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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BULLETIN
Issued Weekly
Vol. XXIV May 31, 1927 No. 39
[Entered as second-class matter December 11, 1912, at the post office at Urbana, Illinois, under the
Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in
section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 31, 1918.]
BULLETIN NO. 35
BUREAU OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
|THE constant and variable occupations
OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1920
By
R. H. OjEMANN
Assistant, College of Education
PRICE 25 CENTS
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA
1927
The Bureau of Educational Research was established by act
of the Board of Trustees June 1, 1918. It is the purpose of the
Bureau to conduct original investigations in the field of education,
to summarize and bring to the attention of school people the results
of research elsewhere, and to be of service to the schools of the
state in other ways.
The results of original investigations carried on by the Bureau
of Educational Research are published in the form of bulletins. A
list of available publications is given on the back cover of
this bulletin. At the present time five or six original investigations
are reported each year. The accounts of research conducted else-
where and other communications to the school men of the state
are published in the form of educational research circulars. From
ten to fifteen of these are issued each year.
The Bureau is a department of the College of Education. Its
immediate direction is vested in a Director, who is also an instructor
in the College of Education. Under his supervision research is
carried on by other members of the Bureau staff and also by grad-
uates who are working on theses. From this point of view the
Bureau of Educational Research is a research laboratory for the
College of Education.
Bureau of Educational Research
College of Education
University of Illinois, Urbana
BULLETIN NO. 35
BUREAU OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
THE CONSTANT
AND VARIABLE OCCUPATIONS OF THE
UNITED STATES IN 1920
By
R. H. OjEMANN
Assistant, College of Education
PRICE 25 CENTS
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA
1927
310
716.35-41
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Chapter I. Introduction 7
Chapter II. The "Constant" Occupations for Men 13
Chapter III. The "Less Constant" Occupations for Men. ... 20
Chapter IV. The "Variable" Occupations for Men 28
Chapter V. The "Constant" Occupations for Women 31
Chapter VI. The "Less Constant" and "Variable" Occupa-
tions for Women 34
Chapter VII. Summary and Significance of the Data 40
Appendix 44
PREFACE
The study reported in this bulletin is a repetition and an
elaboration of an earlier one by Leonard P. Ayres. New
data, however, have been used and the comparisons thus
made possible indicate the trend of constant and variable oc-
cupations. This information, as well as the facts relative to
the various occupations, should be helpful in considering the
problems of vocational education.
The study was financed by the Bureau of Educational
Research, but in a very true sense it is the product of Mr.
Ojemann's own labors. The Director welcomes the oppor-
tunity to include this bulletin in the list of the publications of
the Bureau of Educational Research.
Walter S. Monroe, Director
April 4, 1927.
THE CONSTANT AND VARIABLE OCCUPATIONS
OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1920
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
An important problem in the administration of vocational education
in the secondary school is the selection of the occupations which should
be represented by the corresponding vocational subjects in the second-
ary-school curriculum. In making this selection, some school systems
have given considerable emphasis to the results of the surveys of local
communities. 1 Careful consideration will show, however, that a study
of the local conditions cannot furnish all the data that are necessary to
make an intelligent selection. There are many principles that must be
taken into consideration, and many of these principles require data not
furnished by the local survey. For example, Inglis 2 lists as one of these
principles the following: "Only those occupations which have a fairly
steady and general demand for skilled workers should be represented
by related vocational subjects in the secondary school. No school can
afford to introduce vocational subjects when the occupations for which
they prepare vary widely in the rate of demand for workers thus pre-
pared."
Hence it is important that we know the rate of demand for workers
in the various occupations in places where men live together in large
numbers. If there are certain occupations which offer opportunity for
employment to a considerable number of workers everywhere, we
should know what these occupations are. On the other hand, if there
are certain occupations which offer employment to a considerable num-
ber of workers in some communities and not in others, we should know
what they are.
Several studies have been made in an attempt to supply this infor-
mation. Some of these studies have been state-wide; others have been
nation-wide. The best known nation-wide study is that of Ayres 3 re-
x The term "community" here refers to an area bounded by corporate limits such
as a city, town, or school district.
j Ixglis, Alexander. Principles of Secondary Education. Boston: Houghton Mif-
flin Company, 1918, p. 581.
3 Ayres, L. P. "Constant and variable occupations and their bearing on problems
of vocational education." Russell Sage Foundation, Division of Education, Pamphlet
Publication E 136. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1914. 11 p.
[7]
ported in 1914 and based on data furnished by the 1900 census. Since
several significant social and economic changes have taken place since
that time, it appeared advisable to conduct another nation-wide survey.
This study represents such an attempt.
Statement of the problem. The specific questions to be considered
are the following:
1. What are the facts at the present time relative to the number
of workers employed in the different occupations in the various com-
munities?
2. How do these facts compare with those obtained by Ayres in his
study of the 1900 Census, and what are the reasons for the differences:
3. What is the significance for education of the facts obtained in
the answers to the above two questions?
Definition of terms. The three questions just stated contain sev-
eral terms that demand definition.
1. "At the present time" — The data for this study were taken from
the 1920 Census of the United States and the term "at the present
time," when used in the statement of the problem, will refer, therefore,
to the year 1920.
2. "Occupations" — The classification of occupations used in this
study is the same as that of the 1920 Census with the exception of cer-
tain changes consisting of omissions and groupings. In making these
groupings and omissions, two general principles were followed: first.
occupations for which the training is similar were combined into one
group; second, occupations for which little or no training is necessary
were omitted. The application of these two principles to the 1920 Cen-
sus occupational classification resulted in 123 groups of occupations. A
list of these occupations will be found in the Appendix.
3. "Community" — In the subsequent discussion, the term "com-
munity" will be used to refer to a city in the United States which had
between twenty-five thousand and one hundred thousand population in
1920. There were 219 such cities, and all but one were included in this
study. Hamtramck Village, Michigan, was excluded. This city, located
about five miles northeast of Detroit, increased its population more than
thirteen times in the period 1910-1920. The reason for this enormous in-
crease is found in the tremendous development of the automobile in-
dustry in the vicinity of Detroit. Hamtramck Village represents a very
unusual situation and was therefore excluded.
4. "Number of workers employed" — In the previous studies the
term "constant" was applied to an occupation if it was represented by
at least ten workers per ten thousand population in all the communities
[81
studied. Correspondingly the term 'iess constant' was applied to an oc-
cupation if it was represented by at least one worker per ten thousand
population in each of the communities studied, but did not qualify as a
''constant" occupation. The term "variable" was used to designate those
occupations which were not represented by at least one worker per ten
thousand population in all the communities studied. In the present
study, this terminology will be retained, and the occupations will be
classified as "constant," "less constant," and "variable" groups accord-
ing to the criteria outlined above.
60
j\
SO
/ I
40
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IB
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10 ZQ 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90 100
Number Employed Peg Ten Thousand Population
Chart I.
Graphic representation of the variability in employment for two
''less constant" occupations. The solid line represents the distribution
of the proportion of "barbers"; the broken line, "semi-skilled oper-
atives in other industries."
There is, however, another characteristic of occupations to be con-
sidered. An occupation is designated as "constant" if it is represented
by at least ten workers per ten thousand inhabitants. This definition
restricts the meaning of the term "constant" considerably. The fact
that an occupation is represented in all communities by ten or more
workers per ten thousand inhabitants does not insure that the propor-
tion of workers employed does not vary greatly from community to
community. It is conceivable, for example, that an occupation repre-
sented by at least ten workers per ten thousand inhabitants and hence
classified as a "constant" occupation might vary greatly in the number
[9]
of workers employed per ten thousand inhabitants from one community
to another, while an occupation falling in the "less constant" group
might vary to a far lesser extent.
Some of the "less constant" occupations exhibit a great range of
variation. Chart I shows the distribution among the 218 cities studied
of the ratios of the number of workers employed per ten thousand
population for two "less constant" occupations. It can easily be seen
that "barbers" varies less from one community to another than "semi-
skilled operatives in other industries." Hence some measure is needed
by which we can compare the variability of the different occupations.
By comparing a measure of the variability of a distribution with a
measure of central tendency of the same distribution, it is possible to
secure a measure by which the variability of distributions having aver-
ages that are widely different can be compared. The measure of rela-
tive variability that was employed for the purposes of this study is:
D
: — in which D = P 90 — P 10 . This measure was chosen because it
Median
takes into consideration more cases than Q (quartile range) and ex-
cludes the extreme cases which would be included if the total range
were used. The calculation of P 10 , P 90 , and median will be described
later.
Source and treatment of the data. As already indicated, data rela-
tive to occupations were taken from Table XX of Volume IV, Chapter
II of the Fourteenth Annual Census of the United States. The popula-
tion for each of the 218 cities was taken from Volume I of the Four-
teenth Annual Census. The data of Table XX of Volume IV, Chapter
II of the Census Reports were transferred to large data sheets and the
number of workers per ten thousand population for the 123 occupations
in the 218 cities was calculated to the second decimal place. These
ratios with the names of the corresponding cities were arranged in de-
scending numerical order on separate sheets for each occupation, and
from these sheets the data for the tables reported in this study were
taken. The twenty-second case was taken as P 10 ; the one hundred
tenth case was taken as the median; and the one hundred ninety-sixth
case was taken as P 90 .
The data from Ayres 7 study were taken from Pamphlet Publica-
tion No. El 36 of the Division of Education of the Russell Sage Foun-
dation.
[10]
Restatement of the problem. We are now ready to state our
problem in more specific terms:
1. What are the "constant" occupations for men, that is, those
offering employment to ten or more workers per ten thousand inhabit-
ants in the 218 cities of the United States having a population between
twenty-five thousand and one hundred thousand in 1920?
2. How does this list of "constant" occupations for men compare
with Ayres' "constant" occupations in 1900:
3. What is the relative variability of the "constant" occupations
for men:
4. What are the "less constant" occupations for men:
5. How does this list of "less constant" occupations compare with
Ayres' "less constant" occupations of 1900?
6. What is the relative variability of the "less constant" occupa-
tions ?
7. What is the relative variability of the "variable" occupations for
men?
8. What are the "constant" occupations for women?
9. How does this list of "constant" occupations compare with
Ayres' "constant" occupations for women?
10. What is the relative variability of "constant" occupations for
women ?
11. What are the "less constant" occupations for women?
12. How does this list of "less constant" occupations compare with
Ayres' list of 1900?
13. What is the relative variability of the "less constant" occupations
for women?
14. What is the relative variability for the "variable" occupations
for women?
15. What is the significance of the data obtained in answering the
above questions ? •
In the subsequent treatment the first three questions will be con-
sidered in Chapter II; the next three, in Chapter III; question 7, in
Chapter IV; questions 8, 9, and 10, in Chapter V; questions 11-14, in
Chapter VI; and the answer to question 15 together with a summary
will be given in Chapter VII.
Accuracy of the data. The numerical data used in this report are
subjected to two errors, those involved in preparing the Census Reports
and those involved in the subsequent treatment. Various methods of re-
checking were used in the subsequent treatment, so that the errors com-
t 11 ]
ing from the latter source are judged to be negligible. As for errors
coming from the former source, it is of course possible to judge only
from the results secured. The writer is inclined to believe, however.
that the errors involved in preparing the Census Reports are within
the limits of accuracy required by this study.
[ 12]
CHAPTER II
THE "CONSTANT" OCCUPATIONS FOR MEN
The "constant" occupations in 1920. We have denned a "constant''
occupation as one which offers employment to ten or more workers per
ten thousand inhabitants in each community studied. We have also
defined the term "community" as referring to any one of the 218 cities
of the United States having a population between twenty-five thousand
and one hundred thousand in 1920. The "constant" occupations for
1920 are given in Table I. They are listed in the descending order of
the proportion of workers in the median city. Table I shows that there
were twelve "constant" occupations for men in 1920.
Inspection of Table I reveals another interesting fact. The differ-
ences between the ratios for the lowest city and the highest city in any
one occupation are in most cases large. This would tend to show that
there is considerable variation in the proportion employed from one
community to another. Upon first thought, this may appear surprising.
We must bear in mind, however, that there are many factors that de-
termine the number of workers employed in any one occupation in a
given city, and "total population" is only one of these. What we need
is some measure by which we can compare the variability in the pro-
portions employed in one occupation with the variability in another.
As we pointed out in Chapter I, we shall supply this measure in the
form of the coefficient of variability a little later in this chapter.
Comparison with Ayres' "constant" occupations in 1900. For the
convenience of the reader, Ayres' "constant" occupations are listed in
Table II. The comparison of the two lists of "constant" occupations is
made somewhat difficult by the fact that the Census Bureau made
some changes in the occupational classification in 1910. As a result of
these changes, the composition of some of the occupational groups was
changed to such an extent that comparison between them is rendered
impossible. This is true of the "steam railroad men," "engineers," and
"street railway men" which appear in the 1900 list, and "machinists,"
"metal workers," "managers and superintendents (manufacturing),"
and "clerks" which appear in the 1920 list. In addition to these changes
in composition, the group "laborers" was omitted from the present
study.
[ 13 ]
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[15]
The changes in the composition of the remaining occupations of
Table I and Table II are small enough to permit comparison. For ex-
ample, in 1900 the group "blacksmiths" included "blacksmiths and ap-
prentices." In 1920, this group did not include apprentices. However,
in 1900, out of the 226,000 "blacksmiths" in the United States, only
8,000 were apprentices. This number is not significant in the compari-
sons we are about to make.
There is another element that we must bear in mind in making
these comparisons. Ayres' study included cities having a population of
fifty thousand and over in 1900. The present study includes cities hav-
ing twenty-five thousand to one hundred thousand population in 1920.
The extension of the lower limit in the size of the city tends to include
cities that differ more from one another in the composition of their
working population. For example, in Table I, we see that the propor-
tion of "woodworkers" in the lowest city is 36 workers per ten thousand
population, and in the highest city, 361. If we include only cities having
fifty thousand to one hundred thousand population, the proportion of
"woodworkers" becomes, in the lowest city, 60, and in the highest city,
249. Thus, by excluding the cities of twenty-five thousand to fifty thou-
sand population, we decrease the range in the proportion of workers
from the lowest to the highest city by 136 points. The amount of the
change in the range varies. In some occupations it is very small. In
others, as in the case of "woodworkers," the difference is quite large.
The point that we must bear in mind is that one of the factors that
might be responsible for a greater range from the lowest to the highest
city in the present study as compared with Ayres' study is the differ-
ence in the size of the cities that we are studying.
A detailed study of the occupations listed in Tables I and II, for
which comparison is possible, gives the following results:
1. Since 1900 there has been no great change in the proportion of
"retail merchants," "carpenters and cabinet makers," and "salesmen."
2. There has been a considerable decrease in the proportion of men
employed as "draymen."
3. There appears to have been a slight decrease in the proportion
of "painters."
4. There has been no great change in the proportion of "account-
ants." The proportion in the highest city was considerably higher in
1920 than in 1900, but the proportion in the median city was about the
same.
5. There has been no great change in the proportion of "plumbers."
[16 J
6. There has been such a large decrease in the proportion employed
in the occupations of "waiters," "printers," "blacksmiths," "masons,"
"barbers," "shoe makers," and "bakers" since 1900 that they do not
classify as "constant" occupations in the present study. This holds true
even if we allow for the difference in the size of the city by considering
only those cities having between fifty thousand and one hundred thou-
sand population.
7. The occupation of "electricians" has^'shown sufficient increase in
the proportion employed that it appears as a "constant" occupation in
the present study. In 1900 it appeared in the "less constant" group.
Reasons for the differences. We have just seen that even if we
allow for the differences in the Census occupational classification and
for the difference in the size of the city studied, there are certain signi-
ficant changes that have taken place among the "constant" occupations
during the period 1900-1920. For any one of these changes, there are
probably many factors that have contributed, but we can point out
some that have played a significant part. We shall restrict our number
to three:
1. One of the important factors is the invention of machinery to
take the place of workers. This is probably the most potent factor re-
sponsible for the absence of "printers" from Table I. It also probably
contributed to the disappearance of "shoe makers" and "bakers" from
the list of "constant" occupations.
2. A second factor that has been responsible in part for the changes
in occupations is the centralizing tendency manifested in certain indus-
tries. This factor accounts in part, for the absence of "bakers" from
the 1920 list of "constant" occupations.
3. A third factor that may account for some of these changes is
the development of new products to take the place of old ones. This
factor has been responsible for the disappearance of "blacksmiths" and
"masons" from the list of "constant" occupations and for the appear-
ance of "electricians."
Relative variability of the "constant" occupations. When we first
observed the figures given in Table I, we noticed that the range from
the proportion in the lowest city to the proportion in the highest city
was rather large in some cases. As we have pointed out before, we must
know the value of the coefficient of variability of the occupations in
order that we may have a better idea of the variation in the proportion
employed in the communities under consideration. The values of this
coefficient for the "constant" occupations are given in Table III. Glanc-
1 17]
TABLE III.
-THE RELATIVE VARIABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF THE
"CONSTANT" OCCUPATIONS FOR MEN
Occupation
Pio
Pso
D
(Pgo — Pio)
Median
D
Median
Retail dealers
120
60
90
25
81
57
32
31
29
30
20
19
197
353
208
444
188
169
86
90
73"
64
51
47
77
293
118
419
107
112
54
59
44
34
31
28
151
146
138
134
125
102
57
55
50
45
31
31
51
Machinists
2 00
Clerks (except clerks in stores)
Metal workers
.85
3 12
Carpenters and cabinet
makers
Salesmen
.85
1 .10
Managers and superinten-
dents (mfg.)
.94
Accountants
1 .07
Dravmen
.88
Painters
.75
Plumbers
1.00
Electricians
.90
ing through the last column of the table, we see that all but two of the
occupations have a coefficient of variability that is relatively small. How-
ever, since we do not know the value of this coefficient for any of the
other occupations, we must defer our final interpretation until we have
considered the "less constant" and "variable" groups. For the present,
we may conclude that all but two of the "constant" occupations do not
vary greatly, relatively, in the proportion employed from community to
community. The variation in the proportion employed is greatest in
the case of "metal w*orkers" and next in the case of "machinists."
Summary of the "constant" occupations for men. We have noted
several interesting facts in regard to the "constant" occupations for
men. We have seen that since 1900 some have disappeared from the
list, some have shown a moderate decrease in the proportion employed,
some have shown only a slight decrease, new ones have appeared, and
some have shown no change.
In the group that has shown no change we find "retail merchants,"
"salesmen," "carpenters," "plumbers," and "accountants." "Draymen"
have decreased moderately, while "painters" have decreased only
slightly.
It was interesting to note the increase in "electricians."
We have also learned that "printers," "waiters," "blacksmiths,"
"masons," "barbers," "shoemakers," and "bakers" were absent from
the 1920 list of "constant" occupations although they were found in
the 1900 list. This fact is noteworthy. The decrease is not due to the
difference in the size of the community studied in the two surveys but
appears to be the result of the changes in our social and industrial life.
[18]
Finally we have seen that of all the "constant" occupations for
1920, those of "metal workers" and "machinists" are the most variable
in the proportion employed among the different cities.
Comparatively few of the occupations that we find in every city are
reported as belonging to the "constant" group. Such common occupa-
tions as "physicians," "lawyers," "clergymen," and so forth, are absent
from the list. Just what the facts are relative to these occupations we
shall see in the next chapter.
[19]
CHAPTER III
THE "LESS CONSTANT" OCCUPATIONS FOR MEN
The "less constant" occupations in 1920. We have denned a "less
constant" occupation as one which offers employment to at least one
worker per ten thousand inhabitants in all the communities studied, but
which does not qualify as a "constant" occupation. The "less con-
stant" occupations for 1920 are given in Table IV. The occupations are
listed in the descending order of the proportion of workers in the median
city. As we see in the table, there were forty-nine occupations that
qualified as "less constant" for men in 1920.
Comparison with Ayres' "less constant" occupations. Ayres' list
ot 'less constant" occupations is given in Table V. In making the com-
parison of Ayres' list with the list in Table IV. we must bear in mind
the restrictions that we pointed out in Chapter II. The first restriction
is that the Census classification of occupations was changed in 1910, and
several of the groupings differ in composition to such an extent that
comparison is not possible. This is true of such groups as "foremen
and overseers (manufacturing)," "semi-skilled operatives in other indus-
tries," "brakemen and conductors," "mechanics." "firemen (not fire de-
partment)." "clerks in stores," and so forth. The second restriction to
which our comparison is subjected is the difference in the size of the
city considered in the 1920 and 1900 studies. Ayres studied the cities
having a population of fifty thousand or more. The present study was
made of cities having between twenty-five thousand and one hundred
thousand population.
In order to summarize the results of the detailed study of Tables
IV and V, we shall divide the occupations for which comparison is pos-
sible into four groups:
1. Occupations that showed no significant change in the proportion
of workers employed :
Commercial travelers
Lawyers
Clergymen
Wholesale dealers
Dentists
Photographers
[20]
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[24 1
2. Occupations that showed a slight drop in the proportion of
workers employed:
Physicians
3. Occupations that showed a considerable decrease in the propor-
tion of workers employed:
Servants and waiters
Blacksmiths
Barbers
Printers
Brick and stone masons
Bakers
Tailors
Shoe makers
Laundry men
Stone cutters
Upholsterers
Hostlers
4. Occupations that showed an increase in the proportion of work-
ers employed since 1900:
Janitors
Insurance agents
Real estate agents
Restaurant keepers
Stenographers
Actors and showmen
Undertakers
To this group should be added the occupation of "electrician" which in-
creased to such an extent that it appeared as a "constant" occupation
in 1920, while it was classified as a "less constant" occupation in 1900.
In the 1900 classification, "insurance agents" and "real estate
agents" were grouped together as "agents." This group is not listed as
either a "constant" or "less constant" occupation in 1900, while in 1920,
both "real estate agents" and "insurance agents" appear as "less con-
stant" occupations.
"Stenographers," "actors and showmen," and "undertakers" did not
qualify as "less constant" occupations in 1900, even though they did
appear in the classification of occupations used in the 1900 Census.
In 1920, each of these occupations appeared in the "less constant"
group.
5. The fifth and last group includes those occupations of Table V
which have been created since 1900 as a result of changes in our social
[25]
TABLE VI.
-THE RELATIVE VARIABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF THE
"LESS CONSTANT" OCCUPATIONS FOR MEN
Occupation
Pio
P90
D
(P90 — Pio)
Median
D
Median
Foremen and overseers (mfg.)
Semi-skilled operatives in
15
15
16
14
14
16
15
17
17
8
12
15
12
12
13
11
8
9
8
10
9
6
10
6
7
6
7
7
8
7
6
5
3
6
5
3
5
4
2
5
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
97
165
89
76
68
60
59
54
47
67
43
32
48
35
31
37
39
30
44
24
22
32
20
27
23
41
18
21
48
21
21
20
19
45
17
15
28
16
12
17
12
12
7
8
7
6
6
6
5
82
150
73
62
54
44
44
37
30
59
31
17
36
23
18
26
31
21
36
14
13
26
10
21
16
35
11
14
40
14
14
14
14
42
11
10
25
11
8
15
7
9
5
6
5
4
4
5
3
49
38
37
36
32
31
31
30
29
28
24
24
22
22
22
18
18
18
15
15
15
14
14
14
13
13
13
12
12
12
11
11
10
10
10
9
9
9
7
7
7
7
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
1.67
3.94
1.97
Brakemen and conductors. . . .
1.72
1 69
1 .42
1.42
1.23
Commercial travelers
Blacksmiths
Barbers
1.03
2.10
1.29
.71
1 .64
1.05
.82
1 .44
Technical engineers
1.72
Brick and stone masons
1.16
2.40
.93
Guards
.87
1.85
Marshalls, policemen
.71
Builders and contractors
Express messengers
Bankers
Bakers
1.50
1.23
2.69
.84
1.16
Shoemakers
Clergymen
3.33
1.16
Officials and inspectors (gov.) .
1.27
1.27
Wholesale dealers
Semi-skilled operatives in
lumber industries
1.40
4.20
1 .10
Restaurant keepers
1.11
Semi-skilled operatives in
2.77
Launderers
1.22
1 .14
Foremen and overseers (R. R.
2.14
Dentists
1.00
Stenographers
Garage keepers
Authors
Jewelers
1.28
1.25
1.50
1.25
1.00
1.33
Foremen and overseers (other
transportation pursuits). . .
1.67
1.00
[26]
and industrial life. These occupations are "chauffeurs" and "garage
keepers."
Relative variability of the "less constant" occupations. As we
pointed out in Chapter I, we must know something about the variability
in employment among the different communities for each occupation.
For this purpose, we adopted a variability coefficient which enables us
to compare the relative variability in the rate of employment for the
different occupations. The values of this coefficient for the "less con-
stant" occupations are given in Table VI. As we glance down the last
column in the table, we see that most of the values are somewhere near
one. The highest values, and hence the greatest variabilities in the pro-
portion employed, are found in "semi-skilled operatives in other indus-
tries," "semi-skilled operatives in the lumber industry," "shoe makers,"
and "semi-skilled operatives in the food industry." In all of these, we
would expect a rather wide variation in the proportion employed in the
different communities. The values of the coefficient of variability for
the occupations of "barbers," "janitors," "physicians," "guards," "po-
licemen," and "bakers" fall below one. This means that, relatively, the
variation in the proportion of workers employed in these occupations is
low.
[27
CHAPTER IV
THE "VARIABLE" OCCUPATIONS FOR MEN
The "variable" occupations in 1920. By a "variable" occupation,
we mean an occupation which does not offer employment to at least one
worker per ten thousand population in all the communities that we are
considering. For the purposes of the present study, we are interested
in two aspects of the "variable" occupations for men: first, what these
TABLE VII.— THE RELATIVE VARIABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF THE
"VARIABLE" OCCUPATIONS FOR MEN
Occupation
D
(P90 — P10)
Median
I)
Median
Switchmen ,
Locomotive engineers
Motormen
Boilermakers
Firemen (fire dept.)
Designers
Officials and superintendents
(R. R. Transportation).. . .
Farmers
Inspectors (other transporta-
tion pursuits)
Plasterers
Telegraph operators
Porters
Telephone linemen
Semi-skilled operatives in
textiles
Pattern and model makers. . .
Gardners
Hotel keepers
Extractors of minerals
Chemists
Semi-skilled operatives in
clothing industries
Floorwalkers
Proprietors and managers of
transfer companies
Semi-skilled operatives in
tobacco industry
Proprietors and officials
(trade)
Boiler washers
Upholsterers
Baggagemen
Semi-skilled operatives in
clay, glass and stone in-
dustries
3.53
2.20
4.73
1.25
4.35
2.62
1.66
1.12
1.66
1.26
2.28
1.01
2.26
.43
.66
1.01
1.40
.61
12
1
.66
1 .11
1.35
.34
1.00
.26
1.00
.98
.63
36.66
43.47
17.85
32.80
14.12
20.83
13.38
31.69
15.79
11.64
10.39
30.22
8.96
168.75
11.72
10.03
8.68
83.23
10.52
14.56
5.68
5.62
16.86
8.80
8.89
8.48
5.63
12.48
33.13
41.27
13.12
31.55
9.77
18.21
11.72
30.57
14.13
10.38
8.11
29.21
6.70
168.32
11.06
9.02
7.28
82.62
9.40
13.90
4.57
4.27
16.52
7.80
8.63
7.48
4.65
11.85
14.49
13.54
10.89
9.75
9.71
8.95
7.10
6.98
6.59
6.24
5.78
5.24
5.07
4.14
4.14
3.78
3.75
3.65
3.35
3.28
3.09
3.05
2.99
2.29
3.05
1.21
3.23
1.01
2.04
1.65
4.39
2.14
1.68
1.40
5.57
1.32
40.46
2.67
2.38
2.94
22.64
2.38
4.23
1.47
1.40
5.42
2.35
5.04
[28]
occupations are; second, what the relative variabilities in employment
are. Both of these facts are supplied in Table VII. The occupations are
listed in the descending order of the proportion employed in the median
city. The reports of the number of workers per ten thousand popula-
tion are not given for the lowest and highest city, but only for the P 10 ,
median, and P 90 cities. The last column contains the relative "variabil-
ity" coefficients. The occupations in which the proportion of workers
per ten thousand population in the median city was zero are not given.
Our chief interest in the relative variabilities of the "variable" oc-
cupations is to make a comparison in all the occupations for men. As we
look down the last column in Table VII, we notice at once that none
TABLE VII.— {Concluded)
Occupation
Architects
Paper hangers
Proprietors and officials
(other transportation pur-
suits)
Semi-skilled operatives in
chemistry
Boarding-house keepers
Structural iron workers
Stone cutters
Ticket and station agents. . . .
Housekeepers
Hostlers
Artists
Roofers and slaters
Foremen of livery and trans-
fer
Decorators
Semi-skilled operatives in
harness industry
Telephone operators
Coopers
College professors
Engravers
Veterinary surgeons
Inspectors (trade)
Millers
Express company agents
Captains
Osteopaths
Trained nurses
Milliners
Semi-skilled operatives in
paper industry
Boatmen
Semi-skilled operatives in
tanneries
.83
.50
.76
.31
.54
.36
.69
.55
.56
.36
.30
.28
.45
.32
.30
.41
.00
.00
.27
.29
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.10
.00
.00
.00
5.24
5.24
9.16
5.49
5.73
3.84
2.77
3.46
3.55
4.81
3.35
2.21
2.36
4.56
2.34
5.26
5.80
3.78
2.01
3.51
3.64
1.23
9.93
1.15
1.31
1.10
8.90
1.71
4.86
D
(P90 — P10)
4.41
4 74
4.04
8.85
4.95
5.37
3.15
2.22
2.90
3.19
4.51
3.07
1.76
2.04
3.64
1.23
9.93
1.15
1.31
1 .00
8.90
1.71
4.86
Median
2.25
1.94
1 .86
1 .82
1 .80
1.77
1.72
1.62
1 .61
1.51
1.43
1.34
1 .18
1.16
1.11
111
1.05
1.01
.97
.91
.75
.73
.52
.50
.41
.36
.36
.33
.17
.15
D
Median
1.96
2.54
2.17
2 .29
1 .40
1.75
3
1
5
5
3
1
4
4
2
19.86
2.80
3.63
2.77
26.97
10.06
32.40
83
73
00
74
61
88
68
98
36
129]
of the coefficients are below one, and one-half of them are over two.
Such occupations as "extractors of minerals." "boatmen," and "cap-
tains" show a very high relative variability, while such occupations as
"plasterers," "telegraph operators," "motormen," and "telegraph and
telephone linemen" have a coefficient falling between one and two. A
knowledge of these coefficients of variability enables us to interpret
more accurately the coefficients that we obtained for the "constant" and
"less constant" occupations. An occupation that has a coefficient of
variation of one or less does not vary greatly, when compared with other
occupations, in the rate of employment from community to community.
When we considered the "constant" occupations in Chapter II, we
learned that all but two of them had coefficients of one or less. Thus,
all but two of them are "constant," not only in the sense in which we
are using the term in this study (i.e., employing ten or more workers
per ten thousand inhabitants in all the communities studied), but also in
the sense that the proportion of workers per ten thousand population
does not vary- greatlv from one communitv to another.
[30]
CHAPTER V
THE "CONSTANT" OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN
The "constant" occupations in 1920. The occupations that offer
employment to at least ten women per ten thousand inhabitants in the
218 cities of the United States having a population between twenty-five
thousand and one hundred thousand in 1920 are given in Table VIII.
The procedure of listing the occupations in the descending order of the
proportion in the median city is followed. Inspection of Table VIII
shows that there were six "constant" occupations for women in 1920.
Comparison with Ayres' "constant" occupations of 1900. Ayres'
"constant" occupations for women are given in Table IX. When mak-
ing the comparison, we must bear in mind the two limitations that we
pointed out in Chapter II. The first limitation arises out of the changes
in the occupational classification which the Census Bureau made in
1910. In this change, the composition of some of the occupational
groups was altered to such an extent that comparison is not possible.
The second limitation is that Ayres studied cities having a population of
fifty thousand and over, while the present study was made of cities hav-
ing twenty-five thousand to one hundred thousand population.
A detailed study of Tables VIII and IX gives the following results:
1. There seems to have been a decrease in the proportion of wo-
men employed as "servants and waiters," but there has also been some
concentration in certain cities.
2. There has been no significant change in the proportion of wo-
men employed as "saleswomen."
3. The occupations of "dressmakers," "teachers," "laundresses,"
"nurses," and "housekeepers" appeared as "constant" occupations in
1900, but not in 1920. Of these the occupations of "teachers" and
"nurses" differed in composition in 1920 from that of 1900 to such an
extent that comparison is not possible. The other three, "dressmakers,"
"laundresses," and "housekeepers," decreased in the proportion em-
ployed to such an extent that they appear as "less constant" in the
present study, as we shall see in the next chapter.
4. The occupations of "stenographers" and "accountants" increased
in the proportion employed to such an extent that they rose from "less
constant" in 1900 to "constant" in 1920.
Reasons for the differences. It is impossible to do more here than
[31 ]
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merely point out some of the more significant factors that account in
part for the changes in the "constant" occupations that we have just
noted. The effect of the use of machinery is clearly shown in the sig-
nificant changes in the proportion employed as "dressmakers" and
"laundresses." The proportion of "dressmakers" in 1920 in over one-
half of the cities was below the proportion in the lowest city in 1900.
"Laundresses" shows a smaller decrease.
The tendency of women to enter gainful occupations is also shown
in the changes in the "constant" occupations. The occupation of "sten-
ographers" which appeared in the "less constant" group stood second in
the list of "constant" occupations in 1920. Although the occupation of
"teachers" included "teachers and professors in college" in 1900 and
only "teachers" in 1920, it nevertheless showed an increase in the
median and highest city in 1920.
Relative variability of the "constant" occupations for women.
The coefficients of variability for the "constant" occupations are given in
Table X. The coefficients for all the occupations are near one, except
TABLE X.— THE RELATIVE VARIABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF THE
"CONSTANT" OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN IN 1920
Occupation
Pio
P90
D
(P90 — Pin)
Median
D
Median
65
53
45
32
34
26
325
128
88
83
81
99
260
75
43
51
47
73
117
82
60
57
56
52
2 22
Stenographers
Teachers
Saleswomen
.91
.72
.90
Accountants
.84
Clerks (except clerks in stores)
1.40
that of "servants and waiters." This means that, relatively, the occu-
pations of this group, with the exception of "servants and waiters," do
not vary greatly in the proportion employed from one community to
another.
133 1
CHAPTER VI
THE "LESS CONSTANT" AND "VARIABLE"
OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN
The "less constant" occupations in 1920. Those occupations which
offer employment to at least one worker per ten thousand population in
all the communities studied but which do not qualify as "constant" oc-
cupations are designated throughout this study as "less constant" occu-
pations. The "less constant" occupations for women in 1920 are given
in Table XI, arranged in the descending order of the proportion of work-
ers employed in the median city. The table shows that there were
twelve "less constant" occupations for women.
Comparison with Ayres' "less constant" occupations. For the con-
venience of the reader. Ayres' list of "less constant" occupations is re-
produced in Table XII. In the occupational classification made by the
Census Bureau in 1910, the composition of the groups "seamstresses,"
"clerks," "trained nurses," "semi-skilled operatives in the clothing in-
dustry," and "semi-skilled operatives in other industries" was changed
to such an extent that comparison is impossible. A study of the data
for the remaining occupations appearing in Tables XI and XII, dis-
closes the following facts :
1. The occupations of "stenographers" and "bookkeepers" appeared
as "less constant" in 1900. As we learned in the last chapter, they ap-
peared as "constant" occupations in 1920.
2. The occupations of "laundresses," "dressmakers," and "house-
keepers" dropped from the "constant" group to the "less constant" in
the period 1900 to 1920.
3. "Telephone operators" appeared in the "less constant" groups
in both Ayres' and the present study, but showed a considerable in-
crease in the proportion employed in 1920 over that of 1900.
4. "Milliners" appeared in the "less constant" group in both the
1900 and the present study, but showed a decrease in 1920 as compared
with 1900.
5. There was no significant change in "boarding-house keepers,"
"musicians," and "retail dealers."
6. It is interesting to note that the occupation of "barbers" failed
to qualify as "less constant" by only one city. West Hoboken Town.
New Jersey, which was reported as having only twenty-five hundreths
[34]
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Troy, N. Y
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Berkeley, Cal . .
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[36]
"barbers" per ten thousand inhabitants. The proportion for the median
city was 4.26 and for the highest city, 33.75.
Relative variability of the "less constant" occupations. The rela-
tive variability coefficients for the "less constant" occupations for women
are given in the last column of Table XIII. All of the occupations but
TABLE XIIL— THE RELATIVE VARIABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF THE
"LESS CONSTANT" OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN
Occupation
Pio
P90
D
(P90 — Pio)
Median
D
Median
Laundresses
Dressmakers
Housekeepers
Clerks in stores
12
15
13
11
8
12
5
5
3
6
6
4
214
48
39
40
39
31
69
31
93
16
16
12
202
33
26
29
31
19
64
26
90
10
10
8
32
30
24
23
22
20
17
17
16
10
10
8
6.31
1.10
1.08
1 26
Trained nurses
1 .41
Telephone operators
.95
Semi-skilled operatives in
clothing industries
3.76
Boarding-house keepers
Semi-skilled operatives in
other industries
1.53
5.62
Musicians
1.00
Retail dealers
Milliners
1.00
1.00
three show coefficients whose values are somewhere near one. The three
occupations which have coefficients considerably greater in value than
one are, "laundresses," "semi-skilled operatives in the clothing indus-
try," and "semi-skilled operatives in other industries."
Relative variability of the "variable" occupations for women.
The coefficients of variability for the "variable" occupations for women
are given in Table XIV. Those occupations in which the proportion
employed in the median city was zero were omitted. The values for P 10 ,
P 90 , and median are given to two decimal places, the way in which they
appear in the original calculations. If the decimals were dropped, the
changes in the ratios would be considerable, especially in the occupa-
tions near the bottom of the table. The decimals were therefore re-
tained.
As we glance down the last column, we see that such occupations
as "semi-skilled operatives in textiles," "semi-skilled operatives in the
lumber industry," "semi-skilled operatives in the tobacco industry," and
"shoe makers" show considerable variation from community to com-
munity. Such occupations as "metal workers," "semi-skilled operatives
in the food industry," "college professors," "semi-skilled operatives in
[37]
the chemical industry," "real estate agents," and "dairy farmers" show
a lower variation. "Agents and collectors" show the smallest variation
of this group. It is interesting to note the relative variation in the occu-
TABLE XIV.— THE VARIABILITY COEFFICIENTS FOR THE
"VARIABLE" OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN IN 1920
Occupation
Pio
P90
D
(P90 — Pio)
Median
D
Median
Semi-skilled operatives in tex-
tiles
Metal workers
Foremen and overseers (mfg.)
Barbers
Semi-skilled operatives in
.43
.69
.44
1.53
.51
1.24
.74
.78
.67
.60
.59
.33
.00
.34
.28
.28
.23
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.13
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
232.99
50.12
11.06
9.75
23.18
13.99
5.62
4.11
4.57
4.97
3.65
3.65
41.47
4.14
2.34
2.21
2.27
7.47
3.57
2.35
4.39
1.82
2.89
1.94
3.15
1.65
2.07
1 .63
1 .08
1 .19
1 .21
1 .29
.68
25.04
.77
.72
.48
.56
.72
.75
.67
232.56
49.53
10.62
8.22
22.67
12.75
4.88
3.33
3.90
4.37
3.06
3.32
41 .47
3.80
2.06
1 .93
2.04
7.47
3.57
2.35
4.39
1.82
2.89
1.94
3.15
1.52
2.07
1 .63
1.08
1.19
1.21
1.29
.68
25.04
.77
.72
.48
.56
.72
.75
.67
8.17
6.51
4.48
4.26
4 22
4 ill
2.38
2.21
2.10
2.02
1 .68
1 .24
1.18
1.17
1.01
.96
.81
.77
.70
.70
.69
.68
.67
.67
.65
.57
.55
.52
.37
.36
.30
.23
.22
.21
.21
.20
.20
.18
:!!
.11
28.41
7.59
2.37
1.93
5.37
Printers
3.10
Janitors
2.05
1.50
1.86
Tailors
Managers and superinten-
2.16
1.82
Artists
2.76
Semi-skilled operatives in
35.14
2.39
Photographers
Authors
2.04
2.01
Physicians
2 52
Semi-skilled operatives in
9.70
5.10
Actors
3.36
Semi-skilled operatives in
chemical industries
Insurance agents
6.36
2.69
Hotel keepers
4.31
Bakers
2.89
4.85
Officials and inspectors (gov.)
2.66
3.76
3.13
Commercial travelers
Floor walkers
Bankers
2 92
3.30
4.03
Farmers
5.61
Proprietors, officials, etc.
(trade)
3.04
Semi-skilled operatives in
shoe industries
119.23
Osteopaths
3.66
Dentists
3.60
Policemen
2.40
Lawvers
3.11
Chemists
4.50
Gardeners and florists
Clergymen
5.00
6.09
[38]
pation of "physicians" for women as compared with that for men. For
men, the coefficient was near one, while for women it was considerably
above two.
[39]
CHAPTER VII
SUMMARY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DATA
Summary. The foregoing pages contain the results of a study of
the proportion of workers employed in 1920 in the various occupations
in the cities of the United States having from twenty-five thousand to
one hundred thousand population, and a comparison of these results
with those obtained by Ayres in a similar study of the 1900 Census.
The purpose of the study is to furnish some of the facts that are neces-
sary for an intelligent selection and application of the principles under-
lying the choice of occupations that should be represented by the cor-
responding vocational subjects in the secondary-school curriculum. The
data for the study were taken from the United States Census Reports
of 1920. The opportunities for employment were measured by the
number of workers per ten thousand population. Occupations were di-
vided into three classes with respect to the number of workers per ten
thousand inhabitants. Those occupations which employed ten or more
workers per ten thousand population in all the 218 cities studied are
designated as "constant" occupations. Those occupations which em-
ployed one or more workers per ten thousand population but which
did not qualify as "constant" are designated "less constant." The oc-
cupations which did not qualify as "constant" or "less constant" are
designated as "variable."
For each of the occupations, a measure was secured by which it is
possible to compare the variability in the proportion employed from
community to community in one occupation with the variation in an-
other. This measure is designated as the coefficient of variability.
The following results were obtained:
1. The "constant" occupations for men in 1920 were "retail deal-
ers," "machinists," "clerks (except clerks in stores)," "metal workers,"
"carpenters and cabinet makers," "salesmen," "draymen," "painters,"
"managers and superintendents (manufacturing)," "bookkeepers and
accountants," "plumbers," and "electricians."
2. Of the "constant" occupations for men, the group "electricians"
was added since 1900.
3. The values of the variability coefficient for all the "constant"
occupations are small except for "metal workers" and "machinists."
[40]
This means that all but these two do not vary greatly, relatively, in the
rate of employment in all the 218 cities studied.
4. The occupations for men of ''waiters," "printers," "blacksmiths,"
"masons," "barbers," "shoe makers," and "bakers" which appeared as
"constant" occupations in 1900 had decreased in the proportion of
workers per total population to such an extent that the}' were classified
as "less constant" occupations in 1920.
5. There were forty-nine occupations for men that could be classi-
fied as "less constant' 1 in 1920.
6. Among the list of "less constant" occupations for men, there ap-
peared two occupations which had been developed since 1900. They
are "chauffeurs" and "garage keepers."
7. For women, the "constant" occupations were:
Servants and waiters
Stenographers
Teachers
Saleswomen
Accountants
Clerks (except clerks in stores)
Of this group, "stenographers" and "accountants" were added since
1900.
8. The occupations of "dressmakers," "laundresses," and "house-
keepers" dropped from the "constant" group to the "less constant"
group since 1900.
9. All of the "constant"' occupations for women except "servants
and waiters" show a relatively low variability in the proportion em-
ployed from one community to another.
10. There were twelve "less constant" occupations for women in
1920.
Significance of the data. This study is essentially a fact-finding
study. There are, however, a few statements that we make by way of
interpretation. In our thinking out the problem of the selection and ap-
plication of the principles underlying the choice of occupations to be
represented in the secondary-school curriculum, there are certain data
that we must have at hand. Among other things, we should know the
situation with reference to the rate and demand for workers in the var-
ious occupations wherever large numbers of people live together. This
study has attempted to supply this information for cities having twenty-
five thousand to one hundred thousand population. We have seen that
all occupations tend to vary from one community to another in the ratio
of workers employed per total population. This is not surprising. There
[41]
are many factors that determine the number employed in any one com-
munity and "total population'' is only one of these. It is also possible
that many cities have not reached the "saturation point" of employment
in some of the occupations.
In spite of this variation in the ratio of workers to total population
it appears that we can pick out certain occupations which employ a
high proportion of workers per total population, and which do not vary-
greatly, relatively, from one community to another in the proportion
employed. The occupations of "retail dealers," "clerks," "carpenters,"
"painters," "plumbers," and "electricians" for men, and "stenograph-
ers," "saleswomen," "teachers," and "accountants" for women are illus-
trations. These facts do not constitute a complete guide for the selection
of vocational courses. They do, however, tell us considerable about a
characteristic of occupations that is important in solving the problems of
vocational education.
Since it has been possible to make a comparison at certain points
with Ayres' study of the 1900 Census, there is another significant con-
clusion that we should note. We shall illustrate this by using a specific
example. In Chapters II and III, we learned that a large decrease in
the proportion of men employed per ten thousand population as "print-
ers" has taken place in the last twenty years. This is true even if we
allow for the slight differences in the composition of the occupation in
the Census classification of 1900 and 1920, and for the difference in the
size of the community considered in the two studies. We can obtain
another measure of this decrease by considering the total number of
workers employed as "printers" in the United States in 1900 and in
1920. When we do this, we find that the increase in the total number of
workers is less than 50 per cent of the 1900 number — a figure that is
much less than the increase in the total output of printing. Thus, there
have been some significant changes that have taken place in the occu-
pation of printing during the last twenty years.
Our data show that there have been similar significant changes in
several other occupations. This fact has two important consequences.
In the first place, surveys of the type reported in this bulletin must be
made frequently. This fact has been sufficiently recognized in educa-
tional writings and we need not emphasize it here. The second conse-
quence is more important. Changes necessitate adjustments. It is an
important part of the job of the workers in an occupation to make these
adjustments. Adjustments must be made to newly-invented or per-
fected machines, to new or different methods of work, or to the devel-
opment of new products which may supplement or completely replace
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the older products. Furthermore, as Kilpatrick 4 has pointed out, since
the body of tested thought becomes larger, changes tend to become
more rapid. For education, this means that training for specific occupa-
tions cannot afford to neglect training in ability to make adjustments.
This aspect of training for vocations has not been sufficiently empha-
sized in the programs of the past. It must be emphasized in the pro-
grams of the future.
4 Kilpatrick, \Y. H. Educating for a Changing Civilization. New York: The Mac-
millan Company, 1926. 14-3 p.
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APPENDIX
The following list of occupations shows the groupings and omis-
sions that were made in this study.
I. Agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry
1. Farmers
a. Farmers, dairy farmers, and stock raisers
b. Dairy farm, farm, and garden foremen
2. Gardners, florists, fruit growers, and nurserymen
II. Extraction of minerals
3. Extractors of minerals (total of the whole group)
III. Manufacturing and mechanical industries
4. Bakers
5. Blacksmiths, forgemen, and hammermen
6. Boiler makers
7. Brick and stone masons
8. Builders and building contractors
9. Carpenters, cabinetmakers, and sawyers
10. Printers
a. Compositors, linotypists. and typesetters
b. Electrotypers, stereotypers, and lithographers
c. Pressmen and plate printers
d. Semi-skilled operatives in printing and publishing
11. Coopers
12. Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory)
13. Dyers
14. Electricians
15. Engineers (stationary), cranemen, etc.
16. Engravers
17. Machinists
a. Filers and grinders
b. Machinists, millwrights, etc.
18. Firemen
a. Firemen (except locomotive and fire department)
b. Locomotive firemen
19. Foremen and overseers (manufacturing)
20. Metal workers
a. Furnacemen, smeltermen, heaters, and pourers
b. Moulders, founders, and casters
c. Rollers and roller hands
d. Semi-skilled operatives in iron and steel
e. Semi-skilled operatives in other metals
21. Glass blowers
22. Jewelers, watchmakers, etc.
23. Loom fixers
24. Managers and superintendents (manufacturing)
a. Managers and superintendents (manufacturing)
b. Manufacturers and officials
25. Mechanics
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26. Millers
27. Milliners and millinery dealers
28. Painters, glaziers, etc.
29. Paper hangers
30. Pattern and model makers
31. Plasterers and cement finishers
32. Plumbers and gas and steam fitters
33. Roofers and slaters
34. Semi-skilled operatives in chemical and allied industries
35. Semi-skilled operatives in cigar and tobacco industries
36. Semi-skilled operatives in clay, glass, and stone industries
37. Semi-skilled operatives in clothing industries
38. Semi-skilled operatives in food industries
39. Semi-skilled operatives in harness and saddle industries
40. Semi-skilled operatives in lumber and furniture industries
41. Semi-skilled operatives in paper and pulp industries
42. Shoemakers
a. Semi-skilled operatives in shoe factories
b. Shoemakers and cobblers (not in factory)
43. Semi-skilled operatives in tanneries
44. Semi-skilled operatives in textile industries
45. Semi-skilled operatives in other industries
46. Stonecutters
47. Structural iron workers
48. Tailors
49. Tinsmiths and coppersmiths
50. Upholsterers
IV. Transportation
A. Water transportation
51. Boatmen, canalmen. etc.
52. Captains, masters, mates, etc.
B. Road and street transportation
53. Chauffeurs
54. Draymen
55. Foremen of livery and transfer companies
a. Foremen of livery and transfer companies
b. Livery stable keepers and managers
56. Garage keepers
57. Hostlers
58. Proprietors and managers of transfer companies
C. Railroad transportation
59. Baggagemen and freight agents
60. Boiler washers
61. Brakemen and conductors
a. Brakemen
b. Conductors (steam railway)
c. Conductors (street railway)
62. Foremen and overseers
63. Locomotive engineers
64. Motormen
65. Officials and superintendents
66. Switchmen, flagmen, and yardmen
67. Ticket and station agents
D. Express, post, telegraph, and telephone
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68. Agents (express company)
69. Express messengers
a. Express messengers and railway mail clerks
b. Mail carriers
c. Telegraph messengers
70. Telegraph and telephone linemen
71. Telegraph operators
72. Telephone operators
E. Other transportation pursuits
73. Foremen and overseers
74. Inspectors
75. Proprietors, officials, and managers
V. Trade
76. Bankers and brokers
77. Clerks in stores
78. Commercial travelers
79. Decorators, drapers, etc.
80. Floorwalkers
81. Inspectors, gaugers, and samplers
82. Insurance agents and officials
83. Proprietors, officials, and managers (X.O.S.)
84. Real estate agents
85. Retail dealers
86. Salesmen and saleswomen
87. Undertakers
88. Wholesale dealers
VI. Public Service
89. Firemen (fire department)
90. Guards
91. Marshals and policemen
a. Marshals, sheriffs, and detectives
b. Policemen
92. Officials and inspectors (government)
a. Officials and inspectors (city and county)
b. Officials and inspectors (United States)
VII. Professional Service
93. Actors and showmen
94. Architects
95. Artists and sculptors
96. Authors, editors, and reporters
97. Chemists
98. Clergymen
99. College presidents and professors
100. Dentists
101. Designers and draftsmen
102. Lawyers
103. Musicians and teachers of music
104. Osteopaths
105. Photographers
106. Physicians and surgeons
107. Teachers
108. Technical engineers
109. Trained nurses
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110. Veterinary surgeons
111. Barbers
112. Boarding and lodging-house keepers
113. Hotel keepers and managers
114. Housekeepers and stewards
115. Janitors and sextons
116. Laundrymen
a. Laundry operative? (not in laundry)
b. Laundry operatives
c. Laundry owners and officials
117. Porters
118. Restaurant keepers
119. Servants and waiters
VIII. Clerical occupations
120. Agents and canvassers
121. Bookkeepers, cashiers, and accountants
122. Clerks (except clerks in stores)
123. Stenographers and typists
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