Virginia au- thority at Harper's Ferry. Illinois troops removed arms from the U. S. Arsenal, St. Louis. Steamship Catawba seized at New Orleans, but released soon after. New York Seventh Regiment reached Washington. Gov. Letcher proclaims Virginia a member of the South- ern Confederacy. Senator Douglas spoke for the Union before the Illinois Legislature. 751 1861 Continued. April 26. Gov. Brown, of Georgia, prohibited the payment of debts due the North- ern men, diverting the amount to the State Treasury. Governor of North Carolina called an extra session of the Legislature. More bridges burned near Baltimore on the Phila- delphia road. Gov. Burton, of Delaware, called for Union volunteers. April 27. Numerous resignations of Southerners at Washington who refused to take the oath. A steamer loaded with powder for the rebels seized at Cairo. The blockade ex- tended to North Carolina and Virginia ports. April 28. Frigate Constitution arrived at New York, having barely escaped the rebels. April 29. Indiana Legislature voted $500,000 to arm the State. Bonds and money in the Collector's office at Nashville, Tenn., seized by Gov. Harris. Steamship Tennessee, Texas, Hermes, seized at New Orleans. Maryland House of Delegates voted against Secession, 53 to 13; the Senate unanimously repudiate Secession. April 30. Gen. Harney released. New Jersey Legislature met. Governor recom- mended $2,000,000 for war purposes. May i. State Convention bill passed North Carolina Legislature. Rhode Island Leg- islature met. Gen. Harney published a Union letter. May 2. New York 6o.th arrived in Washington. Ellsworth's Fire Zouaves also arrived. Missouri Legislature met. National flag-raising at Washington. May 3. Connecticut Legislature voted $2,000,000 for public defense. Governor Letcher called out the militia to defend Virginia from the Northerners. President Lincoln called for 42,000 three-year volunteers. May 4. Union meeting in Preston, Va. Union delegates to a Border State Con- vention elected in Louisville, Ky., by 7,000 majority. Committee of Maryland Legislature visited President Lincoln. Funeral at Lawrence, Mass., of Corporal Needham, of the Mass. Sixth, killed at Baltimore. May 5. Gen. Butler, with a Union force, took possession of the Relay House, near Baltimore. May 6. Virginia admitted to the Southern Confederacy. Arkansas Convention voted, 69 to i, to secede. The rebel Congress made public the War and Privateering Act. Balti- more City Militia disbanded. Kentucky Legislature met. May 7. Michigan Legislature met. Maj. Anderson accepted command of the Ken- tucky Volunteers. Riot at Knoxville on hoisting a Union flag. Gov. Harris announced a military league between Tennessee and the Confederacy. May 9. Rebel Congress authorizes the President to accept all the volunteers that offer. First landing of troops by steamers at Baltimore. May 10. Mob attack upon Volunteer Home Guard at St. Louis. The Guard fired; 7 of the mob killed. A brigade of Secession militia near St. Louis, under Gen. Frost, surrendered to Gen. Lyon. Maj. -Gen. Robert E. Lee put in command of the rebel forces in Virginia. Orders from Washington to administer the oath of alfegiance to the officers of the army. The Winans steam gun captured. May u. Great Union demonstration in San Francisco. A Separation-of-the-State meeting at Wheeling, W. Va. Another street fight in St. Louis. Blockade of Charleston established. May 12. Gen. Harney issued a proclamation to the people of Missouri. Several attempts to destroy bridges on the railroad north of Baltimore. May 13. Union troops under Gen. Butler took possession of Federal Hall, Baltimore. Travel through Baltimore re-established. Separation Convention met at Wheeling, 35 counties represented. Queen Victoria issued a proclamation of neutrality. May 14. A schooner loaded with arms for the rebels seized in Baltimore. Arms seized in other parts of the city. Ross Winans arrested. Gunboat Quaker City captured ship Argo with $150,000 worth of. tobacco. St. Louis and Memphis mail contracts an- nulled and mails stopped. May 15. Gov. Hicks, of Maryland, called for volunteers under the President's pro- clamation. Massachusetts Legislature offers to loan the Government $7,000,000. May 16. Bridges on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad destroyed. Gen. Scott ordered the fortification of Arlington Heights. Secessionists dispersed at Liberty, Mo. May 17. Secession spies arrested in Washington. Express packages go no further south than the Capital. Collectors appointed for the Southern ports. Yacht Wanderer captured by the Crusader off Key West. Rebels fortify Harper's Ferry. Rebels dis- 752 1861 Continued. persed at Potosi, Mo. Search for secreted arms at St. Louis. Confederate Congress authorizes the issue of Treasury notes. May 18. Arkansas admitted to the Southern Confederacy. Lightship in the Potomac stolen by rebels retaken. May 19. U. S. steamers attacked the rebel battery at Sewall's Point, 2 wounded on Union side. Two schooners with rebel troops taken in the Potomac. Rebels at Har- per's ferry reinforced. May 20. Seizure of telegraphic dispatches throughout the North by order from Wash- ington. North Carolina Secession ordinance adopted. Interview between Gen. Harney and Gen. Price about Missouri affairs. Gov. Magoffin issued his proclamation of neu- trality of Kentucky. May 21. Confederate Congress adjourned. May 22. Ship Island fortifications destroyed to keep them from the rebels. Flag- raising at the Postofrice at Washington. Speeches by the President and Cabinet. May 24. General movement of troops into Virginia; the rebels evacuated Alexandria; Col. Ellsworth shot by the rebel Jackson, landlord of the Marshall House, Alexandria, from which the Colonel had taken down a secession flag; Jackson was instantly killed. Arlington Heights occupied by Union troops. Virginia cavalry company captured. The Southern mails stopped. May 25. Union troops destroyed bridges on the Alexandria and Leesburg road Rebel attack on the I2th New York; nobody hurt. Ellsworth's funeral in Washington. May 26. Alexandria put under martial law. Western Virginia voted strongly for the L'nion. May 27. Chief Justice Taney's habeas corpus in the Merryman case disregarded by Gen. Cadawallader. Blockade of the Mississippi commanded. Brig.-Gen. McDowell took command at Washington. Mobile blockaded. May 28. Gen. Butler advanced his forces to Newport News. Savannah blockaded. May 29. Jeff. Davis reached Richmond. Union troops advanced towards Harper's Ferry; the rebels retire towards Martinsburg. May 30. Rebels fled from Grafton, Va. Col. Kelly took possession. Rebels fled back from Williamsport. Md. May 31. Gen. Lyons superseded Gen. Harney. Maj.-Gens. Banks and Freemont com- missioned. New York 7th left Washington. Gunboat Freeborn engaged batteries at Acquia Creek. June i. Lieut. Tomkins, U. S. regular cavalry, with 47 men charged through the rebels at Fairfax Court House, killed Capt. Marr and several others. Tompkins had two killed. June 3. Rebels routed at Philippa, Va., by Col. Kelly, with a loss of 16 killed and 10 prisoners; 2 Union men were killed, and Col. Kelly was wounded. Senator Douglas died. Border State Convention met. June 6. The Harriet Lane engaged the Pig Point batteries. Capt. Ball's rebel cavalry captured at Alexandria, sworn and let go. June 8. Gen. Patterson's advance moved from Chambersburg towards Harper's Ferry. June 9. Alex. H. Stevens made his cotton loan speech at Milledgeville. June 10. Battle at Big Bethel. Union force under Gen. Pierce repulsed, 14 killed, 45 wounded; Lieut. Greble and Major Winthrop killed. Rebels report 17 killed. June ii. Col. Wallace surprised and routed 500 rebels at Romney, Va., killing 2, losing none. Wheeling Convention met. June 13. Fast-day in the rebel States. June 14. Rebels evacuated and burned Harper's Ferry, destroyed the railroad bridge, and took the armory machinery to Richmond. Maryland Congress election showed a Union victory. June 15. Privateer Savannah arrived in New York as a prize of U. S. brig Perry. Gen. Lyon occupied Jefferson City, Mo. Price retreated to Bonneville. June 16. Skirmish at Seneca Mills, a Secession captain and 2 men killed. June 17. Western Virginia Convention unanimously voted its independence of the rebel section of the State. Street fight in St. Louis, 6 rebels killed. The surprise at Vi- enna, Va. ; rebels fire upon a railroad train, killing 8 Union soldiers; 6 rebels killed. Bat- tle of Boonveville, Mo.; Gen. Lyon routed the rebels under Gens. Price and Jackson; 753 1861 Continued. about 50 rebels killed. Lyon lost only 2. Gen. Patterson crossed the Potomac at Wil- liamsport. June 19. Rebels occupy Piedmont, Va. Thirty-five rebels captured at Liberty, Mo. Andrew Johnson spoke in Cincinnati. June 20. Maj.-Gen. McClellan took command in Western Virginia. Wheeling Con- vention elected Francis H. Pierpont Governor of Virginia. June 21. East Tennessee Union Convention held. June 23. Balloon reconnoissance commenced. June 24. Gov. Harris proclaimed Tennessee out of the Union, the vote of the people being for separation 104,019, against 47,238. Large fire in Richmond, Va. June 25. Virginia Secession vote announced at 128,884 to 32,134 against. Iowa voted a war loan of $600,000. June 26. The President acknowledged the Wheeling government as the government of Virginia. Skirmish at Patterson's Creek, Va. ; 17 rebels, i Union killed. June 27. Marshal Jane arrested in Baltimore. J. C. Freemont arrived from Europe. Engagement between gunboat Freeborn and rebel batteries at Mathias Point; Capt. Ward, of the navy, killed. June 29. General council of war at Washington. Steamer St. Nicholas captured in the Potomac by the rebels. July i. Privateer Sumpter escaped from the Mississippi. Privateer Petrel escaped from Charleston. Fight at Buckhannon, rebels routed, 23 killed, 200 prisoners. Skirmish at Falling Waters, Va. July 2. Engagement near Martinsburg, Va., rebels routed, loss heavy; Union, 3 killed. Steamship Catiline burned. Virginia Legislature at Wheeling organized. July 3. Arkansas called out 10,000 men to repel invasion. Rebel company, 94 men, taken at Neosho, Mo. July 4. Congress met in extra session. New Hampshire voted a $1,000,000 loan for the war. Rebels seized Louisville and Nashville railroad. Great Union meeting in San Francisco. July 5. President's Message read; opposition only 6 Senators and 5 Representatives. Battle at Carthage, Mo., rebels lost about 350 killed and wounded; Union loss 13 killed, 31 wounded. Col. Sigel commanded. July 6. Gallant fight of 45 men of 3d Ohio Regiment at Middle York bridge, near Buckhannon, cutting through an ambuscade of 200 or 300 rebels. July 7. Infernal machine found in the Potomac. Battle at Brier Forks, near Carthage; drawn. July 8. Col. Taylor brought to the President a message from Jeff. Davis concerning prisoners captured as privateers. July 9. Maj.-Gen. Freemont put in command of the Western Department. July 10. Battle at Laurel Hill, Va. ; a Georgia regiment routed; loss unknown; Union loss i killed. Sharp skirmish at Monroe Station, Mo., rebels driven off. July ii. Battle of Rich Mountain, Va. Gen. Rosecrans defeated Col. Pegram, took all his camp equipage, killed 60 and took many prisoners. Union loss, n killed, 35 wounded. July 12. Col. Pegram surrendered his whole force of 600 men to Gen. McClellan. Union troops occupied Beverly. July 13. Battle of Carrickford, Va. ; Gen. Garnett, of Virgina, killed; Union loss light, rebel heavy; rebel power in western Virginia broken. Fairfax Court House occupied. July 15. Skirmish at Bunker Hill, Va., rebels routed. Peace meeting at Nyack, N. Y. July 16. Skirmish at Millville, Mo., rebels fire into a train of cars. Battle at Bar- boursville, Va., rebels defeated. Tighlman, a negro, killed three of a rebel prize crew on the schooner S. J. Waring, and brought the vessel into New York. July 17. Skirmish at Fulton, Mo., rebels driven back with loss. July 18. First battle of Bull Run, at Blackburn's Ford, between Union troops under Gen. Tyler and the rebels under Gen. Beauregard; after 3 hours' hard fighting, Gen. Tyler ordered his men to fall back to Centreville for water for horses. Union loss, 19 killed, 38 wounded, 26 missing; rebel loss, 15 killed, 53 wounded. July 19. Gen. Banks supersedes Gen. Patterson in command on the Potomac. July 20. Rebel Congress met at Richmond. July 21. Battle of Bull Run; 18,000 Union men under Gen. McDowell attacked the 754 1861 Continued. rebel army of 21,000 under Gens. Johnson, Lee and Beauregard, and in a desperate conflict of ten hours almost won the hotly contested ground, when an unaccountable panic seized upon the Union army, and nearly the whole force retreated in disorder toward Washington. Union loss, 479 killed, 1,011 wounded, 1,500 prisoners; rebel loss, 393 killed, 1,200 wounded. July 22. Gen. McClellan placed in command of the Potomac army. July 22-30. General disorganization of McDowell's army. Three-months' men return home. August i. Gen. McClellan begins the reorganization of the army. Rebels leave Har- per's Ferry, falling back to Leesburg. Privateer Petrel sunk by the St. Lawrence; crew taken. August 2. War tax and Tariff Bill passed Congress 500,000 men to be raised. Battle of Dug Spring, Mo., Gen. Lyon defeated Ben McCulloch's force; rebel loss, 42 killed, 44 wounded; Union loss, 8 killed, 30 wounded. Fort Filmore, New Mexico, traitorously sur- rendered to Major Lynde, who had 750 men. Rebel vessels and stores destroyed in Poko- moke sound. August 5. Galveston bombarded; foreign consuls protest; not much damage done. Baftle of Athens, Mo., rebels defeated, losing 40 killed. August 7. Village of Hampton burned by the rebels under Gen. Magruder. Priva- teer York burned by gunboat Union. August 8. Skirmish at Lovettsville, Va., rebels routed. August 9. Rebels repulsed at Potosi, Mo. August 10. Battle of Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, Mo. Gen. Lyon with 5,200 men attacked 24,000 rebels under McCulloch, Rains, Price and Jackson, and repulsed them, but afterwards retreated to Rolla; rebel loss, 421 killed, 1,300 wounded; Union loss, 263 killed, 721 wounded. Gen. Lyon was killed while heading a charge. August 12. Ex-Minister Faulkner arrested. Bangor Democratic office destroyed by a mob. August 13. Battle near Grafton, Va., 21 rebels killed; no Union loss. August 14. Mutiny in the 79th New York Regiment at Washington. Fremont de- clared martial law in Missouri. August 15. Davis ordered all Northern men to leave the South in 40 days. August 16. President proclaims non-intercourse with the rebel States. Various news- papers in New York presented by the grand jury for hostility to the Government. Gen. Wood took command at Fortress Monroe. Passport system established. August 19. Editor of Essex County Democrat, Mass., tarred and feathered for rebel sentiments. August 20. Mayor Berrett, of Washington, arrested for declining to take oath. Col. McCunn dismissed for misconduct. August 21. Bird's Point affair 40 rebels killed and 17 taken; Union loss, i killed, 6 wounded. August 26. Seventh Ohio Regiment surprised at Somerville, Va., while at break- fast, but fought their way out, losing 3 captains and 3 other officers. Floyd commanded the rebels. Hatteras expedition sailed. August 28-29. Bombardment and taking of Forts Hatteras and Clark rebel loss in prisoners 765, Commodore Barron being taken. August 30. Fort Morgan, at Ocrocoke Inlet, abandoned by the rebels. Sept. i. Fight at Boone Court House, Va. ; rebel loss, 30; village burned. ' Sept. 2. Kentucky Legislature met Senate, 27 Union, n Secession; House, 76 Union, 24 Secession. Floating dock at Pensacola burned. Sept. 3. Massacre on Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, rebels having burned the Piatte bridge. Seventeen lives lost. Sept. 10. Colors of the N. Y. 79th restored. Battle of Carnifex Ferry, Va. ; Gen. Rosecrans defeated the rebels under Floyd. Union loss 15 killed, 80 wounded; rebel loss heavy. Sept. n. Skirmish at Lewinsville, Va.; considerable rebel loss; Union, 6 killed, 8 wounded. President modified Gen. Fremont's proclamatiin. Sept. 12. Fight at Cheat Mountain, Va. ; Col. John A. Washington, proprietor of Mount Vernon, killed; rebel loss, about 40; Union, 10. Mayor Berrett took the oath and was released. 755 1861 Continued. Sept. 14. Privateer Judith destroyed at Pensacola by a boat expedition from the ship Colorado. Sept. 17. Bridge broke on the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, and nearly 100 of the Illinois ipth killed and wounded. Sept. 18. Col. Frank P. Blair arrested by Gen. Fremont. Maryland Legislature closed by the Provost Marshal; all the Secession members arrested and sent to Fort McHenry. Sept. 19. Ex-Governor Morehead and others in Louisville arrested for treason. Sept. 20. Surrender of Col. Mulligan, at Lexington, Mo., after four days' struggle with 2,500 men against 26,000 rebels under Gen. Price. Sept. 21. John C. Breckinridge fled from Frankfort, Ky., and openly joined the rebels. Sept. 24. Count de Paris and Due de Chartres entered service as aids to Gen. Mc- Clellan. Grand review of troops at Washington. Sept. 25. Frank P. Blair released from arrest; he demands a trial. Gen. Prentiss took command of St. Joseph. Sept. 27. Gen. Fremont takes the field against the rebels. Skirmishes within a week of the date at Black River, Greenville, Tuscumbia, Osceola, Papinsville, Hunter and Shanghae in Missouri; at Columbus, Barboursville, Ellicott's Mills, Smithland, Cynthiana, Lucas Bend; and Hopkinsville, in Kentucky; and at Romney, Catoctin Mountain, Lewins- ville, Chapmansville, Munson's Hill, and Great Falls, in Virginia. Losses trifling. Sept. 28. Munson's Hill occupied by Union troops. Sept. 29. Baker's California regiment and Baxter's Philadelphia Volunteers mistook each other for rebels at Falls Church and fired, killing 15 and wounding 30. Oct. i. Propeller Fanny taken by the rebels at Chicamanomico, N. C. ; several prison- ers taken. Rebel camp broken up at Charleston, Mo. Oct. 2. Fight at Chapmansville, Va.; rebels lost 60 killed and 70 prisoners; attacked again on their retreat and lose 40. Oct. 3. Battle of Greenbrier, Va. ; rebels defeated with considerable loss; Union loss slight. Ex-Street Commissioner Smith of N. Y. appointed a Brigadier General in the rebel army. The rebels evacuated Lexington, Mo. Oct. 4. Rebels under Col. Bartow attack the 2Oth Indiana near Hatteras; narrow escape of the regiment. Oct. 5. Steamer Monticello shelled the rebel troops under Bartow and drove them to their boats. Gen. Robert Anderson took command in Kentucky. Oct. 6. Skirmish at Flemington, Ky. Home Guards defeated the rebels. Oct. 9. Attack upon Wilson's Zouaves at Santa Rosa Island by 1,500 rebels. The Zouaves, with help from Fort Pickins, defeat the rebels, killing and wounding a great number; Union loss 13 killed and 21 wounded. Advance of the Union lines beyond the Potomac. A rebel picket guard surprised. Charter election in Baltimore; the rebels made no opposition. Oct. 10. Further advance of the Union outposts near Washington. Oct. n. Rebel steamer Nashville escaped from Charleston. Missouri State Conven- tion met. Marshal Kane sent to Fort Lafayette. Oct. 12. Rebels advance in force toward Prospect Hill, but retired on finding Gen. McCall ready for battle. Attempt to burn the blockading fleet at the mouth of the Missis- sippi; the rebel "ram" disabled, Oct. 13. Skirmishes at Beckwith and Tavern Creek, Mo.; many rebels taken. Oct. 14. Secretary Seward's circular to Governors of States issued, advising seacoast and lake defenses. Oct. 15. Jeff. Thompson captured 50 Union troops at Potosi, Mo. Three steamers sent from New York in pursuit of the Nashville. Battle of Linn Creek, Mo.; the rebels defeated. Oct. 16. Recapture of Lexington, Mo., by a small Union force under Major White. Col. Geary routed the rebels at Boliver, near Harper's Ferry. Sharp skirmish at Ironton, Mo.; rebels defeated, losing 36; Union loss, n. Oct. 21. Battle of Edwards Ferry. Gen. Stone's division of 1,500 men attacked by double their number, during a reconnoissance on the Potomac. After a fierce contest the Union men were driven back, and recrossed in confusion, a great number being drowned. Senator Baker was killed while leading the California brigade. The Union loss was heavy, reaching in all several hundred; the rebels also lost heavily. Battle of Wild Cat, Ky. ; the 756 1861 Continued. rebels under Zollicoffer defeated by Gen. Shoepf; an important victory. Battle of Fred- ericktown, Mo.; rebels under Jeff. Thompson and Gen. Lowe defeated, and Lowe killed; rebel loss, 200 to 300; Union loss, 30. Oct. 22. Rebel camp at Buffalo Mills, Mo., broken up; 17 killed and 90 prisoners taken. Oct. 25. Rebels routed at Romney, Va., and many prisoners taken by Gen. Kelly. The rebels retreat to Winchester. Oct. 26. Gallant charge of Major Zagonyi, with a portion of Fremont's bodyguard, through a rebel force of 2,000 at Springfield, Mo.; the rebels signally defeated and many of them killed; Union loss about 15 killed. Oct. 28. Gen. Lane captured a rebel transportation train near Butler, Mo. Oct. 29. A great naval expedition sailed from Fortress Monroe, Commodore Dupont in command; land forces under Gen. Sherman; about 80 vessels and 15,000 men. Oct. 30. The State prisoners sent from Fort Lafayette, N. Y., to Fort Warren, Boston. Nov. i. Lieut. -Gen. Scott resigned the command-in-chief of the Union armies. Gen. McClellan appointed in his place. The rebels, under Floyd, attempt to capture Rosecrans' army at Gauley Bridge, Va., but fail, and Floyd only saved himself by a precipitate flight. Nov. 2. Maj.-Gen. Fremont removed from his command; he returns to St. Louis, where he is enthusiastically received. Rebel steamer Bermuda runs the Savannah blockade. Nov. 3. Rising of Union men in East Tennessee, who burn or break down several important railroad bridges. Nov. 7. The Union fleet captures Forts Walker and Beauregard at Port Royal entrance, take the town of Beaufort and command Hilton Island and the harbor. The fleet consisted of 73 vessels in all; Union loss only 8 killed and 6 wounded; rebel loss unknown, but not large. Nov. 8. Battle of Belmont, Mo.; severe conflict; rebel camp captured and broken up. Union troops under Gen. Grant return by boats to Cairo before arrival of rebel reinforce- ments from Columbus, Ky. ; loss large on both sides. Battle at Pikeville, Ky. ; rebels de- feated. Nov. 10. Rebel foray upon Guyandotte, Kansas, with the intention of slaughtering the Union men, but the rebels were driven off and the village burned. Nov. u. Maj.-Gen. Halleck succeeds Fremont in command of the Western Depart- ment. A skirmish near Kansas City. Nov. 15. Frigate San Jacinto arrived at Fortress Monroe, bringing Mason and Slidell, rebel commissioners to Europe, as prisoners, Commodore Wilkes having taken them from the English mail steamer Trent in the Bahama channel. Nov. 18. Rebels in Accomac and Northampton Counties, Va., disband and Union troops take possession of the peninsula. Rebel Congress met. Nov. 19. The Missouri Rebel State Legislature pass an ordinance of Secession. Nov. 20. Grand review of 60,000 men by Gen. McClellan. Rebels burn the town of Warsaw. Nov. 23. Fort Pickins and the fleet bombard the rebels near Pensacola, and burn the navy yard and much of the village of Warrenton. Nov. 24. Mason and Slidell placed in Fort Warren. Nov. 26. Reinforcement left New York for Port Royal. Sharp skirmish near Hunter's Hill, with loss to Union side. Nov. 28. Union forces occupy Tybee Island, S. C. Nov. 29. News of the full occupation of Ship Island by Union troops. Dec. 2. Meeting of Congress. Meeting of loyal Legislature of Virginia at Wheeling. Maryland Legislature met. Naval skirmish near Newport News. Dec. 4. John C. Breckinridge expelled from the Senate by unanimous vote. Western Missouri overrun by rebel maurauding parties. Gen. Phelps lands on Ship Island with strong Union force. Dec. 5. Maj.-Gen. Halleck orders the arrest and imprisonment of every man found in arms against the Union in Missouri; those found guilty of aiding the rebels to be shot. Dec. 7. Skirmish near Dam No. 5 on the Potomac; rebels driven off, losing 12 men. Gen. Butler's expedition arrived at Port Royal. Company of rebels captured near Glas- gow, Mo. Dec. 9. Congress takes measures to effect an exchange of prisoners. Confiscation bill introduced. Garret Davis elected Senator from Kentucky in place of Breckinridge. Shell- 757 18611862. ing of Freestone Point by the Union gunboats. Rebel Congress pass a bill admitting Ken- tucky to the Confederacy. Dec. 13. First military execution in Union army; a deserter named Johnson shot. Battle at Camp Alleghany, Va.; five Union regiments, under Gen. Milroy, had a sharp fight with the rebels under Col. Johnson; Union loss 21 killed, 107 wounded; rebel loss supposed over 200 killed; the battle was suspended at night and the rebels retreated. Dec. 15. News from England of the feeling caused by the seizure of Mason and Slidell create apprehensions of a war with Great Britain. Dec. 17. Battle of Mumfordville, on Green River, Ky.; rebels defeated, 33 killed, 50 wounded; Union loss, 10 killed, 17 wounded. Gen. Pope captured 300 rebels near Osce- ola, Mo. Dec. 18. Gen. Pope surprised a rebel camp near Martinsburg, and took 1,300 prisoners, including 3 Colonels and 17 Captains, and all their camp stores and equipage; Union loss, 2 killed. Dec. 20. Battle at Dranesville, Va., in which the Union troops under Gen. McCall signally defeat the rebels; 57 dead and 22 wounded rebels left on the field; Union loss, 7 killed, about 40 wounded. Dec. 24. Skirmish near Newport News; several rebels killed. Dec. 27. Mason and Slidell surrendered to the British Minister. 1862. Jan. i. Mason and Slidell left Fort Warren for England. Cannon fight at Fort Pickins. Jan. 2. Skirmish near Port Royal. Jan. 7. Ex-Gov. Moorhead of Kentucky released from Fort Warren. Rebels routed at Blue's Gap, Va. Jan. 8. Rebels routed in Randolph County, Mo. Jan. 10. Waldo P. Johnson and Trusten Polk of Missouri expelled from the U. S. Senate. Humphrey Marshall defeated near Prestonburg, Ky. Jan. ii. Gunboat action near Columbus, Ky. Rebels burn the bridges on the Louis- ville and Nashville Railroad. . Jan. 12. Burnside's advance sailed from Fortress Monroe. Jan. 13. Secretary Cameron resigned. Edwin M. Stanton appointed. Jan. 17. Burnside arrives at Hatteras. Jan. 18. Gunboat reconnoissance up the Tennessee River. Jan. 19. Battle of Mill Springs, Ky. ; rebel Gen. Zollicoffer killed. Jan. 23. Stone fleet sunk in the channel off Charleston harbor, S. C. Jan. 28. Fight with rebel gunboats near Savannah. Feb. i. Skirmish near Bowling Green, Ky. Feb. 3. Rebel steamer Nashville ordered to leave Southampton harbor; the U.. S. steamer Tuscarora endeavors to follow, but is stopped by an English frigate. Feb. 3. Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana, expelled from the U. S. Senate. Feb. 6. Fort Henry captured by Gen. Grant. Feb. 7. Gen. Lander's Union forces occupy Romney, Va. Feb. 8. Battle of Roanoke Island. Feb. 10. Elizabeth City, Va., surrendered to Burnside's forces. Feb. 13. Springfield, Mo., taken by Union forces. Feb. 15. Bowling Green evacuated by the rebels. Feb. 16. Capture of Fort Donelson; rebel Generals Buckner and Tighman with large force surrender to Gen. Grant; great victory; Confederate forces evacuate Columbus and" Bowling Green, Ky. Feb. 17. Battle at Sugar Creek, Ark. Feb. 18. Skirmish at Independence, Mo. Feb. 19. Clarkesville, Tenn., taken by Com. Foote. Rebel Congress meets at Rich- mond. Feb. 20. Winton, N. C., burned by Union forces. Feb. 21. Union troops defeated at Rio Grande, New Mexico. Feb. 22. Jeff. Davis inaugurated at Richmond. 758 1862 Continued. Feb. 23. Rebels evacuate Nashville, Tenn. Gen. Curtis captures Fayetteville, Ark. Gen. Buell occupies Gallatin, Tenn. Feb. 28. Charlestown, Va., occupied by Union troops. March 2. Gen. Fred. W. Lander died. Gunboat fight at Pittsburg, Tenn. March 3. Union troops occupy Columbus, Ky. Gen. Banks occupies Martinsburg. Engagement at New Madrid, Mo. March 5. Beauregard takes command of the Mississippi army. March 6-8. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. March 8. Attack on Union fleet in Chesapeake Bay by rebel iron clad steamer Merri- mac; frigate Cumberland sunk and Congress surrendered. Union wooden fleet at mercy of the Merrimac. March 9. The revolving turreted war-ship Monitor arrived from New York; engages and defeats the Merrimac and saves balance of Union fleet. Point Pleasant, Mo., taken by Unionists. March n. Gen. McClellan relieved of chief command; Gen. Halleck assigned to the Mississippi Department; Gen. Fremont assigned to the Mountain Department. March 12. Jacksonville, Fla., occupied by Union troops. Winchester, Va., occupied by Gen. Banks. March 14. Battle of Newbern, N. C. New Madrid, Mo., evacuated by the rebels. March 16. Rebels defeated at Cumberland Mountain. March 18. Rebel steamer Nashville escaped from Beaufort. Rebels evacuate Acquia Creek. March 21. Gen. Butler arrives at Ship Island. Gen. Burnside takes possession of Washington, D. C. March 22. Reconnoissance in force to Cumberland Gap. March 23. Battle at Winchester, Va. Fort Macon invested. March 27. Skirmish near Strasburg, Va. March 28. Battle near Santa Fe, N. M. Shipping Point, Va., occupied by Union troops. April i. Gen. Banks at Woodstock, N. C. April 2. Unionists occupy Thoroughfare Gap. April 3. Appalachicola possessed by Union forces. April 6-7. Battle of Pittsburg Landing. Rebel army, led by Gen. Albert Sidney John- ston, made furious attack on Union force; fight continued twelve hours, night closing the scene; rebels captured Union camp; Gen. Johnston killed; Gen. Grant prepared for second day's battle and began the attack. Buell's reinforcements arrive; rebel army defeated, driven from the field and retreat to Corinth, Miss. Union loss, 1,754 killed, 8,408 wounded, 2,885 missing; rebel loss, 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, 957 missing. Surrender of Island No. 10. April 10. Bombardment and surrender of Fort Pulaskl. April ii. Huntsville, Ala., occupied by Gen. Mitchel. April 12. Engagement at Monterey, Va. April 14. Bombardment of Fort Pillow. April 16. Union troops left Ship Island for New Orleans. Engagement at Lee's Mills, near Yorktown. April 17. Gen. Banks occupies New Market and Mount Jackson, Va. Gen. Reno's expedition left Newbern. April 18. Rebels repulsed in a night attack upon Union troops at Yorktown. Bom- bardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, below New Orleans. April 19. Battle at Camden, N. C. April 24. Dismal Swamp Canal destroyed? Union fleets run past Forts Jackson and St. Philip; the Union gunboat Varuna sunk. Great destruction of property at New Or- leans by the rebels. April 25. New Orleans evacuated by the rebels. Fort Macon surrendered. April 27. The Union flag raised at New Orleans by order of Admiral Farragut. Skirmishes near Newbern, N. C. April 28. Forts Jackson and St. Philip surrendered. April 29. Rebels routed at Bridgeport, Ala. April 30. Gen. Halleck, now in command, moves army from Pittsburg Landing to besiege Corinth. 759 1862 Con tin ued. May i. Gen. Butler assumes command at New Orleans and occupies the city with his troops. Gen. Mitchel possesses Huntsville, Ala. May 2. Union troops at Pulaski, Tenn., captured by Morgan, the guerrilla. May 4. Battle of Williamsburg, Va. Gloucester, Va., taken. May 6. Union troops occupy Williamsburg. President Lincoln visits Fortress Mon- roe. Rebels burn small gunboat on York River. May 7. Battle of West Point, Va. May 8. Attack on Sewell's Point by the Monitor and other Union gunboats. May 9. Battle at Farmington, Miss. Gen. Hunter issues his emancipation proclama- tion. Pensacola evacuated by the rebels. Bombardment at Fort Darling, James River. May 10. Surrender of Norfolk. Gosport Navy Yard burned by the rebels, and Craney Island abandoned. Gunboat battle at Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi. May ii. The rebels destroyed their ironclad Merrimac. May 13. Gen. McClelian's advance at White House, Va. Skirmish near Cumberland, Va. May 16. U. S. transport Oriental wrecked. May 17. Rebels driven across the Chickahominy at Bottom's Bridge. May 19. The President revokes Gen. Hunter's emancipation proclamation. May 23. Part of Gen. McClelian's army, crosses the Chickahominy. Fierce fight at Front Royal, Va. Rebels defeated at Lewisville, Va. Rebels driven from Mechanics- ville, Va. May 24. Gen. Banks retreats to Winchester, and next day to the Potomac. May 26. Gen. McClellan takes possession of Hanover Court House. May 28-29. Rebels retreat from Corinth, Miss. Gen. Halleck's siege conducted with great caution. Gens. Grant, Sherman, Thomas and Pope in command of troops, but not permitted to attack. Corinth occupied and strongly fortified by Union forces. May 30. Front Royal occupied by Union troops. May 31. Battle of Seven Pines and Fair Oaks. Gen. Pope occupies Corinth. June i. Continued fighting at Seven Pines. Gen. Fremont drives the rebels from Strasburg, Va. June 3. Union troops land on James Island, near Charleston. June 4. Rebels burn their works at Fort Pillow and leave. June 6. Unionists occupy Memphis; fierce gunboat fight there. Fremont attacks the rebels at. Harrisonburg. June 7. Rebel batteries silenced at Chattanooga, Tenn. A rebel executed for tear- ing down the American flag at New Orleans. June 8. Battle of Cross Keys, Va. June 9. Battle of Port Republic, Va. June 10. Battle of James Island, S. C. June 13. Rebels cut railroad and telegraph at White House, in McClelian's rear. June 17. Battle at St. Charles, Ark.; explosion of the Union gunboat Mound City. June 18. Union troops occupy Cumberland Gap. Skirmishing before Richmond. June 20. Union forces occupy Holly Springs, Miss. June 25. Commencement of the seven days' battle before Richmond. June 26. The rebels destroy their gunboats on the Mississippi. Gen. Pope assigned to the command of the army of Virginia. Battle of Mechanicsville. June 27. Bombardment of Vicksburg. Gen. Fremont relieved of his command. Bat- tles of Games' Hill and Golding's Farm. June 28. Battle of Chickahominy. June 29. Battle of Savage's Station. June 30. Battle of White Oak Swamp. Union troops occupy Luray, Va. July i. President decides to call for 300,000 volunteers. Battle of Malvern Hills, and close of the seven days' struggle. Cavalry engagement near Boonesville, Miss. July 4. Rebel gunboat captured on James River. July 7. Rebels repulsed at Bayou Cache, Ark. July ii. Gen. Halleck appointed commander-in-chief. July 13. Rebels capture Murfreesboro, Tenn. July 14. Battle at Fayettesville, Ark. Gen. Pope takes command of the army of Virginia. 760 1862 Continued. June 15. Rebel gunboat Arkansas runs through the Union fleet and reaches Vicksburg; has a fight with the gunboat Carondelet. July 17. Rebels take Cynthiana, Ky. July 18. Battle of Memphis, Mo. July 22. Rebel raid into Florence, Ala. July 24. Gen. Halleck goes to confer with Gen. McClellan. July 25. President's proclamation warning the rebels of the Confiscation Act. July 28. Rebels defeated at Moor's Hill, Mo. July 29. Guerrillas defeated at Mt. Sterling, Ky. Aug. i. Fight at Newark, Mo. Rebel Government declare Gen. Pope and his offi- cers not entitled to treatment as prisoners of war. Aug. 2. Skirmish at Ozark, Mo. Aug. 4. Secretary of War orders a draft for 300,000 men. Gen. Butler assesses New Orleans rebels to support the poon Aug. 5. McClellan's troops occupy Malvern Hill. Gen. McCook murdered by the rebels while wounded and defenceless. Battle of Baton Rouge. Aug. 6. Gen. Hooker abandons Malvern Hill. Rebel ram Arkansas blown up. Aug. 7. Guerrilla fight at Kirkville, Mo. Skirmish near Wolftown, Va. Rebel ad- vance crosses the Rapidan. Aug. 8. Writ of Habeas Corpus suspended, and orders given to arrest those who dis- courage enlistment. No more passports to be issued. Skirmish near Orange C. H. Aug. 9. Battle of Cedar Mountain. Guerrillas defeated at Stockton, Mo. Aug. ii. Independence, Mo., taken by the rebels. A skirmish at Cedar Mountain. Guerrilla fight near Williamsport, Tenn. Aug. 13. Steamboat collision on the Potomac, 80 soldiers lost. Drafting ordered to begin Sept. i. Aug. 16. Rebels attempt to cross the Rapidan, but are driven back. Evacuation of Harrison's Landing by the Array of the Potomac. Cols. Corcoran, Wilcox, etc., reach Fortress Monroe from Richmond prison. Aug. 17. McClellan's advance reaches Hampton; the rear guard crosses the Chicka- hominy. Gen. Pope's retreat begun. Aug. 21. Rebels attempt to cross the Rappahannock. Aug. 22. Grand reception of Gen. Corcoran in New York. Rebel attack on Catlett's Station. Aug. 23. General battle between Gen. Pope's forces and the rebels. Aug. 25. Skirmish at Waterloo Bridge, Va. Rebel attack on Fort Donelson. Aug. 26. Rebels get possession of Manassas Junction. Fight at Haymarket, Va. Union gunboats demolish rebel works at City Point. Aug. 29. Battle of Groveton, Va. Aug. 30. Second battle of Bull Run; Union troops defeated, and retreat at night. Battle near Richmond, Ky. A fight at Bolivar, Tenn. Sept. i. Severe battle at Chantilly, Va. Gens. Kearney and Stevens killed. Gen. Burnside's army evacuate Fredericksburg. Union troops evacuate Lexington, Ky. ; rebel attack on Louisville expected; great excitement in Cincinnati. Fight at Britton's Lane, Tenn. Sept. 2. Gen. McClellan assigned to command the forces for the defense of Wash- ington. Fight near Fairfax Court House. Engagement at Plymouth, N. C. Sept. 3. Gen. White arrived at Harper's Ferry. Sept. 4. Rebel steamer Creto ran blockade into Mobile. Skirmish at Cumberland Gap. Sept. 5. Rebels cross at Point of Rocks, and begin the invasion of Maryland. Sept. 6. Rebels occupy Frederick City, Md. First capture by the pirate Alabama, the whaler Ocmulgee. Up to Dec. 12, 1863, there had been 8 ships, 6 barks, i brig, and 6 schooners destroyed by the Alabama, and three other vessels robbed and released. Sept. 7. Union advance occupied Bowling Green, Ky. Gen. Pope relieved of com- mand of the Army of Virginia; Gen. McClellan's command absorbs this army. Sept. 8. McClellan's army at Rockville, Md. Gen. Lee Issues a proclamation to Maryland. Fight at Pooleville, Md. Restrictions on travel rescinded. Sept. 9. Rebels evacuate Fredericksburg. 761 1862 Continued. Sept. 10. Levy en masse in Pennsylvania to repel threatened invasion. Fight at Gauley, Va. Sept. ii. Union troops occupy Newmarket, Va. Hagerstown, Md., occupied by rebels. Sugar Loaf Mountain occupied by Union forces. Bloomfield, Mo., captured by rebels; also Maysville, Ky. Sept. 12. Gen. Hooker occupied Frederick City, Md. Skirmish at Maryland Heights. Sept. 13. Rebels demand the surrender of Mumfordsvilie, Ky. ; a fight there next day. A charge on the rebels at Middletown, Md. Sept. 14. Battle of South Mountain. Rebel attack on Harper's Ferry. Sept. 15. Harper's Ferry surrendered. Rebels attempt to blockade the Ohio River. Sept. 17. Battle of Antietam. Great Union victory. Union troops evacuate Cumber- land Gap. Mumfordsvilie surrendered to the rebels. Fight at St. John's Bluff, Fla. Sept. 18. Rebel army evacuate Sharpsburg and recross the Potomac. Sept. 19. Battle of luka; Union victory. Rebels leave Harper's Ferry. Sept. 22. President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation issued. Battle with In- dians at Wood Lake, Minn. Sept. 24. Convention of Loyal Governors at Aitoona, Pa. Fight at Donaldsonville, La. Sept. 27. Augusta, Ky., destroyed by the rebels. Sept. 29. Gen. Nelson shot at Cincinnati by Gen. Davis. Oct. i. President Lincoln visits McClellan's army, and urges an immediate movement across the Potomac. Gen. Pleasanton's cavalry crosses at Shepardstown. Gen. Buell's army leaves Louisville. Oct. 3. Battle of Corinth. An expedition up the St. John's River, Fla., takes the fort on St. John's Bluff. Gen. Morgan concludes his retreat from Cumberland Gap. Rebel? evacuate Frankfort, Ky. Oct. 4. After two days' battle complete defeat of the rebels at Corinth. Gen. Buell reaches Bardstown. Oct. 5. Union forces occupy Galveston. Rebel army retreating from Corinth beaten at Hatchie River. Rebels routed at Fayetteville, Ark. Oct. 6. Gen. McClellan ordered to cross the Potomac and give battle to the enemy. Oct. 8. Battle of Perryville, Ky. Oct. 9. Rosecrans recalled from the pursuit of Price and Van Dorn. Bragg's rebels retreat to Harrisburgh, Ky. Oct. 10. Stuart's rebel cavalry raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania. Oct. ii. Rebels in force threaten Nashville, Tenn. Skirmish near Lagrange, Ark. Oct. 12. Stuart's cavalry recross the Potomac. Oct. 13. Gen. Bragg evacuates Camp Dick Robinson. Oct. 15. Drafting in Boston and Baltimore. Fighting near Lexington, Ky. Oct. 18. The rebel Gen. Morgan occupies Lexington, Ky. Oct. 19. Skirmish near Nashville. Oct. 20. Morgan captures a Union wagon train near Bardstown, Ky. Oct. 21. Attack on the rebels near Nashville. Rebels leave Western Virginia. Oct. 22. Bragg's army at Cumberland Gap. Battle at Pocotaligo, S. C. Rebel salt works in Florida destroyed. Gunboat reconnoissance up Broad River, S. C. Oct. 23. Rebels defeated at Maysviile, Ark. Oct. 24. Gen. Buell deprived of the command and Gen. Rosecrans put at the head of die army in Kentucky. Oct. 25. Skirmish near Manassas. Oct. 26. Advance of McClellan's army begun. Oct. 27. Battle of Labadieville, La. Oct. 29. Great fire at Harper's Ferry. Oct. 30. Gen. Mitchel died at Port Royal. Oct. 31. Skirmish at Maysville, Ky. Nov. I. Artillery fight at Phillsmont, Va. Nov. 2. Union troops possess Snicker's Gap. Gen. Foster's expedition left Newbern. Nov. 3. Upperville, Piedmont,- and Thorofare Gap in Union possession. Nov. 4. Ashby's Gap occupied; engagement at Markham, Va. Gen. Grant's army occupy Lagrange, Miss. Salt works in Georgia destroyed. 762 1862 Continued. Nov. 5. Order issued for the removal of Gen. McClellan. Engagement at Chester Gap and New Baltimore, Va. Nov. 6. McClellan's advance occupy Warrenton, Va. Nov. 7. Gen. McClellan removed from command; Gen. Burnside appointed. Gen. Bayard attacked by rebels at Rappahannock Station. Negro troops engaged at Port Royal. Nov. 8. Skirmish at Little Washington, Va. Gen. Bayard holds Rappahannock bridge. Cavalry skirmish at Gaines Cross Roads, Va. Galatin, Tenn., reached by Rosecrans' army. Nov. 9. Rebels routed near Moorfields, Va. Gen. Butler's sequestration order issued. Nov. 10. Gen. Bayard's cavalry dash into Fredericksburg. Gen. Rosecrans arrives at Nashville. Great Union demonstration at Memphis. Nov. 12. Gen. Halleck visits the Army of the Potomac. Nov. 13. Skirmish near White Sulphur Springs, Va. Holly Springs, Miss., occupied by Union forces. Nov. 14. Gen. Stahel's forces pass Snicker's Gap. Nov. 15. Artillery fight at Fayetteville, Va. Nov. 17. Burnside's headquarters at Catlett's Station. Artillery skirmish near Fred- ericksburg. Nov. 18. Burnside's left wing advance reaches Falmouth, opposite Fredericksburg. Skirmish at Rural Hill, Tenn. Nov. 20. Skirmish at Charlestown, Va. Nov. 21. Surrender of Fredericksburg demanded, and notice given to remove non- combatants. Nov. 22. General order for the release of all State prisoners. Nov. 25. Raid of rebels into Poolville, Md. Rebels attack Newbern. Nov. 26. President Lincoln visits Burnside. Gen. Sherman's forces leave Memphis. Nov. 28. Battle of Cone Hill, Ark. Burnside visits Washington. Nov. 28. Rebel cavalry cross the Rappahannock and capture two companies of Union cavalry, not far from Fredericksburg. Nov. 29. Union expedition a few days before invaded Mob Jack Bay, Va., and de- stroyed rebel salt works. Rebels defeated at Frankfort, W. Va.; 108 captured. Dec. i. A rebel battery captured near Suffolk, Va. Dec. 1-3. Rebels in Tennessee and Mississippi retreating before Gen. Grant's army. Dec. 3. Gen. Geary takes possession of Winchester, Va. Dec. 7. Battle of Prairie Grove, Ark. Dec. n. Bombardment of Fredericksburg commenced; Union troops cross the river in the course of the afternoon. Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg. Great Union loss. Dec. 15. Gen. Burnside's army retreats to the north side of the Rappahannock. Dec. 20. Gen. Foster returns to Newbern, after defeating the rebels in four battles, taking Kinston and Goldsboro, and destroying several bridges and miles of the track of the Washington and Weldon Railroad. Dec. 21. Skirmish near, Nashville. Fight on Wolf River, Tenn. Rebels repulsed, los- ing 22 killed, 30 wounded and 20 prisoners; 200 or more of wounded were taken off by their friends. Dec. 22. Skirmish at Isle of Wight Court House, Va. Unionists driven off. Dec. 23. Union forces take possession of Winchester, Va. Dec. 24. Union troops destroy a section of the Texas railroad, ten miles west of Vicks- burg, burning two stations. Skirmish near Mumfordsville, Ky. ; rebels retreat. Dec. 25. Skirmish at Bacon Creek, Ky. ; Unionists forced to retreat with loss of 23. Dec. 26. Gen. Sherman's expedition disembarks in the Yazoo. Rosecrans begins to move towards Bragg. Rebel guerrilla camp in Powell County, Ky., broken up, the leader and ii others taken. Dec. 27-28. Sherman marches on Vicksburg, drove the rebels from their first and second lines, and got within two and one-half miles of the city. Elizabethtown, Ky., cap- tured by rebels under Morgan; much property destroyed and stolen. Rebel cavalry de- feated in an attack on Dumfries, Va. Dec. 28. Van Buren, Ark., captured by Gen. Blunt with all the rebel garrison, ammu- nition, and four steamers laden with supplies. Trestle-work at Muldragh Hill, Va., cap- tured by Morgan and destroyed. Union troops evacuate New Madrid, Mo. Skirmish near 763 18621863. Suffolk; rebels repulsed. Rebel camp surprised at Elk Fort, Tenn.; 30 killed, 176 wounded, and 51 captured; no loss on the Union side. Skirmish near Clinton, La.; Union repulse. Dec. 29. Gen. Sherman driven back from Vicksburg, with heavy loss. Dec. 30. Gen. Sherman abandons the siege of Vicksburg. Bridges destroyed on the railroad east of Knoxville by Carter's expedition; 400 rebels captured. The iron steamer Monitor foundered off Hatteras, 16 men lost. Battle of Parker's Cross Roads, Tenn. Rebels defeated with loss of 1,000; Union loss about 100. Dec. 31. Beginning of the battle of Stone River; ten hours' continuous fighting. Gen. McClernand succeeds Gen. Sherman at Vicksburg, and Union army retires to Milliken's Bend. 1863. Jan. i. President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation. Galveston, Tex., cap- tured by the rebels under Magruder; the gunboat Harriet Lane captured, the Westfield blown up, Commander Renshaw killed, and the Union garrison of 300 captured. Jan. 2. Three days' battle of Stone River ended in defeat of the rebels; Union loss was 1,533 killed, 1,375 wounded; rebel loss over 10,000, of whom 9,000 were killed or wounded. Jan. 3. Rebel camp surprised at LaGrange, Ark., a few wounded and captured. Rebels attack Moorfield, Va., and are driven off, but get 65 prisoners. Jan. 5. Slight reverse to Union troops in Hardy County, Va., 33 captured. Rebel fort on Little River, N. C., captured; no Union loss. Jan. 8. Fight at Springfield, Mo.; after ten hours the rebels retreat. Union force from Yorktown, Va., make a raid to the Pamunky River, destroy the ferry boat, sloops, a steamer, railroad depot, etc., and return without loss. Descent upon a rebel camp near Ripley, Tenn., 8 killed, 20 wounded, 46 taken; no Union loss. Jan. 9. Col. Ludlow effects an exchange of prisoners, by which 20,000 men are restored to the Union army. Jan. 10. Skirmish at Catlett's Station, Va. Jan. ii. U. S. Steamer Hatteras sunk off Galveston by the Alabama. Capture of Arkansas Post by Gen. McClernand; Union loss nearly 1,000; rebel loss over 5,000, with all their arms and supplies. Rebels beaten at Hartsville, Mo. Jan. 12. A brigantine prize to the rebel privateer Retribution, retaken from the prize crew by a Yankee woman, wife of the captain of the brigantine, who made the rebels drunk, put them in irons, and brought the vessel into St. Thomas. Rebel raid upon Holly Springs, Miss. Jan. 13. Gunboat Major Slidell and three boats with wounded troops captured by guerrillas on the Cumberland River, the wounded men robbed and all but one of the boats burned. Jan. 14. Rebel gunboat Cotton in Bayou Teche, La., destroyed; Com. Buchanan of the Union expedition killed. Gunboat Queen of the West captured in Red River by the rebels. Jan. 15. Mound City, Ark., burnt to clear out the guerrillas. Seventeen of a party of Union couriers captured near Helena, Ark. Jan. 16. U. S. Steamer Columbia stranded at Masonboro Inlet; her officers surren- dered to the rebels. Duvall's Bluff, on White River, Ark., taken without opposition. Rebel pirate Oreto escaped from Mobile. Jan. 17. Des Arc, Ark., taken without opposition. Pollockville, N. C., taken; rebels retreat. Jan. 19. Reconnoissance to Burnt Ordinary, Va., and daring charge of 12 Union cavalry througH 100 rebels to recapture prisoners. Jan. 20. Army of the Potomac moves down the Rappahannock. Jan. 21. Rebel camp broken up near Columbia, Mo. Gen. Fitz John Porter dismissed from the service. Jan. 22. Gen. Burnside's second attempt to cross the Rappahannock foiled by a heavy storm. Jan. 23. Arkansas Post evacuated after destroying the fort. Jan. 25. Organization of the first regiment of colored volunteers completed at Port 764 1863 Continued. Royal. Attack by rebels on the railroad near Nashville; they were repulsed. Rebel picket station near Kinston, N. C, captured. Jan. 26. Gen. Hooker succeeds Gen. Burnside in command of the Potomac army. Lower batteries at Vicksburg shelled by the gunboat Chillicothe. Skirmish at Woodbury, Tenn;. 25 rebels killed and 100 captured. Jan. 27. Rebels driven out of Bloomfield, Mo.; 52 taken. Bombardment of Fort Mc- Allister, Ga., by the iron-clad Montauk and other boats; the fort not reduced. Skirmish on Bayou Plaquemine, La. Jan. 28. A steamer and 300 rebels captured near Van Buren, Mo. Jan. 29. Gen. Banks promulgates the Emancipation Proclamation at New Orleans. A fight with Indians at Bear River, Washington Territory; the Indians defeated with great loss. Gen. McClernand lands opposite Vicksburg. Jan. 30. Gunboat Isaac Smith captured in Stone River by rebels. Guerrilla camp near Dyersburg, Tenn., broken up; 34 killed. Fight at Deserted House, near Suffolk, Va. Jan. 31. Attack upon the Charleston blockading fleet by three iron-clad steamers from the harbor; the Mercedite sunk. Cavalry skirmish near Nashville; rebels whipped with loss of 12 killed, 12 wounded, and 300 prisoners. Trouble in Morgan county, Indiana, about arresting deserters; attack on U. S. troops; the deserters were held. Union troops enter Shelbyville, Ky. Feb. i. Second attack on Fort McAllister, Ga. ; the fort was not taken; its com- mander was killed; the Union vessels were not injured. Franklin, Tenn., occupied by Union forces. Rebel attack on Island No. 10; they seized a transport, but were quickly put to flight by a gunboat. Rebel camp at Middleton, Tenn., broken up; 100 prisoners taken. Feb. 2. The ram Queen of the West runs the blockade at Vicksburg. Feb. 3. Guerrillas routed at Mingo Swamp, Mo. ; 9 killed and 20 wounded. Recon- noissance into eastern Tennessee; skirmishes with rebels. Rebels defeated in attack on Fort Donelson. Feb. 4. Cavalry dash upon Batesville, Ark.; rebels driven out and some killed or captured. Ram Fulton disabled by a rebel battery at Cypress Bend; she was saved by our gunboats. Skirmish near Lake Providence, La.; 30 rebels killed. Feb. 5. Skirmish on Bear Creek, Mo.; rebels routed. Skirmish near Stafford's Store, Va. Feb. 6. Union raid upon Middleburgh, Va.; several rebels taken. Rebels captured the mailcoach near Winchester, Va., but it is retaken the same day. Feb. 7. A squadron of Union cavalry .fall into an ambush near Williamsburg, Va., and lose about 40 men. Dawson, a guerrilla leader, and several men taken near Dyersburgh, Tenn. Rebel Secretary of State declares Galveston and Sabine Pass open to commerce. Feb. 8. Guerrillas routed near Independence, Mo. Lebanon, Tenn., occupied, and 600 rebels captured there. Capture of three rebel transports by the Queen of the West, in Red River. Circulation of "The Chicago Times" suppressed. Feb. 9. Fight at Old River, La.; rebels whipped, with loss of 25 prisoners and n killed or wounded; Union loss 8. Capture of the rebel Indian Agency at Wachita, Texas, by loyal Delawares and Shawnees. Feb. 12. Skirmish near Smithfield, Va.; capture and recapture of a few men. Skir- mish near Bolivar, Tenn., n rebels killed. Gunboat Indianola runs the Vicksburg bat- teries. Feb. 14. Union cavalry surprised at Anandale, Va. ; 15 killed and missing and several wounded. Queen of the West gets aground near Gordon's Landing, is disabled by rebel cannon and abandoned. Feb. 15. Cavalry fight near Gainesville, Tenn.; rebels beaten. Rebels attack a train near Nolansville, Tenn., but were driven off with loss. Fight at Arkadelphia, Ark.; rebels routed, losing 26; Union loss, 14. Feb. 17. Forage train captured by rebels near Romney, Va. Order suppressing "The Chicago Times" rescinded. Feb. 18. Mortar boats open fire upon Vicksburg. Clifton, Tenn., destroyed by Union troops. Disloyal State Convention at Frankfort, Ky., dispersed by military. Feb. 19. Rebels near Cold Water, Miss., surprised and routed; 15 taken and 9 killed or wounded. Hopefiekl, Ark., opposite Memphis, a guerrilla nest, burnt by order of Gen. 765 1863 Continued, Hurlbut. "The Constitution," newspaper at Keokuk, Iowa, sacked by soldiers from the hospital. Feb. 20. Gunboat reconnoissance up the Rappahannock; a rebel battery silenced. Guerrilla raid upon Shakertown, Ky. ; some cars destroyed. Feb. 22. Union scout to Florence and Tuscumbia, Ala.; cotton, horses, mules and negroes taken. Yazoo Pass expedition reaches Moon Lake. Feb. 23. Fight at Greenville, Miss.; a Union major killed. Skirmish near Athens, Ky. A rebel robbing party of 700' operating in Eastern Kentucky. Feb. 24. Gunboat Indianola captured near Grand Gulf, Miss., by four rebel steamers. Feb. 25. Cavalry fight near Hartwood Church,, Va.; rebels routed, but escape across Kelby's Ford. Rebels dispersed at Licktown, Ky. Feb. 26. Cavalry skirmish on the Strasburg road; Union loss 200. Cherokee Na- tional Council repeals the Ordinance of Secession, abolishes slavery, disqualifies disloyalists and adjourns. Guerrillas capture a government freight train near Woodburn, Tenn., take the property and set the locomotive off under full steam to smash" a passenger train, but did not succeed. Feb. 27. Skirmish 15 miles from Newbern, N. C. ; rebels routed, with loss of 3 killed and 48 prisoners; Union, i wounded. Feb. 28. Rebel iron-clad Nashville captured in Ogeeche River, while beginning her first voyage. Mar. i. Union dash into Bloomfield, Mo.; provost-marshal and 20 prisoners taken. Rebels at Aldia, Va., capture 50 Union cavalry. Fight near Bradyville, Tenn.; Duke's guer- rillas routed with heavy loss. Mar. 2. Sharp contest on the Salem pike, 16 miles from Murfreesboro, between the regulars of Rosecrans' army and a large force from Bragg's; the rebels twice beaten. Slight cavalry fight near Petersburg, Tenn.; rebels routed, with 12 killed and 20 wounded. Thirty of Moseby's guerrillas taken near Aldie, Va. Mar. 3. Fort McAllister, Ga., again bombarded without success. Mar. 4. Rebels routed near Chapel Hill, Tenn.; 12 killed and 72 captured. Skirmishes at Skeet and Swan Quarter, N. C.; rebels beaten, 28 killed; Union loss 18. Mar. 5. Fight at Thompson's Station, near Franklin, Tenn. ; "Unionists defeated and the whole force captured. Mar. 6. Gen. Hunter orders the drafting of negroes in the Department of the South. Mar. 7. A scouting expedition from Belle Plain, Va., returned with several rebel prisoners and much property. Mar. 8. Moseby dashed into Fairfax and captured Brig.-Gen. Stoughton and 30 men, with all their arms and horses. A company of rebel cavalry captured near Newbern, N. C., by the 43d Massachusetts. Mar. 9. Small rebel force captured below Port Hudson. Skirmish near Bolivar, Tenn.; 18 guerrillas taken. Skirmish at Blackwater Bridge, Va. Skirmish on Amite River, La.; rebels dispersed. Mar. 10. Jacksonville, Fla., captured by the ist South Carolina (colored) regiment Several rebels captured at Rutherford Creek, Tenn. Attack on guerrillas near Covington, Tenn.; 25 killed and many captured. Mar. ii. Guerrillas repulsed in attack upon a train 12 miles from Paris, Ky. Mar. 12. Reconnoissance from Franklin, Tenn., returned, having driven the rebels, without fighting, beyond Duck River; Union loss in the few skirmishes, 0. Mar. 13. Fort Greenwood, on the Tallahatchie, Tenn., silenced by gunboats but not taken. Skirmish at Berwick City, La.; rebels dispersed. Signal Station at Spanish Wells, S. C., surprised and burned by the rebels; 9 prisoners taken. Mar. 14. Admiral Farragut, with seven of his fleet, passed Port Hudson, after a fierce engagement, in which the Mississippi was disabled and burned by order of the Admiral. Newbern, N. C., attacked by rebels; the gunboats came up and dispersed the enemy. Reconnoitering force returned to Murfreesboro. after 11 days' work, with 50 rebel prisoners. Mar. 15. "The Jeffersonian" newspaper office at Richmond, Ind., destroyed by Union soldiers. Mar. 17. Attack on rebel works near Franklin, Va.; our troops driven off, with 15 killed or wounded. Cavalry fight at Kelly's Ford, Va.; Fitzhugh Lee routed and pursued six miles. 766 1863 Continued. Mar. 18. Skirmishing at Berwick Bay, La.; 10 rebels killed and 20 wounded. Mar. 19. Steamer Georgiana, with arms for the rebels, destroyed off Charleston. Skirmish on Duck River, Term. Mar. 20. Admiral Farragut's boats reach the canal below Vicksburg. Battle near Milton, Tenn. ; rebels defeated, losing 400 men. Mar. 21. Fight at Cottage Grove, Tenn.; rebels defeated with heavy loss. Small fight near Seneca, Va.; loyalists defeated. Expedition up the Bayous returned to the Yazoo, after defeating the rebels at Deer Creek and destroying 2,000 bales of cotton, 50,000 bushels of corn and all the houses on the route. Mar. 22. Union force of 50 defeated by Quantrell at Blue Spring, Mo., with loss of 14. Mount Sterling, Ky., captured by guerrillas. Mar. 24. Pontachoula, La., taken by Union troops. Mar. 25. Union ram Lancaster and Switzerland undertook to run the rebel batteries at Vicksburg; Lancaster sunk and Switzerland disabled. Brentwood, Tenn., captured and sacked by rebels; they were pursued, dispersed, many killed and their plunder retaken. Mar. 26. Expedition returned to Carthage, Tenn., with 28 rebel prisoners. Gen. Burnside takes command of the Department of the Ohio. Mar. 27. Fast day in the rebel states. Jacksonville, Fla., burned by the Union troops. Steamer Hartford passed the rebel batteries at Warrenton, Miss. Mar. 28. Gunboat Diana captured by the rebels at Pattersonville, La. Coles Island, S. C, taken by Union troops. Steamer Sam Gaty plundered by guerrillas at Sibley, Mo. Expeditionary force returned to Belle Plain, Va., having foraged along Northern Neck, destroying ferries, burned a schooner and taken some prisoners. Mar. 29. Party of blockade runners taken at Poplar Creek, Md. Sharp fight near Somerville, Tenn., rebels beaten off; Union loss 40. Mar. 30. Battle near Somerville, Ky. ; rebels under Pegram routed with great loss. Washington, N. C., attacked by Hill and Pettigrew; gunboats drove them out of range. Mount Pleasant, Va., taken and plundered by Jenkin's rebels; they were driven off with a loss of 52. Gen. McClernand took Richmond, Miss., after a sharp fight. Mar. 31. Gen. Herron appointed to command the Army of the Frontier. April i. Admiral Farragut fought and passed the Grand Gulf batteries with the Hart- ford, Switzerland and Albatross, without serious damage. Fight with Moseby near Broad Run, Va. April 2. Women's Bread Riot a.t Richmond, Va. Skirmish at Woodbury, Tenn.; 12 rebels killed or wounded and 30 taken. Admiral Farragut went to Red River, destroying rebel boats. Gunboat St. Clair disabled by rebels above Fort Donelson; she was saved by another boat. Battle at Snow Hill, Tenn.; rebel cavalry routed, with 50 killed and wounded and 60 prisoners; Union loss 3. April 3. Arrest of Knights of the Golden Circle at Reading, Pa. Skirmishing party returned to Fayetteville, Ark., after four skirmishes, in which 2 rebel captains were killed, i wounded; 22 men killed and 7 wounded. April 4. Unionists repulsed with loss of 5 men in attempt to capture rebel battery on Pamlico River, N. C. Palmyra, Tenn., burned by the gunboat Lexington. April 5. Troops sent from Newbern to rescue Gen. Foster, besieged in Washington, N. C. Skirmish on Black Bayou, La. April 6. Rebel camp at Green Hill, Tenn., broken up; 5 killed, 15 taken. April 7. Bombardment of Fort Sumpter by Admiral Dupont; the fleet driven off; fort little injured. U. S. Gunboat Barataria lost in Amite River, La. Successful foray into Gloucester county, Va. April 8. Gunboat George Washington, stranded in Broad River, S. C., attacked by rebels and blown up. April 9. Pascagoula, Miss., taken by a Union force from Ship Island, but abandoned same day. Fight at Blount's Mills, N. C. ; Unionists driven off with small loss. April 10. Battle at Franklin, Tenn.; Van Dorn's attack repulsed; Union loss about loo. Rebels routed near Germanlown, Ky. Skirmish near Waverly, Tenn.; 21 Unionists taken prisoners. April ii. Col. Straight's raiding force left Nashville for Georgia. Union cavalry camp near W r illiamsburg, Va., broken up by rebel attack. 767 1862 Continued. April 12. Iron-clad fleet leaves Charleston harbor. Skirmish near Gloucester Point, Va. Lieut-Col. Kimball killed by Gen. Corcoran. April 13. Transport Escort ran the batteries below Washington, N. C., bringing aid for Gen. Foster. Skirmish near Suffolk, Va. April 14. Battle at Bayou Teche, La.; rebels defeated and their three gunboats Diana, Hart and Queen of the West destroyed;; Union loss about 350; rebel much larger. Gen. Foster escaped from Washington, N. C., by running the rebel blockade in the steamer Escort. Rebel battery on Nausemond River silenced by gunboats. April 15. Franklin, La., occupied by Union troops. Rebels raise the siege of Wash- ington, N. C. Fight with and defeat of Indians 70 miles south of Salt Lake City. Fighting continued on the Nansemond River. Dash upon Pikeville, Ky. ; 17 rebel officers and 61 privates captured. April 16. Admiral Porter's fleet of eight gunboats and several transports ran past the Vicksburg batteries, losing only one transport and no men. Fight with Indians at Medalia, Minn. April 17. Skirmish near Suffolk, Va. Col. Grierson's famous cavalry raiding force started - from La Grange, Tenn. Skirmish at Bear Creek; rebels defeated. Skirmish Vermilion Bayou, La.; rebels driven off. April 18. Reconnoitering party at Sabine Pass captured by concealed rebels; Capt. McDermott, of gunboat Cayuga, killed. Rebels repulsed in an attack on Fayetteville, Ark. April 19. Cavalry skirmishing near Hernando, Miss., with varying success. April 20. Opelousas, La., occupied by Union forces. Cavalry skirmish near Helena, Ark. Fight at Patterson, Mo.; no decisive results; Union loss 50. Bute a la Rose, La., captured by Union gunboats. April 21. Skirmish and capture of a few rebels near Berryville, Va. April 22. Rebel raid on Tompkinsville, Ky. ; court-house burned. Seven loyal cavalry- men, after being made prisoners in Cedar County, Mo., stripped and shot by guerrillas. McMinnville, Tenn., occupied by Union troops. Three hundred rebels routed near Stras- burg, Va., with loss of 40; Union loss 2. April 23. Skirmish at Chuckatuck, Va. April 24. Tuscumbia, Ala., occupied, the rebels being driven out. Rebels defeated at Weber Falls, Ark. Skirmishing near Suffolk, Va. Unionists defeated at Beverly, Va. April 25. Rebel shore batteries silenced at Duck River Shoals, Tennessee River, by gunboats; 25 rebels killed and wounded. Fight at Greenland Gap, Va.; rebels severely punished. April 26. Thirty rebel cotton-gins and mills, and 350,000 bushels of corn destroyed by a raid to Deer Creek, Miss. Cape Girardeau, Mo., attacked by Marmaduke's rebels, who were defeated with great loss. April 27. Gen. Hooker begins his movement on Fredericksburg. A Texas legion captured near Franklin, Tenn. April 28. Hooker crosses the Rappahannock. Marmaduke overtaken and defeated near Jackson, Mo. Skirmish near Mill Spring, Mo. April 29. Fairmount, Va., taken by the rebels, who lost about 100; Union loss slight. Bombardment of Grand Gulf, Miss., by Porter's fleet; rebel works greatly damaged; fleet considerably injured; 20 killed and many wounded. April 30. Gen. Grant's army lands near Port Gibson, Miss. Rebel battery on the Nansemond River silenced". Fifty-two Union cavalry captured near Spotsylvania, Va.; 58 others cut their way out. May i. Battle of Port Gibson, (beginning of Grant's march to Vicksburg); 11,000 rebels defeated; 500 taken; they retreat toward Vicksburg. Fight at Monticello, Ky. ; rebels driven. Skirmish near Lagrange, Ark.; Unionists defeated with loss of 41. Fight at South Quay on the Nansemond; rebels defeated with great loss; Union loss 41. May 2. Battle of Chancellorsville between the armies of Hooker and Lee; Union army, checked after a fierce fight; Stonewall Jackson wounded. Marmaduke's rebels driven into Arkansas. Col. Grierson's raiders reached Baton Rouge, La., after 15 days of work on the Mississippi; they defeated the rebels several times, destroying railroads, bridges, and captured many prisoners. May 3. Col. Straight's Union raiding force of 1,500 captured near Gadsen, Ala. Sec- ond day's battle of Chancellorville; Union troops repulsed; heavy loss on both sides. 768 1863 Continued. Moseby's guerrillas routed near Warrcnton Junction, Va. The colored regiment returned to Beaufort from the Cambahee River raid; they captured 800 slaves and destroyed $2,000,- ooo worth of rebel property. May 4. Battle of Chancellorville continued; Unionists forced back. Capt. Dwight murdered, after surrender, by rebels, at Washington, La. May 5. Vallandigham arrested. A rebel company captured near Peltie's Mills, S. C. ; no Union loss. Fort De Russy, Red River, occupied by Union forces. May 6. Hooker retreats safely across the Rappahannock. Alexandria, Miss., occu- pied by Union troops. Fight near Tupelo, Miss.; rebels whipped and lose 90 prisoners. May 7. Col. Kilpatrick's cavalry, after marching around Lee's army, arrived at Gloucester Point, Va. Reconnoissance from the Peninsula to White House; some prisoners retaken from the rebels. May 8. An attack upon Port Hudson commenced. May 9. Bombardment of Port Hudson continued; no reply. Scouting on Stone River, Tenn. ; some rebels taken. May 10. Stonewall Jackson died. The ship West Florida ran ashore on Galveston Island by the Owasco and Kahtadin. Port Hudson assault renewed. May II. Fight at Greasy Greek, Ky. ; Unionists defeated with loss of 25; rebel loss nearly 100. Crystal Springs, Miss., burned by Union cavalry. May 12. Battle of Raymond, Miss.; McPherson defeats the rebels under Gregg. Rail- road bridge destroyed by Unionists at Hammond Station, La. Skirmish and rebels de- feated near Woodburn, Ky. Union raid upon Linden, Tenn. ; court-house burned. May 13. Yazoo City, Miss., captured by gunboats; rebels escape; $2,000,000 of prop- erty destroyed. Guerrillas and Indians defeated at Pontachula, Miss.; their camp destroyed. Skirmish, and rebels worsted at South Union, Ky. May 14. Jackson, Miss., captured by Gen. Grant; Gen. Johnson retreats northward. Hammond Station, La., destroyed by Union forces. Skirmish, and rebel cavalry dispersed near Fairfax C. H., Va. May 15 Grant defeats Pemberton at Edwards Station, Miss. Rebel Camp Moore, La., captured and destroyed, with the railroad depot. Corbin and Graw executed at San- dusky, O., for recruting within Union lines. Sharp cavalry fighting near Suffolk. May 16. Battle of Champion Hill, Miss.; Grant drives Pemberton to Big Black River. Union cavalry company captured at Charleston, Va.; retaken; 40 refbels captured. Skirmish and 18 rebels taken near Cripple Creek, Tenn. Union cavalry routed with loss near Suffolk. Skirmish at Berry's Ferry, Va.; Union prisoners retaken from Moseby. May 17. Battle at the crossing of Big Black, Miss.; Pemberton restarts toward Vicks- burg, after great loss. Union forces under Gen. Sherman destroy railroads and march toward Vicksburg. May 18. Grant invests Vicksburg. Haines Bluff abandoned by the rebels and taken by Admiral Porter. Skirmish near Sherwood, Mo.; Union defeat. May 19. Richmond, Mo-, captured by guerrillas; Unionists defeated. Skirmish near Winchester, Va.; a few rebels killed and taken. May 20. Fighting in front of Vicksburg. Skirmishing near Fayetteville, Va. ; rebels defeated. Fight near Fort Gibson, Ark.; rebels driven off. May 21. Vicksburg fully invested. Rebel camp broken up near Middleton, Tenn. May 22. Assault upon Vicksburg; Grant repulsed after a heavy fight. Successful raid into Gloucester county, Va. Reconoissance to Green Swamp, N. C. ; many rebels taken. May 24. Austin, Miss., burned by Union forces. Guerrillas capture a wagon-train at Shawnee Creek, Kan. Gen. Schofield relieves Gen. Curtis in Department of the West. May 25. Rebels defeated at Senatobia, Miss. Skirmish at Hartford, Ky. May 26. Scouting near McMinnville, Tenn.; skirmishing, and some rebels captured. A raid into Alabama started from Corinth, Miss. May 27. Gen. Banks assaults Port Hudson, but is repulsed with heavy loss; distin- guished bravery of colored troops. Gunboat Cincinnati sunk by rebel batteries at Vicks- burg. May 28. Successful cavalry scout returned to Hooker's headquarters after eleven days' work along the Rappahannock, destroying many sloops and boats and other property, and bringing in 800 contrabands. First colored regiment from the North left Boston. Skir- 769 1863 Continued. mish and Union defeat near Somerset, Ky. Skirmish near Doniphan, Mo.; Union defeat, with loss of 80. May 29. Skirmish and rebel defeat near Thoroughfare Gap. May 30. Earthworks and mines begun by Grant. Rappahannock, Va., taken by Union gunboats. Rebels capture a forage train near Warrenton, surprised; 22 prisoners taken. May 31. Raiders return to Corinth, Miss., after destoying seven cotton factories and many mills and shops, the bridge at Florence, houses, arms, etc., bringing in 100 prisoners and 600 cattle. Fight in Lincoln county, Mo.; militia defeated by rebels. Scout near Monticello, Ky. ; 16 rebels taken. Gunboat Alert accidentally burned at Norfolk, Va. June i. Blair's reconnolssance from Vicksburg returns, having been successful. Skir- mishing in Howard county. Mo. June 2. Three thousand rebel prisoners arrive at Indianapolis. Gen. Burnside pro- hibits the circulation in the Department of the Ohio of "The New York World" and "The Chicago Times." Union troops evacuate West Point, Va. June 3. Indian (rebel) prisoners arrive in New York. Mass Convention of Peace Democrats in New York. Admiral Foote ordered to relieve Admiral Dupont at Charles- ton. Skirmish near Manchester, Tenn. Bombardment of Port Hudson continued. June 4. The President revokes Gen. Burnside's order suppressing "the New York World" and "The Chicago Times." Rebel guerrillas defeated near Fairfax Va. Fighting at Franklin and Triune, Tenn.; rebels defeated with heavy loss. Gen. Gilmore goes to relieve Gen. Hunter of command of Department of the South. Bluffton, S. C., burned by Union troops. Fight at Satartia, Miss.; 100 rebels taken. Simonsport, La., destroyed by Union gunboats. June 5. Guerrillas routed at Liberty, Tenn. A division of Hooker's army crosses the Rappahannock and captures 96 prisoners. Raid to Warwick River, Va. ; rebel boats destroyed. June 6. Fight at Miliken's Bend; rebels defeated mainly by negro troops; this fight occurred opposite and during the siege of Vicksburg. June 8. District of the Frontier set off and given to Gen. Blunt. Two rebel spies shot at Franklin, Tenn. Reconnoissance on the Chickahominy. June 9. Meeting of editors in New York about censorship of the press. Fight at Beverly Ford, Va., with Stuart's cavalry; Union victory. Explosion in Fort Lyon, near Alexandria; 30 men killed. Union cavalry returns to Winchester, Va., with several pris- oners. More of Hooker's army cross the Rappahannock, at Kelly's Ford, without opposi- tion. Skirmish at Triune, Tenn.; rebels repulsed. June 10. An enrolling officer murdered at Manville, Ind. Fighting near Monticello, Ky. ; rebels defeated. Rebels repulsed at Lake Providence by negro troops. June n. Col. Montgomery leaves Hilton Head with his colored regiment for a raid in Georgia. Preparations in Pennsylvania to repel rebel invasion. Rebel cavalry cross the Potomac at Poolesville, but are driven back. Meeting in New York to raise colored troops. Peace Democratic meeting in Brooklyn. Vallandigham nominated for governor of Ohio. Lee's army begins to move up the Rappahannock. Rebels attack Triune, Tenn., and are driven off. Steamer Maple Leaf, from Fortress Monroe, seized by rebel prisoners. June 12. Union gunboats shell the shores of James River. Darien, Ga., burned by Unionists. Union cavalry near Port Hudson captured. Skirmish near Middletown, Va.; rebels defeated. Rebel Cruiser Clarence captured six vessels off the Chesapeake, convert- ing one (the Tacony) into a cruiser. Gen. Corcoran leaves Suffolk, Va.. with a strong force. Gen. Hunter relieved from command of Department of the South. Attack upon Morris Island by our gunboats; rebels attack our troops on Folly Island. June 13. Rebels plunder a railway train at Elizabethtown, Ky. Skirmish on Slate Creek, Ky.; Union defeat. Lee surrounds Milroy at Winchester; part of garrison taken. Hooker's army in rapid march toward Maryland. Skirmish and rebel defeat near Bos- ton, Ky. June 14. Gen. Banks attacks Port Hudson and is repulsed. English and Austrian consuls sent away from Richmond. Rebel raid upon Maysville, Ky. June 15. Lee Marches into Maryland. President calls for 100.000 men to repel inva- sion. Immense excitement in Pennsylvania. The Potomac army at old Bull Run battle- field. Enrollment resisted in Boone county, Ind. Rebels who attacked Maysville caught; their plunder and 100 prisoners taken. 770 1863 Continued. June 16. Lee's advance north of Chambersburg. Gen. Milroy arrives at Harper's Ferry; rebel attack there unsuccessful. Skirmish near Aldia. June 17. The rebels advance at 'Westminster, Haggerstown and Chambersburg. New York troops start for Harrisburg. Cavalry fight at Thoroughfare Gap. Skirmish on the Blackwater. Rioters in Holmes county, Ohio, resist enrollment; they are put down by military. Skirmish near Big Westport, Mo. Rebel iron-clad Nashville captured in War- saw Sound. June 18. Seventeen hundred of Milroy's men arrive safely at Bedford, Pa. Rebels burn canal boats at Hancock, Md. Small skirmish with Lee's invaders in Maryland. Skirmishing near Aldia. Union defeat near Hernando, Miss. June 19. Rebel cavalry cross the Ohio into Harrison county, Ind. ; 50 of them captured. June 20. Gen. Schenck suppresses disloyal papers in Baltimore. Cavalry fight near New Baltimore. Vicksburg bombarded. June 21. Brilliant cavalry fight, and rebels whipped at Aldia Gap. Skirmish near New Baltimore; Unnionists repulsed. Skirmish at Low Creek, W. Va. ; rebels beaten. Rebels defeated at Lafourche Crossing, La. June 22. Skirmish at Frederick, Md.; rebels driven out. June 23. Rebels occupy Chambersburg, Pa. Skirmish near Gettysburg. Gunboat Sumpter sunk by accident off Cape Henry. Union raiding force from East Tennessee, where they made great havoc. June 24. Gen. Lee's army advances to Shippensburg and Haggerstown. The pirate Tacony destroys fishing vessels off New England coast. Union raiding force returned from Northern Mississippi, after much success. Gen. Rosecrans' army in motion; skir- mishes at Guy's Gap and Liberty Like. June 25. Rebels near Carlisle, Pa. Fight at Liberty Gap; the rebels routed. June 26. Rebels occupy Gettysburg. Unionists evacuate Carlisle. Skirmish at South Anna, Va.; Gen. W. F. Lee captured. Death of Admiral Foote. June 27. The Potomac army northwest of Baltimore. Cavalry fight at Fairfax; Union defeat. Rosecrans' army occupies Manchester, Tenn., after slight resistance; also Shelby- ville. June 28. Gen. Hooker superseded by Gen. Meade. Rebels occupy York and threaten Harrisburg. Rebels capture a train near Rockville, Md. ; also sutler's stores at Annandale, Va. Skirmish at Columbia Bridge, Pa. Enrollment in Indiana enforced by military. Rebels defeated at Donaldsville, La. June 29. Rebels driven from Decherd, Tenn. June 30. Mines exploded and rebel outworks breached at Vicksburg. Cavalry fight at Hanover. July i. Rebels repulsed in attack on Carlisle, La. First day's battle at Gettysburg; rebel advance checked; Gen. Reynolds killed. Bragg retreats before Rosecrans; Tulla- homa occupied by Union advance. July 2. Second day of battle of Gettysburg; no especial advantage to either side; rebel losses very heavy. Skirmish at Bottom's Bridge, Va. July 3. Final battle of Gettysburg; Pickett's charge and defeat; complete Union vic- tory. Lee withdrew at night, marching back toward Virginia. PemBerton proposes terms for the surrender of Vicksburg; Grant refuses anything short of unconditional surrender. July 4. Surrender of Vicksburg and Pemberton's entire army of 35,000 men. Lee's army rapidly retreating to the Potomac. Rebel attack on Helena, Ark., repulsed. Morgan, the guerrilla, whipped at Green River Bridge, Ky. July 5. Vallandigham arrives at Halifax. Raid from Newbern to Warsaw, N. C. July 6. John Morgan's rebels invade Indiana and capture Corydon. July 7. Two steamboats captured by rebels at Brandenburg, Ky. Bragg retreats across the Tennesse, destroying the Bridgeport bridge. July 8. Surrender of Port Hudson; the Mississippi opened. July 9. Rebel cavalry defeated at Boonsboro, Md., with heavy loss. Raiding party to destroy Lee's communication with Richmond return to Fortress Monroe. July 10. Gilmore lands on Morris Island, taking all the rebel works except Forts Wagner and Gregg, which are shelled by the Monitors. Union forces under Sherman occupy Jackson, Miss. Rebels defeated at Big Creek, Ark. Cavalry fight on the old An- 771 1863 Continued. tietam field. Lee in fortifications opposite Williamsport. Morgan burns depot at Salem, Jnd. July ii. Morgan burns railroad bridge at Vienna, Ind. July 12. Morgan gets into Ohio. Martial law in Cincinnati, Newport and Covington. Fight at Jackson, Miss. July 13. Great Draft Riot in New York; many buildings destroyed; ''The Tribune" office assaulted; Colored Orphan Asylum burned; several negroes killed. Bragg occupies Chattanooga. Rebel cavalry defeated at Jackson, Tenn. Yazoo City taken by Union troops. Union defeat at Bayou Lafouche, La.; 210 taken prisoners. July 14. New York riot continues; military called out; several conflicts, and some rioters killed; Gov. Seymour issues a proclamation. Lee gets his army safely across the Potomac; Union forces capture a few stragglers at Falling Waters. July 15. New York riot continues; cars and stages stopped; two negroes killed; military attacked; Col. O'Brien killed. Cavalry skirmish near Charleston, Va. Riots in Troy and Boston. Jeff. Davis calls out white men from 18 to 45 to serve three years. July 16. Last days of the New York riot; a great many rioters killed. Rebels defeated near Fort Gibson, Ark. Rebel dash upon. Hickman, Ky. Rebels defeated at Elk Creek, Indian Territory. July 17. Orders given to enforce the draft at all hazards. Huntsville, Ala., taken by Union troops. Rebels evacuate Jackson, Miss. July 18. Gillmore assaults Fort Wagner, but fails to take it. Rebels defeated at Wytheville, Va.; the place destroyed and the Tennessee and Virginia railroad broken. Raid from Newbern into North Carolina. Four hundred rebels captured at Rienzi, Miss. July 19. Fighting with Morgan at Buffington Island; 300 of his men taken. July 20. Basil Duke and a portion of Morgan's force taken near Pomeroy, O.; Mor- gan escaped. July 21. Gen. Joe Johnston retreats to Brandon, Miss. Union raid to Tar River and Rocky Mount, N. C. July 22. Skirmish near Nolan's Ferry on the Potomac. Skirmish at Chester Gap, Va. Brashear City, La., recaptured by Union gunboats. July 23. Engagement at Manassas Gap, Va.; 300 rebels killed or wounded, 60 prisoners. July 24. Skirmish with Morgan's men at Washington, Ohio. July 26. John Morgan and all his men captured near New Lisbon, Ohio. Rebels defeated at Lexington, Tenn. July 27. Rebels drive Union forces out of Richmond, Ky. July 29. Rebels defeated at Paris, Ky. July 30. President Lincoln issued an order for retaliation in case of barbarous treat- ment of Union soldiers. July 31. Lee's and Meade's armies again on the Rappahannock. Rebels take Stan- ford, Ky., but are quickly driven out. Aug. i. Heavy cavalry fight at Kell's Ford; rebels defeated. Richardson's rebel guerrillas driven from West Tennessee. A doleful proclamation issued by Jeff. Davis. Aug. 2. The Enfans Perdus, of New Y r ork, capture 500 rebels at Folly Island. Aug. 3. Skirmish near Kelly's Ford. Gen. Foster goes up James River on recon- noissance; his .boat attacked at Dutch Gap; he returns safe. Aug. 4. Skirmish near Brandy Station. Steamer Ruth accidentally burned below Cairo. Aug. 5. Union raid upon Woodville, Miss.; railroad broken. Aug. 6. Gen. Sibley reports three battles and defeat of the hostile Indians in Minne- sota. Aug. 10. Admiral Farragut arrived with his flagship at New York. Aug. 12. Robert Toombs publishes a letter exposing the bankruptcy of the Con- federacy. Aug. 14. Some Union Signal officers captured near Warrenton, Va. Gillmore tries the range of his heavy guns towafds Sumpter. Aug. 15. Union cavalry returns to Corinth, Miss., with 250 prisoners just conscripted by Forrest. Aug. 16. Accidental explosion of the City of Madison, ammunition boat, at Vicksburg; about 150 men killed. 772 1863 Continued, Aug. 17. Grand bombardment of Sumpter begun. Aug. 18. Union raid in North Carolina; 30 rebels killed near Pasquotank. Aug. 19. Union raid upon Granada, Miss.; great destruction of railroad property. Aug. 20. Lawrence, Kan., sacked and fired by Quantrell; many citizens murdered. Aug. 21. Quantrell's murderers pursued; several skirmishes. Rosecrans' advance begins an attack on Chattanooga. Brig Bainbridge foundered; only one man saved. Aug. 22. A raid to Pocahontas, Ark.; 100 rebels captured, including Gen. Jeff. C. Thompson and staff. Aug. 23. Shells thrown into the city of Charleston, nearly six miles range. Gen. Blunt crosses Arkansas River; rebels fall back without fighting. Aug. 24. Cavalry skirmish below Fredericksburg. Cavalry skirmish near Fairfax. Squad of Union cavalry captured at Annandale. Aug. 25. One hundred and twenty-five bodies burned at Lawrence, the victims of Quantrell's massacre; 41 of Quantrell's men killed to this date. Rebels under Price and Marmaduke defeated at Bayou Metiare, Ark. Aug. 26. Union expedition to Bottom's Bridge, Va.; rebels defeated and bridge de- stroyed. Aug. 27. John B. Floyd died at Abingdon, Va. An army train captured near Philippi, W. Va., by rebels. Aug. 28. Five deserters shot in Potomac army. Aug. 30. Rosecrans' army crosses the Tennessee near Chattanooga. Aug. 31. About this time guerrillas swarmed in all Western Tennesse and down the Mississippi on both sides to Baton Rouge. Fort Smith, Ark., taken by Gen. Blunt. Sept. i. Union expedition in West Virginia under Gen. Averil; return after general success. Rebel raid upon Brownville, Tenn.; the place plundered. Sept. 2. Gunboats Satelite and Reliance, lately taken by the rebels, destroyed by a Union force. Kingston, Tenn., taken by Burnside. Sept. 4. Burnside occupies Knoxville. Sept. 5. Skirmish near Moorfield, W. Va.; no loss. Woman's bread riot in Mobile. Sept. 6. Rebels evacuate Morris Island; Forts Wagner and Gregg fall into our pos- session; 150 rebels killed and wounded. Sept. 7. Gen. Burnside tenders his resignation, which is not accepted. A magazine exploded by Union shells in Fort Moultrie. Sept. 8. Skirmish at Bath, Va. Rebels defeated near Arkadelphia. Ark. Sept. 9. Cumberland Gap taken from the rebels by Gen. Shackelford. Union defeat at Tilford, Tenn.; 300 captured. Sept. 10. Gen. Rosecrans arrives at Chattanooga; Archbishop Purcell celebrates mass in the cathedral. Little Rock, Ark., taken by Union troops without a fight. Sept. 12. Union cavalry raid into Mississippi. Sabine Pass expedition returns to New Orleans, having utterly failed; two of its small gunboats destroyed. . Sept. 13. Cavalry fight beyond Culpepper; 40 rebels and 2 guns taken; Gen. Pleasanton advances to the Rapidan. Small rebel raid across the Potomac to capture horses. Rebel works at Grant's Pass, near Mobile, shelled. Sept. 14. Arkansas being rapidly cleared of rebels by Gen. Blunt. Sept. 15. The President suspends the writ of Habeas Corpus. Sept. 16. Skirmish along Rosecrans' lines; little damage. Sept. 17. Cavalry fight at Raccoon Ford; Union repulse. Sept. 18. White's cavalry routed at Warrenton, Va. Sept. 19. Beginning of the battle of Chickamauga. Sept. 20. Battle of Chickamauga rages furiously; Union army defeated. Fight at Zollicoffer, Tenn. Sept. 21. Rosecrans at night withdraws with part of army from Chickamauga to Chat- tanooga. Gen. Thomas holds his position at Chickamauga against Bragg and withdraws his army in safety to Chattanooga. Meade's cavalry possess Madison C. H. Rebels seize a steam-tug at Southwest Pass, but are caught and the boat recovered. Sept. 22. Great cavalry fight and Union victory near Madison C. H. Rebel cavalry cross the Potomac near Rockville, but are driven back. Sept. 23. Meade's army reaches the Rapidan. Twelve hundred rebel prisoners, taken at Cumberland Gap, arrive in Louisville. 1863 C en tin ucd. Sept. 25. Moseby breaks the railroad near Fairfax. Rebels driven out of Donaldson- ville, La. Sept. 27. Steamer Robert Campbell burned by rebels at Milliken's Bend; 25 lives lost Sept. 28. Rebels attack Burnside's right wing near Knoxville, but are repulsed. Sept. 29. Gen. Hooker arrives in Cincinnati. Two Union regiments defeated above Port Hudson, La. Sept. 30. Delegation from Missouri visits the President to ask a change of com- mander in the Western Department. Rebel cavalry repulsed in trying to cross the Ten- nessee near Harrison's Landing. Oct. I. Frequent skirmishes with guerrillas south of the Potomac. Oct. 2. Battle of Anderson's Cross Roads, Ky. ; rebel cavalry whipped. Explosion of an ammunition train near Bridgeport, Tenn. Gen. Gillmore moves his headquarters to Folly Island. Gen. Sherman reaches Memphis with I5th Army Corps from Vicksburg. Oct. 3. Fight at McMinnville, Tenn. Greek fire thrown into Charleston. Guerrillas active near Glasgow, Ky. Oct. 4. Four steamers burned at St. Louis by rebel incediaries. Expedition from Fortress Monroe to break up guerrilla bands. Rebels attempt to destroy Shelbyville, Tenn. Oct. 5. Rebels destroy a large railroad bridge south of Murfreesboro. The rebels bombard Chattanooga from Lookout Mountain. Cavalry fight near New Albany, Ala. Rebels repulsed in an attack on Murfreesboro. Oct. 6. Rebels whipped near Shelbyville, Tenn. Skirmish at Como, Tenn. Rebels attempt to destroy the New Ironsides with a torpedo; they fail; their men taken. Oct. 7. Some of our cavalry ambuscaded near Harper's Ferry 5y Imboden. Part of Gen. Blunt's escort whipped by the rebels near Fort Scott; all who surrendered were mur- dered. Rebel steamers destroyed on Red River. Oct. 8. Fight near Farmingham, Ky. ; rebels defeated. Fight at Salem, Miss.; rebels driven off. Oct. 9. Rebels make great efforts to cut Rosecrans' communications, but fail. The overland Texas expedition, from New Orleans, reaches Vermillionville. Oct. 10. Skirmish near Madison C. H., Va. Fight at Blue Springs, near Knoxville. Union raiding expedition under Col. S. H. Mix, leave Newbern, N. C. ; return in a few days entirely successful. Oct. ii. Much fighting along the Memphis and Charleston railroad; rebels generally defeated. Oct. 12. Skirmishing along our lines on the Rappahannock; Gen. Meade withdraws all his army to the north bank. Skirmish at Blackwater, Mo. Fight at White Sulphur Springs, Va. Oct. 13. Skirmish at Arrow Rock, Mo. Brisk fight from Catlett's Station to Manassas. Rebels under Shelby, in Missouri, defeated by Gen. Brown. Skirmish on the Big Black, below Vicksburg. Oct. 14. Fight at Bristow Station; rebels defeated; 450 taken prisoners. Oct. 15. Skirmishing on the Bull Run battle-field. Oct. 16. Rebel raid upon Brownsville, Mo. Oct. 17. President Lincoln calls for 300,000 men. Active volunteering for the Union army in Arkansas. Oct. 18. Skirmishing near Stone Bridge and Manassas Junction. Oct. 19. Lee recrosses the Rappahannock and marches southward. Secret meetings in New Orleans to revive the rebel State Government. Oct. 20. Gen. Rosecrans, in command at Chattanooga, relieved; Gen. Grant takes command. Gen. Blunt relieved of Army of the Frontier, Gen. McNeil taking his place. Kilpatrick's cavalry on a raid toward Warrenton. Oct. 21. Fight near Philadelphia, East Tennessee. Fight at Cherokee Station, near Corinth, Miss.; rebels defeated. Oct. 22. Skirmishes at Columbia and Kingston Spring, Tenn. Gen. AverilFs Union cavalry near Covington, Va. Oct. 23. Rebel raid upon Da'nville, Tenn. Fighting at Beverly Ford, on the Rappa- hannock. Unionists land at Bay St. Louis, Miss., and recapture some prisoners. Oct. 24. Guerrillas driven out of Southern Missouri. Oct. 25. Whole of 1st Alabama cavalry said to have been captured near Tolanda. Miss. 774 - 1863 Continued. Oct. 26. Grant starts his movement to relieve Chattanooga. Gen. Hooker's force crosses the Tenneessee river, nar Bridgeport. Oct. 27. Gen. Hazen, with 1,800 men in boats, floats by rebel pickets on Lookout Mountain and seizes Brown's Ferry. Rebel forces move to retake ferry. Hooker defeats the rebels at Brown's Ferry. Arkadelphia, Ark., occupied by Union forces about this date. Oct. 29. Union prisoners from Richmond, in a state of starvation, arrive at Annapolis; some die on the trip from Fortress Monroe. Sixty rebels taken near Columbia, Tenn. Oct. 30. Charleston, Mo., robbed by guerrillas. Guerrillas routed near Piney Fac- tory, Tenn. Burnside's forces cross the river at Knoxville and occupy London Heights. Heavy bombardment of Charleston, S. C. Oct. 31. Banks' expedition lands at Brazos Island. Plot in Ohio to overthrow the Government comes to light. Rebel cavalry repulsed at Warrenton. Gen. Hooker wins an important victory at Shell Mound, Tenn. Fight at Leiper's Ferry, Tenn. Nov. I. Union raid in northern Alabama; they reach Florence. Skirmish near Wash- ington, N. C. Collision on Opelousas Railroad; 16 soldiers killed and 65 wounded. Nov. 2. Rebels capture two trains and destroy railroad near Mayfield, Ky. Rebels routed at Roan Springs, Tenn. Unsuccessful attempt upon Sumpter by a boat expedition. Nov. 3. Rebel cavalry defeated near Columbia, Tenn. Rebels attempt to capture Gen. Sherman at Colliersville, Tenn., and are defeated. Rebel Brig.-Gen. Geary captured. Gen. Washburne's advance attacked. Nov. 4. Banks' expedition take peaceable possession of Brownsville, Texas., on the Rio Grande. Nov. 5. Rebels continue to shell Chattanooga. Skirmish at Motley's Ford, East Ten- nessee. Union camp at Rodgersville, East Tennessee, surprised, and 4 guns and nearly 800 men taken. Nov. 6. Guerrillas plunder in Blandville, Ky. Much excitement about the starvation of Union prisoners at Richmond. Nov. 7. Meade's army begins an advance; sharp fighting at Kelly's Ford and Rappa- hannock Station; the rebels driven across the river. Rebels break up the Memphis and Charleston railroad near Salisbury. Rebels defeated at Lewisburg, W. Va. Nov. 8. Meade advances, the rebels retiring toward Gordonsville. Successful recon- noissance returns from Showan River, N. C. Banks' expedition in possession of Brazos, Blenville and Point Isabel. Nov. 9. Skirmish near Culpepper; Meade's army in line of battle all day; Lee declines to fight. Rebel dash upon Bayou Sara. La. Fight on the Little Tennessee; a rebel regi- ment repulsed, with 50 killed and 40 prisoners. Nov. 10. Skirmishing near Culpepper. Rebels concentrate along the south bank oi the Rappidan. Supposed conspiracy in Canada to set free rebel prisoners on Johnson's Island. Nov. n. Charleston and Fort Sumpter regularly shelled day by day. Nov. 12. Union meeting held in Arkansas; rebellion dying out. Nov. 13. Rebel foray across the Potomac at Edward's Ferry. Nov. 14. Longstreet crosses the Tennessee and attacks Burnside, who retires toward his works at Knoxville. Banks captures Corpus Cristi Pass. Gen. Sherman, in advance of his troops, reaches Chattanooga. Nov. 15. Reconoissance and skirmish on the Rapidan. Skirmish near Holston, Tenn.; Burnside falls back to Lenoir. Nov. 16. Gen. Sherman's corps forms a junction with Thomas at Chattanooga. Fight- ing near Mount Jackson, Va. Burnside falls back to Bell's Station. Nov. 17. Seabrook Island occupied by Gillmore. Charleston again shelled. Burnside reaches Knoxville. Nov. 18. Skirmish at Germania Ford, Va. Capture of Mus.tang Island by Gen. Banks. Nov. 19. Gettysburg Cemetery dedicated. Fighting at Knoxville. Nov. 20. Moseby's guerrillas in Union uniforms attempt to capture our forces at Bealton, Va. ; the trick discovered in time. Nov. 21. Skirmishing along Burnside's and Longstreet's lines. Nov. 22. A portion of Knoxville burned; the city closely invested by Longstreet. 775 1863 Continued. Successful scouting by negro troops at Pocotaligo, S. C. ; a grandson of John C. Calhoun killed. Nov. 2.3. Gen. Sherman's troops reach Chattanooga. Reconnoissance in force by Gen. Thomas late in the evening; rebels driven back. Guerrillas whipped in Loudon county, Va. Gen. Sherman crosses Tennessee River above Chattanooga at night. Nov. 24. Storming and capture of Lookout Mountain; Hooker's "fight above the clouds"; defeat of Bragg. Sherman attacks Missionary Ridge. Skirmish near Knoxville. Nov. 25. Capture of Missionary Ridge; Bragg's army routed and driven back toward Ringgold. Colored troops doing good service in North Carolina. Rebel cavalry repulsed at Kingston, Tenn. Nov. 26. Bragg's army pursued by our victorious troops. Meade's army crosses the Rapidan with no serious opposition. Sherman starts to the relief of Knoxville. Nov. 27. Brisk skirmishing between Meade and Lee; heavy fighting on the left. Wheeler's rebel cavalry whipped at Cleveland, Tenn. Moseby captures part of one of Meade's trains. Nov. 28. John Morgan and six of his officers escape from the Ohio penitentiary. A rebel battery discovered, built behind the Moultrie House while they kept a hospital flag flying from the roof. Nov. 29. Siege of Charleston progresses regularly. Longstreet attacks Knoxville, and is repulsed after heavy fighting. Dec. i. Meade's army recrosses the Rapidan without fighting Lee, greatly to the disappointment of the public. Gen. Hooker retires from Ringgold, and the Army of the Cumberland again concentrates at Chattanooga. Dec. 2. Bragg superseded by Hardee in command of the rebel army in Georgia. Dec. 3. Union cavalry make a foray toward Canton, Miss. Dec. 4. Longstreet abandons the siege of Knoxville and marches toward Virginia. Dec. 6. Chesapeake, steamer, seized by rebel pirates on board; engineer shot and crew landed at St. Johns. Weehawken, the Monitor, founders at Charleston Harbor, with all on board. Dec. 7. Jefferson Davis issues his annual message. U. S. Congress reassembles. Dec. 8. President Lincoln issues his message and Proclamation of Amnesty. Dec. n. Fort Sumpter vigorously bombarded and partly set on fire. Dec. 14. Bean Station, Va., Longstreet attacks Union cavalry under Shackelford. Rebels lose 800 killed and wounded; Union loss 200. Dec. 16. Averill destroys fifteen miles of Virginia and Tennesse railroad. Dec. 17. Sangster's rebel cavalry attack Meade's communication and are repulsed. Chesapeake recaptured in Sambro Harbor by the Ella and Annie. All crew but three escape. Dec. 18. Col. Philips, with Indian brigade, beats and scatters QuantrelFs force near Fort Gibson, killing 50. Dec. 19. Fort Gibson, Ark., attacked by Standthwaite with 1,600 men; attack repulsed. Dec. 22. Gen. Corcoran killed by a fall from his horse. An expedition from Beaufort starts inland under Gen. Seymour. An expedition of one white and three colored regi- ments starts for Red River from Port Hudson, under Gen. Ullman. Dec. 23. Union raid on Luray. Large quantities of leather, bac^ri, etc., captured. Ferry boat at Memphis attacked by guerrillas, who killed the captain. The boat escaped. Dec. 24. Choctaw Indians and their chief abandon the rebel cause. Christmas Eve salue of shotted guns at rebels at Charleston. Reeves, with 150 guerrillas, surprise Cen- terville, Mo., and captures garrison of 50 men, 3d M. S. M. Legareville, S. C. attacked by rebels, who are driven off. Dec. 25. Pulaski, Tenn., 50 of Forrest's guerrillas captured by Gen. Dodge. Gen. Sullivan's expedition from Harper's Ferry returns with 100 prisoners and 100 horses. Gen. Banks establishes Department of the Frontier on the Rio Grande. British bark Circassian seized in North River by U. S. Marshal. Gunboat Marblehead attacked at St. John's Island by rebels on shore with battery, and were repulsed; loss, 3 killed, 5 wounded. Dec. 26. Dr. Segar, Mr. Perez and Mr. Carter sent to Fort Lafayette for smuggling arms to rebels. Dictator, turreted iron-clad, launched in New York; Dec. 28. At Charleston, Tenn., rebel Gen. Wheeler, with 1,500 men, attack Col. 776 18631864. Liebert and supply train; captures the latter; Col. Long re-enforces Liebert and rebels are beaten, losing 121 prisoners. Dec. 29. Wheeler captures and conscripts all stragglers. Part of Union train captured by rebels at Williamsport. Dec. 30. Great naval expedition leaves New Orleans, supposed for Mobile. Dec. 31. Seizure of large quantity of Confederate money in New York and arrest of printers. McChesney's expedition meets rebels near Washington, N. C., routs them, kills Lieutenant and five men, captures one cannon and ten men. 1864. Jan. i. Gov. Bramlette of Kentucky orders five rebel sympathizers to be arrested for every loyal citizen taken by guerrillas. A small force of Union pickets are driven in at Winchester. Jan. 2. Major Anthony and Lieutenant Davis, rebels, sent to Fort Warren for 15 years for recruiting within the Union lines. Rebel attack on Union train at Moorfield and Allegheny Junction; 13 rebels killed and 20 wounded. Union guard, one company, at Pat- terson's Creek, captured by 500 rebel cavalry; next day are retaken and cavalry routed. Jan. 3. Rebel Sam Jones captures 300 Union troops at Jonesville, Va., killing and wounding 60 of them. Jan. 4. Gen. Grierson is pursuing Forrest south of Cold Water. Jan. 6. Kirby Smith placed in command of all rebel forces (15,000) west of Mississippi river. Marmaduke and Price are at Arkadelphia and Little Rock, with 7,000 men, mostly cavalry. Jan. 8. A loyal mass meeting held at New Orleans to consider formation of a Free State Government. Fitzhugh Lee surrounds and is beaten from Pittsburgh, Va. Jan. 9. Rebel cavalry conscripted every man in Cleveland, Tenn. Jan. 10. Sharp cavalry fight at Strawberry Plains. Rebels repulsed with serious loss. Rebel Lieutenant and squad of men desert to our lines from Price's army. Cole's battalion of Maryland cavalry attacked in Virginia by Moseby, with 400 rebels, who are defeated with loss of four officers and man}' men. Jan. II. Longstreet is fortifying at BulFs Gap, Tenn.; his force 34,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry. Gunboat Iron Age aground under rebel fire at Wilmington harbor. Jan. 12. Gen. Marston makes an extensive raid in Virginia, capturing much grain and pork and other rebel property, and taking 25 prisoners, many horses, mules, sheep, etc. Part of McCook's cavalry fight with 8th and nth Texas, at Mossy Creek, Tenn., killing 14 arid capturing 41. Jan. 14. Two hundred rebels attempt to capture small cavaJry force at Three Mile Sta- tion, Va., and are repulsed. Rebel Gen. Vance captures Union supply trains near Tems- ville; is pursued by Gen. Palmer, who takes him and officers prisoners, recaptures train, 150 horses, arms, etc. Union soldier found hanging at Smith Mills, Va., placarded. Hung by order of Gen. Wild in retaliation. Sturgis' cavalry drove rebel videttes out of Bain- bridge, but fall back, enemy being in strong force beyond. Jan. 17. Scout reports 3,000 rebels at Point Pelee, Canada, preparing for a dash on Johnson's Island. Desperate attack on our lines near Bainbridge, Tenn. Rebels ultimately defeated, losing heavily. Union army fell back to Strawberry Plains. Jan. 18. Fifteen rebels attack Union pickets at Flint Hill, Va., and are badly beaten. Jan. 19. Attempt to burn Jefferson Davis' house at Richmond. Sturgis' forces fall back to within five miles of Knoxville. Jan. 20. Gen. Woodbury takes an expedition to Ponta Rosa to cut off rebel cattle sup- plies from Florida. Jan. 23. Union foray at Brandon Farms on James River, captures 22 rebels, 7 signal men, 99 negroes; destroys 24,000 pounds pork; captures sloop, schooner, etc., without losing a man. Union raid to Lake Phelps, N. C. ; 200,000 pounds pork, tobacco, cotton, horses, mules, etc., captured or destroyed. Jan. 24. Gen. Rhoddy driven across the Tennessee by Union forces; loses his train, 20 mule teams, 200 beeves, 600 sheep and 100 horses. Four rebel gunboats make reconnois- sance on James. Jan. 25. Major Burroughs, guerrilla chief, shot while escaping from Fortress Monroe. 777 1864 Continued. Several hospital buildings and large quantity of stores burned at Camp Winder, near Richmond. Corinth evacuated by Union forces, and Memphis and Charleston railroad abandoned from Lagrange to Memphis. Jan. 26. Athens, Tenn., taken by rebel Gen. Rhoddy. Tazewell attacked by 400 rebel cavalry, who are repulsed by garrison. Johnson's brigade of Rhoddy's force crossed Ten- nessee River at Bainbridge; are repulsed at Alton; rebel loss 15 and many wounded; Union loss 10 wounded. Jan. 27. Col. Borne attacks and destroys camp of Rebel Home Guards, and captures many prisoners. Sturgis gains decisive victory at Sevierville, over rebel cavalry; 65 rebels killed and wounded; 100 prisoners and 2 guns taken. Jan. 28. A large meeting at Nashville, Tenn., to restore State Government. Gen. Palmer reconnoiters to Tunnel Hill, drove in rebel pickets, captures company of cavalry; 32 rebels killed. Rebel salt works destroyed near St. Andrews' Bay. Jan. 29. Sturgis drives videttes out of Danville, Tenn. Rebel attempt to capture Cumberland Gap with three cavalry brigades repulsed by Col. Love. Jan. 30. Union supply train captured near Petersburg by rebels. Union loss 80; rebel loss 100. Jan. 31. Over 7.300 deserters from Bragg since Oct. 20. Hood's army retires from Ringgold and Dalton. Feb. I. Rebel column in New T Creek Valley repulsed and driven two miles. Draft of 500.000 men, on March 10, ordered by the President. Union outposts at Bachelor's Creek, near Newbern, attacked by 15,000 rebels and captured after severe fight. Feb. 2. Gen. Scammon and staff captured by rebels on S. S. Levi. Union re-enforce- ments arrive at Newbern, and rebels are driven back to Kinston. Rebels capture and blow up S. S. Underwriter at Newbern, N. C. Union guard at Patterson Creek Bridge captured after brisk fight by 500 rebels, who are beaten next day by re-enforcements and prisoners rescued. Feb. 3. Smith's cavalry expedition leaves Corinth for interior of Mississippi and Ala- bama. Sherman, with 25,000 men, crosses Big Black and advances to Bolton; slight skir- mishing. Union killed 12, wounded 35; rebel loss much larger. Lee's rebel cavalry fleeing to Canton. Feb. 4. Early's cavalry driven out of Moorfield, and hotly pursued by Mulligan's cav- alry. Rebel battery at Clinton, Miss., driven off with loss; Union killed 15, wounded 30. Winslow's cavalry at Canton capture many prisoners and one gun. Feb. 5. Early retreats towards Shenandoah Valley, pursued by Gen. Kelley. Part of Sherman's expedition attacked on Yazoo by 3,000 rebels, who are, after a sharp fight, routed. An important expedition leaves Port Royal, landing at Jacksonville, Fla., under Gen. Sey- mour. Sherman's expedition reaches Pearl River. Rebels still retreating. Gen. Loring crosses Pearl River, joins Gen. French and reireats to Meridian. Feb. 6. Gen. Butler's forces marched from Yorktown to Bottom's Bridge. Recon- noissance in force by the Army of the Potomac towards Orange Court House, main force crossed the Rapidan. Feb. 7. McPherson's Corps crosses Big Black River; Hurlbut's Corps crossed five miles above McPherson, an expedition up the Yazoo co-operating. Quallatown, N. C., surprised and rebel Thomas and his Indians dispersed; 215 killed and wounded. Rebels still demonstrating against Newbern. Feb. 8. Rebel army is encamped round Tunnel Hill, Dalton and Rome. Feb. 9. One thousand and twenty-five bales of cotton, worth $700,000, burned at Wilmington. Rebels fled from Jacksonville after burning a steamboat and 270 bales of cotton. Gen. Gillmore captured 100 prisoners, 8 guns and much property, without losing a man. Feb. 10. Col. Streight and 100 other officers escape from Libby Prison by tunneling. Feb. n. Train on Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 10 miles west of Harper's Ferry, robbed by guerrillas. Gens. Grierson and Smith set out on an extensive raid through Mississippi, with three brigades. Feb. 12. Moseby attacks pickets at Manassas. Gen. Smith's expedition reaches Okona. Feb. 13. Gov. Bramlette issues proclamation for protection of fugitive slaves; the rebellion of their masters barring claims of ownership. Feb. 14. Capt. Marshall, 4Oth Massachusetts, surprised Gainsville, Fla. Is attacked 778 - -Continued. by large force of rebels, and routed them, with loss of 100; Union loss none; rebel loss 40. Rebel Col. Ferguson surprised in Wayne county, W. Va., losing 60 prisoners, arms, horses, supplies and ammunition, and releasing 500 Union prisoners. A company of ist Mississsippi Colored regiment surprised near Grand Lake by guerrillas in Union dress; all killed but two; some shot after surrender. Sherman' expedition occupies Meridian; destroys the State Arsenal and great quantities of supplies and ammunition. Smith's expedition destroys a vast quantity of rebel corn at Egypt, Miss. Feb. 14-21. Sherman's expedition, while at Meridian, sends out detachments which devastate Enterprise, Marion, Quitman, Hillsboro, Canton, Lake Station, Decatur, Bolton and Lauderdale Springs, destroying immense quantities of stores of all kinds. Feb. 14. Cattle depot at Waterproof, La., garrison of 400 negroes, attacked by rebel infantry, cavalry and artillery, who are repulsed three times, and retire. Feb. 18. Sherman's army arrives at Quitman, Ga., without opposition. Housatonic, slooo-of-war, sunk at Port Royal by rebel torpedo boat. Gen. Seymour's expedition (4.500 infantry, 400 cavalry and 20 guns) leaves Jacksonville and reach Baldwin and fortifies. Feb. 20. Longstreet retreats from Strawberry Plains via Bull's Gap. Major Cole surprises Moseby at Piedmont, taking 3 officers and 14 men. Seymour's expedition reaches Sanderson, advances six miles beyond, is attacked by 15,000 rebels, falls back two miles to Olustee, and here forced, after terrible slaughter, to retreat. Two negro regiments, 54th Masssachusetts and 1st North Carolina, cover the retreat and save the army; Union loss 1,500 and many guns; rebel loss 2.000. Rev. Dr. Cox, chaplain 25th Regiment, Corps D'Afrique, about this date taken from his house near Donaldsonville, La., and hanged by guerrillas. Smith's expedition moves on West Point, where Forrest, Lee, Chalmers and R noddy attack them; Smith falls back slowly, with severe fighting. Feb. 21. Gen. Palmer occupies Ringgold. Smith's forces still falling back toward Memphis. Forrest again attacks and continues fighting until the 23d, when he is repulsed with great loss and retreats. Feb. 22. Moseby defeats 150 Union cavalry near Dranesville; 8 killed, 7 wounded, 75 missing; 28 of Moseby's men captured at Warrenton by Major Cole. Strong Union column advances from Chattanooga toward Tunnel Hill. Rebel train destroyed near Poplar Bluffs, Mo. Louisiana State election; Michael Hahn elected Governor of Louisiana by 6,830 votes, against Fellows 2,720, and B. F. Flanders 1,847. Feb. 26. Grierson's and Smith's forces return to Memphis; results of expedition are 200 rebel prisoners, 1,500 negroes, 300 bales of cotton, 2,000 hides, and 40 miles of Mobile and Ohio railroad destroyed. Tunnel Hill occupied by column from Chattanooga, after heavy skirmishing. Fire opened upon Fort Powell by Farragut. Feb. 27. Col. Jourdan makes another dash into Jones and Onslow counties, N. C. ; captures three prisoners and destroys stores and ammunition. Sherman's expedition re- turns to Vicksburg after 22 days' raid, devastating many towns, burning bridges, seizing or destroying vast quantities of stores, liberating 10,000 negroes, taking up many miles of railroad tracks, and taking 600 prisoners; Union loss, 170 killed and wounded. Feb. 28. Col. Richardson, notorious guerrilla, captured near Cumberland River. Sey- mour's retreating army reaches Baldwin, which it evacuates, burning stores. Gen. Kii- patrick, with 5,000 picked men, leaves Culpepper for raid on Richmond; crosses the Rapidan at Ely's Ford, surprising rebel pickets at Spottsylvania Court House, and capturing 15 men and 2 officers. Feb. 29. Kilpatrick's expedition passed through Louisa Court House, to Pamunkey Bridge, destroying as he went. A force is sent by Butler to re-enforce him. Expedition of Custer's cavalry crosses the Rapidan and Rivanna, destroys an artillery camp, burns caissons, etc., and recrosses Rivanna bridge, burning it. Rebel cavalry charged and scat- tered at Burton's Ford and Stannardsville roads, an'd Custer safely returns with 60 prisoners, horses, etc. Rebels in force attack Newbern, N. C. Garrison ultimately relieved by re- enforcements. March I. Rebel Government Salt Works at St. Marks, Fla., destroyed by expedition from gunboat Tahoma. Gen. Thomas, re-enforced, marching against Dalton, from Tun- nel Hill. March 2. Re-enforcements reaching Gen. Seymour at Jacksonville. Ferguson, of Forrest's cavalry, makes dash into Marysville, Tenn., murders an old man in cold blood and burns his farm. 779 1864 Continued. March 3. Kilpatrick's expedition moves to Williamsburg to rest. Many prisoners and stores captured and destroyed during this raid. March 4. Col. Dahlgren murdered. Kilpatrick returns within Union lines, having destroyed large portion of Virginia Central railroad and penetrated to outer fortifications of Richmond; loss 150 men, including Col. Dahlgren. March 5. Rebel cavalry still scouring country east of Knoxville. Gen. Custer, with 500 men, crosses Ely's Ford, drives rebel pickets and scouts several miles without opposi- tion. Rebel cavalry, in force, attack 93 of 3d Tenn. at Panther Springs, Union loss, 2 killed, 8 wounded, 22 prisoners. Rebel, 30 killed and wounded. Battle in Yazoo City, be- tween nth. 111. and 8th La., and 4 rebel brigades. Rebels defeated with considerable loss, Union killed, 6; wounded, 20. March 6. Gunboat Peterhoff sunk off Wilmington. 23 Union soldiers captured from Gen. Foster's command, hung by rebels at Kinston one was adrummer boy 15 years old. Sherman's main army at Jackson, commencing to cross Pearl River. March 7. Thomas's advance withdrawn from Tunnel Hill to Ringgokl. C. L. Valland- igham advises rioting in retaliation. Sherman's Cavalry enter Brandon, after skirmishing, and camp 2 miles east. March 8. Rebel cavalry driven from camp near Carrolton. Grain mills and stores burned. New York carries soldiers vote amendment bill by popular election, by over 90,000 majority. March 9. Sherman at Millsboro. Forty of 30th Pa. cavalry captured by guerillas at Bristow Station, Va. March 10. Suffolk, Va., captured by Union forces. Rebel loss, 25; Union loss, 10. A naval expedition from Brashear City captures camp, arms, flag on Atchafalaya River. Pilat- ka occupied by Union forces. Red River expe'dition embarks at Vicksburg. March 12. Gen. Grant appointed Commander-in-Chief of armies of the United States. March 13. Indianola evacuated by our troops. Gen. Smith's army at Semmesport. March 14. Fort DeRussy captured. March 15. President calls for 200,000 men. Rebel plot to assassinate President Lin- coln. Sherman repulses rebels near Chunky Creek. March 15. Gov. Bramlette remonstrates against employment of slaves. Battle near Fort Pillow, rebels defeated, loss, 50 killed and wounded. Arkansas votes herself ,a free State. Gens. Smith and Banks at Alexandria, rebels retreat to Shreveport and burn 2 steamers with 3,000 bales cotton. March 17. Fort DeRussy blown up. March 19. Rebel attack on Fort Royal fails. March 21. Gen. Mower captures rebel camp at Henderson's Hill, 228 prisoners, guns, etc. Rebel raid on Magnolia. Gen. Mower captures 200 rebels, with four guns and cais- sons, at Natchitoches. Banks captures 306 rebels near Alexandria. March 24. Unitm City, Mo., and garrison, attacked by Forrest. March 25. Owen Lovejoy died, aged 53. March 26. Forrest sacks Paducah, Ky., but repulsed from fort by Col. Hicks, with white and colored troops four times, and finally retires. Union loss, 12 killed, 40 wounded. Rebel loss, 150 to 300 killed and wounded. Franklin, La., evacuated by our forces. Col. Clayton destroys bridge at Longview, Ark., captures 370 men, 35 wagons, 300 horses, and $60,000 Confederate money. Sherman's army moves to Canton and encamps. March 28. Louisiana State Convention to revise Constitution meets at New Orleans. Battle of Cane River. Rebels defeated. March 30. Natchitoches captured by Gen. Lee. Battle of Monticello. Copperhead riot at Charleston and Mattoon, 111. March 31. Rebels defeated at Crump's Hill (Piney Woods). April i. S. S. Maple Leaf blown up by torpedo at St. John's River. Rebel Ram Ten- nessee sunk near Grant's pass. April 2. Shelby defeated by Steele near Camdon. Grierson's cavalry engages Forrest near Summerville, and falls back. April 4. Col. Gooding engages Harrison's guerillas at Campti, and withdraws with loss. Marmaduke defeated by Steele on Little Mo. New York Metropolitan Sanitary Fair opened. April 5. Banks' Texas expedition at Grand Ecore. 780 1864 Continued, April 6. Fort Halleck, Columbus, Ky., attacked by rebel Gen. Buford, surrender re- fused by Col. Lawrence. Maryland Constitutional Convention on Slavery met. April 8. Battle of Pleasant Hill. Stoneman defeated. Gen. Franklin's command of Bank's expedition defeated at Mansfield, La., losing 24 guns and nearly 2,000 men, and falling back to Grand Ecore. Gen. Smith, next day, relieved Franklin and defeated rebels at Grand Ecore, and captured 36 guns and 2,000 prisoners. Shelbyville entered by 40 guer- rillas. April 10. Cape Lookout Lighthouse seized by 40 rebels. April ii. Banks retires to Grand Ecore. April 12. Capture of Fort Pillow and murder of garrison. Admiral Porter's Red River expedition attacked by 2,000 rebels on shore, who are beaten off. Horrible murder of a farmer by guerrillas at Osage River. April 13. New York Soldiers Voting Bill passed New York Senate. Yeas, 29; nays, none. April 14. Gunboat expedition from Butler's army capture stores and prisoners at Smithfield, Va. April 15. Chenango, gunboat, exploded. April 16. Gunboat Eastpor.t, sunk by snag above Grand Ecore. April 18. Rebel attack upon Fort Wessell, gunboat Southfield sunk. Com. Flusser killed and most of the crew drowned. Ram also destroys the gunboat Bombshell. Balti- more Sanitary Fair opened. April 19. Guerrillas driven from Burksville. Transports and gunboats aground above Grand Ecore. April 20. Plymouth, N. C., surrendered to rebels by Gen. Wessells after severe loss. April 21. North Carolina Salt Works, worth $100,000, near Wilmington, destroyed. April 22. Forrest moving towards Alabama, followed by Grierson. April 23. Rebels capture and kill pickets at Nickajack. N. Y. Metropolitan Sanitary Fair closed. Sword voted to Grant by 30,291, against 14,509 for McClellan. Gunboat Pet- rel burned by Wirt Adams' cavalry. April 24. Battle at Cane River. Rebel loss, 1,000 men and 9 guns. April 25. Train of 240 wagons and 4 regiments escorting, captured by 6,000 rebels near Pine Bluffs, Ark. April 28. Little Washington, N. C., evacuated by Union troops. May 3. Grant's army moves across the Rapidan, towards Chancellorsville and the Wilderness. May 5. Lee desperately attacks right, left, and center with indecisive results, Grant's army remaining in position with headquarters in advance of the Wilderness. May 6. Lee resumes attack at dawn, and continues all day, but finally withdrawing, our troops holding their old formation. Loss, this and previous day, about 15,000 men on each side. Gunboat Com. Jones blown up by torpedo on James River. May 7. Lee moved to his second line on the North Anna. A severe battle at Todd's Tavern, between Custer's and rebel cavalry. Loss, 250 each side. Lee made several at- tacks during the day, falling back after each; part of our army reaching Fredericksburg. Tazewell Salt Works destroyed by Averill. Tunnel Hill, Ga., taken by Gen. Thomas. Railroad from Petersburg to Richmond cut off. May 8. Pursuit of Lee continued, with continual fighting, Hancock and Burnside camping 20 miles from Wilderness battle-field. May 9. Severe fighting with great mutual loss, Hancock finally withdrawing and Lee holding Spottsylvania and the region north. May 9. Battle of Cloyd Mountain. Rebels lose 3 guns and many prisoners. U. S. Transport H. A. Wood, blown up by torpedo near Jacksonville, Fla. Sheridan's cavalry destroy rebel station at Beaver Dam, with cars, immense stores, etc., and recapturing 378 Union prisoners. Gen. Sedgwick killed by sharpshooters. May 10. Battle of Spottsylvania. Grant's whole line assaults, part of 6th Corps car- ries enemies works, captures 1,000 prisoners and several guns, and withdraws with them. Loss on this day, 10,000 on each side. Thos. Butler King died. Crooke attacked rebels near Newbern, burned bridge, captured 7 guns and many prisoners. Averill whips Gen. Sam Jones at Wytheville, and destroys railroad from Blacksburg to Christiansburg. Yazoo City captured by Gen. McArthur. 781 1864 Continued. May ii. Sheridan's whole command get between ist and 2d rebel line at Richmond, and withdraw after destroying Ashland Station, etc. Butler entrenches at Bermuda Hun- dred. Grant telegraphs the President: "I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer." May 12. Rebel position at Dalton carried and held by Sherman. May 13. Lee fell slightly back to new defenses. McPherson captured 9 trains with rebel military stores from Dalton. May 14. Dalton, Ga., occupied by 4th Corps. Butler at Drury's Bluff. Army in Va. Gen. Smith carries rebel's front line. n.-i/. Hancock carries but relinquishes first line of rebel intrenchments. Union loss 1,200. May 15. Battle of Resaca, Ga. At night rebels evacuate the town. Battle of Newmar- ket, Sigel defeated. Rocky-faced Ridge taken by Sherman. May 16. Attempt to seize California steamer Ocean Queen. Gen. Johnston in re- treat to Atlanta. Admiral Porter's fleet above Alexandria Falls. La., released by Lieut. - Col. Bailey's dam. May 17. South Carolina Union Convention meet at Beaufort. May 18, Ewell attacks Union baggage train in rear of Grant's right flank, but is finally repulsed. May 19. Blackiston's Island Lighthouse destroyed by rebels. 19-24. Grant placed his whole army across the North Anna and approached the South Anna. May 20. Torpedoes explode at Bachelor Creek, many New York soldiers killed and wounded. Sherman in possession of Kingston and Rome, Ga. Rebels attack Ames' Division of Butler's army. Heavy loss on both sides. May 23. U. S. Tugboat Columbine captured on St. John's River, Florida, by rebels. May 24. Rebels destroy bridge over North Anna. Sheridan destroys Danville Rail- road near Richmond. Fitzhugh Lee repulsed at Wnson's Wharf by negroes under Gen. Wild. Sherman flanks Johnston at Altoona, Ga. May 25. Battle near Dallas, Ga. Hooker drives rebels 2 miles. Union loss, 1,500; rebel, about same. Gen. Birney ascends the Ashepoo River. S. S. Boston grounds and is abandoned. May 26. Grant's army moves towards Hanovertown. Louisiana State Convention abolishes slavery. May 27. Eight steamers and several river craft burned at New Orleans Levee, by in- cendiaries. Lee evacuates position on South Anna, and retreats towards Richmond. Sher- idan captures and holds Hanovertown and Ferry. May 28. Longstreet attacks Sherman at Dallas, and is driven towards Marietta. Rebel loss, 2,500 killed and wounded, and 300 prisoners. Union loss, 300. May 29. Grant's army crosses the Pamunkey. May 30. Trains of refugees burned near Salem, Ark. ; 80 men and several women killed. Lee attacks Grant north of Chickahominy, is repulsed; Hancock drives him out of intrenched line of rifle pits and holds it. May 31. Grant's and Lee's armies confronting each other from Hanover Court House to Cold Harbor. June i. Expedition from Memphis under Gen. Sturgis defeated, with loss of wagon train, artillery and ammunition. Rebel attacks at Cold Harbor repulsed. Rebels twice at- tack Butler, and are repulsed. June 2. Schofield and Hooker at Marietta. Ga. Cavalry take Allatoona Pass. June 3. Battle of Cold Harbor. June 4. Rebel night attack upon Hancock repulsed. Grant's cavalry defeated Hamp- ton's cavalry at Howes' Store. June 5. Rebel attack on left (Hancock's) repulsed. Sherman forces Johnson to evac- uate his lines in the night. Marmadukc, with 3,000 men, defeated at Columbia, Ark. Bat- tle of Piedmont, Va. Rebel loss, 1,500 prisoners, 3,000 stand of arms, 3 guns and stores, and a large number of killed and wounded. June 6. Rebel midnight attack on Burnside repulsed. Sherman's headquarters at Acworth, Allatoona Pass made base of supplies. June 7. The 9th Corps, on Grant's right, attacked briskly, and rebels driven back. Morgan, with 3,000 men, commence a raid into Kentucky. Philadelphia Sanitary Fair opens. 782 1864 Continued. June 8. Paris, Ky., taken by a portion of Morgan's forces. Sherman's whole army moves forward toward the Kenesaw range. McPherson occupies Big Shanty, and rebels fall back with left on Lost Mountain and right on Kenesaw. Blair reinforces Sherman with 9,000 men. Gillmore's raid on Richmond fortifications. June 9. Gen. Burbridge defeats rebels at Mt. Sterling, Ky. June 10. Gen. Sturgis defeated by Forest at Pontotoc, Miss., raid against railroads a failure. Frankfort, Ky., unsuccessfully attacked by 1,200 rebels. Lexington, Ky., robbed by Morgan. Rebel guerrillas repulsed at Princton, Ky. Gen. Hunter, with Crook and Averill, moves from Staunton, Va., after destroying over three million dollars worth of rebel property. June ii. Surrender of Cynthiana, Ky., to Morgan. Battle of Trevillian Station; rebels badly beaten by Sheridan. June 12. Gen. Burbridge defeats and scatters Morgan at Cynthiana, with great loss. Grant crosses the Chickahominy. June 13. Sheridan recrosses the North Anna. June 14. Grant's army crosses to south of the James. Sherman's entrenchment in front of Kenesaw, and Pine Mountains 10 miles long. Rebel Gen. Polk killed by cannon fire on Pine Mountain. June 15. Battle of Baylor's Farm, Va.; 16 rebel guns and 300 prisoners taken. Sher- man advances line and captures many prisoners. June 17. Burnside captures 6 guns and 400 prisoners. Rebels abandon their intrench- ments in front of Bermuda Hundred, and Butler takes railroad between Richmond and Petersburg. June 18. Grant assaults rebel works and fails. Loss, in four days, over 10,000. Rebels place 50 Union officers under fire at Charleston. June 19. Beauregard re-occupies Bermuda Hundred and repairs railroad. The pirate Alabama, Capt. Semmes, sunk off Cherbourg by the U. S. S. Kearsage, Capt. John A. Win- slow. Semmes aided to escape by a British yacht. June 20. Fitzhugh Lee and Hampton repulsed at White House, Va. June 21. Foster crosses James River and intrenches between Aiken's Landing and Four Mile Creek. Second Corps attacks Davis' Farm unsuccessfully. Rebels assault Sherman right under Hooker and are repulsed, losing heavily. Slemmons' Rebel Cavalry defeated at Pine Bluffs. June 22. Battle on Weldon Road, Barlow flanked, and losing about 2,000 prisoners, 4 guns, and some flags. Wilson and Kautz capture 2 rebel trains at Ford's Station. June 23. Shelby destroys U. S. gunboat Queen City. Unsuccessful attack on Weldon railroad. Union loss heavy. Kautz destroys railroad junction at Burksville. June 24. Pillow attacks and beaten off from Lafayette, a., with much loss. Rebels attack and are beaten by Sheridan at White House. Wilson and Kautz moved on to de- stroy 18 miles of Danville Railroad. Battle of Staunton Bridge, Wilson and Kautz re- pulsed. June 25. Night attack on Burnside's front repulsed. Sheridan rejoined Grant. June 26. Rebel force (800) all killed or captured by expedition from Fort Smith, Ark. June 27. Sherman makes attack on Kenesaw Mountain with McPherson and Thomas' armies line of attack 10 miles long. Attack unsuccessful, loss, 2.500 men. Gen. Carr de- feats Shelby near St. Charles, Mo., capturing 200 prisoners and guns recently captured Queen City. Union loss, 200 killed and wounded. Rebel loss, killed and wounded, 500. June 28. Gen. Carrington reports particulars of Northwestern conspiracy. Sherman begins again to flank Johston at Kenesaw Mountain. Battle of Stoney Creek. At night Wilson and Kautz retreat to Reams. June 29. Battle of Ream's Station. Kautz and Wilson defeated and retreat in confu- sion. Union loss over 1,000. June 30. Kautz's force reaches Grant's lines terribly exhausted. Johnston evacuates Kenessw Mountain. Salmon P. Chase resigned. July i. Wilson's main force reaches Grant's lines, having lost all their guns, ambu- lance and wagon trains, wounded and sick. Gen. Foster attacks Seabrook, Johns and James Islands. Rebel fort captured on James Island. Col. Hoyt and 137 men captured at Johnston's Island. W. P. Fessenden accepts Secretaryship of Treasury. July 2. McPherson at night commences flank movement against Kenesaw Mountain. 783 1864 Continued. Gen. Johnson discovers the movement and abandons Kenesaw and Marietta. Sherman pursues. Ewell invades Shenandoah Valley with three columns. Martinsburg evacuated. July 3. Sigel falls back to Harper's Ferry. Winchester taken by rebels, and travel on Baltimore and Ohio railroad stopped. Sherman occupies Marietta. July 4. Sherman fights Battle of Smyrna. Gen. Noyer loses leg. Moseby's Cavalry crossed the Potomac at Point of Rocks. Mulligan evacuates Bolivar Heights and Harper's Ferry. Sigel, Stahel, and Mulligan fortify and hold Maryland Heights. July 5. Elliott's marine colored brigade attacked by rebels near Port Hudson; beat them off. Loss, 150 killed, wounded and missing. Sherman reaches Chattahoochie River, finds enemy entrenched on both sides. July 6. Hagerstown evacuated by Union forces. July 7. Gen. Wallace's reconnoissance repulsed near Middletown; Hagerstown again plundered. Johnston returns across the Chattahoochie. Rebel raid hold Harper's Ferry. July 8. Gen. Wallace evacuates and rebels rob Frederick. Parkville, Mo., sacked by 150 Bushwhackers. July 9. Battle of Monocacy. Wallace defeated, losing over 1,000. Rebels capture Westminster. Couch re-occupies Hagerstown, and Hunter Frederick, Md. July 10. Rebels plunder Darnestown and Reistertown, and tear up Northern Central Railroad at Cockeysville and Texas. A portion of them enter and rob Rockville, Md.; the main body moving toward Washington. Gen. Rosseau leaves Decatur, with 2,700 men, on a raiding expedition in Hood's rear. Johnston retreats to fortifications around Atlanta. July ii. Magnolia station and trains captured. Gen. Franklin captured in one of the cars, but escapes next day. Rebel salt works at Tampa Bay destroyed. Rebel stores, tor- pedoes, etc., destroyed at Dutch Gap. July 12. Rebel raid 7 miles from Washington. Rebels driven from before Fort Stevens, Washington, with considerable loss. Five rebel cotton factories destroyed at Ross- wells. July 13. Rebel raiders cross into Virginia, in full retreat, with their plunder. This and two following days, Gen. A. J. Smith and Gen. Mower with two divisions of Army of Tennessee just returned from Texas, defeat Forrest in continuous battle, driving him from Pontotoc to Tupelo, and killing over 2,000. Union loss, 300. Rosseau defeats 5,000 rebels under Clanton, near Coosce "River, Ga. July 15. Rebels take 5,000 cattle and 1,000 horses from Montgomery Co., and drove them into Virginia. July 16. Sherman's army completed crossing the Chattahoochie in pursuit of John- ston. July 17. Col. Jacquess and Mr. Gilmore visit Jeff. Davis at Richmond. Wirt Adams defeated at Grand Gulf, with very heavy loss. July 18-20. Crook defeated at Island Ford by Breckenridge; loss, 300. Gen. Duffie defeated at Ashby's Gap, losing 200. Gen. Crook badly whips Early at Snicker's Gap, cap- turing 300 wagons with grain, and many prisoners. Battle of Peach Tree Creek, near At- lanta. Rebels repulsed. Union loss, 1,713; Rebel loss, much heavier, including 3 gen- erals. Averill attacked and defeated Early and his 5,000 men near Winchester, Va., killing and wounding 300, captures 4 guns and 200 prisoners. Early re-enforced and repulsed Union troops. Rebel camp, flag stores, etc., captured at Gonzales, Texas. July 21. Henderson, Ky., attacked by rebels 700 strong. July 22. Hood again assaults Sherman's lines round Atlanta with great vigor. Gen. McPherson killed. Gen. Logan assumes command of army of Tennessee and gains a great victory. July 23-24. Averhill defeated at Winchester; fell back, concentrating at Harper's Ferry. Steamer Clara Bell burned by Guerrillas at Carrolton Landing. July 26. Gen. Ed. McCook destroys Macon and Western Railroad, Ga., and 500 wagons; captures 500 prisoners; is overtaken by rebels and defeated, losing all of his pris- oners and over 1,000 of his own men. July 28. Rebel stores at Winton, Mason's Mill, and Coleraine, destroyed. July 30. Mine exploded under portion of rebel works at Petersburg. Two assaults made, but attack finally abandoned with loss of over 4,000. Chambersburg robbed and burned by rebels. 784 1864 Continued. Aug. I. Bradley Johnson and McCausland defeated at Cumberland, losing part of their plunder from Pennsylvania. Aug. 2. Col. Stout, with 500 men, posted to intercept retreat of McCausland and John- son, is captured by them, losing 90 men. Aug. 4. Bradley Johnson and McCausland defeated at New Creek. Aug. 5. Farragut's great victory at Mobile Bay. Aug. 6. Schofield's Twenty-third Corps of Sherman's army unsuccessfully attacks rebel lines before Atlanta, losing over 500 men. Aug. 7. Gen. Sheridan assumed command of Middle Military Division. Battle of Moor- field. Combined forces of McCausland, Johnson, Gillmore, and McNeil totally defeated by Averill. Aug. 8. Fort Gaines, Mobile Bay, surrendered. . Entire rebel force evacuate Mary- land side of the Potomac. Gen. Burris returns to New Madrid after a 17 days' scout in S. E. Mo. and N. E. Ark. Result, 50 rebels killed, 40 wounded, 57 prisoners; horses, arms, etc., captured. Aug. 9. Gen. Butler commences Dutch Gap Canal. Explosion of an ordnance boat at City Point. Aug. 10. Sheridan's advance reach Berryville. Atlanta bombarded by Sherman's forces. Aug. ii. Battle of Sulphur Springs Bridge. Aug. 12. Northern frontier of New York threatened by invasion from Canada. Aug. 13. Moseby attacks Sheridan's supply train near Snicker's Gap. Rebel cavalry captured 5 steamers, with Government cattle, at Shawneetown, 111. Aug. 14. Battle of Strawberry Plains. Tenth Corps take rebel line of breastworks, 4 guns and 100 prisoners. Dalton attacked by Wheeler with 5,000 men; defended by Siebold with 400 men. Aug. 15. Gen. Steadman re-enforces Dalton, and rebels are driven out of town in con- fusion. Kilpatrick cuts R. R. at West Point, Ga., also Road at Fairburn, and burned depot. Tenth Corps threaten Malvern Hill, Va. Aug. 16. Battle of Deep Run. Aug. 18. Battle of Six Mile Station, on Weldon Railroad. Aug. 19. Rebels attack at Six Mile Station, taking 1,500 prisoners. Total Union loss, 3.000. Martinsburg looted by rebels. Aug. 20. Guerrillas raid on Woodburn and set fire to depot. Aug. 21. Rebels attack Union position on Weldon Road, and after great loss withdraw. Union loss about 600. Battle of Summit Point. Early driven two miles. Memphis en- tered by Forrest with 9 regiments and 4 guns; took 250 prisoners. Union force arriving Forrest left; was overtaken near Lanes', and severely punished in a two hours' battle. Aug. 22. Rebel force on Weldon Road withdrawn from front of 5th and 9th Corps, and intrenches 3 miles from Petersburg. Rebel Johnson's force whipped at Canton, Ky., by Col. Johnson, and himself killed. Aug. 23. Rebels fallen back to their lines 2 miles from Petersburg. Fort Morgan sur- rendered. Shelby captures nearly all 54th 111. near Duvall's Bluff. Aug. 24. Clinton, Miss., taken by Gens. Herron and Lee. Aug. 25. Torbert encounters Early's forces at Leetown. He falls back to near Shep- ardstown. Battle of Reams Station. Hancock abandons Reams, having lost i.ooo killed and wounded, 2,000 prisoners and 9 guns. Rebels killed and wounded, 1,500. Sherman com- mences at night his great flank movement to the right and rear of Atlanta. Aug. 26. Kilpatrick destroyed 14 miles of Macon Railroad, and stores, capturing 6 guns, 4 flags, and 200 prisoners; afterwards forced to abandon most of his captures. Rebels fall back from Sheridan's front toward Smithfield. At night Sherman continues to with- draw from his entrenchments in front of Atlanta. Aug. 28. Early driven through Smithfield. Aug. 30. Sherman seizes the West Point R. R. and interposed his whole army between Atlanta and part of Hood's army intrenched at Jonesboro, Scofield holds east part facing Atlanta. Sept. i. Rebels driven from Jonesboro to Lovejoy's Station, losing i.ocn pris"C'-s a^d 10 guns. Hood explodes his magazines at night and evacuates Atlanta.' G^n. Rousseau drives 10,000 rebels, near Murfreesboro Pike, three miles. 785 1864 Con tin ued. Sept. 2. Rebels before Petersburg cheered McClellan's nomination. Atlanta occupied at daylight by Gen. Slocum Harde found to have retreated from Lovejoy Station and is pursued. Sherman receives news from Slocum of capture of Atlanta. Army jubilant. Sept. 3. Milroy attacks 3,000 rebel cavalry near Murfreesboro, and drives them towards Triune. Sheridan's army again moves forward from Charlestown. Battle of Darkesville and Perryville. Rebels were repulsed, losing 70 prisoners. Union loss,, 300. Moseby captured an ambulance train which had left the field. President Lincoln and Gen. Grant telegraph thanks to Sherman and his army. Sept. 4. John Morgan's forces routed, and Alorgan killed by Gen. Gillen at Greenville, Tenn. Killed, 100; prisoners, 75; including Morgan's staff. Sept. 6. Battle of Matamoros. Sept. 7. Dibbel's Rebel Brigade surprised at Readyville by 230 of 9th Pa. Cavalry, los- ing 130 prisoners. Sept. 8. Rebel Col. Jessie and 100 men captured near Ghent, Ky. Sept. 9. Sherman's army concentrated at Atlanta. Sept. 10. Grant drives picket line across Plank Road, and advances his permanent line half a mile. Steamer Fawn burned by rebels on Dismal Swamp Canal. Sept. 14. Price, with about io,,ooo men, crossed White Fiver, en route for Missouri. Gov. Brown of Georgia withdraws 15,000 Ga. militia from Hood's Army, for avowed pur- pose of caring for crops. Sept. 16. 2,500 cattle, the I3th Pa. Regiment, with arms, wagons and camp, captured at Sycamore Church. Sept. 18. Averill drives rebels out of Martins-burg. Sept. 19. Battle of Winchester. Sheridan captures 5,000 prisoners, 5 guns, all the wounded, and sends Early "Whirling up the Valley." Battle at Powder Mill. Early loses 1,100 prisoners and 16 guns. Torbert's cavalry defeats Wickham at Luray, capturing some prisoners. Sept. 23. Price occupies Bloomfield, Mo. Sept. 26. Early retreats to Brown's Gap in the Blue Ridge. Merritt and Powell at- tempt to carry the Gap, but are repulsed. Battle at Pilot Knob. Davis, Confederate Presi- dent, with Gen. Hood at Palmetto Station, Ga. Sept. 27. Gen. Ewing arrives at Rolla, after being surrounded at Harrison by Price's forces. Gen. Grant warns Sherman of impending movement against him. Sept. 28. Battle at Newmarket Heights. Rebel night attack on Hancock's front, on Jerusalem Plank Road repulsed. Sept. 30. Warren captures rebel first line of works at Preble's Farm, capturing 50 men and one gun. Rebels retired half a mile back to strong position, and repulsed our at- tack thereon, capturing 1,500 prisoners, and killed and wounded 500. The loth and i8th Corps concentrated at Newport Heights, furiously attacked by rebels, and swept back with terrible loss three times, losing 1,000, beside 200 prisoners and 2 flags. Oct. i. Hood crossing Chattahoochie River to rear of Sherman. Oct. 2. Rebels in front of Warren fell back to their main lines, from Petersburg lead works to Southside Road. Oct. 3. Lieut. Meigs murdered by Guerrillas in Shenandoah Valley. Sherman's forces crossed the Chattahoochie with 15 days' rations, moving towards Marietta. Gen. Thomas ordered to Chattanooga after Forrest, and Gen. Corse to Rome. Oct. 5. Hood captured small garrison at Big Shanty and Ackworth, and burned 7 miles of railroaS; Allatoona attacked by Gen. French re-enforced and successfully defended by Gen. Carse with troops taken by R. R. from Rome. Oct. 6. Sheridan began to move back from Waynesboro. Gen. Lee captures Clinton, La., and 30 prisoners. Oct. 7. Battle at Darleytown Road and Newmarket Heights. Rebel loss, i.ooo; Union, 500. Pirate Florida captured at Bahia, Bay of San Salvador, by U. S. S. Wachusett, Com- mander Collins. Taken to offing and sunk. All on board sent to U. S. Oct. 8. Rebels at Woodville attacked by expedition from Gen. Dana, killing 40, and capturing 3 guns and 56 men. Oct. ir. Rebel Gen. Buford, with 1,200 cavalry, crosses Cumberland River, Tenn., at Harpeth Shoals. Col. Weaver, with 90 colored troops, attacked by 200 rebels near Fort Nelson, Tenn. Defeats them and killed and wounded 27. 786 1864 Continued. Oct. 12. Longstreet attacks Sheridan near Strasburg. No material advantage gained in a three hours' battle. Gen. Hood demands surrender of Resaca, Ga. Col. Weaver de- clines. Gen. Watkins re-inforces post from Calhoun. Oct. 13. Resaca re-inforced at 2 a. in. by Gen. Raum by R. R. from Kingston, and held against Hood. Oct. 14. Sherman arrives at Resaca and goes in pursuit of Hood through Snake Creek gap. Oct. 19. Battle of Cedar Creek. Sheridan's arrival changes defeat into a great vic- tory. Rebels lose 50 guns, etc. Oct. 20. Early retreats at night to Mount Jackson. Oct. 22. Pleasanton defeats Price at the Little Blue, and forces him to the Big Blue River. Oct. 23. Shelby drove our forces under Curtis from Westport, and was then attacked and defeated by Pleasanton. Oct. 25. Gen. Sterling Price defeated at Fort Scott Road, losing camp equipage, 20 wagons of plunder, I gun, and cattle. Oct. 26. Price driven from Mine Creek, Va., by Pleasanton, and loses 1,000 prisoners and 1,500 stand of arms., Marmaduke and Cabell captured. Oct. 27. Grant attacks Southside Railway and fails. Union loss, 3,000; rebel, 1,500. Price forced to retreat from Marais des Cygnes. Oct. 28. Gillen repulses Vaughn, capturing 200 prisoners and McClurg's battery, cais- sons, etc. Price again defeated at Newtonia, more wagons destroyed and loses 250 men. Rebel Ram Albermarle destroyed by Lt. W. B. Gushing with a torpedo boat on Roanoke River, attack made at night. Gushing and party escape by swimming. Oct. 28-30. Rhoddy's cavalry attacked Col. Morgan's colored troops at Decatur, Ala., and lose 400 prisoners and many killed and wounded. Union loss, 100. Nov. 5. Rebels unsuccessfully attack Fort Sedgwick on Jerusalem Plank Road. Union lo'ss, 70; rebel loss, 120. Gen. Butler assumes command of troops in New York, arriving and to arrive "to meet existing emergencies." Johnsonville shelled, and 3 tinclads and 7 transports destroyed by Forrest on the Tennessee. Nov. 6. Rebels attack Mott's and Gibson's pickets; capture 30 and a mile of intrench- ments, but are driven out and lose 47 prisoners. Several such attacks and repulses at this time. Nov. 8. President Lincoln re-elected, and Andrew Johnson elected Vice-President. Hon. Reuben E. Fenton elected Governor of New York State over Seymour. Gen. McClellan resigns his commission in the U. S. Army. Sheridan created Maj.-Gen. of Regular Army. Sherman's army concentrating on Atlanta; Thomas' going north from Georgia. Nov. 9. Sheridan moved all his army back to Newton from Cedar Creek. Atlanta outposts attacked unsuccessfully by Iverson. Sherman issues his Marching Order for his advance through Georgia. Nov. 10. Rebels engage 2d Corps pickets all night, without success, in this and two succeeding nights. Rebel plot to seize Pacific Mail steamers at Panama discovered. Nov. ii. U. S. S. Tulip destroyed by boiler explosion off Ragged Point. 49 officers and men killed (all of crew but 10). Nov. 12. About 10,000 prisoners exchanged near Fort Pulaski. Nov. 12-16. Several unimportant skirmishes between Sheridan and Early. Lomax, rebel General, defeated near Ninevah, Va., by Powell, losing 150 and Merritt about 200 pris- oners on reconnoissance from Cedar Creek. Sherman left Kingston, Ga.. for Atlanta. Nov. 13. Battle of Bull's Gap. Gen. Gillem defeated with loss of baggage train and all his artillery. Nov. 14. Sherman's army, 60,000 strong, concentrate at Atlanta, Howard commanding right wing Slocum's left wing, Kilpatrick the cavalry. R. R. in every direction burned. Nov. 15. Slocum leaves Atlanta, marching eastward. Howard leaves marching south- west, Kilpatrick on right. Nov. 16. Sherman leaves Atlanta joining Slocum. Howard drives Gen. Iverson at Rough and Ready. Nov. 17. Slocum burned railroad depot at Social Circle. Sherman's right wing of cavalry advances on Jonesboro aricl McDonough, driving out Wheeler and Cobb. Coving- 787 1864 Continued. ton partly burned by Slocum's division. Part of Butler's picket line captured, at night, near Chester Station, Va. Nov. 18. Macon Railroad cut by Slocum at Forsyth. Georgia Legislature fled from Milledgeville. Nov. 19. Ocmulgee River bridged by Howard. Madison captured by Sherman; de- pots, etc.,, burned. Nov. 20. Gen. Gillem's retreating force arrives at Knoxville, Tenn. Howard crosses the Ocmulgee. Battle fought and the Georgia Central Railroad destroyed at Griswoldville. Sherman crossed the Oconee, arriving at Greensboro. Killpatrick enters Milledgeville. Nov. 21. Thomas' army at Pulaski. Rebels badly whipped at Liberty, La.; losing 3 guns and 200 prisoners. Sherman's cavalry resisted by Wheeler at Gordon, but drove him out and occupy town. Nov. 22. Hood's advance 20 "miles south of Pulaski, Tenn. Thomas falls back towards Franklin. Sherman reconnoiters towards Rood's Hill, where rebels are found in force. Rest of Early's army at Mt. Jackson and Newmarket. Slocum occupies Miiledgeville. Nov. 23. Battle at Griswoldville, Ga., by Howard's wing Sherman at Milledgeville, capital of Georgia. Nov. 24. Potomac, James, and Valley armies celebrate Thanksgiving with aid of thou- sands of turkeys and other delicacies from New York. Nov. 25. Thomas fallen back to Franklin. Rebel attempt to burn New York. 15 hotels, Barnum's and shipping fired. Nov. 26-29. Decatur, Ala., besieged by Beauregard who is repulsed, losing 500 men. Nov. 27. Steamer Greyhound burned on James River; Gen. Butler on board but es- caped. Nov. 28. Roser captures Fort Kelly, at New Creek, with guns and prisoners. Nov. 30. Battle of Franklin. Hood repulsed with loss of 5,000 men, guns, flags, etc., and 1,000 prisoners. Union loss, 1,500. Thomas resumes his march to Nashville where he halts and fortifies. Attorney-General Bates resigned. Roger A. Pryor captured in front of Petersburg. Battle of Grahamsville, S. C. Dec. i. Blockade of Norfolk, Fernandina and Pensacola ceased. Gen. Banks resumes command Department of the Gulf. Stoney Creek Station captured by Gen. Gregg. 2 guns, 190 prisoners, depot burned, etc. Dec. 3. Portions of Hood's army crosses the Tennessee, between Florence and De- catur, Ala. Sherman reaches Millen, Ga. Gens. Wheeler and Killpatrick's cavalry fight near Augusta. Dec. 4. Marritt's expedition in London Valley returns with 2,000 cattle and 1,000 sheep. The Valley stripped of stock and forage. Dec. 5. Blockhouses at Murfreesboro, Tenn., unsuccessfully attacked by rebels. Brig Lizzie Freeman captured b} r pirates off Warwick River. Passengers robbed, one murdered. Sherman at Oguchee church 50 miles from Savannah. Hardee retires as Sherman ad- vances. Dec. 6. Hood skirmishes 5 miles from Nashville Dec. 7. Detroit threatened by Canadian raid. Dec. 8. Rebels establish a battery on Cumberland river. Gunboats fail to dislodge it. Sherman 8 miles from Savannah. Dec. 9. Gen. Warren reaches Belifield Station, on the Meherrin River, 40 miles from Petersburg, and destroys the rebel works on the north side of the river, and the depot. 4,000 rebels, under Gen. Lyon, cross the Cumberland River, 20 miles abo^e Fort Donnelson. Reconncftssance of Gen. Miles to Hatcher's Run, on the right of the rebel forces defending Petersburg. He captures the rebel works and holds them during th^ night. A recon- noitering expedition, under Col. Frencle, leaves Plymouth, N. C. Dec. 10. Gen. Warren commences starting homeward, and in the evening reaches Sus- sex Court House. Destroyed, during the trip, over 20 miles of the Weldon Railroad, all the stations and depots along the line of march, numerous mills, barns, and dwellings. En- tire loss in the expedition about 40 killed and wounded and a few missing. Sherman reaches Bloomingdale. Gen. Miles returns to his camp. The rebels attack him. but are repulsed. The gunboat Otsego sunk by a rebel torpedo in the Roanoke River. Dec. 12. Skirmishing between the national and rebel forces before Nashville. The rebels falf back to their main line. Expedition under Gen. Burbridge starts from Bean's 788 1864 Continued. Station, East Tennessee. Fight at Kingston, East Tennessee. The rebel Col. Morgan and 85 of his men captured. Kilpatrick communicates with ship of blockading squadron below Fort McAllister, Ga., and informs the navy of Sherman's arrival before Savannah. Dec. 13. The rebels before Nashville re-occupy their advance works. Gen. Burbridge Dandelion of the navy, and at 11:50 p. in. writes to Secretary Stanton. The Dandelion took Gen. Sherman to Warsaw Sound, where he met Admiral Dahlgren. Dec. 13. The rebels before Nashville re-occupy their advance works. Gen. Burbridge routs the rebel brigade under Basil Duke at Kingsport, East Tenn. Rebel loss 150 men and the train. Gen. Hazen's division of the isth Corps captures Fort McAllister, com- manding tlie entrance of the Ogeechee River, 15 miles southwest of Savannah. Sherman's report on his great march. "Not a wagon lost on the trip." 200 miles of railroad de- stroyed. Total loss during the march about 1,000. Departure from Hampton Roads of land and naval forces under Gen. Butler and Admiral Porter. A raiding expedition under Gen. Robinson leaves New Orleans for Alabama. The St. Albans robbers released by the Canadian'Judge Coursol. Dec. 14. Order of Gen. Dix. Rebels on the Canadian frontier detected in acts of in- dendiarism, robbery or murder, are to be pursued into Canada, and if captured, sent to headquarters in New York. Gen. Thomas assumes the offensive. Capture of Bristol by Gen. Burbridge. 300 rebels captured. Dec. 15. Great victory of Gen. Thomas near Nashville. All the rebel earthworks, except those on the extreme right, taken. The rebels, on their left, driven 8 miles. Their less. 17 cannon and 1,500 prisoners. The St. Albans raiders ordered by the attorney general of Canada to be re-arrested. Raid of Gen. Stoneman in southwest Virginia. Surprise and capture of Glade Spring, 13 miles from Abingdon. Defeat of Forrest near Murfreesboro. Loss, 1,500 killed and wounded. Raiding expedition of Gen. Granger into Alabama starts from East Pensacola, Fla. Dec. 16. Another battle near Nashville. Hood completely routed. Prisoners and can- non captured on every part of the field. Hood's loss before Nashville, 13,189 prisoners, 2,207 'deserters, 30 guns, 7,000 small arms. An entire rebel division (Ed. Johnson's) cap- tured. Union loss about 6,500 ;total loss of the rebels about 23,000. Gen. Sherman's army receive their first mail from home. Dec. 17. Capture of Wythcville. The rebel army of Hood driven through and beyond Franklin; 1,500 wounded rebels captured in the hospital at Franklin. New order of Gen. Dix concerning the rebel raiders in Canada. Officers, in cas$ of marauding expeditions, to report to his headquarters. Resolutions introduced into the rebel House of Represent- atives to send peace commissioners to Washington. Gen. McCook routs the rebel raiders in Kentucky, under Gen. Lyon, at Ashbyvilie, McLean Co. Sherman demands surrender of Savannah. Dec. 18. Order of Secretary Seward, requiring persons coming into the United States to be furnished with passports, except emigrant passengers coming in by sea. Hood's army driven as far 'as Spring Hill, 30 miles from Nashville. The rebel Gen. Quarles captured. The rebel raiders in Kentucky defeated at Hopkinsville. All their cannon captured. Gen. Hardee refused to surrender Savannah. Dec. 19. A call and draft for 300,000 men. All soldiers fit for duty ordered to join their regiments. Hood driven to Duck River. 9,000 rebels captured from Dec. 15 to Dec. 19, and 61 (out of 66) pieces of artillery. Dec. 20. Dispatch from Governor General of Canada announcing the re-arrest of one of the St. Alban's raiders. Rewards offered for their apprehension. Evacuation of Savan- nah by Hardee. The navy yard burned and the rebel iron clad blown up. The salt works of Saltville, Va., captured by Gen. Stoneman. Dec. 21. Occupation of Savannah by Gen. Slocum. Captures, 800 prisoners, 150 pieces of artillery, 33,000 bales of cotton, and 3 steamers. Madison Court House, Va.. occupied by ' Gens. Torbert and Powell. Gen. Grierson starts for Memphis for a raid on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Dec. 22. Gen. Sherman entered Savannah with large portion of army. Dec. 23. Fight near Gordonsville, Va. Dec. 24. The fleet of Admiral Porter before Fort Fisher. Furious attack on the Fort. 789 18641865. Dec. 25. Attack on Fort Fisher renewed. Three brigades of Union infantry landed three and one-half miles above the fort. They are repulsed and re-embark. Dec. 26. Ensign Blume cuts loose and takes out from Galveston fiarbor the blockade- running schooner Sallie. The blockade-runner Julia, with 450 bales of cotton, captured by the gunboat Accacia. A dispatch from Hood reports his army south of the Tennessee. Dec. 28. Hood's rear guard crosses the Tennessee River at Bainbridge. s 1865. Jan. i. Explosion of the bulkhead of the Dutch Gap Canal. Loss of the U .S. sloop-of- war San Jacinto off the coast of Florida. Jan. 5. Gen. Grierson arrives at Vicksburg, having destroyed on his raid 70 miles of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, and 30 miles of the Mississippi Central, and captured 600 prisoners and 1,000 contrabands. Jan. 6. A railroad train captured by guerrillas near Lebanon Junction. Bands of guer- rillas roaming through Northwestern Kentucky, occupy Owensboro, Hawesville, Daven- port, and Henderson. Jan. 7. Attack by 1,600 Indians, on Julesburg, Colorado Territory; 19 soldiers and citi- zens killed, and much property robbed and destroyed. The Indians driven off by 100 of our soldiers. Jan. 8. Butler removed from the command of the Army of the James. Ord tempor- arily assumes the position. Francis P. Blair, Sen., departs from Washington on a second peace mission. Arrival of many transports with a large number of troops, at Beaufort, N. C. The steamer Venango captured and burned by guerrillas near Skipwith Landing, on the Mississippi. Jan. 10. Gen. Sherman begins his movement into South Carolina. Jan. ii. Meeting in New York, to furnish aid to the people of Savannah. Beverly, W. Va., captured by a detachment of Early's rebel army. About 200 Union soldiers captured. F. P. Blair, Sr., arrives in Richmond. Secretary Stanton, Quarter Master General Meigs and Adjutant General Townserid visit the army at Savannah, Ga. Jan. 13. More than fifty gunboats appear off Fort Fisher and shell the woods. Second attack upon the fort. Jan. 14. The i7th and part of isth corps of Sherman's army proceed, on transports, to Beaufort, S. C. Jan. 15. Capture of Fort Fisher. 2,500 prisoners and 72 guns taken. All the rebel earthworks, south of the fort on Federal Point, captured. Union loss, 691. The rebel works at Pocotaligo occupied by Blair. Jan. 16. F. P. Blair, Sr., returns to Washington. Forts Caswell and Campbell, N. C., evacuated by the rebels, and blown up. The rebels also blpw up the pirate steamers Talla- hassee and Chickamauga. Part of i5th Corps crosses Savannah River to march to Pocot- aligo. Jan. 17. The monitor- Patapsco sunk off Charleston by a rebel torpedo. About 60 of the officers and crew drowned. Military Convention of the Adjutant Generals of the loyal States, at Columbia. Jan. 18. Two blockade-runners captured by Admiral Porter. 200 of Forrest's cavalry defeated 10 miles from Columbus, Ky. Jan. 20. F .P. Blair leaves Washington again for Richmond. Jan. 24. Four rebel iron-clad vessels in the James River pass Fort Brady. One of them blown up and destroyed, and another disabled. General holiday in Louisiana, to celebrate the abolition -of slavery in Louisiana, Maryland, Tennessee and Missouri. Jan. 25. Meeting at Savannah to thank New York and Boston for the supplies of food and clothing. Address by the mayor. Gen. Lee issues a call for arms. Jan. 26. Debate in the rebel House of Representatives on enlisting negroes. Gunboat Dai-Ching destroyed in the Columbia River. Jan. 27. Return of F. P. Blair, Sr., from his peace commission to Richmond. Jan. 28. Rebel House of Representatives passes a bill for employment of negroes. Jan. 30. The rebel Vice-President, Alex. H. Stephens, Senator R. M. T. Hunter, and Judge Campbell, come as peace commissioners within Grant's lines. The left wing of Sherman's army, under Slocum, arrives at Sister's Ferry, on the Savannah River, 50 miles above Savannah. 790 1865 Continued. Jan. 31. Lee approved by the Senate of the Confederate Congress, as General-in-Chief o. r the armies of the Confederate States. Feb. i. The rebel commissioners, Stephens, Hunter, and Campbell, arrive at Fortress Monroe. Secretary Seward leaves Washington to meet them. Sherman's army marches promptly to concentrate at Blackville on South Carolina R. R. Feb. 2. President Lincoln arrives at Fortress Monroe to meet the rebel commissioners. Rebel dash into Midway, 'Ky. Peace conference at Fortress Monroe, between President Lincoln and Secretary Seward on the one Hand, and the rebel commisisoners on the other. The rebel commissioners return to Richmond, President Lincoln and Secretary Seward to Annapolis. Gold in Richmond at 4,400 per cent premium. Feb. 4. The Governor-General of Canada signs the Canadian Alien Bill, to prevent rebel raids across the border. Lieut. Cushing, with 4 boats and 50 men, take possession of All Saints, on Little River, S. C., capturing a large amount of cotton. P"eb. 5. The Army of the Potomac in motion. The 5th Corps advances 6 miles to Row- anty Creek. The rebels driven from their rifle-pits. Two divisions of the 2nd Corps ad- vance to Hatcher's Run. Severe engagement at both places. Repulse of the rebels. Feb. 6. Severe engagement of the 5th Corps and Gregg's cavalry with the rebels. The 5th Corps holds its ground and maintains its connection with the 2nd. Casualties in the 5th Corps, during the two days, about 500; in the second, 250. Hatcher's Run is made the line of defense for the left flank. Two blockade-running schooners in Galveston harbor, boarded, captured, and run out to the blockading fleet by Acting Ensign G. H. Franch. Feb. 7. Attack of the rebels upon a portion of the 5th Corps, and the cavalry repulsed. Union loss slight. Kilpatrick's cavalry drives the rebels from Blackville, S. C., a railroad station between Branchville and Augusta. Sherman's foragers capture the R. R. at Mid- way. Feb. 8. Occupation of Branchville, S. C. Lieut. Cushing, with 15 men, captured Shal- lotte, N. C., garrisoned by 100 rebels. Feb. II. Movement towards Wilmington. Gen. Terry a reconnoissance in force. The rebels driven from their lines and into their main works. Rebel loss about 100. Union casualties about 60. Union troops gain two miles of ground. Cavalry engagement at Aiken, S. C., between Kilpatrick and Wheeler. Kilpatrick takes possession of the town. Feb. 15. Destruction of Charlotte Iron Furnace, on Water Lick Creek, by 300 picked men of the ist and 6th Regiments of Michigan cavalry. Feb. 17. Occupation of Columbia, S. C., by Gen. Sherman. The city on fire when soldiers enter. Great destruction of cotton and buildings. Confederate officers leave let- ters to Gen. Sherman requesting protection to their families which was done. Evacuation of Charleston by the rebels. The upper part of the city fired. Two rebel iron-clads blown up. Feb. 18. Occupation of Charleston by the Union forces; 200 pieces of artillery and a large supply of ammunition captured. Feb. 19. Capture of Fort Anderson, N. C., by Schofield and Porter. Union loss, killed and wounded,' about 30. Sherman in Winnsboro, S. C. Feb. 20. Gen. Cox routs the rebels four miles from Wilmington, N. C. The rebel House of Representatives passes a bill to arm the negroes. Repulse of a rebel attack on Fort Myers, Florida. Feb. 21. Maj. Generals Crook and Kelley surrounded and captured by a party of rebel cavalry at Cumberland, Md. Evacuation of Wilmington by the rebels. Feb. 22. Occupation of Wilmington by the Union troop's. Large quantities of supplies captured. 700. prisoners and 30 guns captured in Fort Anderson and Wilmington to- gether. , Feb. 23. Occupation of Georgetown and Fort White, S. C., by the Union forces. Fif- teen pieces of artillery captured. Feb. 25. Johnson assumes command as successor to Beauregard. Feb. 27. Sheridan starts on a new movement. March i. Gen. Baily starts on a cavalry raid from Baton Rouge. March 2. Sheridan captures nearly the whole force of Early, consisting of 1,800 men, between Charlottesville and Staunton. March 3. Skirmish between Sherman's cavalry and that of Wade Hampton. The rebel Col. Aiken killed. Occupation of Charlottesville, Va., by Sheridan. 791 1865 Con tin ued. March 4. Re-inauguration of President Lincoln. U. S. transport steamer Thorn blown up by a torpedo in Cape Fear River. March 6. Expedition up the Rappahannock. Capture of 400 prisoners and 95 tons of tobacco at Fredericksburg. Extensive contraband trade broken up. March 8. Sherman at Laural Hill, N. C. The rebel Senate passes the negro enlistment Bill. Engagement between Cox and Bragg four miles from Kinston, N. C. Bragg cap- tures a large number of prisoners and three pieces of artillery, but is ultimately driven back. Fighting continues to March 10. March 9. A transport, with 2,000 Union troops, enters Mobile Bay through Grant's Pass. March 10. Gen. Sheridan at Columbia, Fluvanna Co., Va., 50 miles west of Richmond. He reports having destroyed all the locks for a considerable distance on the James River Canal, an immense number of bridges, many miles of Railroad, mills, factories, and vast quantities of merchandise; also having captured 12 canal boats, 14 pieces of artillery, and an abundance of provisions. Desperate attempt of Bragg to break the national lines at Kin- ston, N. C. The rebels lose 1,200 killed and wounded, and 400 prisoners. Two thousand rebels captured from March 8 to 10. The entire Union losses about 1,000. Gen. Lee urges the work of raising and organizing negro troops. Gen. Stoneman. with 4,000 men, starts on a cavalry raid from Knoxville. Engagement between the cavalry forces of Wade Hampton and Kilpatrick near Fayetville, N. C. Nearly all the members of Kilpatrick's staff captured. The rebels finally beaten back and most of the officers re-captured. Gen. Grant issues an order forbidding all trade with points within the rebel lines in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. March 11. Sheridan at Beaver Mills Aqueduct, 20 miles north of Richmond. Hoke's division of rebels repulsed at Kinston. Loss over 2,000. Union loss, 300. 21 Union ves- sels in sight of Mobile. Sherman arrives at Fayetteville. Reports having captured at Columbia, S. C., 43 pieces of artillery; at Cheraw, S. C., 25 pieces and 3,600 barrels of gun- powder; at Fayetteville, N. C., 20 pieces, and large quantities of ammunition. March 12. Gen. Schofield having been transferred with his Army Corps by R. R. and sea from Nashville, Tenn., to North Carolina to co-operate with Sherman, occupies Kin- ston. The rebels throw many pieces of artillery into the river and burn the ram Netise. Gen. Stoneman at Wytheville, Chriansburg, and Salem, Va. March 13. Sheridan tears up the railroad between Richmond and Hanover. Message from Jeff. Davis to the Rebel Congress. Reports having attempted the initiation of nego- tiations by a conference between Grant and Lee, but that this was declined by Grant. March 15. Fight at Brandenburg, Ky., between a small Union garrison and a party of rebels. Sheridan reporets having rendered useless the James River Canal as far as Goochland. The rebel House of Representatives passes the bill (38 to 32) suspending the habeas corpus writ. March 16. Lieut-Commander Eastman destroys 3 rebel schooners in Mattox Creek, Va. ; large stocks of tobacco, guns, ammunition captured. Fight at Averysborough, N. C. (20 miles north of Fayetteville between a portion of Sherman's army and the rebels under Hardee. Union loss, 74 killed, 477 wounded; rebel loss, 327 killed and wounded, 273 pris- oners. March 17. Gen. Canby's movement against Mobile commences. Portions of the I3th and 23rd Corps in motion. Gen. Wilson leaves Nashville with 15,000 men on a cavalry expedition into Central Alabama and Georgia. March 18. Gen. Sheridan's advance reaches White House, on the Pamunkey River. His entire loss during this raid, 50 men and 2 officers. March 19. Occupation of Goldsborough, N. C., by Sherman. Engagement at Benton- ville, N. C., between Sherman and Johnston. Repulse of the rebels. Union loss, 1,646; rebel loss, 167 dead, 1,625 prisoners. The rebel schooner, Anna Dale, in Matagorda Bay, cut loose from under two rebel batteries and burned. March 20. Gen. Steele's forces leave Pensacola, Fla. March 21. Occupation of Goldsborough, N. C., by Gen. Schofield. Junction of the armies under Sherman, Terry, and Schofield. The rebels flanked and overpowered at Mount Olive, N. C. Roddy's division of Forrest's cavalry routed by Gen. Wilson's forces at Marion and Plantersville. The' confederates abandon all their cavalry. 792 1865 Continued. March 22. A band of guerrillas routed 30 miles west of Paducah. The rebel leader, McDougal, killed. March 25. Capture of the Union Fort Stedman, and 500 men, in front of Petersburg, by three divisions of rebels under Gordon. They are driven out again by Gen. Hart- ranft, with a loss of 1.758 prisoners, and total loss of 2,500. Total Union loss about 1,500. Assault on the rebel lines by the 2nd and 6th Corps. The first line of the rebel works cap- tured and held. Engagement between the Union cavalry and the 6th and 8th Alabama cav- alry at Mitchell's Creek. The rebel Gen. Canton, with 275 men, captured. March 26. Sheridan's cavalry reaches City Point, Va. March 27. Gen. Getty's division of the 6th Corps attacked by 400 rebel sharpshooters. Repulse of the rebels. Sheridan's cavalry takes position in Gregg's old cavalry camp on the left and rear of Grant's army. Portions of the 24th and 25th Corps cross the James to join Meade's army. Boone, N. C., captured by Gen. Stoneman's cavalry force. Invest- ment of Spanish Fort, one of the principal defences of Mobile. March 28. Attack on the defences of Mobile. March 29. Grant's army in motion. Sheridan's command makes a detour to Dinwid- die Court House. Occupation of the town. Further advance on the Boydton Road. Two Corps of the infantry (2nd and 5th) thrown across Hatcher's Run, the former on the Vaughn Road, the second on the Halifax Road. Battle of Quaker Road, in the vicinity of Gravelly Run, between Bushrod Johnson's division, and the 5th Corps of the Union troops. With- drawal of th,e rebels to their original position. Loss on each side about 500. The Union iron-clad, Milwaukee, blown up by a rebel torpedo. The confederate ram, Stonewall, or- dered to leave the port of Lisbon. The U. S. war-steamer, Niagara, fired upon by the Portuguese authorities. March 30. Sheridan connects his right with Warren's left near the Boydton Plank-road. Gen. Devin's brigade drives back the rebel cavalry, but is in turn driven back by the enemy's infantry. The Union cavalry retires to Dinwiddie. March 31. Engagement of the 5th and 2nd Corps with the rebels near Boydton Plank- road. The Union army driven back from its advanced position. Union losses from 2,500 to 3,000. Confederate losses not so severe. April i. Battle of Five Forks. Sheridan put in command of all the cavalry and the 5th Corps of infantry. Desperate fighting all day and until half-past seven P. M. The Confederates lose 4,000 prisoners, 6 cannon, several thousand muskets, and 20 or 30 flags. Total loss of the enemy about 7,000. Union loss about 3,000. The rebel worxs occupied by the Union forces. The Southside Railroad occupied and destroyed. Grant closing around the works of the line immediately enveloping Petersburg. April 2. Grant advances upon Petersburg. Battle opened at half-past five A. M. by the 6th Corps in front of the Union Forts Welch and Foster. The rebel forts carried by daylight. The Southside Railroad broken by Gen. Seymour. Success of the 24th Corps. They capture 1,000 prisoners and many guns. Assault by the rebels. Gen. A. P. Hill falls. Fighting continued all day The 6th Corps captures 2,000 prisoners and 20 guns, and rests its left close to Appomattox. Skirmishers of the gth Corps advance into^he outskirts of Petersburg, but are compelled to fall back. Rebels lose about 9,000 prisoners. Evacu- ation of Richmond and Petersburg during the night. Jeff. Davis leaves for Danville at 8 P. M. Rebel agents unsuccessfully attempt to destroy Newbern. Surrender of Selma, Ala., to Gen. Wilson's forces; 2,000 prisoners and 100 guns secured. The arsenals, naval iron works, magazines, and government buildings destroyed. April 3. Occupation of Petersburg at four o'clock A. M. by Col. Ely, of Wilcox's division. Several thousand prisoners, 100 pieces of artillery , including siege guns of all' calibers, immense army supplies, etc., captured. Occupation of Richmond by Gen. Weit- zel at seven o'clock A. M. 6,000 prisoners, 5,000 stands of arms, 500 cannon captured. The rebels fire the city, nearly one-third of which is destroyed. The confederates pursued by the cavalry fully 20 miles. 350 prisoners and 4 cannon captured. April 4. Skirmishing between the retreating rebels and McKenzie's division at Beth- any. Union forces south of Amelia Court House. President Lincoln in Richmond. The steamer Harriet Deford captured by disguised rebels at Fairhaven, Md., on Patuxent River. They overhaul and capture the schooner St. Marys. Gen. Lee at Amelia Court House. Grant's forces at Burkesville Station. Sheridan at Jettersville, 7 miles southwest of Lee's position. Proclamation of Jeff. Davis. He an- 793 1865 Continued. nounces the evacuation of Richmond, and his determination never to submit to the abandon- ment of one State of the confederacy. April 6. Engagement between Grant and Lee at Deantonsville. One corps of the rebel army cut off. The rebel Gens. Ewell, Kershaw, Barton, DeBose, Custis Lee and Corse cap- tured. Several thousand prisoners and a large number of cannon taken. April 7. Gen. Grant wrote letter to Gen. Lee pointing hopelessness of further resist- ance, and asking him to surrender army of Northern Virginia. Gen. Lee replied asking conditions of surrender. Fight of the 2nd Corps with Lee at Fannville. April 8. Lee's army concentrated at Appomattox Court House. Correspondence con- tinues between Gens. Grant and Lee. Gen. Lee wished to discuss terms of peace, which Gen. Grant declined as he had no authority to treat on the subject of peace. April 9. Gen. Lee, by letter asked for an interview with Gen. Grant. Surrender of Gen. Lee. All the rebel arms, artillery and property to be turned over to an officer to be designated by Gen. Grant; the entire rebel army to be disbanded; the officers and men to give their parole not to take up arms against the United States until exchanged. Lee's army numbers about 26,115 men. Engagement at Sumpter, S. C, between guerrillas and national forces. Jeff. Davis on hearing the news of Lee's surrender, leaves Danville, Va., for Greensboro, N. C. Spanish Fort near Mobile, captured; 652 prisoners taken with many pieces of artillery. Forts Tracy and Huger abandoned by the Confederates. Fort Blakely taken by assault, and 300 prisoners, 32 pieces of artillery, 4,000 stands of small arms, 16 battle-flags, and a large quantity of ammunition taken. Rebel loss in killed and wounded, 500; total Union loss about 1,000. April 10. Evacuation of Mobile commences. The St. Albans raiders, except Young, discharged from custody in Toronto. April ii. Montgomery, Ala., surrenders to Gen. Wilson; 2,700 prisoners, 32 guns in position and 75 in arsenal, taken with the city; 35,000 bales of cotton destroyed by the Confederates before evacuating. Occupation of Lynchburg, Va. Destruction of a rebel ram on Roanoke River, above Newbern. Proclamation of the President, demanding the removal of restrictions from our war vessels in foreign ports. April 12. Mobile occupied by the Union troops. Total Union loss before Mobile, 2 heavy iron-clads, 2 so-called tin-clads, I transport, all destroyed by torpedoes; 50 seamen and 2,000 men in the army; about 1,200 Confederates captured in the city. Stoneman routs 3,000 rebels at Grant's Creek, three miles from Salisbury; occupation of Salisbury; 1,364 Conferedates, 14 pieces of artillery and a large supply of ammunition and military stores captured. April 13. Raleigh, N. C., occupied by Sherman after a slight skirmish. Johnston falls back to Hillsboro. April 14. President Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth, at Ford's Theater, at about ten o'clock at night. The assassin escapes. At the same hour, murderous attack made upon Secretary Seward by Payne, who likewise escapes. Severe injuries upon Frederick W. Seward, and Robinson and Hansell, the attendants of Secretary Seward. April 15. President Lincoln dies at 22 minutes past 7 a. m. Andrew Johnson takes the -oath of office as President. April 16. Columbus, Ga., captured by Gen. Upton; 1,200 prisoners; 53 guns and 100,000 bales of cotton destroyed. April 17. Interview between Sherman and Johnston, five miles beyond Durham's Station. April 18. Second colloquy between Sherman and Johnston. A truce agreed upon, subject to the approval of the administration. The confederates to be disbanded and to deposit their arms in the arsenals of the state capitals; the rebel state governments to be recognized on their officers and legislatures taking the oath prescribed by the Constitution of the United States. The legitimacy of conflicting state governments to be submitted to the Supreme Court; the political rights and franchises to be guaranteed to the people of the rebel states. April 20. Occupation of Macon, Ga. Gens. Howell Cobb, Gustavus W. Smith, Rob- ertson and Mercer, and McCall made prisoners; 132 guns in position, and 200 guns in arsenals, with immense amounts of ordnance and stores, captured. The War Department offers $50,000 for the arrest of Booth, and $25,000 each for the arrest of Atzerott and Harold. Capture of Atzerott. 794 1865 Continued. April 21. Proclamation of Gen. E. Kirby Smith; he asserts his ability to continue the rebellion. Sherman's truce disapproved by the President, Gen. Grant and the Cabinet. Gen. Grant ordered to go to North Carolina and conduct military affairs there. Aprif22. Reception of the remains of President Lincoln at Philadelphia. April 23. Jeff. Davis leaves Charlotte, N. C, for Georgia. April 24. Destruction of the rebel ram Webb, below New Orleans. Reception of the remains of President Lincoln in New York. April 25. Gen. Grant at Sherman's headquarters, Raleigh, N. C. ; Grant instructs Sher- man to -secure surrender of Gen. Johnson's army on same terms granted Gen. Lee. Funeral procession with the remains of President Lincoln through the streets of New York. April 26. Surrender of Gen. Johnston and his army at Raleigh, N. C., numbering about 27,500 men. Booth and Harold found in a barn near Bowling Green, Caroline county, Va. ; Booth shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett; Harold captured. April 27. Railroad track near Charleston, S. C., torn up by guerrillas. April 28. Danville, Va., occupied by Gen. Wright; 113 locomotives, 117 box cars, iron-work, machinery, etc., were captured. The War Department issues orders for the reduction of the expenses of the army by the discharge of ocean transports, by its stoppage oT purchases, etc. April 29. Armistice agreed upon between Gens. Dana and Dick Taylor. Proclamation by the President removing restrictions on international trade. April 30. The paroling of Gen. Johnston's troops commences at Greensboro. May i. Reception of the remains of President Lincoln at Chicago. Surrender of 1,100 of Morgan's old command to Gen. Hobson, at Mount Sterling, Ky. May 2. Surrender of Jeff. Thompson to Capt. Mitchell, U. S. Navy. Presidential proclamation, offering $100,000 reward for the capture of Jeff. Davis; $25,000 each for the arrest of Jacob Thompson, Clement C. Clay, George N. Saunders, Beverly Tucker, and $10,000 for the arrest of Wm. C. Cleary. May 4. Interview between Gen. Canby and Gen. Dick Taylor at Citronelle, Ala., 33 miles north of Mobile; surrender of Taylor's entire command. Burial of Abraham Lincoln in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Springfield, 111. May 5. A train on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 14 miles from Cincinnati, cap- tured by 20 guerrillas. May 9. The Confederate Commodore Farrand surrenders 12 vessels and all his com- mand to Commander Edward Simpson, fleet captain of the West Gulf Squadron, at Nanna Hubba Bluff. May 10. Jeff. Davis and the Confederate Postmaster, Gen. Reagan, captured at Irwin- ville, Ga., by Lieut. -Col. Pritchard, commanding the 4th Michigan Cavalry. Surrender of Capt. Mayberry, commanding the irregular bands of Confederates in Arkansas, at Pine Bluff. The trial of the assassination conspirators begins at Washington. May ii. A rebel camp at. Palmetto Branch, Texas, 15 miles above Brazos, captured and burned by Col. Barrett. Arrival of the rebel ram Stonewall at Havana. ( May 12. Engagement near Boco Chico, between 400 Union troops under* Col. Barrett, and 500 Confederate cavalry under Gen. Slaughter; this was the last engagement of the war; Union loss, 70 men. Surrender of the rebel forces under Gen. Wofford in Northern Georgia, at Kingston. May 19. Arrival of Jeff. Davis and his fellow-prisoners at Fortress Monroe. May 20. Surrender of the ram Stonewall to the Spanish authorities in Cuba. May 24. Capt. Rayburn, commanding all irregular bands of Confederates in Jackson, Prairie and White counties, Ark., surrenders at Duvall's Bluff. May 25. Forts Mannahasset and Griffin, and the defenses of Labone Pass, occupied by Rear-Admiral Thatcher. May 26. Surrender of Gen. E. Kirby Smith and his army of about 20,000; terms agreed upon and signed at New Orleans by Buckner, Brent and Carter. May 29. Amnesty proclamation issued by President Johnson. May 31. Brazil withdraws belligerent rights from the rebels. June i. Occupation of Brownsville, Texas. Day of Humiliation and Prayer on account of the murder of President Lincoln. June 2. Kirby Smith and Magruder formally surrender their forces at Galveston. 795 1865 Con tin tied. The British Government officially withdraws belligerent rights from the rebels. Occupation of Alexandria, La.; capture of 22 pieces of artillery. June 3. The rebel iron-clad Missouri, in Red River, surrenders to Commander W. E. Fitzhugh. June 5. Occupation of Galveston. June 7. The Attorney-General issues an order requiring all persons applying for pardon under the Amnesty Proclamation to take the oath of allegiance as a prececdent condition to the consideration of their petitions. June 13. Proclamation opening all ports east of the Mississippi on the 1st of July. June 17. Alexander H. Stephens and Robert W. Lee apply for pardon. June 23. Proclamation of the President rescinding blockade as to all ports of the United Sfates. June 24. Proclamation removing commercial restrictions west of the Mississippi, excepting arms, ammunition, etc. June 29. Closing of the trial of the assassins in Washington. July 7. Execution' of the conspirators Harold, Payne, Atzerott and Mrs. Surratt. Aug. i. The President orders the 2d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, Qth, loth, i4th, isth, I7th, 2Oth, 23d and 24th Army Corps to be discontinued as organizations. Aug. 21. Commencement of the trial of Capt. Wirz, the Andersonville jailor. Sept. i. Removal of all restrictions on Southern ports. Oct. 12. Proclamation of the President, ending martial law in Kentucky. Nov. 6. The rebel ram Shenandoah arrives in the Mersey and surrenders to an English man-of-war; she is handed over to the American Consul. Nov. 10. Execution of Capt. Wirz. 796 OF IMPORTANT EVENTS, HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL, CONNECTED WITH THE TERRITORY AND STATE OF ILLINOIS. 1673. Companions of Joliet give the name of Mount Joliet to the site 01 the present city of Joliet. 1675. Marquette traversed the entire course of the Illinois river. 1674. Missionary station at Chicago founded by Marquette. 1675. Chicago was a designation applied indifferently by explorers to rivers, posts, routes and country adjacent to the southern portion of Lake Michigan; the name de- rived from "Chicagou," the name of a chief of a tribe of Illinois Indians. 1675. April 8. Kaskaskia mission founded by Marquette at site near present city of Peoria. 1680. Fort Creve Coeur built by LaSalle near present site of Peoria. 1686. Rev. Claude Allouez, a companion of LaSalle, the first white man to make the Indian village of Kaskaskia his permanent residence. 1686. Reynolds dates the settlement of Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria from this year. 1687. Death of LaSalle; assassinated by his mutinous followers. 1699. French mission established at Cahokia, probably the oldest permanent settlement in Illinois. 1711. Missionary station established by the French on Ohio river where Fort Massac was afterward erected. 1717. The Illinois country, by decree of the Royal council, was made a part of the Louisiana territory. 1720. Fort Chartres, six miles above Prairie du Rocher, built by French to defend them- selves against Spaniards. Rebuilt in 1756. 1721. Monastery and college erected at Kaskaskia by Jesuit missionaries. 1722. African slaves first introduced into Illinois country by Renault. 1758. Fort Massac erected by French on Ohio river in what is now Massac county. 1763. Illinois country ceded to English by French. 1765. Captain Sterling, of the British army, arrived at Fort Chartres and took formal possession of the Illinois country for Great Britain under treaty of 1763. 1765. Pontiac, the great Indian warrior, was assassinated at Cahokia by a Peoria Indian in the employ of the British authorities. 1772. Fort Chartres greatly damaged by overflow of the Mississippi and abandoned. 1772. Kaskaskia became capital of Illinois country. 1778. Colonel George Rogers Clark, with 150 men, acting under authority, of Virginia, descended the Ohio river to near Fort Massac and several days later seized town of Kaskaskia. 1778. First house built in La Villa de Maillet, afterward known as Fort Clark, and now the city of Peoria. 1778. Dec. 12. By an act of the Virginia legislature the "County of Illinois" was estab- lished. A regiment of infantry and troop of cavalry voted for its protection and Col. George Rogers Clark placed in command. 1783. First American school in Illinois taught by John Seely in what is now Monroe county. 1783. Sept. 3. Cession by Great Britain included Illinois country. 1784. March I. Cession by Virginia to general government included part of Illinois country south of 4ist parallel. 1785. April 19. Cession by Massachusetts to general government included part of Illinois country between 42 degrees 2 minutes and 43 degrees 30 minutes. 1786. Sept. 14. Cession by Connecticut to general government included part of Illinois country between 41 degrees and 42 degrees 2 minutes. 797 1787. July 13. Formation of Territory Northwest of Ohio river which included Illinois country. 1790. Name of Illinois county changed to St. Clair. 1790. First lawyer in Illinois country, John Rice Jones, at Kaskaskia. 1792. Building of first brick house west of Pittsburg at Kaskaskia, where it still stands. 1795. Randolph county created, thus dividing the former county of Illinois into two coun- ties, St. Clair and Randolph. 1800. May 7. Formation of Indiana Territory, which included Illinois country. 1804. Treaty made at St. Louis by General Harrison with the chiefs of the Sac and Fox nations of Indians. 1804. July 4. Erection of Fort Dearborn (Chicago) by the U. S. government. 1806. June 3. Organization of the first lodge in the Illinois country, A. F. & A. M., at Kaskaskia. 1809. Feb. 3. Illinois territory formed by act of Congress. 1809. March 7. Nathaniel Pope commissioned first secretary of state of Illinois country. 1809. April 24. Ninian Edwards commissioned first governor of Illinois territory. 1809. April 28. By proclamation the territory of Illinois was divided into the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph, as they existed under the government of Indiana territory. 1809. June 13. The governor and judges, the law making power of the territory, set for first time at Kaskaskia. 1811. First steamboat to navigate the Ohio river, the "New Orleans," launched at Pitts- burg, Pa. 1811. First school house in territory erected at Shiloh, St. Clair county. 1811. Dec. ii. Earthquake visited southern Illinois probably the severest ever experi- enced in the State. 1812. Aug. 15. Garrison at Fort Dearborn under Captain Hcald evacuated and laid down arms to be massacred by Indians. 1812. Sept. 14. Establishment by proclamation of three additional counties, Madison, Gallatin, and Johnson. 1812. Oct. 9, 10 and 12. First election for members of territorial legislature consisting of legislative council and house of representatives. 1812. Nov. 25. First session of territorial legislature at Kaskaskia. 1812. Dec. 3. First delegate to Congress from Illinois territory, Shadrach Bond, took his seat. 1813. Fort Clark (now Peoria) named in honor of General George Rogers Clark. 1814. First printing in Illinois done by Matthew Duncan of the "Herald," at Kaskaskia. 1814. "Illinois Sun" published at Kaskaskia. 1816. H. H. Maxwell commissioned first auditor of public accounts for Illinois territory. 1816. Act establishing first bank at Shawneetown. 1817. Aug. 2. First steamboat, "General Pike," ascended the Mississippi river above Cairo. 1818. Death of General George Rogers Clark, who wrested the Illinois country from the British in 1778. -April 18. Act of Congress enabling the Illinois territory to become a state. -Aug. 26. Adoption of first State Constitution, in convention, it never being sub- mitted to a vote of the people for ratification. 1818. Sept. 17. First election for State officers. 1818. Oct. 5. First General Assembly of the State of Illinois convened at Kaskaskia. The representation, as provided by the Constitution, was Senate 14, House 29. 1818. Oct. 6. Shadrach Bond inaugurated first governor, Pierre Menard first lieutenant governor, and Elias Kent Kane qualified as secretary of state. 1818. Dec. . Daniel Pope Cook, first representative to Congress from the State. Until the year 1832 the State constituted one congressional district. 1818. Dec. 3. Illinois formally admitted as a State, by resolution of Congress, with her present area from .the Illinois territory. 1819. March 5. Daniel Pope Cook commissioned first attorney general of State but immediately resigned. William Mears qualified Dec. 14. 1819. April 6. Elijah C. Berry commissioned first auditor of public accounts, and John Thomas first State treasurer. 798 1820. Seat of Government changed to Vandalia by an act of the General Assembly. 1820. First and only duel in Illinois fought in Belleville between Alphonso Stewart and William Bennett, in which Stewart was killed. Bennett was tried for Stewart's murder, convicted and hanged. 1821. Removal of State capital to Vamdalia. 1822. Grand Lodge A. F. & A. M. first organized at Vandalia with Shadrach Bond first Grand Master. 1823. Dec. 9. First State house destroyed by fire at Vandalia. 1824. New brick State house erected at a cost of $12,381.50. 1824. Nov. 15. Special session of legislature convened, adjourning January 18, 1825, hav- ing passed laws relating to presidential electors and canvassed election returns. 1824. Aug. 2. Verdict of the people in the struggle to make Illinois a slave State. Call for convention to amend constitution defeated by vote of 6,640 to 4,972. 1825. General Lafayette visits Illinois. Legislature defrays expenses amounting to $6,473, or one-third of the tax receipts for that year. 1825. First school law enacted. It embodied many of the provisions of the common school law of the present day. .1826. Jan. 12. Apportionment made giving Senate 18 and House 36 members. 1826. First steamboat began to ply upon the Illinois river. 1826. Memorial to Congress asking for a donation of lands in aid of the construction of the Illinois and Michigan canal. 1827. Winnebago Indian war near Galena. 1827. Building of first State institution, penitentiary at Alton, a stone structure of twenty- four cells. 1827. Founding of the first theological seminary and high school at Rock Springs which was removed to Upper Alton and reorganized into what is now known as Shurt- leff College. 1827. Oct. 16. Death of Daniel P. Cook, the first representative in Congress from the State, 1818-1827. 1829. Chicago first laid out as a town. 1830-31. The "winter of the deep snow." 1831. Feb. 7. Apportionment made giving Senate 26 and House 55 members. 1831. Feb. 13. Act approved dividing State into three congressional districts. First election under this act held first Monday in August, 1832. 1831. Band of outlaws in Pope and Massac counties fortified themselves and defied local and State authorities. Militia called out to restore order. 1831. Treaty of peace formed with Black Hawk by General Gaines at Fort Armstrong, now Rock Island. 1832. April 12. Death of Shadrach Bond, first governor of Illinois. 1832. May 14. Battle of Sycamore creek. Black Hawk defeating Major Stillman. 1832. May 20. Massacre at Indian creek by Indians. 1832. June 15. Battle of East Pichetonka creek. Black Hawk defeats Captain Stevenson. 1832. June 16. Battle of Kellog's Grove. Captain Snyder defeating Indians. 1832. June 18. Battle near Galena. General Dodge defeating Indians. 1832. June 24. Battle of Buffalo Grove. Indians defeated. 1832. August 2. Battle of Bad Axe. General Atkinson defeated Black Hawk, termin- ating Black Hawk war. 1833. July 20. Death of Ninian Edwards, first Territorial governor and third governor of the State. 1834. The first public school in the State taught by Granville Temple Sproat at Chicago. 1834. Dec. i. Abraham Lincoln takes his seat as a member of the General Assembly for the first time. 1835. Founding of Monticello Seminary at Godfrey, Madison county, oldest institution in the State for the higher education of females. 1835. Dec. 7. Special session of legislature met; enacted laws relating to canal loans and State banks, and made a new congressional apportionment; adjourned January 18, 1836. 1835. Dec. 12. Death of Elisha Kent Kane, United States Senator 1825-1831. 1835-36. Ebenezer Peck, at Vandalia, advocates political conventions and the system won its. way slowly from this time. 799 1836. Jan. 14. Apportionment ratio for Senator fixed at 7.000 and for Representative, 3.000, giving Senate 40 and House 91 members. 1836. Summer. Second State House torn down and new one erected at Vandalia, cost $16,000, which is now occupied as a court house for Fayette county. 1837. Feb. 28. Bill passed making Springfield the seat of State government. The bill was under the charge of "the long nine" headed by Abraham Lincoln. 1837. July 4. Corner stone of the fourth State House (present court house of Sangamon county) laid at Springfield with imposing ceremonies. Cost $240,000. 1837. July 10-22. Extra session enacted laws relating to financial affairs of the State. 1837. Oct. 27. An abolition society secretly formed at Upper Alton, believed to be the first in Illinois. 1837. Nov. 7. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, editor Alton Observer, murdered by pro-slavery mob at Alton. 1837. Dec. 4. First Democratic State convention held at Vandalia, nominating candidates for State officers. 1838. Grand Lodge I. O. O. F. first organized in Illinois. Reorganized 1842. 1838. Nov. 8. The first steam locomotive to run in Illinois, the "Rogers," on the North- ern Cross Railroad, the road out of which the Wabash system grew. - Completion of the first line of railroad in Illinois, the Northern Cross, from Jack- sonville to Meredosia, which was built by the State. - Earliest reports on geological investigations in Illinois published in American Jour- nal of Science and Arts, Volume XXXIV. 1839. Mormon society numbering 15,000 come in a body from Missouri, founding the city of Nauvoo, Hancock county. J ^39- Feb. 23. Act creating the asylum for the education of deaf and dumb at Jackson- ville. Completed in 1846; rebuilt in 1871. J839- July 4. Capital removed to Springfield from Vandalia. J 839- Oct. 7. First Whig State convention held at Springfield. 1 &39- Dec. 9. Eleventh General Assembly convened at Springfield in special session the first session of the legislature held at the present seat of government. 1840. Numerous and powerful bands associated together for purpose of horse stealing and counterfeiting in counties of Ogle, Winnebago, Lee and DeKalb. 1840. Nov. 23-March i. Special session acting upon questions relating to financial affairs of State. 1841. Feb. 26. Ratio for Senator fixed at 12,000 and for Representative 4,000, giving Senate 41 and House 121 members. 184.2. Aug. I. Proposition for a constitutional convention defeated by the narrow majority of 1,039. 1843. March i. Act approved dividing State into seven congressional districts. First election under this act first Monday in August, 1843. 1844. Jan. 15. Death of Joseph Duncan, sixth governor of the State. 1844. June 14. Death of Pierre Menard, first lieutenant governor of the State. 1844. June 27. Joseph Smith and his brother Hiram, leaders of the Mormons in their up- risings against the laws of the State, killed by mob while in jail at Carthage awaiting trial. 1845. Feb. 26. Secretary of State made ex-ofticio superintendent of schools. 1845. May 20. Apollo Commandery No. i. first Knights Templar organization in Illi- nois or any adjoining state, formed at Chicago. 1846. February. Emigration of Mormons to Utah. 1846. March 26. Death ol William L. D. Ewing, fifth Governor and United States Sen- ator, 1835-37. 184.6. April 19. Election of delegates to second constitutional convention. 1846. July 17-22. Illinois troops leave Alton for Mexico. 1847. Feb. 25. Ratio of apportionment made 19,000 for senator and 6,500 for representa- tive, giving Senate 34 and House 100 members. Before election under this law the Constitution of 1848 was adopted and apportionment made thereby took effect. 1847. June 7. Second constitutional convention convened at Springfield. 1848. The constitution of this year apportioned the State into 25 senatorial and 54 repre- sentative districts, giving Senate 25 and House 75 members. 1848. Northern boundary line established by Congress. 800 1848. March 6. Ratification by the people of the second constitution. 1848. April 10. The first boat, "General Fry," passed from Lockport to Chicago through the Illinois and Michigan Canal. :. . 1848. April 23. The first boat, "General Thornton," passed through the entire length of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. 1849. Jan. 13. Establishment of Institution for Blind at Jacksonville. Building com- pleted in 1854. 1849. March i. Establishment of Central Illinois Insane Asylum at Jacksonville. Com- pleted Nov. 3, 1851. 1849. Oct. 22-Nov. 7. Special session electing a United States Senator and revising laws in the matters of revenue and vacancies in office. 1850. Jan. 23. Death of Nathaniel Pope, territorial secretary and delegate to Congress. 1850. Nov. 3. Death of Thomas Ford, eighth Governor and author -of a history of Illi- nois. 1851. Feb. i. Completion of Bloody Island dike. Built within jurisdiction of Illinois by city of St. Louis. 1851. Feb. 10. Charter issued to Illinois Central Railroad Company. 1851. Feb. 17. Joseph G. Norwood appointed first State Geologist and first geological survey of State provided for. 1852. Feb. 14. Death of Thomas Carlin, seventh governor of the State. 1852. June 7-23. Special session of legislature enacted laws touching matters relating to swamp, seminary, and canal lands and Bank of Illinois. 1852. Aug. 22. Act approved dividing State into nine congressional districts. First elec- tion under this act held in November, 1852. 1853. Jan. i. State debt reached highest point, amounting to $16,724,177. 1853. Feb. 8. Act incorporating Illinois State Agricultural Society. 1853. Feb. 12. Act providing for erection of executive mansion. 1853- Oct. 1-4. First State Fair held at Springfield. 1854. Feb. 2-March 4. Special session created office of Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, and enacted laws relating to State roads, railroads, and township organi- zation. 1854. Feb. 27. Act apportioned representation in General Assembly at 25 Senators and 75 Representatives, dividing State into 25 senatorial and 58 representative dis- tricts. 1854. March 24. Ninian W. Edwards commissioned first Superintendent of Public In- struction. i855- Abraham Lincoln elected a member of the House of Representatives, but declined to receive credentials. 1856. Chicago Historical Society organized. Incorporated in 1857. 1856. May 29. State convention held in Bloomington; the origin of the Republican party in Illinois. 1856. Sept. 27. Completion of Illinois Central Railroad from Cairo to East Dubuque. 1857. Building of Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet; completed in 1867, at a cost 9i $1,075,000. 1857. Feb. ii. Organization of Illinois State Horticultural Society. 1857. Feb. 18. Establishment of State Normal University at Normal. 1857. Feb. 18. Act creating the State Board of Education. 1858. Spring. First Republican convention held at Cairo to appoint delegates to State convention at Springfield which nominated Abraham Lincoln for United States Senator in opposition to Douglas. 1858. July 24. Lincoln challenged Douglas to a joint discussion; he accepted and the de- bates opened at Ottawa on the 21 st of August and closed at Alton on the 15th of October. 1860. March 15. William H. Bissell, twelfth governor, died in office. 1860. May 16. Republican National Convention held at Chicago nominated Abraham Lin- coln and Hannibal Hamlin. 1860. Nov. 6. Abraham Lincoln elected President of the United States. His plurality in Illinois was 11,966. 1861. Great Embezzlement Report. Funding of canal scrip and new issue of bonds to amount of $224,182. 801 1861. Jan. 31. Act fixed representation in General Assembly at 25 Senators and 85 Repre- sentatives, and divided State into 25 senatorial districts and 61 representative dis- tricts. 1861. Feb. ii. Lincoln leaves Springfield for Washington. 1861. April 15. Governor Yates, in response to President's proclamation, calls for volun* teers. 1861. April 23-May 3. Special session created war fund in aid of the Union and revised laws concerning State Militia. 1861. April 24. Approval of act dividing State into thirteen congressional districts. The State was entitled to fourteen members and error was corrected by electing one member-at-large. First election in November, 1862. 1861. April and May. The six regiments apportioned to Illinois under first call for volun- teers sent to Cairo. 1861. June 3. Death of Stephen A. Douglas, United States Senator, 1847-61. 1861. Oct. 21. Death of E. D. Baker, member of Congress, 1846-49. Killed in battle at Ball's Bluff, Virginia. 1861. Nov. ii. Allen C. Fuller, first commissioned Adjutant General. 1862. Jan. 7.- Third constitutional convention met at Springfield, drafting a constitution which was rejected by the people. 1863. Congress established at Rock Island the chief arsenal of the Mississippi valley 1863. June 10. Governor Yates prorogued the General Assembly, the first and only time the Governor of the state has exercised this prerogative conferred upon him by the constitution. 1863. June 17. Mass convention of 40,000 at Springfield in pursuance of a call issued by Democratic State Central Committee for a meeting of those opposed to the national administration. 1863. Sept. 3. Union mass meeting held at Springfield, a demonstration full of encour- agement to the soldiers and the cause of the Union. 1864. Aug. 29. Democratic National Convention at Chicago nominated Geo. B. McClellan and Geo. H. Pendleton. 1864. Sept. 4. Death of Augustus C. French, seventh Governor of the State. 1865. Opening of the Union Stock Yards in Chicago, the largest in the world. 1865. April 14. Abraham Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater, Washington, D. C. 1865. Feb. i. Illinois the first State to act in ratifying the XIII. Amendment to the Con- stitution of the United States abolishing slavery. 1865. May 8. Death of John Reynolds, fourth Governor of the State. 1865. The first steel rails made in America were rolled at the North Chicago Rolling Mills by the Illinois Steel Company. 1865. Adjutant General's office became an organized department of the State government. 1865. Establishment of Asylum for Feeble Minded Children at Jacksonville; removed to Lincoln in 1875. 1865. Establishment of Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Normal. Completed in 1869. 1867. Pullman's Palace Car Company incorporated. 1867. Establishment of Illinois State Reformatory at Pontiac; opened in 1871. 1867. March 8. Act establishing State Board of Equalization. 1867. March 9. Act creating the office of State Entomologist. 1867. Feb. 25. Act passed providing for the erection of the fifth or present State House. 1867. Feb. 28. Establishment of Illinois Industrial University at Urbana; name changed to University of Illinois in 1885. 1867. May 20. Republican National Convention met at Chicago, nominating U. S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax. 1867. June ii. D. B. Walsh commissioned first State Entomologist. 1867. June 11-13. Special session provided for taxing banks and banking associations. 1867. June 14-28. Special session providing for management of State Penitentiary and enacted laws in the matte? of larceny. 1868. June ii. First stone of fifth State House placed in position. Cornerstone laid October 5th, Hon. J. D. Caton delivering address. 1868. July 7. Death of Edward Coles, second Governor of the State. 1868. Aug. 16. Death of Lyman Trumbull, U. S. Senator 1855-73. 802 !868. Nov. 3. Vote on proposition to call convention to form new constitution carried by a majority of 86,439. i,S68. Nov. 6. Death of Walter Loomis Newberry, founder of the Newberry Library at Chicago. 1869. First lodge of Knights of Pythias organized in Illinois. 1869. Feb. 8. Act creating Board of Lincoln Park Commissioners. 1869. Feb. 27. Act creating Board of West Park Commissioners. 1869. March 9. Act creating Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale. 1869. April 9. Establishment of State Board of Charities. 1869. April 10. Establishment of Southern Illinois Hospital for Insane at Anna; com- pleted in 1875. 1869. April 10. Establishment of Northern Illinois Hospital for Insane at Elgin; com- pleted in 1872. 1869. Dec. 13. Fourth Constitutional Convention met at Springfield. 1870. May 13. Third State Constitution adopted in convention. Ratified by people July 2d and in force August 8th. Under the Constitution for this year the repre- sentation for 1871 consisted of 50 Senators and 177 Representatives, and the State was divided into 25 Senatorial and 97 Representative districts. The minority representation section having been adopted, the Constitution provided that the State should be apportioned every ten years, beginning with 1871, into 51 Sena- torial districts, each district being entitled to one Senator and three Representa- tives. 1871. The Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary, founded as a private charity in 1858, adopted as a State institution. It was burned in the fire of 1871, and a new building erected in 1873-4. 1871. April 13. Act creating Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners. 1871. Oct. 9-10. Chicago, with a population of 334,270, laid in ashes; three and one-half square miles laid waste, 17,450 buildings destroyed, 200 persons killed and 98,500 made homeless. Rebuilt on a grander scale within a year. 1872. March i. Act approved dividing State into 51 Senatorial districts, each district being entitled to one Senator and three Representatives, as provided by the State Constitution. 1872. March 22. Act passed declaring no person should be debarred from any occupation, profession or employment on account of sex. 1872. July i. Act dividing the State into nineteen Congressional districts. First election held in November, 1872. 1872. Sept. 25. Death of Peter Cartwright, a pioneer Methodist preacher of Illinois. 1873. Passage of act allowing women to hold any office under school law. 1873. Jan. 31. Death of Joel A. Matteson, nth Governor of the State. 1873. Nov. 27. Death of Richard Yates, i4th Governor and U. S. Senator 1865-71. 1874. March 27. Act creating State Board of Canal Commissioners. 1874. July 14. Second great fire in Chicago; loss, $4,000,000. 1874. Oct. 15. Dedication of Lincoln monument in Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield. 1875. Act passed rendering women eligible to office of notary public. 1875. October. Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children removed to Lincoln. 1876. Jan. i. State officers vacate old State House and move into new building, which was completed in 1886 at a cost of $4,260,000. 1877. Jan. 25. End of Logan-Palmer contest for United States Senator David Davis being duly elected Senator on the 4Oth ballot. 1877. May 25. Act creating State Board of Health. 1877. May 25. Act authorizing appointment of State agents to enforce the law in relation to cruelty to animals. 1877. May 25. Act creating the Eastern Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee; completed December, 1879. 1877. May 29. Act creating State Court of Claims. 1877. June 22. Act creating appellate courts. 1877. July 25. Beginning of great railroad strike at Chicago. 1878. March 31. Completion of Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester at a cost of $594,424. 1878. June 21. Communist riot at Chicago. Police kill seven and wound nine. 803 1878. June 28. Death of Sidney Breese, judge of Supreme Court and U. S. Senator 1843-49, to whom is given the credit for projecting the Illinois Central Railroad. 1878. Nov. 29. Adoption of amendment to State Constitution concerning drainage dis- tricts, article IV., section 31. 1879. Act creating State Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1879. Act creating State Board of Fish Commissioners. 1879. June i. Death of James Shields, U. S. Senator from Illinois 1849-55, and afterwards U. S. Senator from the states of Minnesota and Missouri. 1880. Founding of Pullman, 12 miles south of Chicago, an ideal industrial city, unap- proached by any city of its size in America. 1880. June. Greenback National Convention met at Chicago, nominating James B. Weaver and P. J. Chambers. 1880. June 2. Republican National Convention met at Chicago, nominating James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur. 1880. June 4. Death of John Wood, I3th Governor of the State. 1880. Nov. 22. Amendment to section 8, article X. of the State Constitution. 1881. Aurora, Kane county, first city in the world to light itg streets with electricity. 1881. Jan. 7. Last dollar of State debt paid. 1881. May 30. Act creating State Board of Pharmacy. 1881. May 30. Act creating State Board of Dental Examiners. -1 88 1. Aug. 10. Death of O. H. Browning, U. S. Senator 1861-63. 1882. March 23-May 6. Special session made Congressional and Senatorial apportion- ments and provided for the transfer of Illinois and Michigan Canal to the United States, which was not accepted. 1882. April 29. Act approved apportioning State into 20 Congressional districts. First election held under this act in November, 1882. 1882. May 6. Act approved dividing State into 51 Senatorial districts, as provided by the Constitution. 1883. Diamond Coal Mine accident at Braidwood, Will county; 74 lives lost. 1883. March 5. Incorporation of Illinois Dairymen's Association. 1883. June 18. Act creating State Mining Board. 1883. June 18. Act creating State Inspectors of Mines. 1884. June 3. Republican National Convention at Chicago nominated James G. Blaine and John A. Logan. 1884. July 10. Democratic National Convention at Chicago nominated Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks. 1884. Nov. 28. Amendment to State Constitution concerning veto power of governor, Section 16 of Article V. 1885. Feb. ii. Beginning of Logan-Morrison contest for United States Senator, which ended in the election of John A. Logan on May i8th. 1885. June 19. Illinois Industrial University name changed to University of Illinois by an act of the Legislature. 1885. June 26. Act establishing the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy; opened in 1887. 1885. June 27. Act creating office of State Veterinarian. 1885. June 27. Act authorizing appointment of Game Wardens. 1885. July 23. Death of General U. S. Grant. 1885. Sept. 12. Death of Emory A. Storrs, eminent jurist and orator of Illinois. 1886. Jan. 18. Burning of insane asylum and 17 patients, at Kankakee. 1886. March i. Labor troubles at McCormick Reaper Company's works. 1886. March 12. Daring express robbery between Joliet and Morris on Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railroad. Messenger killed and $25,000 taken. 1886. April. Railroad strike at East St. Louis. 1886. May 4. Haymarket riot at Chicago. Policemen to the number of 180 attacked by anarchists and lost seven killed and 60 wounded. 1886. June 20. Death of David Davis, Judge Supreme Court of the United States, United States Senator 1877-83. 1886. Nov. 7. Strike of meat packers in Chicago. Two regiments called out. Troops withdrawn on the I5th. 1886. Nov. 20. Amendment to State Constitution providing the labor of convicts shall not be let out on contract. 804 i886. Dec. 26. Death of John A. Logan, United States Senator, 1871-77 and 1879-86. 1887. Act creating State Board of Live Stock Commissioners. 1887. Erection of Auditorium building at Chicago, the largest and most sumptuous theater building in the world. 1887. May 23. Act creating Industrial Home for Blind at Chicago. 1887. Oct. 22. Death of Elihu B. Washburn; elected to Congress for nine consecutive terms; minister to France during period of the Franco-Prussian war. 1888. Government began construction of Fort Sheridan, north of Chicago. 1888. Libby Prison taken down and carried to Chicago. 1888. Feb. 19. Cyclone at Mt. Vernon; 30 killed. 1888. April 30. Appointment of Melville W. Fuller to office of Chief Justice of United States Supreme Court. 1888. June 20. Republican National Convention at Chicago nominated Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton. 1888. Nov. 4. Burning of Monticello Seminary at Godfrey; since rebuilt. 1889. Establishment of Asylum for Insane Criminals at Chester. 1889. Creation of Chicago Sanitary District. 1889. May 25. Act creating State Historical Library. -May 27. Miners' strike at Braidwood necessitates military interference. -Oct. 21. Strike of coal miners at LaSalle ends with concession to miners. -Nov. 21. Darkest day ever known at Chicago; lights used at noon. -Jan. 27. Death of William Bross, Lieutenant-Governor 1865-69, and eminent jour- nalist. 1890. Feb. 24. Chicago chosen by National House of Representatives for World's Colum- bian Exposition in 1893. 1890. April 7. Seven thousand Chicago carpenters strike for an eight-hour day. 1890. April 25. Bill providing for World's Columbian Exposition signed by President Harrison. 1890. July 23-Aug. i. Special session legislated for and proposed constitutional amendment in aid of World's Columbian Exposition. 1890. Nov. 20. Amendment to State Constitution providing for the World's Columbian Exposition. 1891. Legislative committee investigates Live Stock Exchanges. 1891. Jan. 20. Beginning of Palmer-Oglesby contest for United States Senator, which ended March nth by the election of John M. Palmer on the iS4th ballot. 1891. June 3. Monument to General Grant unveiled at Galena. 1891. June ii. Adoption of anti-trust laws. 1891. June 12. Proposed amendment to State Constitution in regard to amendments to the Constitution, Section 2, Article XIV.; submitted to people at November election in 1892 and failed of adoption. 1891. June 17. Act making first Monday in September, "Labor Day," and i2th of Feb- ruary, "Lincoln's Birthday," in each year legal holidays. 1891. June 17. Five per cent made the legal rate of interest, and over seven per cenl, usury. 1891. June 17. Passage of act prohibiting employment of children under thirteen years of age. 1891. June 17. Act designating reform school at Pontiac the Illinois State Reformatory. 1891. June 19. Act granting women 21 years of age and over right to vote at all school elections. 1891. June 22. Adoption of Australian ballot system. 1891. June 23. Act providing a bounty for killing English sparrows in months of Decem- ber, January and February of each year. 1892. Sept. 18. Telephone communication opened between New York City and Chicago. 1892. Oct. 21. Dedication of World's Fair buildings at Chicago. 1893. Commission appointed for the promotion of uniform legislation in the United States. !893. Commission appointed to revise statutes. I 93- Investigation of Whiskey Trust by State Legislature. J 893- May i. World's Fair formally opened by President Cleveland at Chicago. I 893- June 8. Proposed amendment to State Constitution regarding labor; submitted to people at election in 1894 and failed of adoption. 805 i8g3- June 9. Act approved dividing State into 22 Congressional districts. First election thereunder held November, 1894. 1893. June 15. Under act of this date State was re-apportioned into 51 Senatorial districts, as provided by the Constitution. 1893. June 17. Act creating State Board of Factory Inspectors. 1893. June 17. Sunday closing of World's Fair decided against by Chief Justice Fuller. 1893. June 19. Adoption of compulsory education law. 1893. June 20. Act establishing State Insurance Department. 1893. June 21. Act establishing Naval Militia. 1893. June 22. Unveiling of Fort Dearborn Memorial at Chicago. 1893. June 22. Establishment of State Home for Juvenile Female Offenders at Geneva. 1893. June 26. Anarchists Fielden, Neebe and Schwab pardoned by Governor Altgeld. 1893. July 10. Cold storage building at World's Fair destroyed by fire; n firemen and 9 others lost their lives. 1893. Sept. ii. Parliament of religions opened at World's Fair. J 893. Oct. 27. Assassination of Mayor Carter Harrison of Chicago. I $93- Oct. 30. World's Columbian Exposition officially closed. 1894. Jan. 8. World's Fair buildings burn with a loss of $1,000,000. 1894. April 12. Lockout of building trades in Chicago; 10,000 men thrown out of employ- ment. 1894. May ii. Pullman Palace Car Company employes strike at Pullman; 2,000 men quit work. 1894. June 28. Boycott declared by labor organizations on all principal railroads. 1894. July 3. Federal troops ordered to Chicago to enforce laws of United States. 1894. July 5. President Cleveland declines to remove federal troops as demanded by Governor Altgeld. 1894. July 8. President Cleveland declares martial law at Chicago. 1894. July ii. President Debs, of A. R. U., indicted by federal grand jury on charge of interfering with United States mail. 1894. July 19. President Debs, of A. R. U., officially declared the strike off. 1895. Jan. 4. Fire destroys State Insane Hospital at Anna; loss, $300,000. 1895. March 20. Act regulating civil service of cities. 1895. March 28. Riot in State Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, at Geneva. 1895. May 18. Conveyance of Lincoln Monument and appurtenances by Lincoln Monu- ment Association accepted by State of Illinois. 1895. May 22. Act creating Eastern Illinois Normal School, at Charleston. 1895. May 22. Act creating Northern Illinois Normal School, at DeKalb. 1895. May 22. Establishment of Western Illinois Hospital for Insane, at Watertown. 1895. June 13. Act creating Soldiers' Widows' Home, at Wilmington. 1895. June 13. Passage of act concerning land titles, known as "Torrens Land Act.'' Held to be unconstitutional by Supreme Court in 1896. 1895. June 14. Proposed amendment to State Constitution concerning amendments thereto, Section 2, Article XIV., submitted to people at election in November. 1896, and failed of adoption. 1895. June 15. Adoption of prison parole system. 1895. June 15. Act providing for taxing gifts, legacies and inheritances. 1895. June 17. Legislature appropriated $25,000 for a monument at Alton to the memory of Elijah P. Lovejoy. l %95- June 21. Act creating Asylum for Incurable Insane, at Bartonville. 1895. June 24. Act creating Illinois farmers' institutes. 1895. June 25-Aug. 2. Special session provided for additional revenue and created State Board of Arbitration. i&95- June 26. Act requiring United States national flags to be placed on all public buildings. l &95- July 16. W. H. (Coin) Harvey and R. G. Hoar began debate on currency question, at Chicago. 1895. Aug. 2. Act creating State Board of Arbitration. 1895. Oct. 31. First earthquake on record in Chicago. 1896. April 9. Death of Gustav Koerner, supreme judge 1845-48, Lieutenant-Governor 1853-57- 806 1896. July 7. National Democratic Convention assembled at Chicago, nominating Wil- liam J. Bryan and Arthur Sewall. 1896. Dec. '3. Incorporation of Illinois State Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association. 1897. April 2. Act consolidating the divisions of the supreme court. 1897.- May i. Enactment of second "Torrens Land Act," which has been held to be constitutional. 1897. May 26. Act requiring foreign corporations to maintain a public office in this State. 1897. June 2. Act repealing flag law of 1895. 1897. June 3. Act creating State Board of Examiners of Architects. 1897. June 5. Act creating State Board of Pardons. 1897. June 9. Passage of "Allen Bill," law relating to street railways. 1897. June 10. Act requiring license of plumbers in cities of 5,000 and over. 1897. June ii. Act creating State Board of Examiners of Horseshoers. 1897. Oct. 21. Death of Newton Bateman, Superintendent of Pubfic Instruction 1859-63 and 1865-75. 1897. Nov. 17. Death of General Charles E. Hovey, first president of the Illinois State Normal University, at Normal, and commander of the "Normal Regiment" during the civil war. 1897. Dec. 7-Feb. 24. Special session made new senatorial apportionment, enacted laws relating to primary elections, revenue and schools. 1898. Jan. ii. Approval of senatorial apportionment act, afterwards held to be unconsti- tutional by supreme court. 1898. Feb. 10. Approval of primary election law applicable to counties of 125,000 or over, and may be adopted by others. 1898. Feb. 17. Death of Frances E. Willard, eminent lecturer and social reformer. 1898. Feb. 25. General revision of law concerning assessment of property. 1898. April 3. Levee surrounding the city of Shawneetown breaks, placing city under water. Governor sends his representative to the scene of disaster and issues a proclamation asking for contributions in aid of the flood sufferers. 1898. July 3. Death of John Moses, author of "Illinois Historical and Statistical." 1898. Oct. 13. Bloody fight over attempt to land negro miners at Virden to take place of striking employes. Train bearing negroes riddled with bullets; eleven men killed and over thirty wounded. 1898. Nov. 21. Owing to labor troubles connected with coal mines at Pana, Governor proclaims martial law; order revoked March 21, 1899. 1899. Feb. 28. Act providing for a heroic bronze statue of the late Frances E. Willard to be erected in the National Statuary Hall, at Washington, D. C. 1899. March 16. Death of Joseph Medill, distinguished legislator and eminent journalist. 1899. March 29. Act concerning incorporation, management and regulation of pawners' societies. 1899. April 10. Continued rioting at Pana caused Governor to again declare martial law, which remained in force until June 26. 1899. April ii. Act creating free employment agencies in cities of certain designated population. 1899. April 19. Act providing for the establishment of a State colony for epileptics. 1899. April 21. Act requiring corporations to make annual reports to the Secretary of State. 1899. April 21. Act regulating treatment and control of dependent, neglected and delin- quent children. "Juvenile Court Act." 1899. April 22. Act prohibiting the use of the national flag or emblem for commercial purposes. 1899. April 24. Death of Richard J. Oglesby, fifteenth Governor of the State and United States Senator 1873-79. 1899. April 24. Act appropriating $100,000 to repair and rebuild the Lincoln monument. 1809. April 24. Act providing for the establishment of the Western Illinois State Normal School. 1899. April 24. Act creating the office of State Supervising Architect. 1899. April 24. Act enabling boards of education or school trustees to establish and main- tain parental or truant schools. 1899. April 24. Act creating State Board of Inspectors of Commission Merchants. 807 1899. April 24. Act creating office of State Food Commissioner. 1899. April 24. Act creating office of State Game Commissioner. 1899. July 1. State troops sent to Carterville to quell disturbances arising 'from labor troubles at the coal mines there. 1899. July 21. Death of Robert J. Ingersoll, eminent lawyer and platform orator. 1899. Sept. 15. Appointment of Practice Commission, in accordance with a joint resolu- tion of the Forty-first General Assembly. 1899. Oct. 13. Robbers secured upwards of $25,000 from a train on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, between Malta and DeKalb. 1900. Jan. 17. Chicago Drainage Canal opened. 1900. Feb. 20. Leander J. McCormick, inventor and manufacturer, died. 1900. Feb. 22. Gen. John McNulta, distinguished soldier and citizen, died. 1900. March 7. Building contractors at Chicago refused to arbitrate their disputes with their employes and a strike was inaugurated. 1900. May 26. T. B. Blackstone, president Chicago and Alton railroad (1864-1899), died. 1900. June 25. Martin J. Russel, journalist and ex-collector, port of Chicago, died. 1900. July 14. Great fire at Bloomington. 1900. Sept. 1. Population of Illinois, 1900 census, 4,821,550. 1900. Sept. 22. Col. Joseph H. Wood, distinguished soldier and railroad man, died. 1900. Sept. 25. Gen. John M. Palmer, governor of Illinois (1869-1873), United States Senator (1891-1897), Gold Democratic candidate for president (1896), died. 1900. Oct. 13. Charles Fargo, vice-president American Express company, died. 808 INDEX TO CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Review of Events which Led to the Organization of the Republican Party 5 CHAPTER II. Admission of Slave States. Balance of Power in the Senate. Missouri Compromise. Election of President Polk. Annexation of Texas. Mexican War. Wilmot Proviso. Election of General Taylor President. Compromise of 1850 14 CHAPTER III. Election of President Pierce. Kansas-Nebraska Legislation. Slavery Agi- tation Renewed. Split in Democratic and Whig Parties. Anti- Nebraska Congress Elected. Lyman Trumbull Elected to United States Senate 19 CHAPTER IV. Bleeding Kansas. Territorial Legislature Elected by Pro-Slavery Men from Missouri. Bona Pide Residents Driven from Polls. Non-Resident Pro-Slavery Men Fill Offices in the Territory. Determined Effort of the Administration to Make Kansas a Slave State 23 CHAPTER V. Pittsburgh Convention, Feb. 22, 1856. Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. Bloomington Convention, May 29, 1856. Democratic Convention at Springfield, May 1, 1856. Democratic National Conven- tion, Cincinnati, June 2, 1856. Republican National Convention, Phila- delphia, June 17, 1856. Whig and American Nominations 26 CHAPTER VI. Governor William H. Bissell's Administration, 1857-1860 35 CHAPTER VII. Douglas and Lincoln, 1858. The Great Joint Debate. Important Questions Discussed. On the Declaration of Independence. On Slavery Ex- tension 41 CHAPTER VIII. Buchanan's Administration. Majority of Cabinet from Southern States. President Yields to Their Demands to Make Kansas a Slave State, the Leading Measure of the Administration. The Le Compton Consti- tution 61 CHAPTER IX. Republican State Convention, Decatur, May 9, 1860. Republican National Convention, Chicago, May 16, 1860. Democratic National Convention, Charleston, April 23; Baltimore, June 18, 1860. The Breckenridge Convention. Lincoln's Inaugural Address 64 809 CHAPTER X. Secession. Action of the Churches. The Secession Movement. Peace Congress. Article XIII. Congressional Action. The Morrill Tariff Law 78 x '\ CHAPTER XI. Lincoln's Cabinet. Attack on Fort Sumpter. Illinois Answers the Call to Arms 89 CHAPTER XII. Conflict of Political Opinions 92 CHAPTER XIII. Action of the Democrats During- the War. Elections in Illinois, 1862. Democratic National Convention, at Chicago, August 29, 1864 95 CHAPTER XIV. Union State Convention, Springfield, May 25, 1864. Democratic State Con- vention, Springfield, June 15, 1864. Radical Convention, Cleveland, O., May 31, 1864. Union National Convention, Baltimore, June 7, 1864. Richard J. Oglesby elected Governor of Illinois , 105 CHAPTER XV. Emancipation Ill CHAPTER XVI. Events of the War. Surrender of General Lee, April 9, 1865. Assassina- tion of President Lincoln, April 14, 1865 114 CHAPTER XVII. President Johnson's Administration. The Reconstruction Period ] 18 CHAPTER XVIII. Conventions of 1868. Election of Grant and Colfax. John M. Palmer Elected Governor of Illinois 127 CHAPTER XIX. War Finances. Resumption of Specie Payments. Development of the National Banking System 132 CHAPTER XX. The Tariff 135 CHAPTER XXI. General Grant's Administration. The Conventions of 1872 140 CHAPTER XXII. General John M. Palmer's Administration. General Oglesby Again Elected Governor, then Senator. Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge Assumes the Office. Conventions of 1876 144 810 CHAPTER XXIII. The Campaig-n of 1876. Shelby M. Cullom elected Governor. The Elec- toral Commission. President Hayes' Administration 151 CHAPTER XXIV. Illinois Republican Convention, May 19, 1880 157 CHAPTER XXV. Republican National Convention, Chicago, June 2, 1880. Garfield and Arthur nominated 164 CHAPTER XXVI. Democratic and Greenback Conventions of 1880. The Campaig-n. Election of Garfield and Arthur. Assassination of President Garfield. General Arthur Becomes President 176 CHAPTER XXVII. Conventions and Campaign of 1884. Causes which Led to the Election of a Democratic President. Illinois Elects Governor Oglesby for the Third Time. General Logan Re-elected Senator 182 CHAPTER XXVIII. Campaign of 1888. Election of Harrison and Morton. Joseph W. Fifer Elected Governor of Illinois. Harrison's Administration 188 CHAPTER XXIX. Campaign of 1892. Cleveland's Second Administration 197 CHAPTER XXX. Governor Altg-eld's Administration 202 CHAPTER XXXI. Political Conventions of 1896 206 CHAPTER XXXII. Governor Tanner's Administration. Review of Laws Enacted Under Repub- lican Governors Since 1856 211 CHAPTER XXXIII. President McKinley's Administration. The War with Spain 220 CHAPTER XXXIV. Republican and Democratic Conventions in 1900 226 CHAPTER XXXV. Imperialism-Militarism 233 CHAPTER XXXVI. Organization of the Republican Party in Illinois. Officers of the State Central Committee 1856-1900. Illinois Republicans in Congress 237 811 CHAPTER XXXVII. The National Departmental Service. Its Progress and Development Under Republican Administrations 246 CHAPTER XXXVIII. The 1900 Campaign. Re-election of William McKinley. Richard Yates, Jr., Elected Governor of Illinois. Conclusion 734 The Popular Vote by States, 1896 and 1900 736 Chronological Table of Principal Events in American History, from the Discovery in 1492 to 1860 737 Chronological History of the Civil War 747 Chronological Table of Important Events, Historical and Political, Con- nected with the Territory and State of Illinois, from 1673 to 1900.... 797 ERRATA. Page 10, Paragraph nine, line two. For "revolutionary" read "involuntary." Page 18, Paragraph eight, line one. For "200" read "130,000." Page 24, Paragraph five, lines eleven and twelve. For "Missouri" read "Mission.'' Page 29, Paragraph two, line four. For "excited" read "exerted." Page 70, Paragraph four, line fourteen. For "doctrine" read "election." 812 INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES AND PORTRAITS. Adams, George E 294, 295 Akin, Edward C ! 272, 275 Aldrich, Charles H 326, 329 Allen, Charles A 666, 667 Allerton, Samuel W 328, 331 Ailing, Charles 326, 327 Ames, John C 332, 333 Ashcraf t, Edwin M 334, 335 Aspinwall, Homer F 336, 337 Atkins, Smith D 338, 339 Ayer, Benjamin F 342, 343 Bader, Henry F 362, 363 Baker, William H 720, 721 Baldwin, Henry R 344, 345 Bangs, Fred A 356, 357 Banning, Ephraim 358, 359 Barickman, Charles M 366, 367 Barrett, Elmer E 370, 371 Beach, Myron H 348, 349 Becker, Charles 341 Begole, Henry C 346, 347 Beitler, Henry C 682, 685 Benjamin, Reuben M 370 Bennett, Richard F 350, 351 Bent, Charles 678, 679 Best, Henry 684, 687 Beveridge, John L 148, 149 Bissell, William H 35, 37 Bliss, E. Raymond 352, 353 Boal, Robert 316, 317 Bogardus, Charles 368, 369 Boldenweck, William 722, 723 Bradwell, James B 354, 355 Brown, John J 360, 361 Brucker, Joseph . : 710, 713 Brundage, Edward J 372, 373 Burchard, Horatio C 364, 365 Butler, William N 374, 375 Calhoun, William F 398, 399 Calhoun, William; J 376, 377 Callahan, Ethelbert 384, 385 Carnahan, Charles C 378, 379 Carr, Henry H 380, 381 Carter, Donald M 386, 387 Carter, Zina R 714, 715 Cary, Eugene 388, 389 Case, Theodore G 382, 383 Clark, James H 394, 395 Clements, Isaac 406, 407 Cochran, William G 392, 393 Cody, Hope Reed 396, 397 Coffeen, M. Lester 428, 429 Collins, Lorin C., Jr 412, 413 Conway, Edwin 1 S 686, 689 Copley, Ira C 400, 401 Corbus, John C 420, 421 Coy, Winfield S 404, 405 Coyne, Frederick E 390, 391 Craig, Edward M 416, 417 Crews, Seth F .414, 415 Crilly, D. F 730, 731 Cullom, Shelby M 151, 153 Cunningham, Joseph O 410, 411 Curtis, Edward C 408, 40% Cutting, Charles S 402, 403 Daugherty, Aquilla J 422, 423 Davis, David 282, 283 Davis, George P 424, 425 Davis, George R 296, 297 Deere, Charles H 434, 435 Dicker, Edward A 436, 437 Dickinson, John 680, 681 Diller, Thomas 440, 441 Dixon, Arthur 430, 431 Dixon, George W 432, 433 Dodge, Orris B 426, 427 Douglas, Stephen A 53, 254 Downey, Joseph 442, 443 Drew, Samuel J 418, 419 Eden, W. S 700, 703 Elliott, William S., Jr 299, 301 Elwell, Edward H 438, 439 813 English, Joseph G ........... 440 Estabrook, Henry D .......... 677, 678 Evans, Henry H ............. 444, 445 Everett, John C .............. 446, 447 Fairbank, Nathanial K ....... 448, 449 Farr, Marvin A .............. 450, 451 Fekete, Thomas L ........... 456, 457 Ferguson, Charles H ......... 458, 459 Fieldhouse, Walter .......... 452, 453 Fifer, Joseph W .............. 189, 190 Fisher, Hendrick V .......... 454, 455 Fitz Simons, Charles ......... 716, 717 Fort, Greenbury L ........... 460, 461 Fort, Robert B .............. 462, 463 Funk, Isaac .................. 285, 286 Gansbergen, Frederick H . . . . 464, 465 Gibbons, John 468, 469 Going, Judson F 472, 473 Goodwin, Leonard 478, 479 Gordon, Charles U 466, 467 Gorrell, W. F 470, 471 Grant, Ulysses S 128, 255 Gray, William H 474, 475 Gross, Howard H 476, 477 Hall, Frank H 480, 481 Halle, Eugene G 690, 693 Hamilton Club 258 Hamilton, Isaac M 482, 483 Hamilton, John L., Jr 490, 491 Hamlin, Howard J 510 Harding, Abner C 320 Harding, Fred E 488, 489 Hay, John B 692, 695 Henderson, Thomas J 306, 309 Hitch, Charles P 492, 493 Holden, Timothy N 494, 495 Holdom, Jesse 496, 497 Hull, Perry A 498, 499 Humphrey, Arthur 726, 727 Hurd, Harvey B 485, 487 Hyde, Charles E 704, 707 Isham, Edward S 500, 501 Johns, Harvey C 502, 503 Johnson, Clarence P 506, 507 Jones, Alfred H 504, 505 Jones, W. Clyde 696, 699 Joy, Thomas L 508, 509 Kimbell, Spencer S 512, 513 Kirby, Edward P 511 Kretzinger, George W 514, 515 Krughoff, Louis 484 Kuykendall, Andrew J 302, 305 Leyenberger, Charles 518, 519 Lincoln, Abraham 45, 253 Lindly, Cicero J 520, 521 Logan, John A 145, 257 Logan, Thomas M 526, 527 Long, Theodore K 664, 665 Lynch, Henry W 530, 531 Madden, Martin B. . 516, 517 Mallette, James P 710, 711 Martin, James S 311, 313 Mason, William E 274, 277 Matthews, Asa C 532, 533 May, Horatio N 716, 719 McClaughry, Robert W 522, 523 McKinney, James 698, 701 McKnight, George F 534, 535 McMurdy, Robert. 536, 537 McNulta, John 288, 289 McWilliams, David 239 Merriam, Jonathan 524, 525 Middlecoff, Jonathan P 542, 543 Milchrist, Thomas E 544, 545 Miller, George W ...548,549 Miller, John S 528, 529 Mills, Daniel W 540, 541 Mitchell, John W 536, 539 Moore, Clifton H 550, 551 Moore, Emery B *. . . .558, 559 Munger, Edwin A ; 546, 547 Munroe, George H :. 562, 563 Myers, David S :... .552, 553 Needles, Thomas B ,..318, 319 Newman, Jacob 568, 569 Nicholls, Henry D 566, 567 814 Nixon, William Penn 291, 293 Northcott, William A 263, 265 Oglesby, Richard J 108, 109 Paddock, James H 572 Palmer, John M 130, 131 Pam, Max 572, 573 Patton, George W 554, 555 Pearson, Isaac N 556, 557 Peck, Ferdinand W 570, 571 Peck, George R 560, 561 Peirce, William P 564, 565 Plumb, Ralph 304, 307 Price, V. C 668, 671 Purington, Dillwyn V 682, 683 Rankin, Georg-e C 576, Rannells, Charles S 574, Raum, Green B Ray, Lyman B 578, Raymond, C. W 580, Rector, John F 582, Reece, Jasper N 270, Reeves, Walter 280, Ridgely, Willliam B 584, Robinson, Thomas J 586, Roche, John A 670, Rodenberg, William A 278, Rose, James A 264, Rosenfield, Morris 588, Ross, Leonard F 590, Rowe, Fred H 694, Ruggles, J. M Russel, Andrew 592, Russel, William.. ..594, Sanders, George A 596, Sattley, Winfield N 732, Schneider, Georg-e Sears, Nathaniel C 598, Selby, Paul Senn, Nicholas 600, Sercomb, Albert L 602, Shaw, B. F Sherman, Elijah B 604, Smith, Abner 608, Smith, Frederick A 610, 577 575 321 579 581 583 273 281 585 587 673 279 267 589 591 697 239 593 595 597 733 239 599 239 601 603 239 605 609 611 Smith, JohnC 314, 315 Smith, William A 612, 613 Smulski, John F 708, 709 Snively, Clarence E 624, 625 Somerville, William 607 Stead, William H 614, 615 Stevens, John S 618, 619 Stewart, Graeme 728, 729 Stockton, Joseph 616, 617 Strawn, Christopher C 618, 621 Strawn, Louis F 622, 623 Stringfield, C. Pruy n 724, 725 Sunny, Bernard E 675, 676 Swift, George B 301, 303 Swigert, Charles P 626, 627 Tanner, John R 260, 261 Templeton, James W 628, 629 Thomas, John 630, 631 Thompson, William Hale 704, 705 Tipton, Thomas F 632, 633 Turner, Henry L 634, 635 Upham, Frederick W 638, 639 Vance, Joseph W 636, 637 VanCleave, James R. B 268, 271 Vocke, William 239 Wait, Horatio L 640, 641 Waite, George E 642, 643 Wheeler, L. E 668, 669 Whitman, Frank S 644, 645 Whittemore, Floyd K 268, 269 Wickersham, Herman B 648, 649 Williams, Thomas S 650, 651 Williams, William P 646, 647 Williamson, Moses 652, 653 Willoughby, James A 660, 661 Winslow, Frederick C 654, 655 Witwer, Clement S 656, 657 Wood, John 40 Worthington, Thomas 658, 659 Wright, Francis M 662, 663 Yates, Richard 71, 72 Yates, Richard, Jr .323, 325 .Young, Edward C. ." 688, 691 Young, John D 702 815