CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION, 
 
 SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO. 
 
 JULY 4 1876. 
 
 CENTENNIAL HISTORICAL ORATION BY 
 
 EX-GOVERNOR W. F. M. ARN Y, 
 
 “ Santa Fe, New Mexico — The Oldest City in North America,” 
 
 'o;i8$ nnd jf mtimmte 
 
 RESPONSES BY 
 
 CEN. H. M. ATKINSON, 
 
 HON. JOHN PRATT, 
 
 CEN. EDWARD HATCH, 
 
 HON. T. B. CATRON, 
 
 E. A. FISKE, ESQ., 
 
 C. H. CILDERSLEEVE, ESQ, 
 
 CENTENNIAL POEM, 
 
 BY A. Z. HUGGINS, ESQ. 
 
 SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO: 
 
 Williams & Shaw, Printers. 
 
 1876. 
 
riw 
 
 OPENING REMARKS 
 
 BY 
 
 GEN. JAMES K. PROUDFIT, 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE DAY. 
 
 o 
 
 T is only once in a hundred years ! This is, indeed, the only 
 time in the history of the human race that the citizens of a 
 real republic, founded upon democratic ideas, and controlled 
 by free people, untrammelled and uncontaminated by the idea of the 
 divine right of kings, or fear of the iron hand of unrighteous power, 
 have met together in peace and joy to commemorate, with fitting display, 
 and pomp, and ceremony, the fact that one hundred years of the life of 
 a republic has been accomplished. The so-called republics of ancient 
 history were not governments, “ of the people, by the people, and for 
 the people.” They were monarchies in essence and in substance, and 
 important changes came over them all more than once in a hundred years. 
 It is also thus with all the republics of to-day, except this mighty 
 nation. We can now proudly say that not one gem has been lost from 
 the diadem of freedom in one hundred years. 
 
 It is a fact that no nation has ever had a perfect history except the 
 United States of America. From the time of the landing of the Cava- 
 liers on James River, the Puritans on Plymouth Rock, the Swedes on 
 the Delaware, the Dutch on Manhattan Island, the Quakers on the 
 Schuylkill, the Huguenots on the Ashley, the Catholics on the Chesa- 
 peake, the Spaniards in Florida, the French in Louisiana, the Russians 
 in Alaska, and the explorations of Coronada in New Mexico, our history 
 is written, recorded and known of all men. This is not true of any 
 other land on God’s green earth. The origin and history of all the 
 nations of the old world are shrouded in mystery and tradition ; and 
 
9 
 
 from Caezar to Bonaparte, every human beast of prey has so torn the 
 vitals of history, and so stained its pages with rapine and blood, that the 
 student of to-day turns from it with feelings of doubt and horror. 
 
 From a confederacy of weak communities, without coherence or 
 central power ; with few of the elements of real strength ; by bravery 
 in war ; by energy in peace ; by wisdom in council ; by the influences 
 of freedom and civilization, we have extended an empire from sea to 
 sea — more powerful than Imperial Borne in her best estate — a sanctu- 
 ary for all the peoples, a menace to none. 
 
 From fruitful vale, from green hillside, from city spire and moun- 
 tain peak, our voices rise to-day in glad acclaim, and honest pride. 
 
 May peace and joy be with us all, and all the earth, for many a 
 hundred years. 
 
 HYMN. 
 
 July 4th, A, B 
 
 B3 r 525. 
 
 Tune: “OLD HUNDRED/’ 
 
 In thanks to Him who rules above, 
 
 Let every heart with fervor glow — 
 Our land recalls in pride and love 
 Its birth one hundred years ago. 
 
 Columbia, among the free, 
 
 Stands forth a people true and great, 
 And other nations bend the knee 
 In homage to her high estate. 
 
3 
 
 From sea to sea, o'er mountains, hills, 
 
 Her grand dominion has its sway, 
 
 Thir warming breeze her banner fills, 
 
 And peace and union rule the day. 
 
 So let us pledge our hearts anew, 
 
 Let hands join hands from shore to shore ; 
 Fresh honors on our altars strew, 
 
 And freedom thrive for evermore. 
 
 DELIVERED AT SANTA EE, NEW MEXICO, 
 
 BY 
 
 EX-GOV. -WA IF 1 . 
 
 In conformity with the following Proclamation of President U. S. 
 
 Grant, to wit : 
 
 “ PROCLAMATION. 
 
 “ Whereas a joint resolution of the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives was duly approved on the 13th day of March last, which 
 resolution is as follows : 
 
 “ Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of America in Congress assembled , That it be 
 and is hereby recommended by the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives to the people of the several States, that they assemble in their 
 several Counties or Towns on the approaching Centennial Anniversary 
 of our National Independence, and that they cause to have delivered 
 on such day a historical sketch of said County or Town from its 
 formation, that a copy may be filed, in print or manuscript, in the 
 clerk’s office in said County, and an additional copy, in print or man- 
 uscript, be filed in the office of the librarian of Congress, to the intent 
 that a complete record may be obtained of the progress of our insti- 
 tutions during the first century of their existence.” 
 
4 
 
 “ And whereas, it is deemed proper that such recommendation 
 be brought to the notice and knowledge of the people of the United 
 States, now, therefore, I, U. S. Grant, President of the United States, 
 do hereby declare and make known the same in the hope that the 
 object of such resolution may meet the approval of the people of the 
 United States, and that proper steps may be taken to carry it into 
 effect. Given under my hand at the City of Washington this 25th 
 day of May, in the year of our Lord, 1876, and of the Independence 
 of the United States, the one hundreth. 
 
 U. S. Grant. 
 
 Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State.” 
 
 HAVE been honored by the good people of this City and 
 County to act as the orator in English on this very interes- 
 ting day which commemorates the one hundreth anniversary 
 of the Independence of the United States of America. And in en- 
 deavoring fitly to celebrate this immortal day, it surely becomes us to 
 express our grateful thanks to God, the Father, Proprietor and Boun- 
 tiful Benefactor of the whole creation, who by His word and power 
 called into existence the universe, of which this Terraqueous is a 
 component part. He adorned and decorated it with everything 
 gratifying to the eye and pleasing to the taste of man, whom “He 
 created both male and female,” and placed in Paradise — the garden 
 of delights — with the injunction to multiply and replenish the earth. 
 
 Omnipotent is the word of God ! He spake and the world 
 was made ! “ Let there he light” He said, “ and light there was ! ” 
 
 He uttered His voice and from darkness light was born ; from chaos 
 order sprang; and from an inert mass of lifeless matter animated 
 beings of ten thousand ranks and orders stood forth in life trium- 
 phant. Thus came the universe from the command of God. But 
 how gradual and progressive was the development of the wisdom 
 power and goodness of the almighty Maker ! Light was the first- 
 born ; next, the aerial expanse called heaven ; then the water heard 
 His voice, and of the terraqueous globe this element first felt the 
 impulse of all creating energy. It was congregated into its aerial and 
 terrestrial chambers. Naked from the womb of waters the earth appear- 
 ed. The new-born earth God clothed with verdure, with all the charms 
 of vegetable beauty, and gave to its apparel a conservative principle, 
 

 
 5 
 
 
 
 a reproducing power. Light was itself chaotic until the fourth day. 
 No luminaries garnished the firmament until the week of creation was 
 more than half expired. It was then the sun, moon and stars were 
 lighted up. by “ the Great Father of Lights.” 
 
 “ Bespangled with those isles of light — 
 
 So wildly spiritually bright.” 
 
 Yet how few can with truth exclaim 
 
 11 Whoever gazed upon them shining 
 
 And turned to earth without repining, 
 
 Nor wished for wings to flee away 
 
 And mix with their eternal ray ? ” 
 
 Until the earth was born of water, no sun beamed in heaven, no 
 ray of celestial light shone upon its face ; for no life was in the earth 
 until the sun beamed upon it. Then were the waters peopled, and from 
 them came forth the inhabitants of the air. In the dominion of 
 this wonderful element life was first conceived and exhibited. 
 
 The race of earth-borns, creatures of a grosser habit, did not hear 
 the voice of G-od until the sixth day. On that day they obeyed the 
 command of God and stepped forth into life. Then the Almighty 
 changed His style. Till then His commands were all addressed in the 
 third person ; “ Let there hef was the preamble, “ and there was,” was 
 the conclusion. But now, “ Let us make man,” and “ Let us make him 
 after another model.” The only being made after a model was man ; 
 all other creatures were originals. Towards Him if any creature ap- 
 proached in any one similitude, it was in anticipation. Man steps forth 
 into life in the image of his Maker, and found himself the youngest 
 child of the universe ; the darling of his Father and his God. Here 
 the chapter of creation closes, and man has the last period. 
 
 Such was the value stamped on man by his Creator. A world is 
 made and peopled for him ; a palace reared, furnished, and decorated 
 for his abode. The Great Architect plans and executes the edifice and 
 then introduces to its richest apartment the favorite of His creation. 
 
 ’Tis here we are taught the science ; ’tis here we learn the num- 
 bers, which, when combined with wisdom, tell of how much account 
 we are. 
 
 On man thus valued, dignified, and honored by his Maker, a 
 lordship is conferred. Over all that swims, that flies, or that moves 
 
 
 

 
 6 
 
 
 upon the earth, his dominion extends. The crown placed upon his 
 head had attractions which angels saw, and charms which angels felt. 
 Man thus placed in Eden with his Eve — from his side and by his 
 side — having all its fruits, and flowers, and sweets, and charms under 
 his control, with the smallest reservation in favor of the Absolute 
 Sovereign of the universe, having, too, the whole earth, from Eden’s 
 flowery banks to both the poles, subject to His will — becomes the 
 most enviable object in all the great empire of the universe. From 
 this creation proceeded the entire inhabitants of the world, who were 
 filed off into small groups called tribe, s, and the first effort to resist 
 this arrangement was avenged with the confusion of human speech 
 which made a dispersion unavoidable. 
 
 Patriarchs and princes over these small detachments of human 
 beings, called nations , wielded the scepter for nearly a thousand years 
 without any remarkable incident. Cities, towns, and palaces were 
 reared and ruined during the interval from the Deluge to the coming 
 of the Messiah the Prince of Peace, one thousand eight hundred and 
 seventy-six years ago, since which tribes have grown into Nations, 
 Nations into Empires and Kingdoms ; of these the present assemblage 
 are mostly the descendants of the sons of Brittania and of Spain — 
 the sons of whom first discovered America in the year 1492, under 
 Columbus, who described the natives of the coast in a letter to the 
 sovereigns who sent him on his explorations, as follows : 
 
 “ So loving, so tractible, so peaceable are these people that I de- 
 clare to your majesties that there is not in this world a better nation or a 
 better land. They love their neighbors as themselves ; their discourse 
 is ever sweet, gentle and accompanied with a smile, and though it is true 
 that they are naked, yet their manners were decorous and praiseworthy.” 
 
 This was the condition of the people of Florida previous to the 
 founding of San Augustine there, in the year 1565, the natives were 
 nomadic and had no towns. 
 
 Where we now stand in the city of Santa Fe there was a town 
 according to tradition and to records four hundred years ago, which 
 dates previous to the establishment of San Augustine, and previous 
 to the landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock. The evidence 
 of this is found not only in the ruins of a vast city which was found 
 
 
 
 
i 
 
 in existence in the time of Cabeza de Baca and Coronado. One of 
 the old Indian houses stands in sight of us on the bank of the Santa 
 Fe River, near by the old San Miguel Church. 
 
 There stands in full view of my audience the Governor’s Palace, 
 erected previous to the year 1581, and built from material of the 
 old Indian town. In regard to the time of the settlement of these 
 Indians in towns there is extant a royal decree in Spanish of Emperor 
 Charles Y, dated at Cigales, March 21st, 1551, containing the state- 
 ment that by an order of the Emperor given in 1546, the prelates of 
 New Spain convened for the purpose, had resolved that the Indians 
 should be brought into the settlements. 
 
 Philip II in consequence of the intention of Emperor Charles, 
 published a statute on the founding of settlements. “ It was the 
 royal decree designed to protect the Pueblo Indians, and to provide 
 for the settlement of others at that time not living in towns. 
 
 A number of the descendants of these Indians are before us 
 from the towns of Tesuque, Nambe, San Juan, Santa Clara, whose 
 history and appearance indicate their honesty and native intelligence. 
 They are to-day in our Centennial celebration the descendants and 
 representatives of the people who occupied Santa Fe and other 
 towns in its vicinity, more than 400 years ago. 
 
 The question as to whether the Pueblo Indians were found living 
 in towns, or thus settled by the early conquerors, is clearly settled by 
 Cabeza de Baca and Coronado, who are the earliest authorities upon the 
 history of this country. They found these Indians living in towns 
 many of which were described as cities by them, and especially the 
 Pueblo city with its many thousand inhabitants where we now stand, 
 and from which sprang the Spanish city of Santa Fe — the “City of 
 the Holy Faith” — the Capital of New Mexico. 
 
 At the time of the first Indian revolution against the Spanish 
 rule some of their towns were destroyed. Some were rebuilt on 
 new sites. These were the only towns whose settlements were made 
 after the date of the Conquest. From Castaneda’s description in 
 1540 these Indians were found living in towns, and the city of Indians 
 where Santa Fe now stands was then a prosperous Indian city, and 
 so far as the decree in -question relates to our city of Santa Fe and 
 
8 
 
 other towns, the object was to protect their rights from encroachment 
 and imposition. 
 
 Previous to 1583 the Pueblo Indians rebelled against the Spanish 
 Government and drove from the country the Spanish settlers and 
 priests of the Roman Catholic Church, and we have an account in 
 Spanish of an expedition by Espejo in that year in which a portion 
 of the country was again conquered, and the Indians compelled to 
 work in the mines. 
 
 In 1 680 the Pueblo Indians rebelled for the second time against 
 the Spaniards, and the historian tells us u they drove the Spaniards 
 and priests from the country, and again established their own gov- 
 ernment and religious worship.” 
 
 On the 5th of November, 1681, Governor Otermin unfurled his 
 banner and marched with an army to conquer New Mexico, in which 
 he failed. In 1692 the Spaniards succeeded in re-conquering New 
 Mexico, and again took Santa Fe. There is, in the office of the Secre- 
 tary of this Territory, three documents in Spanish which would make 
 over a hundred pages of printed matter, dated 1693 and 1694, which 
 give a full account of the conquest of Santa Fe by the Spaniards, its 
 re-conquest by the Indians, and its re-conquest again by the Spaniards. 
 
 With the acquisition of Santa Fe in 1694 the Indian towns on 
 the Rio Grande and in the vicinity of Santa Fe, twelve in number, 
 made submission and were visited and taken possesion of in the name 
 of the King of Spain. 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SANTA FE. 
 
 The resolution of congress and the proclamation of the presi- 
 dent contemplate that the people of each of the towns and cities 
 throughout the republic having a history shall have arranged among 
 themselves for the public delivery on this occasion of a historical 
 sketch thereof from its formation ; and I have been by you honored 
 with the selection for that purpose. Aware of the propriet}^ of 
 such a sketch being full and complete and of your desire that it be so 
 as far as practicable, I have endeavored to attain that end — for cer- 
 
9 
 
 tainly no town within the limits of the United States can boast of a 
 longer or a more interesting history than can the famous old historic 
 city of Santa Fe. At my request the following descriptive and his- 
 torical sketch was written and furnished me by David J. Miller, 
 translator and chief clerk in the office of the United States sure vy or 
 general here, with which he has been connected since its establish- 
 ment in 1854, and who is learned in the lore of the preserved old 
 archives and in the records of the Spanish and Mexican governments 
 in New Mexico. The sketch is designed to present, besides the history 
 embodied, an idea of the present appearance and condition of the city. 
 
 THE CITY OF SANTA FE 
 
 Stands upon both sides of Santa Fe creek, a small river heading in 
 the lake on the top of the mountain twelve miles to the east and 
 running westerly into the Rio Grande del Norte fourteen miles from 
 the city. From it the fields and gardens in the valley are irrigated 
 for cultivation, the whole volume of water being usually during the 
 irrigating season diverted into the branching acequias or irrigating 
 canals. The city residences and other buildings are almost univer- 
 sally of the Mexican style, built of adobes or sundried brick, one 
 story high, are warm in winter and cool in summer, and are withal 
 quite comfortable. It has been aptly said that the city when viewed 
 from either of the fine natural eminences overlooking it presents the 
 appearance of a large collection of brick kilns. Huge spurs of the 
 Rocky Mountains rise in the immediate vicinity on the northeast, 
 the east and the southeast, and loom in the distance to the northwest,, 
 the west and the southwest, a series of low tablelands lying to the 
 north, the whole presenting an interesting landscape. Situated at an 
 elevation of 6862 feet above sea level the climate is very equable and 
 agreeable, the atmosphere very rare and pure, and the salubrity of 
 the place unsurpassed. It enjoys on this account a widespread and 
 very enviable reputation. It is upon the thoroughfare of much com- 
 merce and travel, as yet wholly by animal transportation, and is the 
 center of a large trade. 
 
 The population of the city is reported in the national census of 
 1870 as 4765, but it is believed it was then really much larger, and 
 

 
 10 
 
 
 
 that it is now not less than 6500. Of these fully 5500 are persons of 
 Spanish and Mexican descent, speaking the Spanish language, the bal- 
 ance being mainly Americans and Europeans — the whole population be- 
 ing divided conventionally into two classes, the “ Mexican ” or Spanish- 
 speaking and the “American” or English-speaking people, the latter 
 class being composed really of a majority of foreign born persons, among 
 them a large proportion of Jews. The city was incorporated in 1851 by 
 the first territorial legislature assembled under act of congress of Sept. 9, 
 1850, organizing the territory, but, on account of the levy and collection 
 of taxes for the support of the city government, a measure then entirely 
 new and very distasteful to the people, the succeeding annual legislature 
 was preva’led upon to repeal the charter. The city government, there- 
 fore, was in operation but one year — and the first and hitherto the only 
 mayor Santa Fe ever had was the one elected and acting under that 
 charter, Mr. Robert Nesbit. The city was however thereafter regularly 
 provided with municipal regulations prescribed and a police appointed 
 under a law of the legislature by the prefect of Santa Fe county, of which 
 this city has always been the capital, the police being paid from the 
 county funds. The matter is now under the management of a board of 
 county supervisors created by the twenty-second legislature, that of 
 1875-6. 
 
 Santa Fe is known in the old records of the Roman Catholic church 
 and is often found referred to in the archives of the former civil 
 governments of the country as the city of San Francisco de Asis de Santa 
 Fe, Saint Francis being the patron saint; and the annual recurrence of 
 Saint Francis’ Day, October 4, is still celebrated by the population under 
 the auspices of the church by illuminations in the church edifices, the 
 streets and upon the housetops, and with high mass at the cathedral. 
 Santa Fe is the residence of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of New 
 Mexico, Colorado and Arizona. There are in the city four Roman 
 Catholic churches, besides another extensive and handsome edjfice in 
 course of erection during the last six years. There is one Protestant 
 church edifice, that of the Presbyterians, who have a resident missionary 
 minister, as do also the Episcopalians, though these have no church edi- 
 fice. The Roman Catholic church have here a college for boys and a 
 conventual academy for girls, at each of which about 150 pupils attend 
 
 
 

 
 11 
 
 
 from all parts of the Territory. The population of the city not “ Ameri- 
 cans ” are almost without any exception Roman Catholics. The city 
 contains two national banks, each haying $150,000 capital, the only ones 
 in the Territory. Upon the military reserve of Fort Marcy, within the 
 city north and northwest of the plaza, the government have some excel- 
 lent buildings erected for military offices and for the residences of military 
 officers, the residences only being two stories high. In the northern 
 part of the city stand the ruins of two unfinished stone buildings — the 
 territorial capitol and the territorial penitentiary, congress having failed 
 during the last twenty years to make any appropriation to complete or to 
 prosecute further the work upon them. Adjoining these to the north- 
 east is the Masonic and 1. 0. 0. F. cemetery, a large and well cared for 
 burial place for the deceased of those fraternities and for strangers. To 
 the west of this in the northwest edge of the city near the Catholic church 
 of Rosario are the military and private family cemeteries adjoining one 
 the other. The plaza or public square in the city north of the river, 
 comprising an area of about two and a half acres, contains enclosed 
 with palings inside the surrounding streets a beautiful park of trees 
 covering an area of about an acre and a quarter. The trees are 
 mainly cottonwoods — the eight large ones forming the extreme north 
 tier having been set out in the spring of 1844 by Mariano Martinez, 
 then Governor of New Mexico, and the others in 1863 at the private 
 expense of the citizens. The plaza is surrounded upon the east, south and 
 west sides with good adobe buildings, the principal mercantile and other 
 business houses of the city, and on the north side stands the old govern- 
 ment “Palace, ’’containingnow theGovernor’s mansion, the United States 
 Designated Depository, the United States and Territorial court rooms, 
 the legislative halls, the Territorial library and the Territorial Attorney 
 General’s office. The federal officers for New Mexico residing and offi- 
 ciating now at Santa Fe are the Governor (Samuel B. Axtell), the 
 Secretary of the Territory (W. G. Ritch), the Chief Justice of the 
 Territorial Supreme Court (Henry L. Waldo), the District Attorney 
 (Thomas B. Catron), the Marshal (John Pratt), the Surveyor 
 General (Henry M. Atkinson), the Internal Revenue Collector 
 (Gustavus A. Smith), the Designated Depositary (Abram G. Hoyt), 
 the Register of the Landoffice (Jose D. Sena), the military Comman- 
 

 
 12 
 
 
 
 der of the District of New Mexico (Edward Hatch) and staff, the 
 Agent for the Pueblo Indians (Benjamin M. Thomas) and the Post- 
 master (Marshall A. Breeden). In the center of the park in the 
 plaza stands the handsome Soldiers Monument, erected of native granite 
 by authority of the Territorial legislature, and dedicated with imposing 
 ceremonies October 24, 1867, to the citizens of New Mexico who had 
 fallen in the Indian wars of the country and to the Union soldiers who 
 perished in the battles in New Mexico during the late civil war. The 
 city outside the plaza is very irregularly laid out, the streets, unpaved, 
 being narrow, crooked and ancient looking. As no railroad has yet 
 penetrated or been constructed in New Mexico Santa Fe as from time 
 immemorial still presents continually the scene of a city filled with freight 
 wagons and carrying animals, these being the burros or donkeys so 
 generally and so universally used in the country. At present there is 
 but one newspaper published here, the daily and the weekly New Mexi- 
 can, issued by the same house, and published one half in English and 
 one half in Spanish, by Manderfield & Tucker, and there is a job 
 printing house by Williams & Shaw. There is one Masonic 
 lodge (Montezuma No. 109), and one I. 0. 0. F. lodge (Paradise No. 
 2), and one I. 0. 0. F. encampment (Centennial No. 3). There are 
 five wholesale mercantile establishments, those of Spiegelberg Broth- 
 ers, Z. Staab & Co., James L. Johnson & Co., S. Seligman & Broth- 
 ers and Ilfeld & Co. 
 
 Santa Fe, from the time the Spaniards entered and occupied the 
 country before the beginning of the seventeenth century to the present 
 day, has always been the political and military capital of New Mexico, 
 which, under the three distinct nationalities to which it has at different 
 times belonged, has always constituted a separate political organiza- 
 tion, except when for a short time in 1323-4 it constituted with 
 Chihuahua and Durango one of the Mexican States ; and the historic 
 old “ Palace” building on the plaza has been occupied successively as 
 his official residence by the haughty war-loving Governor and Captain 
 General under Spain, by the power-exercising Civil and Military Gov- 
 ernor and Political Chief under Mexico, and now by the statute- 
 restricted Governor under the United States. This interesting old 
 building, on account of the repairs repeatedly made upon it now-a- 
 
 
 

 
 13 
 
 
 
 days, is fast losing its antique appearance and internal arrangements. 
 It lias been the scene and the witness of many events of interest and 
 importance, the recital of many of which would to us of today seem 
 almost absolutely incredible. In it lived and ruled the Spanish 
 Captain General, so remote and inaccessible from the viceroyalty at 
 Mexico that he was in effect a king, nominally accountable to the vice- 
 roy, but practically beyond his reach and control and wholly irresponsi- 
 ble directly to the people. Equally independent for the same reason 
 were the Mexican governors. Here met all the provincial, territorial, 
 departmental and other legislative bodies that have ever assembled at the 
 capital of New Mexico. Here have been planned all the domestic 
 Indian wars and measures for defence against foreign invasion, includ- 
 ing as the most noteworthy the Navajo war of 1823 and the Texan 
 invasion of 1842, the “American of 1846 and the Confederate of 1862. 
 Within its walls was imprisoned in 1809 the American explorer 
 Zebulon M. Pike, and innumerable state prisoners before and since ; 
 and many a sentence of death has been pronounced therein and the 
 accused forthwith led away and shot at the dictum of the man at the 
 “ Palace.” It has been from time immemorial the government house 
 with all its branches annexed. It was such on the fourth of July, 
 1776, when the American congress at Independence Hall in Philadel- 
 phia proclaimed liberty throughout all the land not then but now embrac- 
 ing it. Indeed, this old edifice has a history. And as the history 
 of Santa Fe is the history of New Mexico, so is the history of the 
 “ Palace ” the history of Santa Fe. 
 
 It is now contended that Santa Fe is really the oldest-settled town 
 upon the whole territory of the United States. As the city of Mexico 
 of today is but the old Aztec pueblo of Tenochtitlan of Montezuma, 
 so is Santa Fe but the old pueblo of Cicuye of Coronado. Saint 
 Augustine in the state of Florida, settled in 1565, was conceded 
 the distinction of being the oldest until the acquisition of New Mexico 
 and its capital, Santa Fe, by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, 
 when the latter of right assumed that rank in virtue of being, when 
 the Spaniards first visited it in or about the year 1542, a populous 
 regulated Indian pueblo or town, one that had been in existence there 
 is no knowing how many decades or how many centuries. The mil- 
 
 
 

 
 14 
 
 
 
 itary exploring forces of the Spanish commander Francisco Vasquez 
 Coronado visited various such pueblos in this vicinity at that time, 
 mentioning them in his reports by their Indian names, not now 
 known; and one of them unquestionably stood upon the site 
 of the present city of Santa Fe. Which of them it was is now 
 unknown, for, owing to the unfortunate poverty of descriptions of 
 places given by the historians of that expedition, it is now very diffi- 
 cult if not impossible to identify any of them with certainty. We 
 are of opinion that it was Cicuye — that ancient Santa Fe was the 
 pueblo of this name. If so, modern Santa Fe with its population of 
 6500 is not yet its ancient self again, for Cicuye extended along the 
 stream nearly or quite six miles, from the mountains <ps far west as 
 the present town of Agua Fria — this in fact is in accordance with 
 tradition — and the beautiful valley of undiminished fertility adjoining 
 the city has been cultivated annually at least three hundred and fifty 
 years, for Coronado relates that when here he found the Pueblos cul- 
 tivators of the soil. 
 
 The place since then has a long and an interesting written and 
 unwritten history — the former, yet uncollated, being found scattered 
 here and there, and indeed being mainly recorded incidentally, among 
 the voluminous old archives. Nevertheless much of it has been col- 
 lated and presented in General Davis’ work the history of the Spanish 
 Conquest of New Mexico. The author does not therein state when 
 Santa Fe was first settled by the whites, the Spaniards, but mentions 
 that it was the capital of the civil and military government of New 
 Mexico many years prior to and at the time of the expulsion of the 
 Spaniards from the province at the great Indian insurrection of 1680. 
 The record shows, he says, that it was the capital in 1640, when 
 General Arguello was Governor and Captain General, who discovered 
 -and suppressed the first mentioned of the numerous insurrections 
 attempted by the Pueblo Indians, he executing on that occasion at 
 Santa Fe a number of the ringleaders. He mentions Pedro de Pe- 
 ralta as Governor in 1600, General Arguello in 1640, General Concha 
 in 1650, Henrique de Abila y Pacheco in 1656, Juan Francisco 
 Frenio in 1675, and Antonio de Otermih in 1680, ’81, ’82, ’83. 
 During the administration of General Otermin, in 1680, the Pueblos 
 
 
 

 
 15 
 
 
 had secretly conspired on a large scale to rise and overpower the 
 whites and drive them from the country. The time determined upon 
 for an irresistable armed attack upon Santa Fe and the other Spanish 
 settlements was the 10th of August. Their plans were however com- 
 municated to the Spaniards on the 8th by some natives of Tezuque 
 pueblo, and steps were taken to thwart the rebellion. But the Indi- 
 ans, discovering that their scheme was known, nevertheless commenced 
 the war with vigor, and Governor Otermin soon learned that the 
 enemy was marching upon Santa Fe from the north. They had 
 already attacked and massacred all the inhabitants of the town of 
 Santa Cruz de la Canada, though it was well fortified and advised of 
 their approach. Santa Fe contained then about one thousand inhab- 
 itants citizens and soldiery, and the streets were barricaded and 
 arms put in possession of the citizens, and the whole population con- 
 gregated in the plaza. The attack came on the 12th by nearly three 
 thousand Pueblo warriors, who at once laid siege to the city. The 
 Governor went out to parley with the besiegers, but could make no 
 terms with them. They told him that they had with them two 
 crosses, one a red and the other a white one, of which he could take 
 his choice, and that if he took the red one war to the death would 
 follow, and if the white one peace could be secured only by the Span- 
 iards’ forthwith marching out of the country and leaving it ever forth 
 to its rightful owners, the Indians. Failing to conciliate or make 
 terms with the enemy, Otermin* re-entered his besieged capital and 
 resolved to attack them before the arrival of more of their allies. 
 Several hundred soldiers made a sortie, and some terrific fighting 
 ensued in the city suburbs to the north, wherein the Indians lost 
 many killed and wounded, the engagement lasting nearly all day. 
 Late in the afternoon further allies arrived, and General Otermin 
 was obliged to proceed in person into the action with his whole fight- 
 ing force to save his troops from annihilation and enable them to re- 
 treat into the city. The besiegers now numbered fully three thou- 
 sand warriors. By means of a large ditch they turned off from the 
 city the water of the stream running through it, and cut off supplies 
 of provisions from without. The siege continued till August 21, the 
 Spaniards in their repeated sallies against the enemy losing in that 
 
 

 
 16 
 
 
 
 time about five hundred men killed and disabled, including twenty- 
 priests killed, and the besiegers a great many more. On the 
 night of the 20th the whites in their desperation determined to at- 
 tempt to cut their way through the enemy the next day and get out 
 of the country if possible. They accordingly on the morning of the 
 21st marched out towards the southwest, soldiers, men, women and 
 children, mostly on foot, each with what he could take along. The 
 Indian servants were nearly all left behind. There were not sufficient 
 animals for the transportation even of the sick and wounded, and the 
 huddled mass of humanity, in momentary expectation of a terrible 
 attack from the surrounding enemy, presented truly a lamentable 
 and a pitiable sight. They had however less fighting in their exit 
 than they had anticipated, and soon were out of sight of the doomed 
 city on their dreary march of three hundred and fifty miles to El Paso. 
 The Indians immediately entered the city, and commenced their work 
 of havoc and desolation. They at once burned down the churches 
 and other public buildings and residences of prominent Spaniards. 
 They collected the church saints and other appurtenances in a 
 pile on the plaza and burned them to ashes. They held high and 
 boisterous festival over the charred and ruined city, proclaiming in 
 triumphant shouts that the God of the white man was dead and the 
 God of the red man, the sun, again lived and reigned and there was 
 none else. They forbid the use of a word of the Spanish language 
 among their people, bathed themselves to cleanse the baptism of the 
 Catholic priests, and allowed those who had been married by these to 
 put aside their wives and take others. They utterly destroyed every- 
 thing even suggestive of the Spaniards. After a great deal of suffer- 
 ing on their march General Otermin with his command of miserable 
 humanity reached El Paso about the first of October. 
 
 During the following year the Viceroy at Mexico despatched 
 General Otermin from El Paso with an army to attempt to recapture 
 the lost capital, reestablish the settlements and restore Spanish su- 
 premacy in New Mexico. This expeditionary force marched Novem- 
 ber 5, 1681, with the c'ty of Santa Fe for its objective point. On 
 or about December 20 it reached and encamped at the west edge of 
 the Mesa, twenty-one miles west of the city, the site of the present 
 
 
 
17 
 
 town of Bajada, where it remained several days, when Otermin deter- 
 mined to abandon his purpose and return to El Paso. This he did 
 in view of the insuperable opposition he saw he would have to en- 
 counter if he advanced, the Pueblos having concentrated all their 
 forces at Santa Fe to defend the place. He commenced to retire on 
 the 24th, and on the 11th of February following arrived at El Paso 
 with his command. 
 
 The Pueblos were permitted to remain in undisturbed possession 
 of Santa Fe and of all New Mexico for the next twelve years. In 
 1692 the Viceroy commissioned Diego de Vargas Zapata Lujan Ponce 
 de Leon as Governor and Captain General of New Mexico, and at 
 once dispatched him from the city of Mexico to El Paso to command 
 an expedition thence similar in purpose to that with which Otermin 
 had failed. It marched for Santa Fe August 31, and, so far as the 
 record shows, met no serious armed resistence until within the imme- 
 diate vicinity of the city. Here the Pueblos were assembled in large 
 force, and, upon the approach of the Spaniards, went forth to give 
 them battle. In view of the important and deadly combat then about 
 to ensue the troops in line were by the priests admonished to cleanse 
 their hearts of sin, were administered absolution and the blessing, and 
 counselled to courage in the name of God and the king. The battle 
 commenced about daylight on the morning of September 13, and 
 lasted with great fury and bravery and with heavy losses on both 
 sides till late in the afternoon. At about three o’clock the Pueblos 
 began to weaken and waver and give way. The Spaniards pushed 
 their advantage and about sundown they marched into the city with 
 flying colors ; and the soldiers, weary with the fatigues of the cam- 
 paign and with that day’s incessant fighting, soon took up comfortable 
 quarters in the houses of the Indians. Quite a number of citizens 
 of those who were expelled the country in 1680 and who had resided 
 at Santa Fe had asked and obtained permission to return with the 
 army and avenge their expulsion. They found upon entering the 
 city that during the twelve years it was in posession of the Pueblos it 
 had in all respects completely changed its character from that of a 
 Spanish town into that of an Indian pueblo. With its capture Span- 
 ish supremacy was again established in the country. The surrounding 
 

 
 18 
 
 
 
 pueblos began to come in and declare their submission, and soon the 
 whole of them except the most distant and inaccessible were again 
 in obedience to the government and the church. 
 
 Having thus attained the first object of the expedition and ren- 
 dered feasible the second — to wit, the resettlement of the country by 
 the return of the expelled settlers with their families and the intro- 
 duction of new immigrants — the Governor and Captain General deter- 
 mined to return with his whole command to El Paso. The great 
 object of the viceregal government was the resettlement of New 
 Mexico, and if possible the puebloization of the nomadic Indians in 
 the province. General de Vargas determined to select and appoint, 
 before leaving, from among the Pueblos, some capable and trusty 
 representative to keep loyal and govern the natives during his absence. 
 The person so commissioned was an Indian of the Pueblo of Picuris 
 named Luis, a man of fame and influence among his people, the 
 Pueblos. And on the 17th of October, 1692, de Vargas set out from 
 Santa Fe, first despatching the main body of his charge, including 
 artillery, supplies, animals, captives, prisoners, and so forth, with 
 orders to await him at the pueblo of Santo Domingo, going himself 
 with an escort and some priests by way of the pueblo of Pecos, now 
 abandoned. Soon after his arrival at Pecos two hundred and fifty 
 people were baptized by the priests into the Roman Catholic church. 
 On the 20th of December he reached El Paso and went into camp at 
 San Lorenzo near that place, after an eventful and very successful 
 campaign into New Mexico. 
 
 Reporting in extenso his operations and successes to the govern- 
 ment at the city of Mexico, he was soon authorized by the royal au- 
 dience there to make another expedition into this province with a 
 view to its colonization and permanent occupation. On October 11, 
 1693, he marched from El Paso for Santa Fe with his military com- 
 mand and a large number of emigrants, mainly from the cities of 
 Queretaro, Sombrerete and Zacatecas in Mexico, the emigrants being 
 in charge of Lieutenant Governor Juan Paez Hurtado, a name fre- 
 quently met with in the archives of the time embracing a period of 
 more than forty years. Nearing Santa Fe de Vargas despatched run- 
 ners in advance to ascertain and report to him the sentiment of the 
 
 
 

 
 19 
 
 
 
 Pueblos concerning his return. At Santo Dom’ngo he was joined by 
 the Indian Luis, whom he had left at Santa Fe in charge of public 
 affairs the year previous, and he and the runners reported that during 
 the absence of the Spaniards the Pueblos had become disloyal and 
 demoralized, that learning of their approach they were resolved to 
 oppose them to the death, and that there was then collected upon the 
 mesa 21 miles west of Santa Fe, whence Otermin was made to fall 
 back, a large force ready to give battle. It was subsequently ascer- 
 tained that the Pueblos had induced sundry of the wild tribes to 
 promise their assistance in the impending war against the approach- 
 ing Spanish army, but that their allies failing to come to time they 
 concluded not to interpose by themselves the resistence they had con- 
 templated. The command of de Yargas was comprised of one thou- 
 sand five hundred persons or more, including immigrants, the families 
 of these and the soldiers. On December 11 the command reached 
 the present town of Agua Fria, six miles from Santa F6, where it en- 
 camped five days. Luis was sent forward into the city, and he re- 
 ported that preparations were making there to give de Yargas not 
 only a peaceable but a triumphal entry into the city. On the 16th 
 he commenced his march with drum and fife and flying colors, and 
 at the head of the column on horseback he marched in at the western 
 edge of town. The entire people were assembled in a multitude 
 upon the plaza to receive him, the men ranged on one side and the 
 women on the other. The troops, having entered the plaza, were 
 formed in open ranks to allow the priests to pass through ; and when 
 these arrived to where the Indians had erected a large wooden cross 
 they kneeled before it, chanted the litany and celebrated the Te Deum 
 Laudamus , and General de Yargas addressed the assembled multi- 
 tude in a speech. The ceremonies of reception concluded, the com- 
 mand marched to an eminence near town, believed to be that now in 
 sight of the plaza about a quarter of a mile to the northeast, where 
 the Indians had prepared quarters for the soldiers and the emigrants, 
 the former being in the full possession and use of all parts of the city. 
 This was still in about the same condition as when the Spaniards left 
 it the year before, the works and intrenchments for defence remain- 
 ing unimpaired. The principal buildings which the Indians had 
 
 
 

 
 20 
 
 
 
 burned thirteen years before were mainly still unrepaired, and de 
 Vargas commenced the work of restoring them. He sent to the 
 mountains for timber for work upon San Miguel church, the same 
 old Roman Catholic edifice which stands now on the south side of 
 the river near the bridge on the road leading from the southeast cor- 
 ner of the plaza. Adjoining this old church immediately to the north 
 stands yet one of the identical buildings built and occupied by the 
 Indians when Santa Fe was a pueblo ; and, though erected very prob- 
 ably three centuries ago or more, it is still in good preservation, and 
 is now inhabited. There are in other portions of the city a few an- 
 tique-looking buildings showing Pueblo Indian architecture, some or 
 all of them no doubt cotemporaries of the one just referred to. 
 
 The “ Palace,” which had been partially repaired by him, was 
 occupied by de Vargas during his former occupation of Santa Fe, and 
 was now in the exclusive possession and use of the Indians. The 
 G-eneral determined to move about Christmas from his quarters on 
 the hill into the city with his command, wherefore he gave orders that 
 all the public buildings and snfficient of the others should be vacated 
 to make room for the rank and file of the army without delay. The 
 Indians evinced dissatisfaction at the order. It was apparent that 
 they intended to resist its execution. Indeed their preparations 
 for doing so soon became manifest ; and incontinently they declared 
 that the Spaniards should not come down into the city at all, and, 
 manning the intrenchments on the plaza, bid them defiance. At day- 
 light Christmas morning de Vargas marched to the assault and con- 
 fronted tho works of the rebels. In anticipation of terrific fighting 
 the whole command were administered the sacrament and absolu- 
 tion and given the blessing by the priests in full view of the enemy. 
 While these ceremonies were proceeding the red rebels raised the 
 battle-shout, and with their bows and slings hurled at the troops from 
 the works a shower of arrows and stones — and the engagement com- 
 menced. The troops, with the animating old Spanish battle-cry of 
 “ Santiago /” rushed upon the works amid a hailstorm of missiles. A 
 portion of the outer walls was soon carried, but to gain the plaza others 
 had to be scaled or demolished ; and beams and ladders were soon on 
 the ground for the purpose. The enemy within fought the assailants 
 
 
 

 
 21 
 
 
 
 with courage and determination, and among other efforts to repulse 
 poured boiling water upon them as they ascended the ladders or un- 
 dermined the walls. De Vargas was advised of the near approach 
 from the west of reinforcements to the enemy, and he at once des- 
 patched some squadrons of cavalry to prevent their incorporation with 
 the main body in the plaza. The cavalry charged and routed them, 
 but they rallied and again attempted to reach the city, when they 
 were again attacked, and, after considerable fighting, finally beaten 
 back and dispersed. In the mean time the fighting on the plaza con- 
 tinued unabated and until dusk, when both parties ceased, neither 
 having any perceptible material advantage, though the Pueblos were 
 greatly discouraged, mainly on account of their heavy losses in killed 
 and wounded, the serious wounding of their commanding war captain 
 and the failure of the reinforcements to reach them. In the battle 
 about one hundred and seventy-five Pueblos were killed. The num- 
 ber of their wounded or of the killed and wounded of the Spaniards 
 does not appear. As the troops the next morning were about renew- 
 ing the assault, de Vargas discovered the demoralization of the Indians, 
 who were soon thereafter seen flying from their intrenchments and 
 from the city. He at once marched in with the royal banner in the 
 air and with martial music, and, amid the victorious and triumphant 
 shouts of the Spaniards, again took formal possession of Santa Fe in 
 the name of King Charles the Second. Concealed in different houses 
 of the city were found numerous warriors, some of them wounded. 
 They were brought into the presence of de Vargas at the Palace to 
 the number of seventy, who ordered their execution forthwith, and, 
 being first absolved by the priests, they were marched out by his 
 adjutant and shot. The Pueblos during the night preceding the fall 
 of the city had themselves executed several of their principal men, 
 among them de Vargas’ friend and representative Luis. From the 
 Indian families falling into the hands of the Spaniards at the capture 
 of the city four hundred young women and children Were retained 
 and distributed among the families of the whites, the recently arrived 
 immigrants, among whom were, also distributed large quantities of 
 captured produce, consisting mainly of five thousand bushels of corn, 
 quantities of wheat, beans, etc. 
 
 
 
22 
 
 Thenceforward the Pueblos, though subsequently making fre- 
 quent attempts at insurrection with the same end in view as before, 
 and some attacks upon the city to capture it, have never got into full 
 actual possession of Santa Fe. Among the old Spanish and Mexican 
 archives on deposit at the office of the Secretary of the Territory and 
 of the Surveyor General are found frequent references to subsequent 
 Indian wars and attacks and depredations upon life and property in 
 and around Santa Fe. Of the wild Indians the most formidable and 
 harassing enemies were the Navajos (called then the Navajo Apaches) 
 and the Utahs. There was in progress with them almost incessantly 
 a war of retaliation ; and, though treaties of peace were sometimes 
 made, they were almost always soon violated and broken. 
 
 Among the insurrections of the Pueblos that of 1837 appears 
 to have been the most serious of modern times. Colonel Albino 
 Perez of the city of Mexico was commissioned and sent to New Mex- 
 ico by the Central government as Political Chief in 1835, and upon 
 the erection of the Territorial into a Departmental government in 
 January, 1837, by the Mexican Congress, Colonel Perez was appoin- 
 ted Governor, the new government going into operation the following 
 May. Assuming his new position, and invested by the act of con- 
 gress with extraordinary powers, Governor Perez soon began to exer- 
 cise these to such an extent that he became very unpopular. Like 
 the old Spanish Governors and Captains General who had ruled in 
 the <£ Palace ” before, he is said to have issued his mandates and de- 
 crees wholly regardless of the wants or the welfare of the people. 
 Sooner or later an ebulition of the popular discontent was bound to 
 occur. And in July, 1837, the Pueblos rose in rebellion on account 
 of the imposition of a certain tax which it appears the Governor had 
 in fact arbitrarily laid upon the tobacco raised in the Indian pueblos, 
 and on account also of other oppressive measures which were in fact 
 not contemplated by him but which it was reported and the Indians 
 had been induced to believe he meditated. The rebellion first took 
 form at the pueblo of San Juan, whose inhabitants in modern like 
 those of Zia in former times had the reputation of being the most 
 warlike of the Pueblos in New Mexico. Nearly or quite all the other 
 pueblos to the north soon became the allies of San Juan in the move- 
 

 
 23 
 
 
 
 ment, as did those of Cochiti and Santo Domingo and others to the 
 west and south. Upon the approach of an organized hostile force of 
 the insurgents towards Santa Fe from the north, Governor Perez 
 marched with a small body of soldiers to meet and conciliate or sub- 
 due them. A battle ensued at Santa Cruz de la Canada, wherein he 
 was badly beaten and routed. He returned to Santa Fe in discom- 
 fiture, convinced that the rebellion was much more formidable than 
 he had thought ; and he resolved to attempt a conciliation of the be- 
 ligerants with concessions, or else reduce them with military power. 
 Upon the approach of the victorious insurgents to his capital he went 
 out to meet them accompanied by various officials of the government 
 and sundry prominent citizens, but they would hold no intercourse 
 with him. Returning to the city he was intercepted by a war party 
 from Santo Domingo and Cochiti, who fell upon him in the western 
 suburbs of the city and assassinated him, together with Jesus Maria 
 Alarid, his Secretary of State, and Ramon Abreu, Prefect of Rio Ar- 
 riba. This was on the evening of August 9, 1837. During the 
 ensuing several days various persons were in like manner killed, in- 
 cluding District Judge Santiago Abreu, Lieutenants Diego Zaens and 
 Joaquin Hurtado, Marcelino Abreu and others. The red rebels cut 
 off the head of the dead Governor, kicked it about in derision over 
 the ground in their camp, then at the Rosario church in the north- 
 west suburbs, and paraded it on a pole in sight of the city. They 
 cut off the hands of Secretary Alarid, avowing that with them he 
 should countersign tyrranical gubernatorial decrees never more. That 
 night a friend of Governor Perez, learning where his dead body had 
 been left lying in a field near the rebels’ camp, silently stole to the 
 spot in the darkness, wrapped the acephalous mass in a blanket and 
 brought it into the city, and the next day it was buried where it now 
 lies, in the old cemetery on the hill northeast of the plaza. 
 
 At the capital there was no ruler at the “ Palace,” and anarchy 
 reigned. A mass meeting of citizens was held under the portal of 
 that building, and resolutions, with a preamble clearly hostile to the 
 personnel and policy of the Perez administration, were adopted pro- 
 viding for a temporary civil government. On the 8th of September 
 Manuel Armijo “ pronounced ” at Tome in the Rio Abajo, and soon 
 
 
 * 
 

 
 24 
 
 
 
 drew around him there a large force of men, at whose head he pre- 
 pared to march against the insurgents near Santa Fe, primarily the 
 Pueblos, but who had now grown into a larger and much more formi- 
 dable organization, composed of these and a considerable number of 
 discontented whites who after the death of Perez had openly espoused 
 their cause and taken the field. This body of men was encamped near 
 Pojoaque, and had already organized and proclaimed a revolutionary 
 provisional government, not yet in possession of the capital, having at 
 its head as Civil and Military Governor one J ose Gonzales and as its 
 Lieutenant Governor one Antonio Domingo Lopez. Armijo, having 
 proclaim d himself Governor of New Mexico, marched on the 13th 
 of September in command of his army against the other soi disant 
 Governor and his adherents at his camp. Upon the approach of 
 Armijo with the imposing military array he presented, Gonzales pre- 
 pared to give battle ; but, mainly upon the persuasions of an influential 
 Catholic priest who accompanied him, he was induced to enter into 
 negotiations for peace with his threatning assailant. This proceeding 
 created dissensions in his camp, so manifest that they were observed 
 and taken advantage of by Armijo, and Gonzales did not obtain the 
 favorable terms of compromise and settlement he had anticipated, and 
 he was finally obliged to surrender unconditionally, and his whole 
 party of revolutionists dispersed. He was made a prisoner, was re- 
 duced to confinement, and on the 25th of January, 1838, was hung 
 at Santa Cruz, together with his second in command Lopez. Armijo 
 repoiUd his patriotic efforts and his successes to the national govern- 
 ment at Mexico, and was thereafter soon recognized thence as Gov- 
 ernor. And public tranquility being now restored throughout all his 
 borders, he established himself in the “ Palace ” at Santa Fe, where 
 the American government found and ousted him in 1846. 
 
 On the 18th day of August, 1846, during the war with Mexico, 
 the city of Santa Fe was captured by the United States military forces 
 under General Kearney, though without any fighting in or near the 
 city. Governor Armijo, as commander of the Mexican regular troops 
 at the garrison here and of the militia, had under his command an 
 army of about four thousand men, with which he marched out of the 
 city on the 17th of that month on the road towards Las Vegas to 
 
 
 1 
 

 
 25 
 
 
 
 confront and give battle to the invading army of General' Kearny 
 then approaching from the east. General Armijo proceeded fifteen 
 miles to the Canon del Apache and encamped near the western outlet 
 of the canon, through which the invaders were advancing — a position 
 which if adequately defended would have been almost absolutely impreg- 
 nable. The visible evidences of Armij o’s preparations for attack and de- 
 fence at the Canon indicated that he really intended to fight, though it was 
 believed by many in his camp that he only awaited some pretext for 
 abandoning the field. The canon for several miles runs between 
 timber covered rocky hills averaging about 1500 feet high on either 
 side, anywhere within cannon shot and in many places within point 
 blank musket shot of the road alongside of the stream in the canon. 
 He had thrown up breastworks upon the crests of the cliffs on both 
 sides of the mouth of the canon, his men had there collected piles of 
 fragments of rocks to hurl down upon the advancing invaders, and he 
 had his artillery stationed so as to sweep the road emerging from the 
 canon. The cannon were concealed by an abattis made of trees with 
 the ends of the branches sharpened and pointing outwards so as to oppose 
 an impenetrable barrier to a cavalry charge ; but the abattis was placed 
 some hundred yards out of due range of the outlet of the canon, evi- 
 dencing that he intended to allow the enemy to pass the gorge before 
 opening fire upon them, which done his batteries could have been 
 carried with comparative ease. But dissensions arose during the night 
 of the 17th in the Mexican camp ; and, though aware that reinforce- 
 ments were marching to their support from Chihuahua, Armijo and 
 sundry of his officers, taking with them the regular troops and a por- 
 tion of the artillery, fled towards Chihuahua, the militia disorganized 
 and dispersed, and the Americans had an open road into the capital. 
 
 Upon their arrival here, late in the afternoon of the 18th, the 
 Secretary of State, Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid, acting as Governor 
 in the absence of Armijo, received General Kearny at the “ Palace” 
 and formally delivered the capital to him, addressing him in a dignified 
 speech and presenting him his sword in token of surrender and sub- 
 mission. The stars and stripes were flung to the breeze upon the 
 Palace and saluted with cannon, and General Kearny made a speech 
 to the assembled multitude of people, whom he had invited to draw 
 
 
 
ii ii n i ■ mi i inn 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 nigh and hear him, advising them to return in peace to their homes 
 and avocations, and assuring them in the name and bj authority of 
 his government of full protection to their lives and property and of 
 perfect religious and political freedom under the constitution and laws 
 of the United States. Upon the conclusion of the General’s address 
 the Mexican civil and military officers present invited the American 
 officers within the building and regaled them with native wine and 
 brandy, fruits, and other refreshments ; and at night there was a 
 sumptuous banquet and an elegant ball at the residence of Captain 
 Francisco Ortiz y Baca, on the north side and about midway of the 
 street extending then and now between the parochial Catholic church 
 and the southeast corner of the plaza. The next day General Kearny 
 again addressed the populace on the plaza, having had circulated in 
 the city and surrounding towns and ranches a notice that he would 
 do so and a general invitation to the people to attend. There was a 
 large assemblage, and the address was at considerable length. In it 
 the people were told that there was now a new regime, that New 
 Mexico and the New Mexicans were transferred permanently to the 
 sovereignty of the United States, the character and the excellencies 
 of whose government were set forth, that they were absolved from all 
 allegiance to the Republic of Mexico, and that those desiring to become 
 citizens of the United States would at once be afforded the opportu- 
 nity formally to declare their new allegiance. Many of the people did 
 so, and many declined. In after years however, as 'the permanency 
 of the American government here became manifest and assured, 
 nearly all the resident Mexicans who had declared their intention to 
 retain the character of Mexican citizens under the stipulations and 
 guaranties of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 sooner or later 
 became American citizens by naturalization, and the remainder of 
 them became such in 1851 by operation of the treaty. On the 22d 
 General Kearny issued his proclamation addressed to the people of 
 New Mexico embodying the sentiments and declarations expressed in 
 his speeches ; and on September 22d he issued another proclamation 
 announcing and proclaiming a civil and military provisional govern- 
 ment for the Territory of New Mexico, and a code of laws for the 
 same, which remained in operation and force until the installation, on 
 
 - - - - 
 
 
27 
 
 March 1, 1851, of the existing Territorial government under the 
 organic act of congress of September 9, 1850. 
 
 Santa Fe during the late civil war was captured by the Confeder- 
 ate military forces from Texas under General H. H. Sibley in 1862, 
 very much as it was by the United States troops under General Kear- 
 ny in 1846, and was occupied by the rebels about a month. After 
 the battle of Yalverde in southern New Mexico February 21, 1862, 
 the Confederates, flushed with victory, marched thence upon Santa 
 Fe. They entered the city March 10, unfurling the Confederate flag 
 upon the “ Palace ” and planting their cannon in the plaza. The advance 
 which then entered was a small party of independent volunteers, com- 
 posed mainly of men who had formerly resided at Santa Fe and who 
 at the opening of the war left here to join the Southern armies. On 
 the 13th several hundred more, commanded by General Sibley in 
 person, arrived, and in a few days more the city swarmed with Con- 
 federate soldiers. The subordinate commands, rank and file, occu- 
 pied the public buildings in the city. The Union troops, the federal 
 civil officers and the prominent actively loyal citizens had all left for 
 the east on March 3. The main body of the Texans were marching 
 to attack Fort Union one hundred miles to the east, leaving Santa 
 Fe to the north of their line of march. On the 25th the Union vol- 
 ‘unteers from Colorado under Major John M. Chivington and the 
 Texans under Major C. L. Pyron met at Apache Canon, where a 
 battle ensued, Major Chivington falling back and the Texans continu- 
 ing their march. But on the 28th the main body of the latter under 
 command of Colonel W. R. Scurry and twelve hundred Union regu- 
 lars and volunteers under Colonel John P. Slough met at Glorieta, 
 otherwise Pigeon’s Ranch, twenty-two miles east of Santa Fe, when 
 a battle ensued lasting from ten o’clock in the morning until five in 
 the afternoon, when an armistice was . agreed upon. The losses in 
 this engagement as reported by Col. Slough were of the Union troops 38 
 killed, 54 wounded and 1 7 prisoners, and of the rebel troops 80 killed, 100 
 wounded and 93 prisoners. On the 29th Major Chivington with 400 
 men executed a flank movement upon the supply train of the rebels 
 and destroyed it, which so crippled their plans that they at once re- 
 treated towards Santa Fe ; and Colonel Slough with his force retired 
 

 
 28 
 
 
 
 to Fort Union. General Sibley with his whole command thereupon 
 at once commenced to march out of the country towards Texas, in his 
 march encountering General Canby in the valley of the Rio Grande 
 and having with him several fights before reaching El Paso. The 
 last of the Texans finally evacuated Santa Fe on the 8th of April, and 
 on the 11th the Union troops reoccupied the city, and soon the offici- 
 als and the citizens who had left in March returned to their avoca- 
 tions and their homes. The Confederates during the time they were 
 in possession of Santa Fe committed no wanton depredations upon 
 life or upon public or private property, and in taking from the people 
 their necessary supplies did not exceed the recognized prerogative of 
 an occupying hostile military force. 
 
 Santa Fe at an early day after the conquest of New Mexico by 
 the Spaniards was made a “ Villa ” or village, an honorary title au- 
 thorized and proclaimed always by special edict of the king. Of the 
 places so honored there are now in Spain about one hundred and 
 fifty, and in her former and present ultramarine possessions various 
 others. The title was conferred only by the sovereign and only upon 
 the recommendation of the Royal Audience. It was of various grades 
 of rank, the principal being Ciudad or city and Villa or village ; and 
 it was deemed a high honor to obtain the appellation. It was con- 
 ferred only upon those places whose inhabitants had distinguished 
 themselves by some of the preeminent heroic acts or deeds or some of 
 the instances of remarkable valor, courage, suffering, selfsacrifice or 
 eminent patriotism related in Spanish history during the last thousand 
 years. It endowed the inhabitants with certain honorary privileges, 
 prerogatives and immunities, and often entitled their city or village 
 to be termed and hailed as the Very Noble, the Very Loyal, the 
 Heroic, the Valiant, the Invincible, the Renowned, the Illustrious, 
 and so forth. The first and principal of the places so honored in New 
 Spain was the city of Mexico, which was created a Ciudad or City 
 by edict of king Charles I dated June 25, 1530, soon after its me- 
 morable siege and capture by Cortez. The preserved old records and 
 archives at Santa Fe do not show when the title of Villa was con- 
 ferred upon the place : they evidence the fact only. The archives 
 dated here from the time de Vargas captured the city and reestab- 
 
 
 
29 
 
 lished Spanish supremacy in New Mexico in 1693 invariably call the 
 place the Villa de Santa Fe. The custom of conferring these honor- 
 ary titles seems to have been continued under the Mexican system 
 after independence. In 1823 the inhabitants of the town of Taos in 
 this Territory through their ayuntamiento made an effort to acquire 
 the title of Villa. They petitioned the provincial deputation or leg- 
 islature at Santa Fe to approve and recommend their application to 
 the Mexican congress. On the 15th of November of that year the 
 deputation acting upon their prayer referred the same back to the 
 corporation with authority to prepare a statement of the claims in 
 virtue whereof the honor was asked, to be by the deputation trans- 
 mitted to congress with its recommendation — but the record does not 
 show that there was anything further done in the premises. 
 
 The historical and descriptive sketch here presented of the an- 
 cient and modern city of Santa Fe is not as full and as complete as 
 it might be were the ample material for it more readily accessible or 
 in a form more available. Many of the objects referred to are from 
 this spot upon the plaza within view of the three thousand people now 
 here assembled. And as we now contemplate with the eye these ob- 
 jects of interest, and imagine others long since obliterated in the 
 course of the three centuries and a half covered by this sketch, we 
 can appreciate measurably the times and the experiences Santa Fe 
 has had, in peace and war and in barbarism and civilization, while suc- 
 cessively under the dominion of the Aboriginal, the Latin and the 
 Anglo Saxon races. 
 
 mm ES AND MINING. 
 
 Turning now from the history of the capital of New Mexico as 
 given by Mr. Miller in the foregoing sketch, I will endeavor briefly 
 to set forth that of the Territory itself as to mines and mining. The 
 subject is one of great interest, but the time allotted me on this oc- 
 casion will not permit a full detail. I must therefore be brief, and can 
 furnish but a few facts comparatively, derived principally from my 
 examination of history found in Peter Force’s library and from other 
 works, which from time to time I have examined in the congressional 
 
Vwmwuuk 3 ~ . .1. 1 II 1 1 Ml. 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 library at Washington, corroborated by my personal observations, in 
 New Mexico. 
 
 The early history of New Mexico as written by the Spaniards or 
 rather by the Franciscan friars, for they were the first to prosecute 
 their explorations north after the conquest of old Mexico, reveals to 
 us the fact that the Territory of New Mexico at a very early period 
 had acquired the reputation of possessing mines of fabulous richness 
 in gold, silver, copper and other metals and minerals. The Indians 
 as it appears had made considerable advancement in the art of smelt- 
 ing and the working of metals, as the history of Cortez, and Monte- 
 zuma, the prophet, priest, and king of the Pueblo Indians, who left 
 this region at an early date, demonstrates. The vast amount of gold, 
 silver, copper, turquoise, etc., (a valuable mineral of a peculiar bluish 
 color, it is susceptable of a high polish, and is used in jewelry and is 
 much esteemed as a gem, and is worn by the Pueblos and Navajo 
 Indians who prize it very highly) worn by the Indians on their per- 
 sons, and the walls of their dwellings profusely adorned by the 
 precious metals, indicated its abundance. 
 
 The Franciscan friars who first penetrated the Territory of New 
 Mexico were an intelligent and highly educated class of men, schooled 
 in all the arts and sciences of the period, particularly those pertaining 
 to minerals and mining. They were peculiarly qualified to judge of 
 the latent resources of a new country. They saw among the natives 
 the evidences of so much mineral wealth that it excited their wonder 
 and cupidity. The reports of the existence of vast deposits of the 
 precious metals inflamed their countrymen, and inspired a desire for 
 adventure. Expeditions as I have shown were organized to conquer 
 this El Dorado for the crown of Spain. After many campaigns fraught 
 with untold hardship and privations, and the sacrifice of many thou- 
 sands of lives their efforts were crowned with success. The natives 
 were conquered and compelled to work in opening and developing the 
 mines in all parts of the Territory; they were compelled to pack ores 
 and fuel on their backs for many miles to the furnaces. The eviden- 
 ces of their active mining operations are to be seen in almost every 
 mountain and valley throughout the country. Old shafts and tunnels 
 are frequently being found now partially filled with the debris of ages, 
 
 
 1 
 

 
 31 
 
 
 
 that excite the wonder and speculation of the prospector. The Taos 
 mountains are full , of them, many of them are hundreds of feet deep, 
 with levels excavated each way from the shaft. One of these old 
 shafts which I explored with Colonel Pfeiffer, is sunk on a lode near 
 the old town of Abiquiu is very deep, and has levels excavated several 
 hundred feet in one direction. The records of this ancient mine as 
 found in the archives of an old church near by show that the 10 per 
 cent, in tithes collected from it amounted to about ten million dollars. 
 No work has been done on this mine since 1680. There are also very 
 extensive mine works in the old and new placer mountains of Santa 
 Fe county. Old shafts and excavations are quite numerous, gold, 
 silver, coal and turquois are found ; a turquois mine in this county 
 has lately been explored and the shaft found to be over one hundred 
 feet below the surface. From this mine an unusually large and valua- 
 ble specimen was sent to the Emperor of Spain. There are also many 
 shafts in the Sandia mountain a few miles further south. The old 
 turquois mine in the Cerrillos mountain looks as if it had been worked 
 several hundred years ago ; the two mines are located on broad ex- 
 tended ridges, and have been worked from both sides to the distance 
 of 300 feet or more. 
 
 Since the massacre of the Spaniards by the Pueblo Indians in 
 1680 all the richest mines have been covered up by them, and all 
 traces so obliterated that they are only known and kept in the tradi- 
 tions of the old Governors and other rulers of the various Indian 
 towns. There are traditions among the people of immense amounts 
 of treasure buried, that was hastily hidden at the time of the massacre. 
 La Gran Quivira is the ruin of an ancient Indian Pueblo ; it was a 
 flourishing town when the Spaniards first discovered this country, and 
 Coronado spent some time there ; its location is a few miles south of 
 the Gallinas mountains. There is abundant evidence that it was peo- 
 pled by a race of miners ; there are found the remains of old furnaces, 
 slags and cinders scattered profusely around, with numerous shafts 
 and excavations in the adjacent foot hills and mountains, which indi- 
 cate whence they derived their ores. The Aztecs told their conquer- 
 ors that their gold and silver came from a long way to the north. 
 There are many reasons in support of the belief that New Mexico 
 
 
 

 
 32 
 
 
 
 furnished vast amounts of gold, silver and copper to Montezuma 
 prior to the conquest. A practical survey would reveal an amount of 
 wealth almost startling. At present our country is but little known. 
 
 In 1704 the Spanish people entered into a compromise with 
 the Pueblo Indians, by which the former were permitted to return to 
 the country, but with the positive and express condition that they 
 should not open the mines or prosecute mining as a pursuit. There- 
 fore up to a few years past, there has been no mining prosecuted in 
 this Territory since 1680. After their return to New Mexico the 
 Spanish people turned their attention to trading, agriculture and 
 raising sheep and cattle. Nearly all the mining prosecuted in the last 
 twenty years has paid well, but for want of capital to obtain proper 
 machinery it has not been as remunerative as it should have been. 
 The most prominent mining localities at present are Silver City, Pinos 
 Altos, Socorro, Elizabethtown, and the mines in Santa F6 county. 
 
 There is a chain of gold placers and of silver lodes extending 
 from the northern boundary down through the center of the Territory 
 to the southern boundary, which are known to a few of our citizens 
 and most of which are not developed for want of capital and machin- 
 ery. Some of these placers have been worked by the Mexican people 
 in a crude way for more than a hundred years, by carrying water from 
 
 2 to 8 miles in barrels and skins, and then by pan or rocker they 
 made from $3 to $8 per day to the hand. Yet the mines are scarce- 
 ly touched. Many of them today would rival the richest placers ever 
 discovered in California or Australia, if there was water convenient 
 to work them. With a judicious investment of capital water in 
 abundance could be obtained by digging an irrigating canal from the 
 Bio Grande in Bio Arriba county, or from the Pecos river in San 
 Miguel county, to the south part of the county of Santa F4, which 
 would be supplied with abundance of water from the Bio del Norte 
 river at La Embuda, or from the Pecos. Silver City is located in 
 Grant county 420 miles from Santa F4 by the stage road. Though 
 comparatively a new town it is rapidly growing in prominence ; it is 
 the center of a large area of one of the most promising mining local- 
 ities in the Bocky Mountains. Within the last few years several stamp 
 mills and other reduction works have been erected and seem to be 
 
 
 

 
 33 
 
 
 
 doing well. Deposits of the chloride of silver are proving to he 
 very extensive and remarkably rich. I am of the opinion that the 
 most valuable mines have yet to be discovered. The mineral belt of 
 this region covers a vast extent of country, containing gold, silver, 
 copper, iron, and many other minerals. Taking all its improvements 
 and the immensity of its resources into consideration, Silver City has 
 
 a grand and brilliant future before her. 
 
 The Pinos Altos gold quartz and placer mines are located eight 
 miles north of Silver City. There has been a large amount of gold 
 taken from the placers and they are by no means worked out. The 
 Socorro mines located in the Magdelena mountains about 30 miles 
 west of the Rio G-rande and 150 miles south of Santa Fe, furnish 
 some remarkably rich silver ores. The ores of these mountains carry 
 galena and copper — two or three common lead furnaces have been 
 erected which pay well ; most of the mountains lying on either side 
 of the Rio Grande, the great river 1800 miles long, which extends 
 through the Territory of New Mexico, and which has been called the 
 Nile of America, with almost an equal volume of water from its source 
 in the mountains of the Territory of Colorado, to its mouth in the 
 Gulf of Mexico. Like the Nile it is the reliance of the farmer ; the 
 natives have made to each town and the adjoining lands canals for 
 irrigation. These are often twenty or thirty miles in length, afford- 
 ing also considerable mill power. In El Paso valley the Spaniards 
 found a tribe of Indians cultivating the soil 265 years ago, and de- 
 pending upon the waters of the Rio Grande for irrigation, and its 
 cultivation has been continued ever since — yet the soil is of an un- 
 diminished fertility. East of the Rio Grande H.. C.. Justice, an in- 
 telligent metalurgist of our city, reports large deposits of precious 
 metals of great value. Mr. Justice is a gentleman who has for sev- 
 eral years investigated the merits of our metalliferous resources, and 
 being an old prospector, is well able to judge of the value of mineral 
 lands, and is in possession of knowledge on this subject of great value 
 to the capitalist and the interests of those who desire to aid in the 
 development of our vast mineral resources. 
 
 Santa Fe county and city — the “ City of Holy Faith, 7 ’ — is surroun- 
 ded with the precious metals. The following I quote from Professor 
 Raymond’s report for 1870, In which he says : 
 
 
 

 
 34 
 
 
 
 . “ Santa Rosa, discovered forty years ago by Alvarado, is situated 
 in a small valley surrounded by bills. The inclined shaft is 50 feet 
 deep but mostly caved in. The lode is six feet wide, strikes north, 
 23° east and dips 80° northwest. The walls are granite and encase 
 argentiferous galena, zinc blend, iron, copper, etc.” Since the above 
 report this mine has been re-opened by a vertical shaft, and the min- 
 erals reduced in a furnace situated upon the Galisteo. The bullion 
 produced averaged $120.00 per ton in silver. 
 
 “ Mina Rueleiia. The lode consists of two layers on the surface, 
 one of which is three feet and the other one foot wide. The incline 
 shaft on this vein is 120 feet deep.” 
 
 “ Mina del Tiro is situated on the east side of the Cerrillos, in 
 the Canada de las Minas. An incline 150 feet and a shaft 100 feet 
 deep, connect with the extensive montones (drifts) of over 300 feet 
 in length and with many chambers. All are filled with water. The 
 remains of an old canoe which was used for crossing water in the 
 mine are still there. These excavations were made by Jesuits”, 
 (this by history should read Franciscan Friars and not Jesuits) 
 “probably before 1680, and the expense has been estimated at 
 $100,000. Silver ore is visable in large quantities.” Professor 
 Raymond in speaking of this locality says : 
 
 “ The CerriEos, 17 miles southwest of Santa Fe, contain many 
 silver bearing iodes which have never been described, although .they 
 are well worth it. They are situated on an old Spanish grant belong- 
 ing to the Baca y Delgado family.” (These lands have since been 
 surveyed as public lands and sold by the government to citizens who 
 are now working the mines.) “ The Cerrillos are a series of low un- 
 dulating hills about six miles long and three miles wide, and consist 
 mostly of granite rocks, a few of them of volcanic origin. From a 
 cone made up of basaltic lava near Martin’s ranch, splendid views 
 of the old and new Placer mountains in the southeast, the Bernalillo 
 in the southwest, Santa Fe in the north and the Jemez range in the 
 west are spread before the visitor.” 
 
 Many other mines and lodes of gold and silver could be men- 
 tioned, but the time allotted to me on this occasion will not permit. 
 Enough has been said to show the age of our city and mineral value 
 of its surroundings. m 
 
 
 

 
 35 
 
 
 OUR FIRST CENTURY. 
 
 The Fourth of July, 1776, was a memorable day, a day to be 
 remembered, a day to be regarded with grateful acknowledgements 
 by every American citizen, by every philanthropist in all the nations 
 of the world. The light which shines from our political institutions 
 has penetrated even the dungeons of European despots, for the genius 
 of our Government is the genius of universal emancipation ! Nothing 
 can resist the political influence of a great nation enjoying great 
 political advantages, if she walk worthy of them. The example our 
 government gives is necessarily terrible to the crowned heads of 
 Europe, and exhilarating to all who look for the redemption of man 
 from political degredation. 
 
 The American Revolution of 1776 was but the precursor 
 of a revolution of infinitely more importance to mankind. It was a 
 great, a happy, and a triumphant revolution. It will long, perhaps 
 always, be accounted an illustrious and a happy era in the history of 
 man. Many thanksgivings and praises have reached unto heaven 
 because of this great deliverance. The incense of gratitude perfumed 
 with the praise of all patriots, has long since risen from myriads of 
 hearts, and will continue to rise until the principle of self government 
 shall cover the whole earth, and the glory and majesty of the Great 
 Creator be reflected upon the nations of all lands. 
 
 The praises of a Washington, a Franklin, a Jefferson, a Lafayette 
 and other patriots of one hundred years ago, will long resound through 
 the hills and valleys of this spacious country, and will, in proportion 
 as men are prepared to taste the blessings to result from a fuller devel- 
 opement of the great principles of divine government, continually in- 
 crease. 
 
 THE WORK OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. 
 
 A more glorious work is reserved for this Centennial generation, 
 a work of as much greater moment, compared with the revolution of 
 1776, as immortality is to the present span of human life — the 
 emancipation of the human mind from the shackles of superstition by 
 the introduction of universal education. To liberate the minds of 
 men from pagan ignorance and sectarian tyrannies — to deliver them 
 
 
36 
 
 from the thraldom of relentless systems, is a work fraught with greater 
 blessings, and a work of a nobler daring and loftier enterprise than the 
 substitution of a representative democracy for an absolute or limited 
 monarchy. 
 
 When this grand work of this Centennial age is achieved then 
 will all men literally “ beat their swords into plowshares, and their 
 spears into pruning hooks, and learn war no more,” and bask in the 
 sunshine of the glory of the majesty of the heavens, “ dwelling in 
 peace,” under the soverign rule of the “ Prince of Peace.” 
 
 I am admonished that the time allotted to me on this occasion 
 has fully expired, I will therefore conclude in the language of the 
 Rocky Mountain bards : 
 
 Hills of beauty round me rise, 
 
 Sentinels to valleys sweet, 
 
 Crowned with azure from the skies, 
 
 Bathed in emerald at their feet. 
 
 Lightness lingers, rises, falls, 
 
 Shedding glory on our walls. 
 
 Santa Fe, the oldest born 
 
 Of Columbia’s cherished towns, 
 
 Yet as fresh* as glorious noon, 
 
 Life from every nook resound, 
 
 Old, yet new, grown gray yet strong, 
 
 Jubilant for right, but death to wrong. 
 
 From mountain peak the breeze, 
 
 Floating to the plains below, 
 
 Fan the flowers, the fields, the trees, 
 
 Where the sparkling waters flow. 
 
 Here, by the waterfall and glen, 
 
 Pleasure waits the will of men. 
 
 Thunder from an azure sky, 
 
 Lightning flashes earthward flow, 
 
 Storms of wind go sweeping by, 
 
 With their trains of dust and snow. 
 
 Here the elements combine 
 At the will of One divine. 
 
 Airy echoes on the hills, 
 
 Gleams of sunshine everywhere, 
 
Cooling breezes by the rills, 
 
 Tempest tremors in the air, 
 
 All the elements of health, 
 
 All the ways of life and wealth. 
 
 New Mexico, land of treasures new and old, 
 New Mexico, land of sunshine and of gold, 
 New Mexico, lovely day and starry night, 
 
 New Mexico, land of beauty and delight. 
 
 CENTENNIAL POEM. 
 
 By COLONEL A. Z. HUGGINS. 
 
 BRITANNIA. 
 
 In former days there lived a woman, old 
 In years, in strength yet young, proud, cold ; 
 
 Of faculties unequalled — brilliant, keen — 
 
 The very model of a stately queen. 
 
 Her age she counted by the thousand years, 
 
 She deemed herself without her earthly peers, 
 
 And in full grandure sat her golden throne, 
 
 As though esteeming all the world her own. 
 
 A thousand altars blazed at her behest, 
 
 Fired by strong hands from plain to mountain crest ; 
 A thousand courtiers knelt to win her smile ; 
 
 A thousand captains fought her foes the while ; 
 
 A thousand ships swept o’er the billowy plain, 
 Bearing her royal banner at the main. 
 
 In matchless glory by the sounding sea, 
 
 She dwelt ’mid all the forms of royalty ; 
 
 And ’twas her boast that in her lustrous reign, 
 
 The sun ne’er set throughout her vast domain. 
 
 Full many comely children claimed from her 
 Their parentage, and e’er without demur, 
 
 Obeyed all calls that bore her royal name — 
 
 E’en freely gave their stores to spread her fame. 
 
 But with great age will come at last a change ; 
 Declining years from youthful thoughts estrange ; 
 The glowing faculties die out apace — 
 

 
 38 
 
 
 A law enduring to the human race. 
 
 With wrinkled brow and locks of driven snow ; 
 
 With blood becoming sluggish in its flow ; 
 
 With nerves unsettled and with figure bent ; 
 
 With lungs less active and with vigor spent ; , 
 
 How could the vital energies remain ? 
 
 With physical, the mental force must wane ; 
 
 A languor take the place of sparkling life ; 
 
 A proneness to inquietude, to strife. 
 
 Then bigotry develops — vengeful curse ! 
 
 And carries dotage on from bad to worse ; 
 
 Leading the thoughts to irresponsive sway ; 
 
 E’en thus it seemed with proud Britannia. 
 
 COLUMBIA. 
 
 Ere long, when Eastern lands were waxing old ; 
 When conflicts wild had raged through years untold, 
 And liberty seemed mould’ring in the grave ; 
 
 When hope was gone — no outstretched hand to save ; 
 A new land was discovered in the west, 
 
 Promising freedom to the longing breast. 
 
 Grand news ! Then hastened pilgrims by the score ; 
 Belief from hardships seeking ; weary, sore : 
 
 They set their standards in the new found land ; 
 Stationed their guards on every sea-girt strand ; 
 
 Chose as their queen the young Columbia — 
 
 The fairest daughter of Britannia — 
 
 And raised a banner o’er their goodly wolds, 
 
 With “ Freedom ” blazoned on its waving folds. 
 
 But Britain’s queen could not withhold her hand : 
 She saw her offspring peopling the new land — 
 
 The same that from her tyranny had flown — 
 
 And she averred that all should be her own. 
 
 Weakness cannot, for long, the strong withstand ; 
 And so Columbia took her mother’s hand, 
 
 In timid deference to the stern command, 
 
 And humbly promised to abide her will, 
 
 ’Till matron’s age her growing years should fill. 
 
 Gently at first the mother ruled her child, 
 
 And with soft words her trusting faith beguiled ; 
 
 But, erelong, as the child in beauty grew, 
 
 And promised soon to take the helm anew ; 
 
39 
 
 The mother changed her tactics, and in thought 
 Resolved to crush her daughter’s realm to naught. 
 
 WAR. 
 
 Columbia sought, by every kindly art, 
 
 To soften her still cherished mother’s heart ; 
 
 But all in vain : The daughter could not stay 
 The hand outstretched for universal sway. 
 
 Then bloodshed came ; came wild and furious war ; 
 Came fleets on fleets from Britain’s coasts afar ; 
 Came Red Coats, panting for their brother’s blood ; 
 Came Hessians, hired to swell the rising flood ; 
 Came Indians, bought to do a tyrant’s will, 
 
 ’Till streams of blood fed many a winding rill. 
 
 Dark was the hour, yet Freedom struggled on, 
 
 Led by the brave, heroic Washington : 
 
 Cold steel met steel ; the patriotic few, 
 
 . From point to point, with fiery ardor flew. 
 
 Half starved and ragged were the faithful band, 
 Yet, full resolved to save their cherished land, 
 Endured their toils with nerve unknown before 
 In all the annals of historic lore. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 But now a balmy, hopeful day appeared, 
 
 That to all patriot spirits is endeared ; 
 
 A day that promised homes to the oppressed : 
 
 To stay the guilty hand of will conquest : 
 
 To end these dire, unnatural conflicts — 
 
 The glorious Fourth of Seventeen Seventy Six ! 
 
 On that proud day, Columbia, adored 
 By freemen, by aspiring lords abhorred ; 
 
 Now, of full age, to modest beauty grown ; 
 
 With brow that in celestial splendor shone ; 
 
 Her beaming orbs sparkling in diamond rays : 
 
 Her graceful form winning all peoples’ praise : 
 Stepped forth, and waving her resplendant hand, 
 Declared full freedom to her chosen land, 
 
 Her voice in cheering strains rang through the air : 
 Her words in joy reechoed everywhere. 
 
 Again steel flashed, more vigorously borne ; 
 
 And now the foemen quailed with laurels shorn : 
 
40 
 
 The flowing tide was changed ; the brutal force, 
 Surcharged with gore, was checked in its mad course. 
 Then equal conflict followed for a space ; 
 
 Then grand successes to the youthful race ; 
 
 Until at last the foe disheartened, sore, 
 
 In utter rout, was driven from our shore. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS. 
 
 Then followed to the bravest of the brave, 
 
 Prosperity on every rolling wave : 
 
 Riches and honor, charity, good will, 
 
 Contributing the promise to fulfill, 
 
 That freemen could all enemies withstand ; 
 
 Could raise to fame their new apportioned land ; 
 
 Could rule in love with undiminished sway, 
 
 ’Till every grievous wrong had passed away. 
 
 But even freemen, human still, will now 
 And then opposing sentiments avow ; 
 
 Each thinking only his opinions good 
 And requisite to real brotherhood. 
 
 Hence, in our midst, dissensions have occurred, 
 
 Which for a time our beauteous flag have blurred ; 
 
 Yet right succeeded always in the end, 
 
 To peace restore and hearts in union blend : 
 
 And all have forward moved in rapid stride, 
 Unhindered by opposing wind or tide ; 
 
 Unchecked by danger, billow, strife or fear, 
 
 ’Till onward ever in our grand career 
 We have emblazoned our loved country’s name 
 Upon the highest p’nnacle of fame. 
 
 ’Tis startling to the mind to cast around, 
 
 And view our progress in a single bound. 
 
 Those live who saw us as a feeble child ; 
 
 Who saw our land, uncultivated, wild ; 
 
 Who saw few states, all on the Atlantic shore ; 
 
 Few farms ; towns few — supplied from meagre store — 
 But who beheld a faithful, earnest corps, 
 
 Destined to make their mark in future lore. 
 
 And now, what do they see ? A broad expanse, 
 Advanced so rapidly that e’en romance 
 Would scarce accept the tale — a nation grown 
 

 
 
 41 
 
 To span a wide spread continent as its own. 
 
 They see strong workmen on a thousand plains, 
 
 With implements improved for larger gains ; 
 
 They see a thousand mines exposed to view, 
 
 Offering the riches which our mountains strew ; * 
 
 They see in every harbor, lake and stream, 
 
 A hundred noble ships propelled by steam ; 
 
 They see in rapid stride the railroad train, 
 
 Traversing every valley, mountain, plain ; 
 
 They see the telegraph, with lightning speed, 
 
 Coursing the country on its wiry steed ; 
 
 They see, by strides to ages past unknown, 
 
 A thousand towns to vast proportions grown ; 
 
 They see their land of unpretentious birth, 
 
 Exalted to the noblest rank in earth. 
 
 THE OVATION. 
 
 A nation now, acknowledged by the world, 
 
 Of fame scarce equalled, and with flag unfurled, 
 
 We celebrate our glorious natal hour, 
 
 Our growth, our freedom, brotherhood, our power. 
 
 And not alone do we our altars raise, 
 
 In fervid. thanks in these triumphal days : 
 
 For many nations join around our shrine, 
 
 In honor to Columbia, divine. 
 
 Britannia, proud queen, in gracious mood, 
 
 Reclothed in all the charms of motherhood, 
 
 Comes to congratulate, in accents mild, 
 
 The glories of her freedom loving child. 
 
 Comes France, our faithful friend in direst need, 
 
 Who, with strong hand, showed brotherhood indeed ; 
 
 Comes Germany ; comes Russia ; Turkey, too, 
 
 On Freedom’s shores old friendships to renew ; 
 
 Comes Austria, Italy, Greece, Papal See ; 
 
 E’en China comes, to mingle with the free ; 
 
 Comes young Brazil, Don Pedro in command, 
 
 To view the wonders wrought by freedom’s hand ; 
 
 Comes Mexico, and in the sweeping train, 
 
 With graceful bearing, comes old mother Spain. 
 
 Why this grand rush to young Columbia’s realm, 
 
 As if our swelling hearts to overwhelm ? 
 
 Why come proud monarchies in rich array, 
 
 On this, our soul inspiring, festal day ? 
 
42 
 
 They come because they honor our swift strides 
 Towards supremacy, ’gainst floods and tides ; 
 
 Because they see in Freedom’s lines a star 
 Of splendor, lighting countries near and far ; 
 
 Because the greatest can but honor right, 
 
 As more divine than wealth or lordly might. 
 
 Blessed day ! A grandly thriving people now, 
 
 Stand forth to register a sacred vow — 
 
 To guard the flag that o’er our country flows, 
 
 And in our homes the light of peace bestows. 
 
 They meet from distant points, to notes compare ; 
 
 To mutual, cordial gratulations share ; 
 
 They meet in glowing health to view the past, 
 
 In glory shining, yet with clouds o’ercast : 
 
 They meet to view the present, brilliant, clear ; 
 Fanned by a balmy, strength’ning atmosphere ; 
 
 They meet, each his improvements to reveal ; 
 
 True hands to shake and plighted faith to seal ; 
 
 They meet, a prosperous reunion band 
 In proud devotion to their hallowed land. 
 
 Be this Centennial a beacon light, 
 
 To guide lost wanderers through the darksome night ; 
 And let its glories be but the prelude 
 To others reaching to infinitude. 
 
 ORATION IN SPANISH. 
 
 Br JUDGE EDMUND F. DUNNE. 
 
 [Upon the conclusion of the reading of the Declaration in Span- 
 ish and the interlude of music by the band, Judge Dunne, being 
 next on the programme, arose and addressed the audience in the 
 Spanish language ; but his oration has not been furnished in En- 
 glish for incorporation here. All those present acquainted with 
 the beautiful and copious language in which the orator spoke, unite 
 in admiring the elegant Castilian in which he portrayed the heroic 
 annals of Spain and the Spaniards and the eloquence and excellence 
 of the effort.] 
 
43 
 
 TOASTS AND RESPONSES. 
 
 [The sentiments and responses according to the programme were 
 to be in both the English and Spanish languages, and they were so 
 announced and made. Only the responses delivered in English are here 
 reproduced however. The associate respondents to the respective 
 toasts were General Atkinson and Don Clemente P. Ortiz, Captain 
 Pratt and Judge Antonio Ortiz y Salazar, General Hatch and Major 
 Jos6 D. Sena, Mr. Catron and Don Vicente Garcia, Mr. Fiske and 
 Don Trinidad Alarid and Mr. Gildersleeve and Don Jose B. Ortiz.] 
 
 THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.” 
 
 By GENERAL H. M. ATKINSON. 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 
 HE office of President at the birth of the republic was surrounded 
 with difficulties and embarrassed by responsibilities of such a 
 character that even a Washington accepted the trust imposed 
 upon him by three millions of people with many misgivings as to the 
 success of his administration. 
 
 Our form of government was then an experiment, and the Chief 
 Executive had no idle task to perform in administering the new and 
 onerous duties of his office. Grave as were the responsibilities 
 of President at that^ime, when the nation was composed of a popula- 
 tion of less than three millions of people, how much greater are they 
 now with nearly forty-five millions of people, scattered over a vast in- 
 crease of territory, with a diversity of interests, enlarged, comensurate 
 with the growth of the republic. With perhaps one or two exceptions 
 the office has been filled creditably by representatives of the various 
 dominant political parties, and in general the American people can 
 refer with pride to the record of those upon whom a free people have 
 conferred the distinguished honor of Chief Executive. 
 
 Somewhere in the speculative writings of the ancient Greeks, 
 the highest post of political honor is accorded to him who rules with 
 

 
 44 
 
 
 justice over a free city. This saying is full of practical wisdom to the 
 American people, and it readily occurs to us who live under the pro- 
 tection of a republican form of government, that one of the most diffi- 
 cult and perplexing positions to which man can aspire in political life 
 is the Chief Magistracy of a republic, each of whose citizens feels that 
 he is the peer of his chief and entitled to the same privileges and 
 rights of person and property. 
 
 To harmonize the conflicting interests and passions, and so govern 
 as to win the applause of even his own partizans, is a most difficult 
 task, and one which few men are capable of performing. 
 
 Great as the difficulties have been that have surrounded the office 
 I doubt if in all history can be shown a long line of chief magistrates 
 or rulers of any nation, who have continuously and for nearly a cen- 
 tury ruled with such satisfaction to any people as have the various 
 Presidents of the United States, and of these whom we delight to 
 honor, none has been more faithful to his high trust as president than 
 U. S. Grant. Emerging from an humble and unpretending life at the call 
 of his country in the hour of her peril, he has by his own merit and 
 ability attained the most honorable and distinguished position in the 
 gift of a great and free people. The unassuming manner which char- 
 acterized his life as a private citizen followed him through his military 
 career, while commanding the federal troops in the midst of the recent 
 conflict, and nowhere has that modest demeanor been more notice- 
 able than during his seven years occupancy of the presidential chair. 
 
 Victorious in war, and generous in peace, great as a general yet 
 still greater as a statesman, at a time when the nation was recovering 
 from the results of a terrible civil war, when the hearts of the late 
 contestants were burdened with the discord resultant from the long 
 strife, he stood like a rock, stemming the angry waves of passion and 
 hate that sought to overwhelm him, and has so ordered his acts that 
 even his enemies can find naught against him, and the future histor- 
 ian will record him as one of the ablest of generals and wisest of states- 
 men. 
 
45 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL BIRTHDAY OF AMERICA: MAY !T 
 PROVE THE FIRST OF UNNUMBERED CENTENNIALS* 
 
 By HON. JOHN PRATT. 
 
 Mr. President, Fellow Citizens : 
 j ODAY, in city, town and hamlet, from New England’s ocean- 
 
 beaten shores to the waving forests of Oregon, from the semi- 
 
 tropic waters of the Gulf to the breezy lakes of the North, 
 from the golden sands of California to the white fields of Georgia and 
 the Carolinas, leaving the labors of the work-shop and the counting 
 house, the bench, the bar, and the pulpit, from the mine and the 
 foundry, the forest and farm, come more than forty millions of free 
 people to exult in one hundred accomplished years of national exis- 
 tence, growth and prosperity, and to utter the wish just expressed. 
 
 We celebrate today no triumph of arms, where all that- was won 
 was a province wrested from one allegience to another equally hard 
 and hated, no single fame earned at the cost of thousands of. innocent 
 lives and years of useless suffering, no false and tinsel glory that per- 
 ished with the wearer. 
 
 We are assembled to commemorate the enunciation of what are 
 today living principles, left not behind by the world in its advance- 
 ment as useless, worn-out motives of action, but principles which the 
 knowledge and experience of years better enable us to approximate 
 to a comprehension of their truth and justice, their essentiality to 
 national well being. 
 
 While we hold in grateful remembrance the honored names of 
 those who were wise in planning, forcible and eloquent in advocating, 
 and brave and skillful in executing, during the trying years of the 
 nation’s birth, yet the great cause for which they counselled and fought 
 overshadows while it brightens their fame. 
 
 Time but adds new lustre to their laurels, and the world con- 
 stantly growing to a fuller appreciation of their wisdom, bravery and 
 self-sacrifice, the studied phrase of eulogy is less needed year by year, 
 for those names in whose sound 
 
 * * * there is a charm 
 
 The nerves to brace, the heart to warm. 
 

 
 46 
 
 
 The justification which they gave to the world for their appeal 
 to arms set forth principles too broad, too general, too well grounded 
 in right in truth, too applicable to all times and to all nations, to be 
 confined to these shores, to this people. “ They builded wiser than 
 they knew,” and they not merely founded a nation and a government 
 for themselves and their posterity, but they demonstrated to the world 
 the possibility of safely merging into one class the governing and the 
 governed, and the consequent identity, mutuality and protection of 
 all interests in the action of government . 
 
 The men of 1776 have passed away, but the nation and the gov- 
 ernment founded and formed by them still stand, and we of this time 
 assuredly have duties for its preservation as surely as had they in their 
 inception and formation. 
 
 From the first there have been in our country, few in number 
 but noisily and noisomely prominent, classes, not resultant from our in- 
 stitutions, not accordant with the character of our people. 
 
 The debauched, howling “ striker ” vending his vote at the polls 
 like wares in the market, the .dishonest official busy only in the ad- 
 vancement of his own mean personal profit, the ignorant, uncultured 
 imbecile vainly striving to cloak in the importance of official station 
 his uncouth inefficiency : these have, in former years as now, given to 
 many good and thoughtful men, who failed to see that present evils 
 are always apparently greatest in degree, prevalance and power, ap- 
 prehensions for the purity, for the perpetuity of our institutions. 
 
 Their apprehensions we may easily believe are unfounded, for 
 these are but accidents, excresences. 
 
 They are but the bubbling scum, that thrown to the surface 
 seethes and simmers for a time in pretentious and offensive activity 
 but to decay and pass away, leaving the great body below solid and 
 sweet, pure and powerful. 
 
 They are not representative citizens, not representative public 
 servants. No ! They are types of classes as small as they are loud, 
 weak and vicious, and soon descend to the visible degradation or hidden 
 obscurity they so richly merit. 
 
 Their presence however admonishes us the more carefully to con- 
 sider that in a government like ours we have not only privileges to 
 enjoy but duties to perform, perhaps sacrifices to make. 
 
 „ 
 
 
47 
 
 Wishes without works are hut futile ; and accomplished or re- 
 tained good is seldom had, save with duty done. 
 
 Every American therefore, the honest, intelligent private citizen 
 versed in his country’s history, and the nature of its institutions, in 
 casting his ballot, every public servant, trained and cultured in honesty, 
 wisely and efficiently discharging his official functions, every journalist 
 fully appreciating that the press should be the reflector, the exponent, 
 the demonstrator of the always existing, and always prevalent right, 
 good and true public sentiment, the preacher in the pulpit, the edu- 
 cator of youth, all these and others in their stations should be always 
 actively conscious of the pressing duty of sacredly guarding the trust 
 placed in their hands, always watchfully careful to see that it is not 
 suffered to dim or decay. 
 
 So with the glorious memories of the past shall be mingled the 
 solid satisfaction, the bright assurance of the future. 
 
 Then shall Columbia’s Centennials cease only in the years that 
 bring the full fruition of the invocation “ on earth peace, good will 
 towards men,” when the anniversary of her natal day becomes the 
 world’s festal season, shall see the assembled nations of the earth re- 
 joicing in that true, orderly, rational liberty of which she has been 
 the originator, the organizer, the fair examplar. 
 
 “THE ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES.” 
 
 By GENERAL EDWARD HATCH. 
 
 g^S^HE Army and Navy of our country created in the interest of 
 A|j human rights a century ago, was then as now, from the peo- 
 ple and of the people. 
 
 A citizen transformed into the soldier to do battle for the Repub- 
 lic in its youth, as now to die in defense of its honor in the nation’s 
 manhood. 
 
 With all nations we recognize the need of an army, and as all 
 have a voice in our government, we honor those interested to preserve 
 the integrity of our territory and to preserve inviolate its flag on 
 every sea. 
 
48 
 
 The nation may well be proud of its army and navy. One hun- 
 dred years ago the world recognized the valor of its soldiers and sailors, 
 acknowledged the genius of its leaders. It was because we were then 
 as now an energetic, intelligent, courageous people. That the Republic 
 was possible and today a fact . To have accomplished our first Cen- 
 tennial the army and navy in sufferings and triumphs have had their 
 proper place. This achievement is their eulogy, none other is required. 
 Of those who went to the field their deeds live in the hearts of the 
 nation — there they will live forever, whether they fell or returned there 
 is no need to speak. The Republic looks back upon them in pride and 
 gratitude. 
 
 It was inevitable that a people cradled to freedom in conflicts 
 with an unjust power, her sons invigorated by the ocean, hardened 
 almost to invincibility by a struggle against human despotism, should 
 be foremost today among the nations in development of political, re- 
 ligious and commercial freedom, and that her army and navy should 
 furnish ability of the highest order in her commanders. As long as 
 the Republic lives will her army exist, (war is the condition of the 
 world), so but adjusted and distributed is this power in our nation its 
 guardian always, never its master. 
 
 Though America has lately emerged from war with an enormous 
 debt, scarcely purchasing tranquility with fearful loss of life, she re- 
 joices in the glory of her arms — proud of the valor of her sons. 
 
 That with the evils following the sword comes many virtues. 
 For the soldier who would achieve greatness and bring honor to his 
 country, must exercise the virtues inculcated by our mothers, (dearer 
 than life to the American soldier) honor fortitude, courage, obedience, 
 modesty and temperance, with love of country, which stimulates the 
 brave man’s patriotism, and is a corrective to the rich man’s pride, 
 imbued with the precepts of our constitution, our army will, in com- 
 ing centuries, secure the country from foes without, and guarantee 
 tranquility within. 
 
49 
 
 “THE WOMEN OF AMERICA.” 
 
 By HON. THOMAS B. CATRON. 
 
 [Not having a copy of Mr. Catron’s remarks they are only re- 
 ferred to here. The speaker claimed and eloquently maintained that 
 since the creation women have occupied a very distinguished position 
 in the history of the world, and that they deserved all the honors that 
 had been showered upon them. In no nation under heaven had the 
 influence of good women been crowned with so much enduring glory 
 as in ours. He gave them an exalted niche in the temple of fame for 
 giving to the world the notable day and the glorious men of a hundred 
 years ago. It was to the mothers, daughters and sisters of the revo- 
 lutionary times that we owe a debt of gratitude for giving to us the 
 blessings of freedom and good government' then and now, and cited 
 his audience to the history of all the republics that have ever existed 
 — especially to Mexico — as exemplars of the influence of good women 
 in guiding to fame and greatness. He claimed that like the perpetual 
 order of Nature women never change. Today they are the guiding 
 stars of this nation as they were a hundred years ago. As in the dim 
 and distant ages, they labor on the same today for the good of human- 
 ity and in the cause of G-od. He maintained that the men of our 
 land, particularly, should feel eminently grateful to the gentler sex ; 
 that filial love and unceasing devotion is their due ; ‘ and that while we 
 give undying honors to the women of the revolution, those of the pres- 
 ent day — among them many of the fair Castilian race in America — 
 should not be overlooked. The speech was well received, and was 
 appreciated as an eloquent tribute to woman and to her influence and 
 potency as a prime power in the affairs of the world.] 
 
 * 
 
 # 
 
 “WASHINGTON, THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY.” 
 
 IN SILENCE. 
 
50 
 
 “SPAIN, THE MOTHER COUNTRY OF THE CASTILIAN 
 RACE IN AMERICA.” 
 
 By EUGENE A. FISKE, ESQ. 
 
 Mr. President and Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 
 HETHER we would examine the literature of Spain, com- 
 mencing with the philosopher Seneca and thence descending 
 throughout the middle ages, when Spain was the objective 
 point of the. pilgrims of learning of all Europe, to Cervantes and the 
 host of honored names of more moderm times ; whether we would 
 inquire into her contributions to # science or her place in the world of 
 art under the leadership of Murillo and Velasques ; whether we would 
 consider her manufactories' from that remote period when the silks of 
 Seville and Granada, the cloth of Murcia and the arms of Toledo 
 ranked first in the commercial marts of the world ; whether we would 
 examine into the wealth of her natural resources or the customs and 
 manners of her people for the centuries since she has been a great 
 nation, or whether we would seek to know of the successes of her 
 armies in war or of her statesmen in peace ; to whichever of these 
 sources of greatness in a nation we turn, the field of information 
 widens out before us covered with such abundant harvest that even 
 a brief mention of either of them cannot be made in the moment al- 
 lotted for a response to this sentiment. 
 
 We must therefore leave these inquiries for other occasions to 
 the patient seeker after the useful, the beautiful and the grand in the 
 records of the past ; but, upon this the one hundredth anniversary of 
 the natal day of our independence, standing erect in the full con- 
 sciousness that we are free and offering thanks for the blessings of 
 liberty, there is one portion of the history of Spain which we cannot 
 overlook without the sin of ingratitude. I need not tell you that the 
 period to which I refer was that age when the names and the acts of 
 the sons of Spain upon this continent were so deeply graven i^pon the 
 book of fame that they will endure and grow brighter with the growth 
 and advancement of civilization — when they conquered and gave 
 America to be the home of freemen and the asylum of the op- 
 pressed of the whole great brotherhood of mankind. 
 
 / 
 

 
 51 
 
 
 
 The record of that age reads like romance so wonderful seems to 
 us in these matter-of-fact times, the achievements of the handful of 
 men who victoriously carried the name of Spain and the Christian 
 religion into the heart of a new continent then swarming with a 
 strange and hostile people. But it is not romance : it is history, but 
 the history of no common race. It is the history of a brave, gener- 
 ous and enlightened people, in whose veins flowed the turbulent 
 blood of the Iberian, the Celt, the Goth, the Vandal and the Arabian, 
 mellowed by the best blood of ancient Home and Carthage ; whose 
 ancestors in the youth of civilization, undisciplined as they were, had 
 fought against, and for many years held at bay, the invading legions 
 of imperious Home when Rome was the proud mistress of the world ; 
 whose ancestors five centuries later under Euric the visigoth, had 
 put an end to the Roman empire in what is now Spain ; whose ances- 
 tors had offered up their lives in the storm of battle under Roderick 
 the last of the Gothic kings and marched to victory with Pelayo and 
 the immortal Cid, and who, themselves, with the record of such an 
 ancestry to stir up longings for renown in arms, had been bred and 
 nurtured to deeds of valor on the fields and in the passes of Granada. 
 
 These were the dauntless men who [eaving home and kindred 
 sailed unto an unknown gcean in quest of that land of which their 
 tidings were as vague and shadowy as the winds that filled their sails, 
 who with Ponce de Leon sought for the fountain of eternal youth in 
 the morrasses and on the flower-clad hills of Florida, who first of 
 Europeans beheld the scarlet gleam of the setting sun sinking behind 
 the broad and peaceful Pacific, and who, hurling themselves like the 
 whirlwind against the fierce and warlike natives, planted the Cross in 
 the virgin mould of the forest and on the wide and fertile plains of a 
 new world for the honor of Ferdinand, of Isabella and of Spain, for 
 the good of posterity and for the glory of the ever-living God they 
 worshipped. 
 
 The thunder* of the cannon and the clamor of the trumpets of old 
 Spain no longer awake the echos in the hills of America, for the de- 
 scendents of the conquerors have acquired what their heroic sires, 
 bound by the iron bands of custom, centuries qjd, could not achieve 
 — free governments. But the deeds of the noble dead, to whom the 
 
 
52 
 
 mysteries of the future are no longer mysteries, and who in life walked, 
 with unshaken fortitude, side by side with the grim specters of Famine 
 and of Death that they might redeem this continent, still live in 
 memory, for the voice of Truth, speaking from the pages of history, 
 speaks louder than the voices of men continually reminding us of the 
 debt we owe to the departed heroes who bequeathed to us the soil upon 
 which we now celebrate, where, unfettered by monarchical traditions and 
 power, it is possible that the genius of Liberty, who presides at the 
 birth of every man, may watch over and guard him until the gray 
 twilight of his life when his soul passes up into the presence of his Creator, 
 While we pay our homage to the fathers of the Republic let us 
 salute Spain, the glorious mother of the conquerors and of the Casti- 
 lian race in America. 
 
 “THE AMERICAN UNION: ESTO PERPETUA.” 
 
 By CHARLES H. GXLDERSLEEVE, ESQ. 
 
 Mr. President and Fellow Citizens : 
 
 DOUBT if there is a heart in the United States, today, that is 
 ever filled with the proud feeling of patriotism but what it 
 palpitates with a responsive throb at the sentiment, “ May 
 our Union be perpetual.” Born one hundred years ago amid the 
 tumult and confusion of a revolutionary strife whose annals are un- 
 paralleled in the pages of history, with barely sufficient supporters to 
 beat off oppression’s ruthless power, it now stands up boldly and defies 
 the world. This day forty million of freemen worship at its shrine, 
 and with one voice that resounds like the continuous unbroken chain 
 of great thunders from Maine to California, from the lakes of the 
 North to the Gulf of the South, exclaim, “ My our Union be per- 
 petual.” Founded on just and honest principles ; built by the mighty 
 and combined strength of national industry and independence ; ce- 
 mented by the s^veat and blood of our forefathers, success has crowned 
 all its efforts in peace and in war ; naught but the clarion shout of 
 victory, victory ! has followed in its wake since Freedom gave it birth. 
 
53 
 
 Our Union ! Its very name fills the soul of every true patriot 
 with rapturous enthusiasm. The asylum of thfe oppressed and down- 
 trodden of all nations, where the heart throws all its fetters off, and 
 the unburdened mind is a‘s free as the winds that play round the 
 cloud-capped peaks of yonder mountain chain. 
 
 “ May our Union be perpetual !” May its noonday never dar- 
 ken till all records of valor and nations are ground into eternity’s 
 dust ! May its golden sunlight never grow dim till the fiat of time, 
 till the sun of heaven itself doth die. 
 
 «h»«« 
 
 THE CELEBRATION. 
 
 is deemed proper to append to the foregoing collection of 
 -jrW speeches, etc., a brief review of the great popular celebration 
 at Santa Fe which was the occasion of their utterance. As 
 it was the celebration of the first centennial birthday of the American 
 republic, a republic now the recognj^ed principal in the great common- 
 wealth of nations, the citizens of the capital of New Mexico in mass 
 convention had resolved to make their preparations for it on a scale 
 proportionately commensuate with those of the most oppulent and 
 patriotic cities in the land. Indeed the published programme of pro- 
 ceedings indicated a demonstration unprecedentedly comprehensive 
 and grand for Santa Fe ; and, should this record of it perchance be 
 preserved to the second of the centennials contemplated in the last 
 stanza of Colonel Huggins’ poem, the then denizens of Santa Fe may 
 thereby have an idea of how the occasion was here observed a hun- 
 dred years before. 
 
 At dawn on the Fourth a salute of thirteen rounds from the 
 twelve-pound brass cannon at Fort Marcy ushered in the glorious day 
 always welcome to the American people, and on this occasion doubly 
 welcome at the thought that it was the first and very probably the 
 last and the only centennial day any of them would ever witness. At 
 an early hour a large concourse of people from all over the city and 
 from the country began to assemble upon* the plaza. Almost every 
 place of public and private business and numerous residences in the 
 

 54 
 
 
 city had thrown the Starspangled Banner to the breeze. The day 
 opened and continued beautiful and delightful. At the hour pre- 
 scribed, half-past eight o’clock, the chief marshal and his assistants 
 were observed busy in forming the procession on the north side of the 
 plaza. This was soon accomplished, and the great mass of many and 
 varied constituents and concomitants marched from the northeast cor- 
 ner of the plaza, through sundry streets to the north and west, and 
 back into the plaza at the southwest corner. As it proceeded the 
 main object of interest was perhaps the Car of Independence, a large 
 government ambulance tastefully and appropriately prepared, and 
 drawn by six tremendous black mules with a groom at the head of 
 each. The car, pyramidal in shape, was large and commodious, 
 having a wide base projecting over the wheels of the vehicle, and 
 upon its top waved the Stars and Stripes from a tall aspen pole. Upon 
 the projecting base were seated thirty-nine young girls, little beauties, 
 representing all the States of the Union and the Territory of New 
 Mexico, each flourishing a miniature national banner bearing the 
 name of the State she represented, and each evincing a patriotic pride 
 in her character as the representative of a portion of the mightiest 
 commonwealth of the world. All were arrayed in the purest white, 
 with wreaths of flowers on the forehead and with red, white and blue 
 sashes and badges upon their shoulders and breasts. Upon the top 
 of the car as it moved were seen standing the Goddess of Liberty, 
 Uncle Sam, and Young America, in character. The Goddess was 
 personated by Miss J. Gracie Shaw, robed in snowy white, with red 
 sash on the shoulder and blue tiara on the forehead inscribed with the 
 word Liberty. Brother Jonathan was personated by Mr. George 
 N. Davis, full six-feet-six tall, dressed in red, white and blue striped 
 home-spun goods, long swallow-tailed coat, stove-pipe hat wrapped 
 around with ribbons, and breeches with long straps under the boots. 
 Young America, represented by Master Cyrus Arny, sported a brown 
 and yellow suit, with straw hat and flag, and a streamer bearing in 
 parti-colored letters the name Young America. The names of the 
 thirty-nine young Misses before referred to, and of the States they so 
 joyfully represented-*-including New Mexico pro hac vice — are as 
 follows : 
 
 
 

 55 
 
 Luisa Ortiz, Alabama, 
 
 Helena Grunsfeid, Arkansas, 
 
 Kitty Hudson, California, 
 
 Mabel Loud, Colorado, 
 
 Adelaida Ortiz, Connecticut, 
 
 Grace Proudfit, Delaware, 
 
 Inez Stevens, Florida, 
 
 Lula Rice, Georgia, 
 
 Emma Ross, Illinois, 
 
 Luz Delgado, Indiana, 
 
 Tomasita Lopez, Iowa, 
 
 Belle Watts, Kansas, 
 
 Margarita Tompkins, Kentucky, 
 
 Sailie Grunsfeid, Louisiana, 
 
 Mary Everett, Maine, 
 
 Anita Johnson, Maryland, 
 
 Vicenta Montoya, Massachusetts, 
 
 Kitty Cosgrove, Michigan, 
 
 Mabel Belcher, Minnesota, 
 
 Francisca Tompkins, Mississippi, 
 
 Amada Garcia, Nebraska, 
 
 Luz Ortiz, Nevada, 
 
 Rosario Ortiz, Missouri, 
 
 Bessie Hatch, New Hampshire, 
 
 Cleofes Ortiz, New Jersey, 
 
 Emma Bitch, Wisconsin, 
 
 Isabella Proudfit, New York, 
 
 Eliza Krummeck, North Carolina, 
 
 Gertrude Belcher, Ohio, 
 
 Felipa Delgado, Oregon, 
 
 Florentina Manderfield, Pennsylvania, 
 
 Melinda Thayer, Rhode Island, 
 
 Minerva Krummeck, South Carolina, 
 
 Magdalena Delgado, Tennessee, 
 
 Josefa Ellison, Texas, 
 
 Beatriz Alarid, Vermont, 
 
 Lucy Watts, Virginia, 
 
 Paulita Lopez, West Virginia, 
 
 Adelaida Tucker, New Mexico. , 
 
 In the procession were General Edward Hatch and his staff 
 officers, all in full uniform and mounted upon splendid horses, and 
 following them marched company “ I,” of the 15th United States 
 Infantry, under command of Captain Chambers McKibbin and Lieut. 
 
 
 
• 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 Greorge A. Cornish. There were three bands of music — that of the 
 9th U. S. Cavalry of nineteen instruments, that of St. Michael’s Col- 
 lege and the Mexican Band of Santa F6. The boys composing the 
 college band were in uniform — dark dress with shoulders ornamented 
 with their colors. The teachers and pupils of the college were also 
 out in force. 
 
 Among the most notable features of the procession were those we 
 shall now refer to in the order of their appearance in the line. 
 
 Following the soldiers came the boys with their miniature fire 
 engine and hook and latter apparatus, decorated with arches of ever- 
 greens and flowers. Master George C. Wilder appeared as Captain 
 and carried the trumpet. The little fellows were in uniform — red 
 shirts, black caps and blue and white pants. 
 
 Next came the crowd of Pueblo Indians (under charge of Gov- 
 ernor Arny) — a band of about a hundred grotesque looking creatures 
 — men, women and children, dressed in their peculiar Indian cos- 
 tumes, and many of them bearing the wares of their home manufac- 
 ture. They presented an interesting sight, especially to those who 
 were unaccustomed to seeing such. 
 
 After the Indians followed the Donkey Brigade. They were 
 mounted on unbridled burros , dressed in the most grotesque masks 
 and costumes, and armed with sabres. They rode their little beasts 
 at random ; and the novel scene reminded one of Mark Twain’s cav- 
 alcade to Damascus. 
 
 The cigar manufactory of Maurice Trauer & Co. was well repre- 
 sented by a highly ornamented car, with the workmen busily engaged 
 in the moving factory manufacturing cigars, which as fast as made 
 they distributed along the route by tossing them into the crowd. 
 
 The Bank Exchange saloon of Harry Mottley was represented 
 by a gaily dressed car, containing a counter and its appointments of 
 bottles, kegs and tumblers, with representatives from the establishment 
 on board. 
 
 Another large and commodiously arranged car represented the 
 brewery establishment of Probst & Kirchner in full blast, fireplace 
 and all, manufacturing that staple article and favorite drink, lager 
 beer. The vehicle resembled a huge locomotive with smoke rolling 
 from the stack. 
 
 
 

 
 57 ‘ 
 
 
 Arriving at the stand in the plaza the procession was disbanded ; 
 and the people prepared to witness the proceedings upon the platfoAu, 
 a strong and spacious plank structure erected among the trees in the 
 east edge of the park, and upon which were now seated the president, 
 vicepresidents, marshals, members of the various committees, orators, 
 readers, respondents, poet, goddess, Uncle Sam, Young America, 
 General Hatch and staff, the reporter hereof and sundry prominent 
 citizens. 
 
 After the opening of the exercises by the president of the day 
 he announced as in order the singing of the Centennial Hymn com- 
 posed for the. occasion, which was done by the whole assembly, most 
 appropriately to the tune of “ Old Hundred.” The Declaration of 
 Independence was then read in English by Judge William C. Hazle- 
 dine and in Spanish by Captain Jesus Maria Sena y Baca. The 
 readers executed their tasks in a manner befitting the august occasion, 
 seeming in the act to partake of the spirit of the immortal document, 
 presented to the world through the Continental Congress exactly one 
 hundred years ago. Orations, poem, toasts and responses then fol- 
 lowed by the gentlemen and in the order indicated in the foregoing 
 publication of the same. The bands closed the morning exercises 
 with music, and the people adjourned to their homes until four 
 o’clock in the afternoon. 
 
 At four o’clock many people were already again on the plaza, 
 the lad’es and children occupying the piazzas of the adjacent two-story 
 buildings. The amusement committee had put up a tall smooth and 
 well-greased -pole in the street, near the northwest corner of the plaza, 
 and also arranged for other sports. Precisely at four o’clock the 
 military band occupied the Pagoda, the Pueblo Indians deployed in 
 front of the 4 ‘ Palace,” and in a few moments the public square, the 
 streets on its four sides, the sidewalks and balconies were filled with 
 people of all ages and conditions intent on seeing the fun, the lowest 
 estimate of the crowd being 3000. As the band music progressed 
 the Indians struck up a lively air on their peculiar primitive instru- 
 ments, with their 11 war dance ” accompaniment, and the old men 
 of the Pueblos procured several large lard cans for musical instru- 
 ments, and getting together the women, youths and children, com- 
 

 
 
 
 menced what'they called their “ corn dance,” a lively, sinuous pro- 
 cedure of shuffling of feet, clapping of hands, courtesying, etc. 
 Next came the wheelbarrow and sack races, which were amusing in 
 the highest degree and created rivulets of laughter. Then a race by a 
 band of Pueblo Indians, three times around the plaza with the tail of 
 their only garment flying in the breeze. Then a hurdle race, four 
 hurdles, by well-known Santa Fe athletes. Then a foot-race from 
 the Statehouse to the plaza, by Indian and Mexican contestants, with 
 jumping, etc. This occupied the time until about six o’clock, when 
 the Pueblo Indians went for the greased pole and the sack of silver 
 said to be on top. The first Indians attempt was a failure j the second 
 ditto ; the third likewise, and so on until about a dozen had pretty 
 well wiped the grease off to about half-way to the top, when they 
 concluded to try strategy. One fellow would start up, then another 
 would “ boost” him, until about a half a dozen were strung along, 
 clinging to' their slippery perch, when the bottom man would lose his 
 grip arid the whole party come Scooting to the bottom in a bunch. 
 Then another party tried sand, and the top man would carry up sand 
 in his shirt-tail and throw it above him on the pole as he slowly went 
 up, rubbing off the grease at the same time ; in this way after much 
 labor the top was reached, the bag grasped and brought down, when 
 lo ! instead of ten silver dollars, as the Indians had been informed, 
 there were only four. Then there was aheap of Indian talk, and cuss- 
 words flowed free. At this juncture the committee and military came 
 to the rescue, and, in consideration of the labor performed, the am- 
 ount was increased to $26, much to the delight of the climbers. By 
 this time a summer sun was sinking behind the western hills, glint- 
 ing the azure heavens with a halo of golden rays, when another rest 
 was taken. 
 
 Precisely at 9 o’clock, p. M., the committee on fire-works com- 
 menced their labors near the Soldiers’ Monument, and while the mil- 
 itary band was playing, lively and patriotic airs, by the light of the 
 lamps in the Pagoda, the available space around was jammed with an 
 anxious mass of humanity, who had assembled to witness the pyro- 
 technics. Then the rockets disturbed the quiet stars ; the roman 
 candles lit up the night with colored flame ; Greek fire spirted ; the 
 
59 
 
 mines exploded to the alarm of the spectators ; the fire wheels sprin- 
 kled fiery sparks on the green turf, while the fronts and tops of the 
 surrounding buildings jetted streams of spectral light. It was a 
 brilliant scene, and a fitting closing to a grandly spent day. The 
 pieces in the fire-display deserving especial mention, were the pictures 
 of Washington, her ladyship the Moon in full face, and Venus, the 
 Evening Star, the Passion Cross — these were costly and beautiful 
 displays. 
 
 Thus ended the celebration of the great Republic's Centennial 
 birthday at Santa Fe — an occasion worthy of being long remembered 
 as one of pleasant and proud recollections. 
 
 “ FRANCE.” 
 
 [By an oversight on the part of the Committee on Toasts and 
 Sentiments, Columbia’s most true and steadfast friend in her time of 
 need, fair, sunny, generous France was entirely left out of the list. 
 A land that produced a Lafayette and a Rochaiubeau the patron of j 
 art, literature and science ; the land of revolutions, courage and cour- 
 tesy ; of beauty and gallantry ; smiling vineyards and glorious monu- 
 ments ; whose people are ever welcome to our shores, was entitled to 
 more than a common-place tribute in the great heart of her sister 
 Republic on the anniversary of that sister’s Centennial birthday. 
 Welcome freedom-loving France !] 
 
 “THE PRESS.” 
 
 I • 
 
 Thou mightiest of the mighty means, 
 
 On which the arm of Progress leans, 
 
 Man’s noblest mission to advance, 
 
 Plis woes assauge, his weal enhance, 
 
 His rights enforce, his wrongs redress — 
 Mightiest of mighty is the Press.” 
 
60 
 
 “SUCCESS TO OUR FLAG.’’ 
 
 11 Success to the Flag of our Nation ! 
 
 Its folds all around us be spread ! 
 
 It is blazoned with deeds of the valiant, 
 And sacred with names of the dead. 
 
 The stars are the symbol of Union ! 
 
 In Union they ever must wave ! 
 
 The white is the emblem of honor, 
 
 The red is the blood of the brave. 
 
 • Success to the Flag of the Nation ! 
 
 Let it sweep o’er the land and the sea ! 
 The shades of our heroes are ’round it, 
 Beneath it the ranks of the Free, 
 
 We will keep its young glory unsullied, 
 
 In the ages to come, as the past : 
 
 Uprear it a beacon of Freedom, 
 
 Unbowed through all storms, to the last.” 
 
 “ NEW MEXICO.” 
 
 BY AN OLD RESIDENT OF SANTA FE. 
 
 I love that land of brilliant clime, 
 
 As bright as mortals ever know ; 
 
 * With lovely vales — and hills sublime — 
 The land of bright New Mexico. 
 
 I love thy valleys deep and green, 
 Where crystal waters laughing flow, 
 In wild romance — the hills between, 
 The green vales of New Mexico. 
 
61 
 
 I love the plains so broad and free, 
 
 Where elk and deer unfettered go, 
 
 With tranquil brook and lonely tree, 
 
 The broad plains of New Mexico. 
 
 I love the peaks beyond the cloud, 
 
 That glisten with perennial snow, 
 
 The glorious summits of the proud 
 G-rand sierras of New Mexico. 
 
 I love the hues that gild the west, 
 
 At even-tide, with supernal glow, 
 
 And crown the hills in dazzling crest, 
 
 The glorious sun-set of New Mexico. 
 
 Idove the soft, melodious tongue, 
 
 That from the lips doth sweetly flow, 
 Like strains with harp and timbrel sung, 
 The sweet voice of New Mexico. 
 
 I love the silence deep and grand, 
 
 Which reigns around, above, below, 
 From mountain top to river strand, 
 
 The solemn stillness of New Mexico. 
 
 I love the skies, so fair, so bright, 
 
 That o’er the earth their radiance throw, 
 Serene by day, so grand by night, 
 
 The cerulean skies of New Mexico. 
 
 Oh ! I would haste, would haste away, 
 More swiftly than the light can go, 
 
 And there forever fondly stay, 
 
 On the hills of dear New Mexico. 
 
 Oh ! Yes beneath that gentle sky, 
 
 Where moon and stars so softly glow, 
 There I would live, there I would die — 
 
 At Santa Fe, in grand New Mexico. 
 
62 
 
 Then bury me on the mountains high, 
 
 Thro ; vales where Ptio Grande’s waters flow, 
 Whose summits pierce that glorious sky, • 
 
 The Rocky Mountains of New Mexico. 
 
 SANTA FE AS A SANITARIUM AND PLEASURE RESORT. 
 
 By WILL. D. DAWSON. 
 
 UITE a number of strangers have visited Santa Fe thus far 
 during the Summer for health and pleasure, and both parties 
 seem to be well pleased. Situated as we are 6,<S4S 
 feet above sea level, latitude 35° 41', longitude 106° 10', with moun- 
 tain and plain in full view, the location is beautiful and healthful. In 
 the immediate surroundings the level plain covered with a rich 
 growth of cereals, with young orchards and farm houses dotting it here 
 and there, stretches out to a considerable distance on the south and 
 west, and recedes into the low hills on the north and east, and very 
 nearly all under cultivation. Beyond this, in the distance, the moun- 
 tains lift their eternal heads skyward, clothed with verdure, with 
 vales of beauty beneath, and sparkling trout streams fringed with love- 
 liness meandering through each. 
 
 Santa Fe, the ancient and beautiful capital, whose history runs 
 far back into the centuries, is nestled in the center of this central 
 scene, and in the center of it is centered the center of its attractive- 
 ness, the public park or plaza, where is erected the Soldiers’ Monu- 
 ment, a noble tribute to the heroes of New Mexico who fell in battle, 
 and around which center, shaded walks diverge to the shaded streets, 
 and grand old trees throw their leafy arches over this center, where 
 centres very frequently’ the beauty, the elite, the gallantry of the 
 central city of the County, and Territory, and where on great occas- 
 ions, everybody, his wife and little ones find a common Renter, the 
 starry banner, as the central figure, waving in graceful curves over all. 
 
 But we commenced this item for the purpose of calling attention 
 to Santa Fe as a health and pleasure resort. Its markets are . sup- 
 plied with fruits, both native and imported ; with vegetables as tender 
 

 
 63 
 
 
 
 and sweet as ever dame nature nurtured ; with meats, domestic and 
 wild, fat, juicy and toothsome; with feathered game in its season; 
 with frog’s legs and fish all the year round ; with good hotels and 
 restaurants ; with talented, kind-hearted physicians and comfortable 
 hospitals ; with patient and attentive nurses ; with refined and social 
 people ; with mountains where deer, elk and sheep love to wander ; 
 with silvery streams abounding with the sweetest of fish ; with trusty 
 guides and old excursionists to show the way and make good com- 
 pany. With a climate incomparable the whole year round for even- 
 ness, mildness and healthfulness. With nights for sleep undisturbed 
 by heat and poisonous insects. With sun-set scenes rivaling Italy’s 
 beautiful skies. With noons of blue and golden splendor. With 
 dawns of rainbow tints, dew-gemmed and sparkling. With newspa- 
 pers, libraries, telegraph lines, buck-boards, ambulances and coaches. 
 Easy of ingress and outgo to and from all parts of creation. Where 
 can be seen the crude civilization of the past and the progress of the 
 present. Where the Indians are as gentle as doves, and the military 
 always on the alert. 
 
 In a word, Santa Fe is a pleasant place for both the health and 
 pleasure-seeker, but will not become generally patronized as such un- 
 til a line of railroad connects it with the rest of the world. In this 
 fast age people live fast, die fast, and must travel fast — hence Colo- 
 rado has been getting the bulk of the visiting public to the Rocky 
 Mountains since the completion of her railroads, while Santa Fe and 
 other desirable portions of New Mexico have been somewhat neglec- 
 ted. But they are coming, and the plan of building a grand hotel 
 somewhere in the central portion of the city to accommodate the 
 comers, is talked of by resident capitalists, and a railroad company 
 organized with $1,500,000 capital to connect the Capital City of 
 New Mexico with one of the lines that terminate near the border of 
 New Mexico, as constructed by the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, 
 the Atchinson, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, and the Kansas Pacific 
 Railway. The distance from the terminus of the Railroad at El 
 Moro to Santa Fe is 520 miles, and is supplied with stage transporta- 
 tion by the Southern Overland Mail and Express, Barlow & Sander- 
 son, proprietors, who have arranged to transport passengers in their 
 coaches in thirty-six hours from El Moro, Colorado, to Santa Fe. 
 
 
 

 
 64 
 
 
 GENERAL COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE 
 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION IN SANTA FE, 
 JULY 4TH, 1876. 
 
 At a mass meeting of citizens of Santa Fe, held in Legislative 
 Hall on the night of May 23, 1876, Ex-Governor Arny called the 
 meeting to order and General J. K. Proudfit was elected President, 
 Wm. C. Hazledine and Captain Jesus M. Sena y Baca Secretary and 
 assistant Secretary. 
 
 Upon motion Gen. Smith and Gov. Arny were elected vice-pres- 
 idents. 
 
 The following resolution was presented by Governor Arny : 
 
 Resolved , That a Committee of General Arrangements be ap- 
 pointed, number equal to the states of the Union with our sister Colorado 
 thrown in, which resolution was unanimously adopted* and the fol- 
 lowing thirty-eight gentlemen were selected as such committee : 
 
 Gov. W. F. M. Arny, Chairman. 
 
 Jose D. Sena, J. K. Proudfit, Nicolas Pino, A. G. Irvine, 
 Felipe B. Delgado, E. Andrews, Trinidad Alarid, Willi Spiegelberg, 
 Jesus M. Sena y Baca, William C. Hazledine, Ambrosio Ortiz, Sig- 
 mund Seligman, Antonio Ortiz y Salazar, James L. Johnson, Rafael 
 Lopez, Z. St-aab, John Ritter, Noa Ilfeld, Solomon Spiegelberg, Gas- 
 par Ortiz, A. Z. Huggins, W. D. Dawson, Anastacio Sandoval, Chas. 
 H. Gildersleeve, John Watts, Clemente P. Ortiz, H. M. Atkinson, 
 Lewis Kingman, R. H. Longwill, T. S. Tucker, S. H. Lucas, 
 Epifanio Vigil, C. M. Conklin, Joseph Spitznagle, William Bolander, 
 J. M. Gough and George W. Howland. 
 
 On motion of John Ritter, W. D. Dawson, representative of the 
 New Mexican , was requested to report the proceedings of the meet- 
 ing, an (I the New Mexican was requested to publish the proceedings 
 in English and Spanish. 
 
 JAS. K. PROUDFIT, President. 
 G. A. SMITH, W. F. M. ARNY, Vice-Presidents. 
 
 W. C. Hazledine, J. M. Sena y Baca, Secretaries.