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Library _ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2021 with funding from University of Illinois Uroana-Champaign httos://archive.org/details/historyofarchdio00lamo_0 pats 0 * ease ie > Var 2 oe ay ee pita’ HISTORY OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI IRibil Pbstat: FRANCISH GBECKMANN 5.2); Censor Librorum. - Jmprimatur: W HENRY MOELLER, D.D., Archbishop of Cincinnatt. CINCINNATI, December 8, 1920. ST. PETER’S CATHEDRAL, CINCINNATI, 1845 HISTORY OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 1821-1921 BY REV. JOHN H. LAMOTT, S.T.D. LICENCIE ES SCIENCES MORALES ET HISTORIQUES : (LOUVAIN) 1921 FREDERICK PUSTET COMPANY, INC. NEW YORK CINCINNATI COPY, RIGHT 019 24 THE MOUNTEL PRESS CINCINNATI, OHIO LAINGER NOV <* & if onal Migs 3 TO THE PATRON, ST. FRANCIS DE SALES TO THE BISHOPS, CLERGY AND LAITY OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI THIS BOOK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR 694664 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LETTER PROM THE VAR CHBISHOP Te i ieee a ae cima e ix INTRODUCTION oir le DL ee ne re Dee RS Re ew ese a Te ee AL Seana Xili BIBLIOGRAPHY: ies esa oA ae CE En RIL EN Uhiy ees ee XVii Cuapter I. THE BEGINNINGS OF CATHOLICITY IN OHIO............ 3 CHAPTER’ I, SLHEVBISHOPS( OF) CINCINNATION A-Cie: 2oe shee 40 CHAPTER III. THe BOUNDARIES OF THE DIOCESE AND ARCHDIOCESE OBR CINCINNA TY Foe re ere cere re re 97 CHAPTER TV. MHIBRARCHICALACONSTITUIION]: Um iene he renee 113 CHAPTER V. ECCLESIASTICAL PROPERTY 43.5 ee LZ) CHAPTER VI. DIOCESAN SYNODS AND PROVINCIAL COUNCILS...... 208 CHAPTER VII. REGULAR COMMUNITIES IN THE ARCHDIOCESE OF CIN- CINNATT ete ae ie: fole-0. oS ER ot ce eel shy ee eee Se EEA CHAPTER V ELT) SOCTAL WUIBES eed ei ee ee eee 273 KON CLUSION 1) (Ad 55's SUM ate tis oie sueain a eee antle tetcat nl Rae ea B17 APPENDIX; PIRCES JUSTIFICATIVES (2140) 7c ge ee 319 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE ie TER Sb C A THEDRATIO al iis & 4 tie Wh sae tere toe Bata Ae er Us Frontispiece RATHER NEN WICK AT GOMPRSET? OHIO. 1) outs un eee ie eee 26 SHRIST SON CH t CINCINNATI. (C)HIOl Wee orn teehee Re ater eee og 38 ISH OPIN WICK fae ein Whar ttm hh LEU R RANG tan al Gays edt Act amNG ha Me Ll 40 ST. PETER’S CATHEDRAL, RESIDENCE AND ATHENAEUM (1830)........ 60 PLR CHHISHOPs PUR CELL seer eet iN, sh Mnars «tae vl ieee Ml Money unit at aes 70 A CH ELSHGD. LL DE Rae tere tte Me tare one And Oe Oe dS aneea hen To 2 Mien Ws 86 PER CUBIST OPE WLORLE Eig eprint one te Lark tect OR Wanstead ie oat dus halve retteMat 92 Map oF OHIO phot hat ny ae, Me lay ) ‘ey Woe . i} \ Tho A f Parent ; mug tt ae Pal Yee) ue Non , a ie | ity v2) te Tet Je Meet Cine ss ¥ ¢ rh LETTER FROM THE ARCHBISHOP Rev. John H. Lamott, S.T.D.., Mount St. Mary Seminary. Dear Doctor: AM agreeably surprised at the promptness with which in the midst of your arduous duties as professor in the Seminary you have succeeded so admirably in writing the History of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati from its struggling beginning in 1821 up to the prosperous condition of to-day. You have cleverly grouped in three comprehensive divisions,— chronological, geographical and educational, the various salient happenings which occurred in the diocese of Cincinnati during the hundred years that have elapsed since its natal day. This partition lends itself to treat in an orderly and an all-embracing way the numerous and diversified events that form part and parcel of the history of the diocese. First, after your introductory chapter, you give brief but truly characteristic glimpses of the apostolic Fenwick, the in- defatigable Purcell, and the saintly Elder. It would indeed be regrettable if the lives and deeds of these eminent prelates were allowed to pass into oblivion. Your comprehensive sketch of these truly great men will serve to preserve the memory of them for the edification and inspiration of future generations. Next, you delineate the original boundaries of the diocese of Cincinnati and describe the divisions and subdivisions to which it has been subjected during the lapse of one hundred years. This presentation reveals the consoling fact that the territory which constituted the struggling diocese of Cincin-. natia hundred years ago now embraces four flourishing dioceses. x LETTER FROM THE ARCHBISHOP The Catholic population of each of these dioceses is more than three thousand times larger than that of the original diocese of Cincinnati. Wonderful indeed! Has not the parable of the mustard seed been strikingly verified in the marvelous growth of the infant diocese of Cincinnati? Finally, the array of facts, relating to the educational development within the diocese, that you have gathered to- gether compels the strong admiration of the reader. Your statements in regard to this development make it quite evident that the diocese has in no way been remiss in promoting educa- tion; on the contrary that it has kept abreast with the larger and wealthier dioceses in the East, West and Middle-West. I must especially compliment you on the tactful manner in which you review the financial embarrassment of Archbishop Purcell. You have stated the case clearly and frankly, sup- porting your contentions by evidences that no one can reason- ably question. Persons who with an unbiased mind will read your account of the catastrophe will refrain from harshly cen- suring the great and zealous Patriarch of the West. The so- called financial failure saddened the last days of his wonderful career, impaired his brilliant mind, and broke his truly paternal and kind heart. You did well in connection with this financial crash to call attention pointedly to the strict injunction given from the very commencement of the litigation to the attorneys, representing the archdiocese, not to deprive the creditors of any money or property to which they could establish a shadow of a claim. The archdiocese of Cincinnati at all times was ready to pay to the creditors what justly was due. I assure you, dear doctor, I appreciate and feel grateful to you for the very satisfactory manner in which you have faith- fully fulfilled the laborious task which I imposed upon you. I feel confident that the extensive circulation which I augur your History of the Diocese of Cincinnati will have among priests, religious and laity, will be a gratifying compensation for your self-sacrificing work. LETTER FROM THE ARCHBISHOP x1 On June 21st, of next year, the diocese of Cincinnati will celebrate the first centenary of its establishment. The time of jubilee should be a day of joy and thanksgiving. Your history will stimulate this joy and thanksgiving of the faithful by calling to their minds the splendid work accomplished for God and the salvation of souls in the diocese of Cincinnati during the span of one hundred years. Once more I cordially thank you for the service which you render religion by your history; and I pray God to bless and to reward you for your praiseworthy labors. Sincerely yours in Christ, *HENRY MOELLER, Archbishop of Cincinnati. Cincinnati, O., Feast of St. Thomas, December 21, 1920. a8 INTRODUCTION 0 COMMEMORATE the establishment one hundred years ago of the diocese of Cincin- nati, His Grace, the Most Reverend Arch- bishop of Cincinnati on September 5, 1918, requested the author to undertake the writing £4} of a history of the archdiocese of Cincinnati. The task was cheerfully accepted, even though the time which could be devoted to it had to be limited to spare moments and the months of vacation in the scholastic year. The present work is offered as the result of these labors. It was begun and prosecuted according to the basic principle which Pope Leo XIII in a letter, issued on the occasion of the opening of the Vatican archives in 1883, laid down for the guidance of historical writers. ‘‘The first law of history,’’ wrote the Pontiff, “is to dread uttering a falsehood; the next, not’ to fear stating the truth; lastly, let the historian’s writings be open to no suspicion of partiality or animosity.” The subject, the History of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, enters necessarily into the general history of the Catholic Church, since a diocese or an archdiocese constitutes a definite part of the territory over which the Church exercises her authority. Until 1850 Cincinnati was only a diocese. In that year it became an archdiocese and entered into special relation- ship with the dioceses in its metropolitan district. These relations have demanded that consideration be given not only to diocesan, but also to archdiocesan history. According to time the subject is limited to the hundred years, from 1821 to 1921, during which the diocese has existed. The plan followed has been evolved from the three-fold kind of treatment of which most historical subjects are susceptible, viz.: chronological, geographical and institutional. To this triple consideration there has been prefixed a preliminary study of the beginnings of Catholicity in the diocese. The chronological development is presented in the history of the lives and activities of the four bishops who have ruled the diocese during the century of its existence. The geographical XIV INTRODUCTION development relates to the contraction and expansion of the boundaries of the diocese and the archdiocese. ‘The institu- tional development is concerned, first, with the establishment of the diocese and the propagation of the Faith in the communi- ties of diocesan territory; secondly, with the material means at the disposal of the bishops and clergy for the welfare of the diocese; thirdly, with the legislation regulating ecclesiastical matters; fourthly, with the establishment of regular communi- ties; and lastly, with the various phases of social activity under ecclesiastical auspices in the diocese. In this work we have not had the advantage of an historical treatise on the archdiocese of Cincinnati, as the history of the archdiocese has never before been written. We have tried to obtain our information wherever possible from first-hand sources: bulls, briefs, decrees, letters, contemporary writers and witnesses. Herein we had to overcome the inconvenience of having practically no diocesan archives at Cincinnati. We were rather fortunate, however, to find the more important documents from those archives either at Mount St. Joseph, Ohio, or in the National Catholic Archives at Notre Dame University, Indiana. The search for documents has taken us to many places and has been one of our greatest delights, for universally we have received singular attention and genuine kindness. It was such a pleasure to find that historical endeavor met with the utmost appreciation in ecclesiastical circles. We have many to thank for their very kind assistance and co-operation. Es- pecially do we wish to express our appreciation to his Emi- nence, Cardinal Gibbons, to Archbishop Moeller, Archbishop Messmer, Archbishop Glennon, Rt. Rev. John J. Tannrath, Rt. Rev. Bernard J. Bradley, A.M., LL.D., Rt. Rev. Bernard Moeller, Rt. Rev. Francis J. Beckmann, S.T.D., Sister Mary Agnes; McGann, |Phid.,! Very-Rev., Victorak, 10) Daniela 0. Ps S.T.M., Very Rev. Andrew Morrissey, C.S.C., Rev. Paul Foik,\C.S/C, ,/PhaD.i Rev, Gilbert J; sGarrachangiode aVeny Rev. Silvan, McGarry, ;GeP.,, Rev.(.Gs Av Hrenksia@. Bieta, Rev. Sebastian Erbacher, O.F.M., Rev. A. C. Breig, D.D., Rev. Francis J. Walsh, Ph.D., and Mr. Thomas P. Hart, Ph.D. We wish also to express our appreciation to the superiors of the religious communities as well as to our beloved brethren of the INTRODUCTION XV clergy in the archdiocese of Cincinnati who have been most ready in their assistance to us. In a composition wherein a great number of details are found, inaccuracies as well as lacunae may be detected. To persons who have information to supply the corrections or missing information, the author will be very grateful for the transmission of such information to him. Especially thankful will he be for this in view of future work which he has in mind. The time allotted to him for this work did not permit him to give a detailed history of the development of the parishes or biographical sketches of the priests who have been greatly responsible for the progress of religion in Ohio. To this end the author will continue his work. JOHN H. LAMOTT. Mount St. Mary Seminary, Feast of the Immaculate Conception, 1920. pay wth avi Ye ar ete As Wkh i pull f i wr BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES—-MANUSCRIPT Archives of Baltimore Archdiocese. Archives of Cincinnati Archdiocese. Archives of Cincinnati Council. Archives of Mount St. Mary Seminary, Cincinnati. Archives of St. Xavier College, Cincinnati. Archives of Parishes, Cincinnati. Archives of Religious Communities, Cincinnati. Archives of Mount St. Mary College, Emmitsburg. Archives of St. Joseph College, Emmitsburg. Archives of Hamilton County Court House. Archives of Mount St. Joseph, Ohio. Archives of Notre Dame University, Indiana. Archives of the Dominican Master General, Rome. Archives of the Propaganda, Rome. Archives of St. Louis Archdiocese. Archives of St. Joseph Priory, Somerset, Ohio. Archives of St. Joseph Dominican Province, Washington, D. C. PRINTED Acta et Decreta Quatuor Conciliorum Provincialium Cincinnatensium, 1855-1882 (Cincinnati, 1886). (Acta et Decreta) Concilium Cincinnatense Provinciale V, 1889 (Cin- cinnati, 1893). Acta et Decreta Synodi Secundae Cincinnatensis, 1886. (Acta et Decreta) Synodus Dioecesana Cincinnatensis Tertia, 1898. Acta et Decreta Sacrorum Conciliorum Recentiorum, Collectio Lacensis, Tomus Tertius, 1789-1869 (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1875). Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, Lyon, 1822 ff. Acts of a General Nature, Enacted and Ordered to be Re-printed at the First Session of the Eighteenth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Vol. XVIII (Columbus, 1820). Berichte der Leopoldinen Stiftung, Vienna, 1831 ff. Catholic Almanacs and Directories, 1822-1920. Cincinnati Directories, 1819 ff. HERNAEZ, FRANCISCO JAVIER, S.J., Collection de Bulas, Breves y otros Documentos Relativos ala Iglesta de America y Filipinos Vol. II (Bruse- las, 1879). Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Vols. L XVIII-LX XIII (Cleve- land, Ohio, 1901). Jus Pontificium De Propaganda Fide, Vols. IV-VII (Romae, 1891). XViil BIBLIOGRAPHY KENRICK, Rt. REv. FRANcIS Patrick, Diary and Visitation Record of, 1830-51 (Lancaster, Pa., 1916). Pastoral Letter of the First Provincial Council of Cincinnati to the Clergy and Laity (Cincinnati, 1855). Pastoral Letter of the Decrees of the First Provincial Council of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, 1858). Pastoral Letter of the Second Provincial Council of Cincinnati, A.D. 1858 (Cincinnati, 1858). Pastoral Letter on the Decrees of the Second Provincial Council of Cin- cinnati (Cincinnati, 1859). Pastoral Letter of the Third Provincial Council of Cincinnati to the Clergy and Laity (Cincinnati, 1861). Statuta Dioecesana Cincinnatensia (Cincinnati, 1865). 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M., A Sketch of the History of St. Patrick’s Church, London, Ohio (London, Ohio, 1888). MANSFIELD, EDWARD D., Memoirs of the Life and Services of Daniel Drake, M.D. (Cincinnati, 1855). MANSFIELD, E. D., LL.D., Personal Memories, 1803-1843 (Cincinnati, 1879). Marty, REv. Martin, O.S.B., Dr. Johann Martin Henni, Erster Bishof und Erzbishof von Milwaukee (Benziger Bros., 1888). MARTZOLFF, CLEMENT LUTHER, History of Perry County, Ohio (Columbus, Ohio, 1902). MELINE, Mary M.—McSwWEEny, REv. Epwarp F. X., §.T.D., The Story of the Mountain, Mount St. Mary’s College and Seminary, 2 vols. (Emmitsburg, Md., 1911). MILLER, CHARLES C., Pu.D., History of Fairfield County, Ohio (Chicago, 1912). MILLER, FrRaNcIS W., Cincinnati’s Beginnings (Cincinnati, 1880). MoorREHEAD, WARREN K., Primitive Man in Ohio (New York-London, 1892). O’DaNIEL, REv. V. F., O.P., S.T.M., The Life of the Rt. Rev. Edward D. Fenwick, O.P., D.D. (Washington, D. C., 1920). PALMER, C. F. Raymonp, O.P., The Life of Philip Thomas Howard, O.P.., Cardinal of Norfolk (London, 1867). PARKMAN, Francis, La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West: France and England in North America, Part III (Boston, 1907). PERKINS, JOHN H., Annals of the West (Cincinnati, 1846). PERRIN, WM. HENRY, History of Stark County, Ohio (Chicago, 1881). X Xii BIBLIOGRAPHY _PurceLL, Most REv. Joun B., D.D., The Vickers and Purcell Controversy (Benziger Bros., 1868). RANDALL, E. O.—Ryan, D. J., History of Ohio, 5 vols. (New York, 1912). REITER, REv. ERNs?T ANT., S.J., Schematismus der Katholischen deutschen Geistlichkett in den Ver. Staaten Nord-Amerika’s (Pustet, 1869). RESE, REv. FREDERIC, Abriss der Geschichte des Bisthums Cincinnati (Vienna, 1829). Reuss, Francis X., Biographical Cyclopedia of the Catholic Hierarchy of the U. S. (Milwaukee, 1898). REZEK, ANTOINE Ivan, History of the Diocese of Sault Ste Marie and Mar- quette (Houghton, Mich., 1906). ROBINSON AND FAIRBANK, Cincinnati in 1829. SALZBACHER, JOSEPH, Meine Reise nach Nord-Ameritka 1m Jahre 1842 (Vienna, 1845). SHEA, JOHN GILMARY, History of the Catholic Church in the United States (New York, 1888 ff). ’ SHEA, JOHN GiumMaRy, The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in the United States (New York, 1886). SHOTWELL, JOHN B., A History of the Schools of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, 1902). 7 SPALDING, REv. J. L., S.T.L., The Life of Most Rev. M. J. Spalding, D.D.., Archbishop of Baltimore (New York). SPALDING, M. J., D.D., Sketches of the Early Catholic Missions of Kentucky (Louisville, Ky., 1844). SPALDING, M. J., D.D., Sketches of the Life, Times and Character of the Rt. Rev. Benedict Joseph Flaget, First Bishop of Loutsville (Louisville, 1852). TEETOR, HENRY B., The Past and Present of Mill Creek Valley (Cincin- nati, 1882). VENABLE, W. H., LL.D., Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley (Cincinnati, 1891). VENABLE, W. H., LL.D., Footprints of the Pioneers in the Ohio Valley (Cincinnati, 1888). VoLNEy, Tableau du Climat et du Sol des Etats- Unis d’ Amerique, Paris, 1803 (Eng. Trans., London, 1804). Voz, REv. J. R., O.P.,S.T.L., A Century’s Record (Somerset, Ohio, 1905). WEBB, BENJAMIN J., The Centenary of Catholicity in Kentucky (Louisville, 1884). WINTER, NEvVIN O., Litt.D., A History of Northwest Ohio (Chicago, 1917). ZURBONSEN, REv. A., Clerical Bead Roll of the Diocese of Alton, Ill. (Quincy, Illinois, 1918). PERIODICALS American Catholic Historical Researches, 1884 ff. American Catholic Quarterly Review, vol. X XII. American Ecclesiastical Review, vol. XVIII. Analecta Sacri Ordinis Praedicatorum, March, 1899, and January, 1900. The Catholic Herald, vols. V, VI, VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY The Catholic Historical Review, 1915 ff. The Catholic Telegraph, 1831 ff. The Catholic Universe. The Cincinnati Chronicle, 1828-1830. The (Cincinnati) Gazette. The (Cincinnati) Liberty Hall. The Cincinnati Miscellany, 1845. The Collegian, 1887. Der Deutsche Ptionier, 1869 ff. Dominican Year Book, 1913. The Fair Journal (Church of the Presentation, Cincinnati), 1883. Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio Publications. Illinots Catholic Historical Review, 1918 ff. The Illustrated Chronicle (Chicago), November, 1901. London Catholic Miscellany, vols. I, I, III, IV. The Metropolitan, vols. I to VI. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, 1887 ff. Ohio Church History Society, (Oberlin) Papers, 1889 ff. Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. United States Catholic Historical Magazine, vols. II to VII. United States Catholic Miscellany, vols. I to XII. The Western Spy (Cincinnati). Wahrhettsfreund, 1837 ff. Xxili ; yi fet’ ARYA Sh a) aN Byte ast ae UY teats wia i eh ak ayo WRAY ie Ons aviv ts ya ( . a jie He Ay Pike eV Try a Ate ih a gt. ; aN Sa . we y AD Ra panes ee j Serie . their Seer Veen Ae yas ” i , “ HISTORY OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 1821-1921 o ( i Nee : . ie i iy iat ik arch jt! ta CHAPTER I BEGINNINGS OF CATHOLICITY IN OHIO Ressio ORIGINALLY constituted in 1821, the H| diocese of Cincinnati embraced the entire state of Ohio, an area of 41,060 square miles. Nature had favored this state by bounding | it on the north as well as on the south by waterways, which furnished ready-made paths for eee and explorers from the east. Lake Erie on the north was the link between Lake Ontario and Lake Huron, while the navigable Ohio, the “Beautiful River’, as the Indians styled it, and which the French immediately trans- lated into ‘‘La Belle Riviére’’, coursed for the greater part between the state which received its name and the states of Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Kentucky to the east and south. ‘To the west the state of Indiana was its neighbor, while Michigan supplied the small adjoining territory neces- sary to complete its northern line with Lake Erie. Within these boundaries, Ohio lies between 38°27’ and 41°57’ north latitude, and 80°34’ and 84°49’ longitude west of Greenwich. Traversing this tract of land from northeast to southwest is a low ridge of hills, beginning east of Buffalo, New York, enter- ing Ohio near the line between the counties of Ashtabula and Trumbull, and passing the western state line near the line between Mercer and Darke counties. There is thus formed a divide of the waters of the state north and south. Because of its situation and its general altitude above sea level, the climate of Ohio has always been healthful; and because of its numer- ous waterways serviceable for transportation, Ohio early experi- enced a wonderful development, after it had begun to be populated by the white man. But many, many years before the white man set foot upon the soil of Ohio, other peoples of unknown name had inhabited this vast wilderness and had left mute, but certain vestiges of their presence in the great number, perhaps some ten thousand, of earthen mounds, which are to be found dotting the rolling (3) 4 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I plains of Ohio, especially in or near the valleys of the two Miamis, the Scioto, and the Muskingum. The riddle of their origin has baffled the many explorers who have sought a solu- tion. The name ‘“‘Mound Builders’’, applied to the supposed race or people by whom they were constructed, is but a sign of impotence to give an answer to the question. In general, two opinions have been advanced. One is that the people who built the mounds were a nation which had been expelled from this part of the continent and became extinct,—a nation entirely distinct from the Indian, whom they far surpassed by the degree of civilization to which they attained. The other is that these people were ancestors of the American Indians, who had degenerated from their earlier higher grade of civiliza- tion. Fora time, the former opinion numbered more admirers; but today, even though all the materials have not yet been gathered and collated, and the conclusion reached therefore not absolute, the more advanced students yield consent to the latter opinion, as it was expressed by Judge Manning F. Force in a paper read by him before the Literary Club in 1874: “The mystery which enveloped the builder of these and similar works is now largely dispelled and it is generally accepted that they were tribes of Indians differing little from the sedentary and fortified tribes which inhabited the country of the St. Lawrence and the Lakes in the time of Cartier and Champlain, or from the tribes which now inhabit the pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona.’’! Be this as it may, certain it is that the white man found the red man of America roaming the vast wilderness of Ohio in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. For Ohio was the hunting ground of the Iroquois Indians, known at that time as the Five Nations. The first settlers in Ohio did not, however, come into contact with the Iroquois, whose influence in Ohio was great and whose title to the land was a matter of much subsequent discussion. It was rather with the second of the great Indian families, the Algonquins, who occupied the Western and Middle States, that these settlers had to contend. The Algonquins had gradually wandered into the hunting grounds of the Iroquois, as these became more and more preoccupied with the French settle- 1. RANDALL AND Ryan, History of Ohio, vol. I; Greve, Centennial History of Cin- cinnatt, vol. I, p. 34. CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 5 ments about Quebec, and the English settlements about Albany, New York. A more accurate determination of the homes of the various branches of the Algonquin family is possible late in the seven- teenth or early in the eighteenth century. The part east of the Muskingum, together with the country on the upper Ohio and Alleghany rivers, was held by the Mingoes, chiefly Senecas and Cayugas, who were outlaws of the Five Nations. The Wyandots, a remnant of the terribly beaten and persecuted Hurons, among whom the Jesuits had labored not without success, after being driven from the St. Lawrence across upper Canada to the northwest and back again, had seated them- selves opposite Detroit; some of the party had gone further south to the Sandusky river, and thence to the Scioto. Their chief village in 1750 was on the Tuscarawas, near its junction with the Walhonding. Certain clans of the Miamis extended from the Wabash to the upper valleys of the Big and Little Miami rivers, having a fort and large town near present Piqua. The Shawnees were on the Ohio, Muskingum and Scioto, their chief town being on both sides of the Ohio, at the mouth of the Scioto. The Delawares were scattered among the Mingoes, Shawnees and Wyandots. Previous, however, to the occupation of Ohio by these Algonquin families, two other families of Indians, the Eries (or Cats, as the French styled them,) and the Andastes held title to the lands south and west of the Five Nations. The extermination of both of these tribes by the Five Nations transferred the title to these lands, so it is claimed, to the Iroquois. By virtue of the dependence of the Iroquois upon Great Britain, as the Iroquois acknowledged themselves sub- jects of Great Britain and were expressly recognized as such by France in the 15th Article of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Great Britain laid claim to the country north of the Ohio as far west as the Mississippi. The claim thus advanced by the English Cabinet towards the middle of the eighteenth century met with determined opposition on the part of France, which by preoccupation was gaining rapid strides in title to the land. Neither did the Indians themselves in Ohio admit such a claim on the part of the English, nor would they abandon the ground until they had been thoroughly beaten by General Wayne in 6 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I the Battle of Fallen Timbers, on August 20, 1794, long after the country had been deeded to the United States.’ During this period Ohio was not reckoned as a distinct district, but as a portion of the trans-Alleghany territory, and as a result title to the land of Ohio was confounded with title to this more extensive stretch of land from the Alleghany mountains to the Mississippi river. Each of the three coloniz- ing governments of America, Spain, France and England laid claim at one time or another to this rich western country. The title of Spain was never recognized, whilst the claim of the two other powers required a war to adjudicate. The only one of the great powers to attempt a defence of her title by explorations and discoveries in this territory was France. While Spain exerted her activities along the southern boundaries of the United States, and England contented her- self with acquiring and strengthening her hold on the eastern colonies, France sent out her explorers from Quebec, the center of activities in the New World. Sending her intrepid leaders through the Great Lakes, she commissioned them to proclaim her sovereignty over the lands which they discovered. She then followed up their discoveries by a chain of forts which she established and manned at strategical points along the line. Men of God, inspired by the loftier aspiration of spreading the faith among the natives, likewise accompanied the expedi- tions. Not long did the trapper and fur-trader delay to follow in the footsteps of the explorer, and amicable relations with the Indians always ensued. In this way a chain of French colonies had been established along the Great Lakes, and thence on to the Mississippi. | Foremost among the Canadian explorers of the western country to enter into the history of Ohio was Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, about whose visit to the Ohio country in 1669 much discussion has been evoked. It is claimed that La Salle discovered the Ohio river in 1669 and descended it as far as the rapids at Louisville. If this be true, La Salle was the first white man to pass the site of the present episcopal city of Cincinnati. Having heard from the Senecas, the most westerly tribe of the Five Nations, of a river called the Ohio, which rose in the country of the Senecas and flowed into the sea at a point 2. RuFus Kine, Ohio (1903) CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 7 distant an eight or nine months’ journey, and believing this to be the passage to China, La Salle started on an expedition with two priests, Dollier and Gallinée, and twenty-one other men. After casually meeting Joliet near the western end of Lake Ontario, La Salle lost the aid of the two missionary Fathers, who were counselled to abandon the southern trip for the northern one to the Ottawas, who were in need of their services. At this point the thread of the history of La Salle’s expedition becomes entangled, if not completely lost. Ac- cording to an anonymous manuscript, which essays to give the history of La Salle as taken down fron the lips of the explorer himself when he was back in his native France (1674-1678), La Salle continued his journey to the south, where he came into the Ohio and descended it to the rapids at Louisville, whence he retraced his steps because of the refractory spirit of his men. In another manuscript, a memoir addressed by La Salle to Count Frontenac in 1677, which completes the original sources of this interesting story, it is stated that he discovered “la grande riviere d’Ohio”’ and followed it to the falls after passing another large river, which comes into it from the north (per- haps the Miami or Scioto). Internal criticism of these two sources has divided authorities on this subject. Parkman con- tends for the discovery of the Ohio by La Salle; but, if the question is ever answered, it will have to be from sources thus far undiscovered.* It may be that like to some other questions of history, an answer will never be forthcoming. Just at this time occurred the invasions of the western territory by the Iroquois, in which the Andastes in Pennsylvania were extirpated about the year 1676. ‘The Iroquois pursued their triumphal march further west into the country of the Illinois, where they were finally repulsed. Pushed further and further back near their own homes, they left the territory to be occupied by the various Algonquin tribes. But this obstacle to further success in these parts and their enforced retirement did not prevent them from boasting of their conquest of the West as far as the Mississippi. Peace was finally con- cluded between the various hostile tribes at the large assembly of the Indians at Montreal in 1701. 3. GREVE, ut supra; KING, ut supra, PARKMAN, La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (Boston, 1907), pp. 28-33. 8 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I In the meantime England had begun to take a hand in trying to wrest the power over the West from the hands of the French. Such a campaign had already been launched by Colonel Thomas Dongan, the provincial governor of New York, who in 1686 urged the New York traders to invade the hitherto undisputed territory of the French traders along the Great Lakes. A similar policy was pursued by the English governors of Carolina and Pennsylvania, so that frequent attempts were made to establish trade with the Indians in Ohio, who previ- ously had dealt with the French from Detroit and Sandusky. Some of the Indians, too, the Miamis particularly, had become disaffected from the French, a situation which was quickly perceived as dangerous by the Marquis de la Galissoniére, who had been appointed governor ad interim in 1747, after Jonquiére, the regularly appointed governor of Quebec, had been captured by the English. After reinforcements and supplies had been sent to Detroit and Mackinac early in 1748, the Indian insurrection of the Miamis on the Maumee was thwarted, but Galissoniére was now bent on publicly proclaiming the sovereignty of France over Ohio. For this purpose, which was indeed to force an issue with the English provincial govern- ors, he ordered de Céloron to fit out an expedition of French and Indians, and early in the next year to cross Lake Erie to the upper Ohio. We have become very well acquainted with the places visited on this expedition from the excellent report made under the orders of Céloron by Father Joseph Peter de Bonnécamps, S.J., who accompanied the expedition as chaplain.‘ Father Bonnécamps was the first to give us a good map of Ohio of that time, and was the first priest, apparently, who offered the sacrifice of the Mass in southern Ohio. The report was dated October 17, 1750, though it is given in journal form, telling of the events day by day during the expedition. Comprising about 250 men, French and Indians, and 4. Joseph Pierre de Bonnécamps was born at Vannes, France, on September 5, 1701; entered the Society of Jesus at Paris November 3, 1727; came to Canada in 1741 or 1742; was assigned the chair of hydrography at the College of Quebec; returned to France in 1759, becoming teacher of mathematics in the Jesuit College at Caen; in 1766 (perhaps earlier, shortly after 1762) was ministering to the French refugees on the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon; about 1767 retired to the chateau of Francois l’Olliver at Tronjoly near Gourin in Brittany, where he died on May 28, 1790 (Jesuit Relations I. XIX, 288; LXX, 83; Exo 271); CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI ¥ occupying 23 canoes, the party left La Chine, near Montreal, on June 15, 1749, and arrived at La Présentation, the mission near Ogdensburg, New York, under Father Picquet, on the 25th of the month, and two days later at Cataraconi (Kingston). On July 6th they reached Niagara, which greatly attracted the attention of Father Bonnécamps. Proceeding through Lake Ontario and entering Lake Erie, they made their way via Chatauqua portage to the Alleghany river, which they entered on July 29th. This river is called the “beautiful river’? by Bonnécamps, the Alleghany having been considered as part of the Ohio river. At this point, now known as Warren, Pa., Céloron buried the first of a number of lead plates on the south bank of the river.* By these notices Céloron solemnly an- nounced the sovereignty of France over the contiguous regions. Similar plates were deposited at five other points along the route, viz.: below Venango (now French Creek), on the north bank of rane aHits Creek at its juncture with the Ohio, at the mouth of the Muskingum,® on the south bank of the Ohio and the east bank of the Great Kanawha of Virginia,’ and at the mouth of the Great Miami. After leaving the Conewango, where the first plate was deposited, Céloron proceeded to a spot near Pittsburgh, where he first met English traders whom he ordered to quit the country. Like action was taken at Chiningué (or Logstown) below Pittsburgh where the nae arrived on August 8th. Nothing further of consequence occurred to attract the attention of Father Bonnécamps till the party neared the Scioto river in Ohio. Céloron had sent Joncaire and Niver- ville to the Shawnees in the village on the Scioto to announce 5. The following is a translation of the inscription found on the first of these plates: “In the year 1749, of the reign of Louis XV., King of France, we, Céloron, commandant of a detachment sent by Monsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniére, General Commandant of New France, to re-establish tranquility in certain Savage villages of these districts, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Ohio and Tchadakoin, this 29th of July, near the River Oyo, otherwise Belle Riviére. This we do as a monument of the renewal of possession we have taken of the said River Oyo, and of all the rivers which discharge into it, and of all the lands on both sides as far as the sources of the said rivers, even as they have been possessed, or ought to have been possessed, by the preceding Kings of France, and as they have maintained their authority therein by arms and by treaties, especially by those of Riswick, of Utrecht, and of Aix-la-Chapelle.’”” The plate whence this inscription was taken was forwarded to the Lords of Trade at London soon after 1750. A fac-simile of the original inscription is given in New York Colonial Documents, vol. VI., p. 611 (Jesuit Relations L, XIX, p. 296). 6. This plate was found in 1798 and is preserved by the American Antiquarian Society , Worcester, Massachusetts. 7. This plate was found in 1846 and is preserved by the Virginia Historical Society. 10 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I the coming of the party. Their reception was anything but gracious. ‘They were greeted with bullets, were made prison- ers, and would have been executed except for the mediation of a friendly Iroquois. After Céloron came up, he erected a fort opposite the Scioto; friendly councils were held ‘with the Indians on August 23th, 24th and 26th, whilst the English traders among them were ordered to withdraw from the territory. Pursuing their journey down the Ohio, the party reached the Little Miami, where they encamped on the 28th and found a small band of Miamis with their chief, named ‘‘the Barrel’’. These Indians had established themselves here only a short time previously, having located their cabins, to the number of seven or eight, about a league from the river. They were per- suaded to accompany Céloron to the village of ‘“‘la Demoiselle’’ up on the Great Miami. ‘The entire party embarked on the morning of the 3lst and at 4 o’clock in the afternoon entered the Great Miami, where they buried the last plate on the western bank of that river. Ascending theriver, they arrived at the village of the Miamis on Loramie Creek on September 13th. This was the village under the leadership of ‘‘la Demoiselle’, the friend of the English, who named him ‘‘Old Britain’’. ‘“‘La Demoiselle’ refused to yield to the entreaties of Céloron to return to the old settlements on the Maumee, but made his village a center of English trade and influence. A week was spent by Céloron on this spot, as it was not till September 20th that he resumed his journey northward by land. After five days’ journey they reached the old camp of the Miamis and the French fort on the Maumee, near the present site of Ft. Wayne, Ind., where they refitted themselves with canoes and provisions and proceeded to Detroit, which they reached on October 6th. Thereturn journey to Montreal was then made by way of the lakes, and their destination was reached on Novem- ber 10th. Eight days later Céloron and Bonnécamps arrived at Quebec, the point of departure of the expedition, five months and eighteen days having passed since they had left the town. Before continuing our narrative, we wish to call attention to a point of ecclesiastical interest. On such expeditions as this undertaken by Céloron, accompanied by Father Bonné- camps, it was customary for the chaplain to exercise the func- tions of his ministry for the members of the party. Though CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI Li no mention of such ministrations occurs in the entire relation, we think ourselves not at all stretching the bounds of great probability when we state that Father Bonnécamps celebrated the holy sacrifice of the Mass whilst the party was encamped at the mouth of the Little Miami between August 28th and 31st, and at the village of ‘la Demoiselle’? on Loramie creek in Shelby county between the days of September 13th and 20th. We single these places out as they are still within the confines of the present Cincinnati archdiocese, and deserve especial mention for the purposes of our local ecclesiastical history. The expedition of Céloron undertaken at the orders of Galissoniére was really the inception of Ohio history. We heartily endorse the sentiment of Rufus King when he writes: ‘The state may be proud of the auspices under which she first emerged from obscurity.’’’ When Céloron was made commandant at Detroit in the next year, 1750, he established a fort at the upper end of San- dusky bay. It is at this location, near Sandusky, Ohio, that Shea says Father de la Richardie, $.J., who had worked with great success among the Huron Indians about Detroit, built a chapel in 1751.9 To the hypothesis of Rev. William V. Bigot that Pierre Loramie, who conducted the trading store at Loramie, Ohio, from 1769 to 1782, was a French Jesuit Father, and therefore entitled to the honor of being the first priest stationed in the Cincinnati archdiocese, we cannot subscribe.!® For not one convincing proof is adduced for the hypothesis, nor have we been able in our investigation of the matter to find a trace anywhere of any such Jesuit Father in the New World. After the solemn proclamations of the French authorities, made through Céloron in the expedition of 1749, the British colonial authorities became more determined to send traders into the Ohio country and gradually assume the preponderance 8. RuFus KING, Ohio, p. 61. 9. SuHeEa, History of the Catholic Church in the United States, 1808-1843, p. 330; com- munication in Catholic Universe, Cleveland, September 15, 1881. We have been unable to verify this statement of John Gilmary Shea, who though he mentions no source in either of the above citations, certainly did not make the statement without reason. Still the docu- ments in the Jesuit Relations contain nothing about the fact in question, nor do the Archives of the Jesuit Fathers at St. Mary’s College, Quebec, where search for this purpose was made, contain aught concerning the building of the chapel at Sandusky, Ohio. 10. Bricor, Annalen der St. Michaelsgemeinde, Loramie, Shelby County, Ohio (Sidney, 1907), Chap. V, p. 77 ff. i 12 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I of power, a policy which finally terminated in the Seven Years’ War. However unjust the title of the English to the land of Ohio might have been, the great superiority in number of their soldiers brought the war to a close in their favor, and France by the treaty of Paris which was signed on February 10, 1763, lost not only her possessions in the New World between the Alleghany mountains and the Mississippi river, but also the territory of Canada. The King of England, however, enjoyed full title to the western country, independently of the colonies on the eastern coast. One other provision of the Treaty of Paris deserves notice, that, namely, which granted to the inhabitants of the ceded territories the liberty of the Catholic religion and worship, according to the rites of the Catholic Church (Article 4). In 1774 the Parliament of England changed the form of authority over the western country, in that by the Quebec Act of June 22nd the country between the Alle- ghanys and the Mississippi was annexed to the government of Quebec, which was to administer these territories according to the French laws in vogue at Quebec. ‘This measure was but an act of justice to the French inhabitants of the western territory, who for ten years had been deprived of all civil administration. Our own continental Congress did not ap- prove of this act, which it judged arbitrary and dangerous; an act of intolerance on the part of the first members of Congress. We all know how the War of Independence finally gave title in this western country to the independent American colonies. After serious controversies between several of the original colonies concerning their rights to the new territory, it was at last agreed that the new territory should belong to all the states in general, and under that interpretation an ordinance was pre- pared and passed on July 13, 1787, for the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio. For the entire territory, now embracing the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, a governor, three judges and a secretary were appointed. To two of the six articles of this ordinance is especially due the early progress of the state of Ohio. They are: Article III: ‘‘Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. ‘The utmost good CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 13 faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall, from time to time, be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.”’ Article VI: ‘There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: Provided always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original states, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claim- ing his or her labor or service, as aforesaid.’’!! Ohio, as part of the Northwest territory, continued to be administered by its five officers until 1799, when, a legislative body having been formed, the second grade of territorial gov- ernment began. But this was of short duration for the district later to be known as the state of Ohio, since Congress passed a law in April, 1802, allowing the people of this division to form a constitution. This was done in the same year, and in 1803 Ohio was admitted to full rank as one of the constituent states of the United States of America. The officers appointed under the Ordinance of 1787 had not yet begun to function in the Northwest territory before en- terprising parties from the colony of Massachusetts began the first expedition under General Rufus Putnam, who with forty- six men proceeded in the spring of 1788 to clear ground at the site of Marietta, where the Ohio Company, formed by officers and men of the Revolutionary Army, had contracted with Congress for a transfer of 1,500,000 acres of land. Upon a private purchase by John Cleves Symmes of land between the two Miamis in southwestern Ohio, three other parties had settled, the settlers this time being mostly from New Jersey. A third group of immigrants came to Ohio from still farther shores, those of France, and was to meet a tragic fate. As this group, whose membership was in all likelihood entirely Catholic, had plans of fostering the Catholic Faith, we must devote more space to its. consideration. !” 11. Ordinance of 1787, Confederate Congress, July 13, 1787—Transcript in HENRY Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio, vol. I, pp. 217-221. 12. Articles in the Catholic Historical Review, vol. II, pp. 195-204 and vol. IV, pp. 415-451, give excellent bibliographical notes on the history of the Gallipolis Colony. 14 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I As has been stated, the Ohio Company in 1787 bought from the United States Board of Treasury 1,500,000 acres of land in Ohio extending from the 7th to 17th range of townships north of the Ohio. At the same time, it took an option on 3,000,000 to 3,500,000 acres in an adjacent tract from the same U. S. Board, for which it agreed to pay $1 an acre. Rev. Manasseh Cutler, a Congregationalist minister of Massachu- setts, and W. Sargent closed these contracts with the govern- ment. But instead of the government dealing with one com- pany, as it thought it was doing, it was really dealing with two, as Cutler had agreed to turn over the option on the adjacent tract, called the Scioto tract, extending between the Ohio and the Scioto and the 17th range of townships, and north of the Ohio Company’s tract from the 7th to the 17th range, to Col. Wm. Duer, of New York, who was then Secretary of the U. S. Board of Treasury. Cutler fulfilled his promise and trans- ferred the right of pre-emption, which was all he had bought, in the Scioto tract to Duer and his associates of the Scioto Company, these associates being Cutler himself and W. Sar- gent. Duer then sent Joel Barlow to Paris to sell some of the Scioto tract, or rather the right of pre-emption to the tract. For a couple of months, Barlow had little success in Paris, where he arrived in June, 1788. But his stock took a high jump after he met an Englishman, named Wm. Playfair, whose name, however, was no index to his character. A com- pany called “‘La Compagnie du Scioto’, altogether independent of the American company of that name, bought the 3,000,000 acres of land in the Scioto tract at $1.20 an acre, which it then began to re-sell in small lots to prospective immigrants, con- veying “all the right, title, interest and claim of said society’’. Of course, many people accepted the deeds as conveying and warranting a perfect title. Sales became numerous after the prospectus which Barlow and Playfair had composed, had been given wide circulation. Preposterous claims had been put forth in this prospectus, as the following extract shows: ““A climate wholesome and delightful, frost even in winter almost entirely unknown, and a river called, by way of eminence, the beauti- ful, and abounding in excellent fish of a vast size. Noble forests, consisting of trees that spontaneously produce sugar (the sugar maple) and a plant that yields ready-made candles. Venison in plenty, the CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 15 pursuit of which is uninterrupted by wolves, foxes, lions or tigers. A couple of swine will multiply themselves a hundredfold in two or three years, without taking any care of them. No taxes to pay, no military services to be performed.’’!3 The criticism of this prospectus which Volney makes in his “View of America’’, wherein he recounts his visit to this country in 1795, deserves repetition: . “These munificent promisers forgot to say, that these forests must be cut down before corn could be raised; that for a year, at least, they must bring their daily bread from a great distance; that hunting and fishing are agreeable amusements, when pursued for the sake of amusement, but are widely different when followed for the sake of subsistence; and they quite forgot to mention, that though there be no bears or tigers in the neighborhood, there are wild beasts infinitely more cunning and ferocious, in the shape of men, who were at that time at open and cruel war with the whites.’’!4 The French Scioto Company itself failed at Paris, but a new and more pretentious company, called the Company of the Twenty-four, took over all the rights and obligations of the Scioto Company in January, 1790. Neither the failure of the first company, nor the extravagant promises of this wild-cat adventure, against which even the French government had seen fit to direct ridicule, could prevent the people from buying the new land. The French Revolution had turned men’s minds; and many there were who expected to find a glowing paradise of ease in the New World. ‘They were mostly of the better sort of the middle class, carvers and gilders to his majesty, coach and peruke makers, friseurs and other artists as little fitted for a backwoods life. Before the first colony was ready to leave Havre in May, 1790, affairs had also shaped themselves for the undertaking in the ecclesiastical sphere. Catholic emigrants would be interested to know what spiritual assistance they could expect in the new land, a consideration which no land company to this day has ever neglected. It also occurred to the members of the Company of the Twenty-Four, who chose a Benedictine monk of St. Maur, Dom Didier, to be the spiritual head of the new colony. After an interchange of views had passed between 13. Prospectus: copy in Cincinnati University Library. 14. Vouney, Tableau du Climat et du Sol des Etats-Unis d’ Amérique, Paris, 1803; Eng- lish translation, London, 1804. 16 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I the monk and the Apostolic Nuncio at Paris, memoirs, giving the reasons for the appointment of a spiritual head independent of the bishop of Baltimore, such reasons as the distance of the colony from Baltimore, the custom of the French people to be always abundantly supplied with spiritual pastors, and the great number of the prospective colonists, were presented to the Nuncio both by Didier and by certain members of the enterprise. A bishop or a vicar apostolic at least was desirable. The Nuncio was requested, therefore, to make representation of the need to the Holy Father.15 The memoir of the members of the company, signed the same day as that of Dom Didier himself, on March 22,1790, asked the Nuncio to further Dom Didier’s petition at Rome and announced that they had chosen Dom Didier himself to head the colony.!* On the receipt of the two memoirs on March 22, 1790, the Nuncio dis- patched the memoirs together with a letter written by himself to Cardinal Antonelli, Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide, informing him of the project and of his own request made to the company for more detailed information concerning the colony.!7) When this information had come to him a week later, on March 29th, the Nuncio wrote again to Cardinal Antonelli telling him that three or four ecclesiastics were ready to leave shortly with a number of French families for Scioto, and that Dom Didier had been chosen the head of everything that had regard to the worship, administration of sacraments and education.1* Acting upon the various re- quests thus made of it, the Sacred Congregation of the Propa- ganda appointed Dom Didier prefect apostolic with faculties of Formula IV for seven years in the territory of Scioto, ‘‘with complete jurisdiction over all the French who emigrate with him, on condition that the lands and place where they should found their lands and colony should not be within the diocese of any Bishop within the limits of the government and sway of the United States, which altogether lies under the jurisdiction 15. Archives of Propaganda, America Centrale, vol. II (1776-1790), ff. 380-381 (Tran- script in Catholic Historical Review, vol. II, No. 2, pp. 199-200). 16. Archives of Propaganda, America Centrale, ut supra, f. 379 (Catholic Historical Review, II, 198). 17. Archives of Propaganda, America Centrale, ut supra ff. 381-382 (Catholic Historical Review, 200-201). 18. Archives of Propaganda, America Centrale, ut supra f. 378 (Catholic Historical Review, II, 201). CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 17 of the Bishop lately appointed in Baltimore by the Apostolic See. Further, Father Didier can in no way use the above faculties unless by the consent of the said Bishop.’’!9 As it would require some time to communicate with the bishop of Baltimore, and Didier’s faculties would therefore be inapplicable, it was urged upon the Nuncio by d’Esprémesnil, who it seems was the leading spirit of the new organization, to have Rome give Didier the use of these faculties till he could at least obtain the consent of Bishop Carroll. The Nuncio wrote accordingly to the Propaganda on May 10, 1790, for that purpose.?° Propaganda Congregation answered, but Didier had already left Paris (before May 10, 1790) and the Nuncio did not know whether he could still overtake him at Havre where he intended to set sail about the middle of the month. The letter, however, would be forwarded to him in America, if he could not be found at Havre.?!_ But in the same letter of May 17, 1790, the Nuncio informed the Cardinal-Pre- fect of the Propaganda that a priest at Paris desired to become the bishop of this new colony, and to this effect d’Esprémesnil and his associates had drawn up a memoir presenting the name of the Abbé Du Boisnantier for the new bishopric. It would appear that they were not satisfied with a prefect apostolic, but wanted a bishop, who might preside over doctrine and discipline, and restrain mercenary ecclesiastics who might join in the new enterprise from love of lucre. Especially was this urged as the new colony would be out of reach of a bishop in the United States for ordinations, confirmations and dispensa- tions.22, We know of no further action having been taken concerning the proposition. Rome, probably, did not deem the creation of a diocese within a diocese just recently estab- lished a desirable thing. Be that as it may, the emigrants were all prepared for their journey to the New World. A uumber of ships had been char- 19. Copy of the decree in Catholic Archives, Notre Dame, Indiana. Translation in Researches of the American Historical Society (vol. XII [1895], pp. 50-51) and Catholic Historical Review, II, 202. 20. Archives of Propaganda, America Centrale, ut supra, ff. 384-385 (Catholic Historical Review, II, 203). 21. Archives of Propaganda, America Centrale, ut supra, f. 387 (Catholic Historical Review, II, 203-204). As these emigrants did not leave Havre till May 26, 1790, the letter was probably received by Father Didier at Havre. 22. Archives of Propaganda, America Centrale, ut supra, ff. 388-389 (Catholic Historical Review, II, 197). 18 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I tered for the various parties, who were all to meet at Alexandria, Virginia, preparatory to their march westward over the moun- tains. What must have been their disappointment to learn at Alexandria that they would have to wait some months there, as the first colony in Ohio at Marietta, which was to prepare the way for them, had been stricken by small pox as well as by famine the previous winter! More disastrous still was the sorrowful information that their titles to the lands which they had bought were invalid. The laborers upon whom they had depended to work the new colony began to seek for employ- ment around Alexandria, so that it surely was not the most enthusiastic party which left Alexandria in the fall of 1790 for the long desired spot in the West. Reaching their destiny in October they found a stockade built to house them-—small, narrow, boarded huts to cover some 800 persons. One of their first acts was to give the town a name—Gallipolis, the city of the French. Their greatest trials and difficulties were ahead of them. The Indians, on whom they had not counted, began to make good their claims to the land by marauding attacks upon the colony. Famine added to the distress, and many yielded to the call of finding more hospitable quarters else- where. ‘Traces of the dispersed colony have been found and excellently described by Father Kenny, §.J., in his article “The Gallipolis Colony’’.2* Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia, Penn- sylvania, Missouri and Louisiana especially have harbored the most of these distressed emigrants. Even the shepherd of the flock, Father Didier, abandoned his sheep, as a baptismal entry of July 21, 1792, in the records of St. Charles Borromeo’s church, St. Charles, Mo., attests. Father Peter Joseph Didier signs himself missionary pastor there on that date.?! His example was evidently soon followed by every one of the other priests who may have accompanied the expedition, for as early as 1793 Fathers Stephen T. Badin and M. Barriéres on their way to Kentucky were hailed with delight when they tarried in the town a few days in September of that year. 23. LAWRENCE J. Kenny, S.J., The Gallipolis Colony, in Catholic Historical Review, IV, 415-451. 24. Kenny, The Gallipolis Colony, Catholic Historical Review, IV, p. 445. Father Didier after working for five years in and about St. Louis, died about the end of October, 1799. CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 19 High Mass was sung by them in the garrison and forty children baptized. 25 Religion, indeed, lapsed from bad to worse with the years; though deprived of a priest, some few kept the faith, as Father Badin writes to Bishop Carroll on January 7, 1808: ‘On Christmas day I officiated at Gallipolis, where I found still a spark of faith; that settlement has much declined since I visited it first; but they assure me that there are many Irish Catholic families in the vicinity.’’2* The light of faith became dimmer and dimmer as the middle of the century approached. Sad, indeed, was the heart of Bishop Purcell when he made a visitation of the town in 1848, and wrote the following notes to the editor of the Catholic Telegraph: ‘“‘We have never passed this place, on the River, without a feeling of sadness. It seemed to us as if it was forsaken of God. We had no facilities we knew of for offering the Holy Sacrifice in a town where all were once, at least, baptized Catholics; but we afterwards, although too late for this occasion, discovered with heartfelt pleasure that a most respectable and fervent German Catholic, M. Dages, had re- cently moved hither with his family from Portsmouth, who would have preferred to any earthly treasure that his residence should have been so highly honored.’’?7 Five years later the spark of faith was again beginning to glow, though it was due to the life infused into it by the arch- bishop of Cincinnati. Writing on another visitation to Galli- polis, Archbishop Purcell says: ‘‘This place is still pretty much of a blank on the Catholic map of Ohio. It is retrograding in GU CMBSCIISC Wr Mpa iio ci su) 2 The only means of checking its downward course is to establish in it a new and faithful and vigorous Catholic colony. This with God’s blessing we shall do.’”’ A lot was donated for a church, $600 were subscribed, to which the archbishop himself added $400.28 A couple of years later, Father John C. Albrinck, then stationed at Pom- eroy, started to build a small chapel at Gallipolis and had it 25. Bavbin, Origine et Progrés dela Mission du Kentucky, Paris, 1821, p. 16; SPALDING, Sketches of the Early Catholic Missionaries of Kentucky, pp. 61-62. 26. Letter, Stephen T. Badin, Bardstown, January 7, 1808, to Bishop Carroll, Baltimore. —Baltimore Archives, Case 1, I 5. 27. Bishop Purcell, Visitation of August 24, 1848, Catholic Telegraph, vol. XVII, p. 270. 28. Archbishop Purcell, Visitation, 1853, Gallipolis, Catholic Telegraph, X XII, June 25, 1853. 20 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I ready for dedication in 1858.29 We greatly rejoice with the same archbishop, who as the shepherd of the lost sheep at Gallipolis had gone out to find them, and who in 1864, after having confirmed fifteen persons and communicated the Bread of Life to sixty, the result of a four days mission held in the church of St. Louis, wrote exultantly: “Thank God, a brighter day has dawned upon it, and a church three times the size of the present one could not contain the eager crowd that now thronged to see the worship and hear the doctrine brought to Gallia County by the first, but unfaithful settlers. Many of their descendants, with some edifying and honorable exceptions, are followers of we know not what sects. Among the confirmed was a lady who left Paris at the fall of the first Bonaparte, and some of the communicants had not approached the Holy Table for a dozen years.’’?° A new church has been built since and a resident pastor is assigned there. ‘The faith, indeed, never completely died out, though it was reduced to the terrible extremities which we have seen. Only a few years intervened between the founding of Gallipolis in southeastern Ohio in 1790 and an ineffectual at- tempt to establish the Catholic faith among the Indians in the northwestern corner of the state of Ohio, where the English, contrary to the intention of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, had held the northern country and had established a fort on the Maumee river. In 1790 Rev. Edmund Burke,*! professor in the seminary at Quebec, impressed by the lack of spiritual aid afforded the Indians in northwestern Canada, and feeling the personal call to an active missionary life, interested Archbishop Troy of Dublin in the Indian missions.*? The latter in turn com- municated with the Propaganda, which referred the question 29. Letter, John C. Albrinck to Archbishop Purcell, Cincinnati Archives, preserved at Mount St. Joseph, Hamilton County, Ohio. 30. Archbishop Purcell, Visitation Report, Catholic Telegraph, X X XIII, 318, September 28, 1864. 31. Rt. Rev. Edmund Burke was born in the parish of Maryborough, County Kildare, Ireland, in 1753; was ordained priest at Paris; returned to Ireland, whence he went to Quebec in the summer of 1786, and was made professor in the seminary in September. After seven years on the Western Missions, 1794-1801, he was sent to Halifax, Nova Scotia, as Vicar- General of Quebec, was made Vicar-General of Nova Scotia in 1815, and consecrated Bishop of Zion in 1818. (Article, Burke, Edmund, by Alexander McNeil, in Catholic Encyclopedia, III, 79.) 32. Rev. Edmund Burke to Most Rev. John Troy, December 31, 1790 (J. G. Suwa, Life of Archbishop Carroll, p. 475). CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI sah to the bishop of Quebec, Monsignor Hubert. Bishop Hubert then, in September, 1794, appointed Rev. Edmund Burke administrator of Upper Canada.** Before the year came toa close Father Burke was at work on Raisin river (Monroe), Michigan, where he dedicated the church of St. Anthony of Padua. Then he became engaged with the Miami Indians on the Maumee river near the fort Miami within the present limits of Maumee City. The British government encouraged him in his ministry, as it assigned to him the office of distribut- ing corn to the Indians.*4 After a vain endeavor to have the Propaganda Congregation erect a prefecture independent of the jurisdiction of the bishops of Quebec, Baltimore’ and Louisiana,*> and after the withdrawal of the British troops, Father Burke had to yield his authority over the district, withdrawing therefrom probably in the early spring of 1796, having thus passed an entire year on the banks of the Mau- IeCE. The return of Father Burke to Canada left Ohio without a priest. Bishop Carroll, whose sole jurisdiction over the terri- tory began to be recognized after the departure of the English troops from the territory, could give no relief, sorely pressed as he was for priests in the eastern states. Hardly had the troops been recalled when great numbers of emigrants from the East began to settle in Ohio. Nor long need we wait to hear the cry of appeal for the ministrations of the anointed of the Lord in the promising wilderness of Ohio, where small groups of families had begun to clear tracts in the forests for dwelling places. Shortly after his arrival in Ohio in 1802, Jacob Dittoe wrote to Bishop Carroll of Baltimore concerning the establish- ment of achurchin Ohio. This letter may never have reached its destiny, but it was followed by a second in the very be- ginning of the year 1805, dated January 5th, and addressed to Reverend John Carroll, Bishop of Baltimore, Maryland. ‘The 33. Rev. Edmund Burke to Most Rev. John Troy, September 14, 1794 (Suma, o. c., p. 475). 34. Rev. Edmund Burke to Most Rev. John Troy, February 2, 1795 (Suwa, o. c., p. 477); Houck, The Church in Northern Ohio, pp. 205-206. 35. Cardinal Antonelli to Bishop Hubert, January 16, 1796; Bishop Hubert to Rev. Edmund Burke, October 13, 1796 (SHEA, o. c., p. 478). 36. Father Burke was at Detroit in May, 1796; ina letter written at Quebec to Arch- bishop Troy on August 17, 1796, he says he received the archbishop’s letter of November 30, 1795, when he was still at the Miamis in February. Suua, 0. c.,p.478; Houck, o.c., p. 206. De HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I writer, of German nationality, was not perfectly familiar with the English tongue. While we have preserved the exact phrasings and order of words, we have corrected some mis- spelled words. Lancaster, January 5, 1805. Revd. Sir: Since my arrival in this country, I wrote you, satisfied that every exertion would be made to establish a church in this part of the country, as it has been and is my greatest expectation in coming here. I must still press the subject upon you, not doubting but every means in y‘ power will be used to that end, every days acquaintance in this country brings to my knowledge some of that profession tossed about through this country, by the vicissitudes of fortune, deprived of the advantages of Church Communion, and (is) extremely anxious for an establishment of that kind, and contribute as far as in their power to support it.— As you know that an appropriation of a piece of land would go to make an establishmt of that kind more permanent than any other profession. I still hope that the contemplated application to Congress to that effect has been made with success; if not, a preemption (or the exclusive right of purchasing at two Dollars p‘ acre) might be granted; in either case the object would be secured. I before sent you the number of the Section or Lot to be applied for, which is Sec. 21 in Township 17 and Range 17; if not the whole, the South half of which would answer a good purpose:—There are of our profession in this place that I am acquainted with, about 30 souls, two families of my acquaintance that will be here this ensuing spring; adding the probable migration from the neighbourland of Conawago under similar expectations with me (when I saw them) leaves but little doubt with me but a considerable congregation may be made here in a little time.—I have information, whether the authority may be depended upon as correct, that an ordi- nation of both Bishops and priests will take place this spring, some of which or of both you design for Kentucky; if so, this place will be on their way to that country and wishes your directions to any that you would send, to give us a call. I live near Lancaster, State of Ohio; any person coming under such directions from you, will not only be directed where to find me but gladly received by a Mr. Boyle of the said town who with his family are of the same church.—I hope to hear from you soon, and in good health. I remain with much respect Yours sincerely, JACOBED LT LOR: Two years later another appeal for a priest was directed to Bishop Carroll from a neighboring town, Chillicothe. The letter, written even with worse mistakes of spelling than the 37. Jacob Dittoe to Bishop Carroll (Baltimore Archives, Case 3, D 7). CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 23 letter of Jacob Dittoe, was signed by Whaland Goodee and Major Philips. February Ist, 1807. State of Ohio, Ross County, Chillicothe. To the Rev. Mr. Carroll. Dear Sir: We join our hands as one man in supplication to you desiring a priest, as there is no teacher of our Church in this part of the country; and if it is convenient for you to send us one we will do everything that is reasonable to support him. We have made no calculation of what might be collected yearly as we did not know whether we could be supplied or not; neither can we give a true account of the number of Catholics; but as nigh as we can come, is betwixt 30 and 40 which came from the Eastern Shore; and, I suppose, numbers from other parts which I am not acquainted with. Dear Sir, if you would be so kind as to make a trial and send a priest, there is nothing would give us more pleasure on account of our children as well as ourselves. Please write as soon as possible. I am yours with Rest WHALAND (torn off) and MAJOR PHILIPS. Bishop Carroll wrote on the back of the letter: ‘“‘M. Mr. Goodee and Philips, Chillicothe’’.*s We have been unable to ascertain what action Bishop Car- roll took in the matter. From a subsequent letter of Jacob Dittoe, February 1, 1808, we learn that the Catholics had taken an option on some land of which the United States possessed the title, and from the regulations in force on such transactions, we judge that about June 4, 1807, this option had been taken: John Carroll, Bishop, D.D. Living in Baltimore. Dear Father and Vicar of Jesus Christ: I solicit your assistance the second time to make up the money to pay for the Church land. There are $480 to be paid on or before the 4th day of June next with $58 interest and in one year’s time the land will be forfeited to the United [States] or paid with $160 interest. John Shorb and Henry Fink were with us one year ago. Mr. Shorb did say he believed there might some money be collected at Conawago if any man would undertake it. Therefore I sent four subscription papers, of which you received one, John Mathias one, Henry Fink one, and Joseph Sneering one. Therefore please to let your word go 38. Goodee and Philips to Bishop Carroll (Baltimore Archives, Case 10, I 6). 24 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I unto them to exert themselves in gathering this sum of money and not to suffer this noble tract of land to be lost with the money paid thereon; or any other person that would advance a little money. To give you some idea of this noble tract of land I will say a few words; it is so situated; about 40 acres of the best bottom [land] with a running stream with a spring near the middle of the land, where the upland begins: (the bottom) about 150 acres of upland without a break in it; the remainder has a few breaks, but all well timbered with oak, hickory and walnut. In short, it is the best of lime stone land. We will exert ourselves in making improvements on the said land, if you have any prospect of sending a priest. We will have a good house for him to go in with a tenant and maid. Perhaps a tenant and some decent woman to wait upon the priest, might be found in your part of the world to come with the priest. We will provide clear land for him. N.B.—Neither will it be so lonesome for a priest on account of the highway; it being but two miles off. For certainly there will always be priests back and forth, if you will be so kind and give charge to your priests to give us a call as we now live on the highway 14 miles from Lancaster towards Baltimore. N.B.—We have heard that in your part of the world there was a great talk of this country being so sickly; but by all the truest accounts that we could learn it has been more healthy these three years in our part of the world than in your part of the world. We have all been as healthy as could be expected in any part of the world. Where we now live and the Church land lies, it is particularly healthy. Your humble servant, New Lancaster JACOB DITTOE.?® February the first. As regards the tract of land in question, Bishop Carroll probably had not the means to secure it, for no record of that land in the hands of the Catholics is to be found. But the bishop did not consider it a matter to be neglected, as he indorsed the letter ‘“‘important’’. If he did not communicate on the subject with the Dominicans in Kentucky, certainly he did not allow the opportunity of Father Fenwick’s visit to him at Baltimore in the spring or fall of 1808 to pass without calling the attention of the friar to these neglected people in Ohio.‘® Acting upon the suggestion, Father Fenwick hunted 39. Jacob Dittoe to Bishop Carroll, February 1, 1808 (Baltimore Archives, Case 3, D 8). 40. Fenwick was at Baltimore before June 23, 1808, as Father Stephen T. Badin, after acknowledging the receipt of Bishop Carroll’s letters of the 20th, 22nd and 23rd of June in his letter to the bishop on August 29th, writes of the recent interview of the bishop with Father Fenwick (Badin, Bardstown, August 29, 1808, to Carroll, Baltimore, p.4. Baltimore Archives, Case 1,110). Page 23, of the same letter shows that it was just previous to June 23rd that Fenwick was there.—On July 10, 1808, Fenwick was at Lexington, Ky., whence he wrote to Father Concanen at Rome (Dominican Master General’s Archives, Rome, Codex XIII, 731). In this letter no mention is made of any activities in Ohio, whilst relation is given of Fenwick’s CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 25 up the spot near the present Somerset, indicated in the last letter.41 The residence of Jacob Dittoe was a couple of miles off the National highway, and it is told us that Father Fen- wick was attracted to it by hearing the sound of the axe as it struck the trees of the forest, which the Dittoe family were then felling. The joy of the old man Dittoe who for many years had been deprived of the consolation of religion both for him- self and his family, knew no bounds. He quickly informed the other two families of the neighborhood and together ‘“‘they welcomed him (Fenwick) as an angel sent from heaven’’ into activities in Kentucky.—In his letter to Bishop Carroll of October 7, 1808, Father Badin men- tions that Father Fenwick was at Baltimore or on his way thither at the time of his writing (Badin to Carroll, October 7, 1808; Baltimore Archives, Case 1, I 11). From these data we would conclude that Fenwick, having been informed on his first visit in 1808 by Bishop Carroll of the people at Somerset, sought them out either on his way to Baltimore in order to report of their condition to the bishop, or on his return journey. 41. After weighing the various discordant testimonies concerning Father Fenwick’s first visit to Ohio, we have concluded in favor of the year 1808, which is vouched for by the Father’s own accounts when not mutilated, viz.: Notice sur la Mission de l’Ohio, undoubtedly prepared by Fenwick in 1823-1824; found in the Propaganda archives, America Centrale, Scritture, vol. 8 (no folio numbers assigned); Fenwick’s Relation of his diocese in 1823, also in the same volume 8 Scritture; in four circular letters, inspired by Fenwick, but prepared in four countries, Italy, Spain, France and England (copy of Italian letter December 13, 1823, in Louisville Diocesan Archives; of Spanish version in Dominican Master General’s Archives, Rome, Codex XIII, 731; French version, Paris, 1824, cited by Spatpine, Life of Flaget, p. 202; English letter in London Catholic Miscellany, 1824, vol. III, p. 428 ff. Finally there is a communication to the United States Catholic Miscellany, vol. VI, p. 246, February 24, 1827, entitled ‘‘Notice on the State of the Catholic Religion in the State of Ohio’’, contributed probably by the earliest companion of Father Fenwick in Ohio, Father Nicholas D. Young, O.P., which likewise explicitly states the year 1808 as that in which Fenwick visited Ohio at the instance of his superior and found some Catholic families there. In favor of the year 1810 are the following testimonies: London Catholic Miscellany, December, 1824, vol. III, p. 590; Mémoire prepared by STEPHEN Babin, printed by Ambrose Cuddon, 62 Paternoster Row, London (on reverse side of letter of Badin, London, October 5, 1825, to Edward Fenwick, Notre Dame Archives); Avzmnals of the Association of the Propagation of the Faith, Lyons, 1826, vol. II, pp. 84-85; historical notice on Fenwick by Résé in Annals, ut supra, 1833, vol. VI, p. 135; SpaLpING, Review of the State and progress of the Catholic Church in the U. 5S. of America, Berichte of the Leopoldine Association, Vienna, 1834, VI, p. 16; Spatpinc, Sketches of the Early Catholic Missionaries in Kentucky, p. 157, who says he got it from Fenwick himself that he first entered Ohio in 1810. That, however, which has caused the greatest confusion concerning the year of Fenwick’s entrance into Ohio for missionary work, is the article from the pen of Father Badin in the Catholic Spectator of London of 1824. This account was composed by Badin from three letters of Fenwick dated Cincinnati, May 20th, Bordeaux, August 8th and 11th, to Badin, in Paris. The originals were in French. Badin at Paris made the trans- lations, which were very much scratched up and corrected, and sent the translations to Keating, London. ‘The letters were jumbled together, and in them Fenwick writes: ‘‘When I first came to the State of Ohio, nine years ago, I discovered only three Catholic families from Limestone to Wheeling.” This would make the year 1814 the one designated; a date which is entirely erroneous, as we may see from letters which passed between Jacob Dittoe and Bishop Carroll, and Jacob Dittoe and Father Fenwick as early as 1810 and 1812 (Jacob Dittoe, New Lan- caster, August 19, 1810, to Bishop Carroll, Baltimore, Baltimore Archives, Case 8A, F4; Ed- ward Fenwick, Rose Hill near Springfield, Washington Co, Ky., May 25 [1812] to Jacob Dittoe, Esq., Fairfield County near Lancaster, Ohio, in St. Joseph Priory Archives, not ar- ranged). 26 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I their wilderness, to give them the consolations of religion. The old man at whose house he stopped, sent for his children and his grand-children, told them that a priest had arrived, and ordered them to prepare themselves in prayer. They obeyed instantly, went that evening to confession, and next morning. received holy Communion.‘? The bishop tells us that on this occasion he found three German Catholic families, numbering twenty persons.‘ ‘hey were the families of Peter Dittoe and John Fink, brother-in-law of Peter Dittoe, and another Dittoe or Fink family. This visit of Father Fenwick marked the beginning of that priest’s great love for missionary work in Ohio. ‘Though he was not free to devote his entire time to missionary work in this state, since he was still to be active on the missions under his care in Kentucky and in his office as procurator or syndic in his monastery at St. Rose, Kentucky, still he would manage to minister to this newly-found flock as often as occasion offered.. Once or twice a year thereafter he visited the people near Somerset. A letter of Jacob Dittoe to Bishop Carroll, dated New Lancaster, August 19, 1810, bears witness to Father Fenwick’s presence with the Dittoes just previous to that date. Father Fenwick was on his way east to New York state and had aroused the hopes of Jacob Dittoe of having the newly nominated bishop of Bardstown visit him on his way back to Hisusee: New Lancaster, August 19, 1810. Dear: Father: We have understood by Mr. Finnic*4 that there was a Bishop going on to Kentucky, and we desire you to inform him of this place, a settle- ment of Roman Catholics 22 miles from Zanesville towards Lancaster, 14 miles from the latter, which will be a place of rest and refreshment; for there are some young Catholics in this place that do wish to join in marriage that.are waiting upon that head of his coming, as it is a point of some importance; and should he not come, we will thank you to write to us whether they will be allowed to be joined by an esquire, 42. An Account of the Progress of the Catholic Religion in the Western States of North America (London, Keating and Brown, 1824); original in Wisconsin Historical Society Ar- chives; copy in Mount St. Mary Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio. 43. Fenwick’s Relation of his diocese at Rome, 1823, Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, vol. 8; Notice sur la Mission de l’Ohio; idem. Likewise, the appeals for help in Italy and Spain, ut supra. 44. Thus was Fenwick pronounced. 8081 “OIHO “LASAUAWOS LY MOIMANad AFHLVA fad OF ihe. HMAVE by . | UF ihitmgis CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 27 who is also a Roman Catholic, or not, as quick as possible, if he should not come. Iam, dear Father, Yours etc., etc., JACOB DITTOE.*® Mr. John Carroll, D.D. The old man, however, was to suffer disappointment, as it was not until the next year that Bishop Flaget, after his consecration and a subsequent delay of six months in the East was to be able to take possession of his diocese; and then the bishop went down the Ohio and did not pass over the National road, which would have taken him to Lancaster. Dittoe felt this disappointment keenly, and as Father Fenwick, too, had for some time been unable to visit him, on account of the de- mands made upon him by the building operations at St. Rose’s, he sent another note of entreaty for spiritual succor, which Father Fenwick answered on May 25, 1812, from Rose Hill, near Springfield, Kentucky. Mr. Dittoe. Dear Sir:—Yours of the 9th inst. is before me. J am sorry you have been so much disappointed and so long neglected & am the more sorry that it is not in my power to visit you at present, having my hands & head all full. But take courage & patience a little longer & you shall be comforted. I will be with you if possible in August or Sep- tember at latest—the Bishop of Kentucky will also be with you & between us both we can surely satisfy you and give you all advice &c necessary—. ... .. . «. I have built a large church here 110 by 40 ft., all brick & am building a dwelling house or college about 80 feet long—have just finished a new saw mill, & a grist mill & have actually 3 companies of workmen about me, carpenters, bricklayers, & brick- makers, all lodged & boarded—besides a large plantation & 6 congre- gations to attend to—thus you see I have no time now to spare—I have mentioned you all to the good Bishop; he pities you & will do his best to provide for you—my best wishes to all your family and friends and am; Drisir, Yours &c. ED. FENWICK.* This time, indeed, the Bread of Life was not to be with- held from the famishing souls of these humble but pious people, and though Father Fenwick was not to be the companion of Bishop Flaget, that honor having fallen to Father Badin, the Dittoe and Fink families were nevertheless rejoiced exceedingly 45. Baltimore Archives, Case 8 A, F. 4. 46. Archives St. Joseph Priory. 28 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. I by having Bishop Flaget celebrate the holy sacrifice in their midst. Bishop Flaget with Father Badin on his way to Balti- more to attend a Council, crossed the Ohio river at Maysville, on October 7, 1812. They soon found a German Catholic by the name of William Cassel, whose four children they baptized. At Chillicothe they found a few Catholics who were ashamed to confess their faith and were accustomed to frequent the Protestant services. Between Chillicothe and Lancaster they rejoiced in the warm hospitality of a Catholic family, still staunch in the faith. They arrived at New Lancaster on October 9th, where, finding three or four Catholic families, they baptized five children. On the way to Somerset they found the Fink and Dittoe families, at one of whose houses the bishop heard confessions and celebrated Mass on October 10th. They also viewed the 320 acres of land which Jacob Dittoe had bought for church purposes, a portion of which was al- ready cleared. Here the bishop urged them to erect a house to serve as a residence for a priest and a temporary chapel.’ The bishop and Father Badin then pursued their journey to Baltimore. Referring to this visitation in Ohio Bishop Flaget reported to the Propaganda on April 10, 1815, as follows: “On my journey to Baltimore I found 50 Catholic femilies in the State of Ohio. I hear that there are many others scattered in various parts of the same state, but those who have migrated into those regions have never seen a priest (since they left their former homes). Hence many of those I met have almost forgotten their religion, and they are bringing up their children in complete ignorance. And this neglected portion of the flock committed to me, I am compelled to leave on account of lack of workers, for I can scarcely send a missionary to them even once a year.’’48 In these first years, then, it would appear that Father Fenwick did not visit Ohio more than once a year. But as he continued his visits, he also extended the sphere of his activities in Ohio. In 1815, indeed, we find him writing to the Dittoes on August 6th, from Georgetown, that he intends to visit them between September 20th and 30th and to continue on to Cin- 47. Journal of BisHop FLacEet, October 7 to October 11, 1812, in Records of the Ameri- can Catholic Historical Society, September, 1918, vol. X XIX, pp. 235, 245-248. 48. Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. III, fol. 323-326 (Catholic Historical Review, I, p. 308). CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 29 cinnati. He is also solicitous for the Catholics at Newark, Owl Creek, and Walnut Creek.4® Spalding says that Fenwick actually executed this intention, as he visited Cincinnati and many other parts of Ohio in 1815.5° After again visiting the state in 1816 Father Fenwick reported to Bishop Flaget that at least four priests were needed to attend the increasing Catholic flocks.*1 It was in the fall of this year, 1816, when the missions in Kentucky had been supplied with recently-ordained priests, that Father Fenwick began to give his uninterrupted service to Ohio.*2?, He began to traverse the whole of Ohio in such wise that he became known as an itinerant preacher, not having been at his convent of St. Rose’s for two whole years. Upon visiting Gallipolis in 1817 he found many young people eighteen years old not yet baptized, while nearby were sixteen Catholic families unattended.** When he opened a baptismal register at Somerset on December 24, 1818, the day of the first recorded baptism (that of Nicholas J. Rian |[Ryan]), he summed up his previous activities as follows: “Tn the year 1817 and 1818 I baptized in different parts of the Ohio State 162 persons both young and old whose names and sponsors cannot now be recollected, as I was then an Itinerant missioner—and such persons were generally discovered and brought to me accidently— R. M. Young during his journey to Maryland and back to Ohio in this year of 1818, baptized about 30 in a similar manner—”’ EDW. FENWICK.* The Rev. Mr. Young alluded to above had been ordained on December 18, 1817, and soon after was assigned to assist his reverend uncle in Ohio. The two missionaries had decided on making Somerset their headquarters, where they had been favored by Jacob Dittoe in the transfer on May 23, 1818, of the west half of section number 23 in township number 16 in range number 16, which Jacob Dittoe himself had bought from the 49. Mss. copy by Rev. Stephen Byrne, O.P., of original letter (now lost) in Archives of St. Joseph Priory, Somerset, Ohio. 50. Spaipine, Life of Flaget, p. 203. 51. SPALDING, oO. c., quoting Journal of Bishop Flaget, December 6, 1816. 52. Letter, Edward Fenwick, Springfield, Ky., January 25, 1822, to Prefect of Propa- ganda, Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VII, No. 1; Edward Fenwick to friend in London, November 8, 1818, printed in Diario di Roma, January 23, 1819. 53. SpaLpINnG, Life of Flaget, p. 204. 54. Baptismal Record, St. Joseph’s Priory, Somerset, Ohio. 30 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. I U. S. Government on August 19, 1809.** Upon this land the Catholics about Somerset, who now numbered ten families, built a log house to serve as a chapel—a plain unornamented one-story structure built with the ground to serve as a floor— and another log house of two rooms to serve as the convent for the Fathers. ‘This first church of Ohio, the mother church of the state, was blessed by Fathers Fenwick and Young on December 6, 1818.°° Whilst this church was being built, Father Fenwick began the erection of a second log church in Ohio at Lancaster.'7 The first church had been dedicated to St. Joseph; the second was placed under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary. About the same time a third chapel was begun in the state at Cincinnati, Bishop Flaget having visited this city in the spring of 1818 and having during his presence there daily urged the erection of a chapel as the surest means of obtaining a priest. He arrived at Cincinnati on May 19th and spent two days there.** His memory of this visit was quite vivid and accurate as we may judge from the following extract from the memoir which he wrote in 1836 for the Cardinal-Prefect of the Propaganda, explaining the state of his diocese in 1810 and after: “In the beginning of the spring of 1818 I left for Cincinnati, the chief city of the State of Ohio, taking with me Messrs. Bertrand and Janvier, whom I had to place with Mr. Richard, the curé of Detroit and the only priest in all Michigan. The eagerness with which the small number of Catholics of the city of Cincinnati received my visit, persuaded me to remain there a few days in order to give them the aid of my ministry. They were so poor that they were unable to build a church, so that we held our meetings in one of their homes. My exhortations to them always concluded with the words that they build a church as a sure means of obtaining a missionary. ‘They gave the 55. Record of Deeds, Perry County, Ohio, vol. A., p. 22, recorded May 23, 1818 (see Appendix No. I). 56. Baptismal record, St. Joseph’s Priory, Somerset, Ohio, p. 1; letter, Fenwick to a friend in London, November 8, 1818, in Diario di Roma, January 23, 1819; letter, Nicholas D. Young, St. Joseph’s, Perry Co., near Somerset, Ohio, December 4, 1818, to Nicholas Young, Esq., Nonesuch, near Washington City (St. Joseph Priory Archives); letter, Hill, S. Rose Convent, January 27, 1822, to Rev. P. Olivieri (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, vol. 929); communication signed ‘‘Missionary’’, dated Ohio, January 12, 1829, in U.S. Catholic Miscellany, January 31, 1829, p. 238; also U. S. Catholic Miscellany, Febru- ary 24, 1827, VI, 246. 57. Letter, Fenwick, November 8, 1818, in Diario di Roma, ut supra. 58. Journal of Bishop FLacEeT, May 19, 1818, quoted by Spatpine, Life of Bishop Flaget, p. 183. CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 31 most solemn promise that they would do so, and they kept their word; for a year later it was under roof.’’®9 The bishop passed on north through Dayton, Springfield and Urbana, saying Mass at the last named place on May 24th. After spending the entire winter in the north, he came back to Cincinnati on June 21, 1819, when he found that the church had already been used for divine service. *® The successful termination of the efforts of the few Catholic families at Cincinnati in building a church had come, however, only after several attempts had met with failure. The first of these attempts was made as early as the year 1811, as the following advertisement, on December 11th, culled from the weekly Liberty Hall of Cincinnati, shows: CATHOLIC MEETING As the Constitution of the United States allows liberty of con- science to all men, and the propagation of religious worship, it is earn- estly requested by a number of the Roman Catholics of Cincinnati and its vicinity, that a meeting be held on the 25th of December, next, at the house of Jacob Fowble, at 12 o’clock A.M., when it is hoped all those in favor of establishing a congregation and giving encourage- ment will attend and give in their names, and at the same time appoint a committee of arrangements. Repetitions of the advertisement occur in the editions of December 18th and 25th.*! No evidence has come down to us as to how many persons attended the meeting or what occurred at it, and since Father Fenwick had not reached Cincinnati as early as 1811, we were at a loss to know the occasion of the advertisement, until we chanced upon an obituary notice in the same periodical of an earlier date, October 16, 1811: Died—On Friday evening last, after an illness of about thirty hours, Mrs. Margaret Fowble, aged 36 years, consort of Mr. Jacob Fowble, of this place, a few years since from the city of Baltimore. For fifteen years past, she has been the meek and humble follower of the Lord Jesus Christ. She had a confidence of her acceptance with her God and has gone to take her seat with the blessed. She was a 59. Mémoire of Flaget, 1836, to his Eminence Cardinal Franzoni, Prefect of Propaganda (St. Louis Diocesan Archives). 60S NSPALDING Ong, Da2Ole 61. Liberty Hall, Cincinnati, December 11, 1811, p. 3, col. 4; December 18, p. 3, col. 1; December 25, p. 1, col. 1 (Public Library, Cincinnati). 2.) HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. I tender and affectionate wife and mother, a sincere friend, and beloved by all who had the pleasure of her acquaintance; and has left a hus- band and several children to lament a loss that can never be made up to them in this world. A large concourse of friends and relatives at- tended her remains to the Methodist meeting house, where a solemn and impressive discourse was delivered by Bishop McKendree on the mournful occasion, to a very attentive congregation, whose counte- nances bespoke the share she held in their affections. *® The sudden death of his dear wife, without the last rites of the Catholic religion, the necessity of her burial from the Methodist church, and the danger of a similar fate overtaking himself and his Catholic neighbors, aroused the energies of Jacob Fowble to consult with the other Catholics, few though they were, regarding the erection of a church. A second attempt, which was to meet a similar sad fate, was made in 1817 by Michael Scott, at whose house Father Fenwick lodged on his visits to Cincinnati. Advertisements were inserted in two of the weeklies, the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, and the Western Spy, both of which carried requests to the Ohio Watchman of Dayton to give three inser- tions. We quote from the Gazetie in its issue of September 8, rely AUCATHOLIC (CHURCH The Catholics of the town and vicinity of Cincinnati and those of the county of Hamilton, are requested to attend a meeting to be held at the house of Mr. Michael Scott, Walnut Street, a few doors below the Seminary, on Sunday, October 12th, for the laudable purpose of consulting on the best method of erecting and establishing a Catholic Church in the vicinity of Cincinnati. They will likewise please to take notice that great encouragement is already held out to them. “Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who, for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the Throne of God.” Cincinnati, Sept. 8, 1817. Hebrews Chap. 12 v.ii.® Speaking of this meeting of 1817 on the occasion of the cornerstone laying in 1858 of St. Francis Seraph church, which now occupies the site of the first church of Cincinnati, Rev. Edward Purcell, who, no doubt, had his information from 62. Liberty Hall, Cincinnati, October 16, 1811. 63. Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, September 8, 1817; September 22nd and Sep- tember 29th; The Western Spy, Cincinnati, September 5, 12, 19, 1817 (Public Library, Cin- cinnati), CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 33 living witnesses, said that nine Catholic men, seven women and four children answered the call of the advertisement.*4 The undertaking had again to be abandoned for the time being, but a new impulse was given to the enterprise by Bishop Flaget the next May when he visited Cincinnati for a few days on his way north. It was asa result of his encouragement that a committee of Catholic men at Cincinnati, seeing themselves unable to procure among themselves the means necessary for the building of a church, sent out an appeal for help to the Catholics of the East, an appeal that was given consideration by the Mzirror of Baltimore. Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1818. Sir:—Permit us to address you on a subject which we deem important. We are authorized to acquaint you in behalf of ourselves and the Roman Catholics of this town, that considering ourselves like the lost sheep of the house of Israel, forlorn and forsaken, destitute of the means of exercising the duties of our Holy Religion, without Guide, Church, or Pastor, while we behold all other members of the community en- joying those benefits; we are compelled, from the paucity of our numbers and consequent want of pecuniary resources, to call upon our - brethren throughout the Union for their assistance towards the erec- tion ola Catholic) Church, For the speedy accomplishment of so desirable an object, we enter- tain a confident hope of your hearty co-operation. We therefore, respectfully but earnestly solicit your aid and your influence. Relying on your zeal and promptitude, we shall shortly expect to be favored with your reply directed to Mr. P. Reily, of the firm of Perrys and Reilly, Brewers, Cincinnati. We are, Sir, Respt, Your Ob’t Servants. MICHAEL SCOTT) Prest: JOHN M. MAHON John Carrere, Esq., JOHN WHITE Baltimore, Md. P. WALSH, Secretary® This appeal shows these Irish Catholics of Cincinnati to have been sincere in their promise to Bishop Flaget to build a church.** After they had perhaps heard from the East, they called another meeting to be held this time in the house of John White. Notice was again given in the Western Spy: 64. Catholic Telegraph, 1858, X XVII, 4. 65. Idem 1867, X X XVI, 4. 66. Mémoire of FLAGET, 1836, to Prefect of Propaganda. 34 HISTORY) OPE [ CHAP. I TO ROMAN CATHOLICS A general meeting of the Roman Catholics of Cincinnati and the county of Hamilton is requested, at the house of John White, in Colum- bia street, near Broadway, on Sunday, 7th of March next. On business of importance. By order of the Committee. February 26, 1819. JOHN SHERLOCK, Sec’ry.® We are not left long to conjecture what this “business of importance’ was; it was none other than the organization of the congregation and the building of the church, for which moneys were needed, as we may discern from the next notice inserted in the Western Spy on Saturday, March 13th: TO ROMAN CATHOLICS The Roman Catholics of Hamilton County are requested to for- ward to the Treasurer, in the course of the next®® and the following month, as large a portion of their subscriptions as they possibly can, as the committee will thereby be enabled to have the church ready for Divine Service by next Easter Sunday. By order of the Committee MICHAEL SCOTT, Sec’ry®? The site chosen for the church was on lots one and two in a tract of land adjoining the northern boundary of the city of Cincinnati, which James Findlay had laid out into fifty-two lots, and had denominated the Northern Liberties.7° Lots one and two are now occupied by the present St. Francis church at the northwest corner of Vine and Liberty streets. The reasons’! prompting the Catholics in the choice of that site were 67. The Western Spy, Cincinnati, February 27 and March 6, 1819 (Public Library, Cincinnati). 68. Ought we to read “‘of this and the following month’’? 69. The Western Spy, March 13, 1819; also March 20th and 27th. 70. Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, May 27, 1818; Plat recorded May 21, 1819 (Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Bk. R2, p. 334); deed James Findlay to Trustees of Christ Church, recordedin Bk. V-1, pp. 525-26, Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, May 19, 1821. 71. Many recent writers on Cincinnati history, without investigating the truth of the statement, have allowed themselves to accept the statement that a city ordinance forbade the erection of the first Catholic church in the city limits. We find this statement in the Col- legian (a student paper of St. Xavier College, Cincinnati), vol. I, No. 1, p. 7, April, 1887; J. G. SHEA, History of the Catholic Church in the United States, 1808-15 to 1843, pp. 337-338, (New York, 1890); Souvenir Album, Catholic Churches of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Ohio, p. 15 (Cincinnati, 1896); article, Cincinnati, The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. III, p. 773, (New York, 1908); Sistr=ER Mary AGNES McCann, M.A., The History of Mother Seton’s Daughters, vol. I, p. 158 (New York, 1917); V. F. O’Dani&i, O.P., The Centenary of Ohio’s oldest Catholic Church, in Catholic Historical Review, April, 1918, vol. IV, p. 34 (this Very CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 35 that it was a more central site for the county, as the advertise- ments given above show that the interests of the people out- side the boundaries of the city were also consulted; secondly, the paucity of their numbers and their very limited means did not permit them to buy property within the city limits, as this Reverend author, in a later communication to the same Review, November 19, 1919 (vol. V, p. 428 ff.) at least throws doubt on the existence of such an ordinance. But nowhere is there any evidence of such an ordinance having been passed in Cincinnati. A thorough examina- tion of the ordinances as well as the minutes of the Council of Cincinnati has not discovered either the enactment of such an ordinance or its repeal (Ordinances, vol. I, March 5, 1802- October 12, 1826; Minutes, vol. I, April 13, 1813,-November 13, 1818; vol. II, November 20, 1818-July 21, 1824; vol. III, July 28, 1824-May 2, 1827). In no instance, where the difficulty of the early Catholics of Cincinnati in building their church is mentioned, is there even a suggestion of an ordinance, though strong prejudice was to be found. ‘The earliest of these witnesses which we have found, is the article, Bishop England in Cincinnati, signed M. (probably Rev. James I. Mullon), communicated to the United States Catholic Miscellany, June 29, 1830 (vol. X, p. 29, July 24, 1830): ‘‘Were we to indulge our feelings on this pleasing occurrence (viz.: the presence of four bishops in Cincinnati at the same time) we could not refrain from expressing our surprise at the rapid advances, which our faith has made in Cin- cinnati, in the short space of a few years, against an opposition of the most stubborn cast.— We could trace it in its progress from the refusal of as much ground as was necessary to inter the remains of those, who professed it, when living, to a complete triumph over public preju- dice, and the discomfiture of its open and avowed opponents.’”’ ‘The author of this article became the editor of the Catholic Telegraph, and in the second issue of that periodical, 1831, vol. I, No. 2, p. 14, in an editorial, recalls how a few years before, it was with no small difficulty the Catholics succeeded in obtaining a spot of ground for the erection of a chapel—a difficulty that had its origin in the strong prejudice which at that time prevailed against the name of Catholicity. The Wahrheitsfreund (Cincinnati) in its issue of May 27, 1841, speaking of the first arrangements to obtain a church in Cincinnati in 1817, says that no citizen of Cincinnati dared to sell a lot in the town to Catholics, because of the bigotrous hatred of Catholicity. In his sermon on the occasion of the laying of the cornerstone of St. John Baptist’s church, Cincinnati, in 1845, Bishop Purcell is reported in the Catholic Telegraph of April 3rd, as point- ing ‘‘to the declining sun, which,’’ he said, ‘‘in his revolving course that day, had not surely shone upon a scene more pleasing to God, more consoling to man. With a pathos that moved every heart, he recurred to the trials and conflicts of our ancestors in the faith in Cincinnati. When they sought to procure a lot whereon to raise a little church, they met with contumely and reproach. They were told to go beyond the corporation line, to seek the brickyards, there they might find a place sufficiently good for them. The followers of a meek and lowly Saviour, they bore all with patience and resignation. ‘They went beyond the limits of the city, rented the small square, now known as the Old Graveyard, on Vine street, raised a small building, in which they devotedly assembled to adore the God of their fathers.’”’ The last quotation which we shall give is from the letter of one who had arrived in Cincinnati only in 1843 and wrote ambiguously: ‘‘As the Catholics were not allowed (granted) a place within, they built the first chapel of boards outside the corporation line.’’ ‘‘Diese errichteten ausserhalb der Corporations-Linie, da man den Katholiken innerhalb derselben keinen Platz gestattete, die erste Kapelle aus Brettern” (letter, Rev. Wm. Unterthiner, Cincinnati, September 12, 1845, to Prince-Bishop of Vienna, Berichte der Leopoldinen Stiftung, Number XIX, 1846, p. 84). Nowhere, therefore, do we find mention of a city ordinance passed to forbid the erection of a Catholic church in Cincinnati. Indeed, besides the lack of witnesses in its favor, there are others against it. The third article of the ordinance of 1787 for the government of the North- west Territory expressly fostered religion: ‘‘Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.”’ Nocity council would stultify itself by passing a law in contravention to the law of its government on a matter of such importance. Everyone knows, too, that no man who is anxious to develop his district by immigrants will engender religious animosity. And the first thing the bishop did when he came to Cincinnati as bishop in 1822, was to select 36 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. I property was high priced.7?. On the other hand they obtained very easy terms from James Findlay, who had advertised that he would sell under ‘‘easy terms’’.7 As a matter of fact, the congregation agreed to purchase the two lots from Mr. Findlay for $1,200;74 but on the day of the transfer of the property, they executed a mortgage to James Findlay for $750, a transac- tion which speaks for itself in reference to the poverty of the Catholics at Cincinnati.’ a more convenient site for himself in the city itself; previously he had not lived in the city; but now, finding the road out to the church from his lodging place in the city, almost unfit for travel in the early spring, he has the church moved nearer to him in the fall of 1822. In- deed, the prejudice of which we read so much grew only after the Catholics began to succeed on Sycamore street, after 1826. The missionaries from Kentucky who knew Cincinnati before the erection of the diocese in 1821, speak in a different strain. Witness the following extract from the letter of Rev. Thomas Wilson, Convent of Kentucky, March 6, 1820, to Rev. Augustine Hill, Rome: ‘Cincinnati, one of the most flourishing cities of the Western States, would be preferred to every other city, as there is there a good church. ‘The Protestants as well as the Catholics of that city would contribute generously to the establishment of that see; as they well realized the importance of having a Catholic Bishop for the advancement of their city, and to induce the Catholics to settle in the neighborhood.’ (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, 1818-1820, vol. 4, No.138). The notes of Father De Raymaecker, O.P., one of the Fathers who accompanied: Bishop Fenwick to Cincinnati in 1822, say that the Protestants even helped to bring the first church into the city. When Fenwick was at Rome in 1823-24 he gave information concerning his diocese, which was incorporated in an article Notice sur la Mission de l’Ohio. In this we read of his efforts to build a church in Cincinnati as follows: ‘‘A sub- scription was opened. ‘The amount was insufficient, although many non-Catholics contributed to it’? (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture Originali, vol. 8). Finally, we learn that some of the Catholics themselves were opposed to transferring the church from Vine and Liberty to Sycamore street, which opposition created a schism so that Bishop Fenwick had the property, which, up till then, had been held in the name of the Trustees of Christ Church, transferred to himself. ‘Thus writes Father Résé from Cincinnati, May 5, 1825, to Rev. M. Roimondo, Rector of Propaganda College, Rome (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-1826, vol. 8). From this we may rightly draw the conclusion that the church was built in the Northern Liberties, at least to an extent, to satisfy the demands of Catholics who lived beyond the city limits. 72. It will suffice to quote DRAKE, Picture of Cincinnati, 1815, pp. 131-132, to give an estimate on city property: ‘‘For several years after the settlement of Cincinnati, the lots along the principal streets were sold for less than $100 each. ‘They gradually increased in price until the year 1805, when from a sudden influx of population, they rose for a short time with rapidity. Their advancement was then slower, till 1811; since which the rate of increase has been so high, that for a year past the lots in Main, from Front to Third streets, have sold at $200 per foot, measuring on the front line; from thence to Sixth street at $100; in Broadway, Front and Market streets, from $80 to $120; and on the others, from $50 to $10, according to local advantages. Out-lots and land adjoining to the town plat, bring from $500 to $1,000 per acre.” ‘ 73. Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, May 27, 1818. 74. Deed of transfer—Findlay to Trustees, ut supra. 75. Mortgage of the Roman Catholic Congregation to James Findlay, given on April 20, 1821, received and recorded May 23, 1821, Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Deed Book W-1, pp. 175-176. That balance had not been paid as late as the year 1835, when an effort was being made to collect it with interest (letter of Bishop Purcell, Cincinnati, January 15, 1835, to Bishop Résé, Detroit; Notre Dame Archives). CHAPEL ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 37 In this connection it may be interesting to follow up the names of the early Catholics of Cincinnati in the Cincinnati Directory of 1819: Byrne, James W., 12 E. New Market (no occupation given; 1825 Directory says: brewer, Water b. Main and Walnut). Boyle, Wm., millwright, 47 Lower Market. Cazelles, Peter, silversmith, 112 Main St. Fowble, Jacob, grocer, 21 Water St. Lynch, Edward, tailor, 20 E. Front. Moran, Michael, grocer, Congress b. Broadway and Ludlow. Reily, Patrick, brewer, h. Congress b. Lawrence and Pike. Scott, Michael, house-carpenter, Walnut, b. Third and Fourth. Sherlock, John, distiller, 56 W. Front Street. Walsh, Patrick, 57 Broadway. Ward, Robert S., house-carpenter, 60 Fifth, b. Walnut & Vine. White, John, innkeeper, Second, b. Sycamore and Broadway. Three names, those of Thomas Dugan, John M. Mahon and James Gorman, signatures to the petition in 1820 to Archbishop Maréchal, appear neither in the Directory of 1819 nor of 1825. It is possible that they lived outside of Cincinnati. Taking advantage of an act for the incorporation of religious societies, passed by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio on February 5, 1819,76 these men organized themselves into a congregation of the Roman Catholic Church at Cincinnati, to be known as Christ Church with the following five trustees: Patrick Reily, John Sherlock, Thomas Dugan, Edward Lynch and Michael Scott.7? The actual work on the church did not occupy much time. Mr. Michael Scott, a house-carpenter by profession, prepared the plans, which were given to Mr. Wm. Reilly, of Alexandria, Kentucky. The latter tells us in his diary: “Having followed carpentering in Cincinnati, and having put up a number of frame buildings, I was employed by a gentleman of the denomination of Catholics, to build them a frame Church, which I agreed to do. I got all the timber on my own land and framed it on my own premises, about a mile east of Alexandria, hauled the timber to the river, rafted and landed it down low in Cincinnati. It was hauled out to a vacant lot, no house of any kind near it. We put up the house and they paid me honestly for my work.’’7§ 76. Laws of Ohio, vol. XVIII, p. 6-8 (second pagination). 77. Deed, James Findlay to the Trustees of the Roman Catholic Congregation, April 20, 1821; recorded May 23, 1821, Hamilton County Office of Recorder, Book V-1, pp. 525-26. 78. Extract given in letter to Editor of Catholic Telegraph, signed Weibald, Covington, Ky., January 20, 1886 (Catholic Telegraph, February 3, 1886). 38 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. I The church, a plain frame structure, measuring about 55 feet by 30 feet, was probably completed according to inten- tion for Easter Sunday, 1819, and on that day Mass was said in it for the first time. It is not difficult to imagine the senti- ments of the one hundred Catholics who attended that first celebration of the sacred mysteries in the little chapel at Cin- cinnati. Years of disappointment had melted finally into a new year of grace. Long periods of time when no missionary could minister properly to them were now to be superceded by regular services. No longer need the aged or infirm fear the advent of the angel of death without anointment with oil in the name of the Lord at the hands of the priest of God. Now, too, might be experienced the interior joy of the Saints of God, gathered together in the conventicle, partaking of the same table, and holding one another in the love of brethren in Christ, imitating once more those early Christians who were known to the pagan world because they ‘“‘loved one another’. Towards the end of this year Bishop Flaget of Bardstown, in whose diocese lay the entire state of Ohio, wrote to the Cardinal- Prefect of the Propaganda, giving a short account of the Catholic prospects in Ohio and advising the erection of a bishopric in the state. He wrote: “The State of Ohio may contain from 250 to 300 Catholic families, scattered here and there. Two Dominicans officiate in that country. The people generally are very religious, and very well disposed towards the Catholic religion. Monsignor Du Bourg and myself are convinced that a Bishop there would do a great deal of good.’’”9 It was, no doubt, as the result of Father Fenwick’s report to him that Bishop Flaget wrote thus to the Propaganda. The two Fathers then in Ohio had, indeed, formed churches or congregations at Somerset, Lancaster and Cincinnati, but as we learn from the Baptismal Register started by Father Fenwick in 1818, Father Fenwick visited many other places in the state where he found Catholics. In 1820 Father Fenwick himself estimated the number of Catholics in Ohio at 3,000 persons, composed principally of Germans and Irish, the former 79. Relation of diocese of Bardstown by Flaget, Bardstown, October 18, 1819, to Cardinal Litta, Prefect of Propaganda (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. IV, No. 124, Daloe 6181 “‘ILLVNNIONID HOUNHD LSTaHo | ocsns eneaiaenn nramaanaiaesa ig i i ' { f i g is 5 4 are e 5 CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 39 exceeding the latter.*° The Propaganda Congregation was not long in giving ear to the advice of the American prelates relative to the erection of a see in Ohio, so that in June, 1821, the diocese of Cincinnati was erected with Right Reverend Edward Fenwick, O.P., as its first bishop. 80. Letter, Edward Fenwick, Georgetown College, D.C., June 1, 1820; to Rev. John Augustine Hill, O.P., Rome (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. IV, No. 151; printed in part in Catholic Historical Review, IV, 28-29). CHAPTER II BISHOPS OF CINCINNATI RIGHT REVEREND EDWARD DOMINIC FENWICK, O.P., D.D. 1821-1832 45 THE time became propitious, the erection of / new episcopal sees in the Central West was } proposed by those to whom the territory had § been entrusted, the bishops of Bardstown and << Louisiana. Correspondence on the subject cing “ passed between Bishop Flaget and Bishop Dubourg in the spring of 1819, when it was thought prudent by them to ask Archbishop Maréchal to petition Rome for the erection of a see at Detroit, and perhaps of a second one on the Ohio river.! Writing in the winter of that year to Bishop Dubourg, Bishop Flaget sees the necessity of new sees at Vincennes, Cincinnati and Detroit.2 In the following spring, Bishop Flaget takes up the matter with the archbishop of Baltimore and gives his views as well as those of Bishop Du- bourg on the persons to be nominated to Cincinnati and Detroit. Both he and Dubourg propose Benedict Fenwick, 9.J., for Ohio, who, says the bishop of Bardstown, is capable on account of his theological knowledge and preaching; has the advantage of being an American and a Jesuit, for which last reason he can expect help in his diocese from the Society of Jesus; and he adds that the people of Cincinnati would be very proud to have him, as they have told Flaget himself. For second choice he proposes Edward Fenwick, O.P., who, he says, has great knowledge of the state of Ohio and the Catholics therein, is very popular, and a Dominican, and can likewise expect help in his diocese from the order. He men- tions him second, however, because he has very little knowledge, "ah |B VY s , FAL : cP 1. Letter, Dubourg, Seminary of St. Mary, Barrens, Mo., May 7, 1819, to Archbishop Maréchal, Baltimore (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, A 8). 2. SPALDING, Life of Flaget, p. 216, quoting Flaget’s Journal of December 30, 1819. (40) SS Wae a (= rc _ ; a Po \=), sd . Ven - eet eB ~ i : _ i: ile Lee " ae eS ey rt CHAP.”11 | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 41 whilst his practice is very easy and convenient. For the diocese of Detroit, he proposes Father Gallitzin first, and Father Lartigne, Sulpician, of Montreal, second. In these proposals, the bishop states that both he and Bishop Dubourg are one. But he wishes to express an opinion which is his own alone and which he thinks would serve the purpose better. Since there are perhaps 400 families in Ohio who understand German only, and since Father Gallitzin alone of all those proposed knows German, Gallitzin would be the proper man to nominate; but not being a Dominican, and the Dominicans being already at work in Ohio, he would be unable to accomplish anything single-handed. He would, therefore, have Archbishop Maréchal suggest to Father Gallitzin that Rome wants to make him a bishop, and that he will be made bishop of Ohio on the recommendation of the bishops of America, if he will join the Dominican order, either by solemn vows or as a member of the Third order. Having informed Bishop Dubourg of this proposition, who expressed hiimself pleased with it, Bishop Flaget tells Archbishop Maréchal that if he, too, thinks well of it, they will present the name of Gallitzin alone for Ohio; and in this event, they would pro- pose Benedict Fenwick, S.J., for Detroit. Ten days had not passed before Bishop Flaget was found with pen in hand again advocating to Archbishop Maréchal the ap- pointment of Father Gallitzin as the best man for the see of Cincinnati. But as “insurmountable obstacles’ might present themselves to the affiliation of the same reverend gentleman with the order of St. Dominic, he is of the opinion that Edward ~ Fenwick should then be presented, a “missionary full of zeal and humility, of an admirable ability to make converts—if he has not all the knowledge which it is proper for him to have, he has, according to all appearances, as much as I (Flaget) have; besides belonging to an Order as he does, it will be easier for him to obtain learned counsel, which may supply what he lacks. Having asked of Edward Fenwick his opinion on the most suitable person for Ohio, he named (Rev.) Mr. Wilson, his superior, living in Kentucky. It is certain that Mr. Wilson has great qualities for the episcopate— he is a learned theologian, an excellent literateur, a very retired man— but with these great talents this good man does not preach or rather does not wish to preach, ever since he has had three or four young 3. Letter, Flaget, March 7, 1820, to Maréchal (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, T 12). 42 HISTORY OF THE . [ CHAP. II Dominicans ordained priests; besides he has great difficulty in travel- ing on account of rheumatic pains which trouble him. Perhaps the episcopate might provide an efficacious remedy to those two small maladies.”’ The bishop concludes that if the name of Rev. Mr. Gallitzin is not to be presented, one of the two Dominicans ought to be, since they know the state of Ohio and will do all in their power to make the new see prosper.‘ Acting upon these letters from Bishop Flaget, Archbishop Maréchal wrote on April 4, 1820, to the Cardinal-Prefect of the Propaganda. to the effect that he favored the erection of Cincinnati, but that the erection of Detroit was premature. For Cincinnati, he proposed Bishop David, the vicar-general of Bardstown, as there was no prospect of David who was so much older than Flaget succeeding him at Bardstown, and one bishop was sufficient for Kentucky; secondly, David had experience and would do good in the new diocese; and finally, ashe wasafriend of Flaget’s, the two dioceses would continue on the best of terms. For his second choice to the new see he proposed Edward Fenwick, who had worked a long time in Ohio, and who was learned, prudent, zealous and pious.® Archbishop Maréchal then wrote an answer to Bishop Flaget informing him that Rome intended Gallitzin for Philadelphia. To this Flaget answered that he did not intend to change Rome’s opinion concerning Gallitzin, but he thought that Gallitzin would not be able to hold his own in Philadelphia. He still thought Gallitzin best for Ohio, even though he did not become a Dominican, as he would find the Dominicans in Ohio a tractable clergy.® Having received this letter and having had an interview with Edward Fenwick, Archbishop Maréchal wrote to the Propa- ganda a second time, proposing Fenwick as in every way pre- ferable to David, being more active, practical, an American by birth, and a Dominican, which would insure him help from the order.’ 4. Letter, Flaget, Bardstown, March 16, 1820, to Maréchal, Baltimore (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, T 11). 5. Letter, Archbishop Maréchal, Baltimore, April 4, 1820, to Cardinal-Prefect of Pro- paganda (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. IV, No. 155). 6. Flaget, Bardstown, May 23, 1820, to Maréchal (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, U 13). 7. Propaganda Archives, Acta, 1821, fol. 272 a, May 21, 1821. CHAP. II] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 43 In the meantime Bishop Dubourg had also written to the Propaganda on April 25, 1820, advising the erection of the two sees. As the Propaganda had not yet heard from Bishop Flaget, in whose territory the new diocese lay, the Cardinal- Prefect wrote to him on June 14 (24), 1820. On November Sth, two days after he had received this letter, the bishop of Bardstown answered, stating that in the previous May the bishop of Louisiana had written to the Cardinal-Prefect of the Propaganda, describing the limits of the two new dioceses, Cincinnati and Detroit, and proposing for them the names of Edward Fenwick and John Grassi, $.J., respectively. Of this, both himself and his coadjutor approved. If Detroit were not to be erected, that territory together with a part of Virginia should be annexed to the territory of the diocese of Cincinnati. But he begged the Cardinal to pass over Bishop David, his coadjutor, the only one whom he could consult in his diffi- culties. Bishop David was sixty years old and corpulent, so that he could not ride on horseback, a necessity for the mis- sionary in Ohio. The loss of David to Kentucky would mean the breaking up of his seminary. ? With full information from all concerned, Propaganda Con- gregation in a general session on May 21, 1821, decreed the . erection of Cincinnati with Edward Fenwick as its first bishop.?° The bull erecting the diocese and appointing Edward Fenwick to the see of Cincinnati was issued on June 19, 1821.1! (See Appendix IV.) The recipient of this new office, Edward Dominic Fenwick, O.P., was born on August 19, 1768, in St. Mary’s county, on the Patuxent river, Maryland.12 His parents were Ignatius 8. Propaganda Archives, ut supra Note 7. 9. Flaget, Bardstown, November 5, 1820, to Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda (Propa- ganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. IV, No. 139; Propaganda Archives, Acta, May 21, 1821, fol. 272a). ‘The letter of Flaget mentions the letter of the Cardinal to himself as dated June 14th; the Acta of Propaganda mentions it as of June 24th. 10. Decree of Propaganda, May 21, 1821 (Secretary of State, Vatican, Archives of the Secretary of Briefs, vol. 4670; Propaganda Archives, Acta, May 21, 1821, fol. 272a). 11. Bull of erection of Cincinnati (Vatican, Secretary of State, Archives of the Secretary of Briefs, vol. 4670; copy made at Rome, preserved in Notre Dame Archives (not filed|; copy in Baltimore Archives, Copy Book and Record of Roman Documents, 1784-1862, vol. II, p. 31; portion of the bull printed in Jus Pontificium De Propaganda Fide |Rome, 1891], vol. IV, p. 593). 12. The best life of Bishop Fenwick is that recently published by REv. V. F. O’DanikL, O.P., in which the original sources have been abundantly reproduced. Other lives and bio- graphical notices are: BONAVENTURE Hammer, Der Apostle von Ohio (Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1890); PaumMerR, MSS. Anglia Dominicana, Part III A, p. 722, Sketch of E. D. 44 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. II Fenwick, of Wallington, a descendant of Cuthbert Fenwick, of the Fenwicks of Fenwick Tower, Northumberland, England, through the cadet branch of the Longshaws, and Sarah Taney, daughter of Michael Taney and Sarah Brooke. Edward was the fourth child of a family of eight children, six boys and two girls—James, Mary, Sarah, Edward, Michael, Thomas, Nicholas and Charles. He was deprived of the loving care of his mother at an early age; at the time of his father’s death in March, 1784, he was but fifteen, while his oldest brother alone had reached majority. The family, however, had been amply provided for, as Ignatius Fenwick had been a large landowner in Maryland. Edward’s early education was probably received privately in the Fenwick manor, but on December 24, 1784, we find him entered at Holy Cross college, Bornheim, Belgium, conducted by refugee Dominican monks from England.'3 Having completed his humanities in the scholastic year of 1787-1788, and having traveled in Europe during the vacation to recuperate his health, which had never been strong, he en- tered the order of St. Dominic on September 4, 1788,14 adding to his baptismal name of Edward that of Dominic. He was professed a Friar Preacher on March 26, 1790, at Bornheim, being then 21 years old.15 The next eighteen months were devoted to the study of theology, though even this short time was interrupted by weeks and months,!* owing to the dis- orders accompanying the French Revolution. Edward Fen- wick was then ordained subdeacon at Ghent on March 24, Fenwick; PaiLMER, Obituary Notices of the Friars Preacher, p. 26, September 25, 1832: Rt. Rev. F. Edward Dominic Fenwick; R&s#, Historical Notice of Bishop Fenwick, in the Annales of the Society of the Propagation of the Faith, Lyons, 1833, vol. 6, X X XII, p. 133 ff.; Be- richte der Leopoldinen Stiftung (1848-49), No. X XI, p. 2 ff.; The Catholic Almanac, 1848; SPALDING, Sketches of the Early Catholic Missionaries of Kentucky, pp. 149-155; Biography of Bishop Fenwick by R, in Catholic Telegraph, vol. II, 1833, p. 85; RicHarp H. CLarKE, Lives of the Deceased Bishops of the Catholic Church in the United States, vol. 1, p. 328 ff. 13. Sketch of E. D. Fenwick, by Patmger, MSS. Anglia Dominicana, Part III A, p. 722 (Archives of the Dominican Fathers, Haverstock Hill, London, England). 14. PALMER, ut supra. 15. Profession of Edward Dominic Fenwick, from Book of Professions of Holy Cross Convent, Bornheim (Archives of the Dominicans, Haverstock Hill, London, England), in O’DaniEL, Life of Fenwick, p. 38. 16. Letter, Edward Fenwick, Carshalton Academy, Surrey, England, March 15, 1803, to Concanen, Rome (Dominican Master General’s Archives, Codex XIII, 731); letter, Fen- wick, Turin, May 12, 1824, to Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VIII, Scritture). CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 45 1792, deacon on June 2, 1792, and priest, in all probability, on February 23, 1793.17 After teaching a year in the college, he was put in charge of the convent in the spring of 1794, when the invasion of the French Revolutionary troops caused the English Dominicans at Bornheim to take flight to England. It was thought that Father Fenwick’s American citizenship would protect him and the convent from harm at the hands of the French troops.'8 Taken prisoner, he was released when it became known that he was an American citizen,!® but only after he had suffered many hardships and had been exposed to imminent danger of death, deliverance from which Father Fenwick attributed to the in- tercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary.?° He then joined his former companions, who had now established themselves in a college at Carshalton, County of Surrey, ten or twelve miles from London, England. He resumed his duties as professor in the college, remaining until November 11, 1800, when he was sent to Woburn Lodge to avail himself of the talented Father James Vincent Bowyer’s instructions in theology.2! Returning to his former duties at Carshalton, on June 21, 1802, he was made procurator for the convent. On April 2, 1803, he under- went his first biennial examination for faculties to preach and hear confessions in the order. ?? During this time, Father Fenwick had been nurturing fond hopes of establishing a house of the English Dominicans in the country of his birth, and with the design of seeing his hopes realized, began in 1803 to correspond with Father Richard L. Concanen, assistant to the Superior General of the order at Rome, that he might present the subject to the General. 17. Records of the Cathedral of St. Bavon, Ghent. ‘The dates for subdeaconship and deaconship are given exactly, but the date for priesthood must be inferred from an entry on February 13, 1793, which informs us that after an examination, dimissorial letters for the sacred priesthood were issued on that date to Brother Dominic Fenwick, O.P., deacon, of Bornheim Convent. As the ordination times were observed, Saturday of Ember Week falling on February 23rd, Edward Fenwick was most likely ordained on that day. 18. Patmer, Life of Philip Thomas Howard, O.P., Cardinal of Norfolk, p. 225 ff. 19. Sketch of Life of Edward Fenwick, by PALMER, MSS. Anglia Dominicana, ut supra. 20. Life of Edward Fenwick in The Catholic Almanac, 1848, p. 58. 21. Sketch by Parmer, MSS. Anglia Dominicana, ut supra. 22. PaumMerR, MSS. Anglia Dominicana, ut supra. 23. The original letters pertaining to this subject are to be found in the Archives of the Dominican Master General at Rome, Codex XIII, 731; in the Archives of the Dominican Fathers at Haverstock Hill, London, England; and in the Archives of St. Joseph’s Province, Ohio. They are printed extensively in Father O’DANIEL’s Life of Bishop Fenwick, chapters III, V and VI. 46 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. II When permission had been granted for the enterprise by the superior general, Father Fenwick corresponded with Bishop Carroll of Baltimore,?4 who was delighted with the project. Having made all the necessary arrangements in Europe, he sailed from London in September, 1804, accompanied by Father Robert Angier, a brother Dominican, and landed at Norfolk, Va., towards the end of November. Disappointed in not being able to carry out his original design of founding a college and a convent of the order in Maryland, as Bishop Carroll considered Maryland sufficiently supplied with two colleges, one at Baltimore and another at Georgetown, he acted upon the counsel of the bishop to visit Kentucky in the spring of 1805 for the purpose of investigating the possibilities of a foundation in that state. Favorably im- pressed by the opportunities in Kentucky, of which he made a report to Bishop Carroll and to his superior at Rome, who appointed him superior of the new province in the United States on June 22, 1805,?5 he sent Fathers Wilson and Tuite on ahead of him in October, 1805. Father Fenwick himself was detained in Maryland trying to convert his inherited properties into ready money for use in the proposed establishment, so that he reached Kentucky only in July, 1806. Here he bought 500 acres of land, situated about two miles from the town of Springfield, Washington county, and upon them he began the construction of a convent and a college, and finally of a church, to be known as St. Rose’s. In October, 1807, upon his own petition, he was released of the superiorship over the newly- founded province of Dominicans in the United States of America, whereupon he began his missionary work among the people of Kentucky. This was the kind of activity which he most desired. For the next fourteen years he was to devote himself to ministering to the Catholics in Kentucky and Ohio, seeking out the “‘lost sheep’. His many wanderings in these two states and fre- quent journeys to the East won for him the soubriquet of the “itinerant preacher’, whilst his missionary endeavors in Ohio merited for him the glorious title of ‘‘Apostle of Ohio’. We 24. Original letters to be found in Baltimore Archives, Case 3, R. 25. Archives of St. Joseph’s Province, Ohio, O’DaNIEL, Life of Bishop Fenwick, p. 100. Letter from the Vicar-General Pius Joseph Gaddi (Archives Dominican Master General, Rome, CodexEx Tile 731); CHAP. II] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 47 have seen how his labors in Ohio finally gained for him the recognition of the bishops of America and the appointment by Rome to the see of Cincinnati on June 19, 1821. At the time of the arrival in Kentucky late in the year 1821 of the bulls of the erection of the see and the appointment of himself as bishop, Father Fenwick was as usual at work “‘in the woods”’ of Ohio.2 When he was informed of the appointment, he was not only surprised, since he thought Bishop Flaget had nominated Father Wilson for that position,?? but also, humble man that he was, considered himself unfitted for the office, and gave signs of his unwillingness to accept the dignity. He himself says in a letter to Archbishop Maréchal that most re- luctantly was he compelled by the counsels, admonitions and even threats of superiors to go to Cincinnati;?8 and in another letter to the Cardinal-Prefect of the Propaganda he writes that 26. ‘There are two diverse testimonies as to the date of the arrival of the bulls in Ken- tucky in 1821. Rt. Rev. Wm. Poynter, Vicar Apostolic of London, writes to Archbishop Maréchal from London on July 30, 1821, that he is sending him a letter from Propaganda to be forwarded to Bishop Flaget, of Bardstown (Baltimore Archives, Case 19, Y 11). On Janu- ary 4, 1822, writing from Bardstown to the Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda, Bishop Flaget says he received the letter containing the bulls for Edward Fenwick from the bishop of London in the month of December [i.e., 1821], and that he sent them on to the provincial of the Domini- cans, to be in turn forwarded to Edward Fenwick (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VII, No. 24). On the other hand, Bishop Spalding (Life of Bishop Flaget, p.217) says that the bulls erecting Cincinnati, dated June 19th, arrived in Kentucky on October 13th. Spalding does not mention his source of information, though throughout his sketch he quotes the Journal of Flaget. In a letter written from St. Rose, Ky., November 21, 1821, to the editor of the London Catholic Miscellany (vol. I, No. 7, pp. 327-28), we read: “‘You have heard that Mr. Fenwick is made bishop of the Ohio, his bulls are arrived from Rome.”’ Finally, we have another source of information which may furnish a clue to the solution of the difficulty. The writer of the article Mission de l’Ohio, in the Annales de l’ Association de la Propagation de la Foi (Lyons, 1826), No. II, p. 88, says that Father Fenwick was notified of his election to Cin- cinnati by Father Hill, who brought the bulls with him. From other sources, we know that Father Hill, who had been at Rome for several years, arrived in Kentucky in the fall of 1821. Is it possible that Spalding takes the notice which Hill brought and which was no doubt for- warded to Bishop Flaget as that of October 13th, whilst the true bulls of erection were received through London only at a later date in December, as the first documents would assert? Did Father Hill bring only notification of the appointment, or likewise a copy of the bull? Or did Bishop Flaget err when he stated that he received the bulls in December? It may have been a slip of the pen on his part. Since Bishop Flaget’s letter is dated January 4th, we are inclined to believe that the bishop’s memory was accurate enough to distinguish between one or three months in the arrival of the bulls. As Fenwick was consecrated on January 13, 1822, three months would have elapsed from the time of the arrival of the bulls and his consecration. Finally, Father Hill, who, as we just remarked, arrived in Kentucky in the fall of 1821, writing from St. Rose Convent, Ky., on January 27, 1822, to Rev. Olivieri, Commissary of the Holy Office, says that the humility and repugnance of Father Fenwick to the episcopal dignity, as well as the delay of the bulls, kept them waiting a long time before they could go on with their plans for the evangelization of Ohio (Propaganda Archives, Scritture Originali, vol. 929). 27. Letter, Edward Fenwick, Georgetown, Md., June 1, 1820, to John A. Hill, Rome (Propaganda Archives, American Centrale, vol. IV, No. 151). 28. Edward Fenwick, Kentucky, February 9, 1823, to Archbishop Maréchal (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, W 1). 48 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. II when he first heard of his nomination, realizing his insuffi- ciency and his lack of knowledge, he informed the bishop of © Bardstown and his superior in the order that he could not in conscience accept the office; that at the exhortation of Flaget and the absolute command of his superior?» he was forced to submit, only, however, after a solemn promise had been made by the superior (Father Wilson) to help him in every way, even in person.*® His consent having been obtained at last, Father Fenwick was consecrated in St. Rose’s church, Kentucky, on Holy Name Sunday, January 13, 1822, by Bishop Flaget, assisted by Fathers Wilson and Hill.*: | Father Gabriel Richard read the Mandatum, and Bishop David, the coadjutor bishop of Bardstown, preached the sermon to a congregation which crowded the church. ?*? Before leaving St. Rose’s, Bishop Fenwick on January 25th wrote a letter of thanks for the favors shown him by the Cardinal-Prefect of the Propaganda and in a postscript of the same date gave a relation of the condition of the Catholic Church in Ohio, a state, he says, which is 264 miles long and 281 miles wide; having 581,434 inhabitants, of which 6,000 are Catholics, scattered through the state. Having entered the state alone six years ago, he built a church at Somerset in 1819, when there were nine families in that vicinity; now there are 150, all Catholic families. Since that time 14 (4?) other churches had been erected in various parts of the state; more 29. The command of the superior, Father. Wilson, is somewhat intelligible in the light of his letter of March 6, 1820, from Kentucky, to Rev. J. A. Hill, at Rome, that he suspected Bishop Flaget of intentions to have a French bishop appointed for Ohio, which would not be a good appointment for the Dominicans in Ohio. He, therefore, asked Father Hill to have the Vicar-General of the Dominicans at Rome send to Kentucky from Rome a Dominican who was to be made bishop of Ohio. He would stand the expenses of the journey. As for support of the bishop in Ohio, he could live with his brethren at Cincinnati, which would be the proper place to establish the new see (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. IV, No. 138). 30. Edward Fenwick to Prefect of Propaganda, April 16, 1823 (Notre Dame University Archives). Other evidences of his unwillingness to accept the office are to be found in letter of Rev. J. A. Hill, St. Rose Convent, Ky., January 27, 1822, to Rev. Olivieri, Rome (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture Originali, (vol. 929); letter to editor of Loudon Catholic Miscellany, dated St. Rose, Ky., November 21, 1821 (London Catholic Miscellany, vol. I [1822] No. 7, pp. 327-28); letter of February 9, 1822, signed W. Y., to editor of London Catholic Miscellany (Idem, vol. I, 1822, p. 55); letter, Edward Fenwick, Leghorn, Italy, September 10, 1823, to Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VIII). 31. Certificate of Consecration, signed by Bishop Flaget, Convent of St. Thomas, January 14, 1822 (Preserved in Notre Dame Archives). Permission for the choice of two priests to assist Bishop Flaget in the consecration was granted in the bull of erection itself. 32. Letter, Gabriel Richard to Mics in Annales de l’ Association de la Propagation de la Foi, Lyons, III, 337. CHAP. II] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 49 than 100 adults and 300 children had been baptized. The majority of the inhabitants were sober, industrious, and de- sirous of religious instruction. Six Dominican priests are to accompany him from Kentucky, the rest remaining to work under the bishop of Bardstown. ‘The Catholics intrusted to his care were poor Germans, many Swiss and Irish, all of whom, as was the custom of poor immigrants to America, had com- mitted themselves as bond-servants for five or six years to a shipowner in order to defray their expenses to America. From this it might be seen how little help he and his compan- ions could expect from them. Concluding with an account of conditions in the Northwest, he asks the Cardinal to erect a see at Detroit, for which he presents the name of Benedict Fenwick, S.J.33 Bishop Fenwick was, indeed, to be bishop in a state of great size and of over half a million inhabitants. Between the years 1810 and 1820 the population in Ohio had more than doubled, having grown from 230,760 in 1810, to 581,295 in 1820, the re- sult of immigration from the eastern and southern states. The people were, however, mostly poor, who had bought from the Government all the land they could pay for on first pay- ment, expecting to make subsequent annual payments from the produce of their newly cut and tilled farms; hopes which many never saw realized. The war of 1812 had brought in its wake a heavy governmental debt, whilst banking transactions during the second decade had caused heavy personal financial losses. The southern part of the state saw new visions of prosperity when it beheld the first steamboat Orleans pass down the Ohio from Pittsburgh to Louisville in October, 1811, though a return passage up the river was not to occur until 1817 when the steamer Washington was to accomplish that feat. Partly because of its water facilities, and partly because of its immense agricultural back country, Cincinnati and the southwestern part of the state was the most flourishing portion of Ohio. Other towns that had acquired some importance were. Marietta, Zanesville, Lancaster, Chillicothe and Columbus. The entire northern section had just begun to emerge from the darkness 33. Letter, Edward Fenwick, St. Rose, near Springfield, Washington Co., Kentucky, January 25, 1821 [1822], to Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VII, No. 1). 50 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. II of the forests, the towns of Cleveland, Fairport, Painesville, Sandusky, Warren and Youngstown being noticeable. Means of communication inland were scarce, as the only road was that known as Zane’s Trace, from Wheeling to Limestone, Kentucky. ‘To other parts of the state the traveler had to find his way mostly through dense forests. Of the half million inhabitants, there were 6000 Catholics in 1821, says Bishop Fenwick, though in 1820 he states there were but 3,000. Of other denominations there were many more; Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists counted the majority of the church-going public. Presbyterian ministers were to be found in all the principal towns. Camp meetings were ordinary occurrences. Religious revivals were resorted to. Such was the field wherein Father Fenwick had been laboring and wherein Bishop Fenwick was to exercise epis- copal jurisdiction. Previous to his departure from St. Rose’s, Bishop Fenwick exercised his new powers of ordination for the first time by ordaining four Dominican priests, Fathers Thomas H. Martin, John Hyacinth McGrady, John Thomas Hynes and John Baptist Vincent De Raymaecker, of whom the two latter, together with the superior, Father Wilson, and Father Hill, were to accompany the bishop to Cincinnati.*> Supplied by the convent with a few vestments, linens, four missals, four chalices and a ciborium,** and with money collected by the people of St. Rose’s, the episcopal party left St. Rose’s in horse and wagon. ‘They traveled over roads which recent building and abundant rains had rendered poor. They had to swim the Kentucky river, but they managed to reach Cincinnati, unexpected though they were, on Saturday evening, March 23rd. They partook of supper at the home of the good old Irishman, Michael Scott, whose home had ever furnished hospitality to missionaries on their visits to Cincinnati and had 34. Rurus Kine, History of Ohio, passim; CHappock, Ohio before 1850, pp. 111-112. 35. For the journey to Cincinnati and arrival there we follow mostly the account written by one of the party, REv. J. B. V. DE RayMA&gCKER, O.P., in some notes on the Creation of the first Episcopal Seat of the City of Cincinnati, preserved in the Archives of the Dominican House, Louvain, Belgium. Other sources are letters of Bishop Fenwick to the Secretary of the Asso- ciation of the Propagation of the Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1826, II, 89-90), and to Stephen T. Badin, 1827 (Annales, 1828, III, 291). 36. A Memorial to the General of the Dominican Order by Fenwick, Rome, October 11, 1823 (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-1826, vol. VIII). CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 51 been hallowed in consequence by the celebration of the sacred mysteries within its walls up to the time of the building of the chapel in the Northern Liberties. An empty house was ob- tained for lodging over night, and mattresses were thrown upon the floor of a large room to serve as beds for the tired travelers. The word was soon passed around among the Catholics that the bishop had come, and before long they assembled to wel- come him. Probably on the next morning, which was Sunday, the bishop took possession of his see by celebrating Mass in the little chapel. In this cathedral—an unfinished frame building, without ceiling or plaster,—Bishop Fenwick was installed “‘with humble ceremony and silent panegyric’’. 3’ His arrival at Cincinnati was a signal for rejoicing among the non-Catholics as well, as the following communication to the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, of March 30th, testifies: COMMUNICATED We congratulate the Roman Catholics of this city and environs on the arrival of the Right Rev’d Dr. Fenwick, lately consecrated Catholic Bishop of Cincinnati and the State of Ohio. This circumstance in- terests not only the Catholics, but all the friends of literature and useful knowledge, as we understand that his intention is ultimately to open a school, aided by the members of his order so long distinguished for their piety and learning.*® The first necessity of the bishop evidently was to provide himself with a home. A house was rented by him in the square known as Flat Iron Square, bounded by Lawrence, Ludlow and Third streets. This was a small building with a room below and a room above, the latter being reserved for sleeping quarters, and the former for chapel, parlor and living room.?? For it he was charged $200 a year rent, a sum of money which he found hard to gather together. The small amount of money given him by the people of Kentucky had been partly spent on the journey to Cincinnati and had depreciated one-half after 37. Notice on the State of the Catholic Religion in the State of Ohio (U. S. Catholic Miscellany, February 24, 1827, p. 246). 38. Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, March 30, 1822, p. 2. 39. Historical notice of Fenwick by Résé (Annales, 1833, VI, 137); Fenwick’s account of his diocese to Propaganda, 1823 (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VIII); letter, Fenwick to Archbishop Maréchal, Kentucky, February 9, 1823 (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, W 1). 52 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. II crossing the Ohio.‘* His collections amounted to two or three dollars a Sunday.‘! And yet he had the utmost confidence in Divine Providence to assist him. Having experienced great difficulty in reaching his chapel because of the impassability of the mud road, he decided on moving the chapel into the city. For this purpose he did not hesitate on July 6, 1822, to buy on credit a lot of twenty-five feet on Sycamore street.‘2 Thither he had the frame church transferred, though it had really to be reconstructed, as in the moving the frame began to fall apart.‘ ‘The dimensions of the new chapel were the same as those of the old one, 55 by 30 feet.44 It was finished and services were held in it before December 5, 1822.45 The removal of the church was the cause of a schism among the trustees, on which account the bishop had the title to the property at Vine and Liberty streets transferred to himself. A new mortgage to secure the $750, which remained unpaid on the lots, was then given to James Findlay on the three lots Nos. 1, 2 and 3, this last lot having been bought for cemetery purposes from James Findlay by Michael Scott on August 27, 1821. This mortgage was one of the bishop’s last acts before leaving for Rome at the end of May, 1823, as the mortgage 40. Letter, Fenwick to Secretary of Association of Propagation of the Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1826, II, 89-90). 41. Letter, Fenwick to Maréchal, ut supra Note 39. 42. Deed, David Wade to John Austin Hill, July 6, 1822, consideration, $700; recorded April 20, 1825, Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Deed Book No. 22, pp. 573-574. Letter, Fenwick to Secretary of Association of Propagation of Faith, Lyons, ut supra Note 40. 43. Letter, Résé, Cincinnati, May 5, 1825, to Rev. M. Roimondo, Rector of Propaganda College (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-26, vol. VIII); Résé, His- torical Notice of Bishop Fenwick (Annales, 1833, VI, 137); Fenwick, Bordeaux, August, 1823, to Badin (Louisville Archives); Fenwick, Cincinnati, April 16, 1823, to Badin, Paris (Louis- ville Archives). 44. Fenwick, Bordeaux, 1823, to Badin, ut supra. It would seem that a twenty-five-foot lot had been bought upon which to place a thirty-foot house. The lot upon which the church was placed was a lot of twenty-five feet owned by David Wade, in whole lot No. 73 of Spencer’s Division of the original plan of Cincinnati. This was a lot beginning twenty-five feet from the northern line of lot No. 73, and measured twenty-five feet on Sycamore and 198 feet westward from that street. It was purchased on July 6, 1822, for $700. The next fwenty-five feet north of this Wade lot was owned by Benjamin M. Piatt and was sold to John Austin Hill, Bishop Fenwick’s vicar-general, on June 17, 1823 (Recorder’s Office, Book 21, pp. 158-9), for $500. From this it would appear that the thirty-foot church was placed on a twenty-five foot lot; a surmise that is borne out by the letter of Fenwick to Father Badin, from Cincin- nati, April 16, 1825, in which he says that upon his return from Europe in 1825 he found “a small brick house twenty by sixteen adjoining the present church, which forms my episcopal palace’’ (letter in Louisville Archives). 45. Letter, Cincinnati on the Ohio, December 5, 1822, to (London Catholic Miscel- lany, March, 1823, II, 141): “Our little church here is finished and is very decent; unfortu- nately it is not yet paid for. It is well attended by other professions.”’ CHAP. II] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 53 bears the date of May 21, 1823, though it was not signed by the bishop till May 29, 1823.46 ‘This new church, which, to- gether with the lot, had cost $1,800, was dedicated to St. Peter. 47 The change in name, from Christ Church to St. Peter’s, was made perhaps not without some reflection upon the schism, but mostly in memory of St. Peter’s at Rome. ‘The basement of the church, which had been divided into four or five rooms, served to house the priests and the bishop.? In a visitation of the Northwest territory which the bishop made in the summer of 1822,49 he became convinced of the necessity of another bishopric in that territory. He likewise experienced a sense of desolation and inability in Ohio when he learned that the Cardinal-Secretary of the Propaganda on July 27, 1822, had written to the superior of the Dominicans in Kentucky to the effect that he was not to withdraw his men from the missions in Kentucky and place them in Ohio without consulting with Bishop Flaget of the diocese of Bardstown, *° who had protested to Rome against the withdrawal which might have taken the last Dominican from Kentucky.®*! Finally, foreseeing the impossibility of supplying the needs of the Church in Ohio and of procuring his own livelihood on collections which amounted at Cincinnati in all to about $80 a year,®? he determined to lay his case before Rome, first of all, by letter of April 16, 1823, in which he asked the Propa- ganda to reconsider its decision not to allow him priests and goods from St. Rose, Kentucky, without the consent of the bishop of Bardstown, and also to divide the province of the Dominicans in Kentucky into two, establishing a novitiate 46. Office of Recorder, Hamilton County, Mortgages, Book 149, pp. 361-62. 47. Letter, Fenwick, Turin, May 12, 1824, to Prefect of Propaganda (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-1826, vol. VIII). 48. Account of De Raymaecker, ut supra. 49. London Catholic Miscellany, October, 1822, I, 475; letter, Gabriel Richard, Detroit, July 4, 1822, to Bishop Flaget (Louisville Archives); letter, Eliza Ann Godfroye, River Raisin, July 19, 1822, to Bishop Flaget (Louisville Archives); Fenwick, Kentucky, February 9, 1823, to Archbishop Maréchal (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, W 1). 50. Letter, C. M. Pedicini, Secretary of Propaganda, July 27, 1822, to Superior of Do- minicans in Kentucky (Archives of St. Joseph’s Province, Ohio); Fenwick, Cincinnati, April 16, 1823, to Prefect of Propaganda (Notre Dame Archives, Fenwick Letters). 51. Letter, Pietro Caprano, Secretary of Propaganda, August 9, 1823, to Vicar-General of Dominicans at Rome (Dominican Master General’s Archives, Codex XIII, 731). 52. Letter, Fenwick, Bordeaux, August, 1823, to Badin; letter, Fenwick, Kentucky, February 9, 1823, to Maréchal, ut supra. 54 HISTORY GEeTHE [ CHAP. II likewise in Ohio.*? But before his letter had even reached its destiny Bishop Fenwick had made up his mind to plead his cause in person at Rome. Rome was not unfavorable, if we may judge from a letter of August 2, 1823, of the Sacred Con- gregation of the Propaganda informing the superior of the Dominicans in Kentucky of the Congregation’s desire that he aid Bishop Fenwick both with priests and with temporal sup- port.*4 The bishop had arrived at his determination to visit Rome only after consultation with the bishops of New Orleans and Bardstown.» Fortunate enough to be able to borrow $300 without in- terest from a Catholic layman of Cincinnati for his expenses to Europe,** the bishop left Cincinnati on May 30, 1823, em- barked at New York and landed at Bordeaux in France on August 6th.’ Disappointed in not finding Rev. Stephen T. Badin at Bordeaux, he was nevertheless rejoiced by the hos- pitality which he received from the archbishop and citizens of Bordeaux, and particularly from Abbé Rigagnon, a vicar in the city, whom he made his agent and vicar-general in Europe for the diocese of Cincinnati.** Having stopped at Marseilles®® and Leghorn®’ on his way south, he arrived at Rome on Sep- tember 26th, two days before the election of Pope Leo XII. On October 6th, the day after the solemn enthronization of Leo, Bishop Fenwick was received in audience by the new Pope. Writing of this audience to the Secretary of the Asso- ciation of the Propagation of the Faith of Lyons, the bishop says: 53. Fenwick, April 16, 1823, to Prefect of Propaganda (Fenwick Letters, Notre Dame Archives). 54. Letter, Pietro Caprano, Secretary of Propaganda, August 2, 1823, to Superior of Dominicans in Kentucky (Archives of St. Joseph’s Province). 55. Fenwick, Steamboat Putnam, Wheeling, June 3, 1823, to Archbishop Maréchal (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, W 2). 56. Fenwick, Cincinnati, May 20, 1823, Bordeaux, August 8 and 11, 1823, to Badin (The Catholic Spectator, London I, 350 ff.); Fenwick to Secretary of Association of Propagation of Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1826, II, 91). 57. Letter to Badin, ut supra. 58. Annales de l’ Association de la Propagation de la Foi, lyons, 1826, II, Mission de V’Ohio, p. 92. 59. Permission to celebrate Mass, Bordeaux, August 20 (?), 1823, on reverse side of Certificate of Consecration of Bishop Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 60. Letter, Fenwick, Convent of St. Catherine, Livorno, September 10, 1823, to Cardinal- Prefect of Propaganda (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VIII). CHAP. I] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 55 “T entreated him to receive the resignation of my bishopric, in order to place it in better hands. The Pope smiling forbade me to ever pronounce that word, exhorting me to continue the work which God had begun by me. He assured me that he would cause to be given to me all necessary assistance. Indeed, he accorded me two young priests of the Propaganda; 1200 dollars for our traveling ex- penses; church utensils, sacred vessels, ornaments, books, linens, etc., to the value of nearly 1,000 dollars. As a result, I left Rome well satisfied in having venerated the tomb of the Apostles SS. Peter and Paul, contented with and resigned to my lot, quia per multas tribula- tiones oportet intrare in regnum Dei; not only grateful, but filled with respect and veneration for the common father of the faithful.’’™ We learn of Bishop Fenwick’s intentions at Rome from his original petition to the Holy Father, two relations made verb- ally by him to the Congregation of the Propaganda, the Con- gregation’s actions thereupon, and some notes of the Congre- gation.*2 He proposed the erection of Detroit as a bishopric with Father Richard for bishop. On December 1, 1823, the Propaganda decided to postpone the erection of this see and to write to the bishop of Baltimore to make inquiry with the bishop of Cincinnati concerning conditions at Detroit. He proposed the erection likewise of a bishopric in Indiana, for which he nominated in order Rev. Charles Bonaventure McGuire and Stephen T. Badin. He asked for a coadjutor to himself at Cincinnati in the person of Rev. Thomas Cippoletti, O.P., prior of the convent della Pace at Rome. It would seem that Father Cippoletti himself successfully opposed this. He asked for and obtained permission to take Rev. Frederic Résé from the Urban college to attend the Germans in Ohio, whilst he asked permission also to receive the profession of Rev. Daniel Joseph O’Leary, O.P., then at work in Ohio, but who refused to be professed in the order for Kentucky. He re- quested a means of livelihood for himself and his clergy. To this end the Secretary of the Propaganda on the command of the Pope given in audience of November 8, 1823, had com- municated with the vicar-general of the Dominicans at Rome, who for the purpose of providing forever for Bishop Fenwick 61. Letter, Fenwick to Secretary of Association of the Propagation of the Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1826, II, 92). 62. Propaganda Archives: Fenwick’s petition to the Holy Father, America Centrale, Seritture Originali, vol. IX; Acta of Propaganda, December 1, 1823, fol. 375 a, 375 b; America Centrale, Scritture Originali, vol. VIII and vol. IX. 56 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. II in the bishopric of Cincinnati, was disposed to establish a fund from the properties of the convent of St. Rose in Kentucky, a convent which had been founded by the patrimony of the bishop. It was thought that this together with the offerings of the faithful would support him. Next, he petitioned for 8,000 dollars to defray the expenses of the lot which he had bought for his new cathedral, the debt of the old church, and the purchase of a house and 50 acres of land for a seminary. The Pope, who personally had presented Bishop Fenwick with a violet chasuble and a finely-wrought gold chalice, advised the Treasurer of the Propaganda to concur with the Apostolic Chamberlain in providing a subsidy for the bishop. ‘The Propaganda was to give him as much pecuniary assistance as it possibly could, consistent with its own finances and the extent of the bishop’s needs. Lastly, the bishop drew up a list of ecclesiastical objects and books which he needed. These the Propaganda was also instructed by the Pope to procure for him. As a result of his visit at Rome, he was given $1,200 by Pope Leo XII,** whilst a trunk filled with ecclesiastical ar- ticles from the Pope, the Propaganda and others was sent to Marseilles in June, 1824, for shipment to Cincinnati.6¢ From Cardinal Fesch, uncle to Napoleon Bonaparte, he received twelve fine paintings. ® One other matter engaged Bishop Fenwick’s attention at Rome, the division of the Dominican province of Kentucky into two, a proposition to which the provincial of the Dominicans in Kentucky had agreed and for which he as well as the bishop had petitioned the general of the order.*¢ On January 11, 1824, the province of St. Louis Bertrand was erected in Ohio, with Father John Austin Hill as superior. This erection, how- 63. Letter, Secretary of Propaganda, Rome, January 12, 1824, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 64. Letter, Pietro Caprano, Secretary of Propaganda, Rome, June 26, 1824, to Fenwick, Paris (Notre Dame Archives). 65. Letter, Résé, Cincinnati, May 5, 1825, to Prefect of Propaganda (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-1826, vol. 938). Résé, Cincinnati, May 5, 1825, to Rev. M. Roimondo, Rector of Propaganda College (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-26, vol. VIII). 66. Joint letter of Wilson and Fenwick (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. I X). Petition of Fenwick to Pope Leo XII (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, vol. 938). CHAP. II] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 53 ever, was conditional on the consent of the majority of the friars in Kentucky. ®’ Leaving Rome early in January, 1824,6* and accompanied by Father Résé, who acted as his secretary, Bishop Fenwick in the interest of his diocese visited Florence, Leghorn, Genoa, Savona and Turin in Italy.6*° He reached Lyons probably in the second half of May, and there exposed the sad condition of his diocese to the Association of the Propagation of the Faith. His cause was recommended to the grand almoner of the so- ciety, who accorded him eight thousand francs with the promise of annual allocations.7° At Paris, where he was on Pentecost’! in the company of Rev. Stephen T. Badin, the bishop dispensed with the services of Father Résé, whom he dispatched to Cin- cinnati, together with two priests, Jean Bellamy and Pierre Dejean, anda nun, Sister St. Paul of the Sisters of Mercy.” It was at Paris, too, that he first became acquainted with John Baptist Purcell, his successor as bishop of Cincinnati, who as a student paid him a visit in the French capital. From France he passed alone into Belgium,’? whilst he had Father Badin instigate collections in Holland.’ From Belgium he crossed to England where he again instituted collections. He was now at the end of his journey in Europe. That it was a very successful one we may judge from what was given to him at Rome; from the fact that the Pontifical Vice- 67. ‘This consent was never obtained, due in great measure to the opposition of Father Tuite, who assumed the reins of authority upon the death of Father Wilson, in 1824. In 1827, the erection of the province of St. Louis Bertrand was annulled by the Vicar-General at Rome, Father Joseph Velzi, O.P. (letter of reunion, August 23, 1827, to Rev. Thomas Tuite, Archives of St. Joseph’s Province). 68. From Florence, Bishop Fenwick wrote a letter on January 21, 1824, to Cardinal- Prefect of Propaganda, thanking him for the 1500 francs which he sent him just as he (Fenwick) was leaving Rome (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture Originali, vol. 938). 69. From Turin, May 12th, Bishop Fenwick wrote to Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda, in answer to the Cardinal’s reproving letter of May Ist, telling him that he had been away from his diocese long enough. 70. Annales, 1826, Mission de 1’Ohio, II, 93-94. 71. Letter, Résé, Paris, Pentecost, 1824, to the Rector of Propaganda College (Propa- ganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-26, vol. VIII). 72. Letter, Résé, Cincinnati, May 5, 1825, to the students of Propaganda, Rome (Pro- paganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-1826, vol. VIII); Fenwick, Paris, July 13, 1824, to Archbishop Maréchal (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, W 3). 73. He was at Bruges on September 8, 1824, when he wrote a letter to the pastors and Dominican Fathers (Memoir printed at London, 1825, Archives of Notre Dame University). At Antwerp he became acquainted with J. M. Frére, Esq., and wife, from whom he received a large gold ciborium, which is still in service at the cathedral of Cincinnati. 74. Letter, Badin, Chelsea, England, April 7, 1825, to Fenwick (Archives of Notre Dame University) 58 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. II Consul at Marseilles, Mr. Anthony Perier, in October, 1824, shipped to New Orleans for him ten trunks full of articles, upon which he had placed a security of 21,000 franes;75 from the fact that at Wright & Co., Bankers of London, there were three thousand two hundred and thirteen pounds to his credit;76 from the fact that he had been able to secure recruits for his diocese in the priests Résé, Bellamy, Dejean and Mufios, and in the Sister St. Paul; and finally, from the consideration that he now felt obliged to make a will, constituting Bishop Flaget heir in trust to all his property as bishop of Cincinnati to be handed over to his successor.7? Sailing from England in October, 1824,78 Bishop Fenwick arrived at New York towards the first of December ‘“‘after a boisterous, rough and dangerous voyage of forty days’’.79 After a short time spent in assisting the bishop of New York, ?®? and then a visit to Philadelphia,*! he arrived at Baltimore, where he delayed some two months. It was not until spring that he was to set foot in his episcopal household. His return from Baltimore by stage coach came nearly being tragical for himself as it had been for Mr. John S. Dugan, of Zanesville, Ohio, who with his own coach had gone to Baltimore to bring the bishop to Ohio. ‘The party consisted of the bishop, Father Gabriel Richard, then a member of Congress, and Father Nicholas D. Young, O.P. ‘Taking fright, the horses ran away, the coach was severed in twain, the baggage strewn upon the ground and the occupants thrown out. ‘The three ministers of God were unscathed, but the generous Mr. Dugan suffered injuries, from which he died a few hours afterwards in the arms of the bishop. ®? 75. Letter, Perier, Marseilles, October 28, 1824, to Cardinal Caprano, Secretary of Pro- paganda Fide (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VIII). 76. Letter, Rt. Rev. William Poynter, London, December 14, 1824, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 77. Wetter, Fenwick, London, September 22, 1824, to Flaget (Fenwick Letters, Notre Dame Archives); Fenwick, Paris, July 27, 1824, to Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda (Propa- ganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-1826, vol. VIII). 78. Fenwick bade Father Badin farewell from London, October 10, 1824 (letter, Fen- wick, October 10, 1824, to Badin, London Catholic Miscellany, December, 1824, III, 593). 79. Fenwick, New York, December 5, 1824, to Badin, London (London Catholic Mis- cellany, May, 1825, IV, 201). 80. Letter, Fenwick to Badin, ut supra Note 79. 81. U.S. Catholic Miscellany, III, 398 ff. 82. Résé, Cincinnati, May 5, 1825, to the students of Propaganda, Rome (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, 1823-1826, vol. VIII); Résé to aes Annales of Pro- CHAP. It] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 59 Upon reaching Cincinnati towards the end of March,** the bishop was lodged in a new brick residence, twenty by sixteen feet, three stories high, which in the absence of the bishop had been built beside the frame church by Father Hill.84 Fathers Bellamy and Dejean had gone to Michigan directly upon their arrival in the United States, while Father Résé had directed his attention to reclaiming the German Catholics of the city of Cincinnati. The bishop lost no time in putting into execution the designs for which he had traveled to Europe. Even whilst in Europe he had heard from Father Hill that the church on Sycamore street had become too small to accommodate the crowds which came to hear the course of lectures delivered by Father Hill. The Catholics themselves filled the little church, and as the lectures were apologetic, their purpose would have been de- feated by not having the Protestants attend; on which account the lectures were discontinued.8> On April 12, 1825, when two weeks had hardly passed since the bishop’s return to Cincin- nati, Father Hill wrote to Rev.’ Mr: Scott, S.J., London: “We are now busily engaged in building our new Cathedral. It will be about 100 by 50, vast dimensions for the house of God in this country.’’8* The lot upon which the new cathedral was to stand had been bought on February 15, 1825. It com- prised the southern half of lot No. 73, already owned by the Catholic Church of Cincinnati, on Sycamore street, and meas- ured 4914 feet by 198 feet. The price paid for it was $1,200. 87 On April 16th, the bishop wrote to Father Badin at Paris that the plan for the cathedral was then being made by Michael Scott.88 The cornerstone of the building was laid on May pagation of the Faith, Lyons, III, 284; Badin, London, August 12, 1825, to Fenwick (Archives of Notre Dame University); J. A. Hill, Cincinnati, April 12, 1825, to Rev. Mr. Scott, London (Archives Maryland-New York Province of Society of Jesus, Stonyhurst Letters). 83. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, March 29, 1825, to Mr. P. Pallavicini, Turin, Italy (Cincinnati Catholic Telegraph, April 2, 1891). 84. Letter, Fenwick, Maryland, December 24, 1824, to Badin (London Catholic Mis- cellany, May, 1825, IV, 201); letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, April 16, 1825, to Badin (Notre Dame Archives). 85. Letter, Hill, Cincinnati, August 23, 1824, to Fenwick in Europe (Notre Dame Ar- chives). 86. Archives Maryland-New York Province of Society of Jesus, Stonyhurst Letters. 87. Deed of Elmore Williams to Edward Dominic Fenwick, recorded April 30, 1825, Office of Hamilton County Recorder, Book 23, pp. 54-55 (printed in Supreme Court of Ohio Records in Church Case, vol. II, pp. 932-33, exhibit No. 213). 88. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, April 16, 1825, to Badin, Paris (Louisville Archives). 60 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. II 19th, and work progressed so rapidly that by August 5th the bishop could write to Archbishop Maréchal that the walls were nearly finished. The building was 90 feet long by 45 feet wide, exclusive of a sacristy, 20 by 18 feet.89 ‘Though the building was not finished, Mass was said in it on June 29, 1826, whilst the dedication in honor of St. Peter occurred later, on Sunday, December 17, 1826.9° ‘‘Cincinnati now possesses a Catholic Cathedral, justly admired for the elegance of its structure, correctness of taste, and above all for its chaste simplicity,” writes an informant to the U.S. Catholic Miscellany, early in 1827; ‘“‘the building, which reflects credit on the architect, Mr. Michael Scott, is 110 feet in length, 50 in breadth, and 30 in height. Between the five Gothic windows on each side, hang some valuable Italian paintings,—the altar piece is an excellent painting of the Rosary by the Flemish artist Ver- schoot. This Cathedral was opened on the third Sunday of Advent.’’ 9! Another subscriber to the same periodical gives an appre- ciation of the cathedral as follows: “The Cathedral.is a neat and elegant building of about one hun- dred feet by fifty, distinguished on the outside only by the regularity of the brick work, fine Gothic windows, a large cross formed by the pilasters, in front, and a small spire, not yet finished, designated to support a clock; a handsome iron gate and railing separate it from the street. . The interior is remarkable for grand simplicity and chaste- ness of design, finished in the Gothic order. The altar, pulpit, and Bishop’s chair are handsomely finished and richly decorated. The effect produced by the splendid bronze tabernacle, surmounted by a beautiful crucifix, in the midst of ten superb candlesticks of the same material, is truly imposing. There is nothing light, frivolous or gaudy to be seen; dignity is sustained throughout, and imparts an awful solemnity to the performance of the divine service. Thirteen large and choice paintings, presented to the Bishop, I understand, by his Eminence Cardinal Fesch, uncle of Napoleon Bonaparte, embellish the walls. There is a handsome well-toned organ in the gallery; on each side of which I perceived the confessionals, where the priests attend to discharge that awful part of their ministry. The floor of the church is paved with tile, which must render it cool in summer, and prevents the great noise occasioned by walking up the aisles, which is a considerable annoyance in churches, where the floor is of wood. The 89. Fenwick, Somerset, August 5, 1825, to Maréchal (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, W 6). 90. Annales, II, 107-08; III, 275; U.S. Catholic Miscellany, VI, 246. 91. Article, ‘Cincinnati’, U.S. Catholic Miscellany, February 24, 1827, VI, 246. 0€81 ‘ILVNNIONIO (WOXYVNAHLV AGNV ‘ADNACISAY “IVUCAHLVD S.UaLad ‘Ls a | CHAP. II] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 61 good Bishop assured me that he was wholly indebted to the Common Father of the faithful, and to the benefactors in Europe, for his estab- lishment in Cincinnati, which is, in truth, like himself, modest and unaffected; he has, doubtless, made a judicious, economical and pru- dent application of the funds, which he received from his trans-atlantic friends; he has received none from any other source. ‘No prophet » 9992 is received in his own country’. The second institution for which the bishop had gone to Rome was a seminary. Upon his return to Cincinnati, he found that a seminary had been begun in the priests’ house, and had been in charge of a priest, who by reason of a previous promise of affiliation to New Orleans, had to leave Cincinnati for that diocese in 1825. The bishop had a seminary, therefore, without a professor and without a proper building.®* Upon the completion of the new cathedral, the old frame church was re- moved to the rear of it, and converted into a seminary.®* The bishop could no longer entertain hopes of securing for a semi- nary the piece of property of five acres with a large house, 150 by 100 feet, containing 23 fire-places, a property upon which he had taken a lease in 1823. He found the price $26,000.00 far out of his reach.°5 The twelve thousand dollars, which his European trip had netted him, had been used up in the building of the cathedral. The necessity of a seminary, how- ever, ever presented itself to him. He had Father Badin make overtures in Europe for a priest to conduct his seminary. A young man, by name de Gaussancourt, of the seminary of St. Nicolas du Chardonnet, Paris, had been obtained in 1825, but in 1826 disappointed both Father Badin and Bishop Fen- wick by taking up other work in Italy.®* ‘The loss of any prospective candidate for the diocese of Cincinnati was always a keen blow to the bishop, as he never had an abundance of priests, and in this instance, since the plan of establishing the new province of Dominicans in Ohio was not meeting with the 92. Article, “‘Ohio,” in U.S. Catholic Miscellany, May 3, 1828, VII, 342-3. 93. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, March 29, 1825, to Mr. P. Pallavicini, Turin (Catholic Telegraph, April 2, 1891). 94. Letter, Fenwick (probably 1826) to Badin (Annales, III, 279); Travels through North America during the years 1825 and 1826 by His Highness Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach, II, 137 (American Catholic Historical Researches, VII {1890], 13); Purcell, Cincin- nati, October 1, 1834, to Leopoldine Association ( Berichte, 1836, IX, 9). 95. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, April 16, 1825, to Badin, ut supra Note 88. 96. Letter, Badin, Chelsea, London, August 12, 1825, to Fenwick; same, Paris, August 2, 1826, to same (Notre Dame Archives). 62 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. II desired success, the bishop was, indeed, sorely tried. He strove to obtain recruits wherever possible, and in spite of his great poverty, which did not seem to be lessened even by the growing numbers of converts to the faith, both in Cincinnati and throughout the state, he ever yearned for the establishment of a seminary to furnish the necessary quota of missionaries. ) | aes i) { 3 (U) ~— 4 \ lg io | es a eats ia H 5 O (egal Corey aye pa = rst H.,! z re a eemaad Wo | beers a 2 1 So ae minetatan Pads ¥ alot \ Se Se ae % \oumeace 0 | amgee areca RUAN) Wane 50d i ee eI [eee PO esteem! Beem ae lore a ECCLESIASTICAL MAP OF OHIO CHAP. III] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 99 properly. On February 11, 1846, he wrote to Archbishop Eccleston of Baltimore that it would please him if the Fathers at the next provincial council would erect a new diocese in northern Ohio with the episcopal seat at Cleveland, Sandusky or Toledo. The Sixth Provincial Council was opened at Bal- timore on May 10, 1846, and acting upon Bishop Purcell’s request, petitioned the Holy Father for the erection of the diocese of Cleveland with Bishop Amadeus Rappe as its bishop.’ The Holy Father, therefore, on April 23, 1847, erected the diocese of Cleveland, thus dividing the diocese of Cincinnati into two parts, north and south of the line 40° 41’ north latitude. The reason for the choice of this line has not been found by us. It was an impractical line. For it cut the counties of Mercer, Auglaize, Hardin, Marion, Morrow, Knox, Holmes, Tuscarawas, Carroll and Jefferson in such wise as to make the interpretation of ecclesiastical jurisdiction quite difficult. Nor was it long after the constitution of the diocese of Cleveland until the two bishops of the state resolved to come to an agreement on the subject, the result of which was published in the Catholic Telegraph, January 14, 1849: “In order to prevent any misunderstanding or uncertainty with regard to the extent of jurisdiction as defined only by the geographical line of 40 degrees 41 minutes, the Right Rev. Bishops of these two dioceses have agreed among themselves, and they direct us to publish, that the counties of Mercer, Auglaize, Hardin, Marion, Morrow, Knox, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Jefferson, which belong to the diocese of Cincin- nati shall constitute the northern boundary of the diocese of Cincin- nati. And that all the counties, north of the just named shall compose the diocese of Cleveland. Holmes county, which is for the greater part south of the line above traced, is by mutual consent, assigned to the diocese of Cleveland. Any new counties that may hereafter be formed by the authority of the Legislature, will belong to that diocese in which the largest portion of them will be situated. Application will be made, as early as possible, to the Holy See, to sanction this arrangement. In the meantime, the clergy of the two dioceses can regard it as having already received such sanction.’’? 6. Purcell, February 11, 1846, to Eccleston (Baltimore Archives, Case 25, Q 16). 7. Letter, Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda, Rome, July 3, 1847, to Archbishop Eccleston (Sixth Provincial Council of Baltimore, 1846, in Acta et Decreta Sacrorum Conciliorum Recenti- orum, Collectio Lacensis (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1875), III, 106). 8. Bull of erection of Cleveland, Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, VI, 25. 9. Catholic Telegraph, XVIII, 14. 100 HISTORY OF THE { CHAP. III It was far easier to interpret such a line of division, and that line was maintained. At the same time that the northern part of Ohio was de- tached from the diocese of Cincinnati, a small district on the other side of the Ohio river was attached to the diocese of Cincinnati. Having a very large territory to cover in the state of Kentucky, with Louisville as the center of activity, the two bishops of Louisville, Flaget and Chabrat, united their prayers to those of Bishop Purcell to the Pope to have the towns of Covington and Newport, with the adjacent territory to the distance of three miles, joined to the diocese of Cincinnati. The Holy Father heard their united prayer, and on April 11, 1847, through the Secretary of the Propaganda informed Bishop Purcell of the decision by which Newport and Covington became part of the diocese of Cincinnati.1° These two towns were then administered by the bishop of Cincinnati and his clergy until the erection of a diocese in one of them in 1853, the diocese of Covington. 1! The next and last reduction of the territory of the diocese occurred in 1868. Under the fostering hand of Bishop Purcell, the southeastern part of the state had grown until it counted 40,000 Catholic souls, attended by 43 priests, divided among 41 churches, 23 chapels and stations. ‘Twenty-three parochial schools, 5 religious institutions, 1 academy, and 1 hospital gave evidence of other religious activity. The territory, therefore, was in a position to be given its own independent organization under a bishop, who could develop its resources better by frequent visitation. Consequently, Rome acceded to the wishes of the Fathers assembled in the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, held in October, 1866, and as expressed in a meeting of the archbishops of the United States at Rome in 1867. On March 3, 1868, Pius IX by the bull Summ A posto- latus Munus divided the territory of Cincinnati in such wise “that that part in the state of Ohio which lies between the Ohio river on the east and the Scioto river on the west, with the addition of the counties of Franklin, Delaware and Morrow, as far up as the southern limit of Cleveland diocese’’, should 10. Apostolic Brief, April 11, 1847 (Cincinnati Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s, Ohio). 11. Catholic Telegraph, XVI, 190, June 17, 1847. CHAP. IT] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 101 belong to Columbus diocese, ‘‘and the rest of the state south of Cleveland diocese, including Union, Marion and Hardin counties,’’ should remain as the archbishopric of Cincinnati. 12 The territory of Cincinnati thus defined remains to the present day, embracing twenty-eight out of eighty-eight coun- ties of Ohio, viz., Mercer, Auglaize, Hardin, Marion, Darke, Shelby, Logan, Union, Miami, Champaign, Clarke, Madison, Preble, Montgomery, Greene, Fayette, Butler, Warren, Clinton, Hamilton, Clermont, Brown, Highland, Adams, and the western part of Pickaway, Ross, Pike and Scioto counties. As originally constituted in 1821 with the entire state of Ohio, the diocese of Cincinnati covered about 41,000 square miles. In 1847, 15,000 square miles were attributed to the new diocese of Cleveland, which parted with 6,969 square miles in the divi- sion with Toledo in 1910. Of the 25,728 square miles which Cincinnati possessed after the erection of Cleveland in 1847, it lost 13,685 square miles to Columbus in 1868, retaining for itself 12,043 square miles. The frequent assemblies of the American bishops at the provincial councils of Baltimore every third year seemed, to some of the western bishops especially, to make too great a demand upon their dioceses and their persons, so that letters passed between them in the early forties suggesting the de- mand for the creation of new metropolitan sees. In 1847, the first of these western archbishoprics was established at St. Louis, though at the time no suffragan bishops were assigned to it for the reason that other metropolitan creations were in mind. In the year 1850 the dioceses throughout the United States had increased to the number of twenty-six. This large number as well as the exceeding inconveniences of travel from the west and the northwest to the archdiocese of Baltimore for the holding of councils prompted the twenty-three bishops and two archbishops of the United States in session at the VII Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1849 to petition Rome on May 13th for the erection of new metropolitan sees at New Orleans, Cincinnati and New York, and the assignment of 12. Bullof erection of Columbus, in Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, V1”, 12; Catholic Telegraph, XX XVII, July 22, 1868; letter of Cardinal Barnabo, Prefect of Propaganda, January 24, 1868, to Archbishop Spalding, Baltimore (II Plenary Council of Baltimore Collectio Lacensis, III, 387). 102 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. III suffragans to St. Louis.!* Upon examination by the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda, the petition for the erection of the metropolitan sees was sent to the Pope, who erected the new sees according to the wishes of the Fathers of the council. Accordingly, by the bull [nu Apostolicae Sedis of July 19, 1850, Pope Pius IX elevated the diocese of Cincinnati to the rank of an archdiocese, assigning to it the dioceses of Louisville, Detroit, Vincennes and Cleveland as suffragan sees.14 On August 6, 1850, Cardinal Franzoni, Prefect of the Propaganda, despatched the Apostolic brief and a letter to Bishop Purcell, informing him of the new dignity to the diocese and himself. This letter together with the bull was received at Cincinnati on Tuesday, October 8, 1850.15 The four suffragan sees assigned to the archdiocese of Cin- cinnati placed under the metropolitan jurisdiction of this see the four states of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana and Michigan. The oldest diocese was that of Bardstown-Louisville,!* which had been established in 1808 and had been given its first bishop in Bishop Flaget, who was born at Coutournat, in the diocese of Clermont, France, on November 7, 1763, ordained priest probably in 1787 or 1788 at Issy, Paris, and consecrated bishop on November 4, 1810. He continued in office until 1832, when his resignation of the see of Bardstown was accepted by Rome, and Rt. Rev. John Baptist David, coadjutor to Bishop Flaget, was appointed the second bishop of Bardstown in November, 1832. After a very short period, Bishop David resigned. His resignation was accepted in April, 1833, when Bishop Flaget was reappointed, thus becoming the third bishop of Bards- town. When he was at Rome, 1836-1837, Bishop Flaget proposed to the Holy Father the transfer of the see of Bards- town to Louisville, as this city, the largest in the state, had become the great centre and commercial emporium of the state. As was customary, the Holy Father, Gregory XVI, referred the matter to the Congregation of the Propaganda,’ but as the 13. Petition, VII Provincial Council of Baltimore (Collectio Lacensis, III, 118). 14. Original bull of erection of Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, Prefect of Propaganda, August 9, 1850, to Archbishop of Baltimore (Col- lectio Lacensis, III, 119-120). 15. Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, August 6, 1850, to Bishop Purcell (Notre Dame Archives); Catholic Telegraph, XIX, October 12, 1850; XIX, October 26, 1850. 16. WesBB, The Centenary of Catholicity in Kentucky (Louisville, 1884). 17. SPaLpING, Life of Flaget, p. 314. CHAP. IIT] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 103 bishop remained in Europe till 1839, nothing was done until his return to his diocese. Early in the year 1841 the bishop of Bardstown received the pontifical rescript authorizing the transfer of the see of Bardstown to Louisville, though it was not till the fall of that year that he moved his residence to the new and larger city.18 From this city Bishop Flaget continued with the aid of his coadjutors to rule his diocese until his death on February 11, 1850. He was then succeeded by the Rt. Rev. Martin John Spalding, the fourth bishop of Louisville. Upon his elevation to the archdiocese of Baltimore in 1864, he was succeeded at Louisville by Rt. Rev. Peter Joseph Lavialle, the fifth bishop of Louisville (1865-1867). His successor was Rt. Rev. William George McCloskey, the sixth bishop of Louisville (1868-1909). The present bishop, Rt. Rev. Denis O’ Donaghue, succeeded to the see of Louisville in 1910. The second oldest of the suffragan sees assigned to the archdiocese of Cincinnati in 1850 was Detroit, established on March 8, 1833, by the bull Maximas inter gravissimasque curas of Gregory XVI with Michigan and the Northwest territory as its boundaries. At the same time that Flaget in 1819-1820 had written to Archbishop Maréchal on the necessity of erecting a diocese in Ohio, there was included the suggestion of a like necessity existing in Michigan for a diocese at Detroit. Bishop Dubourg was of the same opinion as was Flaget, but Archbishop Maréchal thought the erection of Detroit could be deferred, and the Propaganda, acting upon the latter view, gave to Bishop Fenwick of Cincinnati the spiritual administration of Michigan and the Northwest territory.!° But hardly had the oils of consecration become dry before Bishop Fenwick on January 25, 1822, wrote to the Cardinal-Prefect of the Propa- ganda, asking for the erection of Detroit into a separate diocese with Benedict Fenwick, S.J., as bishop.2° The matter was referred to Archbishop Maréchal, who wrote a letter to Bishop Fenwick inquiring as to the means of support for a bishop at Detroit. Bishop Fenwick in answer on February 9, 1823, detailed the situation at Detroit, which he characterized as 18. SPALDING, oO. ¢., p. 335. 19. Propaganda Archives, Acta, May 21, 1821, fol. 272a. 20. Fenwick, Kentucky, January 25, 1822, to Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda (Propa- ganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VII, No. 1). 104 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. III better than his own at Cincinnati.2! When he was at Rome in this year, the bishop of Cincinnati again insisted upon the erection of a see at Detroit, and on November 8, 1823, Pope Leo XII issued a rescript to proceed to the erection of that see, referring the matter to the Propaganda. The Propaganda in a general congregation of December 4, 1823, decided to have Archbishop Maréchal and Bishop Fenwick come to an agree- ment and arrange matters at Detroit. A letter to that effect was written to Archbishop Maréchal by the Propaganda, and Bishop Fenwick was made the bearer of it to the archbishop. 2? The disagreement between Fenwick and Maréchal was on the person of the new bishop, Fenwick nominating Benedict Fenwick, S.J., and Maréchal, Enoch Fenwick. Writing from Paris to Archbishop Maréchal on July 13, 1824, Bishop Fen- wick proposed Gabriel Richard for the new see and asked the archbishop to second the nomination.?* The introduction of the name of Father Richard complicated matters, but finally, in 1826, the agent of Archbishop Maréchal at Rome, Mr. Robert Gradwell, could write to the archbishop that Michigan had been formed into a distinct diocese under Rev. Mr. Rich- ard.24 In the following March, the bull Inter multiplices gravissimasque curas was prepared and issued by eo Xt erecting Michigan and the Northwest territory into a diocese at Detroit;?> but it never left Rome. Bishop Fenwick did not despair, however, and just as it had been one of his first, so it was to be one of his last cares to solicit in August, 1832, the erection of Detroit. ‘This time the petition succeeded, though the bishop of Cincinnati had passed to his reward before the petition had even reached Rome. In a general congregation of the Cardinals of the Propaganda held at the Vatican on February 25, 1833,it was decided to create a diocese at Detroit and to appoint Doctor Frederic Résé thereto.?* Accordingly, the bull Maximas inter gravissimasque curas of Gregory XVI 21. Baltimore Archives, Case 16, W 1. 22. Letter, Cardinal Somaglia, Pro-Prefect of Propaganda, Rome, January 24, 1824, to Fenwick, Turin (Notre Dame Archives). 23. Baltimore Archives, Case 16, W 3. 24. Letter, Robert Gradwell, Rome, June 18, 1826, to Archbishop Maréchal (Baltimore Archives, Case 17, G 5). 25. Bull of erection, March 20, 1827 (Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, IV, 681-82). 26. Letter, Bishop England, Rome, February 25, 1833, to Rev. John B. Purcell, Em- mitsburg, Md. (Notre Dame Archives). CHAP. 111] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 105 of March 8, 1833, was despatched with a brief of nomination to Rev. Frederic Résé, administrator of the diocese of Cin- cinnati since the death of Bishop Fenwick. ?7 In the year 1837 Bishop Résé repaired to Rome never to return to Detroit, though he retained the title of bishop of that see till the day of his death, December 30, 1871. As a conse- quence Rt. Rev. Peter Paul Lefevre, who was appointed coadjutor and administrator of Detroit in 1841, never became the bishop of Detroit, as he died on March 4, 1869. The second bishop of Detroit was Rt. Rev. Caspar Henry Borgess, who had become coadjutor and administrator of the diocese in 1870, succeeding to the title of bishop of Detroit on the death of Bishop Résé, December 30, 1871. He resigned the office on April 16, 1887. ‘The third bishop was Rt. Rev. John Samuel Foley (1888-1918). The present bishop, Rt. Rev. Michael James Gallagher, was transferred from Grand Rapids to Detroit, July 18, 1918. The third of the suffragan sees assigned to the archdiocese of Cincinnati in 1850 was Vincennes,’ then embracing the entire state of Indiana. After the erection of the diocese of Cincinnati in 1821, Indiana and Illinois still belonged to the diocese of Bardstown. When the bishops of the United States assembled in the Second Provincial Council at Baltimore in 1832, they petitioned Rome for the erection of a new diocese at Vincennes to embrace the entire state of Indiana and the eastern half of Illinois, the western half of [linois to be at- tached to the diocese of St. Louis.29 In response to this re- quest, Gregory XVI issued on May 6, 1834, the bull Maximas inter gravissimasque curas erecting the diocese of Vincennes with the boundaries requested by the Fathers of the council, 3° and appointed thereto as its first bishop Rt. Rev. Simon Gabriel Bruté (1834-1839). Under the second bishop of Vin- cennes, Rt. Rev. Celestine de la Hailandiére (1839-1847), the diocese was reduced to the boundaries of the state of Indiana, 27. Bull of erection, March 8, 1833 (Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, V, 70-71). 28. ALERDING, History of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Vincennes (Indianapolis, 1883). 29. Decreta Concilii Provinciae Baltimorensis II, Decree No. 1 (Collectio Lacensis, ITI, 41). 30. Bull of erection of Vincennes (Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, V, 99); letter, Cardinal Pedicini, Prefect of Propaganda, July 26, 1834, to Archbishop of Baltimore (Collectio Lacensts, III, 43). 106 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. III the diocese of Chicago having been created in Illinois in 1843. After the resignation of Bishop de la Hailandiére in July, 1847, Rt. Rev. John Stephen Bazin became the third bishop of Vin- ceunes in October, 1847, but died six months afterward, on April 23, 1848. The fourth bishop was Rt. Rev. Maurice de St. Palais (1849-1877), during whose episcopate the northern half of Indiana was erected in 1857 into the diocese of Fort Wayne. ‘The fifth bishop was Rt. Rev. Francis Silas Chatard (1878-1918). During Bishop Chatard’s incumbency, the epis- copal residence and name of the diocese were changed from Vincennes to Indianapolis by authority of a brief from Pope Leo XIII, March 28, 1898. The present bishop of the diocese is Rt. Rev. Joseph Chartrand who had been coadjutor in the diocese since 1910, and became bishop of Indianapolis upon the death of Bishop Chatard on September 7, 1918. The last of the suffragan sees attributed to Cincinnati in 1850 was Cleveland,*! erected, as we have seen, on April 23, 1847, and consisting, by the mutual agreement of the bishops of Cleveland and Cincinnati in 1849, of the northern part of Ohio above the counties of Mercer, Auglaize, Hardin, Marion, Morrow, Knox, Tuscarawas, Carroll and Jefferson. The first bishop of Cleveland was Rt. Rev. Amadeus Rappe (1847-1870), who resigned his dignity on August 22, 1870, and was succeeded by Rt. Rev. Richard Gilmour (1871-1891). The third bishop was Rt. Rev. Ignatius Frederick Horstmann (1892-1908). The present bishop is Rt. Rev. John P. Farrelly, who was appointed March 18, 1909, and consecrated May 1, 1909.7 In the first year of his administration, on April 15, 1910, the diocese was divided into two, so that the territory west of the western boundaries of the counties of Erie, Huron and Richland formed the diocese of Toledo. With these four suffragan sees, the archdiocese of Cincin- nati in 1850 comprised the four states of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana and Michigan. ‘The number of its suffragan sees was, however, to be more than doubled by divisions in each of the original five sees, and by the addition of the entire state of Tennessee. ‘The first ‘diocese to suffer division was Louisville, from which the eastern part of the state of Kentucky to the 31. Houck, The Church in Northern Ohio and in the Diocese of Cleveland (1887). TBishop Farrelly died February 12, 1921. CHAP. IIT] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 107 counties of Carroll, Owen, Franklin, Woodford, Jessamine, Garrard, Rock Castle, Laurel and Whitley inclusive, was de- tached from the mother-diocese upon the petition of the bishops assembled at the First Plenary Council of Baltimore, 1852, with the consent of the archbishop of Cincinnati and the bishop of Louisville, and erected by Pius IX by the bull A postolics minister of July 29, 1853, into the diocese of Coving- ton.’2 This was the best solution of the controversy which had been waged on the subject by the archbishop of Cincinnati and the coadjutor bishop of Louisville at the VII Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1849, and which came up again at the First Plenary Council in 1852.83 The bishops of Covington have been Rt. Rev. George Aloysius Carrell, S.J. (1853-1868); Rt. Rev. Augustus Maria Toebbe (1870-1884); Rt. Rev Camillus Paul Maes (1885-1915). The present bishop is the Right Reverend Ferdinand Brossart, appointed December 9, 1915, and consecrated January 25, 1916. This same plenary council of Baltimore had likewise recommended the erection of a vicariate-apostolic in the northern peninsula of the state of Michigan, *4 to be separated thus from the diocese of Detroit. Pius IX, therefore, on July 29,1853, issued the bull Postulat apostolicum officium, creating the desired vicariate-apostolic to be administered by a bishop. *5 By a brief of the same date Rev. Frederick Baraga was appoint- ed bishop of Amyzonia in partibus infidelium and vicar-apostolic of Upper Michigan.*¢ When at Rome in the spring of 1854, Bishop Baraga requested the Holy Father to raise the vicariate to the dignity of a bishopric, *? but it was not until the petition had been investigated and approved by the First Provincial Council of Cincinnati, 1855,%® and then forwarded to Rome that the favor was granted. On January 9, 1857, the vicariate 32. Bull of erection of Covington, July 29, 1853 (Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, VI, 186). 33. Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, Rome, January 23, 1852, to Archbishop Purcell (Arch- diocesan Archives, at Mount St. Joseph’s, Ohio); first private session of First Plenary Council of Baltimore, May 10, 1852 (Collectio Lacensis, III, 138). 34. RezEK, History of the Diocese of Sault Ste. Marie and Marquetie, 2 vols. (Houghton, Mich., 1906-07). 35. Bull of erection of Vicariate Apostolic of Upper Michigan (Jus Pontificium de Pro- paganda Fide, VI, 187-188; facsimile in REZEK, o. c., I, 101). 36. Facsimile of briefs in REZEK, o. c., I, 75 and 79. 37. Copy of petition by Baraga, Rome, March 5, 1854 (Notre Dame Archives). 38. First Provincial Council of Cincinnati, 1855 (Collectio Lacensis, III, 187-88, 195, 201). 108 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. III was elevated to a diocese with the same boundaries as it previously possessed, to be known as the diocese of Sainte Marie.*® . Bishop Baraga (1857-1868) became the first bishop of the diocese of Sault Ste. Marie. By virtue of a decree from the Congregation of the Propaganda on October 23, 1865, the seat of the bishopric was changed to Marquette, though the name of Sault Ste. Marie was to be retained along with that of Marquette.4° Marquette received its second bishop in the person of Rt. Rev. Ignatius Mrak (1869-1878), who was con- secrated on February 7, 1869. Under Bishop Mrak the diocese had to sever its relations with the Cincinnati archdiocese, as upon the elevation of Milwaukee to the rank of a metropolitan see on February 12,1875, the diocese of Sault Ste. Marie-Mar- quette was made a suffragan of that see.4! When the First Provincial Council of Cincinnati sent its request to Rome for the erection of Sault Ste. Marie, it also requested the division of the diocese of Vincennes, Indiana, into two parts, north and south, the territory north of the southern boundaries of the counties of Fountain, Montgomery, Boone, Hamilton, Madison, Delaware, Randolph and Warren to form the diocese of Fort Wayne.!? The reason given for the division was that the state of Indiana with its increasing Catholic population had become too extensive for proper administration by the bishop of Vincennes. ‘The Sacred Con- gregation of the Propaganda thought well of the petition, and on January 8, 1857, Pius IX by the bull &x debito pastoralis officit established the diocese of Fort Wayne. A gross mistake, however, was made in the assignment of the territory. Where- as the First Provincial Council of Cincinnati had suggested the counties above named to form the southern line of division between the dioceses of Vincennes and Fort Wayne, the bull of erection named these counties, namely, Fountain, Montgom- ery, Boone, Hamilton, Madison, Delaware, Randolph and Warren, as properly forming the diocese of Fort Wayne.‘4: The 39. Facsimile of bull of erection, in REzExK, o. c., I, 101. 40. Copy of decree in REZEK, o. c., I, 190. 41. Bull Quae nos sacri, February 12, 1875 (Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, VI, [second part] 260). 42. ALERDING, The Diocese of Fort Wayne (1907); First Provincial Council of Cincin- nati, 1855 (Collectio Lacensis, III, 188, 195, 201). 43. Bull of erection of Fort Wayne (Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, V1, 273). ‘The wording in question is: “‘Itaque matura nostra deliberatione atque ex plenitudine apostolicae auctoritatis a dioecesi Vincennopolitana sequentes regiones seu comitatus, ut vocant, sejungimus CHAP. III] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 109 mistake was so flagrant, since the episcopal seat Fort Wayne, situated in Allen county, was entirely outside of any one of the counties named, and all the northern counties would have been separated from the diocese of Vincennes by the inter- vening diocese of Fort Wayne, that no account was taken of the incorrect wording of the bull. That the mistake might be corrected the present bishop of Fort Wayne referred the matter to Rome. By a decree of the Consistorial Congrega- tion on March 29, 1912, Pius X ordained that the diocese of Fort Wayne should comprise the entire northern part of the state of Indiana as governed formerly by the bishop: of Vin- cennes, and that its southern boundary should be formed by the southern boundaries of the counties of Warren, Fountain, Montgomery, Boone, Hamilton, Madison, Delaware and Randolph. 44 For the first bishop of Fort Wayne, the First Provincial Council of Cincinnati had recommended Rev. James Frederic Wood, but as he received the appointment of coadjutor to Philadelphia, the Propaganda bade the bishops of the province of Cincinnati to propose other names.‘5 Rev. John Henry Luers (1858-1871) was, therefore, chosen and appointed on September 22, 1857.4 ‘He was followed by Rt. Rev. Joseph Dwenger, C.PP.S. (1872-1893), Rt. Rev. Joseph Rademacher (1893-1900), and the present bishop, Rt. Rev. Herman Joseph Alerding, appointed bishop of Fort Wayne, August 30, 1900, and consecrated November 30, 1900. The eighth suffragan see of the province was to be created out of the diocese of Cincinnati proper in 1868, when the southeastern part of the state of Ohio was erected into the diocese of Columbus.‘? The first bishop of Columbus was the former auxiliary bishop of Cincinnati, Rt. Rev. Sylvester ‘Horton Rosecrans (1868-1878). The second bishop was Rt. ac dismembramus, nempe comitatus Fountain, Montgomery, Boone, Hamilton, Madison, Delaware, Randolph et Warren, easdemque regiones seu comitatus in veram ac proprie dictam dioecesim erigimus et constituimus, ejusque episcopalem sedem sitam volumus in oppido cui nomen Fort Wayne, atque exinde novam hanc dioecesim Wayne-Castrensem nuncupari manda- mus.”’ 44. Decree of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation, ine sacar yee Lai, Secretary, March 29, 1912 (Fort Wayne Diocesan Archives). pag you ligt | 45. Letter, Cardinal Barnabo, Prefect of Properanda, Pi as 16, 1857, to Archbishop Purcell (First Provincial Council of Cincinnati, Collectio Lacensis, III, 201). a 46. Brief of nomination, September 22, 1857 (Notre: Dame Archives). ie 47. See note 12 of this chapter; Diocese of Columbus, the History of Fifty Years (1918). 110 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. III Rev. John Ambrose Watterson (1880-1899). Upon his death, April 17, 1899, it was proposed either to suppress the diocese of Columbus entirely, dividing its territory between the two dioceses of Cincinnati and Cleveland, or to give it new bound- aries. The reason for the proposition was the heavy debt which lay upon the diocese of Columbus, and which, because of its small number of Catholics, it was considered unable to pay.‘® It was finally decided, however, to continue the previous status of the diocese, and Columbus received its third bishop in Rt. Rev. Henry Moeller (1900-1903). The present bishop is the Rt. Rev. James J. Hartley, appointed December 23, 1903, and consecrated February 25, 1904. The ninth diocese to be made a suffragan of Cincinnati was, unlike the former dioceses which had been created out of the original five, an addition from without the province, and added the entire state of Tennessee to the metropolitan jurisdiction of Cincinnati. This was the diocese of Nashville, for the erection of which the III Provincial Council of Baltimore in. 1837 had petitioned Rome? and received a favorable answer in the establishment of the diocese by the bull Unzverst dominict gregis of Gregory XVI, July 28, 1837.59 Up to this period, the state of Tennessee had formed part of the diocese of Bards- town. Upon its erection into a diocese it was assigned as a suffragan to the archbishop of Baltimore. When in 1850 the dioceses were divided among the five archdioceses of the United States, Nashville was assigned to the archdiocese of St. Louis. *! But this was not pleasing to the bishop of Nashville, Rt. Rev. Richard Pius Miles, who sought to have the diocese attached to the province of Cincinnati. Having obtained the consent of the archbishop of St. Louis to the transfer of ‘Nashville to the Cincinnati archdiocese, he informed Archbishop Purcell of the situation shortly before the holding of the Second Pro- vincial Council of Cincinnati, 1858, and asked admission into Cincinnati.’2 He came on to the council, which opened on 48. Letter, Cardinal Ledochowski, Prefect of Propaganda, June 12, 1899, to Archbishop Elder (Archdiocesan Archives, at Mount St. Joseph’s, Ohio). 49. III Plenary Council of Baltimore, 1837 (Collectio Lacensis, III, 54, 59). 50. Bull of erection of Nashville, 1837 (Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, V, 190). 51. Bull of assignment of suffragans to St. Louis (Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, 52. Letter, Bishop Miles, Nashville, April 5, 1858, to Archbishop Purcell (Notre Dame Archives). CHAP. III] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 111 May 2, 1858, and asked entrance in order to discuss the ap- pointment of a coadjutor for himself and the settlement of some difficult affairs, for which he had obtained permission from the archbishop of St. Louis. Having accepted him into the council, without giving him any vote, however, the Fathers of the council petitioned Rome according to his desires. In answer, Rome allowed him to have a coadjutor, though the nomination had to be made according to the approved form, but it refused to allow him to withdraw from the metropolitan jurisdiction of St. Louis, since the difficulties which had been alleged as the reason for the withdrawal could be met by the common law of the Church.’ Thus was Nashville left a suffragan of St. Louis, a condition which continued until after the promotion of its third bishop, Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Feehan, to Chicago on September 10, 1880. In the spring of the fol- lowing year, Archbishop Elder, coadjutor to Archbishop Purcell at Cincinnati, received official notice from Cardinal Simeoni, Prefect of the Propaganda, together with a copy of the Roman decree announcing that henceforth the diocese of Nashville would be accredited to the province of Cincinnati. *4 It was not until 1883 that Nashville was to receive a successor to Bishop Feehan in the person of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rade- macher, who was consecrated on June 24, 1883, and became the first bishop of Nashville who was a suffragan of Cincinnati. The bishops of Nashville who preceded him were Rt. Rev. Richard Pius Miles (1838-1860); Rt. Rev. James Whelan (1860-1864); Rt. Rev. Patrick A. Feehan (1865-1880). To Rt. Rev. Joseph Rademacher (1883-1893) succeeded the present bishop, Rt. Rev. Thomas Sebastian Byrne, who was appointed May 10, 1894, and consecrated July 25, 1894. The tenth suffragan see to Cincinnati was added in 1882, when the diocese of Detroit suffered the second division of its original territory. On May 19h of that year, Leo XIII erected the diocese of Grand Rapids to comprise the counties of the lower peninsula of Michigan north of the southern line of the counties of Ottawa, Kent, Montcalm, Gratiot, and Saginaw, and west of the eastern line of the counties of Saginaw and Bay. 53. II Provincial Council of Cincinnati (Collectio Lacensis, III, p. 205); letter, Cardinal Barnabo, Prefect of Propaganda, November 10, 1858, to Archbishop Purcell (Collectio Lacensis, Tip 213): 54. Catholic Telegraph, June 30, 1881. 112 ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI [CHAP. III The adjacent islands were also to form part of the diocese of Grand Rapids. The first bishop of Grand Rapids was Rt. Rev. Henry Joseph Richter (1883-1916). The second bishop was Rt. Rev. Michael James Gallagher (1916-1918), and the present bishop is Rt. Rev. Edward D. Kelly, consecrated titular bishop of Cestra and auxiliary to the bishop of Detroit January 26, 1911,and promoted to Grand Rapids January 16, 1O10: The youngest of the suffragan sees of Cincinnati is the diocese of Toledo, which was formed out of the diocese of Cleve- land and made to comprise the northwestern part of the state of Ohio, lying north of the southern boundaries of Crawford, Wyandot, Hancock, Allen and Van Wert counties, and west of the eastern boundaries of Ottawa, Sandusky, Seneca and Crawford counties. ‘This diocese was established by Pius X on April 15,1910, and was given its first bishop in the present incumbent Rt. Rev. Joseph Schrembs, who was consecrated auxiliary bishop of Grand Rapids on February 22, 1911, and promoted to Toledo on August 11, 1911. Of its suffragan sees Cincinnati has lost but one in its seventy years of existence, the bishopric of Sault Ste. Marie- Marquette; but whilst it thus lost the upper peninsula of Michigan from its original territory, it gained the entire state of Tennessee. As now constituted with its ten suffragan sees, the archdiocese of Cincinnati comprises an area of almost 200,000 square miles, an area that falls little short of the 207,107 square miles of the entire country of France. In this territory there are approximately 2,010,447 Catholics, served by one archbishop, ten bishops and 2,573 priests, diocesan and regular.*5 By order of all the bishops of the province, the province was dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus on New Vear Day, *187475° 55. The Official Catholic Directory, 1920. 56. Letter of all the bishops of the province of Cincinnati, 1873 (Catholic Telegraph, XLII, December 18, 1873). CHAPTER IV HIERARCHICAL CONSTITUTION PES N THE many letters which we have been able \/4 to examine on the establishment of the first diocese in the state of Ohio, we have not found any of the writers of the letters selecting a site other than that of Cincinnati for the episcopal city of the new diocese, though Spalding records that an effort was made to locate the new see at Somerset, and that Bishop Dubourg preferred Chillicothe as being more central than Cincinnati.! In favor of Somerset was the consideration, indeed, that Father Fenwick had made it the center of his missionary activities and had dedicated there the first church in the state. Chillicothe had been the capital of the state, a position, however, which it soon had to yield to Cincinnati, whilst Catholicity had not even taken root there at the time of the erection of the diocese. Those who knew Cincinnati in the second decade of the nineteenth century entertained no doubts as to the propriety of selecting that city for the home of the bishop. Bishop Flaget as well as the Dominicans of Kentucky never considered any other city. Of all the cities west of the Alleghanies none gave promise of such future greatness. Itslocation appealed toeveryone on account of its natural beauty and its commercial opportunities. Situated in Hamilton county on the north bank of the Ohio river, almost directly opposite the mouth of the Licking river in Kentucky, it is the center of a region extending about two hundred miles in every direction, which for fertility and natural beauty of the simpler kind is unsurpassed in the world. The rich bottom lands of the Miami valley, of which Cincin- nati is the central point, watered annually by the spring floods have almost verified the extravagant accounts of the earliest visitors to the district, so that a not inapt comparison has been made of the valley of the Miami with the valley of the Nile. In those early days of rugged travel, Cincinnati was excep- 1. Spaupinec, Sketches of the Life, Times and Character of Bishop Flaget, p. 217 [113] 114 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV tionally favored, as the route west of Pittsburgh became a comparative luxury, even though a flat boat or an incommodious steamer happened to be the only means of travel. As the great waterways of the North were the pathways of the early in- trepid trader and the zealous missionary seeking the Indians of the Northwest, so the beautiful Ohio bore upon its bosom the impoverished, but industrious American of the East, and the liberty-loving immigrant from across the waters to the rapidly expanding country of the Southwest. Many a beauti- ful pen-picture was drawn by those immigrants as they veered round the bend of the lower Ohio and caught their first glimpse of the rising town of Cincinnati. “It was a still, sunny morning,’’ wrote Charles Fenno Hoffman, ‘‘when in rounding one of those beautiful promontories, which form so striking a feature in the scenery in the Ohio river, we came suddenly upon a cluster of gardens and villas, which indicated the vicinity of a flourishing town, and our boat, taking a sudden sheer from the shore, before the eye had time to study out their grouping and disposition, the whole City of Cincinnati, embosomed in its amphitheatre of green hills, was brought at once before us. It rises on two inclined planes from the river, the one elevated about fifty feet above the other, and both running parallel to the Ohio. . . . The girdle of green hills on some of which the primeval forest still lingers in the aged trees, command some of the most beautiful views you can imagine, of the opposite shores of Kentucky, with the two pretty manufacturing villages on either side of the Licking river, which debouches opposite to Cincinnati. . . . Verily, if beauty alone can confer empire, it is in vain for thriving Pittsburgh, or flourishing Louisville, bustling and buxom as they are, to dispute with Cincinnati her title of ‘Queen of the West’.’”? The city of Cincinnati today has spread over all the hills which were such objects of beauty. Business, though not ex- clusively, still is mostly limited to the two lower plateaus of the city, whilst beautiful residences now adorn the wide stretches of elegant shrubbery on the tops of the hills. We know of no city which can compare with Cincinnati for the extensive reaches of beautiful homes upon all her suburbs. This beautiful as well as promising industrial site was first chosen for a place of settlement in 1788, when two parties of im- 2. CHARLES FENNO HoFFMAN, A Winter in the West, 1834 (second edition, New York, 1835, II, 110-111). CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 115 migrants from New Jersey left Limestone (Maysville), Kentucky, for their new homes in the district of Cincinnati. The entire tract between the Miamis had been purchased from Congress by Judge Cleves Symmes of New Jersey, who had been in- terested in the country by Capt. Benjamin Stites. Prominent among other purchasers was Mathias Denman, of Springfield, Essex county, New Jersey, who bought of Judge Symmes the entire section 18 and fractional section 17 in township 4. All the leaders of the enterprise had surveyed the lands in Septem- ber, 1788, and after the unaccountable disappearance of John Filson, one of their number, returned to Limestone, Kentucky. On November 16, 1788, the first party set out under Captain Stites for their new home and on November 18th disembarked from their flatboat on land about three-quarters of a mile below the Little Miami. This was the beginning of the settlement known as Columbia. Though plans for a city were laid out by Stites, they were never to be executed, as nature with its spring floods soon forced the settlers to realize the undesirability of the location. A far better site had been chosen by the second party, which under Col. Robert Patterson and Israel Ludlow, partners of Mathias Denman in the pur- chase of the land of Cincinnati proper, had left Limestone on December 24, 1788, and after a difficult boat-ride through rifts of ice on the Ohio river landed, very probably on December 28th, on the northern bank of the Ohio opposite the mouth of the Licking. The settlement was first known as Losantiville, as the ingenious, though unfortunate schoolmaster John Filson, of Lexington, Kentucky, had styled the new settlement.? In the beginning of January, 1790, the name Losantiville was changed by Governor Arthur St. Clair to Cincinnati in honor of the society of that name, composed of ex-officers of the Revolutionary Army. ‘This site was to prove successful not only over the one at Columbia, but likewise over the one at North Bend, which was chosen the following January, 1789, by Judge Symmes himself. When the selection of Cincinnati proper was made for the location of a fortress to serve as a 3. Some writers on early Cincinnati, if they do not entirely discredit the appellation of the city as Losantiville, have spent their shafts of ridicule upon the author, who intended the word to express the city opposite the mouth of the Licking, L-os-anti-ville, a combination of Latin, Greek and French words. 116 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV bulwark against the marauding Indians, the success of Cin- cinnati was assured.‘ Not for many years, however, was Cincinnati to make much progress. The depredations of the Indians prevented great immigration to the Central West. Not until 1795, when the treaty of Greenville was effected, did these conditions change for the better. In 1795 Cincinnati could number only 500 souls) 4/in)'1800 only) 7503) 4in13805).9605) \/in) 1810)2,3205in 1819, when the first Catholic church was built in Cincinnati, there were 10,283 persons in the city of Cincinnati, composed of peoples not only from all the states of the Union, but also from many countries of Europe. ‘This rapid increase was due to the migration west from the Atlantic States incident to the British War of 1812, the fertility of the soil about Cincinnati, the low price of the lands and the security of the titles to them, the high price of labor, the exclusion of slavery in the territory, and especially to the introduction of the steamboats on the Ohio, which caused Cincinnati to become immediately a com- petitor in the markets with older and less productive regions. Cincinnati in 1819 with its 1003 dwelling houses and 887 shops, warehouses and public buildings had begun to assume a role of activity which was to presage her growth into the “Queen City of the West’’. Of the 10,283 inhabitants of Cincinnati, Father Fenwick could number only about one hundred poor, Irish Catholics, though religiously in other denominations Cincinnati was not ata disadvantage. In the original plat of Cincinnati the square bounded by Main, Walnut, Fourth and Fifth streets was set aside for a church, a jail, a courthouse and a school.’ As the majority of the settlers of Losantiville, including two of the proprietors, Denman and Patterson, were Presbyterians, the first church built on the southern half of this square, near the corner of Fourth and Main streets, was a Presbyterian church, which was organized in 1790 by Rev. David Rice and incor- porated in 1807 as the First Presbyterian Society. In 1819 a large brick church 68 by 65 feet had replaced the original frame church at Fourth and Main, and was attended by 233 commu- 4. The excellent work of CHARLES GREVE, Centennial History of Cincinnati, vol. I, will aid anyone desiring more information on the early civil history of Cincinnati. 5. Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book E 2, pp. 62-63. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 117 nicants.* The second Church in Cincinnati was the Methodist Episcopal Society, which was founded in 1804. It possessed two churches in 1819, one on Fifth street between Sycamore and Broadway, the other at Fourth and Plum, and numbered nearly 300 communicants. The third Church was the New Jerusalem Society (Swedenborgians), instituted in 1811, and numbering between 40 and 50 members in 1819 under a pastor who was preparing to build a church. ‘The Society of Friends, formed in 1813, numbered 180 individuals in 1819, worshipping in a meeting house west of Western Row (Central Avenue), be- tween Fourth and Fifth streets. The Baptists, organized in 1813, built a church at Sixth and Lodge alley, after having worshipped for a short time in a log church on Front street. A division of this Church, known as the Enon Baptist Society, of 250 members had in 1820 its own place of worship on Walnut, between Third and Fourth. The German Christian Church was started in 1814 by Lutherans and Presbyterians. ‘The Methodist Episcopal Church and Benevolent Society of Cin- cinnati, which had been incorporated in 1817, had its church on Vine street, between Fourth and Fifth, and was served by Rev. Wm. Burke. The Second Presbyterian Church was organized in 1817 and had a church on Walnut street. The Protestant Episcopal Church, known as Christ Church, was organized in 1817, and in 1819 numbered 70 families, with between 20 and 30 communicants.’ It was in a city of such variety of religious opinions that Bishop Fenwick was to begin his episcopal administration in 1822, and, as we shall see presently, the field was ripe for the sower of the good seed. ‘The religious divisions among the people soon led them to seek for the Church which through her ministers could speak with authority. Numerous conversions were the result. If we pass for a moment to consider conditions throughout the state, we find that the episcopal city had progressed even more rapidly than had the state. The reason is not far to seek; for the very causes which conduced to the progress of the 6. Rev. F. C. Monrort, D.D., History of the First Presbyterian Church in One Hundred Years of Presbyterianism in the Ohio Valley, p. 6. 7. Cincinnati Directory, 1819; DRaxs#, Picture of Cincinnati, 1815; DRAKE AND Mans- FIELD, Cincinnati in 1826; GREVE, Centennial History of Cincinnati, p. 481 ff.; Goss, Cin- cinnati, the Queen City, I, 467 ff. 118 HISTORY OF, LTHE [CHAP. IV state were in greater activity at Cincinnati and in southwestern Ohio than anywhere else. In the year 1800 the state of Ohio had a population of 42,000 persons. After passing through the stage of territorial administration Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1803, and slowly but surely began her march of progress with the advancing hosts of immigrants from the eastern states. Her first settlements in the beginning were as so many colonies of the original states of the Union. At Marietta, the pioneers came from Massachusetts and other New England states; at Cincinnati, they had come chiefly from New Jersey, though there was added a mixture of Hugue- not, Swedish, Holland and English blood; in the Virginia Military District between the Scioto and the Little Miami with the center at Chillicothe, the settlers were from Virginia; on the ‘“‘Seven Ranges’’, they were principally from Pennsylvania, some of Quaker, others of German, Irish and Scotch stock; on the Western Reserve with a center at Cleveland, they were from Connecticut. The bulk of this population was in the southwestern part of the state, with Cincinnati and Chillicothe the most important towns. By the year 1810 the population in Ohio had grown to 230,760; the year 1820 saw over half a million—581,434—-people within the confines of Ohio, a truly remarkable development. In religion, these people, like the people at Cincinnati, were divided into all kinds of belief, but the three sects which numbered the greatest number of ad- herents were the Presbyterians, the Methodists and the Bap- tists, of whom the former were to be found in almost every village of the state. The Catholics throughout the state, most of whom were immigrants from Maryland and Pennsyl- vania, were variously estimated by Bishop Fenwick at from 3,000 to 6,000 to 8,000. It is doubtful, however, whether there were actually as many as that at the time of the creation of the diocese in 1821. But what a field was this for the missionary bishop of Cin- cinnati and his handful of co-laborers in the vineyard of the Lord! Six years of continued travel throughout the southern and central part of the state before 1822 had made the bishop realize the immensity of the task which lay before him, and we 8. Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration, Chillicothe, 1903; B. R. Cowsn, Ethnolo- gical History of Ohio, pp. 543-44. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 119 do not wonder that he sighed to be relieved of such a burden. We thank God in his Providence for giving his servant the courage to endure the fatigues of incessant travels and the inhospitality of the primeval forests, through which he had to find his way and at times pass the night with only the saddle for a pillow and the neighing of his faithful horse to sound an alarm in case of danger. Add to this the anxieties of an empty purse to satisfy the demands of his religion-craving subjects. Nor were his own the only ones whom he had to satisfy, as the following extract from a letter of his to a friend in London, England, witnesses: “‘A short time ago, a colony of thirteen families, having by chance found a Catholic book, conceived the desire of embracing our holy religion; and although I was three hundred miles away, they wrote me a letter, in which they made their desire known to me. I made my way to this colony, which I had the good fortune to find, instructed them in all those things that are necessary to be known, and had the consolation of baptizing them. The people in general are anxious to learn, and disposed to receive the Word of God with docility.’’® This spirit of zeal evinced by the missionary was never lost by the bishop. So much did it actuate him that the priests associated with him were filled with the same religious zeal. The following letter will show to what extent such a spirit pre- vailed at Cincinnati. It will describe also the method followed by the priests in the missions which they gave. It was written very probably by Father Hill, O.P.: “T have received several invitations from large societies of Metho- dists and other Sectaries to go and preach the gospel to them. They have discovered that they have been deceived and led into error, especially with regard to our religion, and they are anxious to learn the truth. They have offered to pay the expense of my journey; and I hope to be able to run over a hundred leagues of circumference of this country during the course of the summer. Our mode of conducting these missions may perhaps interest you. These establishments are composed of families amounting sometimes to the number of one or two hundred, living in forests, across which they have opened a passage through the trees. Their cabins are made of the trunks of trees, cov- ered with boards. They principally live upon pork, bread made with Indian corn, and water. In some places, the population consists of forty or fifty houses, situated here and there; but there is generally 9. Letter, Fenwick, Georgetown, D. C., November 8, 1818, translated from Diario di Roma, January 23, 1819, in Catholic Historical Review, IV, 24-25; Annales de l’ Association de la Propagation de la Foi, 1826, II, 98-99. 120 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV a sort of town-house, which serves both for a church, a school, and the general rendezvous of their meetings. When a missionary arrives, the news soon spreads about. Mes- sengers are immediately sent in different directions, and it is astonish- ing with what rapidity they proceed, for before sunset whole crowds assemble round the spot where the missionary has taken up his abode; and they will absolutely receive some instruction before they retire, and, if the priest were strong enough, they would willingly hear him till midnight. He then fixes a time to receive them the next day; and if there (are) any Catholics among them, he also appoints the hour for Mass; afterwards, he hears confessions, and baptizes the children; he then explains the Mass, and preaches again until noon for one or two hours, and does the same in the evening, when time permits, and there is neither a house or barn large enough, he preaches in the open air, and mounts the trunk of a tree or a palisade, and harangues the people until he is fatigued. But they are not satisfied with this; several accompany him upon the road, propose their doubts, ask ques- tions, and when they are convinced, demand baptism. We instruct them at the time, as much as possible, and leave among them some Catechisms, if we are able to procure any. After three or four visits, we receive them into the bosom of the Catholic Church. There are in this state, six hundred thousand souls, the most of whom live in the manner I have described above.’’!? This zeal of the missionaries for the conversion of souls dis- played itself first of all in the city of their residence, Cincinnati. Whilst Bishop Fenwick was in Europe in 1823 and 1824, Father Hill began a course of apologetic lectures, which were attended by the Catholics and Protestants in such numbers that they climbed upon the shoulders of one another and upon the window sills in order to see and hear the preacher.1!_ Father Hill himself writes of the lectures to Bishop Fenwick: “Our lectures are crowded at an early hour by the chief people in the town; all the ministers have attended, except Mr. Root. They do not attempt to reply. It is agreed amongst the better informed, that the arguments in favor of the Catholic Faith are unanswerable. I have finished the subject of the Infallibility of the Church, the Pope’s Supremacy, and the Real Presence. The minds of the candid part are satisfied.’’!2 Before the summer had passed, Father Hill could write to the bishop that “John Lytle, young Piatt, several Lawyers and 10. London Catholic Miscellany, III, 93, February, 1824, article, AMERICA: Extract from a letter received from a Catholic Missionary at Cincinnati, Ohio. 11. Letter of a missionary from Cincinnati, 1825, to the Secretary of the Association of the Propagation of the Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1826, II, 48). 12. Letter, Hill, Spring of 1824, to Fenwick, Europe, published in An Account of the Progress of the Catholic Church in the Western States of North America (London, 1824). CHAP. IV] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 121 Doctors have declared themselves convinced; also General Findlay’’.!* At last the lectures had to be abandoned, because the crowds had become unwieldy and the strain upon Father Hill too exhausting. Upon the arrival of Father Résé, a new field was opened up at Cincinnati towards the end of 1824 and in the spring of 1825. This missionary could appeal to the German immi- grant with great success. The bishop writes that when he himself came to Cincinnati in 1822, there were only ten or twelve Catholic families in the city. In March, 1825, there were more than one hundred and ten, of whom one-fifth were converts. Father Résé had nearly ruined the Lutheran Church, having unearthed thirty-three Catholic German families, as a conse- quence of which “‘the pastor of the congregation was spitting fire and flame against him’’.14 It cannot be said that such efforts were spasmodic: they continued year after year. When conversions once began, they prepared the way for many more. During the year 1829 one hundred and fifty Protestants in Cincinnati alone were converted: to. the true faith:'*)) Onv Low Sunday,» April 28; 1829, about fifty young persons made their first Communion, and more than that number were confirmed previous to May 12th. 16 “Some Protestants,’ writes Father John B. Clicteur, secretary to the bishop, ‘‘would come to the Catholic Church to mock the cere- monies, which they had heard from their own preachers were idolatrous; —hbeing present, however, they learn to respect them. Some are attracted by the good music. Curiosity helps them to listen attentively to the sermon on the Gospels by one of the priests—they become struck by an explanation of some text; an accusation against the Church is disproven, a Catholic truth demonstrated—all of which makes them think. After the Mass they find their way to the room of the missionary, give their objections,—make daily visits, become in- structed and embrace the Faith. They then communicate with their friends and bring in two or three others.’’!” 13. Hill, Cincinnati, August 23, 1824, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 14. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, March 29, 1825, to P. Pallavicini, Turin (printed in Catholic Telegraph, April 2, 1891). 15. Letter, Résé, Cincinnati, January, 1830, to Leopoldine Association (Berichte I, 11). 16. U.S. Catholic Miscellany, June 6, 1829, Communication, OuIO. 17. Letter, Clicteur, Cincinnati, June 28, 1829, to Central Council of Lyons, Association de la Propagation de la Foi (Annales, 1830, IV, 514-15). : 122 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV We learn from this same letter that the charity of the priests at Cincinnati went out to the poor and neglected as well as to the influential and learned. A poor dying negress of the Methodist belief sent for a Protestant minister to visit her. He refused his services. She called then for a Catholic priest. He visited her, instructed her, and she died a Catholic. The same story was told of other neglected Protestants.1* Father Baraga, who came to Cincinnati at the beginning of 1831, also mentions two instances of negroes being attended in like circumstances by himself and the priests at Cincinnati. }9 The reward for such generous conduct was a great increase in the number of conversions throughout the state of Ohio. It must not be imagined, however, that no obstacles retarded the progress of the Catholic Church in Ohio. The laborers were few indeed, and even these few were reduced by the with- drawal of two of them in 1824 by their superior in Kentucky, when differences arose between the Dominicans in Kentucky and those in Ohio.2° The distances which had to be covered by the missionaries were very great; the roads were few and poor; and the only dependable means of travel was on horse- back. The lack of priests forbade the stationing of any of them in a certain locality, whilst lack of money prevented the bishop from being able to execute his good intention of having two or three missionaries go about continually, to preach wherever they could.2!. Add to the natural difficulties of forsaking a belief in which one had been trained, the opposition of family relations.22 The very success of the Church created new and bitter enemies in the ministers of the denominations whose ranks were being thinned by converts to Catholicism. The non-Catholic editor of the Cincinnatt Chronicle referring to this spirit, wrote on August 14, 1830: “It is not to be denied that there is a spirit of intolerance abroad in regard to religious opinions, that but illy comports with the boasted intelligence and freedom of the age. The church in this city to which 18. Idem, ut supra. 19. Letter, Baraga, Cincinnati, March 19, 1831, to his sister (Leopoldinen Berichte, 1832, III, 31). 20. Letter, Hill, Cincinnati, August 23, 1824, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 21. Annales, 1826, II, 114-116. 22. Letter, Hill, 1824, to Fenwick, ut supra Note 12. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 123 the Asylum (St. Peter’s Orphan Asylum) is attached, and of which these Sisters of Charity are members, has been occasionally the subject of this spirit to no inconsiderable degree.’’?8 The greatest opponents in 1831 were the Presbyterians, who attacked the Catholic Church from the pulpit. Shortly before, in August, 1831, a public debate which lasted four hours took place between the chief Presbyterian preacher and a Catholic priest of Cincinnati.2* The language of the Czn- cinnatt Journal, of which Rev. Amos Blanchard was the editor in 1831, would not be reiterated today by any respectable journal.2® Other journals attacking the Church were the Methodist Correspondent, the Standard, and the Christian Advocate. It was to offset the ignorance and calumnies of such attacks that the Catholic Telegraph was founded in 1831. The editor of that paper, writing in 1833, says: “We live in the midst of a people who have been taught to look upon us with suspicion, by the interested policy of sectarian leaders— we are habitually accused, before the public, by the malice and crafti- ness of these men, of holding doctrines at variance with the religion which our blessed Saviour communicated to the world; and, notwith- standing we have refuted these odious charges a thousand times over, they reiterate the blighting calumny with such apparent zeal, that many are imposed on, and led to believe, that it is not wholly without founda- tion. Itis to vindicate our belief from such aspersion, and to undeceive a generous and confiding people, that we adopt the resolution of making the defense and explanation of our holy faith a leading consideration in the columns of The Telegraph.’’*® The obstacles just enumerated were to continue for a long time. Not until 1867 could Bishop Purcell write that the vocations in the diocese corresponded to the wants of the diocese.?7 Prejudice had always to be overcome, though great prestige was won for the Catholic cause after the victory of Bishop Purcell in the debate with Rev. Alexander Campbell in 1837, and on account of the commanding position which Archbishop Purcell acquired in civil as well as religious affairs. The great difficulty then appeared to be the ability to build 23. The Cincinnati Chronicle, August 14, 1830. 24. Letter, Résé, Cincinnati, August 3, 1831, to Leopoldine Association (Berichte, 1832, III, 12-13). 25. See the Cincinnati Journal, issues of July 27, 1831, and August 5, 1831. 26. Editorial, Catholic Telegraph, November 29, 1833. 27. Catholic Telegraph, 1867, X X XVI, No. 7, p. 4. 124 HISTORY OF THE [| CHAP. IV churches rapidly enough to take care of the fast increasing ranks of the Catholics throughout the diocese. To the above enumerated causes of the rapid growth of Ohio must now be added the construction of two long water- ways north and south through the state, the Ohio canal from Portsmouth to Cleveland and the Miami-Maumee canal from Cincinnati to Toledo on Lake Erie. Starting at Portsmouth the Ohio canal passed through Chillicothe, Circleville, Lock- bourne, Carroll, Newark, New Philadelphia, Bolivar, Clinton and Akron before reaching Cleveland, whilst the Miami canal passed through Hamilton, Franklin, Dayton, Troy, Piqua, Minster, St. Mary’s, Delphos and Defiance, where it entered the Maumee canal, continuing to Napoleon, Maumee and Toledo. The terminus of both canals was Lake Erie, which | thus enabled both the eastern and western parts of the state of Ohio to have direct water communication with the Hudson river and New York City, as well as with the St. Lawrence river and Montreal and Quebec. ‘The Ohio river to the south made access easy to the Mississippi and New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico. The Legislature authorized the construction of the two canals in 1825 and in July of that year work was already begun. Operations proceeded simultaneously on both canals, so that two years after the inception of the work, parts of the two canals were opened for service; one part between Akron and Cleveland, the other between Cincinnati and Mid- dletown. It was not until the close of the next decade, how- ever, that the two canals were completed. This work brought into Ohio thousands of immigrants, who thus found continued employment. Many a visit was made by the Catholic priest to these places of construction along the two lines; many were the Masses offered; and many the souls shriven of the hard- working, sturdy Irishmen, who appreciated the services of the newly found Soggarth-Aroon. ‘Towns arose from the tents along the cuts, whilst prosperous times soon spread all over the state, as arms of the canals stretched out east and west to embrace practically the entire state. 28 These canals had not been in complete operation before new projects were set in motion. ‘There arose another great 28. DunsBar, A History of Travel in America, III, 818 ff.; Arwater, History of Ohio, pp. 275-278. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI ¥25 factor in the growth of Ohio, steam railroads, which could penetrate into parts of the state not covered by the canals. One of the earliest roads in Ohio was the Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark railroad, which was chartered on March 9, 1835, as the Monroeville and Sandusky City railroad. It ran first from Sandusky to Monroeville, then from Mansfield to Huron. The two were then connected and extended to Newark and to’ Columbus. In the southwest the Mad River railroad, chartered on March 11, 1836, ran from Cincinnati to Milford in 1842; was extended to Xenia in 1845 and to Springfield in 1846. This was the beginning only of greater enterprises, as a result of which Ohio today ranks among the leaders in railroad mileage. This, too, brought abundant work, and in turn hundreds of thousands of workingmen. Along these lines sprang up other parishes, for the German as well as the Irish immigrant was ever alive to the spiritual needs of himself and his family. Previous to the canals and the railroads Ohio had been favored by the National road, which serves to this day and un- doubtedly is more traveled by the automobile of this genera- tion than it was by the stage of two or three generations ago. The first road which ran into and through Ohio to Kentucky was known as Zane’s Trace, from Wheeling to Zanesville to Lancaster to Chillicothe to Limestone, Kentucky. Congress had authorized its construction in 1796. ‘The first contract for the new road, the National road, which was to extend from Cumberland, Maryland, to the Mississippi, was let in 1811, and the eastern section to Wheeling was opened in 1818. Im- mediately an army of immigrants and pioneers were en route to the west over this great highway. Another ten years were required, however, before work on the road in Ohio reached any high degree. From Wheeling the road went through Belmont county to Cambridge in Guernsey county, to Zanesville in Muskingum county, through Licking county (south of New- ark) to Columbus in Franklin county, through Madison county to Springfield in Clarke county, through Montgomery county (northern extremity), and Preble county to Richmond, Indiana. *° It was along the first half of its stage through Ohio that the 29. Huser, Old National Road in Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publica- tions, 1900, IX, 405-519. 126 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV first expansion of parishes in the diocese of Cincinnati was to occur. According to these three means of communication, therefore, roadway, canal, and railroad, may we look for the growth of the diocese in the development of its parishes. As has been seen in the previous chapter, the diocese of Cincinnati originally embraced the entire state of Ohio, but suffered division in 1847, when the northern part of the state was erected into the diocese of Cleveland, and again in 1868, when the southeastern part of the state was erected into the diocese of Columbus. Naturally, then, to be complete and comprehensive the consideration of the parochial development in the archdiocese of Cincinnati should include all the parishes of the state up to the time when the territory, in which they are situated, became part of another diocese. But to trace them all would go beyond our scope; we limit ourselves to an account of the parochial development of what is now the archdiocese of Cincinnati; for the rest, a list will be affixed, arranged alphabetically and with notation of the time of organi- zation of the parishes, which owed their origin to the efforts of priests and people who were members of the archdiocese of Cincinnati at the period of the formation of the parishes, but which are situated at present in the dioceses of Cleveland, Columbus and Toledo. It may be noted, however, that the same method, which has been followed in working out the history of the parochial organization in the Cincinnati arch- diocese, might be followed in the central and southeastern part of Ohio by taking as starting points the mother-parishes at Gallipolis, Somerset, Danville, Steubenville, Temperanceville, Columbus, Calmoutier, Marietta, Portsmouth and Ironton; and in the northern part of Ohio the mother-parishes of Dungan- non, Canton, Cleveland, Akron, Peru, Tiffin, Glandorf and Toledo. In the archdiocese of Cincinnati, we shall sketch the de- velopment of the parishes from the mother-parishes at Cin- cinnati, St. Martin’s in Brown county, Hamilton, Minster, Petersburg, Jacksonville, Dayton and Chillicothe. When the state of Ohio was constituted the diocese of Cin- cinnati in 1821, there was but one church in the territory of the present archdiocese of Cincinnati. It was located at Cincinnati. We have seen how this church was built in 1819 CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 127, by the Catholics of Cincinnati and how Bishop Fenwick a few months after his arrival in March, 1822, arranged to have this church transferred from Vine and Liberty streets to Sycamore street, between Sixth and Seventh streets. This little frame church growing too small for the increasing numbers of Catho- lics, and money to the amount of ten or twelve thousand dollars having been obtained by the bishop when in Europe during the years 1823 and 1824, a new church was begun in 1825 on the lot adjacent to the old church, and dedicated on December 17, 1826.3° The cost of the building was between ten and twelve thousand dollars, all that had been collected.*! | This building continued to serve the purposes of worship until February 20, 1860, when the work of dismantling and demolish- ing it began; but at this latter date it was no longer the cathedral parish church. That honor had passed in 1845 to the new church which had been begun in 1841 on the lot 293 by 192 feet, bounded by Eighth street, Central avenue, Plum street and an alley to the south. This lot had been bought by Bishop Purcell on December 1, 1840, for $24,000.00 from Jacob Burnet.*2? The building was consecrated to God in honor of St. Peter in Chains on November 2, 1845, by Arch- bishop Eccleston of Baltimore. ** The reader will pardon a short digression, which will allow us to show from two documents the part which Archbishop Purcell had in the plans of the cathedral, and the appreciation which was felt by Cincinnatians in the very beautiful piece of architecture with which their city became newly adorned. The first document is an extract from a letter of Archbishop Purcell to an architect, Mr. Thomas D. Spare, of Somerset, Ohio: “The lot is 383 feet on 8th street, on which street I intend the building to front, by 192 feet deep. I would wish to have a male orphan asylum, or seminary on one side of the cathedral, and a female orphan asylum on the other; or at least two buildings of about 100 feet front each, with the cathedral in the centre. The cathedral I would 30. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, February 1, 1826, to Propaganda (Propaganda Archives, Scritture Originali, vol. 938); Résé, Cincinnati, November 18, 1826, to Propaganda (Propa- ganda Archives, Scritture, vol. VIII); Avmnales, III, 275; II, 109. 31. Letter, Résé, February 24, 1826, to Secretary of Association of Propagation of the Faith, Lyons (Annales, II, 109). 32. Deed, Jacob Burnet to John B. Purcell, December 1, 1840 (Hamilton County Re- corder’s Office, Deed Book 79, p. 14). 33. Catholic Telegraph, November 6, 1845. 128 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV propose to have about 70 by 100 feet, Grecian style of architecture, with portico and colonnade in front, with vestibule, all about 30 or 40 feet deep, and with a steeple carried up from the foundation. The ceiling I am inclined to have flat, or but slightly caved. Also an organ loft, but I am not much inclined for galleries. It is intended to have a basement story destined for Sunday schools and places of meeting, chiefly above ground. ‘The roof is to be covered with zinc, or copper. These specifications, I presume, will be sufficient. I shall only add, that, in all probability, the house shall be of brick (with stone foundation about three feet above ground) and that we shall probably do no more than build the foundation next year.’’*4 The second document is a transcript of the description of the cathedral as it appeared in 1851: “This fine building, belonging to the Roman Catholic Society, is completely finished, excepting the portico in front, after being ten years in progress of construction; and is worthy of all the labor and expense it has cost, as an architectural pile and an ornament to our city. It is the finest building in the West, and the most imposing, in appear- ance, of any of the cathedrals in the United States, belonging to the Roman Catholic Church, the metropolitan edifice in Baltimore not excepted. St. Peter’s Cathedral is a parallelogram of two hundred feet in length, by eighty in breadth. It is fifty-five feet from floor to ceiling. The roof is partly supported by the side walls, which as well as the front, average four feet in thickness, but principally upon eighteen free- stone pillars, nine on each side, which are of three-and-a-half feet diameter and thirty-three feet in height. The ceiling is of stucco-work, of a rich and expensive character, which renders it equal in beauty to that of any cathedral in the world, as asserted by competent judges, although executed, in this instance, by J. F. Taylor, a Cincinnati artist, for a price less than one-half of what it would have cost in Europe. The main walls are built of Dayton marble, of which this building furnishes the first example in Cincinnati. The basement is of the blue limestone of the Ohio river, and forms an appropriate con- trast with the superstructure. The bells, not yet finished, which will be a chime of the usual number and range, played by machinery, such as is employed in musical clocks, are in preparation for the edifice. The steeple is two hundred and twenty-one feet in height. The cathe- dral is finished with a center aisle of six feet, and two aisles for proces- sional purposes, eleven feet each, adjoining the side walls.. The residue of the space forms one hundred and forty pews ten feet in length. The roof is composed of iron plates, whose seams are coated with a composi- tion of coal-tar and sand, which renders it impervious to water. An altar of the purest Carrara marble, made by Chiappri, of Genoa, 34. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, October 29, 1840, to Thomas D. Spare, Somerset (Arch- ives St. Joseph’s Dominican Priory). CHAP. IV] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 129 occupies the west end of the cathedral. This is embellished with a center piece, being a circle with rays, around which, wreaths and flow- ers are beautifully chiseled. It is of exquisite design and workmanship. At the opposite end, is put up an immense organ, of forty-four stops and twenty-seven hundred pipes, lately finished by Schwab, of our city, which cost $5,400. One of these pipes alone is thirty-three feet long and weighs four hundred pounds. There is no doubt, that this is an instrument superior in Size, tone and power, to any on this continent. The following paintings occupy the various compartments in the cathedral: | St. Peter liberated by the Angel. Descent from the Cross. Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin. St. Jerome in the attitude of listening to the trumpet announcing the final judgment. Christ in the Garden. Flight into Egypt. The St. Peter is by Murillo, well known as the head of the Spanish school; and was a present to Bishop Fenwick, from Cardinal Fesch, uncle to Napoleon. The others are by some of the first artists in Europe. The two windows next the altar are of stained glass, and serve to give us, of the west, an idea of that style of imparting light, through edifices devoted to religious purposes, in the old world. Not a drop of ardent spirits was consumed in the erection of the cathedral, and, notwithstanding the unmanageable shape and size of the materials, not an accident occurred in the whole progress of the work. Every man employed about it, was paid off every Saturday night; and, as the principal part of the labor was performed at a season of the year when working hands are not usually employed to their advantage, much of the work was executed when labors and materials were worth far less than at present. The Dayton marble alone, at current prices, would nearly treble its original cost. The heavy dis- bursements have proved a seasonable and sensible benefit to the laboring class. The entire cost of the building is $120,000.’’% Returning to our consideration, the present cathedral parish is the first English-speaking filial congregation of the mother-church of Cincinnati on Sycamore street, the site now occupied by St. Francis Xavier’s church in charge of the Jesuit Fathers. We may then take the two cathedral parishes, the new and the old, as mother-parishes of the English-speaking congregations of the city of Cincinnati, and arrange the de- velopment in the western and eastern parts of Cincinnati accordingly. 35. Cust, Cincinnati in 1851, pp. 326-327. 130 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV It was not long before even the spacious cathedral church was not large enough to accommodate the many Catholics who came to worship there, and as a large Irish colony had grown to great proportions in the southwestern portion of the city, it was proposed in 1850 to build a church for the English- speaking Catholics in that section. A lease on the northeast corner of Third and Mill streets was executed on May 1, 1850, by Messrs. Page, Bonte and Chambers to Rev. John B. Purcell for $1,800 with privilege of purchase at $7,000, which privilege was exercised in May, 1853.3 Upon this site, Father Cahill, to whom the organization of the parish had been entrusted, built the church of St. Patrick in the same year, having it blessed by Bishop Lamy on November 24th. 37 Out of St. Patrick’s parish in union with the cathedral came the parish of the Atonement on West Third street, which was begun in 1870 as a chapel for the Sisters of Mercy, but was transformed in 1873 into a parish church with Father Homan as pastor.’* The second filial church of St. Patrick’s was St. Vincent de Paul’s, Sedamsville, where the great distance to town necessitated the building of a new church in 1861, Father McLeod organizing the parish.** A division occurred in this church in 1878, when the German-speaking Catholics who desired a Catholic school were organized by Father Otto Jair, O.F.M., on January 27th into the parish of Our Lady of Per- petual Help. An old stone school-house was then purchased; the upper part was dedicated to church services, whilst the basement served for school purposes and a teacher’s residence. 3%* The third filial church of St. Patrick’s was the Blessed Sacra- ment church, to care especially for the Irish people who had settled to the number of 125 families in the West End of the city below Price Hill. Father John M. Mackey, the pastor of St. Patrick’s, rented a lot on Depot street in May, 1874, 36. Souvenir Golden Jubilee, St. Patrick’s, Cincinnati, 1900; deed of lease, Lemuel Page, John Bonte and John T. Chambers to John B. Purcell, May 1, 1850 (copy in Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, printed records, IV, exhibits, pp. 67-70); Catholic Telegraph, May 4, 1850. 37. Catholic Telegraph, June 29 and November 30, 1850. 38. Catholic Telegraph, September, 1870; July 3, 1873; deed, Sisters of Mercy to J. B. Purcell, March 15, 1873, recorded in Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book 409, p. 237 (Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, printed records, II, 18; IV, exhibit 52, pp. 76-77). 39. Deed, Henry F. Sedam to John B Purcell, October 26, 1861 (Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book 286, p. 480; Supreme Court of Ohio, ut supra, IV, exhibit 28, p. 34-35); Catholic Telegraph, November 23, 1861, X X XI, 252. 39a. Catholic Telegraph, January 31 and May 12, 1878. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 131 and upon it built a combination church, school and parsonage, which was opened on the first Sunday in Advent of that year. ‘9 The need of a second English-speaking parish out of the cathedral parish was felt in 1852 to the northwest, in the vicinity of the convent of the Ursulines on Bank street. The building of this new parish church, undertaken by Father Edward Purcell and dedicated to God under the title of St. Augustine, was made to serve a double purpose, that of a chapel to the nuns as well as a parish church. Father Boulger was appointed the pastor in the year of the dedication, 1853.4! In 1857, however, the congregation had to be transferred to the German-speaking Catholics. But the need of an English- speaking parish to the northwest was nevertheless imperative, and on February 23, 1864, Archbishop Purcell bought from the Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College a lot on Clark street, where in the same year St. Edward’s church was opened for services by the pastor, Father Bender.?? Still further to the northwest, in Cumminsville, where many Catholic laborers of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad had located in numbers sufficient to demand a separ- ate parish, St. Aloysius (now St. Patrick’s) congregation was organized and a church built by Father Lange in 1852-1853.43 With a great increase of German-speaking Catholics in the parish a division occurred in 1862, when the parish of St. Boniface was organized by Father Wittler.44 From St. Boni- face’s two parishes were formed recently to care for the Catho- lics to the north of the parish in College Hill and to the south in South Cumminsville. The former parish was organized in 1909 by Father Stein, and the latter in 1910 by Father John Berning. The last parish to be organized from St. Patrick’s, Cumminsville, as well as from the parish of St. Clement in St. Bernard, Ohio, was the church of St. Bernard to care for the Catholics living in Winton Place. Father Martin Varley began the organization in the spring of 1919. 40. Idem, May 14 and August 7, 1874; Souvenir Ruby Jubilee, Blessed Sacrament Parish, Cincinnati, 1914. 41. Weohrheitsfreund, XVII, 99; Catholic Telegraph, October 22, 1853. 42. Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, printed records, I, 148 ff.; Catholic Telegraph, XX XIII, 52, 172, 366. 43. Catholic Telegraph, X XI, No. 38, p.4; X XII, February 5, 1853. 44. Catholic Telegraph, 1863, X X XII, 156, 404; Weohrheitsfreund, X XVII, 211. 132 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV Such has been the development of the English-speaking parishes in the western part of the city of Cincinnati, all filial parishes of the present cathedral parish. ‘The eastern part of the city was developed in parishes from the original cathedral parish on Sycamore street, now the parish of St. Francis Xavier. Simultaneous with the need of another English- speaking congregation in the western part of the city iu the early forties there was felt the need of a like parish in the eastern part of the city, which was then better known as Fulton. Father Olivetti, in charge of the organization of the parish toward the end of June, 1845, bought a Methodist church, situated on Goodlow street opposite Kemper Lane, and had it repaired and ready for dedication on November 9, 1845.45 Known as Christ Church originally, the parish has since be- come known as All Saints’ parish. Separated by quite a distance from this church, forty Catholic families of East Fulton who attended Christ Church were organized by Father Sullivan into the parish of Holy Angels in February, 1859, and steps were immediately taken to build a church, which was completed in 1861 upon the lot which had been donated for the purpose by Mr. Wm. C. Peters: 4* The first congregation to be organized from Holy Angels’ church in union with St. Francis de Sales and St. George churches, was the church of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin (now known as the church of the Assumption). Father O’Neil, the pastor of Holy Angels’, presided at the meeting of organization at Crowley’s hall on McMillan avenue on June 12, 1872, when it was decided to rent quarters on the second floor of the building on the southeast corner of Curtis and Gilbert avenues. Father Hazeland was assigned to the parish in October, but it was not until the arrival of Father Kennedy as pastor in 1873 that failure in the organization was forestalled and success achieved, a church being dedicated in July of the next year.‘7 The church of the Assumption in its turn was to become, together with the churches of St. George and St. 45. Catholic Telegraph, November 13, 1845; Woahrheitsfreund, July 3, 1845. 46. Catholic Telegraph, February 26, March 5, April 16, May 7, 1859; XXX, 1861, No. 19, p. 5; Souvenir Golden Jubilee, Holy Angels’ Parish, Cincinnati, 1909. 47. History of the Church of the Assumption, in The Fair Journal, Walnut Hills, June 25, 1883. CHAP. IV] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 133 Xavier, the parent church of the church of the Holy Name, Mt. Auburn, which was organized in 1904 by Father Joseph Denny. Father Denny bought the Zimmermann homestead at McMillan and Mt. Auburn avenues and celebrated the first Mass therein on\Christmas day, 1904. The second filial church of Holy Angels’ was founded in 1898 by Father O’Rourke, pastor of Holy Angels’, to provide for the increasing number of Catholics who were seeking homes in the newly-opened suburb of Hyde Park. Services were held, beginning Pentecost, 1898, in a small store on Wabash avenue, though in a short time a more suitable location on Erie avenue was obtained through the generosity of Mr. Nicholas J. Walsh, and the present building erected thereon. So rapid was the growth of this section of the city that in 1908 a section to the east in St. Mary’s parish was organized at Oakley by Father Deasy into the parish of St. Cecilia. and the solemn consecration was performed by 58. Inscription in cornerstone, Wahrheitsfreund, April 1, 1841; Catholic Telegraph, April 3, 1841, X, 110. 59. Wahrhettsfreund, July 7, 1842; Catholic Telegraph, XI, 222; Leopoldinen Berichte, 1844, XVII, 5. 60. Diamond Jubilee Souvenir, St. Mary Church, 1917. 61. Gedenk- Biichlein der St. Joannes Baptista Gemeinde, Cincinnati, 1895. 62. Deeds, Elizabeth Hammond and others to Joseph Ferneding, recorded Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book 99, pp. 27-28; Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, printed records, IV, exhibits, pp. 80-81. 63. Telegraph, March 27, 1845, XIV, 94; Wahrheitsfreund, VIII, 238; IX, 68; letter, Sister Margaret, Cincinnati, November 1, 1845, to Mother Etienne, Emmitsburg (Archives St. Joseph College, Emmitsburg, Book 6). 64. Souvenir Golden Jubilee, St. Francis Seraph Parish, Cincinnati, 1909; Gedenk- Buch der St. Franziskus Seraphicus Gemeinde (Cincinnati, 1884), p. 66 ff. 65. Inscription in cornerstone, Wahrheitsfreund, November 11, 1858, X XII, 138. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 137 Bishop James F. Wood, of Philadelphia, on December 18, 1859.66 The population continued its advances further north, particularly as the hill-tops came to be regarded as the better locations for residences. A large number of Catholics, who lived at Corryville, on the hill overlooking Vine street, and who were accustomed to frequent either the church of St. John or that of St. Francis, petitioned Father Jair for a new parish. The petition was laid before the archbishop and permission for the establishment of the new parish granted in 1868. The cornerstone of a combination church and school was laid on July 5th, and the building was dedicated in honor of St. George on November 15, 1868.6§ Father Jerome Kilgenstein, O.F.M., became the first pastor in 1870. As a number of Catholic families began to settle along the western boundary of St. George’s parish at Fairview Heights, where they found themselves inconveniently situated to attend any of the churches of St..George, St. Francis, St: John, St. Augustine or Sacred Heart, several attempts to organize them into a parish were made between the years 1897 and 1910. In the fall of the last named year the efforts of Father Henry Schumacher met with success. Services were held regularly, first in a frame church, dedicated to St. Monica, on Herman street; then in a combination church and school which was blessed on September 13, 1913. The second filial of St. Mary’s church was St. Paul’s church, which was organized in the winter of 1847-1848 by Father Joseph Ferneding, of St. Mary’s church, to provide for the overflow of the members of that church east of Thirteenth and Clay streets.*® On February 15, 1848, the four blocks between Broadway and Pendleton, and Woodward and Hunt streets, were purchased for $95,000.00 from Messrs. Pendleton and Hunt. On the lot of 124 by 180 feet which had been reserved for ecclesiastical purposes and which was bounded by Abigail, Spring, and Pendleton streets and an alley, the cornerstone of 66. Wahrheitsfreund, December 22, 1859, X XIII, 210; Catholic Telegraph, December 24, 1859. 67. Catholic Telegraph, June 3, 1868; Souvenir Golden Jubilee, St. George’s Church, Cincinnati, 1918. 68. Catholic Telegraph, November 18, 1868. 69. STELTENPOHL, Stray Leaves from the History of St. Paul’s Congregation, Cincinnati, 1900. 138 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV St. Paul’s church was laid June 25, 1848, whilst the dedication occurred on January 20, 1850.7 This new church, however, could not satisfy the Catholics on Walnut Hills who were so far distant from it. They, therefore, organized the church of St. Francis de Sales in 1849. The cornerstone of a church to be built at the corner of Hack- berry and Forest streets was laid on May 12, 1850, and on November 3d of the same year the church was dedicated.7! Father Michael Stephen Herzog was appointed the first pastor. Fourteen families living at or near Madisonville found the distance to St. Francis de Sales church too great and organized themselves into a parish in 1858, mainly through the zeal of a layman, Mr. Michael Buckel, who bought a tract of land from Mr. L. Cornuelle and with the aid of other members, set about building a brick church,7? which was dedicated under the in- vocation of St. Michael on October 9, 1859.73 Father Michael Sullivan became the first pastor. The second filial parish of St. Francis de Sales in union with St. Elizabeth’s of Norwood was St. Mark’s parish in Evanston, which was organized in 1905, when it was ascertained that there were more than one hundred families in the district.74 Beforetheend of May, 1905, the archbishop had decided on the organization of the parish under the direction of the Fathers of the Precious Blood. Father Mark Hamburger, C.PP.S., was chosen pastor. On a lot 200 by 510 feet on Montgomery avenue, donated by Miss Mary Klinckhamer, a temporary frame structure was first built, to be superceded in 1906 by a combination church and school, and finally by a new church in 1916. The third and last filial church of St. Mary’s was that of St. Louis at Eighth and Walnut streets, which was purchased for $30,000 from the Campbellites by Louis Hudepohl, who on January 5, 1870, transferred the property to the archbishop.’® After alterations the church was dedicated on March 13, 1870, 70. Catholic Telegraph, February 17, 1848; June 29, 1848; January 26, 1850; Wahr- heitsfreund, XI, 513; XIII, 222. 71. Catholic Telegraph, May 18 and November 9, 1850. 72. Catholic Telegraph, September 4, 1858; Golden Jubilee Souvenir, History of St. Anthony Parish, Madisonville, 1909. 73. Catholic Telegraph, October 15, 1859. 74. Souvenir of Dedication, St. Mark Church, Cincinnati, 1916. 75. Deed, Louis Hudepohl to J. B. Purcell, January 5, 1870, recorded Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book 374, p. 368; Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, records, I, 196 ff. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 139 under the invocation of St. Louis. Father Schweninger was appointed pastor.’7® Turning our attention now to the eastern section of the city, we find that a growing German Catholic population which had been attending Holy Trinity church in 1846, began under the supervision of Father Huber, O.F.M., the organiza- tion of St. Philomena church, the fourth German Catholic church in the city. A site having been chosen on Congress (now East Pearl) street in March, and a 99-year lease of a lot 101 by 165 feet having been executed on April 1, 1846, for an annual rental of $720.00 with the privilege of purchase at $12,000,77 the cornerstone of the church was laid on August 23d of the same year, and the church was dedicated on May 21, 1848.78 ‘The first pastor was Father Hengehold. The first filial parish of St. Philomena’s was built to ac- commodate the Catholics whose homes lay on and about the hill of Mt. Adams, and as a votive offering of Archbishop Purcell to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary.7® ‘The parish was organized under the archbishop’s 76. Catholic Telegraph, 1870, X X XIX, No. 11, p. 5. 77. Deed, M. S. Wade to Bishop Purcell, April 1, 1846, recorded in Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book 111, p. 585 (Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, IV, exhibits, p. 22); Wahrhettsfreund, IX, 244, April 9, 1846; Catholic Telegraph, XV, 102, March 25, 1846; XV, 207. 78. Inscription in cornerstone, Wahrheitsfreund, IX, 405; XI, 453; Catholic Telegraph, XOVi 27 Stee LL GG: 79. It is in connection with this church as well as with the church of Holy Cross, its neighbor, on Mt. Adams, that a story was invented and given credence by not a few that President John Quincy Adams in his speech on the occasion of the laying of the cornerstone of the Cincinnati Observatory on Mt. Adams, in 1843, expressed the hope that the observatory should be ‘‘a beacon of true science that should never be obscured by the dark shadows of superstition and intolerance symbolized by the Popish Cross’’, to which Archbishop Purcell was made to utter an oath that the prophecy should fail. The examination of this question and the conclusion reached by Mr. Martin I. J. Griffin in the early nineties, denying the founda- tion for such a story, has not stilled the vcices of subsequent speakers nor broken the plumes of writers on local history. But we ought to be and must be fair. The speech of John Quincy Adams on that occasion was printed. In it one looks in vain for the words referred to. Indeed, the following words in the peroration would not let one even infer the words attributed to him: ‘‘Let us proceed, then, so to do; and here, in the presence of the vast multitude of the free citizens of the United States of America, of the State of Ohio, and of the city of Cin- cinnati, I do lay this cornerstone, invoking the blessing of Him in whose presence we all stand, upon the building which is here to rise,’ etc. (Oration, p. 65). If the words attributed to Mr. Adams had been uttered by him in 1843, they would have been, without a doubt, recorded in the files of the Catholic Telegraph, of that date, as the Telegraph summoned Mr. Adams to account for a gross misstatement to the effect that Galileo had been persecuted by the Inquisition, an institution, which, so Mr. Adams stated, had been founded by St. Ignatius Loyola. A boy in high school would be able to tell you that Ignatius Loyola lived in the sixteenth century only, whilst the Inquisition existed in the late Middle Ages. Surely, if the Catholic Telegraph would make capital of such ignorance on the part of Mr. Adams, it would not have hesitated to take 140 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV special guidance in 1859 and then entrusted to Father Brun- ner.*° ‘To accommodate the English-speaking Catholics of the Immaculate Conception church, the Passionist Fathers who came to Cincinnati in 1872 built the church of Holy Cross on Mt. Adams, a frame building which was dedicated on June 22, 1873.81 The second daughter of St. Philomena’s in union with St. Francis de Sales’ was St. Rose’s congregation, which was organized in the East End on January 15, 1867. In the next month a lot 236 by 500 feet down to the Ohio river, on the southeast corner of Eastern avenue and Lumber street, was purchased from John F. Torrence for $10,000. ‘The first pastor was Father Ratte.*? From the same two mother-parishes as St. Rose’s arose the parish of St. Stephen’s, at Eastern and Donham avenues, the great distance to church being the impelling motive for its organization by Father Engbers in 1867.8: A daughter of St. Stephen’s church in union with St. Jerome’s at California is the church of Guardian Angels at Mt. Washington, where thirty families were organized into a parish in 1892 and at- tended by the professors of St. Gregory seminary.*4 The second daughter of St. Stephen’s was the parish of Our Lady of Loretto, Linwood, where in 1903 seventy to eighty Catholic families were organized into a congregation by Father Lamping him to task for that which would have shown greater virulence towards the Catholic Church in Cincinnati. Nowhere, however, is there to be found the slightest hint of this in the Tele- graph. On the contrary, its first editoriul mention of the subject is a denial. The story took form when the Passionist Fathers bought the Observatory in 1872, converted it into a monas- tery and built the church of Holy Cross adjoining it. When the church was dedicated on June 22, 1873, the story was taken up generally. It appeared in the daily papers as well. In its editorial on June 26, 1873, the Telegraph states: ‘‘The Cincinnati Gazette gave a character- istic account of the ‘Catholic Ceremony’ on Observatory Hill last Sunday, in its Monday issue. We think it is utterly false that John Q. Adams prophecied that no cross should ever be placed on that hill. We know it is utterly false that Archbishop Purcell registered an oath that this prophecy should fail.’’ Archbishop Purcell was still alive when this note appeared, and we are inclined to believe, as our experience in other instances has taught us, that he prompted its insertion. Our conclusion, therefore, is that the story has no historical foundation. Despite the editorial of June 26, 1873, or perhaps rather in ignorance of it, the editor of the Catholic Telegraph, in August, 1895, takes Martin I. J. Griffin to task for his denial of a foundation to the story and enlarges much in trying to substantiate it. Needless to say, the article can not stand historical criticism. 80. Catholic Telegraph, August 27, 1859; Wahrheitsfreund, December 13, 1860, X XIV, 198-99. 81. Catholic Telegraph, April 11, 1872, and June 26, 1873. 82. Catholic Telegraph, XX XVI, No. 42, p.4; Souvenir Golden Jubilee, St. Rose Church, Cincinnati, 1919. 83. Catholic Telegraph, X X XVI, No. 46, p. 4. 84. Catholic Telegraph, November 17, 1892. CHAP. IV] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 141 of St. Gregory seminary. The town hall, which had been purchased by James Hetkin, was transferred to the archbishop in that year and services begun.8® Having thus considered the northern and eastern sections of the city, we turn now to the western section of the city as it developed into parishes from Holy Trinity parish. ‘Texas’’, as the section was known in which St. Joseph’s church is situated, was organized into a parish from Catholics who attended Holy Trinity as well as St. John’s church, by Father William Unterthiner, O.F.M., pastor of the last named church. A lot 96 by 200 feet at Linn and Laurel streets was purchased in March, 1846, and upon it was laid the cornerstone of a com- bination church and school on September 6, 1846. It was soon found necessary to build a new church, of which the cor- nerstone was laid on March 19th and the blessing performed on December 10, 1848.86 Father Luers became the first pastor. The first filial parish of St. Joseph’s was St. Michael’s in Storrs township, where forty-five persons organized themselves into a congregation in the early part of 1847 and drew up a constitution for the church.’’ A strip of property from Storrs to Sixth street was donated to the parish by Innocent Troenle, whilst two contiguous pieces of property were bought in April and May, 1847, for $2,500 and $3,000 respectively.** On the lots reserved for church purposes the cornerstone of the church was laid August 1, 1847, and the church was dedicated June 4, 1848.8° Father Zoppoth was selected as the first pastor of the congregation. The first filial congregation of St. Michael’s was that of St. Lawrence on Price Hill, which was benefited greatly, though only temporarily, by the building of the seminary chapel 85. Souvenir Tenth Anniversary, Our Lady of Loretto Parish, Cincinnati, 1913. 86. Catholic Telegraph, XV, 102, 414; XVI, 94; XVII, 398; Waohrheittsfreund, 1X, 244; XK, 13,124; XI, 350-51. 87. Souvenir of Seventieth Anniversary, St. Michael Parish, Cincinnati, 1917; Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, printed records, I, 75-79. 88. Deed of Anthony Donnesberger and others to J. B. Purcell, April 1, 1847, recorded Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book 119, p. 410; deed of Thompson and Charles Neave to J. B. Purcell, May 27, 1847, recorded Book 122, p. 175; Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, printed records, II, 13; IV, pp. 55-58, exhibits 33 and 34. 89. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, December 8, 1847, to Leopoldine Association, Vienna ( Berichte, 1848-49, X XI, 7); Catholic Telegraph, XVI, 246; XVII, 182; Weohrheitsfreund, XI, 466, 477. 142 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. IV of St. John Baptist in 1857. The new parish was not formally organized till 1868, when on July 13th a lot containing over an acre of ground was purchased for $3,000 by Father Bonner.» In the following year Father Richter took charge and saw his efforts materialize in the dedication by Bishop Toebbe of a combination church and school under the invocation of St. Lawrence O’Toole on June 12, 1870.9! St. Lawrence church became in turn the mother of four parish churches on Price Hill, the first of. which was the parish of Holy Family, organized on January 13, 1884, with Father John H. Menke pastor.*? As the people continued to move from the city to the suburbs, the western part of Price Hill grew to such extensions as to demand another Catholic parish in 1909, when St. William’s parish was organized by Father Roth among 243 Catholic families who had until then wor- shipped at St. Lawrence church. The rapid growth of a new section at Overlook demanded another parish out of St. Law- rence and St. William congregations. The organization was effected in August, 1916, under the pastor, Father Joseph B. Mueller, and a temporary church dedicated on December 24, 1916. The fourth filial church of St. Lawrence congregation, the church of the Resurrection, was formed to the northwest of the mother-parish in 1919 by Father Grusenmeyer, who built a combination church and school. The second offspring of St. Joseph’s church was St. Augus- tine’s, which was organized by Father Edward Purcell in 1852 as an English-speaking congregation. The cornerstone of the church, which was to serve likewise as a chapel for the Ursuline Sisters on Bank street, was laid on August 29, 1852, and the dedication occurred on October 16, 1853. Father Boulger was named as pastor. Failing of support, however, and with a great influx of German-Catholic immigrants, the congregation was made over to the German-speaking Catholics of the vicinity on June 14, 1857 for $15,000, and Father Hengehold was made its pastor.2? The growth of Camp Washington to 90. Souvenir Golden Jubilee, St. Lawrence Parish, Cincinnati, 1920; Catholic Telegraph, May 26, 1869. 91. Catholic Telegraph, 1870, XX XIX, No. 24, p. 4; Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, printed records, II, 813-24. 92. Catholic Telegraph, August 28, 1884; Souvenir of Dedication of New Church, Holy Family Parish, Cincinnati, 1916. 93. Catholic Telegraph, October 22, 1853; Wahrheitsfreund, XVII, 99; XX, 526, CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 143 the northwest of St. Augustine’s necessitated the organization of Sacred Heart of Jesus parish in July, 1870, drawing not only from St. Augustine’s, but also from St. Boniface’s, Cummins- ville. A combination church and school was dedicated on December 18, 1870.94 Father Joseph Goebbels became the pastor. The distance which the Catholics of Fairmount had to travel to attend either Sacred Heart church or St. Bona- venture’s church, Lick Run, led to the organization of St. Leo congregation in 1886 under the presidency of Father Albrinck. The pastorate was entrusted to Father Varelman.®s The third and last filial church of St. Joseph’s in union with Holy Trinity church was formed in 1860 to the southwest, where numbers of Catholics had settled and found themselves inadequately provided for at the two churches. In February, 1860, Anton Donnesberger sold to St. Anthony’s congregation a lot 205 by 192 feet on Budd street and 285 feet on Donnes- berger street for $25,000. Under the supervision of Father Ferneding a combination church, school and parsonage was built and made ready for dedication to St. Anthony on Sep- tember 20, 1860. A church was begun the following year and dedicated on June 14, 1863.9* The excessive crowding of St. Anthony’s, St. Augustine’s and St. Joseph’s necessitated the erection in 1873 of a church to the north of St. Anthony parish. The organization was effected under the vicar-general, Father Otto Jair, and a combination church, school and parsonage built. Father Ullrich was appointed pastor of the new parish of St. Henry.®’ As a development in the western part of the city we have reserved for the last place the church of St. Peter, Lick Run, or as it is now known St. Bonaventure, though if we were to consider the time of its organization, we should have to place it even before St. Joseph’s church. For the assertion in the Souvenir Album that there was a small church of St. Peter about a mile from the present St. Bonaventure church as early 94. Catholic Telegraph, X X XIX, No. 35, p.5; Jubilee Souvenir, Sacred Heart Church, Cincinnati, 1914; Year Book of Sacred Heart Parish, January, 1919. Souvenir Golden Jubilee, October, 1920. 95. Catholic Telegraph, August 25, 1887; April 26, 1888. 96. Article, Der erste Kunstgaertner von Cincinnati in Der Deutsche Pionier, 1, 3-4; Catholic Telegraph, XXX, No. 50,p.4; XXXII, p. 196. 97. Catholic Telegraph, December 18, 1873; August 25 and September 1, 1892. 144 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV as 1844 is in all likelihood correct, since we have discovered in a deed of property that on January 1, 1845, John Weber and wife transferred to Francis Riess, John Beck and Joseph F. Riess, their associates and successors thirty-nine hundredths of an acre on Lick Run road for the benefit of the Catholic Ger- man congregation in Lick Run. On April 2, 1848, the congre- gation in a meeting decided to have the trustees deed over this property to John B. Purcell.°8 In 1866 the church began to be administered from St. Francis of Assisi church. Finding the church building going to ruins and situated at an inconvenient place, the pastor, Father Jacob Menchen, O.F.M., resolved to build a new church, which was begun in 1868 and dedicated in the next year to St. Bonaventure. Having thus completed the consideration of the develop- ment of the English and German speaking congregations of Cincinnati, we turn to that of the other national churches and the church for the colored people in the city of Cincinnati. Of these the first to be organized was the church of St. Anne to take care of the colored folks of the city. The organization - was begun in 1865 by Father Weninger, S.J., who collected $4,000 for a church and school. On May 10, 1866, a lot was purchased on the north side of Longworth street, between Race and Elm streets, and there church services were held and classes taught. A change of site occurred in 1873 to New street, and again in 1908 to John street, between Richmond and Court streets. 1° A Dutch church was organized in 1852. The Lutheran church at the corner of Liberty and Walnut streets was pur- chased in the summer of that year and converted into a Catho- lic church, dedicated in honor of St. Willibrord. The parish obtained a Dutch priest for its pastor in May, 1853, when Father John Van Luytelaar, who later became a Redemptorist, arrived at Cincinnati. 1% 98. Deed, John Weber and others to Rt. Rev. J. B. Purcell, signed April 8, 1848, recorded September 18, 1866, Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Deeds, Book 329, pp. 559-561. 99. Catholic Directory, 1867; Sketch, Pater Jacob Menchen, in Der Deutsche Pionier, XIII, 192; Catholic Telegraph, September 9, 1868; Souvenir Album, St. Bonaventure Church. 100. Letter, Weninger, May, 1866, to Leopoldine Association, Vienna (Berichte, 1866, XX XVI, pp. 1-2); warranty deed, City of Cincinnati to Charles Driscoll, recorded May 10, 1866, Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book 326, p. 235; Catholic Telegraph, April 11, 1866. 101. Catholic Telegraph, July 17, 1852; November 27, 1852. CHAP. IV | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 145 The Polish parish, St. Stanislaus, was organized under the direction of the Franciscan Fathers, Father Candid Koslowski, O.F.M., beginning the organization in 1873 and buying the Lutheran church at the corner of Liberty and Cutter streets in March, 1875.1° Efforts were made quite early to provide for the Italian immigrants to Cincinnati in the fifties and sixties. An at- tempt at organization was made in 1867, but it proved un- successful as Archbishop Purcell met with disappointment in his endeavor to have the Fathers of the Society of the Mission, London, take up the work in Cincinnati. Not until 1890, when Father Angelo Chiariglione gathered the Italians together for Mass in the basement of St. Peter’s cathedral, and then in September of that year in St. Clara chapel at Third and Lytle streets, did affairs take a prosperous turn, culminating in the erection and dedication in 1893 of the Sacred Heart church on Broadway, between Fifth and Sixth streets. 193 The Syrian mission was begun upon the arrival of Father Kayata in February, 1910, and the parish was organized in December of that year, Mass in the Maronite rite being said for the congregation in the basement of Sacred Heart church on Broadway, Christmas day, 1910. Upon the advent of Father Tobias Dahdah, July 20, 1911, services were held in St. Thomas church for two years, until the church of the Atone- ment on Third street was given to him for the Syrians of Cin- cinnati. 194 The last of the national churches in Cincinnati is the church of St. Joseph of Nazareth at Liberty and Elm streets, though this property was bought only in March, 1919. In the be- ginning services were held by Father Neurihrer, Hungarian, in St. Stanislaus church, but new quarters were obtained in 1915 in the old convent of the Good Shepherd on Baum street. When the change was made to Liberty and Elm streets in 102. Catholic Telegraph, June 12, 1873; March 18, 1875. 103. Letter, Rev. Ae. Kirner, S.M., St. Louis, February 24, 1868, to Archbishop Purcell; same, London, England, December 5, 1868, to same (Cincinnati Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio); Catholic Telegraph, January 1, 1868; September 11, 1890; October 6, 1892; August 31, 1893. 104. Catholic Telegraph, February 17 and December 22, 1910. 146 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV September, 1919, the Franciscan Father, Sigismund Pirron, took charge. 1°5 Such has been the splendid growth in the city limits of that little frame church on Vine and Liberty streets in 1819. But it was to be the mother-church also of other churches in the county of Hamilton beyond the city limits, and of the other churches in the rest of the diocese. In the southwestern cor- ner of the county, the first church to receive organization from Cincinnati traces its history back to the early thirties, when Father Henni, the pastor of the newly-formed Holy Trinity parish, visited and said Mass for the Catholics in Delhi township, though formal organization did not occur until about 1843, when a lot on Rapid Run pike was donated by Adam Emge for a church site and a log church dedicated the following year under the patronage of St. Stephen. The site was changed in 1853, when the new church was placed under the patronage of Our Lady of Victory. °° The growth of lower Delhi, which is now within the corpor- ation limits, caused the establishment of a filial parish of Our Lady of Victory in 1868, when a school house was built and dedicated to St. Aloysius. From this parish Father Scholl in 1886 organized the parish of St. Joseph, North Bend, to care for the Catholics of that village and the village of Cleves. In the northwestern section of the county, the mother- parish, a filial of Cincinnati, was St. James parish, White Oak, which was organized in 1844 by Father Joseph Ferneding to care for the Catholics, mostly Germans, in the entire northern section of the county.!°’ Its first filial parish, the Assumption, was established to the northeast at Mt. Healthy by the pastor Father Pabisch in 1854, to provide for the Catholics of that village and of Mt. Pleasant, who had to travel five and six miles in order to fulfill their religious obligations.1°* To the southwest, its second filial, St. John’s, Dry Ridge, was organ- 105. Catholic Telegraph, December 17, 1914; September 16, 1915; March 27, 1919; May 15, 1919; September 11, 1919. 106. Catholic Telegraph, December 10, 1853; Wahrheitsfreund, XVII, 173; Souvenir Seventy-fifth Anniversary, Our Lady of Victory, Delhi, 1918; Tégliches Cincinnatier Volks- blatt, August 14, 1918, p. 4. 107. Catholic Telegraph, May 11, 1844; November 29, 1849; Wohrheitsfreund, XIII, 162. 108. Deed, Joseph Hackenger to J. B. Purcell, September 21, 1854, recorded Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book 208, p. 6 (Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, records, IV, exhibit 25, pp. 31-32); Catholic Telegraph, October 21, 1854; August 11, 1855. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 147 / ized in 1860 by Father Stehle and was attended from Mt. Healthy up to 1867.19» The neighboring parish to Dry Ridge, St. Aloysius at Bridgetown, was next organized by Father Stehle in 1866,11° and in the following year the parish of St. Bernard at Taylor Creek was founded.'1: Both of these parishes were then placed under the charge of Father George Veith, who resided at Bridgetown. ‘The first filial parish of Bridgetown was St. Catharine’s, Westwood, the organization of which was begun on January 1, 1902 by Father Ellerbrock of Bridgetown, and completed in 1903 by Father Tieken.112 Out of this parish, as well as out of Bridgetown, was formed the parish at Cheviot, where the Catholics, after en- during many inconveniences of distance and bad roads in at- tending either of the above churches, were organized into St. Martin’s parish by Father Auer. The furthermost parish in the northwestern part of the county of Hamilton was organized at Harrison from Cincinnati in 1851, when a large number of Catholics bought a lot of ground and began the building of a church, to be dedicated in honor of ot, John the Baptist.’ Father Nicholas Wachter, O.F.M., first tended the parish. !1° Passing over to the northern and northeastern part of the county, we find two parishes, which were to serve as mother- parishes, being organized in 1850, the parishes of St. Clement in St. Bernard and SS. Peter and Paulin Reading. The former resulted from the offer of a plot of ground and eight hundred dollars for church purposes to the Franciscan Fathers by Messrs. Joseph Kleine and J. B. Schroeder, who were planning the new village of St. Bernard and saw the advantage of having a church in the proposed village. The offer was accepted and a church begun in 1850.114 The other of the two churches was organ- ized by Father Joseph Ferneding, and after its dedication in the following year was given in charge to Father Joseph Andrew 109. Deed, Samuel Bevis (Betscher?) to J. B. Purcell, March 13, 1860, recorded in Hamil- ton County Recorder’s Office, Book 329, p. 416 (Supreme Court of Ohio, ut supra, IV, exhibit 21, p. 27); Catholic Telegraph, June 9, 1860. 110. Catholic Telegraph, XX XVI, No. 46, p.4; XX XVII, November 4, 1868. 111. Catholic Telegraph, XX XVII, June 24, 1868. 112. History St. Catherine Parish, Westwood, 1914. 113. Catholic Telegraph, September 20 and October 4, 1851. 114. H. A. and Mrs. Kats B. Forp, History of Hamilton County, p. 345; Regula et Testamentum S. P. D. Francisci, Pars III, Relatio, p. 15; Catholic Telegraph, June 29, 1850; November 29, 1851. 148 HISTORY OF THE | CHAP. IV Stephan.115 In 1874 Father Kress, the pastor of Reading, organized a second parish in the village under the invocation of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart to be at the service of the English-speaking Catholics.11° From this second church in Reading Father Charles McCalleon organized the church of St. James in the neighboring village of Wyoming in 1886. The pastor of SS. Peter and Paul visited also some Catholic families to the north of his parish in Glendale, and after the construction of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad had caused an increased in the population of that village, Father Albrinck, the pastor of Reading in 1859, organized St. Gabriel parish at Glendale. The railroad yards situated to the east of Glendale and north of Reading caused an increase of population likewise at Sharon, where the church of St. Michael was organized by Father James Conroy in 1919. From the two mother-parishes, St. Clement’s and SS. Peter and Paul, arose the parish of St. Charles Borromeo in Carthage, where the Catholics, who had experienced the inconveniences of the distance of three and four miles to St. Bernard and Reading respectively, organized themselves in 1869 and under the supervision of Father Albrinck began at once the construction of a combination church, school and residence.!17_ From Carthage and St. Clement’s, St. Bernard, seventy-five families at Elmwood Place formed the parish of St. Aloysius in 1887, and under the direction of Father Drufner of Carthage proceeded to build a combination church, school and residence at the northeast corner of Township avenue and Carthage pike.1!8 The distance which people livingin Bond Hill had to travel to attend this parish in Elmwood Place or to Carth- age or Norwood soon occasioned the church of St. Agnes at Bond Hill, which was organized in 1892 by Father Von der Ahe who was then stationed at St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum, Bond Hill. To the northeast of Cincinnati a new subdivision, in which about 30 Catholic families had invested, was opened in 1884 by Messrs. Mills and Kline in West Norwood. ‘To further the 115. Catholic Telegraph, May 31, 1851; Geschichte der St. Peter und Paulus Kirche, Reading, Ohio, 1901. 116. Idem, August 20, 1874. 117. Souvenir Golden Jubilee, St. Charles Borromeo Church, Carthage, 1919. 118. Catholic Telegraph, December 20, 1888; Souvenir Dedication, St. Aloysius Church, Elmwood Place, 1918. CHAP. IV | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 149 enterprise lots for ehuren purposes were donated by the two gentlemen, and shortlyafter, on August 3lst, an organization, called the St. Joseph’s Catholic Men’s Society of Norwood, was effected and on October 6th incorporated. Under the guidance of Father Albrinck a combination frame church, school and parsonage was built and.dedicated in honor of St. Elizabeth in 1886.119 The growth of Norwood southward rendered im- perative a second congregation in 1906, when Father Frederick Gallagher undertook the establishment of St. Matthew’s congregation. The third church of Norwood, SS. Peter and Paul, was organized by Father Bernard Beckemeyer in 1906 in North Norwood or Norwood Heights. The entire section to the northeast on Montgomery pike, was formed into a parish ‘in 1891, when Father Albrinck organized St. John’s church at Deer Park. When the Catholics at Pleasant Ridge became numerous enough, the church of the Nativity of Our Lord was founded by Father William J. Egan in 1917. With the consideration of the development of the parishes in Hamilton county completed, we pass on eastward to the counties of Clermont, Brown, Highland and Warren, in which the parishes are to be traced to the mother-parish of St. Mar- tin’s, Brown county, the first filial parish of Cincinnati and the second parish, therefore, of the archdiocese. As early as 1820 several Catholic families had settled upon land thirty miles northeast of Cincinnati on the east branch of the Little Miami river. To make the colony prosper, Wm. Lytle, the pro- prietor, offered a tract of land to the Catholics for ecclesiastical purposes. Upon accepting the offer missionaries from Cin- cinnati visited the place occasionally, but not until 1830 did they undertake to organize a parish. ‘This was done by Father Kundig, who was sent to St. Martin’s sometime after his ordi- nation in 1829, and in 1831 was completing the church which he had begun.129 In the year 1837 the foundations of two fil ial parishes of St. Martin’s were laid at Fayetteville and Arn- heim in Brown county. ‘The first of these, St. Patrick’s, was organized under the guidance of the priest at St. Martin’s, 119. Catholic Telegraph, October 6, 1886; September 18, 1890; October 31, 1912. 120. Letter, Roman Catholic Committee of Cincinnati, September 25, 1820, to Arch- bishop Maréchal, Baltimore (Baltimore Archives, Case 22,B 1; printed in Catholic Historical Review, IV, 30-31); London Catholic Miscellany, 1, 475; Catholic Telegraph, 1831, I, 14. 150 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV Father Masquelet.'!2!— From this filial church Father Daly in 1852 formed the parish of St. Mary’s, Hillsboro, in the neighboring county of Highland, where ten to fifteen families wished to have more suitable quarters for religious services than were furnished in the home of a family, which had up till then been generously offered to Father Butler upon his visits to that town in 1849 and 1850.122, The pastor of Hills- boro, Father J. B. O’ Donoghue, organized two filial parishes: one, St. Andrew’s at Milford in 1854-55, though Milford strictly was in the territory of a parish other than Hillsboro, but had been attached to Hillsboro as a mission in 1853; the other, St. Benignus at Greenfield, where a church was built in 1857.12 From Milford, Father J. B. O’Donoghue organ- ized St. Columbanus parish at Loveland in Clermont county, the pastor of which in 1871 undertook to establish’ the con- gregation at Lebanon, but failed. The church at this last place, St. Francis de Sales, was finally organized in 1883 by Father Brinkmeyer. The second of St. Martin’s filial parishes, the foundations of which were laid in 1837, resulted from the zeal of the Catholic laymen at Arnheim, a village to the northeast of Georgetown in Brown county. Catholics resided there since 1827 and heartily welcoined the visit of a passing priest for the consolations of religion which it brought. Foremost in the community was Wendel Klein, who donated one-half an acre of ground, upon which a log church, dedicated in honor of St. Wendelin, was built in 1837. It was nearly fifty years before this mission was erected into a congregation under Father Mesmer in 1882. The third and last filial of St. Martin’s was the parish at Stonelick in Clermont county, which was formed to accommo- date the French and German immigrants who had settled in that vicinity. Fathers Gacon and Cheymol of St. Martin’s established the parish in 1840 when the log church of St. Philomena was dedicated.124 This church was in turn the mother-parish of St. Louis church at Owensville, which was 121. Catholic Telegraph, August 31, 1837; October 9, 1841; Woahrheitsfreund, Sep- tember 14, 1837; October 7, 1841. 122. Catholic Telegraph, November 13, 1852; July 30, 1853; Illustrated History St. Mary’s Church, Hillsboro, Ohio, 1898. 123. Catholic Telegraph, X XVI, No. 42, p.4; XXVIII, January 1, 1859; Dedication Souvenir, St. Benignus Church, Greenfield, Ohio, 1905. 124. Catholic Telegraph, October 31, 1840. « CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 151 organized in 1856 by Father Stehle, who immediately began the erection of a brick church and completed it in 1859.125 In the four counties now being considered there remain three parishes which were not, strictly speaking, filial parishes of any which we have considered: Morrow in Warren county, which is a filial of Xenia in Greene county; New Richmond in Clermont county; and Ripley in Brown county. The first will be considered in its relation to Xenia. St. Peter’s in. New Richmond on the Ohio was organized in 1849 and a church blessed in the next year.126 As early as 1842, its neighbor at Ripley had a frame church, dedicated in honor of St. John the Baptist,. although services were held therein only as rare occasions brought a priest to the village.127. The invocation of the saint was changed subsequently to St. Michael. 128 The second filial church of the cathedral of Cincinnati out- side the city of Cincinnati, the third parish in the archdiocese as it is at present confined to southwestern Ohio, bears a unique history in its organization. For in response to the preaching in 1829 of Bishop Fenwick and Father Mullon in the courthouse at Hamilton, Butler county, the inhabitants of the town, though there was but a solitary Catholic man in it, took up a subscription for the purpose of buying ground and building a Roman Catholic church in their midst. The ground was bought, the deed of conveyance was presented to the bishop, and a building to cost $2,000 was begun in 1831. For some reason or other the building was not completed until 1836, when it was dedicated in honor of St. Stephen.129 This church was to be the mother-church of the churches in the counties of Butler, Preble, Miami and Shelby (central part). With the increase of German immigrants in Hamilton, Father Hallinan, the pastor of St. Stephen’s in 1847, advised the formation of a second parish to satisfy the demands of the Germans of the town.1%° Accordingly, a society into which 125. Idem, December 20, 1856; July 23, 1859. 126. Idem, December 6, 1849; November 16, 1850. 127. Idem, June 25, 1842; Wahrheitsfreund, June 30, 1842. 128. Catholic Telegraph, January 18, 1865. 129. Letter, J. B. Clicteur, Secretary of Bishop Fenwick, Cincinnati, February 17, 1829, to Central Council of Lyons, France (Annales, IV, 510); U. S. Catholic Miscellany, February 20, 1830, p. 270; letter, Résé, Cincinnati, August 2, 1831, to Leopoldine Association, Vienna ( Berichte, III, 6); Catholic Telegraph, V, 308, August 25, 1836. 130. Letter, D. M Hallinan, Hamilton, May 31, 1847, to Bishop Purcell (Notre Dame Archives). 152 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV monthly dues were to be paid for the building of a church, was formed in July, 1847.13: But instead of building a church the German Catholics offered $3,000 for St. Stephen’s to the English-speaking Catholics, who then bought the Episcopalian church and had it dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary on July 23, 1848.132 The growth of the southern and south- western part of Hamilton, with the ever increasing number of German Catholics, caused another division in St. Stephen’s parish in 1865, when St. Joseph’s church was organized by Father Nicholas Wachter, O.F.M., of St. Stephen’s. In 1867, when the Franciscans gave up the church, with the building under roof and the tower partly built, Father Steinlage took charge and pushed the work to completion. 13 From St. Joseph’s parish, three parishes were later to be organized, the first of them having been the parish of St. Veronica in 1894; the second, likewise in 1894, of St. Peter on the west side of the Great Miami river. Both of them were organized by Father Varelmann, the pastor of St. Joseph’s, and both of them were given Father Proeppermann for their first pastor. The third parish, that of St. Anne, was organ- ized in 1908 by Father Holthaus. To St. Stephen’s, Hamilton, must be traced also the parishes at Piqua, Sidney, Middletown and Oxford. When in the middle forties Father Hallinan was the pastor at St. Stephen’s, he hearkened to the cry of religious distress as it was voiced in the upper Miami valley from Middletown, Piqua and Sidney. | Short pastoral visits were then paid to those localities, and con- gregations organized later. Thus it happened that at Piqua thirty Catholic families were organized by Father Hallinan in 1844 and a church, to be dedicated under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was built under his direction as well as that of Father James P. Cahill. To the latter the parish was entrusted in 1845.!34 In 1855, when the German immi- grants at Piqua became numerous enough to have a separate 131. Letter, same to same, July 21, 1847 (Notre Dame Archives). 132. Letter, same to same, July 12, 1848 (Notre Dame Archives); Catholic Telegraph, July 27, 1848; Waohrheitsfreund, XI, 574. 133. Catholic Telegraph, XXXIV, 244; XXXVI, No. 39, p. 5, September 18, 1867. 134. Wahrheitsfreund, VII, 404 (August 22, 1844); letter, D. M. Hallinan, Piqua, January 24, 1844, to Bishop Purcell (Notre Dame Archives); letter, J. P. Cahill, Piqua, Janu- ary 22, 1846, to Bishop Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio); Catholic Telegraph, XV, 94 (March 12, 1846); U.S. Catholic Magazine, V, 231. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 153 / church, St. Boniface church was organized by Father Hem- steger. Under the direction of the two pastors at Piqua in 1858, Fathers Hemsteger and Kennedy, two congregations were organized south from Piqua at Troy and Tippecanoe City, where sites for churches were chosen and the buildings begun, to be dedicated in honor of St. Patrick and St. John Baptist respectively. 135 Continuing his apostolic mission further north, Father Hallinan organized the congregation at Sidney in 1844, pur- chased a frame church in 1845, and had it dedicated in honor of the Angels of Heaven.!3* ‘The sole filial church of Sidney is the congregation at St. Patrick’s, Shelby county, which was organized by Father Henneberry in 1862. ‘The third of the towns visited by Father Hallinan was Middletown in Butler county. ‘The congregation of Holy Trinity, however, was not organized by him, but by his successor in 1852, Father Kearney, who undertook the building of the church in the next spring. To care for the German-speaking Catholics of the city a parish was organized in 1872 by the Franciscan Fathers, then in charge of St. Stephen’s, Hamilton, by whom a church was begun in the summer of 1872 and, when completed, dedi- cated under the title of St. Boniface. This invocation was retained until 1882, when it was changed to St. John Baptist. In the early fifties there lived a number of Catholics to the north of Middletown at Franklin, where Father Terence Smith of Holy Trinity, Middletown, organized the congregation of St. Mary in 1854, though the congregation did not own a church until after the arrival at Middletown of Father Boulger, who built a frame church at Franklin. The last of the filial churches of Hamilton, but more properly of St. Mary’s church, since the organization occurred after the division of St. Stephen’s, was Oxford in Butler county, where Father Kearney had visited in 1852, but where his successor, Father Jeremiah O’Connor, organized the parish, purchasing a house on the northwest corner of Poplar and Collins street, and dedicating it in 1853 under the invocation of the Blessed 135. Souvenir, Dedication St. Patrick Church, Troy, 1916; Catholic Telegraph, April 10, 1858; October 2, 1858; October 1, 1862. 136. Letter, D. M. Hallinan, Piqua, January 24, 1844, to Bishop Purcell (Notre Dame Archives); Catholic Telegraph, April 3, 1845. 154 HISTORY OF THE | [ CHAP. IV Virgin Mary.137 The same procedure was followed in the parish of the Visitation at Eaton in Preble county, which was visited first by Father Kearney in 1852, and organized by Father O’Connor in 1853. The fourth mother-parish out of the city of Cincinnati within the present limits of the archdiocese was the parish of St. Augustine at Minster, Ohio, which became the first parish of the four counties of Shelby, Darke, Mercer and Auglaize. Here a colony of German immigrants, mostly from Miinster, Westphalia, settled in 1831 under the guidance of Franz Joseph Stallo, after whom the settlement was named Stallostown. The settlement was entirely Catholic, so that when Bishop Purcell turned the steps of Father Horstmann northward in his diocese to seek lands for a settlement of the band of immigrants accompanying him from Germany, the arrival of the Father at Stallostown in December, 1833, brought indescribable joy to the former settlers, especially after Father Horstmann had sent a messenger to Father Collins at Dayton for the loan of ‘church utensils necessary for the celebration of Mass. ‘The Father tarried with them till Christmas day, when he set out for Detroit to make the necessary negotiations for property in Putnam county, where he located in 1834. From Glandorf, as he named the new town, he failed not to visit the mission at Stallostown and to form new missions at Petersburg and Wapakoneta. He visited Stallostown in 1834 and established the mission. Bishop Purcell visited it the same year and entered into an agreement with it on December 30th. But the organization of the parish occurred two years later on October 30, 1836, when a constitution was drawn up by Father Horstmann for the people, and signed by himself, by six chosen trustees, and by Father Francis Bartels, who had become the resident pastor of the congregation on September 21, 1836.138 The congregation worshipped then in a log church, which had been built the previous year or perhaps even in 1834. When the constitution was drawn up, it also included a consideration of the neighboring settlement at St. John’s, Maria Stein, which could receive the ministrations of the pastor 137. Catholic Telegraph, September 10, 1853. 138. Constitution of Church at Stallostown, 1836, in Latin and German (Notre Dame Archives). CHAP. IV] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 155 of Minster, if it contributed to his support 100 of the 400 dollars to be collected by the people at Minster.139 The offer was accepted and a log church constructed the following year. The second parish out of Minster was formed the next year on July 4, 1838, when fifty families which had been brought to- gether at Fort Loramie, largely on account of the work to be had on the Miami canal, united to form the congregation of St. Michael. 14° The third filial parish of Minster was St. Rose’s, about four miles west, where a log church was built in 1839 to take care of about seventy-eight families in the neighborhood. St. Rose’s bore two new parishes, one St. Mary’s at Casella in 1847, the other at St. Sebastianin 1851. The latter became a mother- parish in 1895, when the parish of the Most Precious Blood was organized at Chickasaw, and again in 1903 when Our Lady of Guadalupe parish was formed at Montezuma. The fourth filial parish of Minster was founded at St. Henry, where twenty members were organized into a parish, and a frame church built by them in 1839. St. Henry parish was in time to be the mother-parish of others, among them being, first, the church of St. Mary at Philothea, which was organized in 1851 to obviate the difficulties of traveling over bad roads to attend church; secondly, the church of St. Francis at Cranberry Prairie, which was organized in 1858; and thirdly, St. Bernard’s church, which was organized in 1874 out of St. Wendelin’s as well as St. Henry’s. To the first of the three belongs the distinction of having been the mother-parish of Holy Trinity church, Coldwater, which was established in 1867,143 The fifth filial parish of Minster was formed at Victoria, about two miles east of Ft. Recovery, where some German immigrants as well as former inhabitants of Perry county, Ohio, had settled and built a log church in honor of St. Joseph in 1839, though the church was not blessed until 1845. A distance of about ten miles to church caused a number of Ger- man Catholic families living northwest of St. Joseph’s. to organize themselves in 1852, and under the direction of Father 139. Idem. 140. Archives of St. Michael’s Congregation, Fort Loramie (Bicor, Annalen der St. Michaelsgemeinde, Ft. Loramie, 1769-1903, p. 140). 141. Souvenir Golden Jubilee, Holy Trinity Congregation, Coldwater, Ohio, 1918. 156 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV Albrecht, C.PP.S., to build a log church, to be known as the church of St. Anthony of Padua. The same cause led to the formation in 1856 of the second filial church of St. Joseph’s in union with St. Henry’s, the church of St. Wendelin, north- west of St. Henry. Out of St. Wendelin’s was organized in 1868 the parish of St. Paul, about three miles south of St. Wendelin’s. The third filial parish of St. Joseph’s arose in 1868, when difficulties, occasioned by the erection of a new church at St. Joseph’s, caused twenty-seven families to or- ganize the parish of St. Peter, just to the northwest of Victoria. The church of Our Lady, Help of Christians, at Fort Recovery, which was organized in 1880 to satisfy the Catholics of that town, is the last of the filial churches of St. Joseph’s, Victoria. A crowded church at Minster and bad mud roads leading thither caused the Catholics living one-half mile south and three miles west of Minster at Egypt, to form the congregation of St. Joseph of that place and to build a church in the year 1852.142 The seventh filial parish of Minster was formed in 1854 at St. Mary’s, Ohio, where a frame church was built and dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary. St. Mary’s, situated at the eastern extremity of the Grand Reservoir, has the honor of having been the mother-parish of the town of Celina at the western extremity of the reservoir, where Father Dwenger, of St. Mary’s, organized the congregation of the Immaculate Conception in 1864143 and proceeded to the erection of a church. Out of St. Mary’s was likewise formed the congregation of St. Patrick, formerly called St. Thomas, at Glynwood, where thirteen families were gathered together in 1860 and a frame church erected in the same year. The last filial parish of Minster was McCartyville, where Father Schunck, of Minster, formed a congregation of twenty Irish families into the parish of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in 1881. The second foundation of Father Horstmann out of Glan- dorf was the congregation, now defunct, of Petersburg, Aug- laize county, about one mile south of Freyburg and two and one-half miles northeast of Botkins. Here a log chapel was built in 1836, but just as in the case of Minster or Stallostown, 142. Catholic Telegraph, January 15, 1853. 143. Letter, Dwenger, December 20, 1864, to Bishop Purcell (Notre Dame Archives); Catholic Telegraph, XX XIV, 412. ; CHAP. IV] ARCHDIOGESE OF CINCINNATI 157 the formal organization did not occur till later. It was on January 1, 1840, as the records of that church tell us, that the parish counting seventy-two families was organized by Father Horstmann. ‘The church, blessed under the invocation of the Apostles Peter and Paul, was to serve as the central point for the German Catholics at Freyburg, Botkins and Rhine. But distance and mud roads, which became practically impassable in winter and rainy seasons, caused the Catholics of each of these places to build their own churches. ‘The first church thus erected was the church of St. John Baptist at Freyburg in 1849;144 the second was the church of St. Lawrence at Rhine in 1856-57; and the third was the church of the Immaculate Conception at Botkins, built in 1866, by the congregation which had been organized the previous year.'!45 ‘The people of the county-seat, Wapakoneta, likewise attended the church at Petersburg until 1839, when they built their own frame church, which was first served by Father Herzog, but received its greatest care from his successor, Father Navarron. Father Louis Navarron was one of the French priests whom Bishop Purcell succeeded in recruiting in 1839 from the diocese of Clermont, France. Upon his arrival in Cincinnati in that same year, Bishop Purcell lost no time in dispatching him to the colony of French Catholics which had grown up about the present towns of Frenchtown, Versailles and Russia in Darke and Shelby counties. As none of the places alone could sup- port a church, and to give opportunity to all, a site between Frenchtown and Russia was selected three miles northeast of Versailles in Darke county, where a log church was built and dedicated to God on December 4, 1840, under the patronage of St. Valbert, a saint chosen to gratify the donor of the ground, Mr. Maréchal.14* The history of Petersburg in Auglaize county was, however, to be repeated here, each one of the three towns erecting independent churches, and the mother-church abandoned. From the very beginning the inconvenience of attending the church of St. Valbert was felt, not only by the people at Russia in Shelby county, but by Father Navarron himself, who divided the one room in which he lived into a 144. Catholic Telegraph, XVIII, 378. 145. Idem, XX XV, June 20, 1866. 146. Letter, Navarron, Shelby County, November 27, 1839, to Bishop Purcell (Arch- diocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio). 158 HISTORY OF THE | CHAP. IV chapel and a living room, and therein celebrated Mass on week- days. A small cemetery had been started on the farm where Father Navarron lived, and where Mr. Jean Jacques Débrosse, the owner of the farm, intended that a chapel should be built some day. ‘That day occurred in 1846 when the people at Russia built the log church which was dedicated that year under the invocation of St. Remy. The parish may be said, however, to have been definitely established in 1850, when the following boundary line was set up to divide the two parishes of St. Remy, Russia and Holy Family, Frénchtown: ‘‘the county road running from Berlin, Shelby county, to St. Valbert’s church, then to the junction of the aforesaid road with Sydney’s to Versailles road (half a mile from Versailles town, east), then to Stillwater river, by a straight line to Still- water river, south’’. ‘Thus the old church of St. Valbert and the town of Versailles were included in the parish of Holy Family, Darke county.'!47 What has been said of St. Remy, Russia, applies of course to Holy Family parish at Frenchtown, for this congregation also proceeded in 1846 to erect a log church. The third town bought the Baptist church, which it dedicated to God in honor of St. Denis, to replace the one of ot. Valbert in 1864.148 St. Valbert’s as a consequence became isolated, and the cemetery there today marks the historic spot. The zeal of Father Navarron carried him northwest, north- east and southwest from the church of St. Valbert’s. Every- where his ministrations were anxiously awaited and joyously received, whilst in some places small log churches soon arose as testimonies to the love of souls of this missionary. To the northwest and to the northeast he visited alone all the parishes in Mercer and Auglaize counties, which had suffered the loss of the services of the priest at Minster. To the southeast he visited near Greenville, where he found about twelve poor German Catholic families, among whom was Mr. Carron who had taken the chief part in building a chapel at the place even before Father Navarron’s arrival in November, 1839. The chapel had not been blessed and contained no altar.149 This log 147. Letter, Navarron, Piqua, February 8, 1850, to Bishop Purcell (Archdiocesan Ar- chives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio). 148. Catholic Telegraph, X X XIII, 332. 149. Letter, Navarron, Shelby County, November 27, 1839, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio). i cuaP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 159 church was to serve for many years, however, before the parish was formally organized in the town in 1863, the United Brethren meeting house having been purchased and dedicated in that year.15° To the northeast of St. Valbert’s, Father Navarron visited the town of Newport in Shelby county, where he was in Jan- uary, 1842, but where no church was built till 1858, when the people built the church, it seems, without any particular eccle- siastical guidance. Two later establishments in the north- eastern corner of Darke county, filials of St. Valbert’s, were the church of St. Louis at North Star, which was organized in 1892,15! and the church of St. Nicholas at Osgood, which was organized in 1906. A parish which has a genesis different than the ones we have been considering is that of St. Aloysius, Carthagena, Mercer county, where Catholic families settled about the St. Charles seminary and became so numerous in 1861 as no longer to be able to be taken care of comfortably in the chapel of the seminary. Accordingly, the parish of St. Aloysius was founded at the seminary, and the parish fully organized in 1865. The seminary at Carthagena is the seminary of the priests of the Congregation of the Most Precious Blood. ‘To these Fathers, who came to the archdiocese in 1844 and took up the work where Father Navarron left off in Mercer and Auglaize counties, the greatest credit is due, as by their zeal they have so well cultivated the vineyard of the Lord entrusted to their care that one can scarcely be in any part of the territory with- out being able to perceive a church spire directing one’s thoughts heavenward. Having considered thus far the organization of the parishes in the western part of the archdiocese, we pass to the con- sideration of the eastern part, where the churches in the two towns of Dayton and Chillicothe served as mother-parishes, the former of the northeastern district, and the latter of the south- eastern district. In the letter of Father Navarron mentioned above, Father Collins had been visiting Dayton in December, 1833, prepared 150. Letter, J. N. Thisse, Piqua, February 6, 1863, to Purcell; same, June 26, 1863, to same (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio); Catholic Telegraph, XXXII, 268. 151. Souvenir Silver Jubilee, St. Louis Church, North Star, Ohio, 1917. 160 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV with the requisites for the celebration of Mass, since it was the loan of these which prompted the letter. The real founder of the first church in Dayton, however, was Father Emmanuel Thienpont, who in 1835 was collecting money in Dayton to erect a church on a lot 96 by 166 feet that had been given to the bishop by Mrs. Prudence Pierson. As in Hamilton, the Protestants came to the assistance of the Catholics, and that not unstintingly, as $1,300 had been donated by them in 1835.15? It required two years, however, before the church could be dedicated to God under the title of Emmanuel.'5* All the churches in Dayton and the counties of Montgomery, Greene, Clarke, Champaign, Madison, Logan, Hardin and Marion are to be traced back to this church. In Dayton itself, the first filial church was that of St. Joseph at Second and Madison streets, which was organized in 1846 by Father Patrick O’ Mealy to care for the Irish families in theeastern partofthetown. These families found the distance to Emmanuel church rather great, and the necessity of German sermons for some of the people of Emmanuel an inconvenience to themselves.'!*4 With the growth of East Dayton and the settlement there of a great number of German Catholics who had to frequent Emmanuel church, a combination church, school and parsonage was begun in 1859 by Father Schiff in the newly organized parish of St. Mary’s.1*5 Only one year later the third filial church of Emmanuel was organized, likewise in the eastern section of the city. Father Goetz was given charge of the organization, and had the church, which was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, completed in 1861.15° The next filial church out of the territory proper to Emmanuel church was St. John’s church in Edgemont, which was organized in 1891 by Father Charles J. Hahne in the formation of the St. John’s Church Building Society, though a church was _ not built and accepted by the archbishop until 1893, when Father Franz was placed in charge of the parish. ‘The last filial parish 152. Catholic Telegraph, IV, 317. 153. Catholic Telegraph, VI, 414; Wohrhettsfreund, I, 157. 154. Letter, Patrick O’Mealy, Dayton, November 18, 1846, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio); Catholic Telegraph, XVI, 230; XVIII, 22. 155. Catholic Telegraph, X XVIII, April 30, 1859; Berichte der Leopoldinen Stiftung, XX XVI (1866), pp. 72-73. 156. Catholic Telegraph, XXX, August 24, 1861. / CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 161 of Emmanuel’s was that of St. James, which was begun to the southwest of Emmanuel in 1919 by Father Kock. The first of the filial churches of Emmanuel’s to become a mother-church was St. Joseph’s, whose excessive membership occasioned the organization in 1883 by Father Hugh J. McDe- vitt of the Sacred Heart church, west of Emmanuel’s. Soon after this Holy Trinity church became a mother-parish. For it was to relieve the congestion of this church and to facilitate the attendance of children at school without endangering their lives on their way to school that Holy Rosary parish was formed in 1887 by Father Frohmiller. The more recent parishes generally have been formed out of the territory which was attended from several of the older parishes. Ofthese, Holy Angelsin the southern part of the town was formed in 1901 by Father Neville from members who had frequented, or for one reason or another had ceased to frequent one of four churches, Emmanuel, St. Joseph, St. Mary and Holy Trinity. Holy Family parish in the extreme east end of the city was formed in 1905 to provide church facilities, and par- ticularly school accommodations for the children of one hun- dred and ninety-four families of that district.157 In the middle of the year Father Downey began the establishment of the parish. Next, in 1911 followed the organization by Father Gallagher of Corpus Christi church from the three parishes of Emmanuel, St. Joseph and Sacred Heart. From St. Mary’s parish was formed the parish of St. Anthony in 1913 by Father Francis Kuenle, and then, from the three parishes of Em- manuel, Sacred Heart and Corpus Christi was formed the parish of St. Agnes in Dayton View by Father Sailer in 1915. The last of the churches in Dayton, that of the Resurrection, in the extreme western section of the city was organized by Father Stich in the fall of 1920. In recent years the industries of Dayton: have attracted a great many foreign immigrants, for whom it became necessary to found national churches. Thus St. Adalbert church was founded in 1902 by Father Strzelczok for the Polish Catholics; Holy Name church, the beginnings of which may be traced to Father Luebbermann, who organized a Holy Name Society among the Hungarians in 1895 .to provide 157. Souvenir Tenth Anniversary, Holy Family Church, Dayton, 1915. 162 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV eventually for a church, was founded in 1906 by Father Sommer; Holy Cross church was established for the Lithuanians in 1914 by Father Gricius; and lastly, St. Gabriel’s church was founded for the Roumanians in 1916 by Father Popo-Lupu. At Dayton there is likewise a National Military Home, to which a Catholic chaplain has been assigned since 1892, though from the beginning of its existence at Dayton in 1867, Catholic priests visited the Home in an unofficial capacity to minister to the religious needs of the Catholic soldiers. This is indeed quite a different picture of Dayton than that which was drawn by Father Baraga in 1831 when he visited there with Bishop Fenwick. He tells us that at Dayton he found ‘‘some lazy Catholics’’. He celebrated Mass in a private Catholic home, and gave a talk from a Protestant pulpit. 1» Were he to come back today he would find nineteen churches in the town, frequented by people who have become known for their progressive spirit. Besides being the mother-church of Dayton, Emmanuel church must likewise be credited with the honor of having been the mother-church of the northeastern section of the archdiocese. For, from it between the years 1844 and 1849 Father Juncker was wont to visit the Catholics who had settled at Springfield in Clarke county. Their number grew to such proportions in the late forties, that ground was purchased in 1848 for a church, and in the following year the complete organization of the parish occurred under Father Kearney, who built the church. ‘The church, which bears the name of the Archangel Raphael, was dedicated in 1850.159 To care for the German-speaking Catholics of the town the parish of St. Bernard was organized in 1861, and when in 1882 St. Raphael’s could not conveniently accommodate all the English- speaking Catholics in Springfield, the parish of St. Joseph was organized in the southeastern part of town by Father Sidley, the pastor of St. Raphael’s. To St. Raphael’s belongs the honor also of having been the mother-parish of the churches at Xenia, Urbana, Yellow Springs and London. At Xenia, where ministerial visits had 158. Letter, Baraga, Arbre Croche, August 22, 1832, to Leopoldine Association ( Berichte, 1832, IV, 7). 159. Catholic Telegraph, XIX, December 14,1850; Souvenir Golden Jubilee, St. Raphael Church, Springfield, 1899, / CHAP. Iv | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 163 been paid to the Catholics by the pastors of Dayton and Piqua in the forties, Father Kearney began to organize a parish in 1849. But success attended the efforts of neither Father Kearney nor his successor, Father Howard. It required the appointment of a resident pastor, Father Blake, to put spirit into the inhabitants for the erection of St. Brigid’s church in 1852.159 Father Blake’s zeal would not allow him to be con- fined to Xenia, and his ministrations were given far and wide in this territory, Morrow in Warren county, at present a mis- sion of West Chester, Butler county, owing its organization to him in 1852.1%! Nor did his zeal abate with age, as in 1872 he founded and built the church of St. Augustine at Jamestown to provide for twenty families living within a radius of seven or eight miles of that town.!*2 It was he, too, who first visited and tried to organize the churches at Wilmington in Clinton county and Washington Court House in Fayette county, though only later, in 1866, were churches built in these towns; St. Columbkille’s at Wilmington and St. Colman’s at Wash- ington C. H. At Urbana, where many Irish immigrants had made their homes owing to the work which was to be obtained in the construction of railroads in the vicinity, Father Kearney, of Springfield, began the organization of St. Mary’s church, though here, too, the real work of organization and the building of the church was done by Father Grogan, who was appointed resident pastor in 1853.18% It was as a mission from Urbana that St. Patrick’s church was organized in 1852 at Bellefon- taine, though the band of Catholics of that town had been gathered together in 1849 and had been visited regularly, first from Springfield and then from Urbana.1*4 A similar story may be told of the parish of St. Mary’s at Marion, which de- veloped into a parish from having been a mission of Bellefon- taine in 1854, though visits had been made from Columbus at 160. Catholic Telegraph, X XI, June 12, June 19 and November 6, 1852; Souvenir, St. Bridget’s Church, Xenia, 1898. 161.. Letter, Thomas Blake, Xenia, December 19, 1852, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio); Catholic Telegraph, X XII, August 13, 1853. 162. Letter, Blake, August 29, 1872, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives). 163. Catholic Telegraph, X XII, June 4, 1853; Official Service Book, St. Mary’s, Urbana, 1914-1919. 164. Catholic Telegraph, XVIII, 386, December 6, 1849; letter, Rev. Thomas Sheehan, December 27, 1852, to Bishop Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s); Illustrated History, St. Patrick’s Church, Bellefontaine, 1899. 164 : HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV regular intervals as early as 1844.'** To the zeal of Father John Mackey, who arrived at Marion in 1865, is much of the organization in Marion county due; for in 1869 Bishop Purcell blessed the churches of St. Joseph and St. Lawrence, which had been organized in that year by Father Mackey to care for twenty and fifteen families of railroad workers at La Rue and Caledonia, respectively. 1° Here we must assign a place to the parish of the Immaculate Conception at Kenton in Hardin county. The first attempt at organization occurred in 1849, when a lot for a church was donated to the Fathers who visited the town from Tiffin and Seneca county.'67 No organization resulted, however, until after other visits by priests from Bellefontaine, Sidney and Wapakoneta. It was Father Henneberry who succeeded in having a church built at Kenton in 1864. The third filial parish of St. Raphael’s, beyond the limits of Springfield, was the church of the Assumption, later known as St. Paul’s, at Yellow Springs, where after many previous visits to the Irish immigrants who had settled there, a parish was organized and a church built in 1856 by Father Howard. 1* During the same year Father Howard built a frame church for the parish of St. Patrick, London, which he had organized that year, but which, too, had had services by other priests before him, notably by Father Blake of Xenia. ‘Two filial churches are to be accredited to this last church: one, St. Charles Borromeo’s at South Charleston, established in 1865, and the other, SS. Simon and Jude at West Jefferson in 1866, both by the pastor of London, Father John M. Conway. There is one county, that of Union, in this northeastern section of the archdiocese, which does not owe the genesis of its parish churches directly to Springfield or Cincinnati, but only indirectly to Cincinnati through Columbus and Delaware. The county seat, Marysville, was organized as a parish in 1865 by Father Fehlings, the pastor of Delaware, and dedicated under the title of St. Peter, though it is known now as Our 165. Catholic Telegraph, XIII, January 13, 1844; letter, John F. McSweeny, Belle- fontaine, January 11, 1860, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio); Souvenir, St. Mary’s Church, Marion, 1898. 166. Letter, John M. Mackey, February 23, 1869, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph); Catholic Telegraph, X X XVIII, September 29, 1869. 167. Catholic Telegraph, XVIII, 386, December 6, 1849. 168. Catholic Telegraph, X XV, No. 35, p.4; XX XIII, 270. / CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 165 Lady of Lourdes. Being a great agricultural center, the villages have not grown much in population and six or seven mission churches only resulted. These received spiritual ministration from Delaware, Marysville and Urbana. One of them, Plain City, was given rank as a parish in 1904, but lost it again in 1909. The title was transferred to Sacred Heart church at MilfordsCenteriny)uly).1917. Such has been the splendid growth of the seed sown at Springfield from Emmanuel church, Dayton. Two other towns within a radius of ten miles from Dayton may also be traced back to Dayton. One of these, Miamisburg, ten miles south of Dayton, where many German immigrants had settled in the beginning of the thirties and where Father Baraga had found some Catholics in 1831, was formed into a parish in 1852, when a church was dedicated under the patronage of St. Michael. ‘The parish now bears the title which it received in 1881 of Our Lady of Good Hope.'%® ‘The other of the two towns, Osborn, distant ten miles east of Dayton, was organized as a parish by Father Charles H. Hahne in 1868.!7° ‘The con- struction of the immense dam to care for the floods at Dayton in annihilating the old town of Osborn, has borne along with it the closing of the doors of the parish church. The last of the mother-churches in the present jurisdiction of the archdiocese of Cincinnati is the church of St. Mary, which was organized at Chillicothe in 1837. There were Catho- lics in the town much earlier indeed, but some of them had become apostates and heretics from want of attention. As belonging to this class Bishop Flaget, who visited the place on his way to Baltimore, singled out for particular mention a Mr. Lamb, the owner of a great cotton factory, and a young Spaniard, a cigar maker by trade.!7!_ But it was not long before Catholics who were earnest in their faith came to Chillicothe, and since Chillicothe lay on the only road to Kentucky at that time, many was the visit which it received from passing mis- 169 Letter, Baraga, Arbre Croche, August 22, 1832, to Leopoldine Association (Berichte, 1832, IV, 6); Catholic Telegraph, June 10, 1880; July 14, 1881. 170. Letter, Charles Hahne, Dayton, July 28, 1868, to Archbishop Purcell; same, April 10, 1869, to same (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s); Catholic Telegraph, KX XVIII, August 25, 1869; Souveniy Golden Jubilee, Church of Mary Help of Christians, Osburn, 1918. 171. Journal of Bishop Fiacer, 1812 (American Catholic Historical Society Records, X XIX, 246). 166 HISTORY OF "THE [ CHAP. IV sionaries. Not until 1837, however, was the parish established, as it was in that year that Father Juncker bought the Episco- palian church on Walnut street and had it dedicated to God under the especial patronage of Mary. When the congrega- tion grew to such proportions in 1845 that the church could no longer contain the members, a church was built on a new site and placed under the invocation of St. Peter. But with con- tinued growth it was thought advisable to divide the congre- gation in two; as a consequence, the English-speaking Catholics went back to the old church in 1849, when with Father Carrell, S.J., as their pastor they began the St. Mary’s parish which exists today. 172 There is little territory within the present limits of the archdiocese in which Chillicothe served as the mother-church. More could be said of her fruitfulness in the diocese of Colum- bus, upon the boundary of which she is situated. In the county of Adams and in the western halves of the counties of Scioto, Pike, Ross and Pickaway, there is but one other or- ganized parish, at Otway in Scioto county, and it is to be noted more as serving for the residence of the pastor of Otway, McCullough and Pond Creek missions in Scioto county. ‘The territory is not thickly settled, and there is little prospect of it ever being so, since its natural and commercial advantages are very limited. If we were to generalize on the method which was followed in starting new congregations, we should say that in the be- ginning the missionaries went out seeking the “‘lost sheep’’. Catholics had settled in various parts of the state of Ohio, but for want of ministers had lost the faith or were unable to practise it. These were then renewed in the faith and parishes organized to be served on the occasional visit of a priest. With the opening of better roads, canals, and railroads German and Irish immigrants flocked to Ohio, settling generally along the new thoroughfares. Here they were visited by a priest who lived in the neighborhood, Mass was celebrated in a private house, the visits became more frequent, definite Sundays of the month were determined as days when the priest would 172. Catholic Telegraph, VI, 333; Berichte der Leopoldinen Stiftung, XIX, 86; Wahr- heitsfreund, VIII, 349; X, 4-5; Historical Sketch of the Catholic Church in Chillicothe, Ohio, 1896, CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 167 come, the number of the Catholics increased, and finally a parish church was built, to be served first as a mission and then as a parish by a resident priest. In many instances provision for increase was made in that a parochial school was begun contemporaneously with the church, or a combination church and school constructed. Stability was thus given to the parish, for when the children grew up, they were ready to assume the places of their parents and continue in the dis- charge of their spiritual obligations. We might make another study of the development of the parishes from a statistical point of view. In 1821, when the diocese of Cincinnati was established, there were but five or six congregations in the entire state of Ohio, and but one in the present archdiocese, at Cincinnati. Upon the advent of Bishop Purcell in 1833, there were sixteen parishes in the entire state, and of these, three were within the present boundaries of the diocese: Cincinnati, St. Martin’s, Brown county and Hamilton, Butler county. In 1846 there were seventy churches and about fifty missions in the entire state, with a Catholic population of 70,000, served by seventy-three priests. The creation of the diocese of Cleveland in the following year re- duced the number of churches in the Cincinnati diocese to fifty, the number of stations to ten, the population to 50,000 and the number of priests to fifty-seven. In 1867 there were one hundred and fifty-four churches and sixty stations for a popu- lation of about 150,000, served by one hundred and fifty-nine priests. This was reduced the following year, when the diocese of Columbus was formed, to 115 churches, 42 stations, 13 chap- els and a population of 139,000 Catholics, served by 135 priests. In 1883, the year of the death of Archbishop Purcell, there were 157 churches, 32 chapels, 26 stations, and 189 priests attend- ing a population of 150,000. In 1904, the year of the death of Archbishop Elder, there were 151 churches with resident pastors, 30 missions with churches, 20 stations, and 52 chapels to accommodate a population of 200,000 Catholics, served by 294 priests. In 1920 there were 186 churches with resident priests, 33 missions with churches, 15 stations and 63 chapels, for a population of about 210,000, served by 391 priests. 173 This of itself is sufficient to inspire admiration and wonder, 173. Statistics taken from the respective issues of the Catholic Directory, 168 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. IV when we reflect upon the condition of the diocese of Cincinnati one hundred years ago; but we are astounded when we com- pare those humble beginnings in 1821 with the present status of the Catholic Church in the entire state of Ohio, the original Cincinnati diocese. There are now within the state 590 churches with resident pastors, 126 missions with churches, more than 51 stations and 99 chapels for a population of 877,074 Catholics, who are served by 1,146 priests. Many, indeed, were the sacrifices which the faithful offered, to build up such a wonderful parochial establishment in the state. Many, too, were the labors performed, journeys under- taken, hardships endured and self-abnegations imposed by a devoted clergy. In 1827 a communication from Cincinnati to the U. S. Catholic Miscellany stated that ‘‘the missionaries of this Diocese have no fixed salary. They content themselves with the trifling collection made in the church on Sundays, the produce of the farm of St. Joseph’s, or what little the faithful are able or willing tospare. . . . To convey an idea of the fatiguing duty of the missionaries in Ohio in 1826, it has been ascertained by correct computation, that two Dominican mis- sionaries, between the beginning of May, 1826, and the end of December, 1826, traveled on horseback 2,500 miles, exposed to heat and cold.’’174 Neither did these priests revel in luxuries at their homes, as the following list of articles, which were lent Father Kundig when he was sent out to the mission at St. Martin’s, eloquently testifies: Note of effects given to Mr. Kundig. Articles lent to Rev. Mr. Kundig for the mission of St. Martin’s: Plates—8 Pillow-cases—2 Cotts—2 Knives and Forks—4 Towels—3 Beds—2 Tablespoons—4 Small Pot—1 Drawer—1 Bowls—2 Chalice—1 Chairs—4 Saucers—2 ‘ Chasuble—2 Oil Stock—1 Tea-spoons—2 Albe—1 Two Chairs—2"”® Sheets—4 Matrasses—2 The great need in those early days was priests. Both Bishop Fenwick and Bishop Purcell sent out cries for help. When Bishop Fenwick took charge of Ohio as bishop in 1822, 174. U.S. Catholic Miscellany, February 24, 1827, p. 246. 175. Original note, Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s. CHAP. Iv] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 169 he brought three priests with him into the diocese. Others from Kentucky followed in their wake, but in 1828 after the death of Father Hill, the vicar-general, there were but four priests left in the whole diocese.17* In 1833 there were nine- teen priests in the diocese, ten diocesan, eight Dominicans and one Redemptorist,177 a number which was very shortly to be reduced to fourteen, all told.178 In 1840 when the diocese counted 35 priests, 50 additional clergymen could have found ample employment in Ohio.!79 In 1843 the priests in the diocese numbered 50, among them being 9 Americans, 12 Germans, 11 French, 10 Irish, 4 Italians, 3 Belgians, and 1 Spaniard.'8° In 1856, despite the loss of twenty priests in the erection of the diocese of Cleveland in 1847, Cincinnati ranked second to Philadelphia in the number of its priests, there having been in that year 110 priests in the Cincinnati arch- diocese.18! In 1865, when there were 163 priests in the arch- diocese, Archbishop Purcell wrote: “One of the heaviest cares that we have bourne in the office imposed on us by Divine Providence, was that of providing for this diocese a sufficiently numerous body of saintly, learned and devoted priests. For this purpose we have spared no pains. We have in- curred debts. We have written innumerable letters. We have made repeated voyages to Europe and knocked as suppliants at the doors of bishops and Seminaries. Had we succeeded to the extent of our wants and wishes, we would have, today, more priests and churches, and there would be fewer souls lost, and more saints in heaven.’’!82 Two years later, when he had 80 students in the seminary, of whom all save one was for the Cincinnati archdiocese, the archbishop wrote in a more happy strain “‘that diocesan voca- tions are as many, we thank God, as the wants of the diocese require’. 183 176. Letter, Rev. J. I. Mullon, Cincinnati, October 7, 1828, to Rev. J. M. McCaffrey, Emmitsburg (Archives Mount St. Mary College, Emmitsburg). 177. Letter, Résé, Detroit, November 9, 1833, to Leopoldine Association (Berichte, 1835, VII, 1). 178. U.S. Catholic Almanac, 1833, p. 51. 179. Editor, Catholic Telegraph, May 16, 1840. 180. Letter, Purcell to Association of Propagation of Faith, Lyons (Aznales, 1843, XV, 365). 181. Catholic Almanac, 1857. 182. Letter, Purcell, May 29, 1865, to Clergy and Laity (Catholic Telegraph, X X XIV, 180). 183. Catholic Telegraph, 1867, X X XVI, No. 7, p. 4. 170 ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI [ CHAP. IV Whilst the exertions of these priests were great and their sorrows many, God in his Providence allowed them not un- frequently to be mingled with great spiritual consolation. We shall single out but a few instances. In 1846, when Bishop Hailandiére of Vincennes was in Cincinnati on his way to the Provincial Council of Baltimore, he assisted Bishop Purcell on the afternoon of May 3d to administer the sacrament of Confirmation in St. Peter’s cathedral to 795 persons, among whom many converts were to be found. The administration of the sacrament occupied them till 6 o’clock in the evening. 1% In the following year, on the occasion of the Jubilee proclaimed by the Holy Father, the number of persons who received Holy Communion in the city of Cincinnati exceeded twelve thousand. In that year there were at Cincinnati more Catholics than had been the total population of Cincinnati in 1832.185 On Decem- ber 31, 1848, upon the close of a mission conducted by the cele- brated Jesuit missionary, Father Weninger, in St. John’s church, Cincinnati, five thousand persons approached the Holy Table, there being among them fifteen hundred married men. A few months later one thousand young men received Holy Com- munion upon one day in the same church. ‘The bishop himself helped to distribute Communion, taking two hours to do it._ On this occasion, the bishop could not restrain the emotions of his pious soul, and during the administration of the sacra- ment wept tears of joy.'8° As the complement of this chapter we have prepared several lists of the parishes and priests of the archdiocese. ‘These lists may be found in the Appendix. 184. Idem, XV, 150, May 7, 1846. 185. Idem, XVI, 126, April 22, 1847; letter, Purcell, May 1, 1847, to Association of Propagation of Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1847, XIX, 524). 186. Catholic Telegraph, XVIII, 6, January 4, 1849; Annales, XXIII, 106-107; letter, Unterthiner, Cincinnati, August 2, 1850, to Leopoldine Association, Vienna (Berichte, LSS Dix OTL 62) CHAPTER V ECCLESIASTICAL PROPERTY | which we have just depicted was due, not only to the zeal of the chief shepherds of the flock, nor alone to the activities of the many shep- herds guarding the flock throughout the arch- diocese, but in great part also to the pecuniary sacrifices offered by the faithful both within and without the archdiocese. Indeed, without this hearty cooperation of the generous Catholic, such a wonderful growth would not have been possible, for in the beginning, the ecclesiastical property of the diocese was inconsiderable. We have read in a previous chapter of the extreme poverty and dire needs of the first apostolic bishop of Ohio. ‘‘When I was made bishop,’’ wrote Bishop Fenwick to Father Badin, “I had not a sou of my own, having used all my patrimony to found the convent of St. Rose.’’! According to his rule and vows he had to render an account even of all books and furniture, which he had been allowed to use previously.2. With a few vestments and altar requisites, and some money for his journey to Cincinnati, the bishop came to Cincinnati at the opening of spring in 1822. ‘““As regards money,’’ wrote Father Hill, ‘‘we have none at all, and I desire to tell you that in the whole church there is no bishop as poor as ours; the cross, the ring which he wears he has from charity; the bishop of Bardstown gave him some old garments.’’? On coming into Ohio as bishop, he found two log churches; one at Somerset, the other at Cincinnati, and a barn fitted up into a chapel at Lancaster. At Cincinnati, the only church then within the present boundaries of the archdiocese, a mort- gage of $750 lay heavily upon the congregation which had 1. Letter, Fenwick to Badin, 1827 (Annales, IIT, 291). 2. Letter, Fenwick to Badin, 1823 (Louisville Archives). | 3. Letter, Hill, St. Rose, Ky., January 27, 1822, to Rev. Olivieri, Rome (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, vol. 929). [171] 172 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. V paid $1,200 for the lots upon which the church had been built. After a year’s residence the bishop wrote: ‘Although a bishop, I have no revenue but the rent of 25 or 30 pews in the Cincin- nati chapel, which produce, at most, a yearly income of 80 dollars.’ 4 This situation became intolerable to the bishop, and with no prospect of success in Ohio before him, he resolved in May, 1823, after consultation with the bishops of Bardstown and New Orleans, to visit the Holy Father to lay his case before him, and, if permitted, to resign his office. Providence came to his aid for his traveling expenses, a Catholic layman loaning him 300 dollars without interest. His trip to Europe proved a consolation to him spiritually and a success financially. The Holy Father Leo XII gave him $1,200, with ecclesiastical objects to the value of $1,000, among them being a purple chasuble and a gold chalice, and recommended his poverty highly to the treasurer of the Propa- ganda at Rome.’ ‘The Propaganda took up his cause generously and a trunk full of objects was gathered together at Rome and shipped to Cincinnati via Marseilles, the Congregation stipulat- ing that the articles were to belong to the successors of Fen- wick at Cincinnati, whether regular or secular.* Like success attended his quests in other cities of Italy, France, Belgium, Holland and England, so that in all he collected on his trip $10,000 in money.? This amount was even surpassed by the value of the articles which he collected for the missions. Of these articles, ten trunks, containing the gifts of Italy and lower France, and insured to the value of 21,000 francs, were shipped from Marseilles in the fall of 1824;8 twelve paintings, among them being a painting by Murillo, of St. Peter in Chains, which now hangs in the cathedral, were donated by 4. Letter, Fenwick to Badin, 1823, ut supra Note 2. 5. Letter, Fenwick to Secretary of Association of the Propagation of the Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1826, II, 92); Propaganda Archives, Acta, 1823, fol. 375 b; America Centrale, Scritture, vols. VIII and IX; letter, Cardinal de Somalia, Rome, June 26, 1824, to Fenwick, Paris (Notre Dame Archives). 6. Letter, Cardinal de Somalia, June 26, 1824, to Fenwick, ut supra Note 5. 7. Letter, Fenwick, October, 1825, to Archbishop Maréchal, Baltimore (Baltimore Archives, Case 16, W 7). ; 8. Letter, Perier, Pontifical Vice-Consul, Marseilles, August 12, 1824, to Cardinal Caprano (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. VIII); letter, same to same, October 28, 1824 (Propaganda Archives, vol. VIII). CHAP. V] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 173 Cardinal Fesch, the uncle of Napoleon.® Charles X, King of France, the day after his coronation, gave 2,000 francs to Cin- cinnati.1° Northern France, Belgium, Holland and England likewise contributed generously, not only in 1824, but also in subsequent years. A large gold ciborium, donated by Mr. J. M. Frére and wife, of Antwerp, is still serving excellently in the cathedral. In 1825 a collection was ordered taken up in all the churches of Holland.11: On December 14, 1824, there was to the credit of Fenwick at Wright & Company, Bankers of London, a balance of £3213:3:11.12 Ecclesiastical ornaments, utensils and books continued to come to Cin- cinnati in such quantities for some time that Bishop Fenwick himself had to caution his agents in Europe that, on account of his poverty he could not accept any more articles unless their transportation and customs had been paid.'* ‘That this was not an inconsiderable item may be judged from the fact that the charges on the articles which the bishop received from Europe in 1824, amounted to $1,600, a sum which he had not paid by February 1, 1826.14 The most fertile source of charity, however, was the treas- ury of the Association of the Propagation of the Faith with its headquarters at Lyons, France. Thissociety, which embodied the working principles of the sister of a seminarian at the seminary of St. Sulpice, Miss Jaricot, who had formed a society at Lyons in 1820, for the support of the Seminary of the Foreign Missions, was organized in 1822, at Lyons, upon the petition of Bishop Dubourg, of New Orleans. The alleviation of any particular mission was not, however, to be its sole aim. The Catholic missions wherever situated were to receive its alms. To this society Bishop Fenwick had his attention drawn in December, 1823, by Father Badin, who was then in Paris. Writing to the bishop of Cincinnati, then at Rome, Father Badin invited him to come to Paris to visit Monsieur Didier 9. Letter, Résé, Cincinnati, May 5, 1825, to Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda (Propa- ganda Archives, America Centrale, 1823-26, vol. 938). 10. Letter, S. T. Badin, Chelsea, London, August 12, 1825, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 11. Letter, Badin, Chelsea, England, April 7, 1825, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 12. Letter, Rt. Rev. William Poynter, London, December 14, 1824, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). | 13. Letter, Fenwick, 1827, to Badin (Annales, III, 292). 14. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, February 1, 1826, to Cardinal-Prefect of. Propaganda (Propaganda Archives, Scritture originali, vol. 938). 174 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. V Petit, the secretary-general of the association, who was dis- posed to give him aid for his mission.!® Coming up from Rome early in 1825, Bishop Fenwick stopped at Lyons in the month of May and took up his lodging in a small hotel When his presence in the city became known, he was visited by the President of the Central Council of the Association at Lyons and invited to attend an extraordinary session of the council. After an exposition by the bishop of the needs of the diocese, the council did not wait for the bishop to solicit aid, but decided at once to have the President recommend him to the grand almoner for the amount which the Central Council of Lyons had contributed to the general treasury at Paris. The bishop was then given 8,000 francs, with the assurance of an annual allowance according to the means of the society.1® That this was not an empty promise is to be seen from the sums mentioned in the following list, taken from the annual reports of the association: Year Francs Year Francs 1B 2 Bats. od ees eeties weet had 8000 LBA Dig cian. CRORE ie ae nae 16000 A Ar BOS, aie Eee 12540 L BAO. ay ona see 20590 EG20 S008 cies Cee ee ee 17600 UB4 Sect in has Cae ea a 11600 PS 2G ie tear a ne ee Oe Ree ae 9500 VSER chore ere eens 10530/36 01 PRD PRR | UU A 4 ude 27600 1 S49 Ae a, us ee ree oes tone LS23 Ao Ae eka 20000 LBSO M,C veea ls See |, Lr eee FO 2 Ohh \Wankiie ty Sith al eee 8610 soe WEE Oe pty ee: 19000 TBO spake eater cur at ee 13925 1 Go 2) sac ahs Cann t raed 10000 1B PCM IS salt bee Se tee te 5600 L BOS oat hr Nic sere har ence /e 20050 LODAN A Seep eerie are 5600 TOO 43 Uk OUR rea. Sens oat LBB S, cel Sea a kl hebe adie De LBS OS Nc Arte neg Ae SR ears a salle TIED ht AP 5610 LS SG, oe eee 1500 LOSS sub e ceria Mec: 17150 VEST stabs ean. shim eh area eins 500 APs Lee hwy Maley ey Alec eeaNMiaNy PR 23620 EB D0 ge ee Uae mel apne 8400 VOSA eee Conese ome e 18000 MSD Min demctpniopecs tale wares 10000 PO OOM UU eral ler uae Letnn) tev 20727/50 LS60 3 ce vee Oe et Ue eae eee 1839 cia ae eee 39827 LSGU 24d PRO he ee eee 1840 vl Sicale Oe ee Pes 45200 1 SO 2 EU Re Re 13000 LBA ee ed ace re ress 41820 LSGO se Be ena ener 6000 i BC: SLO i eis tage UA 28571/42 L869 leave Unie aie) dey gone 1875 LOSS civ yee eee ae 50800 1844 ne gun ee ipo 33500 Totals) she Sam 602846/28 15. Letter, Badin, Paris, December 9, 1823, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 16. Annales, 1826, II, 93-94; article, MISSION DE L’OHIO, CHAP. V| ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI Was) six hundred and two thousand, eight hundred and forty-six francs and twenty-eight centimes, valued in American dollars, approximates one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. The official report of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, issued at New York in 1912, reckons the amount contributed to Cincinnati at $118,569.00. In considering this amount, one must remember that until the year 1847, when Cleveland became an independent diocese, it was distributed to all parts of the state of Ohio, and that until 1868, when Columbus be- came an independent diocese, it was distributed to the entire southern part of Ohio. After 1869, Cincinnati never received any allocations from the society, but as early as 1852 had begun to contribute its share to the society for the propagation of the Faith elsewhere. It began its charities to the society with ten thousand francs in 1852, and up to 1912 had contributed $55,011.64.17 From 1912 to 1920 Cincinnati contributed $170,573.17. The two sums total $225,584.81, which, it will be seen, exceeds the amount received by one hundred and seven thousand dollars, a great credit, indeed, to the archdiocese of Cincinnati. Giving this list of money has caused us to anticipate some- what; we must return to the years 1825 and 1826, when Bishop Fenwick beheld himself the proprietor of belongings of the Church in Ohio, and in the presence of a difficulty which needed solution by higher ecclesiastical authority. He was the bishop of the diocese, and the money and articles which had been given to him by the Pope and the Propaganda had been stipu- lated as property, not of the order of which he was a member, but of the incumbent of the office which he held, whether the incumbent were secular or regular.1* On the other hand, with one or two exceptions, his assistants in Ohio were members of the Dominican order, and were acquiring title to the church property in Ohio in the name of the order and not of the bishop. This was creating a difficult situation, not only for Bishop Fenwick, who received no fruits from that property for his support, but more so for his successor, should that person not be a Dominican. The bishop felt the situation keenly and, 17. Official Report—The Society for the Propagation of the Faith and the Catholic Missions, New York, 1912. ° 18. Cardinal Somalia to Fenwick, June 26, 1824, ut supra Note 5. 176 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. V seeing no other way out of it, resolved to have the matter in- vestigated at Rome. In the following letter to Archbishop Maréchal, he states his case very pointedly: Most Rev. and very dear Sir: I am informed that R. R. Bp. Dubourg is on his way to see your Grace and then to Rome. I regret much my absence from Cincinnati at the time he was there—I have much to say to him, much to request of him to do for me when at Rome; to lay before the Propaganda a statement of my situation and that of church property in this state. I humbly request of you, Most Rev. Sir, to communicate to him what Ishall here state and request him to obtain a decision and adjustment from the Sac. Congregation. Bp. Dubourg saw at Cincinnati all the property I possess in the diocese, consisting of the lot on which the church stands and the buildings, and if he was there on a Sunday, he might have witnessed all the income I receive from the whole diocese, which consists in the collection made in the church on Sundays, and amounts to 2 dol 50 cs and sometimes $3—rarely to 4 on those days— not a cent do I receive other ways, or elsewhere, except now and then for marriage, a rare and scanty fee. I have once or twice received retribution for mass—in all 5% dols since I live in Cincinnati. When I went to Europe I appointed R(ev.) M(r.) Hill my Grand Vicar, a Bro’ Dominican; expecting he would act in all temporal con- cerns for the interest of the Bp. of Cincinnati. I had the promise from a Gentleman J. L. of a donation of 1 or 200 acres of land in Brown County, O.—35 miles from Cincinnati. I. expected the deed of con- veyance would have been made to me in my absence—it was made to R. M. Hill and society of St. Joseph’s, incorporated by act of the legislature—investing them with 200 acres. At Canton a church was built and 5 acres of land adjoining was also deeded to the same society by R. Mr. Hill’s suggestion and influence. I had encouraged the build- ing of the church and the collection of money for the purpose before my departure. At Zanesville a lot was given to R. M. Montgomery, and a church is built on it, and another lot is purchased by the money raised by collection, under my authority and recommendation. The Church and lots are conveyed to R. M. Montgomery—the Bp. having no power or claim over it. In a similar manner, two or three other small churches and lots are conveyed to R. M. Young and R. Mr. Martin, so that the Bp. holds nothing but the Church and lot at Cin- cinnati. All this was done in my absence and by a presumptive or tacit consent, on which the clergyman, my Bro’ Dominican acted. I wish to know from Propaganda if it is correct, and if I can consent to it; or what is to be done. You will please, in case Bp. Dubourg is gone, and does not see this statement, to transmit the substance of it when you write to Rome and request an answer instructing what to do. I have penned this statement in haste that it may go by first mail. It is correct. I will consider a day or two and consult God on the propriety of repairing to Balt® myself to consult your Grace and Bp. CHAP. V] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 177 Dubourg personally on this subject and others. If I determine on going, shall set off, Deo juvante, after two days more, on horseback or perhaps in carriage. Could Bp. Dubourg detain few days for me, he will greatly oblige me. Iam Most Rev. and very dear Sir Your most obedt and affectionate serv Somerset, St. Joseph’s tEDWARD 26 May, 1826 Bp. Cincinnati! t Not satisfied with this, Bishop Fenwick wrote a statement of his case to the Propaganda, which on December 9, 1826, wrote to Archbishop Maréchal, of Baltimore, to investigate and to report to Rome on the complaint lodged by Bishop Fenwick that he had no support, because the title to nearly all the property of the diocese was vested in the Dominicans. ?° Before the middle of the next month Bishop Fenwick had decided on the course to be followed. He instructed Father Résé with his intentions, gave him plenipotentiary powers to act for him, and started him out on his way to Rome. He made him likewise the bearer of a letter to the Holy Father, dated January 15, 1827, of another to the Propaganda, dated January 12, 1827, and of a third to the general of the order, the last written by Father Hill, January 12, 1827.2! The petition in both letters of the bishop reads the same: ‘To put religion in our diocese of Cincinnati on a firm footing, we perceive no other means than that it become a Dominican province, to be governed by the Sons of St. Dominic alone. That this might be effected successfully, the following seems to be required: 1. That the bishop be always chosen from the Dominican order; 2. That some Fathers be chosen by the Holy See to assist him. “The reason why the Catholic religion can be firmly established in the diocese in no other way is this. From the cradle of religion in this province, the Dominican Brethren were exclusively the only mis- sionaries who were wont to plant in the vineyard of the Lord and to irrigate it with their sweat; hence, whatever donations or legacies were made, they were given without a doubt to those Fathers and their churches. Wherefore, asecular clergy can by no means be introduced without great disturbance and danger to religion. Besides, it appears 19. Baltimore Archives, Case 16, Y 10. 20. Copy of letter, Peter Caprano, Rome, December 9, 1826, to Archbishop Maréchal, in Copy Book and Record of Roman Documents, 1784-1862, vol. II, 219 (Baltimore Archives). 21. Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, vol. IX. 178 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. V congruous that those who have borne the heat of the day and the labor, should not be cast off in the evening. Moreover, it is most certain that unless you, Most Eminent Fathers, acquiesce in our petition, that this Dominican province will be extinguished in a protracted agony; for I shall then have the opposition of others everywhere, and the progress of religion, which now proceeds so prosperously, will be impeded.’’?? The bishop concludes by introducing Father Résé, to whom he gives full powers to act for him. Whatever Father Résé does for him at Rome, he ratifies. The letter of Father Hill to the general of the order at Rome presents the same condition of affairs, but points out what plan should be followed in giving a status to the order. He suggests the reunion of the two provinces of St. Joseph and St. Louis Bertrand so as to form one province, that of St. Louis Bertrand in Ohio. Provided with amplest powers to represent the bishop at Rome, Father Résé arrived in the Eternal City in May or June, 1827, and immediately set about the work assigned him. In his first letter from Rome to Bishop Fenwick, on June 30th, after he had spent some time there, he wrote to the bishop that it wasimpossible to say just how the affair would terminate; one day things seemed favorable, another day unfavorable. ‘Our affairs,’’ he writes, “‘are of the same nature as those of the Jesuits, and if they decide in favor of the Dominican order, they fear of doing wrong to the Jesuits of Maryland. They have decided against them, and have obliged them to pay $800 to the archbishop; but let us keep this a secret. The Holy Father appears decidedly desirous of favoring the re- ligious orders.’’ 23 In his second letter from Rome, on September 29th, he writes: “JT have written a rather long letter to Mr. Hill, and another to Mr. Mullon. In that to Mr. Hill I have explained how things go; which is, that they have written to Mgr. Flaget to obtain his ideas also on the subject. I hope that all will be decided according to the peti- tion. If the Holy Father should wish to invest the bishop of Cincin- 22. ‘Translation of Latin letter of Bishop Fenwick to Propaganda, ut supra Note 21. 23. Letter, Résé, Rome, June 30, 1827, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). In the property dispute between the Jesuits and the archbishop of Baltimore, the Propaganda decided in 1826 that the Jesuits should pay the archbishop of Baltimore, Maréchal, $800.00 annually. CHAP. V] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 179 ' nati with the vicariate of the order, then he will be the vicar; in which case, everything that the diocese possesses, will become property of the order, and having thus concentrated all its forces, the order will be very able to succeed in establishing itself. The general then will take every possible care to send capable subjects, as he ardently desires that the mission, of which the order has once taken hold, should be administered well. This will not prevent having secular priests in case of need, under condition, however, that they will not be able to hold civil titles to property, since all the possessions of the Church will belong to the order; the secular priests will enjoy the usufruct. Religious orders of every class may be admitted, because religious do not precisely possess property of the Church, which has been given pro cura animarum; but if they obtain donations, this will be for the education of children. I have always thought that there would be no other means of firmly and successfully establishing this mission except in doing what we are about.’’”! As a guide, the following schema of property of the Domini- cans in Ohio was drawn up and deposited with the Propaganda: Place Houses Capital Annual Number Value Acres Value Revenue De COU TMG ER Files eee poh lee 3 4,500 MA SOMIETSS Lae ih gait ee | 1 1,000 320 5,000 300 Gere Ait Orrcs «cree utes eae 1 1,000 2 3,000 Aue Lanesvilless 4.6 denis eae: l 500 1 1,000 Du Dat DeTrse ss sity aos. ye 1 100 400 1,000 100 7 7, 2008 126 10,000 400 “Observations: ‘The value, whether of capital or revenue, is by approximation. ‘The houses are inhabited by the religious, the mis- sionaries and the monks; wherefore they produce no revenue. The place at Somerset is the convent of St. Joseph’s. The land at Canton is valued highly, because it is in the city; it produces no revenue, as they intend to build on it. Land at Zanesville and Bambers produces nothing, for a like reason of building. Besides this, there is an unde- fined revenue from the pews in the churches, the produce of which partly furnishes the clergy with the needed support. Over and above the churches or chapels, therefore, the Order of Preachers possesses seven houses of the value of $7,100 with no annual revenue; 726 acres of land, worth $10,000, with an annual revenue of $400. ‘The entire capital amounts to $17,100.25 Nearly a year passed before a decision was given. An agree- ment was then reached and signed on April 20, 1828, by the 24. Letter, Résé, Rome, September 29, 1827, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 25. Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, vol. IX. 180 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. V Cardinal-Prefect of the Propaganda, the Secretary of the Propaganda, and the Vicar-General, Joseph M. Velzi, of the Dominicans. A pontifical brief, containing the agreement, was prepared and issued by Leo XII on May 2, 1828. ‘The agree- ment covered six points: 1. The division of the provinces of St. Joseph and St. Louis Bertrand is annulled, and the older province, that of St. Joseph, maintained as the only province of the Dominicans in the United States; 2. Bishop Fenwick is to be both bishop of Cincinnati and commissary-general of the order during his whole life, the Pope expressly derogating from the constitutions of the order whatever might be contrary to this assignment; 3. If the bishop of Cincinnati happens not to be a member of the order, the order is to pay him from its funds an annual revenue of $300; 4. In future, whatever might be given by pious benefactors or others to the Dominican Fathers as such, is be belong exclusively to them, just as what- ever might be given in future to the bishop or the cathedral, is to belong to the bishop exclusively; 5. The cathedral at Cincinnati, with lots and houses annexed, is to remain in full possession of the episcopal see; 6. The ornaments, however, and sacred furnishings, then in existence, are with the excep- tion of those belonging particularly to the Dominicans, to pertain to the cathedral.?é Having obtained the settlement, Father Résé left Rome on May 23, 1828, after some kind of enrollment in the order of St. Dominic.2”7 Aware of the intentions of the bishop of Cin- cinnati, another diocesan priest, Stephen Theodore Badin, had entered the novitiate of the Dominicans at the Minerva, Rome, on April 21, 1827. He received the habit on May Sth, but withdrew from the order after six months in the novitiate. 28 It was in accordance with the above agreement that Bishop Fenwick made his will on July 3, 1830, distinguishing the property which was to belong to his successor at Cincinnati from that belonging to the Dominican order. ‘This will was recorded on October 1, 1832, and executed on December 4, 26. Brief of Leo XII, Quum sicut nobis relatum est, May 2, 1828 (authenticated copy in Notre Dame Archives; printed copy in Jus Pontificium de Propaganda Fide, IV, 693-697). 27. Letter Résé, Rome, May 22, 1828, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 28. Letter, S. T. Badin, Minerva, Rome, April 27, 1827, to Fenwick; same, at sea, June 20, 1828, to same (Notre Dame Archives); letter, Joseph Velzi, O.P., Vicar-General, Rome, February 3, 1828, to Prior at St. Rose, Kentucky (Archives of St. Joseph O. P. Province). CHAP. V] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 181 1833, by the Reverend Fathers Résé, Young and Ganilh. Property to pertain to the ordinary at Cincinnati included: (1) the church, houses and lots in Cincinnati; (2) property in Brown county, Ohio; (3) property at Hamilton, Butler county; (4) property at Tiffin, Seneca county; (5) property at Clinton, Portage county; (6) property near Norwalk, in Huron county; (7) property near Canton, in Stark county, and all the books, paintings, furniture and movables then in the church or houses of the bishop at Cincinnati, save those which were disposed of in the following schedule, wherein was listed the property which was to belong to the incorporated literary society of St. Joseph’s in Ohio (the Dominicans); (1) the church and lot of Trinity church in Somerset, Perry county; (2) the church of St. John and two lots in Zanesville, designated in a deed made to the bishop by Stephen H. Mont- gomery; (3) the church of St. John Baptist and lots annexed to it, and purchased by Fenwick in Canton; (4) the church of St. Paul, and lot annexed to it, in Columbia, near New Lisbon; (5) church and lot of St. Dominic in Beaver, Guern- sey county; (6) church and lot of St. Barnabas on Jonathan creek, (Morgan county enn) « courehvands lot oft Patrick: Perry county; (8) church and lot of St. Mary, Lancaster, Fairfield county; (9) all the books in the bishop’s house marked with the names of Robert Angier and F. Joseph O’Finan; (10) all Dominican breviaries and other office books of that order; (11) the large painting, by Verschoot, which hung behind the altar in Cincinnati; (12) church and lot in Sapp’s Settlement, Knox county, which had been donated to Fenwick by George Sapp. ?° The third article of the agreement, which would have the Dominicans pay $300 a year to the bishop of Cincinnati in case he were not a Dominican, was to cause ill-feeling for twenty years or more, as the Dominicans declared it a burden which they could not bear. Father Nicholas D. Young wrote to Bishop Purcell that ‘“‘the $300 was put in the brief to satisfy an old man, but it was never intended that the Dominicans should actually pay the burthen’’.*° Late in 1837 (October 3d) 29. Original will, Hamilton County Probate Court; printed copy in Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, printed records, vol. IV, exhibit 16, pp. 18-20. 30. Letter, N. D. Young, St. Joseph’s, Ohio, April 10, 1838, to Bishop Purcell (Notr Dame Archives). 182 HISTORY: OF THE [CHAP. V Bishop Purcell referred the matter to the Propaganda, and when at Rome in person in 1839, had a meeting at the Propaganda with the general of the Dominicans, who then offered the bishop the property of the Dominicans in Ohio, if they refused to pay the debt, which they had not paid for anyof the five years since 1833.31 The general then wrote to the provincial in Ohio to pay it.*2 But in 1842 Bishop Purcell had again to report to the Propaganda the refusal of the payment; where- upon the Congregation of the Propaganda wrote on March 14, 1843, to Charles Montgomery, O.P., prior provincial of St. Joseph province, to pay the $300, the Pope himself ordering him to execute the command.** On February 17, 1847, the provincial, Father George A. Wilson, replied to a letter from Bishop Purcell on the subject, that the bishop must be laboring under a mistake respecting the facts and intrinsic merits of the case; about four years previously the Dominicans had stated the case to the Propaganda, giving the history of the decree, and prov- ing according to principles of canonlaw that it was nothing less than “‘subreptitium et irreptitium’’; since which time they had received no directions either from the Propaganda or the general to pay.*4 In the summer of that year Fathers Charles Montgomery, O.P., and Eugene Hyacinth Pozzo, O.P., were at Rome, appealing for a review of the decree obliging them to pay $300 to the bishop of Cincinnati. Their arguments were: (1) that according to the constitutions of the order, the general of the order, Father Velzi, had no power to act as he did; (2) that according to the schema of 1828, their revenues did not exceed $400, which left only $100 for the province; (3) that, though their churches supplied something for the support of their clergy, the $100 was all that remained for the support of students, novices and lay converts to religion; (4) that the original schema was not correct, as the Bamber farm, valued 31. Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, Prefect of Propaganda, Rome, January 13, 1838, to Purcell (Notre Dame Archives); Purcell, Rome, March 12, 1839, to Archbishop Eccleston (Baltimore Archives, Case 25, Q 9). 32. Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, Rome, April 6, 1839, to Purcell (Cincinnati Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio). 33. Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, Rome, March 25, 1843, to Purcell (Cincinnati Archives, ut supra). 34. Letter, Wilson, Somerset, Ohio, February 17, 1847, to Purcell (Cincinnati Archives, ut supra). : : CHAP. V] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 183 at $1,000, was said to yield $100 a year, 10 for every 100, though it was there noted that on account of building, little revenue was at hand. Likewise, in the description of the fields, the revenue was stated as $400 and the acres numbered 726— the value of it was said to be first $6,000, then $10,000; (5) that according to the declaration made in 1839 by Catherine Dittoe Mark, the widow of the man who gave the chief farm at Somerset, the donation was given in such a way as to be for- ever the property of the order. They added that according to the original agreement the province was to be allowed to acquire property in the future; but as all the land was being given to build churches on, Bishop Purcell refused to let them take the title to the property; he, therefore, did not observe his part of the agreement. ?5 Bishop Purcell was then asked by the Propaganda to make a statement of the finances of the diocese and of the Dominican province. As we have not found the decision, we can only conjecture it from the letter which Cardinal Franzoni wrote to Bishop Purcell on May 11, 1848, wherein he states that the Dominicans have again appealed to Rome against paying the $300, alleging the impossibility of payment. The Cardinal subjoins that the Congregation is going to give a final answer. ?° This decision was given in a general session of the Propa- ganda in 1850, when the Dominicans were directed to pay the $300, and not to postpone payment for the year 1850. Bishop Purcell also was asked for further information on the economic status of the diocese and of the Dominican province.*7 The bishop replied in the following April, and there ends our infor- mation, as we have found no further sources on the subject. It is not unlikely that the payment of the $300 was allowed to lapse. As we remarked above, Father Résé left Rome at the end of May, 1828, passing through northern Italy to Vienna in Austria, where he was instrumental in forming an association 35. Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, Rome, September 24, 1847, to Purcell; same, October 5, 1847, to same (Cincinnati Archives, ut supra). 36. Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, Rome, May 11, 1848, to Purcell (Cincinnati Archives, ut supra); letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, July 14, 1848, to Archbishop Eccleston (Baltimore Archives, Case 25, Q 20). 37. Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, Rome, November 15, 1850, to Purcell (Cincinnati Archives, ut supra; Notre Dame Archives). 184 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. V patterned after the Association of the Propagation of the Faith of Lyons, which was likewise to prove a very great benefactor of the diocese of Cincinnati. Reaching Vienna in the fall of the year, he succeeded in having both the Emperor of Austria and the King of Bavaria proclaim the formation at Vienna of the Society of the Propagation of the Faith for the American Missions.’ After working on the matter for seven months, he attended the first meeting of the Leopoldine Association towards the end of March or the beginning of April, 1829.39 The society was officially established, however, on May 13, 1829, in the archbishop’s palace at Vienna, under the protec- torate of the Archduke Rudolph, Cardinal Archbishop of Olmutz, and brother of the Emperor, and was named the “Leopoldinen-Stiftung’ in memory of Leopoldine, Arch- duchess of Austria and Empress of Brazil. It had for its object to support in a special way by prayer and alms-deeds the Catholic missions of America. In its organization it copied greatly its sister organization at Lyons, appealing to all classes of people, the ordinary alms being one kreuzer a week, which was given to a leader of a band of ten members. The money was transferred in turn to the curé of the parish, the dean of the canton, and the bishop, the last despatching it according to the instruction of the Central Direction at Vienna. ‘4° Cincinnati had not long to wait before it received munificent charity from this association; for on April 17, 1830, it was allotted 22,220 florins ($10,256.04), and on August 24, 1830, 12,200 florins, and on December 9, 1830, 15,580 florins. Asa result, the Athenaeum came into existence at Cincinnati. In the following list of money received by Cincinnati from the society we have been able to list up to 1867 only, with the addition of the two years 1884 and 1885. ‘This list cannot pretend to be complete, for in some years itemized statements did not appear in the annals of the society, but one large sum was noted as distributed to America. 38. Letter, Résé, Vienna, December 10, 1828, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 39. Letter, Résé, Vienna, April 5, 1829, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 40. Berichte der Leopoldinen Stiftung, 1831, I, 1-11; Rev. Francis J. Epstein, The Leopoldine Association in the Illinois Catholic Historical Review, III (July, 1920), 88 ff. CHAP. V] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 185 Year Florins PSSOPA Drie Meee ee is ey sire k RIA e SE CA Uh 22,220 PUES US DN re eek eae ere eae et nA | aig 12,200 PISCE DCI ie ae anbe moter ieee yl tal teen Uy OIL Ll oF 15,580 Wie Je A Aa RT SPE pel cee Ae ke nA ORE Pa i te 7,000 BOS ees SE een Te VRE ce nad 08 SAP et Stas Gotae Ged 15,000 A OS RA TARO ne MER er Lede. 5. Seth orcP he mitts ae & OS at ell a 2,000 eS Or EY si es ERATOR LON woe Se se he uh rte ais She SEAN ee ee 4d PS Pi eke pita Te bio Eel ak iear Vcr ick oa, a eS ho le Be 4,000 ete (hs A Die eas pacihas Slt Heep haan be Ady @ ar en ee ae Ong Oe 4,000 SSS Wee eee eect a oh RW VE oa RE eR Ra aL Col Cea 8,000 Peseta puanace Tor. DOYS 240 cn wind a ae eet 20 Wi) Ce a eee Oe Poe ee ere mer Te Gants Serer | eek a os ea ee re eae ire ah Claes hurd OE TF cama | 3,000 ey a EO SORE ha ORES oo cat LAER i Ure, See GOREN Ea Tie ro i a ee Men OEE Nera bid) YE ato Se, aA sea e L UUs a 5,000 toe Bete) ek Ue Bee Aer Oe. a ar ie i SAU Ree md au Odi a A Ul 100 Vek Lage ka) Pe pe DAR Ce a a MAG ee RUM aT A RR PP Od SRT ON 3,000 Paap riomat rose Church, Columbus: .). 6. cdasies Suet oe 1,000 | Mele RADA Osea! aa 3B. yey oY aiale bie REE eine Be a Mare LD Cr TRICE Oa ia 4,000 {eB oo EMU Re i ey LO OMNG Ak vA? Fa Ma ad cd OR YA Dec RR dP De Wem Ae Smee wal ada He gh A NR ghee es ek ee Aine, Ven Chie a 4,000 oie big: grrve Wt 8 st auee de lol UR U ON DN ae Vane a Siar ad aRBRAT * gt0 haa aa a Ma a een ML GS 1856 Traveling expenses, missionaries ................. 1,100 1857 Mrs. Sarah Peter for two religious houses in DSBs arb hate ee ceo Meee ROI Le la Ug AL ae 2,000 1353) Traveling expenses, missionaries ‘J. ). 2 .2e. oe. 2,600 ea OL anne seer Ve Matter eR C ReuTe nL bath WR a UVa TA ee wu Tee Wee P eR fe i Alar oi TNE plore EO UR AI TTR a Sa 1,000 SG Demerenl POtA UMS EA Bay: Qe ike MALE eA a ah Mele oe BY SS Ba 1,600 Wet a Sia OUTS 6 fogn oCs a A gc Behr fees Fad ange SOR TE ee Ne ie POSS a OS RW ETI SOL Hh, Dele tdh cep ret in te eee We oN aay: 500 Poo Cm COIN D eT. |p abetinw ee tod ah leis Skis 500 PLOta me ete care eR ere cnoidal, GM. ie 119,420 Estimated in United States coin, this approximates $50,000. But this was not all. On several occasions boxes full of re- ligious articles were sent to the diocese of Cincinnati. In 1831, the Leopoldine Association sent to Cincinnati 3 complete sets of Mass vestments, 10 stoles, 6 altar linens, 6 cushions, 3 albs, 2 rochets, 6 corporals, 27 purificators, 3 burses, 1 antependium, 2 large Madonnas, other oil paintings and engravings, 3,000 rosaries and crosses.‘! A second chest was sent to Cincinnati in 1832, this time containing 1 silver oil stock, 1 ciborium, 410) Berichie, 183i, tly 16, 186 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. V 1 Mass vestment, 2 albs, a piece of linen, 800 pictures, 19 large oil paintings, censor and accessories, 1 silver chalice, 6 towels, 2 complete sets of vestments, 4 chasubles, 2 veils, 2 stoles, 9 rochets, 4 albs, 126 pieces of altar cloths, 1 altar cushion, burse and pyxes, laces, 1,259 rosaries and crucifixes, 26 oil paintings, 29 large crucifixes and statues, 2,627 pictures, 224 prayer-books, 304 prayers and songs.4? In like manner, a chest was sent in 1833, and again in 1839.43 , Another benefaction to the diocese, procured by Father Résé when at Vienna, is deserving of mention. On April 4, 1829, Father Résé arranged with a priest of Vienna, named John Baptist Jeoffroy, for a legacy of a double nature to the diocese of Cincinnati.‘ The first was a sum of 2,778.75 scutata (or 5,850 florins), which he deposited in 1829, with the Sacred Congregation de Propaganda Fide, which in turn was to pay to Cincinnati 5 scutata on a hundred, or 5 per cent. interest. At the same time he wished that this interest should be used to educate three students for the bishop of Cincinnati, these students after ordination to say two Masses annually for Jeoffroy’s intention. Then in 1832, he deposited 2,394 scutata (5,040 florins) with Baron Badenfeld at 6 per cent. interest, to be paid by the nuncio of Vienna to Cincinnati to bring the Gospel to the Indians in the Cincinnati diocese. With the creation in 1833 of the diocese of Detroit in Michigan, which up to that time had been administered by the bishop of Cin- cinnati, a difficulty arose in the distribution of this legacy, a difficulty which the Propaganda solved by having the nuncio at Vienna despatch the revenue of the second legacy (i.e. 2,394 scutata) to the bishop of Detroit, whilst relative to the first legacy (i.e. 2,778.75 scutata) for the education of students, two of the students were to be chosen by Cincinnati and Detroit alternately, and the third by Detroit and Cincinnati alternately. | - For some reason or other this arrangement was not put into execution, but a part only paid by the nuncio to Detroit and 42. Berichte, 1832, IV, 24. 43. Berichte, 1834, VI, 53; 1840, XIII, 3. 44. Letter, Résé, Vienna, April 5, 1829, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 45. Copy of despatch No. 68, written by Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide to the Nuncio at Vienna, December 13, 1834; letter, Nuncio of Vienna, December 29, 1834, to Pur- cell (Notre Dame Archives). CHAP. V] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 187 the other part to Cincinnati. This was done regularly up to 1847, when political disturbances in Europe interrupted pay- ment. In 1853, upon the order of Bishop Purcell, the nuncio paid the bishop of Osnabrueck, 951.30 florins, and again in 1855, 240 florins; in all, 476.52 scutata. No payment was made thereafter, as a consequence of which Bishop Purcell wrote on November 20, 1869, to Cardinal Barnabo, Preiect of the Propaganda, that the nuncio was no longer sending the annual legacy. When at Rome for the Vatican Council, Bishop Purcell took the matter up with the Cardinal. The accounts were gone over and a statement rendered in May, 1872, that from the interest which had accumulated on the two legacies, the Propaganda, up to 1871, owed 5,238.09 scutata, or 3,334.56 scutata as revenue on the first legacy and 1,903.53 scutata as revenue on the second legacy. Bishop Purcell was then asked to confer with the bishops of Detroit, Cleveland, Columbus and Marquette relative to its proper distribution in the education of priests. The report was made back to Rome on June 11, 1872, and on September 4, 1873, the Propaganda gave its decision in the matter. Relative to the first legacy, two burses, called the Jeoffroy burses, were estab- lished in the college of the Propaganda at Rome. One of these belongs to Cincinnati forever, even if the diocese should he later divided into other dioceses; the other belongs to Detroit, Cleveland, Columbus, Marquette and. any other diocese in the territory of the diocese of Cincinnati as it was in 1829; the dioceses to take turns according to time of creation in sending a student to the college. Such students then after ordination are to say two Masses annually according to the intention of Jeoffroy. Relative to the second legacy, beginning with 1874, the interest is to be paid for the propagation of the faith among the Indians in the territory of Cincinnati as it was in 1829, if there are any Indians in the territory; if there are none, then for wheresoever they might be in the United States. This agreement was approved by the Pope on August 24, 1373.48 46. Letter, Cardinal Barnabo, Prefect of Propaganda, Rome, May, 1872, to Purcell; same, Rome, September 4, 1873, to same (Notre Dame Archives). It is interesting to learn that the first students sent to Propaganda college to avail themselves of the first legacy of Father Jeoffroy were two young Ottawa Indians, William Maccatebinessi and Augustine Hamelin, who in 1829 had been placed by Bishop Fenwick in his own seminary and then on 188 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. V A third society of Europe, which, like the societies for the propagation of the Faith at Lyons and Vienna, contributed to the archdiocese of Cincinnati, was the Ludwig Verein of Munich, Germany, which accorded a sum of money in 1841, for the new foundation of the Sisters of Notre Dame at Cin- cinnati.‘7 This was probably not the only instance of their charity towards Cincinnati, but sources of information con- cerning that society have not yet become available. As a tribute to the beautiful work performed in charity towards Cincinnati by these three societies, we can do no better than to quote the tribute paid to them by Bishop Purcell himself in 1839. ’ ‘Constant as had been the drain of the charity of Europe,’’ says ' the bishop, “by the nascent churches of the East and West, that charity is still inexhaustible. It has enabled us to liquidate a large portion of the debts which we had contracted in the building of churches throughout the state, in the purchase of the orphan asylum, in the support of the seminary and maintenance of the clergy. It hasfur- nished vestments for the sanctuary, and paintings to decorate our churches. It has replenished our libraries with works of science, learning and piety; it has added to the number of our missionaries, men whose piety and zeal have induced them for Christ’s sake, to abandon the loved land of their birth, the parents that doted upon them, and the flocks by whom they were honored with obedience and affec- tion. ‘They are now associated with the devoted priests who have thus far borne, unaided and alone, the burden and heat of the day, in the diocese. These are favors which call for our liveliest thanksgiving to Almighty God, and which should induce us to address our most fer- vent petitions to the throne of grace for every temporal and eternal blessing to the various countries which have thus munificently respond- ed to our call for relief and sympathy.’’48 Such generosity surely merits the appreciation and grati- tude of our own generation, which ought with prayerful sup- April 10, 1832, sent to Rome. At the end of his first year at Rome, William died of the breaking of an artery in his chest, the result probably of an injury he had sustained in the United States, when a wagon had rolled over him. His companion did not persevere in his vocation, but returned to Michigan (Catholic Telegraph, I, 215, 302, 403; III, 71, 176); letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, September 5, 1829, to Ravignon, Bordeaux (Annales, 1830, IV, 521); letter, Résé, September 23, 1829, to Fenwick; letter, Cardinal Pedicini, Rome, July 13, 1833, to Résé, Detroit (Notre Dame Archives). i 47. Letter, Brassac, Paris, February 16, 1841, to Purcell (Cincinnati Archdiocesan Archives, at Mount St. Joseph’s). 48. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, September 19, 1839, to Committee of St. Peter’s Benevo- lent Society, Cincinnati (Catholic Telegraph, VIII, 350). CHAP. V] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 189 plication to beg the Lord to bestow a crown of everlasting glory upon the souls of those benefactors, now departed. But whilst great donations, which made the beginning of the Church in Ohio possible, came from Europe, it must not be forgotten that much larger sums of money and far greater sacrifices were offered by the faithful of the diocese. Most generous were the Catholics of Ohio in the institution of parochial churches, schools and orphanages. Lands upon which these buildings were constructed, were very often do- nated for the purpose. Subscriptions for the buildings were given in large as well as small amounts by the faithful, while innumerable smaller alms for ecclesiastical purposes were con- tributed in bazaars, fairs, picnics, musical concerts, lectures and parties. A list of Catholic benefactors in the archdiocese would become exceedingly long. A contributor whose charities were most bountiful was Reuben R. Springer, whose known alms-deeds reached into hundreds of thousands of dollars, and whose unknown ones,—and they were many—God alone knows. Besides the extraordinary means of income, the diocese had as its regular means of support the money received from pew-rents and the offerings on Sundays. No foundation or benefice existing in the diocese, it is easy to see how great amounts of money must have been realized in this way. Indi- vidual bequests and legacies, too, have been made by pious and charitable Catholics, so that, though no steady source of income sufficient for all needs could be ever realized, God in his Providence has never allowed the diocese to want com- pletely the means necessary for its support. But a dark cloud passed over the archdiocese on the day when it seemed as if the sun shone brightest upon it. A pall of gloom fell heavily upon it, and for a number of years it appeared as if there would be no silver lining to it. At last the sun shone forth, scattering and dissipating the sombre forces, but it had lost the brightness of its former splendor. Shortly after the ordination of his brother Edward in 1838, Bishop Purcell, on May 2, 1838, constituted Edward Purcell his attorney with full power and authority to act for him in all financial matters.49 The bishop thereby turned over to his 49. Copy of authorization, in Supreme Court of Ohio, Church Case, printed records, vol. IV, exhibit 9, p. 15. 190 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. V brother full charge of his own and the diocesan finances. A financial panic throughout the United States in 1837, which was felt at Cincinnati, had caused some of the people to de- posit their savings with the bishop, who undertook to pay them interest on their money. This incipient business was then, in 1838, placed in the hands of Edward, the bishop himself having little ability to manage financial affairs, and having a sense of his own unfitness in that regard. These deposits of the people grew, especially after several failures of banks, notably those in 1842, of the Miami Exporting Company and the Cincinnati Bank, which had issued irredeemable currency. As a conse- quence of their failure, the people in their fury incited mob riots in Cincinnati, breaking into these banks, as well as those of John Bates and Noah Longee.*® | and development of the Catholic Church in ue | the archdiocese of Cincinnati in her bishops XO and clergy, in the foundation and develop- WEF | SJ) ment of her parishes, in her financial resources, ao) and in her legislation for both shepherd and flock. But the work of the Church is not limited to even that sufficiently large sphere. From the first centuries of her existence, the Church has tried to mitigate the social evils of the day; she has promoted the performance of works of charity not only by her individual members, but also by her incorporated societies; she has taught the intellect to advance in science as well as in art; she has cultivated the nobler emotions of the soul; finally, by the earnest entreaties and devout supplications of special communities of men and women, she has implored God to be appeased in His avenging wrath and to send down His inestimable blessing upon the enterprises of men. For one or other of these purposes, she has sanctioned the formation of religious communities and assigned to each one a peculiar object and end. ‘The archdiocese of Cincinnati, too, has experienced the benefactions of such religious orders and societies. We must now consider, even though it be but briefly, the beginnings of these institutions in the archdiocese. I. COMMUNITIES OF MEN ORDER OF FRIARS PREACHER The first religious garb to be worn and to be seen in the diocese of Cincinnati was the white robe of the Dominican priest or Friar Preacher. ‘The history of the beginning of this order in the diocese of Cincinnati synchronizes with that of the [223] 224 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII beginning of Catholicity in the state of Ohio and the foundation of the diocese of Cincinnati. For, when the diocese was established in 1821, there were at work in the entire state but two priests, Fathers Fenwick and Young, both of whom were members of the order of St. Dominic. It was their lot to be the heralds of Catholicity in Ohio, the sowers of the seed which was to multiply a hundred-fold, the shepherds of the wandering sheep, who were but blindly groping their way in the primeval forests of Ohio. Other Dominican priests accompanied the first bishop to Ohio in 1822, as we related in the coming of Bishop Fenwick to Cincinnati. Whilst the original foundation was made at St. Rose, Ky., where the provincial lived, the bishop of Cincinnati became in 1828 the commissary-general of the entire order in America. ‘This position Bishop Fenwick held till the year of his death, despite his desire to be relieved of the office. It so happens that nearly all the foundations which the Dominican Fathers made in Ohio, lie without the present limits of the archdiocese of Cincinnati. Their establishments centered about Somerset, where they had established their convent. ‘There the convent continues today, heir to the traditions of the first church founded in Ohio. It formed part of the archdiocese of Cincinnati until the year 1868, when, with the creation of the diocese of Columbus in the southeastern part of the state, it passed under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Columbus. There is no Dominican institution in the arch- diocese of Cincinnati today. CONGREGATION OF THE MOST HOLY REDEEMER Providence was not to be even so kind to the second regular community of men, who came to Cincinnati upon the urgent appeal of Father Résé, in 1829, to the provincial of the trans- alpine province of the Redemptorists at Vienna. For the foundation to be made in the diocese of Cincinnati, the pro- vincial selected three priests, Fathers Simon Saenderl, Francis Xavier Haetscher, Francis Xavier Tschenhens, and three lay brothers, Jacob Koller, Aloys Schuh, Wenceslaus Witopill. Having provided them with requisites for the celebration of CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 225 Mass, with an ostensorium, a thurible, a small organ, and other articles, he sent them on their way from Vienna in April, 1832. Sixty-six days were spent on their way through Germany and France, and on the ocean, before they landed at New York on June 20, 1832.1 After a week’s rest they proceeded via the Erie canal to Buffalo, thence to Cleveland, to Chillicothe, to Portsmouth, and to Cincinnati, where they arrived on July 17th, only to learn that Bishop Fenwick was in Michigan. ? Father Résé, who received them at Cincinnati, sent four of the party on to the bishop in Michigan, reserving Father Tschen- hens to take charge of the German parish at Cincinnati, and Brother Jacob to be the cook at the seminary.’ In Michigan, Bishop Fenwick offered the Fathers a site with three or four hundred acres of land at Detroit and the mission at Green Bay.‘ Father Haetscher and Brother Aloys remained at the first place, whilst the superior of the band, Father Saenderl, and Brother Wenceslaus went on to Green Bay. In the next spring, when the diocese was being ad- ministered by Father Résé, Bishop Fenwick having died the previous September, Father Tschenhens was detailed to Nor- walk, Ohio, where after a fourteen days’ mission he succeeded in establishing order in a disorganized parish.» The Fathers withdrew entirely from Michigan in 1835, when they found that they could not establish a community house as their rules demanded, and took up their residence at Norwalk, Ohio.° There Bishop Purcell wished them to establish a community house, though he did not fancy them relinquishing their work in other parishes of the diocese. The Fathers found the task at Norwalk impossible, as the town could support only one priest. They then petitioned for charge of Holy ‘Trinity church at Cincinnati, where they thought they might be suitably supported in a community house; but their petition was rejected. In January, 1840, the Fathers received peremp- 1. Letter, Simon Saenderl, New York, June 20, 1832, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 2. Letter, Simon Saenderl, Detroit, August 28, 1832, to Central Direction, Leopoldine Association, Vienna (Berichte, 1832, V, 24). 3. Idemasin Note2. _ 4. Idem as in Note 2. 5. Letter, F. X. Tschenhens, Norwalk, July 3, 1833, to Leopoldine Association ( Berichte, 1835, VII, 26). 6. Letter, Résé, Detroit, June 16, 1835, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 226 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII tory orders from the superior at Vienna to leave their places in the diocese of Cincinnati and to repair to Pittsburgh.’ SOCIETY OF JESUS Far more successful was to be the establishment of the third regular community of men in the archdiocese, that of the Society of Jesus, though the efforts which had been made fifteen years earlier than the actual foundation, had proved sterile. In 1825 Father Stephen T. Badin, acting as vicar- general in Europe for Bishop Fenwick, had presented a long memorial to Father Sewall, S.J., Stonyhurst, England, to have him undertake a foundation in the diocese of Cincinnati.® Father Sewall’s final answer in the next year blasted all hopes. “T should be happy,” wrote Father Sewall, “if I could find any zealous missionaries for Dr. Fenwick’s diocese; but at present we are so distressed for want of men, that it is impossible; and from what we hear from America, I fear much that George- town College will soon be of no service to that country.’’? When Bishop Purcell came to Cincinnati, he determined to take up the matter of obtaining Jesuits to conduct a college in Brown county, Ohio, for which purpose he was going to solicit the general of the Jesuits in his visit at Rome in 1838- 1839.19 He was successful in his petition, for the general promised him that the first house to be established by the society in America should be in the diocese of Cincinnati. In thanksgiving for this favor Bishop Purcell wrote to Bishop Blanc, ‘‘Laus Deo’’.1! The bishop had already determined on his plan, and on March 10, 1839, received permission from Pope Gregory XVI to transfer to the Jesuits for the 7. Letter, Rev. Joseph Prost, C.SS.R., Rochester, New York, October 23, 1837, to Pur- cell, Cincinnati (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph, Ohio); letter, F. X. Tschenhens, C.SS.R., Norwalk, January 3, 1840, to Purcell (Notre Dame Archives); U.S. Catholic Al- manac, 1841, p. 123 8. Letter, Badin, Chelsea, London, April 7, 1825, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 9. Letter, Badin, Lille, France, April 19, 1826, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 10. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, March 23, 1838, to Archbishop Eccleston, Baltimore (Baltimore Archives, Case 25, Q 4). 11. Letter, Purcell, Rome, February 12, 1839, to Blanc, New Orleans (Notre Dame Archives). CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 227 maintenance of a college some property which had been given for educational purposes to Bishop Fenwick. !?. The general kept his promise and in the following spring wrote to the provincial, Father P. J. Verhaegen, S.J., at St. Louis, to ask if it were possible for the society there to take charge of the college at Cincinnati. Negotiations were then opened with Bishop Purcell by Father Verhaegen in a letter of August 10, 1840, inquiring about conditions at Cincinnati.13 We shall allow the bishop himself to state his offer to the society in his letter of August 17th: “Vour letter of the 10th has just reached me and I lose no time in telling you of the joy, which it has afforded us. There is no mistake Apout, OF within the matter... 2's. .): “T propose then, V. Rev? & Dear Friend, to give you up forever, on condition that they should ever be held sacred for Church and School, the College, Seminary and Church, with the real estate on which these buildings, which I now occupy, are located—that you may have there a College and a Parish Church to be served by y society in perpetuity. This property is about two hundred feet long, to the best of my knowledge, without including an Engine house, which I have rented for my (part) support. The College is in good repair, at present, having been newly shingled (on tin, its former covering) since I have been here. In it is a new Cabinet of Nat. Philosophy, which I have had imported from France, for two thousand Dollars, and which should be yours. “The Pews of the Church (Cathedral) now rent for, I think, 2500 Dollars. And we are in treaty for a lot on which we propose to com- mence a new Cathedral. Your acceptance, right off, of the present one, would be the very thing we want to push ahead this essential DEOIeCt (Gt a NeW iCUUITCige ws ee eee wiv “In addition to, or instead of the foregoing, just as you please, I would give you 300 acres of Land in Brown County, forty miles from Cincinnati, with a first-rate McAdamized road, 22 miles of which are completed, passing by the door of the small, brick college already built thereon—I should think a college in the country indispensable—or instead of this in Brown County, you can have sixteen hundred acres, or 2,000, as you prefer, in Gallia County, 12 miles from the Ohio River and 18 from Gallipolis, which property has just been deeded to me, for a College, by a wealthy and enlightened Irish Catholic. I have visited 12. Brief of authorization, Rome, March 10, 1839 (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s). 13. Letter, P. J. Verhaegen, S.J., St. Louis, Mo., August 10, 1840, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s). ‘i 228 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII his residence, lately. He has 6,000 acres in one body, there. All I would ask, is the support of 5, or 6 seminarians annually, or in equiv- Stent i soo a Cine The offer of the bishop of Cincinnati was accepted relative to the college on Sycamore street, and by the middle of Sep- tember arrangements were being made at St. Louis to supply Cincinnati with some priests and their necessities on the mission. Father Gleizal had been chosen their leader; Father Elet was to be in the party.!5 The news spread through the country, so that on September 30th Bishop Purcell could write to Father John McCaffrey, President of Mount St. Mary College, Emmitsburg: ‘‘You will have seen that the Jesuits have come to Cincinnati. There is a growling indistinctly heard among the dens of the bigots, like that of a distant and unfeared menagerie. Rev. T. R. B[utler] is superintending extensive preparations for the opening of the College. He will probably join the Society.’’!® The Fathers had come, indeed, to Cincinnati, taking charge of the college on October Ist, under the presidency of Father John A. Elet, to whom Bishop Purcell kept his promise by executing on March 13, 1841, for the consideration of $1, a deed of transfer of 193 feet of property on Sycamore street, the engine house not being included in the transfer, to John A. Elet, Peter J. Verhaegen, and James Van de Velde, all of the Society of Jesus, ‘“‘to have and to hold to the said Elet, Ver- haegen, and Van de Velde, the survivors and survivor of them, and the heirs of said survivor forever—in trust to set apart a portion for a church or a chapel, for the permanent accommo- dation of the Society of the Roman Catholic Church in said city—the residue thereof to appropriate for the permanent support and promotion of education on the premises, 1m default thereof} to ‘the use of the’ said /J."B.) Purcell’. In the following year a charter of a temporary kind was 14. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, August 17, 1840, to P. J. Verhaegen, S.J., St. Louis (St. Xavier College Archives). 15. Letter, P. J. Verhaegen, S.J., St. Louis, September 19, 1840, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s). 16. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, September 30, 1840, to John McCaffrey, Emmitsburg (Mount St. Mary College Archives, Emmitsburg, Case, McCaffrey, vol. I, P). 17. Warranty Deed, J. B. Purcell, to Elet, Verhaegen and Van de Velde, March 31, 1841 (St. Xavier College Archives). CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 229 granted to the college by the General Assembly of Ohio, and in 1869 a perpetual charter was granted. The Fathers of the society today are limited in the exercise of their mission to educational work, to parochial work in St. Xavier’s church, and to chaplaincies in several of the city’s institutions. Late in the forties they undertook parish work at several places, at St. James, White Oak, at Chillicothe, Ohio, and at Newport, Ky., at that time under the jurisdiction of Cincinnati. But the provincial did not take kindly to that kind of work, which caused the Fathers to live away from the college, and he, therefore, had them relinquish the parishes named. ORDER OF FRIARS MINOR One year before the black robe of the Jesuit was seen in Cincinnati, the brown garb of the sons of St. Francis of Assisi had become a familiar sight to the German Catholics in Holy Trinity parish, Cincinnati. The same trip of Bishop Purcell to Hurope in 1839, which had resulted in interesting the general of the Jesuits at Rome in the diocese of Cincinnati, was like- wise the occasion of Cincinnati gaining its first Franciscan friar, Francis Louis Huber, who had volunteered his services to Bishop Purcell and had obtained the consent of his superior at Munich to proceed to Cincinnati. Accordingly, he formed one of the party of seven priests accompanying Bishop Purcell to Cincinnati in 1839, the other priests being Father Olivetti from Turin, and Fathers Machebeuf, Lamy, Gacon, Cheymol and Navarron, from France.!* ‘This but whetted the appetite of the bishop of Cincinnati, so that on October 27th, of the same year, he wrote to the minister-general at Rome for more sub- jects, but he was referred by him to the Propaganda.» Thwart- ed in his first efforts, he did not lose heart, and on May 5, 1843, entered into an agreement to place the church of Holy Trinity, Cincinnati, where Father Huber had been exercising 18. Letter, Hercules Brassac, Paris, July 4, 1839, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s); letter, Rev. Joseph F. Mueller, Munich, June 8, 1839, to Purcell (Notre Dame Archives). 19. Letter, Rev. Joseph M. ab Alexandria, Rome, Aracoeli, January 30, 1840, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 230 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII his ministry, into the hands of one or more Franciscans who should come from Germany.?° On the strength of this, Father Huber wrote to his superior at Munich, who in the following year sent him two lay brothers, Leander Stroeber and Arsacius Wieser, but not having priests to spare, he was perhaps in- strumental in having the superior of another province of Franciscans, that of St. Leopold at Innsbruck, commission Father William Unterthiner of that province to come to Cin- cinnati and assist Father Huber.?1 Having left Havre on May 26th, the three persons designated arrived at Cincinnati during the week of July 21, 1844.2? The relations between Father Huber and his new com- panions, as well as those between Father Huber and his bishop, soon proved unsatisfactory, so that in 1850 orders came from his superiors for him to return to Europe. He did so, leaving Cincinnati on March 11, 1850.23 But Cincinnati was not to be deprived of the brethren of St. Francis, as in the meantime the provincial of the Tyrolese province had sent priests and brothers to assist Father Unter- thiner, Fathers Edmund Etschmann, Nicholas Wachter, Otto Jair, Sigismund Koch, and Theophilus Kraph having been sent to Cincinnati during the years 1846 to 1849. When relations with Father Huber grew unfriendly, the church of St. John Baptist at Cincinnati was given to their charge immediately after its organization on February 22, 1846. The Fathers assumed charge also of the parish of St. Stephen, Hamilton, in 1848; of St. Boniface, Louisville, in 1849; and of St. Clement, St. Bernard, Ohio, in 1850. Bishop Purcell then thought it opportune to begin a monas- tery of the order of St. Francis at Cincinnati, and to that effect made overtures to the general of the order at Rome, who in his turn seconded the matter to the Prefect of the Propaganda Congregation.?4 These desires, however, were not so easily 20. Letter, Huber, Cincinnati, May 24, 1848, to Archbishop Eccleston, Baltimore (Balti- more Archives, Case 25, D 9). 21. Idem as in Note 20. 22. Letter, Huber, Cincinnati, July 31, 1844, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s); Annales del’ Association de la Propagation de la Foi, Lyons, 1844, XVI, 443-44; Wahrheitsfreund, August 1, 1844. 23. Letter, Huber, Springfield, Ohio, March 12, 1850, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s); Catholic Telegraph, March 23, 1850. 24. Letter, Cardinal Franzoni, Prefect of Propaganda, Rome, March 3, 1851, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph). CHAP. vu] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 231 gratified; for, although the provincial, Joseph a Cupertino Friedl, had urged the erection of a house at Cincinnati, his successor in 1857, John a Capistrano Sojer, reversed his opinion, and in a chapter held in that year sent out an order to the Franciscans of the Tyrolese province in America to return to Innsbruck. ‘This hastened negotiations, as the Fathers at Cincinnati wished to remain, and were encouraged in their intentions by the minister-general at Rome, who did not care to give up the American missions. To render it pos- sible for them to continue, however, a college from which to recruit vocations for the American missions, had to be started. ?° Archbishop Purcell showed every favor to the Fathers in this affair, giving them permission to build the college, and confirming the transfer in perpetuity of the property of the church of St. John Baptist and of the property at Vine and Liberty streets. Upon the latter site they were to build a monastery, a gymnasium or college, and a church to be dedi- cated to St. Francis.2*° The archbishop then, in 1858, peti- tioned the provincial at Innsbruck, as well as the minister- general at Rome, for the erection of a custodia. All condi- tions being satisfactory, and the approbation of Pope Pius IX having been obtained on December 17, 1858, the custodia of Dio Olle Baptista Cincinnatiwwacuetected. by decree, 01 the minister-general, Bernardino a Montefranco, on February 19, 1859,27 By the same decree, Father Otto Jair, O.F.M.., was appointed guardian of the new establishment. In order to conform to the constitutions of the order, Archbishop Purcell agreed to hold the title of the property in trust for them. This form of government continued for twenty-seven years, when the Fathers, who had witnessed great growth in their establishment, solicited Archbishop Purcell to petition the 25. Letter, John Capistran Sojer, Innsbruck, October 9, 1857, to Purcell (Notre Dame Archives). 26. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, September 8, 1858, to Minister-General at Rome, in Relatio de Origine Provinciae S. Joannis Baptistae; authentic copy of letter also in Notre Dame Archives. 27. Relatio de Origine Provinciae S. Joannis Baptistae, Cincinnatensis, Ordinis Fratrum Minorum; letter, Archbishop Purcell, Cincinnati, September 8, 1858, to Minister-General Bernardino a Montefranco, Rome; letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, Feast of St. Francis (October 4), 1858, to Provincial John a Capistrano, Innsbruck (Archives of Minister.General of Fran- ciscans, Rome; printed in Relatio de Origine Provinciae S. Joannis Baptistae, Cincinnatensts) ; Decree of erection, February 19, 1859. 232 HISTORY cORITHE i [CHAP. VII general of the order for the erection of the custodia into a province. ‘The general in turn petitioned the Holy Father, Leo XIII, as a result of which the Sacred Congregation on Regular Discipline granted the petition on September 11, 1885.28 In response to the mandate of the minister-general, Archbishop Elder put the decree into effect on March 25, 1886, Father Hieronymus Kilgenstein being proclaimed the first provincial. In the archdiocese of Cincinnati, the order of St. Francis has charge of St. John Baptist church, Cincinnati (February 22, 1846); St. Francis monastery and church, Cincinnati (De- cember 18, 1859); St. Francis seminary, formerly gymnasium and college, Cincinnati (October 4, 1858); St. Bonaventure church, Cincinnati (January, 1849); St. George church, Cincinnati (November 13, 1868); St. Anthony’s novitiate, Mt. Airy, Cincinnati (November 28, 1889); St. Clement church and monastery, St. Bernard, Ohio (November 3, 1850); St. Stephen church, Hamilton, Ohio (July, 1848); Mt. Alverno protectory, near Cincinnati (February 2, 1883). The work of the Fathers has not been confined to Ohio, however, as there are under their charge about forty churches and many attached missions in the states of Kentucky, In- diana, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Arizona, New Mexico, and the province of Ontario, Canada. ?° CONGREGATION OF THE MISSION The history of the Lazarist Fathers in the archdiocese of Cincinnati begins with the invitation addressed by Bishop Purcell on January 31, 1842, to Very Reverend John Timon, then visitor-general of the Lazarists in the United States. The bishop requested a superior and a professor of the Con- gregation of the Mission for his seminary, which he proposed to locate in Brown county, where 300 acres of ground were 28. Decree of erection of province of St. John Baptist, Cincinnati (copy in Relatio de Origine Provinciae, ut supra). 29. BONAVENTURE HamMER, O.F.M., Die Franziskaner in den Vereinigten Staaten Nordamerika’s; HERIBERT HouzapFEL, O.F.M., Geschichte des Franziskaner Ordens; notes furnished by VERY REv. RUDOLPH BONNER, O.F.M. CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 233 available for the purpose.*° To this invitation Father Timon answered that he would visit Cincinnati in the spring, when the subject could be discussed. He would rather have the seminary nearer to the city of Cincinnati,so that the seminarians might take part in the liturgy at the cathedral. As regards the property which the bishop offered him, he remarked that that would have to be returned to the diocese in case the society left the diocese. *! The negotiations which ensued, terminated prosperously, asin July the announcement was made that the seminary would henceforth be directed by priests of the Congregation of the Mission.*2. Two Fathers and Brothers had been promised for the work, and in answer to the bishop’s inquiry as to the time of their coming, Father Timon answered that they would leave Missouri on September Ist.** The two Fathers and Brothers left St. Louis according to promise on September Ist,*4 and were conducted to their new home, the seminary of St. Francis Xavier in Brown county, Ohio. Father James Francis Burlando, C.M., was the superior, and Father Charles Boglioli, C.M., was his assistant. Between them they dis- charged all the duties of the seminary for the succeeding three years. But it was found that, with the attending difficulties of very slow travel, the location in Brown county was unde- sirable for an ecclesiastical seminary, and in 1845 the seminari- ans were brought back to the episcopal city, the two Fathers of the Congregation of the Mission returning to their homes. CONGREGATION OF THE MOST PRECIOUS BLOOD A little more than six months before the Franciscan Father Huber had been joined by Father Unterthiner, O.F.M., Cin- cinnati had given welcome to a band of seven priests and a few 30. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, January 31, 1842, to Timon, St. Mary Seminary, Mo. (Notre Dame Archives). 31. Letter, Timon, St. Mary Seminary, Mo., February 10, 1842, to Purcell (Notre Dame Archives). 32. Catholic Telegraph, XI, 231, July 16, 1842. 33. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, July 24, 1842, to Timon; letter, Timon, St. Louis, Mo., July 29, 1842, to Purcell; same, August 29, 1842, to same (Notre Dame Archives). 34. Letter, Bishop Kenrick, St. Louis, September 1, 1842, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 234 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII students who had come with their superior, Father Sales Brunner, of the Congregation of the Most Precious Blood. Father Brunner had entered the Benedictine order at Maria Stein, Canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, on July 12, 1812, had pro- nounced his vows in the order on June 13, 1813, and had been ordained priest on March 19, 1819. For ten years he labored as a Benedictine in the order, but feeling himself called to a stricter life, he left the order on July 21, 1829, with the permis- sion of his abbot to enter the convent of the Trappists at Oelenberg, in Alsace. With the trouble incident to the revo- lution he was ordered to go back to Switzerland. It was then that he felt the call within him to found an order in America according to the strict letter of the rule of St. Benedict, and that he succeeded in having Abbot Placidus of Maria Stein espouse his cause. ‘Thereupon, on March 18, 1831, the abbot wrote a letter to Bishop Fenwick, detailing the intentions of Father Brunner to form a religious community in America to be directed by the rule and the spirit of St. Benedict, to obtain food and clothing by manual labor and to send out mis- sionaries from the convent to work on the missions. At the time, Father Brunner was living in a poor little house with a few brethren, who were being supported by alms and the labor of their hands. The abbot commended him for his great talents and success on the missions. *® Cincinnati was not then to be favored with such a founda- tion; and Father Brunner subsequently, in 1838, joined the Congregation of the Most Precious Blood, in Italy, going back to Loewenberg in the next year to establish there the congre- gation which he had joined. The call to Cincinnati soon came in a new form, whether on Bishop Purcell’s or Father Brunner’s initiative, we know not; but Father Brassac, acting as vicar-general for Bishop Purcell, was the intermediary between the bishop and Father Brunner in July, 1842.3° Negotiations continued for some time until the bishop’s presence in Europe in 1843 terminated the matter. Father Brunner prepared a band of seven priests and six stu- 35. Letter, Abbot Placidus, Maria Stein, Switzerland, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 36. ITetter, Brassac, Marvejol, July 30, 1842, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St Toseph’s). CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 235 dents for the journey across the Atlantic in the fall of 1843.37 On September 29th he was given testimonial letters from the bishop of Chur, stating his mission to Cincinnati,* and on October 4th, he left Basle for Havre, which he reached on October 13th. There he and his companions had to wait some time for favorable weather to allow their sailing vessel to de- part, and at that time had the unexpected pleasure of meeting their future ordinary, who had missed his boat of the previous day. The Fathers set sail on the Vesta from Havre on Octo- ber 19th, but left Liverpool only on November 5th.** The bishop had left the sailing vessel on October 3lst on account of its slow progress and set off on a steamer. Not until De- cember 21st did the Fathers reach their destination, New Orleans, whence they made their way to Cincinnati by Janu- ary 1, 1844. The bishop, who had arrived home much ahead of them, received them with open arms, entrusting to their care the church of St. Alphonse, Peru, near Norwalk, Ohio. The priests who had thus become affiliated to the diocese of Cincinnati were, besides Father Brunner himself, Fathers M. Anton Meyer, M. John Wittmer, Martin Bobst, Jacob Ringele, Peter Anton Capeder, John Van den Broek and John Baptist Jaco- met. With these companions Father Brunner set himself up at St. Alphonse’s in truly monastic fashion. But finding the place ill-suited for a monastery, he began the erection of a convent at New Riegel, Seneca county. This new convent was never occupied by the Fathers, but became the home of the Sisters of the Precious Blood who arrived in 1844. Having to pass through Thompson and Tiffin on their visits to New Riegel, the Fathers had to remain over night with some Catho- lics at Thompson. ‘To overcome this inconvenience, Father Brunner resolved on the erection of a convent at Thompson. This became the mother-house of the congregation in 1847, when the Fathers built there the seminary of St. Aloysius. From this place the Fathers were wont to attend the many congregations in the northern part of Ohio. To them great credit must be given for the development of the parishes in 37. Catholic Telegraph, January 6,1844. 38. Copy Of testimonial in Leben und Wirken des hochw. Franz Sales Brunner, p. 36. 39. Letter, Brunner, at Sea, November 3, 1843, to Purcell (Notre Dame Archives). 236 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII northern Ohio, as nearly all of them have become flourishing parishes. In the archdiocese of Cincinnati the most of their work has been done in Auglaize and Mercer counties. The mother-house and theological seminary of St. Charles Borro- meo are now located at Carthagena, Ohio; the novitiate and preparatory seminary are at Burkettsville. The Fathers are in charge of nineteen parishes in the archdiocese of Cincinnati. Other establishments are to be found in northern Ohio, Indi- ana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, Texas, Nebraska, Feldkirch, Austria and Schellenberg, Liechtenstein. ‘° CONGREGATION OF THE DISCALCED CLERKS OF THE MOST HOLY CROSS AND PASSION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST Nearly thirty years were to pass before Cincinnati was to receive its next accession of a regular community. In 1863, Archbishop Purcell extended an invitation to the Passionist Fathers at Pittsburgh to settle at Chillicothe, Ohio. Upon the report of the two Fathers, Dominic and Luke, who had in- vestigated the possibilities of an establishment in the town designated, the provincial, J. Dominick Tourlattini, respect- fully declined the offer of the archbishop.‘! The idea of es- tablishing a house in the archdiocese was abandoned until the year 1869, when Mrs. Sarah Peter, a convert to the Catholic Faith, and a zealous charity worker, interested herself in the congregation and sent a petition to the provincial chapter at Hoboken, New Jersey, for the establishment of a house in Cincinnati. Disappointment was experienced a second time when the answer came that, on account of the new founda- tion being made at Baltimore, it was impossible for them to undertake one at Cincinnati. The third attempt, made directly by the archbishop in the next year, was to prove more successful. When two of the Fathers, Guido and Philip, came to Cincinnati in 1870, and were 40. Leben und Wirken des hochwuerdigen P. Franz Sales Brunner, passim; notes from provincial archives, Carthagena, Ohio; Official Catholic Directory, 1920. 41. Letter, J. Dominick Tourlattini, Birmingham, Allegheny county, Pa., August 12, 1863, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 237 offered the church of the Immaculata on Mt. Adams, they expressed delight with the situation and reported in favor of the foundation to the provincial. One of them, Father Guido, was then sent to the archbishop on May 23, 1871, to signify acceptance of the offer. The archbishop himself, who had personally supervised the organization of this church of his predilection, conducted Father Guido to the church and the pastoral residence. After a few days, Fathers Sebastian and William, and Brothers Bonaventure and Ignatius, came to form the first community. In February, 1872, the Fathers leased the Cincinnati Observatory property for ninety-nine years with the privilege of purchase at $50,000. ‘This building was then remodeled and converted into a monastery. At the same time a new frame church was built for the English-speaking Catholics on the hill, and dedicated together with the monastery under the title of the Holy Cross on June 22, 1873. ‘To replace the frame, a new church was dedicated on August 23, 1895, and a new monastery, which was begun in September, 1899, was completed and blessed on June 2, 1901. The monastery is now the theological seminary of the western province for young men studying for the Passionist congregation. The two churches and monastery on Mt. Adams have continued to be administered by the Fathers. *? CONGREGATION OF THE HOLY GHOST In the second year after the arrival of the Passionists, Cin- cinnati became the haven of refuge for four Holy Ghost Fathers, who had been expelled from Alsace upon the assumption of the government of that province by the German Emperor. In January, 1873, Fathers George Ott, Francis Schwab, Charles Steurer and John B. Kayser, were received at Cincin- nati, and stationed soon after at St. Boniface church, Piqua, to attend the neighboring German and French congregations and missions.‘ ‘The object of the society, whether in its 42. History of the Passionists in Catholic Telegraph, August 15, 1895; notes furnished by VERY R&Ev. SILVAN McGarry, C.P. 43. Catholic Telegraph, January 15 and May 8, 1873. 238 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII first form as the Congregation of the Holy Ghost founded by Claude-Francois Poullart des Places, or in its second form in its amalgamation in 1848 with the Society of the Immaculate Heart of Mary under Francis Mary Libermann, was the training of missionaries for the care of the most abandoned souls, whether in Christian or pagan lands. Their work of greatest excellence has been performed in darkest Africa, where in the space of sixty years 700 missionaries laid down their lives in the care of souls. . In the archdiocese of Cincinnati, the four Fathers were joined by four more in 1874, but two years later the Fathers asa body had left the archdiocese. ‘Iwo of the Fathers had applied for and obtained authorization from Rome to leave the com- munity and become diocesan priests. It was this perhaps which occasioned the removal of the other Fathers; for when the superior-general learned in 1874 that several of the mem- bers of his congregation in the Cincinnati archdiocese con- templated secularization, he wrote to Archbishop Purcell that he did not favor such action and would recall all the Fathers to Paris. 44 CONGREGATION OF THE HOLY CROSS Fathers of the Holy Cross came from the provincial house at Notre Dame, Indiana, to open St. Joseph college at Cin- cinnati on October 2, 1871. The college is the only establish- ment of the Fathers in the diocese. ORDER OF ST. BENEDICT As early as 1826, efforts had been made by Bishop Fenwick through his vicar-general in Europe, Father Badin, to obtain a body of Benedictine Fathers to labor in the diocese of Cin- cinnati. To that end Father Badin visited Douay to pro- pose to the general of the English Benedictines the establish- ment of a community in the “backwoods’’ of Cincinnati. 44. Letter, Superior-General, Schwindenhammer, Paris, December 21, 1874, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). CHAP. vit] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 239 The matter was then presented to the chapter in session at Downside college, near Bath, but nothing came of it.45 In September, 1892, Reverend Emmeran Singer, O.S.B., of St. Vincent’s archabbey, Pennsylvania, took charge of St. Michael’s church, at Ripley, Ohio, but left the parish after a three months’ residence. In1896, Archbishop Elder petitioned Rt. Rev. Benedict Menges, O.5.B., abbot of St. Bernard monastery, Cullman, Alabama, to take charge of the same parish at Ripley and the parish of St. Mary’s at Arnheim. Accordingly, two Fathers of the order became pastors on Sep- tember 15, 1896, of St. Michael’s, Ripley, with missions at Manchester, Adams county, and Buena Vista, Scioto county, and of St. Mary’s, Arnheim, with the mission at Georgetown, Brown county. The two parishes are administered by Fathers of the order at present, though no community house exists in the archdiocese. SOCIETY OF MARY In 1849 an invitation to come to Cincinnati was addressed by Father Francis X. Weninger, S.J., then stationed at Cin- cinnati, to two houses of teaching Brothers in Europe, the Brothers of the Society of Mary, founded in 1817 at Bordeaux, and the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, founded in 1680 at Rheims by St. John Baptist de la Salle. The petition to the former society had been directed in April of that year to the central house at Ebersmunster in Alsace, whilst the petition to the latter society had been directed to the house at Paris. Both societies accepted the invitation and sent men on their way to Cincinnati. One can imagine the surprise of the two parties when they met on board ship, to learn that both were destined for the same place. Upon landing in the new world, the Brothers of the Institute of the Christian Schools directed their steps to Montreal before going to Cincinnati, and related the occurrence. Brother Facile, visitor-general of the society in America at the time, made further inquiry, to which he received no reply, and instead of 45. Letter, Badin, Paris, August 2, 1826, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 240 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII sending the Brothers to Cincinnati, sent them to St. Louis in the same year. ‘® The members in the party of the Society of Mary, however, Father Leo Meyer and Brother Charles Schultz, after arriving at New York on July 4, 1849, traveled on to Cincinnati, which they reached on the sixteenth of the month. ‘Their arrival was announced to the people of Cincinnati by the Catholic Tele- graph on July 19th. ‘The invitation which had been addressed to them by Father Weninger, had offered them the parish school of Holy Trinity, Cincinnati. But the summer season being on, and a terrible cholera epidemic raging, the archbishop, in great need of German priests, asked Father Meyer to assist Father Juncker at Emmanuel church in Dayton. Father Meyer accepted the charge at once, which proved providential indeed, as at the end of the month of July he met Mr. John Stuart, of Dayton, who offered to sell to him his country estate of 125 acres of land to the southeast of Dayton on the Lebanon road. Father Meyer at once related the offer by letter to the superior-general in France, and advised the purchase of the land. Returning to Cincinnati, Father Meyer was granted formal permission by the bishop to open schools in any part of the diocese. Accordingly, he made arrangements with the pastors of Holy Trinity and St. Paul congregations, Cincinnati, to fur- nish each school with two Brothers by the first of November, and on August 10th wrote to the superior-general, requesting four Brothers for the purpose. The four Brothers from Alsace re- sponding to the call of the superior were jBrothers Andrew Edel, John B. Stintzi, Maximin Zehler and Damian Litz. The departure of the Brothers was delayed until October, so that Father Meyer had to assist Brother Schultz in the school at Holy Trinity, whilst other teachers had to be engaged at St. Paul’s. At last the four Brothers arrived at Cincinnati at midnight of December 3d, spending the rest of that night in a grocery store, the hospitality of which had been offered to them by its proprietor. After a welcome from Father Meyer at Holy 46. Letter, Frére Facile, Montreal, December 3, 1850, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 241 Trinity school, Brothers Litz and Stintzi were stationed at that school, whilst the two other Brothers were reserved for the foundation which Father Meyer planned for Dayton. Upon the departure of Father Juncker for Europe in February, 1850, Father Meyer took charge of Emmanuel church, Dayton. On the 19th of the following month, he signed the contract for the purchase of the Stuart property at $12,000. The intention of Father Meyer was to make this a central house of the Society of Mary in America. Three of the Brothers were called at once to Dayton to take possession of the property. ‘The name of the estate was changed, in honor of the Holy Family, to Nazareth. On the first of July St. Mary’s school for boys opened with fourteen day scholars, though the institute was to be conducted for both day and boarding scholars. Misfortune came to the Fathers on the night of December 26, 1855, when all their buildings were burned and the inmates left without a home. ‘Temporary quarters were soon fitted up, and in March, 1856, the community was back on the Dayton property. School buildings were built and made ready for September, 1857. The novitiate of the society was approved by Rome and canonically established on August 5, 1864. It was located upon the same site as the college until the year 1911, when it was transferred to a new location five miles southeast of Dayton on the road to Xenia. With the purchase of additional land, making the entire tract 101 acres, the normal school and the provincial administration building were likewise moved to this place, now known as Mount St. John. These buildings were opened in the fall of 1915 with the blessing of the new chapel and the normal school by the archbishop of Cincinnati. The expansion of the society has not been limited to the archdiocese of Cincinnati, wherein the Brothers conduct six parochial schools in the city of Cincinnati and three in Dayton, but it has progressed north to Canada, south to New Orleans, east to New York and west to California, and even to the Hawaiian Islands. Schools are taught by them in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana, Texas, in the Hawaiian Islands, and in Manitoba, Canada. To care for these institutions, the American province of the society was 242 HISTORY OF THE — [CHAP. VII divided into two provinces, the East and the West, with central houses at Dayton and St. Louis respectively. ‘7 BROTHERS OF THE POOR OF ST. FRANCIS SERAPH The Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis were founded in 1857, at Cologne, Germany, for the care of orphans and the education of the youth of the poorer classes. ‘Through Mother Frances Schervier, the foundress of the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, and practically also of these Brothers, they were invited to Cincinnati in 1868. In that year Brother Bernar- dine opened the protectory for boys on Lock street. On. February 26, 1869, the Brothers became incorporated under the laws of the state of Ohio. In 1870 they secured a farm of 100 acres at Mt. Alverno, Delhi, where they built their monastery and school for the education of the neglected poor boy. St. Vincent’s home on Bank street is likewise conducted by them. Il. COMMUNITIES OF WOMEN When the first bishop of Cincinnati made his notable visit to Europe in 1823-1824, among the recruits whom he obtained for work in his diocese, was a Sister of Mercy from France. She was not the only one who was eager to come to America; there were others of her order quite as willing to follow, but they had first to obtain the permission of their bishop, something which was not necessary for Sister St. Paul. This Sister had not been professed, and the superioress was willing to allow her to prepare the way for others at Cincinnati. She was twenty-two years of age, and “‘sufficiently prudent and learned’’. She formed one, then, of the party which the bishop had recruited, and together with Fathers Bellamy, Dejean and Résé, the latter acting as chaperon of the party, she sailed from Bordeaux on July 25, 1824, and arrived at New York on August 47. Joun E. Garvin, S.M., The Centenary of the Society of Mary (Dayton, 1917); notes furnished by VERY REv. B. P. O’REILLY, S.M.; The Official Catholic Directory, 1920. CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 243 30th.48 The two Fathers, Bellamy and Dejean, went directly to Michigan, whilst Father Résé and Sister St. Paul proceeded to Philadelphia, Baltimore, Somerset and Cincinnati. Father Résé had notified Father Hill at Cincinnati that he was bring- ing a nun along with him. The news spread rapidly, so that when the party arrived at Cincinnati, they were met by many people who had come out to see ‘“‘what kind of a creature” a nun was.‘? Curiosity had been aroused among the Cincin- natians, who had scarcely become accustomed to the white robes of the Dominicans. As a companion the Sister was given a Kentucky neophyte of the bishop’s, Eliza Rose Powell, the same who later was to conduct school at Canton, Ohio, and to attend the bishop on his death-bed. The work of the Sister at Cincinnati attracted the notice of the bishop shortly after his return from Europe in 1825. After having given a glowing account of the Sister’s work, he appealed on July 8th to the superioress of the Sisters of Mercy in France to send two or three Sisters to aid Sister St. Paul in making a foundation of the institute in Cincinnati.®*® A school of twenty-five girls was conducted by the Sister and her com- panion at Cincinnati. *! But other Sisters of Mercy were not forthcoming. Father Badin had corresponded in 1825 with some nuns at Bruges, who, he thought, could answer the purpose.*? The bishop, too, had visited them when at Bruges in 1824. They were two Collettine Poor Clare nuns, Francoise Vindevoghel and Vic- toire de Seilles, who had obtained the necessary permission of the abbess and of the vicar-general of Ghent to establish their order in Cincinnati. A Beguine of Ghent, Sister Adol- phine, was likewise gained for the undertaking.*? The three nuns, chaperoned by Father Lutz and two other clergymen, 48. Letter, Résé, New York, September 5, 1824, to Fenwick (Notre Dame Archives). 49. Letter, Résé, Cincinnati, May 5, 1825, to the students of Propaganda College, Rome (Propaganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture dal 1823-1826, vol. VIII). 50. Letter (copy), Fenwick, Cincinnati, July 8, 1825, to Madame la Supérieure (Notre Dame Archives). 51. Letter, Fenwick to Badin (Annales de l’ Association de la Propagation de la Foi, Lyons, III, 289). 52. Letter, Badin, Chelsea, London, August 12, 1825, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 53. Letter, Badin, Lille, April 19, 1826, to Fenwick, Cincinnati; letter, same, Paris, August 2, 1826, to same (Notre Dame Archives). 244 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII destined for St. Louis, sailed from France on August 14, 1826.54 After their arrival at Cincinnati, they joined Sister St. Paul in the school work, so that in the next February they conducted a school for girls, which numbered seventy scholars, and in- structed besides a large class of poor children on Sundays. > The trials of the Sisters and the bishop were soon to begin. In the summer of 1827, Sister Adolphine wanted to give up her vocation and to leave her companions. When Father Résé heard of this, he advised the bishop to hold them together till he could return from Europe. For if the Beguine were to leave, it would prevent others from coming from Flanders, as well as cause the parents of Frances to hesitate to send her money for the foundation of the institute. *® But a greater trial was the loss of Sister St. Paul, upon whom the bishop had relied to become the superior of the new establishment, and without whom the whole enterprise was doomed to failure, the two Poor Clares being judged not suffi- ciently capable for the undertaking. In September, 1827, Sister ot. Paul lay upon her death-bed at Cincinnati. No medical assistance could profit her, and she passed to her reward after three years’ service in the city of Cincinnati. *’ The fears of the bishop were well founded, for early in the next spring, 1828, the two Sisters, Francoise and Victoire, left Cincinnati for Pittsburgh. ‘The bishop wished the Sisters to teach school at Canton, Ohio, but the Sisters, having misgivings of that town went, about the first of April, to Pittsburgh, where they placed themselves under the direction of the Fran- ciscan Father, C. B. McGuire.** The third lady of the party, sister Adolphine, the Beguine, did not follow them, but, assuming her family name of Malingie, quitted their company 54. Letter, Badin, Marseilles, September 25, 1826, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives); Fenwick, Cincinnati, February 6, 1827, to Rosati, St. Louis (St. Louis Archdio- cesan Archives). 55. Communication to U.S. Catholic Miscellany, VI, 246, February 24, 1827. 56. Letter, Résé, Rome, September 29, 1827, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 57. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, September 8, 1827, to Rigagnon (Annales de l’ Associa- tion dela Propagation de la Foi, Lyons, III, 293). 58. Letter, C. B. McGuire, Pittsburgh, April 28, 1828, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Arch- diocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph’s). * CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 245 and remained at the cathedral as a singer and directress of the choir. 59 The dissolution of the community at Cincinnati was un- fortunate. Had they remained, perhaps a more edifying chapter of history might have been written of their sojourn in the United States. For on April 19, 1828, two Flemish Sisters, named Benedicta and Bernardina, had sailed from Havre in the care of Father de Raymaecker, O.P., to join the Sisters at Cincinnati.6° They reached New York on May 28th, and proceeded to Cincinnati during the course of the next month. There they met with disappointment, as their Sisters had left the town more than two months before. To the invitation of Bishop Flaget, offering them affiliation with one of his com- munities in Kentucky, they answered that they were not at liberty to join any of them.*! They probably joined their Sisters at Pittsburgh. There, serious difficulties were en- countered by the community, resulting in the dissolution of their house and the return of the Sisters to Belgium in 1839. ° SISTERS OF CHARITY The failure of the Poor Clares at Cincinnati caused Bishop Fenwick to urge the Sisters of Charity to undertake an estab- lishment in his diocese. His former request in 1825 had pro- duced no fruit, as Father Dubois, the superior of the Sisters at Emmitsburg, insisted on funds being secured to ensure the stability of the establishment in the diocese, a guarantee which Bishop Fenwick could not give.** But the departure of the Poor Clares made the acquisition of other Sisters imperative, so that two or three laymen proceeded to make arrangements 59. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, April 10, 1828, to Bishop Rosati, St. Louis (original sent to American Catholic Historical Society, of Philadelphia; copy in St. Louis Archdiocesan Archives). 60. Letter, Résé, Rome, May 22, 1828, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 61. Letter, Flaget, Bardstown, July 28, 1828, to Fenwick, Ciacinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 62. For the subsequent history of the Poor Clares at Pittsburgh, see Diary and Visita- tion Record of the Rr. Rev. FRANCIS PaTRICK KENRICK, pp. 64, 110, 111, 117, 142, 176, 177; LAMBING, A History of the Catholic Church in the Dioceses of Pittsburgh and Allegheny (1880), pp. 483-485; LamsBinc, Foundation Stones of a Great Diocese, pp. 329-331. 63. Letter, Dubois, Emmitsburg, December 30, 1825, to Fenwick, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 246 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII with the Sisters of Charity for an establishment at Cincinnati. For this purpose one of the men left Cincinnati for Emmits- burg before February 17, 1829.64 Bishop Fenwick seconded their efforts, and to make the invitation personal, wrote the following letter to the mother-superior: Cincinnati, 9th May, 1829. Venerable & Dear Mother: Confident that great good may be done in this city by the estab- lishment of a female orphan asylum under your zealous & charitable care, I have written to the Rev? Mr. L. Deluol of Baltimore, your Superior, to beg of him 3 or 4 of your pious Sisters who are well cal- culated to conduct such an establishment in this place, & now have to request that you will consent to send me not less than three of your worthy community for that purpose. Mr. M. P. Cassilly & others have engaged to furnish you a good & comfortable house, rent free, as long as you wish to occupy it, & $200 in cash annually towards your support & to refund, if required, all expenses of your journey to this place. I am myself unable to contribute anything in a pecuniary way towards your establishing yourselves here, but will do all in my power to give you spiritual comfort & advice & endeavor to render you happy & content. I hope you will set out in time to dels]cend the river before it becomes too low for boating. My compliments & blessing to all your community & beglgling your prayers, I remain very affectionately Your cordial friend, TEDW. FENWICK.§® This letter was followed up in October by a visit from the bishop himself. His entreaties were favorably received, so that on October 19th, he could write that he was sending Father Mullon back to Cincinnati with a band of the Sisters. *6 The first Sisters of Charity destined for Cincinnati were Sisters Francis Xavier Jordan, Victoria Fitzgerald, Beatrice Tyler and Albina Levy, the first of whom was in charge as sister- servant.*7 After tedious travel by stage, the Sisters reached 64. Letter, Rev. J. B. Clicteur, Cincinnati, February 17, 1829, to Central Council of Association of Propagation of Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1830, IV, 512). 65. Archives of St. Joseph College, Emmitsburg, Md., Letter Book 6. 66. Letter, Fenwick, Baltimore, October 19, 1829, to Rev. John McElroy, S.J., Frederick, Md. (Archives of Maryland-New York Province of the Jesuit Fathers, McElroy Papers, Case 12 B). 67. Archives of St. Joseph College, Emmitsburg, Md. CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 247 Cincinnati on the morning of October 27th, and were lodged at the house of the Reilly family until November 3d, when the two-story frame house, situated on Sycamore near Sixth street, which had been promised to them by Mr. Cassilly, was ready and placed at their disposal. The Sisters took charge imme- diately of five orphans, and opened a school with six other children.** When, within a year’s time, this school and or- phanage became too small, a larger dwelling was secured on sixth, near Sycamore street. A second change was made in 1836, when Major Ruffner’s mansion on Third and Plum streets was bought for an academy, school and asylum. The female orphans of the city of Cincinnati were thus well provided for, but, whilst means had been raised by the German Catholics for a boys’ orphanage, the question of the personnel of the institution remained a perplexing problem to the bishop. He determined, however, to solve the problem, and on May 15, 1842, wrote to Mother Xavier, of Emmits- burg, asking for Sisters to take charge of the German boys’ asylum at Cincinnati.*® Further correspondence followed before the mother-superior decided to accept the invitation. On August 23d, she missioned three Sisters, Seraphina McNulty, Germana Moore and Genevieve Dodthage to Cincinnati, giving the sister-servant Seraphina certain instructions on the conditions on which they accepted the charge. These conditions were (1) that the Sisters were not to be under the control of the board of directors of the asylum; (2) that the boys were not to go to school in the basement of Trinity church; (3) that a new and larger house was to be built in the following spring. To all these conditions the bishop con- sented.7° The Sisters remained in charge of this institution till their recall to Emmitsburg in June, 1846. At that time charge over boys in orphanages and schools was a question which was perplexing the authorities at Emmitsburg. It had resulted at New York in the separation of the Sisters of Charity from the mother-house at Emmitsburg. A _ like separation was to occur shortly at Cincinnati, after the su- 68. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, February 25, 1830, to Rigagnon, Bordeaux (Annales, 1830, IV, 533). 69. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, May 15, 1842, to Mother Xavier (St. Joseph College Archives, Emmitsburg, Book 6). 70. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, August 25, 1842, to Mother Xavier (Book 6, ut supra). 248 HISTORY OF "THE [CHAP. VII periors at Emmitsburg had decided in 1849 upon affiliation with the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul in France. ‘The affiliation was accepted by the Fathers in France on July 18, 1849. When the changes which this affiliation occasioned in the dress, customs and vows of the Sisters were sought to be introduced at Cincinnati in 1852, six of the Sisters stationed there under the sister-servant, Margaret Cecilia George, de- clined the affiliation. Their action met with the approval of the archbishop of Cincinnati. It was decided to continue the former status of the Sisters in Cincinnati. Accordingly, on March 25, 1852, the six professed Sisters with their sister- servant made their vows to Archbishop Purcell as their superior. ‘They were joined soon after by a seventh professed Sister from New Orleans, and by novices. The regular novi- tiate was begun with the advent of Sister Vincent O’ Keefe on April 2, 1852. Sister Margaret retained her office as sister-servant until February 7, 1853, when she was elected the first mother-superior of the community. In the following year, the Sisters were incorporated under the title of ‘The Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati, Ohio’. St. Peter’s academy, orphan asylum and school, located at Third and Plum streets, served as the first mother-house. In the fall of 1853, property on Mount Harrison (Price Hill) was obtained, and, when remodeled, was constituted as the mother-house. Mount St. Vincent’s academy was also opened there. At the same time the Sisters assumed charge of the do- mestic affairs of the new Mount St. Mary seminary. In 1857 they exchanged the Mt. Harrison property and the property at Sixth and Park streets, known as St. Mary’s academy, for the home of Judge Aldersen, now known as Cedar Grove, on Glenway avenue, Price Hill. ‘There they laid the corner- stone of a new mother-house on October 25, 1857. But there, too, the number of novices and pupils outgrew the accommo- dations; the academy which they conducted became crowded; the suburb of Price Hill was developing fast; and a site further removed from the city was desirable. Negotiations followed for a tract of land, then known as “‘Biggs’ Farm’’, at Delhi, and when these came to a successful issue on September 29, 1869, preparations were made at once for the new mother- CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 249 house. ‘This location now serves for the mother-house, no- vitiate, academy and college, known as Mount St. Joseph’s. In the archdiocese today, the Sisters instruct in thirty-three parochial schools and three academies, whilst they are in charge of St. Joseph’s orphanage, the Santa Maria institute, and the four hospitals, Seton, Good Samaritan, St. Joseph maternity hospital and infant asylum, and the Antonio hospital, at Kenton, Ohio. Beyond the archdiocese, the Sisters of Charity conduct establishments like to those in their native archdiocese, in the states of Tennessee, Michigan, Illinois, Colorado and New Mexico, whilst they have likewise served as the models and instructors of the Sisters of Charity, who have their mother- houses at Convent Station, New Jersey and Greensburg, Pennsylvania.?7! SISTERS OF ST. DOMINIC Under this heading we shall class three diverse communities, all of which have had relations with the archdiocese of Cincin- nati. The three communities are the Sisters of St. Dominic, recently designated by Rome as the “‘American Congregation of Dominican Tertiaries of the Blessed Virgin Mary’’, the Dominican Nuns of the Congregation of St. Catherine de Ricci, and the Dominican Nuns of the Second Order. Of these the Dominican Tertiaries of the Blessed Virgin Mary were the first to come to Ohio, following the Sisters of Charity by not quite three months. Founded originally in 1822 by the provincial Father Wilson, O.P., at St. Magdalen’s, now St. Catharine’s, near Springfield, Ky., they were called by Bishop Fenwick, the superior of the order in 1830, to form an establishment in the diocese of Cincinnati. Four Sisters, Emily Elder (the superior), Agnes Harbin, Catherine Mudd and Benvin Sansbury, formed the first party to leave St. Magdalen’s monastery on January 11, 1830, arriving at Somerset, Ohio, on February 5, 1830. On the 25th of the month they took possession of a small house which had been purchased for them, 71. Archives Mount St. Joseph, Ohio; Sist—eER Mary AGNES McCann, M.A., The History of Mother Seton’s Daughters, vols. I, Il; The Official Catholic Directory, 1920. 250 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII and therein on April 5th, opened a school with forty pupils.7? A novitiate also was begun, Sister Rose Lynch becoming the first novice. Before the end of the year, the society was in- corporated under the title of ‘St. Mary’s Female Literary Society”’. The school grew, especially as it had been changed during its first year from a day to a boarding school. A new three- story convent and school was then built and made ready for the winter of 1831.73 The Sisters had gained the favor of the people so well that they were employed in 1832 by the school directors of their district to teach in the district school.74 The convent as well as the school prospered, so that by 1860 the Sisters had made establishments at Memphis and Nashville, Tennessee; Monterey, California; Benton, Wisconsin; and Zanesville, Ohio. A great misfortune befell the Sisters in 1866, when their establishment at Somerset was completely destroyed by fire. The disaster served to stimulate the generosity of Mr. Theodore Leonard, of Columbus, Ohio, who offered them a site and finan- cial assistance for a new convent near the city of Columbus, at a place now called Shepard, Ohio. The offer was gratefully accepted; the new convent of ‘St. Mary’s of the Springs’’ was built; and the Sisters took possession of it on September 1, 1868. As in the spring of that year the diocese of Columbus was formed out of the archdiocese of Cincinnati, the Sisters passed from the territory of the archbishop of Cincinnati to that of the bishop of Columbus. In point of regular jurisdiction, the Sisters had been subject until 1865 to the immediate jurisdiction of the provincial of the Dominican order in the United States. But this was with- drawn by the master-general of the order in 1865. The com- munity received its present organization, that of a congrega- tion under the orders of a mother-superior, in 1893, when their new constitutions, based upon the rule of the Congrega- tion of the Most Holy Rosary, were approved temporarily by the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda, Rome, and approved finally in 1903. 72. Letter, Rev. George A. Wilson, O.P., Somerset, Ohio, February 17, 1847, to Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph). 73. Prospectus in Catholic Telegraph, March 3, 1832, I, 159. 74. Letter from Somerset, May 7, 1832, Catholic Telegraph, 1, 247. CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 251 The only establishment which the society has in the arch- diocese of Cincinnati at present, is at Bellefontaine, Ohio, where the parochial school is conducted by some of its members.75 The second of the congregations devoted to St. Dominic to come into the archdiocese of Cincinnati, was that of the Domini- can Nuns of the Congregation of St. Catherine de Ricci, the American foundation of which was made at Albany, New York, in 1880, by Mother Catherine de Ricci (née Lucy Smith). Upon the solicitation of the present archbishop of Cincinnati, three nuns, Sister M. Aimée, M. Reginald and M. Gabriel, the first of whom was the superior, came to Cincinnati in the month of August, 1912. The Sisters repaired to Dayton, Ohio, where in accordance with the purpose of their society, that of giving spiritual retreats and providing homes for business women, they opened the ‘“‘Dominican House of Retreats’? on Septem- ber 9th. This was followed five years later, on December 6, 1917, by the foundation in the same city of the ‘“‘Loretto Guild’, a home for business women. The two institutions are managed by the same direction. The third and most recent foundation of a community of Dominican Sisters in the archdiocese is that of the Second Order of St. Dominic, founded originally in 1206 by St. Dominic himself, at Prouille, France. This is a cloistered order, the members of which devote themselves to a contemplative life. The singular privilege of perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament was accorded in 1868 to the monastery of the order at Quellins, near Lyons, France, which communicated the privilege to two foundations of the convent in the United States; one at Newark, New Jersey, the other at Hunt’s Point, New York City. The first of the two was established in 1880 by Archbishop Corrigan, when he was ordinary of Newark. It was in consequence of the gracious response of the present archbishop of Cincinnati accorded to the petition of the Sisters at Newark, that seven professed Sisters from the monastery of St. Dominic in that city came to Cincinnati in May, 1915, and opened the “‘Monastery of the Holy Name, Cincinnati, Ohio’. Under this title the order has been incorporated under the laws of the state of Ohio. 75. The Official Catholic Directory, 1920. 252 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII SISTERS OF NOTRE DAME OF NAMUR We have seen above that one of the purposes of Bishop Purcell in going to Europe in 1838 was to obtain some Jesuits to teach in his diocese. With like intentions he tried to obtain some Ladies of the Sacred Heart from France. So confident of success was he that he obtained authorization from Rome on March 10, 1839, to transfer to them some property which had been given to Bishop Fenwick for educational purposes, probably that in Brown county.7* In accordance with these plans, Bishop Purcell visited the Madames of the Sacred Heart in Paris, and offered them the property. Although he had re- ceived no final answer, he thought that he had sufficient security to announce in the U. S. Catholic Almanac of 1840, the opening of an institution by these Ladies.77_ On this same trip in 1839, accompanied by Father Brassac, his vicar-general in Europe, he visited the mother-house of the Sisters of Notre Dame at Namur, but made no request for their services, expressing only the desire of seeing the Sisters one day in America. ‘The bishop then returned home, leaving his vicar-general to tend to affairs in Europe. Immediately upon receiving Madame Barat’s final answer in March, 1840, that the Ladies of the Sacred Heart could not come to Cincinnati for at least two years, Father Brassac wrote from Paris to Ignatius, the sister-superior, at Namur, making a formal request for Sisters.73 To this request he received a favorable reply, in which Sister Ignatius stated her conditions of acceptance, which were: a suitable house with a garden for the Sisters, help in constructing suitable buildings for the establishment of their work, and transfer of the title to the property.7° This answer was dictated only after the mother- superior had consulted Father Varin, S.J., and the bishop of Namur. ‘The latter also took the matter into his own hands, 76. Brief of authorization (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph). 77. U.S. Catholic Almanac, 1840, p. 98. 78. Letter in translation, in Records of American Catholic Society, of Philadelphia, 1900, XI, 321; letter, Brassac, Paris, March 10, 1840, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Archdiocesan Ar- chives, Mount St. Joseph). 79. Letter, Brassac, Paris, April 6, 1840, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph). CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 253 and, on April 24th, wrote to Bishop Purcell to have him per- sonally make a formal demand for the Sisters; to give assurance of a suitable house with the necessary furniture and a garden; assurance likewise of assistance, provided the Sisters could not obtain support from the pensions of scholars; and an oppor- tunity of conducting classes for poor children, as the rule of the society demanded.%* ‘To this the bishop of Cincinnati was only too eager to consent, and he set out in detail what he could offer the Sisters: the choice of a location at Cincinnati, Fayetteville or Chillicothe, and three parochial schools to meet their con- dition of having to teach poor children; but he found himself a little embarrassed to provide a suitable house with a garden in the city of Cincinnati. Although this letter did not contain all the guarantees de- sired, it proved acceptable notwithstanding to the bishop of Namur, who thereupon gave his consent for the departure of the Sisters.*1. The mother-superior chose eight Sisters, Louis de Gonzaga, Xavier, Melanie, Rosine, Ignatia, Marie Pauline, Humbeline and Louise, of whom she made the first, superior. *? Arrangements for the voyage having been completed by Father Brassac, and the Sisters’ preparations all made, Mother Ignatius started from Namur with the band of eight-on Sep- tember 3d, conducting the party in person to Antwerp, where she resigned them into the hands of Father Amadeus Rappe. Leaving Antwerp on September 10th, they came in sight of America on October 18th, sailing into New York harbor the following day.** Not wishing to attract attention on their way to Cincinnati, they changed their religious garb for a secular one, but found that by so doing they effected that which they wanted to avoid. ‘They reached the city of Cin- cinnati on November Ist, and found Bishop Purcell at the wharf waiting to receive them. After giving them a kindly welcome to Cincinnati, the bishop offered them the large 80. Letter, Nicholas Joseph, Bishop of Namur, April 24, 1840, to Vicar-General of Cin- cinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 81. Letter, Brassac, Paris, July 7, 1840, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph). 82. Letter, Nicholas Joseph, Bishop of Namur, August 24, 1840, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 83. Letter, Brassac, Antwerp, September 9 and 10, 1840, to Mother Ignatius; letter, Sister Louis de Gonzague to same (Records of American Catholic Society, of Philadelphia, 1900, DG IR SPAM Ti fe 254 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VII property in Brown county, but Sister Louis de Gonzaga de- clined the offer for the reason that, as the property was in the country, they would be unable to receive poor children for education. The Sisters were then brought to the house of the Sisters of Charity in Cincinnati, where they were lodged for the next six weeks, at the end of which time they occupied a small house on Sycamore street, opposite the cathedral. The garden about. which the Sisters had been so solicitous was, according to the description of it by Sister Louis de Gonzaga, about the size of an apron. But it proved to be only temporary, as they were able to conclude negotiations for the house of Mr. Josiah Lawrence, known as the “‘Spencer Mansion’’, on Sixth street, between Sycamore and Broadway, which they purchased for $24,000.00, and were able to occupy by Christmas day.* Here they at once prepared for a school to be known as a Young Ladies’ Literary Institute and Boarding School, which they opened on January 18, 1841.85 The success of the Sisters was immediate and continuous, thereby allowing them to erect their first building in 1844. Other additions as well as new locatioas followed, so that the Sisters today have three convents and academies in the city of Cincinnati, andaconvent and academy in the cities of Reading, Hamilton and Dayton, whilst they teach in twenty-seven parochial schools. ‘The mother-house and novitiate, located on Grandin road, Walnut Hills, has houses affiliated to it in Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. §° , The Sisters of Notre Dame are represented in the arch- diocese by a second branch of the order. At the present time this branch has its American mother-house and novitiate at Cleveland, Ohio, and its general mother-house at Muelhausen, Germany. ‘The first institution in Germany at Coesfeld, Westphalia, had to close its doors and send its Sisters into exile in 1871 upon the orders of the German Emperor. Then upon the entreaty of Father Westerhold, of Cleveland, they were 84. Letter, Purcell to Mother Ignatius (Records, as in Note 84). 85. Prospectus in Catholic Telegraph, X,21, January 16, 1841. 86. The Official Catholic Directory, 1920, p. 732; Catholic Telegraph, October 23, 1890; Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 1890; Records American Catholic Society, of Philadelphia, 1900, XI, pp. 320-339. CHAP. VI] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 255 invited by Bishop Gilmour to take refuge in Cleveland. The superior-general of the order arrived with eight Sisters on July 6, 1874. In the same year they were invited by Bishop Toebbe, to Covington, Ky., where they established their mother-house temporarily. In need of Sisters to take charge of the St. Aloysius orphan asylum, the directors of the St. Aloysius orphan society of Cincinnati began negotiations for Sisters of this community. A contract was drawn up, approved by the society and entered into by the directors and the Sisters, whereby the Sisters were to assume charge of the asylum on May 1, 1877. On the day appointed, Sisters M. Garzia, M. Agnes, M. Theresia and M. Bibiana arrived with their superior, Sister M. Odilia. The order has continued in charge of this orphanage at Bond Hill ever since. 8? ; ‘ SISTERS OF THE MOST PRECIOUS BLOOD The next to come to the archdiocese were the Sisters of the Most Precious Blood. These Sisters were founded in 1833 by the mother of the Rev. Francis de Sales Brunner, C.PP.S., at Loewenberg, in the Canton of Grisons, Switzerland, with the mission of particularly honoring the Most Precious Blood of Jesus in perpetual adoration and in teaching. In 1843 Father Brunner led seven priests and some students into the diocese of Cincinnati and settled at Norwalk, Ohio. There he came into contact with a former nun of Divine Providence, who, during the troublous revolutionary times in France, had taken refuge there with her family and others from Alsace. This nun was leading a solitary life in a block-house in the district, and, before the arrival of the Precious Blood Fathers, had urged her neighbors to build the church of St. Alphonse. Learning of the Sisters of the Precious Blood at Loewenberg, she seized the first opportunity to request permission of Bishop Purcell for their call into the diocese of Cincinnati. Negotia- tious were not long pending, as Father Brunner himself had been practically the founder of the community at Loewen- 87. Denkschrift fuer die 50-jaehrige Jubel-Feier der St, Aloysius Waisen Vereins, January 30, 1887, pp. 41-45; Catholic Encyclopedia, XI, 131. 256 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VII berg. As early as July 24, 1844, Sisters Maria Anna Albrecht, her daughter, Rosa Albrecht, and a novice, Martina Catherine Disch, arrived at St. Alphonse’s. They immediately built a log-house next to that of the nun of Divine Providence. They did not have long to wait before they were joined by postu- lants, whose numbers caused the house to become too small for their purposes. The same fall a new convent was erected at Wolf’s Creek or New Riegel, Seneca county; in it, though uncompleted, they began their vigils before the Blessed Sacra- ment with midnight Mass on Christmas day, 1844. In June of 1845, there were fourteen Sisters in the convent. At New Riegel they opened a school for girls as well as an orphanage. On September 24th, of the following year, they established the convent at Maria Stein, where they introduced the perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. ‘There, too, the Sisters are in possession of a chapel devoted to the special veneration of a great many precious relics. When the original mother- house in Switzerland was sold in 1850, the foundation in the archdiocese of Cincinnati became the headquarters of the society. At present the Sisters possess three convents in the arch- diocese, at Maria Stein, Casella and Minster; at this last place they conduct a boarding school for girls. Girls bereft of mother or father may find a home there. ‘The Sisters are in charge also of St. Joseph’s orphan home, at Dayton, Ohio; of the culinary department of the archbishop’s residence and the Fenwick club; and of sixteen parochial and two district schools. Other establishments have been made beyond the limits of the archdiocese of Cincinnati in northern Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, Arizona and California. *® URSULINE SISTERS The beginnings of the relations of the Ursulines to the archdiocese of Cincinnati are to be traced back, like those of the Jesuits and the Sisters of Notre Dame, to the trip to Europe undertaken by Bishop Purcell in 1838. Passing from England 88. Notes from the Annals of the Community at Maria Stein; Leben und Wirken des hochw. P. Franz Sales Brunner (1882), pp. 17-20; 69-70; 115-120; 131-137. CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 254 to the continent of Europe, the bishop took charge of two young ladies going from London to the Ursuline convent at Boulogne- sur-Mer, France. At the convent he was welcomed by the Sisters and their chaplain, Father Amadeus Rappe, the latter becoming so interested in the mission of Cincinnati that he applied for entrance into the diocese, and came in 1840, as the escort of the Sisters of Notre Dame. Stationed at Toledo, Father Rappe saw an opportunity for the establishment of a convent at that place. But the bishop, too, had his designs at the same time on a foundation by the Ursulines in Brown county. With permission to visit his home near Beaulieu in France for the purpose of settling family financial affairs, Father Machebeuf was commissioned by Bishop Purcell, in July, 1844, to act as his agent in obtaining some Sisters from the convent at Boulogne-sur-Mer. Father Machebeuf visited the Sisters at Boulogne, and, presenting the letters of introduction from the bishop as well as from Father Rappe, proposed the foundation in Brown county, Ohio, where 300 acres of ground awaited their coming. The proposition seemed acceptable to the mother-superior, who wanted time, however, for consultation. *? Thereupon, Father Machebeuf proceeded to his home at Riom. Meanwhile, he learned from the superior of the Ursulines at St. Halyre, near Clermont, that the community of the Ursulines, consisting of fourteen persons in the diocese of Tulle who had suffered and were. suffering much at the hands of the civil authorities, would likely wish to go to the United States. Indeed, hearing of the invitation addressed to Boulogne, the mother-superior at Beaulieu wrote to Boulogne in August to ascertain if it were true, and in the event of acceptance, if some of her Sisters might accompany the party. ‘The reply of Sep- tember 10th showed that it was thought at Boulogne that the Sisters could not accept the invitation to Cincinnati. This caused the chaplain, M. Graviche, superior of the Ursulines at Beaulieu, to open correspondence with Father Machebeuf, who in all likelihood soon received authorization from Bishop Purcell to proceed in the negotiations with Beaulieu. A per- 89. Letter, Bishop Machebeuf, April 13, 1889, to the Colorado Catholic. 90. Letter, Machebeuf, Riom, France, September 5, 1844, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 258 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VII sonal visit to Beaulieu by Father Machebeuf had the effect of obtaining all the consent necessary for the enterprise. He next proceeded to obtain the permission of the Rt. Rev. Bishop Bertrand, of Tulle, who granted it very reluctantly. Applica- tion was then made to the Boulogne convent for two Sisters, who could speak English, to accompany the party. Preparations for the departure of the entire community were being made; Father Machebeuf went to Bordeaux to arrange for their sailing on March 1, 1845; and the word was passed that the Sisters were going to leave. Those who before had been their enemies, now appeared at the convent,—the sub-prefect of the department, the mayor and the municipal council,— offering every promise of support should they remain. Some relatives of the nuns likewise interposed with the bishop, who retracted the general permission. Several of the fourteen then failed to persevere in their intentions. The Sisters received great consolation, however, when they learned on February 28th, that their request for Sisters from Boulogne had been granted. It was found impossible to leave as was intended on March Ist, but the project was never given up; the Sisters continued their preparations, and contrived means to leave the town of Beaulieu secretly, if necessary. Two of them left thus on April 7th. Six others left together on April 15th, joining their comrades at Paris, the place desig- nated for the meeting. At Paris, under the guidance of Father Machebeuf, they consecrated themselves and their new estab- lishments to the Blessed Virgin Mary in joining the Arch- sodality of the Sacred Heart of Mary, established in the church of Notre Dame de Victoire.*: On April 19th, all repaired to Havre, where on the 30th they met the three Sisters from Boulogne. The party then numbered eleven: Sisters Stanis- laus Laurier, St. Peter Andral, Augustine Bouret, Angela Demotat, as choir sisters, and Sisters Martial, Mary, Bernard and Christine, as lay sisters, from Beaulieu; Sister Julia Chat- field, choir sister, Sister Hyacinth Eiffe, novice, and Miss Matilda Dunn, postulant, from Boulogne. Sailing from Havre on May 4th, accompanied by Fathers Machebeuf and Peudeprat, the latter also a recruit for Cin- 91. Letter, Machebeuf, Havre, April 29, 1845, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives), CHAP. vit] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI Oe) cinnati, the Sisters landed at New York on June 2, 1845.92 They did not reach Cincinnati until June 19th, when they were received and welcomed by Bishop Purcell. They were then conducted to the home of Mr. and Mrs. David Corr, who offered their hospitality to them until they determined on a definite location.®? The bishop offered them their choice of Brown county or Chillicothe, to both of which places two of the Sisters repaired to look over the prospects of a foundation, but returned with the determination to leave the selection to the bishop himself, who chose Brown county for them. ‘hither they went on July 21st, and found the seminarians under Father Burlando, still at the seminary. The bishop’s instruc- tions to repair to Cincinnati soon reached the seminarians, and the Sisters were then lodged in the seminary, which became their convent. Besides this building, there were the residence of Fathers Gacon and Cheymol, the workmen’s house, and St. Martin’s church. ‘This last was made to serve as the convent chapel. About these houses lay 300 acres of land. The Sisters began to teach school to some children in the neighborhood, and on October 4, 1845, received their first boarding scholars into their young ladies’ academy. Plans were prepared at once for a new convent, which was completed and occupied in September, 1847. In the previous year the school had been incorporated under the title of ‘‘The St. Ursula Literary Institute’. New buildings have been built on this original site, whilst new foundations have been made ir other parts of the United States. In the archdiocese of Cincinnati the Sisters conduct two academies, one in Brown county, and the other at Oak street and Reading road, Cincinnati. Difficulties having arisen, a division of the community was occasioned in April, 1910, when an independent Ursuline com- munity was established on McMillan street, Walnut Hills. Mother Fidelis became the superior, Mother Baptista, assist- ant, Mother Berchmans, zelatrice, and Sister Adelaide, treasurer.2> ‘The Sisters conduct an academy in connection 92. Letter, Machebeuf, New Work, June 3, 1845, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 93. Letter of the Sisters to the Superior at Beaulieu (HOWLETT, Life of Bishop Machebeuf, pp. 135-37). 94. Official Catholic Directory, 1920; Fifty Yearsin Brown County Convent (Cincinnati, 1895); article, Our Convents, VI, in The Metropolitan, Baltimore, 1856, IV, 155-57. 95. Catholic Telegraph, April 14, 1910. 260 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VII with the convent and have charge of three parochial schools in Cincinnati. For a short time after 1847, Cincinnati harbored some Ursu- line nuns who had left Charleston on the breaking-up of the convent in that city. At Cincinnati they conducted a school on Bank street in the former residence of Major Gano, but closed the school on April 12, 1855, and disbanded, some going to Brown county, Ohio, some returning to Cork, Ireland, the larger number, however, under the guidance of Mother Joseph entering the Ursuline convent at Springfield, Illinois. The property which they occupied is that upon which now stands the St. Vincent home for boys, 918 Bank street. The next four foundations of religious communities of women in Cincinnati were due to the charity and burning zeal of a convert to the Catholic Faith, Mrs. Sarah Peter, of whom we hope to say more in the next chapter. The four founda- tions were those of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, the Sisters of Mercy, the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, and the Little Sisters of the Poor. SISTERS OF THE GOOD SHEPHERD The first of the four to be made at Cincinnati was that of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd or of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd; a cloistered order, the members of which add to the three ordinary vows of poverty, chastity and obedi- ence, a fourth vow, to work for the conversion and instruction of “penitents’’. The purpose of the order is to provide a retreat, where girls and women of dissolute habits may take refuge in order to lead a penitential and a better life. Such women are likewise admitted when consigned to the institution by civil or parental authority. Many of them, after tasting the effects of seclusion, wish to remain forever, and they are then admitted, after the taking of vows, to the class of ‘“‘Magdalens’’, to be under the care of the Sisters. Finally, the Sisters undertake to protect and train children, who, endangered by their home environment, have been entrusted to their care for CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 261 proper education. As first established in 1641 by Blessed John Eudes at Caen, France, the order was called the Order of Our Lady of Charity of the Refuge, but in a reorganization by Mother Euphrasia Pelletier, which affected chiefly the adminis- tration and was officially approved by Pope Gregory XVI on April 3, 1835, the branch at Angers assumed the name of “Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd of Angers’’. The new organization proved a great stimulus to further foundations.®* Already on December 1, 1842, a house was begun at Louisville upon the solicitation of Bishop Flaget.%’ From this city, the Sisters made the foundation at Cincinnati in 1857 upon the request of Mrs. Sarah Peter and with the approbation of Archbishop Purcell. An extract from a letter, written by one of the Sisters on February 19, 1887, to Mrs. Rufus King, daughter-in-law of Mrs. Peter, will serve to tell the story of the foundation: “Mother M. of St. Ignatius Ward and myself left Louisville, Ky., on the 16th of February, 1857. We arrived in Cincinnati the following day; repaired at once to St. Philomena Church, where Rev. Father Hengehold kindly received us. After serving us with breakfast, con- sisting of coffee mixed with tea, and heavy black bread with butter, his reverence introduced us to dear Mrs. S. Peter, jestingly telling her we were fit to begin the work of the Good Shepherd, as we knew how to practice mortification. Accompanied by Rev. Pére Hengehold and our venerated foundress, ‘Mrs. Peter,’ we paid our obeisance to his grace, the Most Rev. J. B. Purcell, and then made arrangements to purchase the property we occupy. During our first week’s abode in the city we shared dear Mrs. Peter’s hospitality. At her residence we became acquainted with Mr. and Mrs. R. R. Springer, Mr. and Mrs. J. Slevin, and Mr. A. Geis, who conjointly provided us with beds and bedding, and other necessaries, for the accommodation of our first penitents. Our kind hostess presented us with the sum of $100, and on the 27th of the above-named month, she brought us eighteen female prisoners for the opening of our penitent class. We ourselves took possession of the frame building on corner of Bank and Baymniller, at present occupied by a number of colored girls under our care, on the 26th of February, 1857. I must here remark that among the eighteen specimens of degradation was a special notorious character, called the ‘Tigress of Cincinnati’. No force could restrain her. This poor object of compassion is still with us; her ferocious disposition has long since assumed the amiable qualities of a gentle lamb, and we trust she, 96. Catholic Encyclopedia, VI, 647. 97. SPALDING, Sketches of the Life of Bishop Flaget, pp. 336-39. 262 HISTORY OFTHE [ CHAP. VII like many of her former associates in vice, will end her days in the peaceful Home of the Good Shepherd. “Tn 1863, March 9th, Mother M. of St. Stanislaus, and her sisters, took charge of the poor prisoners at Front street. When, in 1873, the city authorities withdrew this charge, our Fulton colony removed to their present locality, on Baum street, March 3lst, bringing with them forty penitents and twenty preservation children.®® “The Ist of May, 1865, the house of the ‘Angel Guardian’ was opened. Its first situation was on Lytle street. April 22, 1867, our sisters moved to Pearl street, where, on the first of October, 1872, the good Mother M. of the Annunciation died. Their next move was to Newport, Ky., January 6, 1875, where they now own an extensive property.’’%9 Additions were made to the institution on Bank street as conditions demanded, but in 1870 it was found imperative as well as useful to purchase a farm at Carthage, where the provincial monastery of the Good Shepherd, ‘‘Our Lady of the Woods,” is now located. The-other establishment of the Sisters in the city of Cincinnati is on Price Hill, where, in 1904, they purchased the commanding and beautiful site of Mount st. Mary seminary. Branch houses of the Sisters are to be found in the cities of Columbus, Cleveland and Toledo, Ohio; Newport, Ky.; Detroit and Grand Rapids, Mich.; Indian- apolis, Ind.; and Louisville, Ky.1% SISTERS OF MERCY The second of the communities which was brought to Cincinnati by Mrs. Peter, was that of the Sisters of Mercy, from Kinsale, Ireland. When in Ireland in 1854, Mrs. Peter had visited their convent and had become acquainted with their work. After her return to Cincinnati in 1855, and her subsequent residence there for two years, she resolved on obtaining an establishment of these Sisters at Cincinnati. For this she gained the ready consent of the archbishop of Cincinnati, who was himself well acquainted with their work. 98. ‘This location was changed for that of Price Hill in 1904. 99. Letter printed in Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. Sarah Peter, by MARGARET R. KING, vol. II, 344-46. 100. Official Catholic Directory, 1920. CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 263 Mrs. Peter left the United States on May 6, 1857, proceeding to Liverpool, and before the end of the month was a guest at the convent of the Sisters of Mercy at Kinsale. In order to over- come partially the.one serious obstacle to the acceptance of her proposition by the Sisters, Mrs. Peter offered the Sisters one- fourth of her income, about $4,000, and an insurance policy on her life. The Sisters, however, upon taking counsel, es- pecially with their bishop at Cork, the Rt. Rev. William Delany, wrote to Archbishop Purcell for his guarantees in the matter. They were answered by his Grace: ‘‘The Sisters of Mercy shall never want their daily bread while I have a crust to share with them, and I may give the same assurance in the name of my successor.”’ In the meantime, Mrs. Peter had left Ireland for the con- tinent of Europe, where she expected to take up collections for the furtherance of her plans. Furnished with the highest letters of recommendation from the Pope as well as from cardinals and princes, she was eminently successful. When she had prepared the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis at Aix- la-Chapelle for a foundation in Cincinnati, she returned to Kinsale, where on July 15, 1858, she wrote: “I am helping the good Sisters here in their active preparations for their de- parture. There will be eleven. They are ladies who are coming who would grace any circle.’ 1°! The Sisters had decided upon the foundation early in the summer. Five professed Sisters were all who were allowed to go, though they were to be increased by three novices and one postulant. The superior of the band of nine which came was the mother herself, Teresa Maher, whilst her companions were Sisters M. Gertrude O’ Dwyer, M. Francis Nunan, M. Baptist Kane, M. Joseph Leahy, M. Xavier Scully, M. Angela Kiely, M. Stanislaus Murphy and Mary Campbell. The Sisters left their convent on July 23d for Southampton, where they embarked five days later with Mrs. Peter. Aftera voyage of thirteen days they landed at New York on August 9th, but did not proceed to Cincinnati till August 17th. On the following evening, they became the guests at Cincinnati of Mrs. Peter in a part of her own residence, which she had pre- pared asaconvent. On the following morning, the archbishop 101. Letter in Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. Sarah Peter, Il, 421. 264 HISTORY -OF THE [ CHAP. VII welcomed them to Cincinnati, celebrated Mass for them in the temporary chapel, and named their institution the ‘“Con- vent of the Good Will’. Here the Sisters continued to live until October 11th, when they moved to a poorly conditioned house on Sycamore street, behind St. Thomas’ church. In this building the good Sisters began their work according to the mission of their society, which is to teach the children, to nurse the sick, and to care for distressed women of good character. Night and day schools were opened on October 25th and 26th respectively. Miss Agnes McCoy was the first to be received as a Sister of Mercy on November 7, 1858, whilst the first candidates from Cincinnati entered the convent on the follow- ing February 2d. The location on Sycamore street proved unhealthy; where- fore, aided by generous benefactors, the Sisters purchased the home of the orphan boys on Fourth street, between John street and Central avenue,!°? whither they moved on June 4, 1860. ‘This house was to serve by way of exception as a hospital during the next few years of the Civil War and the cholera, when the Sisters gave themselves over to the work with heart and soul. Its ordinary purpose was to serve as a house of refuge and academy. With the development of the city this location became undesirable also, and a new site was purchased on Freeman avenue, where the convent and mother- house are now situated. The Sisters teach in ten parochial schools, conduct two academies, a hospital, a House of Mercy for destitute children, and the Mt. Carmel Home for working girls and women, all of these institutions being within the arch- diocese of Cincinnati. 1° SISTERS OF THE POOR OF ST. FRANCIS The Sisters of Mercy were still the guests of Mrs. Peter when that good lady went to the railroad depot at Cincinnati to welcome’ the Sisters of the Poor of St. \Praucisieit 102. Deed of trustees of St. Aloysius Society to Sisters of Mercy, April 27, 1860, recorded Hamilton county Recorder’s Office, Book 259, p. 174. 103. Leaves from the Annals of the Sisters of Mercy, vol. IV, pp. 286-330; Official Catholic Directory, 1920. CHAP. VII | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 265 was the Little Sisters of the Poor, whom she wanted particu- larly, but could not obtain. Disappointed, she was referred to Mother Frances Schervier, the foundress of the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis in the archdiocese of Cologne, Ger- many.'°4 In furthering her plans, Mrs. Peter used as inter- mediary Miss Augusta von Tietz, of Dantzig, whom she had met at Vienna and who was herself anxious to join the Sisters. Cardinal von Geissel was at once won to the cause, in which he interested Mother Frances. Mrs. Peter herself paid the mother a visit at Aix-la-Chapelle in the spring of 1858, and soon prevailed upon her to make the foundation. When Mrs. Peter returned in the summer to take the Sisters with her, they were not prepared to go, but promised to follow very shortly. Mrs. Peter went on to Ireland for the Sisters of Mercy. The Sisters kept their word. Five professed Sisters and a postulant under the charge of Sister Augustine as superioress, and Sister Felicitas as assistant, bade adieu to the convent at Aix-la-Chapelle on August 10, 1858. Leaving Havre on the 24th of the month, they arrived at New York on September 8th. In this first city of the new world they were welcomed by Father Edward Purcell, who conducted them to Cincinnati, where, as was said, they were met by Mrs. Peter. Mrs. Peter had arranged for them at the convent of the Good Shepherd on Bank street. On September 14th, the Sisters took up their quarters temporarily in the boys’ orphanage on Fourth street, between John street and Centralavenue. After the Sisters of Mercy had been provided forin the house on Sycamore street in October, they were welcomed to the home of Mrs. Peter, by whom they were given free disposition of all save two rooms in the second-story, which were reserved for the good lady herself. They were donated also the adjoining ground upon which to build a chapel. The Sisters themselves purchased other adjacent ground, and upon it built the convent of St. Clara, completed in 1866. Mrs. Peter then deeded over to them half of her own property, the other half to be theirs upon her death. The mission of these Sisters is particularly for and among the poor: the alleviation of distress in the home and the care 104. Letter, Mrs. Sarah Peter, Muenster, Westphalia, 1858 (Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. Sarah Peter, II, 414). 266 ‘ HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VII of the sick in hospitals. For the latter purpose they opened St. Mary’s hospital on Betts street, Cincinnati, in December, 1859. Their work has increased in that they now have a hospital for incurables at Fairmount, Cincinnati, and a hos- pital at Dayton. Their convent, formerly located at Third and Lytle streets, the old home of Mrs. Peter, has been aban- doned and destroyed for park purposes; a new convent and mother-house has been built at Hartwell, Ohio. The Sisters have reached out also into other parts of the United States, having establishments in the states of New York, New Jersey, Kentucky, Illinois and Kansas. 1° LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR The fourth religious foundation made by Mrs. Sarah Peter at Cincinnati appealed very much to her, and, though she could not obtain consent for a foundation in 1858, she succeeded in 1868, when six Sisters, Theodore Marie (superior), Maria de Ste. Thérése, Joseph de Jésus, Madeleine du Sacré Coeur, Ste. Barbe, Ste. Nathalie and Marie Flavie, left their mother- house in Brittany, France, to establish a house at Cincinnati. Here they arrived on October 15, 1868, almost penniless, having ten cents in money and two statuettes, one of the Blessed Virgin and the other of St. Joseph. ‘They were taken to the convent of the Sisters of Notre Dame on Sixth street, near Sycamore, where they were given a hospitable welcome. The mission of the Sisters is to provide a refuge for the aged poor of both sexes, without restriction as to creed or nationality. They began their work in an old, abandoned school-house on George street. They were there for only a short time when they moved into a house on Lock street, which adjoined the old Good Samaritan hospital. In 1873, they built a convent on Florence avenue, in Duck Creek valley. In 1889, they built their second convent on Riddle road, Clifton. In these two houses, during the space of fifty years, the Sisters have cared for akout 25,000 of the aged and needy, a very grand 105. JuitErR, Life of the Venerable Mother Frances Schervier, 1895, p. 232 ff.; Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. Sarah Peter, 11, 353-56; 414; Catholic Telegraph, October 5, 1911; Official Catholic Directory, 1920. CHAP. VIT] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 267 work, indeed, when it is considered that the Sisters never have had and never will have, according to their rules, any other than a precarious means of subsistence. The Sisters as well as their inmates live upon what charity gives them from day to day. Two Sisters may be found daily making their rounds in the city begging for alms, whilst two others go about in a wagon calling for the necessaries of life which charitably inclined persons may offer them. ‘The house of the Sisters at Cincinnati was the second of the society in the United States, the first having been established at Brooklyn. ‘That the work of the Sisters appeals to all is manifest from their numerous foundations throughout the United States. 1° SOCIETY OF THE SACRED HEART Before starting on his first episcopal visit to Europe in 1838, Bishop Purcell had determined on securing the Ladies of the Sacred Heart from Paris for higher education in his diocese.!°7. When in Paris, he visited their convent, but,in the temporary illness of Madame Barat, he was asked to call on september 13, 1838, for a final answer. Keeping the appoint- ment, the bishop was gratified to learn that some ladies of the society would be ready to return to the States with him.1° Happy in his prospects, the bishop proceeded to Rome, where in the next spring he obtained a brief of authorization from Pope Gregory XVI to transfer to the Ladies of the Sacred Heart some property, which had been given to his predecessor for educational purposes. !%° Upon his return to the diocese, the bishop announced that all arrangements had been made to have the Madames of the Sacred Heart open an institution.!!° It was a disappointment, therefore, to learn from Father Brassac, in the spring of 1840, 106. Catholic Telegraph, October 21, 1868; April 24,1919; notes from the records of the convent of the Little Sisters of the Poor, Florence avenue; Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. Sarah Peter, II, 414, 441. 107. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, March 23, 1838, to Archbishop Eccleston (Baltimore Archives, Case 25, Q 4). ‘ 108. Letter, Purcell, Paris, September 12, 1838, to Marianne Reilly, Cincinnati (Archives Mount St. Joseph’s, Ohio). 109. Brief of authorization, March 10, 1839 (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph). 110. U.S. Catholic Almanac, 1840, pp. 95, 98. 268 HISTORY» OF. THE [ CHAP. VII that the ladies were to go to New York, which had asked for them ten years previous to the request from Cincinnati, and that they could not undertake the establishment at Cincinnati for two years more.!!1 Thirty years later Archbishop Purcell renewed his request for a foundation by the society in the archdiocese, and this time he was favored with the coming to Cincinnati in Novem- ber, 1869, of four choir religious and three lay sisters under their superioress, Mother Ellen Hogan. In this year the Madames of the Sacred Heart opened their school on Sixth street, near Stone, where they remained for several years. ‘Their present convent, with academy and college, is located on La Fayette avenue, Clifton, a beautiful suburb of Cincinnati. ‘Their mission is preeminently that of teaching.!1 SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH The last of the communities to establish a convent and novitiate in the archdiocese was that of the Sisters of St. Joseph, of Bourg, France. ‘The history of the entrance of this society into the archdiocese is unique, being the culmination of an establishment known as the Sacred Heart Home for homeless, young working girls. In the beginning of 1893, the institution was in charge of Miss McCabe, a woman of great charity towards the poor young working girl and boy. In this estab- lishment for young girls, she was assisted by a corps of young ladies, who were leading exemplary lives in the home, and, though bound by no vow of a religious, were performing their religious duties in common. On February 6, 1893, eight of these young ladies applied to the mother-superior of the Sisters of St. Joseph at New Or- leans, for affiliation as a body to the community. The names of the young ladies were Bridget Madden, N. Cleary, Elizabeth Donihen, Julia Dindy, Anne Costello, Catherine Joyce, Ellen 111. Letters, Brassac, Paris, February 22, March 10 and July 12, 1840, to Purcell, Cin- cinnati (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph). 112. Mor. Baunarp, The Life of Blessed Madeleine Sophie Barat; JANET E. Stuart, The Society of the Sacred Heart; The Life of Aloysia Hardey; notes from the archives of the convent, Clifton. CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 269 Greaney and Anna: J. Trownsdell.113 The mother-superior took counsel with Archbishop Janssens of New Orleans, who on February 24th, wrote to Archbishop Elder for his views on the subject. The archbishop of Cincinnati replied on March 18th as follows: “Some ten years ago or more, a very pious and very energetic lady, having some means of her own to begin with, opened a home for respectable girls out of employment. Some other ladies and working women joined her. Now they have some forty girls ordinarily with them; and they have also eighty or more working girls from factories, coming there to dinner. I do not judge them capable of forming a religious community by themselves. The originator, Miss Margaret McCabe, does not even feel assured herself of having a vocation to religion. I told them that if an approved community would receive them, I would be glad to see them become religious. The most of them are very desirous to enter a community. Some are not so strongly bent on it. “T am very much satisfied with their work, and with their conduct; and the spirit of religion and humility which they manifest. There will be no change of superior; because at present Miss McCabe does not claim to be a religious and superior. She is simply the directress of the establishment. Of course, she keeps them in observance of duties and hours. They have some spiritual exercises in common every day. They havea chapel, which is used at present by the Italian congregation for all their worship. “They have no approved habit. They wear all the same dress according to their own agreement. “TI do not know how far it will be advantageous to the Sisters of St. Joseph. I understand that they desired the arrangement, because they thought that having a house in Cincinnati would obtain candidates forthem. There are a good many religious vocations here. ....... “T have not taken any part in negotiating the terms. I have left them to arrange the matter between themselves.’’''* This letter proved satisfactory to the archbishop of New Orleans, who so expressed himself to the mother-superior and counseled her to begin the arrangements for the aggregation of the ladies to the society.115 Two days later the mother- superior was the recipient also of a letter to the same purport from Archbishop Elder.!18 113. Letter of application, Cincinnati, February 6, 1893 (Archives St. Joseph Mother- house, New Orleans). 114. Letter, Elder, Cincinnati, March 18, 1893, to Janssens, New Orieans (Archives St. Joseph Mother-house, New Orleans). 115. Subscription to above letter of March 18, 1893. 116. Letter, Elder, Cincinnati, March 20, 1893, to Rev. Mother Colette, New Orleans (Archives St. Joseph Mother-house, New Orleans). 270 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VII In the following June, Mother Maria and Sisters St. Rose, Nativity, and Veronica came to Cincinnati to take charge of the home and to open a novitiate in the home for those who desired to become affiliated to the society. Arrangements concerning the property were made on September 29th follow- ing.117. Miss McCabe did not enter the community, since from the beginning it had hardly been her intention to do so. She then began a similar establishment known as the Boys’ Home. The novel arrangement, though it had its difficulties, proved successful. The Sisters have continued in charge of the home on Broadway, whilst they purchased also a “‘country home” at Mt. Washington in October, 1893, and there in a new building opened St. Joseph’s academy in 1915. A novitiate is likewise conducted there. SISTERS OF THE THIRD ORDER REGULAR OF ST. FRANCIS The mother-house of this community is located at Olden- burg, Indiana, where, with one professed Sister of the order from Vienna, Austria, Father Rudolf began the establishment in 1851. The mission of the society is preeminently that of education of youth. ‘Three Sisters of the community, Sisters M. Veronica, M. Blandina, and M. Ludgardis were the first to come into the archdiocese of Cincinnati, where the Francis- can Fathers in charge of the church of St. Clement at St. Bernard, Ohio, had invited them in 1876, to instruct in the school attached to their church. Four years later they were invited to their second school in the archdiocese at Carthage. Succeeding years have seen new schools added to their list, which now contains twenty-four parochial schools. The Sisters have no community house in the archdiocese; they live in the houses attached to the parish schools. 118 117. Agreement in Archives of St. Joseph Mother-house, New Orleans. 118. Notes furnished from records of mother-house at Oldenburg, Indiana; Andenken an das Goldene Jubilaeum, pp. 117-18. , CHAP. vu] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 271 THE SISTERS OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE The second of the teaching communities to take up work in the archdiocese of Cincinnati, but without a convent therein, was that of the Sisters of Divine Providence, who were founded at Metz, Moselle, France, in 1762. Their first establishment in the United States was at Covington, Ky., whither they were invited by Bishop Maes in 1889. ‘Three years later they began their first labors in the archdiocese of Cincinnati in the school of St. Aloysius, Elmwood Place. To this first establishment they have since added the schools at Mt. Healthy, Dry Ridge, and Ripley, which they have taught since 1894, 1905 and 1912 respectively. Their general mother-house is now located at St. Jean-de-Bassel, Moselle, France. 119 SISTERS OF THE BLESSED SACRAMENT Like the two former communities, the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament for Indians and Colored People have no community house in the archdiocese, but are in charge of the school of St. Anne, conducted for the poorest of God’s charges in the archdiocese, the negroes. As almost every one knows, these Sisters are the daughters of Mother Catherine Drexel, who abandoned the world, where her every wish could have been gratified, to found in 1893 an order to care for the Indians and colored people. It was in response to the solicitation of the latewRev, Bdward 1) Cleary, then’ in) charge) of St. Anne’s church, that five Sisters, Philip Neri, Andrew, Helena, Eulalia and Mariette, came to Cincinnati in July and August, 1914, to begin their work among the negroes resident in Cincin- nati 420 SISTERS OF CHRISTIAN CHARITY This congregation of Sisters was founded by Mother Pauline von Mallinckrodt, at Paderborn, Germany, on August 21, 1849. 119. Archives, St. Anne Convent, Melbourne, Kentucky. 120. Notes from the records of the community mother-house, Cornwells, Pa.: The Indian Sentinel, 1907; The Queen’s Work, March, 1919, p. 61 ff. 272 ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI [ CHAP. VII Their first foundation in the United States was made at Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, in 1873, the same year in which Mother Pauline was invited by Archbishop Purcell to make an establishment in the archdiocese of Cincinnati. It was not till August, 1881, however, that upon the invitation of Father Steinlage, then stationed at Piqua, Ohio, four Sisters of the congregation, Sisters Sixta, Meinwerka, Irene and Maxentia, came to the archdiocese to take charge of St. Boniface school, Piqua. ‘This is the only foundation the Sisters have in the archdiocese. Their mother-house is located at Wilmette, Illinois. 12! POLISH FRANCISCAN SCHOOL SISTERS The mother-house of these Sisters is located at St. Louis, Missouri, where they were founded in 1901. In keeping with their mission of teaching in Polish schools, they were invited by Father R. Baranski, of St. Adalbert’s, Dayton, Ohio, to as- sume charge of the parish school under his direction. Ac- cordingly, Sisters Leonarda, Ferdinand, Bergitta, and Jacobine were commissioned by their superior to undertake the charge Ane 91S, 121. Notes from the records of the mother-house, Wilmette, Illinois. Life of Mother Pauline von Mallinckrodt. CHAPTER VIII SOCIAL LIFE SIHE energy of the Catholic Church which is | spent for the salvation of men, has never in the history of the Church been confined solely to explanations of theological doctrines; but it has also been guided by the consideration of the relation in man of soul to body. In the first days of her existence, the Catholic Church gathered her neophytes together to provide sustenance for the body as well as to strengthen them in the faith. The surplus funds of the individuals were passed into the general coffers to be adminis- tered by the deacons for the alleviation of the miseries of the poor, the sick, and the oppressed. Indigent members were maintained from the public treasury; imprisoned members were visited, nourished, consoled and fortified for the mortal combat in which they were listed; and after their torn and mangled bodies had been left by the pagans lying on the sands of the amphitheatre or in the open fields as prey to carrion dogs and birds, the Christians in concerted or private action hastened in the darkness of night to collect the fragments of the bodies for Christian burial. When Christianity had tri- umphed over paganism, and the Church could undertake the regeneration of a corrupted civilized race or the softening of harsh customs by the infusion of nobler instincts into the wild roving bands of the East or the colder races of the North, new social institutions were created by the Church to provide for the necessities of the newly-born European races. Schools of primary as well as of higher education were formed; hospices were founded to care for the pilgrim as well as for the aged and the infirm; guilds were established to promote the spiritual as well as the temporal interests of the artisan and laborer; orders were instituted to redeem captives in barbarian lands; and associations were organized to insure decent burial after death. Such was only the beginning of the works of education and charity, which the Church inaugurated for the protection [273] 274 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VIII and guidance of the members who were entrusted to her. The book of the history of the Church’s social activity has only recently been opened and read. ‘Those who have peered into it, have been astounded at and enamoured with the story. In that book of history, we wish now to turn to the page whereon is written the history of the social activities of the Catholic Church in the archdiocese of Cincinnati during the span of the one hundred years of her existence. There we shall read how she has provided a place for the care of mothers and of foundlings; a home for the orphan; schools, academies, colleges and universities for the training of youth; literature for all classes; homes for the homeless working boy and girl; charitable associations to assist the poor, to lift up the down- trodden and the out-cast; missions for the deaf-mute; hos- pitals for the sick; asylums for the aged and infirm; and even hallowed resting-places under the shadow of the Cross of Calvary for the dead. From the earliest years of its existence, the diocese of Cincinnati endeavored to erect and maintain parochial schools for the primary education of its children. The first two bishops of the diocese considered the necessity of such schools as a matter of course, so that wherever Catholic churches were built, the Catholic parochial school was sure to follow, if indeed it had not even anticipated the church. It was only after opposition to the parochial schools began to manifest itself in 1853, that the necessity of providing parochial schools became a matter of legislation, and then each and every dio- cesan synod and provincial council held in the archdiocese of Cincinnati concerned themselves with the subject. We shall quote from two of the pastoral letters issued by the Fathers of the first and third provincial councils, as all requisite con- sideration is given to the subject by them. In the letter of the Council of 1855 to the clergy and laity, the Fathers write: “Wherefore, beloved brethren, we beseech you to contend earnestly for the faith once delivered to the saints, to preserve it untarnished in your own hearts, and to transmit it, in its integrity, to your children. | The simplicity of these little ones, whom God has confided to the care of their parents, is easily imposed upon by wicked men who lie in wait to deceive (Ephesians IV, 14). False maxims are carefully instilled into their unsuspecting minds by the emissaries of evil; and under the appearance of godliness, deadly poison is infused into their young hearts. The tender lambs of the flock are thus devoured by the CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 275 prowling wolves or roaring lions, who go about seeking whom they may devour (I Peter V, 8). We beseech you, Christian parents, by the bowels of the mercy of God, that you be ever mindful of your solemn obligation to guard your children from a danger so imminent, and to rear them up, both by word and example, in the knowledge and prac- tice of their religious duties. Else, you will have to give an awful account of their souls at the dread bar of God, who will demand their blood at your hands. “Religion is an essential element—nay the very foundation— of all sound education. Religious instruction should be combined with the elements of merely human learning, that our youth may grow up in the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs I, 7; IX, 10). It is religion alone that can effectually curb that evil concupiscence which we all unhappily inherit from our first parents, and its holy influence alone can check those headlong passions which else would precipitate thoughtless youth into the abyss of vice. Chil- dren reared up and educated without suitable religious instruction and training often become, by their perverseness, the pests of that society of which they should be the ornament and support; and instead of being the solace of their parents in declining age, they sadden their hearts by reckless vice and stubborn disobedience. We beseech you, then, Christian parents, to bear this solemn obligation constantly in mind, and to provoke not your children to wrath, but to bring them up in the discipline and correction of the Lord (Ephesians VI, 4). Co- operate zealously with your pastors in promoting the religious instruc- tion of your children; teach them daily at home, and see that they attend punctually the classes for catechetical instruction; above all, encourage the erection and support of parochial schools in which re- ligious principles are inculcated along with the elements of learning. ‘‘Earnestly do we desire to see a parochial school in connection with every Catholic Church in this province; and we hope the day is not distant when this wish nearest our hearts shall be fully realized. With all the influences constantly at work to unsettle the faith of our children, and to pervert their tender minds from the religion of their fathers, and with all the lamentable results of these influences con- stantly before our eyes, we can not too strongly exhort you to contribute generously of your means to enable your pastor to carry out this great work. The erection of Catholic schools is, in many respects, as im- portant an object as the building of new churches. The Catholic Church has ever been the greatest promoter of education; she erected colleges and universities and she covered the earth with free schools, reared under the shadow of her church edifices, centuries before the fatal troubles of the sixteenth century came to unsettle the faith, by severing the unity of Christendom; and she is as great a friend of education now as she was then; but she wishes it not to be severed from religion, which is its main support and solid foundation.’’! 1. Pastoral Letter of the First Provincial Council of Cincinnati to the Clergy and Laity, 1855. 276 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VIII In the pastoral letter of the third provincial council of Cincinnati to the clergy and laity, in paragraph IV, under the heading System of Common Schools, we read: “We think that few candid observers will fail to have remarked the progressive demoralization among the youth of our country, and to regret that the system of Common School education has not cer- tainly succeeded in obviating this downward tendency, to which we may fairly ascribe much of the present alarming condition of our affairs. Under the influence of this plausible, but most unwise system, the rising generation has been educated either without any definite religious principles at all, or with false, at least, more or less exaggerated and fanatical principles. The system itself, if carried out according to its alleged intent of abstaining from any definite religious instruction is well calculated to raise up a generation of religious indifferentists, if not of practical infidels; and if not thus carried out, its tendency is to develop false or very defective, if not dangerous principles. The facts, we believe, sufficiently prove that the influence of our Common Schools has been developed either in one or both of these directions. We can scarcely explain in any other way the manifest moral deteriora- tion of the country, which is probably the worst feature in our present troubles. No candid man will deny, that public virtue is now very far below the standard to which it was raised in the earlier and purer days of the republic, when our fathers admired the moral heroism, and were guided by the political wisdom of a Washington. ““‘We have not ceased, on all suitable occasions, to warn our country- men against the dangerous tendency of this system as it has been prac- tically carried out, not merely because its operation is very unjust to ourselves, but because we consider it radically defective and wrong; but our appeal has been made calmly and with due regard for the feel- ings and even what we might consider the prejudices of others. We feel it to be our most sacred and our most solemn duty to rear up our children in the knowledge, fear, and love of God; and we regard this as the essential element—as the very foundation, the life and soul of all sound education among Christians; that which, in fact, distinguishes the latter from education among pagans. As this religious training is not possible in the Public Schools as at present organized and conducted, our children are necessarily excluded from them, as effectually as they would be by locks and bolts; unless, indeed, we were to become so dead to faith as to be willing to sacrifice the religious education of our children for a merely worldly convenience. But thank God! we have some faith yet left in the midst of this cold world of utilitarianism; and hence, after paying our due proportion of the common taxes for the support of schools which are thus virtually closed against us, we feel constrained to erect others, at enormous expense for the Christian education of our own children. Whatever else may be said of us in explanation or denunciation of our opposition to the Common School system, our worst adversaries cannot but admit our sincerity, proved CHAP. VIIT| ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI a7 as it is by what is usually regarded as a conclusive argument in this age —the large expenditure of our money for this purpose. “In a country so divided in sentiment as ours is on the subject of Religion, the only system which would be fair and equitable to all, would be that which would make education, like religion and like all other important pursuits, entirely free; and if taxes are collected from all for its encouragement and support, to apportion the amount of these taxes fairly among the scholars taught certain branches up to a certain standard, no matter under what religious or other auspices. This system would elicit educational industry and talent, by stimu- lating competition; and we have not a doubt that it would lessen the cost of education, greatly extend its blessings, and render it both sounder and more widely diffused. It would satisfy all classes, and it would render the schools really Public and Common—which they certainly are not at present except in name.’’? Such are the words of wisdom spoken sixty years ago by the bishops of the Cincinnati province. Further legislation has made these words sostringent that pastors have been obliged under pain of mortal sin to provide a parochial school wherever conditions warranted, whilst according to diocesan legislation, parents who fail to send their children to parochial schools without definitely assigned reasons approved by the ordinary, are not permitted to receive the sacraments. * From theory in legislation let us pass to practice to see the manner in which the bishops of Cincinnati interpreted their obligations in this matter. We stated above that the first bishops of Cincinnati had practiced even before they legislated on this subject. Indeed, as early as 1825, under Bishop Fen- wick, there was a school at Cincinnati in connection with the only Catholic church in the city. Twenty-five girls attended a school taught by Sister St. Paul and Miss Powell.4 In Febru- ary, 1827, the Poor Clares counted seventy scholars, besides the poor children they instructed on Sundays.* With the money which he received in 1827 from the Association of the Propagation of the Faith, of Lyons, Bishop Fenwick built a brick school opposite the cathedral on Sycamore street.* 2. Pastoral Letter of the Third Provincial Council of Cincinnati to the Clergy and Laity, 1861. 3. Decree VI, of the II Provincial Council of Cincinnati, 1858; Synodus Cincin- natensis III (1898), section I, No. 3. 4. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, July 8, 1825, to Badin (Annales de l’ Association de la Propagation de la Foi, Lyons, III, 289). 5. U.S. Catholic Miscellany, V1, 246, February 24, 1827. 6. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, 1829, to Association of Propagation of the Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1830, IV, 504). 278 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VIII When the school had to be closed for lack of teachers in 1828, the bishop succeeded the following year in procuring the Sisters of Charity, who immediately opened a school in con- nection with their orphanage.? In 1832, not long after the organization of the second parish within the present limits of the archdiocese of Cincinnati, at St. Martin’s, Brown county, Father James Reid opened the St. James seminary for boys.® The successor to Bishop Fenwick was just as zealous and insistent upon the erection of parochial schools. We may judge this from the consideration that in every one (nine in all) of the parishes of the city of Cincinnati in 1848, there was a parochial school, the lowest number of pupils attending any one school being 70, and the highest, 650—the total being 2,607. In this we do not include academies taught by the religious communities. In 1854, nearly every church in the archdiocese had its school, filled with pupils. In 1860, there were 61 schools, and in 1870, 103 schools. In 1908, in the First Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Parish Schools of the Cincinnati Archdiocese, there were, scattered in eighteen of the counties of Ohio subject to the jurisdiction of Cincin- nati, 110 parochial schools, frequented by 27,233 pupils, and taught by 575 teachers. In the following year there were 114 parochial schools, frequented by 27,641 pupils, and taught by 602 teachers.'° For the coordination of the various elements in the parochial schools with a view to greater efficiency, a superintendent of the schools was appointed in 1907. In the 1919 census of parochial schools there were 123 schools at- tended by 33,960 pupils. 1! Such has been the interpretation which the bishops of Cincinnati have given to their laws regulating the establish- ment of parochial schools. It requires but little mind to con- ceive what an amount of work is required in such an organiza- tion, or what an expense is entailed in the maintenance of so large a number of schools. The task would be an impossible one were it not for the generous offerings made by Catholic 7. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, February 25, 1830, to Rigagnon, Bordeaux (Aznales, 1830, IV, 533). 8. Catholic Telegraph, II, 15. 9. Catholic Almanac, 1854, p. 104. 10. First Annual Report of Superintendent of Parish Schools cf the Archdiocese of Cin- cinnati, 1907-08; Second Report, etc., 1908-09. 11. ‘The Official Catholic Directory, 1920, p. 74. CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 279 parents, or the more generous sacrifices made by the sister- hoods and brotherhoods, which to a love of great poverty add the zealous devotion of ardent men and women laboring to win the souls of children for all eternity. It must not be imagined, however, that such progress in the parochial schools of Cincinnati came of itself, or that it en- countered no obstacles other than the ordinary hardships incident to such an organization. Efforts were made publicly to destroy these schools, if it were possible. In 1853, an at- tempt was made to force a law through the Ohio Legislature to compel parents and guardians, under a penalty of $20 for every offence, to send their children and wards for three months in every year to one of the common schools. This was an insidious attack, to which Archbishop Purcell, after a review of the objections of Catholics to the common school system, replied: ‘‘For ourselves we can only say, as guardians of some 300 orphans, that we pray God to permit that our life be tramped out by a mob in the streets of the Queen City before we obey it, if it be ever sought to be enforced.’’12. Lan- guage like this was intelligible to the most hardened, and no law of the kind intended was ever passed. Twenty years later a second effort was made to cripple the parochial school system by levying taxes on the school property. In 1873, John Gerke, treasurer, and Walker M. Yeatman, auditor of Hamilton county, placed thirty-five pieces of Catholic school property upon the tax duplicates under the head of forfeitures and delinquencies. On January 24, 1873, Archbishop Purcell, through his attorneys, Messrs. Pugh and Throop, filed a petition for an injunction against the treasurer and auditor from collecting the taxes. The injunction being granted, the defendants filed an answer denying that any of the Catholic schools was in any sense a public school, or a free school, or that it should be exempted from taxation; they charged that these schools were denominational, and not public or common schools, and that instruction in the religious tenets of the Roman Catholic Church was the chief and per- manent object with which they had been established. Testi- mony was taken and the case was heard for three days, be- ginning March 21, 1873, before Judge T. A. O’Connor, of the 12. Catholic Telegraph, X XII, April 9, 1853. 280 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VIII Superior Court of Cincinnati, when, the evidence being con- cluded, the Court reserved the cause for the consideration of all the judges in General Term. The Judges sitting in General Term in June, 1873, after excepting a few pieces of property, as either being out of their jurisdiction or not serving for educa- tional purposes, enjoined the defendants and their successors from levying any taxes upon all the rest of the school proper- ties. Motion for a new trial was likewise refused.1* This was the last attempt made publicly to hamper the parochial schools. With the progress of the times, parochial schools could not supply all the preparatory education expected of those in the professions or even of the ordinary business man. ‘The drain upon the resources of the Catholics was too great to permit of great exertions along the lines of secondary or high school education generally. Recently, several successful parochial high schools have been established; further development is not far distant. But the archdiocese of Cincinnati never suffered much for lack of facilities for the education of boys in either secondary or collegiate departments, as St. Xavier college and St. Joseph college in the city of Cincinnati, and St. Mary college, Dayton, afforded opportunities for day as well as boarding scholars. The situation in academies for girls was always better, as academies were more numerous and more widely distributed in the archdiocese. ST. XAVIER COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY St. Xavier college may trace its history back almost ninety years, being the heir to the old Athenaeum, of which the cor- nerstone was laid by Father James I. Mullon on May 14, 1830, and the opening made on October 17, 1831.14 The Athenaeum was intended to serve both as a day and boarding school, the bishop so designing as to recruit a native clergy for his seminary. 13. Printed record, September, 1873, J. B. Purcell, plaintiff, vs. John Gerke, treasurer of Hamilton county, Ohio, and Walker M. Yeatman, auditor of Hamilton county, defendants, Superior Court of Cincinnati. 14. Original inscription in cornerstone (Archives St. Xavier College); Catholic Telegraph, I, 6, October 22, 1831. CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 281 Rev. Frederic Résé, D. D., was made vice-president of the institution until the organization in the following spring, when Rev. James I. Mullon, M.A., was appointed president, and a full classical course of six years was arranged.15 ‘The members of the faculty were chosen from the diocesan clergy. From the very beginning this was felt to be an almost impos- sible arrangement. Bishop Fenwick himself realized this; for he was guided in his selection of Father Kenny to succeed him as bishop of Cincinnati by the thought of obtaining a com- munity to conduct the college. During the interregnum of 1832-1833, conditions became worse;!* and after only a few years Bishop Purcell determined on securing the Jesuits to take charge of the college. We have seen how he succeeded in having the Jesuits take over the college on October 1, 1840, under the presidency of Father John Anthony Elet, S.J. The name was then changed to St. Xavier college, suggested very likely by the name of the seminary, St. Francis Xavier’s, which was conducted in connection with the college.17 St. Xavier’s continued to be conducted as a boarding college until 1854, when the number of scholars from the city of Cincinnati made it advisable to close the boarding department. On March 5, 1842, St. Xavier college was incorporated in the state of Ohio, with John B. Purcell, J. A. Elet, P. M. Pin, I. J. Gleizal and Edward Purcell, trustees, and became em- powered to confer degrees of colleges and universities of the state.18 As this was but a temporary incorporation for thirty years, the president and secretary of the college (Fathers W. H. Hill and S. A. H. Fastré), acting for the Board of Trustees of the college, in 1869, sent a copy of the resolution of the trustees to the Secretary of the State of Ohio, accepting the act which had been passed by the General Assembly of the state of Ohio on May 7, 1867, entitled ‘‘An act to provide for the incorpora- tion of certain colleges as therein described’’.1® The college thereby became incorporated in perpetuity. 15. Prospectus of the Athenaeum, Catholic Telegraph, 1,6; 207. 16. Letter, Mullon, Cincinnati, July 28, 1833, to Purcell, Emmitsburg (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph). 17. Catholic Telegraph, IX, 319, October 3, 1840. 18. Certified copy of act of incorporation by Secretary of State of Ohio, April 28, 1842 (St. Xavier College Archives). 19. Memorandum to Secretary of State of Ohio, June 4, 1869 (St. Xavier College Ar- chives). 282 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VIII Before this had transpired, the college had found it neces- sary to erect another building. In 1863, ground was bought to the north of the old college building,?° which gave the college access to Seventh and Sycamore streets, where the cornerstone of the Hill faculty building was laid by Archbishop Purcell on May 12, 1867.21 This property as well as all the rest of their property was held in the name of individuals up to 1869, when, after the incorporation, all the property was trans- ferred to St. Xavier college.22, To the rear of the Hill faculty building the Moeller building was added in 1885, to provide for the growing needs of the college. Following the destruc- tion of the old Athenaeum, in 1890, the class-room building with the chapel and Memorial hall were built. This was as extensive a development as the site allowed, and with new demands a new location had to be secured. Once before an attempt had been made to provide a subur- ban college. As early as 1844, property of eight and one-fourth acres was purchased on Walnut Hills, where a preparatory department for St. Xavier college was opened in 1847, by Rev. H. G. Aelen, S.J., and then directed by Rev. G. A. Carrell, 5.J.28 But the venture was premature and the preparatory department was brought back to the city. Not until 1906 was a second venture made, this time by the President Rev. Albert A. Dierckes, S.J., who bought property at Gilbert and Lincoln avenues, Walnut Hills. A branch high school was begun, but the site not being very suitable, a new location at Dana avenue and Winding way, Avondale, was secured in 1911 and there the high school was opened in 1912. In the fall of 1919 the college department was transferred from Sycamore street to Avondale, and in 1920 the college of St. Xavier developed into St. Xavier university. 20. Deeds, Merchants Bank of Boston to Desmet, Keller and Coosemans, April 17, 1863 (recorded, Book No. 283, p. 140); H.G.W. Lewis, May 1, 1863, to Desmet and others (recorded, Book No. 283, p. 341). 21. Catholic Telegraph, May 15, 1867. 22. Property deeds, recorded October 21, 1869, Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book No. 373, pp. 159, 163. 23. Deed of Francis Fortman to Van de Velde and others, May 20, 1844 (recorded, Book No. 93, p. 405); Catholic Almanac, 1848, p. 148; Catholic Telegraph, February 8, 1849. CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 283 ST. MARY COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY, DAYTON, O. The second of the colleges of the Cincinnati archdiocese traces its beginnings back to the school which was begun at Dayton on July 1, 1850, by Father Leo Meyer, assisted by three of his brethren of the Society of Mary. Like St. Xavier college, it was opened as a day and boarding school, which it has had the good fortune to be able to continue to this day. Misfortunes attended the college on several occasions, when it seemed as if the enterprise had to be abandoned. On Decem- ber 26, 1855, all the buildings on the place burned, but the Brothers came back in the following March, and by September, 1857, had new buildings in readiness for the twenty pupils who entered St. Mary’s institute, as it was then called. The institute began to prosper, and in the spring of 1860 an addition was made to the boarding-school in the form of a three-story building. Other additions were to follow: a new wing was added to the college in June, 1865; in 1868 the new chapel was begun, and in 1869 completed; a new college building, St. Mary’s hall, was begun in 1869 and completed in 1871. ‘Therein were then transferred all the college departments, and the remaining buildings were dedicated entirely to the novitiate and normal school. After the burning of the normal school building in 1883, the St. Joseph hall was built to replace it in 1885. In the following year the appointment of Brother Kim as Inspector of Schools was made, and from that time on the advance in the intellectual development of the college was rapid. ‘This progress has continued from year to year. When the normal school was transferred in 1915 to Mount St. John, St. Mary college occupied the building which had been vacated. New courses have been added, and large numbers of students have been affiliated. In the fall of 1920 the college began its career as a university, to be known as Dayton university. 284 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VIII ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE, CINCINNATI The Fathers of the Holy Cross, who have their provincial house at Notre Dame, Indiana, opened the college of St. Joseph on October 2, 1871. On May 3, 1873, the college, which afforded a classical and commercial education, was incorporated under the laws of the state of Ohio. For a time it prospered, but adverse times came to strip it of all its former glory. Two other attempts at establishing Catholic colleges in the archdiocese may be recorded. One was St. Peter’s college, Chillicothe, Ohio, the establishment of Father Michael Forde, in 1855. He was assisted by Father J. O’Mealy and several lay professors, but the college was a dismal financial failure; the buildings had been erected by the money of creditors, who had to take what they could get at the close of the first and only year of the college. The institution had never won the genuine affection of Archbishop Purcell.24 ‘The other was the Catholic institute, founded in 1859, at Vine and Longworth streets, Cincinnati. The cornerstone of a three-story building, which was to cost sixty to seventy thousand dollars, was laid on June 23d of that year.25 A polytechnic college, the object of which was to impart a liberal and business education, was opened as a branch of the institute on September 3, 1860. If there was any success attained, it was short-lived, as we learn from Archbishop Purcell, chairman of the trustees of the institute, who inspired, or more probably wrote, the following editorial in the Catholic Telegraph on December 21, 1864: “Hyver since the establishment of the Institute a large and in- fluential portion of the Catholic community has been arrayed against it. We never could understand the motive of this opposition.—Owing to the opposition, or management, or some other reason, the Catholic Institute has ceased to be 24. Catholic Almanac, 1856, pp. 306-07; letters, Michael Forde, Chillicothe, October 4; 1855; Dayton, July 23, 1856; Chillicothe, August 21, 1856; Cincinnati, September 23, 1856, to Archbishop Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives, Mount St. Joseph). 25. Catholic Telegraph, July 2, 1859; Berichte der Leopoldinen Stiftung, 1859, XXX, 34-35. CHAP. VIIT] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 285 what it was intended to be. It is no longer identified with our faith or people.’’?* A little more than two years later, on May 12, 1867, when he laid the cornerstone of the new Hill faculty building of the Jesuits, Archbishop Purcell said: “T here publicly proclaim that the Catholic Institute has proved a grand failure, and I have but lately signed a paper by which it was concluded that the entire concern should be sold. It has proved unworthy of our support. On Good Friday there was performed in its hall a scandalous piece in which religion was ridiculed and scoffed at. Shortly after a lecturer appeared upon its stage to outrage God and religion, and hence I would not have my name associated with it, nor own one dollar of its stock.” 27 ACADEMIES AND COLLEGES FOR GIRLS As we have already remarked, greater facilities for second- ary education were offered to the girls than to the boys of Cincinnati. The first academy established by the Sisters in Cincinnati was the St. Peter’s academy of the Sisters of Charity, which was opened in 1836, in the mansion at Third and Plum streets. In 1853, the same Sisters opened Mount St. Vin- cent’s academy on Mt. Harrison, at the present site of Grand and Lehman road, Price Hill. This academy, as well as that of St. Mary, which was opened at Sixth and Park streets, likewise in 1853, was replaced in 1857 by the present Mount St. Vincent academy, Cedar Grove, on Glenway avenue, Price Hill. In 1869, a beginning was made of the new and present motherhouse at Mount St. Joseph, Hamilton county, where the Sisters opened St. Joseph’s academy. A college was begun there the past fall. The first academy of the Sisters of Notre Dame of Namur, known as the “Young Ladies’ Literary Institute and Boarding School’, was opened on January 18, 1841, on Sixth street, near Broadway. ‘There they erected a qne-story building in 1844, and soon after another building, two stories high. The in- stitution continues on the same site to this day, though addi- 26. Catholic Telegraph, XX XIII, 412. 27. Catholic Telegraph, XX XVI, No. 21, p. 4. 286 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VIII tions have been made to it. But additions alone could not suffice to accommodate the number of girls applying for ad- mission, so that at the end of 1859, seventy acres of land were purchased at Reading, Ohio, and the main building of the academy of Mount Notre Dame built thereon in 1860. Other buildings have been added since. Upon the suggestion of Archbishop Purcell, an academy was established at Court and Mound streets in 1867, to allow girls in the western parts of the city opportunity to attend a Catholic high school. This academy held its final commencement in the summer of 1920. The last development of the Notre Dame academy in the vicinity of Cincinnati occurred in 1890, when the erection of a new convent and academy, known as “Our Lady’s Summit,”’ on Grandin road, Walnut Hills, was begun. ‘The Sisters of Notre Dame have extended their sphere of activity beyond the episcopal city, and have built academies at Franklin and Ludlow streets, in Dayton, Ohio, and at Second and Washing- ton streets, in Hamilton, Ohio. The Sisters of the Precious Blood conduct a boarding school for girls at Minster, Ohio, where the foundation was made in 13o.22 An academy of the Ursuline Sisters was opened shortly after the arrival of the Sisters at St. Martin’s, Brown county, in 1845, when, on October 4th, three boarding pupils were re- ceived. A new building was begun in the following spring, though it was not completed till 1847. The school had by that time been incorporated (June 6, 1846), as ‘‘The St. Ursula Literary Institute’. A second building of three stories in height was added in 1860, and a new chapel was begun in 1884. In the city of Cincinnati the Sisters conduct the Ursu- line convent of Our Lady of Victory at Oak street and Reading road. Upon the division in the society which was occasioned in 1910, a new convent was established on McMillan street, Walnut Hills, where the Sisters conduct the St. Ursula convent and academy. The Sisters of Mercy opened their first academy in 1860, on Fourth street, near Central avenue, where they continued for forty years till the development of that part of the city rendered the location undesirable. They then opened their new academy of Our Lady of Mercy on Freeman avenue, . CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 287 A recent development has been the Mother of Mercy Villa academy, Westwood, Cincinnati. The college and academy of the Sacred Heart, Clifton, was begun in 1869 by the Ladies of the Sacred Heart. Their teaching met with success and won approbation, so that, to supply the demands made upon the establishment, new build- ings had to be erected in 1882, 1887 and 1893. The privilege of being the youngest of the academies in the archdiocese belongs to St. Joseph’s academy, which was opened in 1915 by the Sisters of St. Joseph at Mount Washington. ECCLESIASTICAL SEMINARIES The institution of learning which has the oldest history in the archdiocese, and which was of the greatest concern to each of the four bishops, was the seminary for the education of priests. Bishop Fenwick turned his thoughts to the erection of a seminary as soon as he began to plan a cathedral building to take the place of the frame structure, which had been trans- ferred from Vine and Liberty to Sycamore street.2% When he had built his cathedral in 1826, he converted the old frame into a seminary building, where students as well as priests lived.2® But the plan did not prove successful. The bishop had no seminary in 1827, and in 1828 sent the three students, Henni, Kundig and Clicteur, to Bardstown, as he had neither seminary nor professor.*° ‘To remedy this situation, he de- termined to purchase a lot of one hundred feet next to the cathedral property, a transaction which took place on August 1, 1829, Henry Gregory selling the bishop lot No. 74, in Spencer’s Subdivision, for $3,000.%! The bishop’s intention was to build a college and seminary upon this ground; the seminarians were to teach in the lower classes of the col- 28. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, 1825, to Association of Propagation of the Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1826, II, 47-48). 29. Letter, Résé, Cincinnati, 1826, to Secretary of Association of Propagation of the Faith, Lyons (Annales, 1826, II, 109). 30. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, January 3, 1827, to Duke of Lucca (Notre Dame Ar- chives); same, January 20, 1827, to Association of Propagation of Faith, Lyons (Annales, III, 287); same, September 10, 1828, to M. D.N. P., Paris (Annales, III, 298). 31. Deed, Henry Gregory to Edward Fenwick, recorded December 17, 1829, Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book No. 33, pp. 408-09. 288 HISTORY OF THE [ CHAP. VIII lege.2, He did not wait, however, for the new building in order to begin his theological seminary; but in the old frame, which Father Résé characterized as a “‘stable’’, he organized and commenced his seminary on May 11, 1829, appointing the Rev. Stephen H. Montgomery, O.P., his vicar-general and superior of the seminary.*? Having dedicated the seminary to St. Francis Xavier, he gave an address in which he read the rules to the seminarians. This first body of seminarians was composed of four students in theology and six in preparatory Latin class. In gratitude for the alms which had made the new seminary possible, the bishop ordered the daily recitation of a special prayer for the associates of the Propagation of the Faith, of Lyons.34 By the following January the number of students had been increased by three, two of them being Indian boys from Michigan.*s A year later Father Baraga was living in this seminary and wrote concerning it as follows: ‘The order of the house which reigns here, pleases me much; it is so monastic. The bishop is our Guardian. ‘The bell for rising is rung at 5 o’clock in the morning. Before and after meals prayers are always said according to monastic custom, and after meals the pious prelate leads us at all times into the church (which is in direct com- munication with the priests’ house) there to hold a short adoration to the Blessed Sacrament. Five priests and four students preparing for the ministry, reside in this house.—Just as I viewed with regret the wide and long chinks and cracks in the walls of this priests’ house, which threaten the near collapse of the same, so I viewed with joy and satisfaction the newly-building college...... This building has three stories, each of which has two large class rooms and eight rooms. Under the entire roof a dormitory will be placed for future students.’’3® The new building of which Father Baraga speaks, was destined to be called the Athenaeum, to be opened to students in the fall of 1831. The walls and roof of the building alone cost $7,500, whilst $4,000 more was counted on for the 32. Letter, Fenwick, Cincinnati, 1829, to Lyons, France (Annales, IV, 504-05). 33. Letter, Résé, Cincinnati, January 15, 1830, to M. P. (Annales, IV, 527); U.S. Catholic Miscellany, June 6, 1829, VIII, 382. 34. Letter, J. B. Clicteur, Cincinnati, June 28, 1829, to Lyons, France (Annales, 1830, TV, 516-17). 35. Letter, Résé, January 20, 1830, to Cardinal-Prefect of Propaganda, Rome (Propa- ganda Archives, America Centrale, Scritture, vol. X). ; 36. Letter, Baraga, Cincinnati, January 22, 1831, to Leopoldine Association, Vienna ( Berichte, 1831, II, 13). CHAP. VIII | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 289 furnishings and the completion of the building.*7 When the building was completed, the seminarians were transferred to it. Father Résé became the vice-president of the college till April, 1832, when Father J. I. Mullon became the rector. ‘The old building was then destroyed, and, according to a letter of Father Résé from New York in 1832, a seminary building proper was then being erected in its place. 38 The first seminarians in the old building were James Reid, Denis A. Deloughery, Emmanuel Thienpont and James H. Clarkson.3® In 1833-34, the following students attended: Messrs. Juncker, Conlan, Dillon, O’ Mealy, O’Laughlin, Allwill, Wirtz, Mullon, McCallion, Young, Americus Warden.‘* It was at the end of this year that Bishop Purcell himself became the rector and professor in the seminary, Father Mullon having gone to New Orleans. But the duties of bishop and professor were never intended to harmonize, and in 1835 Rev. Francis B. Jamison became the rector, to be succeeded in 1837 by Rev. Joseph Stokes, and he in turn, in 1839, by Rev. Joseph J. O’Mealy. It was in this last year that it was thought advisable to move the seminary to St. Martin’s, Brown county, as affording advantages in the country for the semi- narians. Without a doubt, the city had many disadvantages, but it was soon discovered that the location at St. Martin’s was entirely too remote in those days for the location of the seminary. __ The personnel of the seminary had been quite a care to the bishop, who determined in 1840 to obtain relief on this score by securing a community of religious to conduct the seminary. His application through Father Brassac to the Eudist Fathers, whose special mission was the management of ecclesiastical seminaries, had to be refused by the Abbé Louis, of Rennes, France, for want of subjects.4! His efforts with the Lazarists were more successful, as in 1842, Fathers Burlando and Boglioli of that society, arrived in Brown county to take charge of the seminary.4? After three years of administration by these 37. Letter, Baraga, January 22, 1831, ut supra Note 36. 38. Letter, Résé to Leopoldine Association, Vienna ( Berichte, 1832, IV, 4). 39. Catholic Telegraph, October 22, 1831. 40. Journal of Bishop Purcell, January 12, 1834 (Catholic Historical Review, V, 244). 41. Letters, Brassac, Paris, July 12 and August 20, 1840, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Arch- diocesan Archives, Mount St. Josep’). 42. See Chapter VII, Priests of the Congregation of the Mission, BOO) HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII Fathers, the seminarians were recalled to Cincinnati, and placed in the scholasticate attached to St. Xavier college under the charge of Rev. Leonard Nota, S.J.43 The very nature of the arrangement shows that it was intended only as a temporary expedient. In 1848, the students were withdrawn from St. Xavier college and scholasticate, and placed in charge of Rev. David Whelan at the new residence of the bishop at Eighth and Central avenues, where they were quartered in the rooms upon the third floor. This move added to the long series of difficulties in the management of the seminary, and gave rise to universal discontent. The bishop was the first to realize the necessity of a better and more permanent site, and appealed for a new seminary. His cry was heard, especially by two charitable families, in January, 1847, when Messrs. John and James Slevin instructed the bishop that he could call upon them for five to ten thousand dollars, and by Patrick Considine, who offered him a tract of five acres of land at the summit of Price Hill, a location which was admirable as sufficiently and not too far removed from the city. The offers were accepted; Patrick Considine transferred the five acres of land to the bishop on May 29, 1847, and in that same spring the Messrs. Slevin undertook to build, at their own expense, a stone structure eighty feet square in dimensions, four stories in height. The building cost them $22,166.05.44 ‘The cornerstone of the building was laid by the bishop on July 19, 1848, when he changed the name from that of St. Francis Xavier to that of Mount St. Mary Semi- ‘ nary of the West.‘5 At the request of his clergy, the bishop made the first appeal for financial assistance in a pastoral letter which he issued on January 18, 1849.48 The bishop’s next solicitude was for his faculty. On this account he wrote to the visitor-general of the Sulpicians then at Montreal, the Rev. C. V. Guitter, offering charge of the seminary to the priests of St. Sulpice, Paris. Father Guitter had to leave Montreal for Paris immediately upon the receipt of the letter, as he was called thither upon the death of the 43. U.S. Catholic Almanac, 1846, p. 91. 44. Deed, Patrick Considine to J. B. Purcell, recorded in Book No. 129, p.470; First Report of Mount St. Mary Seminary, 1848-52 (Catholic Telegraph, January 30, 1852). 45. Catholic Telegraph, XVII, 238, July 27, 1848; Wahrhettsfreund, X, 574. 46. Catholic Telegraph, XVIII, January 25, 1849. CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 291 superior-general; but he promised Bishop Purcell to lay the matter before the new superior-general, whilst he did not hesitate to say that the first new house undertaken by the Sulpicians in the United States would be that at Cincinnati.47 The new superior, Father Carriére, wrote to Bishop Purcell on June 6th, that there were many difficulties which militated against them taking charge of the seminary at Cincinnati. The chief difficulty was the lack of subjects and the con- sequent inability of the society to furnish and govern the two other establishments of the society then in America.‘ This letter helped to influence Bishop Purcell to visit Rome for the purpose of receiving the pallium of the archdiocese of Cincinnati, and to spend some time with the Sulpicians at Paris to further the cause of his seminary. ‘® Archbishop Purcell arrived at Paris on January 15, 1851, and made the house of the Sulpicians his centre of activity for the next six or seven months, returning thereto after various side-trips to parts of France, Germany and Austria. But even his presence at Paris could not induce the Fathers to accept the charge at Cincinnati. He informed Father Deluol on July 7th that he had then lost all hope of getting them. It seems that the archbishop wanted to establish a ‘‘mixed”’ seminary, i. e., a seminary proper and a college for lay students, in which latter institution he might foster vocations to the priesthood. To this, Father Carriére objected, as all their institutions had to be put on the same footing as they were in France, namely, theological seminaries only. At the end of July Archbishop Purcell left for England a disappointed man. °° It was indeed a hard blow to the archbishop, who now saw himself obliged to revert to the system he had tried before on Sycamore street and had found wanting. His new endeavor, however, was to be more glorious; one of the grandest works which the archbishop accomplished in his later years, was the assembling of a learned faculty. No seminary in the country could boast of a faculty excelling or even equaling the one which 47. Letter, Guitter, Montreal, May 21, 1850, to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Ar- chives). 48. Wetter, Carriére, Paris, June 6, 1850. to Purcell, Cincinnati (Notre Dame Archives). 49. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, October 30, 1850, to Archbishop Blane, New Orleans (Notre Dame Archives). 50. Journal of Father Deluol (Archives of St. Sulpice, Paris). 292 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII Archbishop Purcell had the wisdom to choose and to prepare for his seminary at Cincinnati. Upon his return to America, Archbishop Purcell placed the seminary in charge of Rev. Michael M. Hallinan, assigning Rev. David Whelan and Rev. Jeremiah O’Connor to assist Father Hallinan in the management and teaching. The seminary was solemnly dedicated and opened with twelve seminarians on October 2, 1851.5! The maintenance of the seminary during the next few years proved more burdensome than the archbishop felt the arch- diocese could bear. Accordingly, he offered it in 1855 as a provincial seminary to the bishops o: the province. ‘There- upon a board of the bishops was appointed to administer the institution, and the privilege of conferring degrees was asked of Rome. Rome did not take kindly to the petition, as Pius IX, in his letter to Archbishop Purcell, on June 14, 1858, and Car- dinal Barnabo also, of the Propaganda, pointed out that Rome was just then establishing the American college at Rome, whither the students could be sent for the purpose of obtaining degrees.52 Archbishop Purcell did not give up the point, however, as again, in 1861, he personally petitioned for the privilege. *3 To procure students for the seminary, Archbishop Purcell persisted in his idea of having a college in connection with the seminary. He never looked with favor on the establishment of St. Peter’s college, at Chillicothe, which had been designed for that purpose; but upon its failure in 1856, after one year’s trial, he at once opened Mount St. Mary college, in a building which had been erected to the south of the main building of the seminary. A regular classical and scientific course of eight years was instituted on September 15, 1856, under Rev. S. H. Rosecrans, D.D., president. The college was then in- corporated and chartered by the state with powers to confer degrees. It continued to be operated until the summer of 1863, when circumstances attending the Civil War forced its discontinuance. The students of Cincinnati who had been 51. Catholic Telegraph, January 31, 1852. 52. I Provincial Council of Cincinnati, 1855; letter, Pius IX, Rome, June 14, 1858, to Purcell (Notre Dame Archives). 53. Relatio Status Dioecesis Cincinnatensis, 1861 (Notre Dame Archives). CHAP. VIII | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 293 frequenting it, were adopted as preparatorians in the theological seminary. The construction of the south wing for the college proceeded apace with that of the chapel of St. John Baptist, of which the cornerstone was laid on June 22, 1856, and its dedication effected on June 24, 1857. The fire of 1863, occasioned by the thoughtlessness of tinners repairing the roof, completely de- stroyed this building, and all except the first story of the south wing. Plans for rebuilding the two structures were prepared at once. The chapel was rebuilt with the old walls, which necessitated its demolition in 1871, to be replaced then by an entirely new chapel, which was dedicated on December 14, 1871. In the previous year the north wing of the seminary had been completed to take care of the numerous students who were frequenting the seminary, 130 having been enrolled in 1869. The misfortunes of the financial failure of 1878 forced the closing of the seminary doors the following summer, not to be reopened until September 12, 1887, when the generous bequest of $100,000 by Reuben R. Springer made this possible. The seminary continued to be conducted at the site on Price Hill until 1904, when, the old site having been sold to the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, the site at Mount Washington, then occupied by St. Gregory preparatory seminary, was chosen for the theological seminary. *4 The following have been the rectors of the seminary: S. H. Montgomery, O.P., 1829; F. Résé, 731; J. I. Mullon, ’32-34; Rowe va: ber urceiaelsded see to Burn PamiISOM ys) GOlSAT ops Stokes, 37-39; J. J. O’Mealy, ’39-42; J. F. Burlando, C.M., 42-45; L. Nota, S.J., ’45-48; D. Whelan, ’48-51; M. M. Hallinan, 751-54; J. Quinlan, Sa SO eo Nh Batry, o9tOs en), Or Regan wo sn Hehabisch 640192 Li.) Byrne; (87-94. J. B. Murray, 94-1904; Most Rev. H. Moeller, ’04; Rt. Rev. Ten Me rMiackeyn 05-08 anlonAevsher, 08-13: i Rte Reve Be iJ. Beckmann, ’13—. A seminary, where boys might be especially trained pre- paratory to entrance into the theological seminary, did not take form in the archdiocese of Cincinnati proper until 1890; 54. Files of the Catholic Telegraph, passim; KELLY and Kirwin, History of Mount St. Mary’s Seminary of the West, Cincinnati, Ohio. 294 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII but long before this it had been a subject of earnest considera- tion by Archbishop Purcell. In the earliest years the students of Cincinnati were sent either to St. Thomas seminary, Bards- town, Ky., or to St. Mary’s of the Barrens, Missouri. In 1855, the college at Chillicothe was begun, and in the following year Mount St. Mary’s college, though neither the one nor the other was intended as a strictly preparatory theological semi- nary, where none but boys preparing for the priesthood were admitted. In 1853, Archbishop Purcell had been offered a farm of 320 acres, worth $35 an acre, and about $10,000 worth of property by a young Irish priest for a “‘petit seminaire’’ in the diocese, but that offer was not accepted, perhaps because of the archbishop’s preference for a ‘‘mixed”’ college.*5 After the preparatory students had been taken into Mount St. Mary seminary for a few years, it began to be realized that the situa- tion was not ideal, and towards the end of 1872 or the begin- ning of 1873, plans concerning a college and preparatory semi- nary were under discussion. Hearing of the plans, Father B. H. Engbers wrote to the archbishop on January 16, 1873, explaining his views on the subject. He concluded by offering his opinion that a strictly preparatory theological seminary, distinct in location as well as in administration from the the- ological seminary itself, should be undertaken. His plan was to begin with one class of boys and build up the classes annually to the six years necessary. He offered his own services gratis, if it were necessary. *® Seventeen years were to pass before such an institution was begun, but Father Engbers had lost none of his earlier fervor, and began then in Holy Trinity school, Cincinnati, just as he had planned in 1873. Father Albrinck, vicar-general of Cin- cinnati, had interested himself in the project of a preparatory seminary, and having obtained the sanction of Archbishop Elder in 1889, set about his plans. The bequest of Reuben R. Springer was again to be the touchstone of the enterprise. A tract of 571% acres of land at Cedar Point, Ohio, some ten miles from the centre of the city of Cincinnati, was purchased 55. Letter, Purcell, Cincinnati, October 7, 1853, to Archbishop Blanc, New Orleans (Notre Dame Archives). 56. Letter, Engbers, Cincinnati, January 16, 1873, to Archbishop Purcell (Archdiocesan Archives). CHAP. VII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 295 for $5,625.00 from the executor of the Brackman estate. Plans were prepared in 1890 and the main building was begun. With the class of boys which Father Engbers had been teaching for a year at Cincinnati, and with the new class just entering— twenty-three students in all—the seminary was opened on September 8, 1891, the day of the solemn dedication. Father Albrinck served as president of the institution till the appoint- ment of Rev. Henry Brinkmeyer, in July, 1892. In January, 1893, an adjoining tract of 13% acres of land was bought for $2,100, from C. L. Bogart, and on November 29th, of the fol- lowing year, an addition to the south of the main building was blessed. Upon the completion of its thirteenth year at Cedar Point, the seminary was transferred to 220 West Seventh street, between Elm and Plum streets, where it was conducted as a day school up to 1907, when it closed its doors until a new building should be erected for it. 7 The Franciscan Fathers conduct the St. Francis prepara- tory seminary at 1615 Republic street, Cincinnati, and a novitiate at the convent of St. Anthony, on Mount Airy, Hamilton county. The Precious Blood Fathers conduct a preparatory seminary and novitiate at Burkettsville, Ohio, and the St. Charles Borromeo theological seminary at Car- thagena, Ohio. The Passionist Fathers on Mt. Adams con- duct the theological seminary of the western province. The Brothers of Mary conduct their novitiate at Mount St. John, Dayton, Ohio. Having thus provided well for the instruction of youth in almost all forms, the bishops of Cincinnati have likewise been promoters of good Catholic literature, and have sought, by periodicals in the two languages spoken by the majority of the people of the archdiocese, to foster Catholic intelligence. Cin- cinnati has a double honor in the two periodicals which it established. The Catholic Telegraph today is the oldest Catholic periodical in the United States, whilst the Wahrheits- freund was the first Catholic German periodical published in the United States. 57. Catholic Telegraph, April 17, May 8, May 15, July 24, August 21, 1890; April 23, August 13, September 24, October 22, 1891; July 7, November 10, 1892; February 2, 1893; December 6, 1894; June 27, 1907. 296 | HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII From the first issue of the Catholic Telegraph, published at Cincinnati, on Saturday, October 22, 1831, we extract a few paragraphs to learn therefrom its purposes and aims. ‘‘The primary object,’ writes the editor (Rev. James I. Mullon), “‘in issuing the Catholic Telegraph, is to aid in di fusing a correct knowledge of the Roman Catholic faith. By doing this, we are conscious of discharging a two-fold duty; namely, ‘of contending earnestly for the faith once delivered to the saints’; and of removing some of the difficulties which prevent our dissenting brethren from rendering that justice to the ancient faith, which a correct knowledge of its tenets would, generally, lead them to concede.’ At the close of the first issue, we read: “The Catholic Telegraph is intended to contain: 1. The explanation and defence of the Roman Catholic Faith. 2. Information of occurrences connected with Catholic religion in the United States, and in various parts of Europe; especially in England, France, Italy and Austria. Arrangements have been made whereby we shall be enabled to lay before our readers, the most in- teresting particulars regarding our faith, in the three last mentioned quarters. 3. The occasional review of publications calculated to convey erroneous opinions of our religion. 4. Public occurrences, selections of articles of a literary, scientific and miscellaneous character, to avoid, measurably, the sameness of an exclusively religious course. The Telegraph will be published every Saturday for $2.50 per year, in advance; otherwise $3.00 per year.”’ From this it will be seen that the Telegraph was founded mostly as a controversial paper, suited to the times through which the Church in. Cincinnati was then passing. This character was retained for many years, so that the historian today often wishes that items pertaining to local history had been accorded more attention. But it had its advantages, too, as far more learned and interesting articles pertaining to the faith appeared in its pages, and more profitable reading was given to its readers. The Telegraph has passed through many crises; several times it was on the verge of discontinuance, but it has weathered all storms, and today enjoys a wide patronage. From the issue of April 20, 1837, of the Telegraph, we ex- tract the following prospectus of the Wahrhettsfreund or Friend of Truth: | CHAP. VIII | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 297 “The great increase of the German Catholic population in the western country, and the inconvenience to which they are subjected by the want of a periodical in their own language, have become so obvious, that the publication of a paper has been determined upon, as a matter of imperative necessity. “To make the ‘Friend of Truth’ acceptable to its readers, will be the unceasing desire of those to whose care it will be entrusted. Every effort will be made to render its contents instructive and pleasing. The paper will be divided into two departments, the Religious and Secular. “The first will contain clear and lucid expositions of the Roman Catholic doctrine, as taught by Christ to his apostles and ‘delivered to the saints’, to be practised and perpetuated to the end of time. Our Holy Faith will be illustrated by frequent allusions to the history of its progress, its trials and triumphs, by the conversion of nations and the sublime piety, which in so many instances has been displayed by individuals, who faithfully practised its precepts. The reader will also be informed of the present state of Catholicity in the United States and the other nations of the earth. “The Secular Department will comprise a faithful synopsis of the principal and most interesting events whether foreign or domestic. It must, however, be well understood, that no interference with politics will be permitted in its columns, nor any adherence whatever to any political party. The German Emigrant will receive the earliest in- telligence of the situation of affairs in his native land, and particular attention will be paid to the progress of events in France, Germany and Switzerland. “We anticipate for the ‘Friend of Truth’ a wide circulation, and we feel assured, that every good German Catholic family will joyfully aid in extending the sphere of its usefulness. It will be conducted for the benefit of the orphans and the surplus funds will be regularly paid to the St. Aloysius Orphan Association. The paper will, therefore, have a double claim upon the German Catholic, which, we feel confi- dent, he will not disregard. “The ‘Friend of Truth’ will be published upon a super-royal sheet, at two dollars and fifty cents, if paid in advance, or three dollars at the close of the volume. All letters and communications, until a General Agent be appointed, must be directed postpaid to the Rev. John M. Henni, Cincinnati, Ohio.”’ The Wahrheitsfreund appeared for the first time on July 20, 1837, reiterating in its prospectus what it had proclaimed in the Telegraph. Father Henni continued to be the editor of it until August 31, 1843, when he resigned his charge with a view of taking up his prospective duties in the new diocese of Mil- waukee. ‘The publication of the paper, however, was con- tinued until the need which had brought it into existence, had 298 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII passed, and on June 19, 1907, the last number was issued. Many of the historical lacunae of the Telegraph may be sup- plied from the Wahrhettsfreund, as a more historical spirit actuated it from the very beginning of its career. Periodicals issued by the Franciscan Fathers at Cincinnati are: Der Sendbote des goettlichen Herzens Jesu, appearing since 1874; The Sodalist, since 1884; the St. Franzskus Bote, since 1892; and St. Anthony’s Messenger, since 1893. Neither has the Cincinnati archdiocese failed to furnish its quota of literary writers. The following list which we publish is scarcely exhaustive, as we have but culled the names of authors and books in passing. No attempt has yet been made to give a complete list. The first book issued by priest or layman in the Cincinnati archdiocese is the Algonquin prayer book, published in June, 1830, by Father PETER JOHN DEJEAN, for the Indians in Michigan. ‘This was the forerunner of a long series of Indian books in Ottawa and Chippewa by Father BaRAGA, later bishop of Sault Ste. Marie. Books in Ottawa by him are six different prayer books of the years 1832 (Detroit), 1837 (Paris), 1842 (Detroit), 1846 (Detroit), 1855 (Cincinnati), and 1858 (Cincinnati), and a Life of Jesus, published at Paris in 1837. Books in Chippewa by him are: Prayer books of 1837 (Paris) and 1848 (Detroit); Chippewa Primers of 1837 (Buf- falo) and 1845 (Detroit); Sermons in Chippewa, 1846 (Detroit) ; Bible Stories in Chippewa, 1843 (Laibach); Life of Jesus, 1837 (Paris); Catechism, 1849 (Detroit); Catholic Christian Meditations, 1850 (Detroit); Theoretical and Practical Gram- mar of the Otchipwe Language, 1850 (Detroit); Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language—explained in English, 1853 (Cincin- nati); Eternal Truths always to be remembered by a Catholic Christian, 1855 (Cincinnati).*®* Father JoHN M. HENNI published a German Catholic Catechism in 1835. At a much later date Father F. X. WENINGER, S.J., published a similar work. The Rt. Rev. Louis DE GorsBRIAND, D.D., was the author of Early Converts to Catholicity in Vermont and New Hampshire; a History of Confession; Devotion to the Blessed Sacrament; Christ on the Altar, instructions for Sundays and 58. For information concerning Father Baraga’s books, consult the article by RICHARD R. Exuiorr, The Chippewas and Ottawas: Father Baraga’s books in their language, in American Catholic Quarterly Review, X XII, pp. 18-46, January, 1897. CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 299 Festivals of the year. Father XAVIER DoNnAaLD McLgop published Pynnhurst, 1852; Life of Sir Walter Scott, 1852; Bloodstone, 1853; Life of Ferdinand Wood, Mayor of New York, 1856; The Elder’s House or The Converts; Chateau Lescure or The Last Marquis; Life of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1857; Our Lady of Litanies (poems); Haroun al Raschid (play); Devotion to the Blessed Virgin in North America. Father WILLIAM J. Barry wrote The Sacramentals of the Holy Catholic Church, 1857. Father BONAVENTURE HAMMER, O.F.M., in 1888, translated Lew Wallace’s Ben Hur into German so successfully that in 1894 it had appeared in its twenty-fifth edition. He is the author besides of many English and German books, the latter exceeding thirty in number, among them being Die Katholische Kirche in den Vereinrgten Staaten, 1898. In English, besides various devotional books, he wrote Explanations of the Epistles and Gospels; Life of Mother Schervier; Life of Christ; Outlines of Church H«story. Father HucH McGgrvney published Legacy of Lectures and Verse. Father BONIFACE LUEBBERMAN published a pastoral theology, a book on philosophy, and translated Scheeben’s Divine Glories. Father F. J. Pasisu and T. S. Byrne trans- lated Alzog’s Church History. Father HENRY BRINKMEYER published a devotional work, A Lover of Souls. Mrs. BEL- LAMY STORER has published several novels of great merit. Miss Emity O’CALLAGHAN has published the Memoirs and Writings of Very Reverend James F. O'Callaghan, D.D. Muss ANNA C. MINOGUE has composed the Annals of Loretto, Kentucky. SisteR Mary AGNES McCann, Pu.D., has written the history of her community in the work called The History of Mother Seton’s Daughters; she has published also Little Blossoms of Love, Kindness and Obedience. Mr. JoHN BUNKER, now resident in the East, has become known for his poetical verses. Two of the most productive authors of the archdiocese are FATHER FRANCIS X. LASANCE, who occupies today the foremost rank as a devotional writer, his books being constant companions of all Catholic families; and Father Francis J. Finn, S.J., whose boy stories of college life have made him the most beloved author of all American boys. Two Catholic artists, FRANK DUVENECK and CLEMENT BARNHORN, have reflected great lustre upon the city of Cin- 300 HISTORY OFVTHE } [CHAP. VIII cinnati. Their creations in painting and sculpture have won universal praise and have placed them prominently among the leading contemporary representatives of their respective arts. Thus far it has been seen how the Catholics of the archdio- cese of Cincinnati have been most generous in the means which they have provided for the education of youth, as well as of able men and women. Not less generous have they been toward their less fortunate brethren in the archdiocese. Hardly an avenue of sorrow has been opened that some Catholic Good Samaritan has not trodden, pouring in wine and oil to heal a festering sore or a gaping wound. In many instances Catholics have not hesitated to admit to their charities others than themselves, even though the burdens which they bore, weighed most heavily upon them. To afford a haven of refuge to distressed and unfortunate mothers,—and the infinite mercy of God ought surely to be imitated by his servants—there was instituted St. Joseph’s maternity and infant asylum at Norwood, Ohio, where the first eight acres of property were donated for the purpose by a non-Catholic, Joseph C. Butler. Three Sisters of Charity, Agnes Regina, Clotilda and Agnes opened the two-story frame house on September 27, 1873, the day of its dedication. Addi- tions to the building followed the very next year. A chapel was erected in 1884, and dedicated on November 13th, of the same year. Sisters of Charity are in charge of the institution. One of the earliest necessities experienced in the diocese was an orphanage. It was to assume charge of such an in- stitution that the Sisters of Charity came to Cincinnati in 1829, and with five orphan girls began the orphanage known as St. Peter’s Orphan Asylum. ‘The house, situated two doors from the cathedral on Sycamore street, was owned by Mr. M. P. Cassilly, who gave the Sisters free rent of the house until 1834, when his wife, who was a bitter Protestant, complained of his charity.*® This necessitated a new house, which was pro- cured in 1836 when Bishop Purcell, on April 26th, bought the residence of Major Ruffner, at Third and Plum streets, for $15,905.00, from the United States bank.*® For the support 59. Bishop Purcell’s Journal (Catholic Historical Review, V, 243-44). 60. Bishop Purcell’s Journal, April 26, 1836. & CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 301 of this institution, the St. Peter's Benevolent Society was founded in the Athenaeum at Cincinnati on Christmas Day, 1833.61 ‘This orphanage served the girls only, and while there was St. Aloysius German orphan asylum for boys, it was thought advisable, after the diocesan organization of the Sisters of Charity, to have the Sisters begin an orphanage for boys. For that purpose 11.67 acres of land in Cumminsville were bought on October 20, 1852, for $8,220.00, from Jacob Hoffner, who remitted one-half of the price when he under- stood that it was for an orphanage.*? ‘To support this orphan- age, St. Joseph’s Benevolent Society was organized on March 14, 1852, under the presidency of Dr. S. Bonner.** A building having been constructed on the grounds and completed, the orphan boys then in charge of the Sisters were transferred to it on June 1, 1854. On the 19th of March, of the following year, the new chapel was dedicated and on September 8th, of that year, the orphan girls were also transferred to Cumminsville. The Sisters of Charity continue the first work upon which they entered on their arrival at Cincinnati. The Sisters of Charity did not, however, and would not, in 1836, accept boys into an orphanage. ‘The bishop’s request at Emmitsburg for the Sisters to undertake a separate boys’ orphanage for the German Catholics of Cincinnati was re- fused.*4 But the German Catholics organized the St. Aloysius Orphan Society on January 27, 1837, under the presidency of J. B. Germann. Father Henni was the guiding spirit. The need of an orphanage for boys was pressing, and the orphan society placed the boys in its charge in families until such a time as a building could be provided. ‘To assist in obtaining funds, the society decided on publishing the Wahrhettsfreund under the editorship of Father Henni. On May 18, i839, the society succeeded in purchasing a house of nine rooms on West Sixth street, twenty-five feet from the northeast corner of John street. This house was then dedicated on the feast of St. Aloysius. Miss Angelica Siemers became directress of 61. Catholic Telegraph, January 10, 1834. 62. Deed, Jacob Hoffner, to J. B. Purcell, October 20, 1852, recorded in Book No. 178, 63. Articles of Constitution in Catholic Telegraph, March 20, 1852. ' 64. Notation on letter of Bishop Purcell, Cincinnati, February 23, 1836, to Mother Rose White, Emmitsburg (St. Joseph College Archives, Emmitsburg, Letter Book 6). 302 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII the house, in which charge she was assisted by her sister up to May 8, 1842, when the Sisters of Charity consented to take over the establishment. They retained it only until 1846. The orphan society became incorporated on March 2, 1843. A year later it was deprived of the services of Father Henni, who had been appointed bishop of Milwaukee. Father Joseph Ferneding succeeded him in 1844, when, the house having become too crowded, a new site on Fourth street, between John street and Central avenue, was purchased for $10,800. A lot extending back to Third street was bought with the in- tention of building thereon a girls’ orphanage. To supply this need, the society rented a house on Abigail street, between Spring and Pendleton, and opened it on July 8, 1850. The boys’ orphanage was growing by leaps and bounds, so that new accommodations were becoming necessary. ‘hese were retarded, however, by a fire on October 15, 1851, which destroyed most of the buildings and occasioned the death of three of the boys. After temporary expedients the buildings were reconstructed on Fourth street, and the girls also were transferred to Third street. But it became evident that re- moval to the country was imperative, and on a tract of land of sixty acres in Bond Hill, which had been purchased on Sep- tember 15, 1849, buildings were constructed for the orphans. The boys were first moved thither in 1856, to be joined five years later by the girls. The asylum had the misfortune to be visited by fire once more, in October, 1891, but renewed sacri- fices were forthcoming and new modern buildings replaced the old ones. Sisters of Notre Dame (Cleveland) under the direc- tion of a chaplain have attended the institution since May 1, 1877.65 Three other institutions in the archdiocese serve like pur- poses, the House of Mercy for destitute children, conducted by the Sisters of Mercy at Freeman avenue and Kenner street, Cincinnati; St. Joseph orphan home, on St. Paul avenue, Dayton; and St. Mary’s institute, on Fifth street, Minster, O.; the last two institutions being conducted by the Sisters of the Precious Blood. A third class of institutions in the archdiocese is formed by boys’ and girls’ homes. Circumstances of one kind or another 65. Denkschrift fuer die 50-jaehrige Jubel-Feier des St. Aloysius Waisen Vereins, 1887. CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 303 have deprived some of the working boys and girls, young men and young women, of the comforts of a parental home. No one is unconscious of the danger to faith which confronts such persons, who in tender years must make their own livelihood and are thrown willy-nilly into all sorts of associations. To gather together young persons placed in such circumstances, to afford them a home, to render more easy the practice of the obligations of their faith, and in this manner to prevent loss of souls to the faith, homes for boys and girls have been estab- lished in the two largest cities of the archdiocese. To give a home at Cincinnati to the boy of the street, the boot-black and the newsie, Father John Poland, S.J., began the boys’ home, in 1885, in a house which he rented for the pur- pose on Seventh, east of Main street. The institution was opened and organized on December 3d, with six boys, but the numerous applications made new quarters imperative on sev- eral occasions: first, in February, 1886, to Fifth street, between Broadway and Pike; then, after four years to Broad- way, between Fifth and Sixth streets; in 1893, to Sycamore between Fifth and Sixth streets; and finally, in 1915, to 423 Pioneer street, in union with the Fenwick club. Up to the last change in 1915, when a reorganization was made and Father Charles E. Baden was placed in charge of the institu- tion, the directress was Miss Margaret McCabe, who had been the directress of the girls’ home, on Broadway, previous to assuming her duties at the boys’ home in 1893. ‘The boys’ home was incorporated on August 25, 1895, and has been placed on a very solid financial basis, thanks to its benefactors and especially to the “‘Mission of Our Lady of Pity’. Its inmates are not restricted to boys of the Catholic Faith, but non-Catholic boys have always been admitted. The benefits of the institution may be conjectured from the consideration that useful citizens have been made of the 4,000 boys who have passed through its portals. Of a kindred character, providing a home and giving an education to poor and homeless boys, is the St. Vincent home for boys, which is conducted by the Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis Seraph, at 918 Bank street. To provide a Catholic home for young men, who were able to support themselves, but were forced, through circumstances, 304 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP,. VIII often not of their own making, to live away from their home town, Father Baden, in 1915, conceived the plan of founding a Catholic young men’s club, managed similarly to the Y. M. C. A. houses throughout the country, but wherein the Catholic young man might have ready access to the advantages and obligations of his Catholic religious life. This plan re- ceived realization on April 1, 1915, when the Fenwick club was opened at 319 Broadway. The success of the club neces- sitated new and larger quarters, as a consequence of which a site was purchased on Pioneer street, and on February 9, 1917, ground was broken for a magnificent nine-story club building, which was dedicated on April 28, 1918. ‘The venture has proved a great success, and being the first institution of its kind, serves as the model for others in the United States. If the boys and young men have been cared for so well, the girls and young ladies have not been neglected, though there is need of more being done for them. ‘To afford the homeless, working young lady a home, Miss Margaret McCabe rented a four-room cottage on Seventh street, which Archbishop Elder blessed on the feast of the Sacred Heart, June 16, 1882, and thus opened the Sacred Heart home for girls. The institu- tion was a long-felt necessity, so that success immediately attended it, and new quarters had to be obtained several times. In August, 1887, it was transferred from the quarters at 171 Sycamore street to 142 Broadway, or as it is now numbered, 416 Broadway, between Fourth and Fifth streets, that property having been bought for $35,000. Beyond the success which the institution had in accomplishing its purpose, it has had the inestimable blessing of having been conducted in such a pru- dent and saintly fashion, that in 1893 the majority of the young ladies assisting in the care of the institution became affiliated as a body to the Sisters of St. Joseph of Bourg, France, with their mother-house in this country at New Orleans. Since June, of that year, the Sisters of St. Joseph have conducted the estab- lishment. Other institutions of like purpose in the archdiocese are the Mount Carmel home for working girls and women, man- - aged since June, 1905, by the Sisters of Mercy, at 1413 Freeman avenue, Cincinnati; and the Loretto guild for business women, conducted by the Dominican Sisters of the American Congre- CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 305 gation of St. Catherine de Ricci, at 217 North Ludlow street, Dayton. To care for homeless and wayward boys the Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis Seraph were invited to Cincinnati in 1868, when under Brother Bernardine, O.S.F., they opened the pro- tectory for boys on Lock street, to be soon transferred to Third and Plum streets, and in 1870 to Mount Alverno, Delhi township, Hamilton county, where a farm of 100 acres was obtained by them. Here the boys are given an education in the primary grades and then taught various trades to enable them to make a living in the world. The same kind of charity is undertaken for wayward girls by the institutions of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd at Cincin- nati. Two institutions, serving particular classes of people, are the Santa Maria institute and the St. Rita school for the deaf. The former was inaugurated on August 22, 1897, when Mother M. Blanche Davis, of the Sisters of Charity, commissioned sisters Justina and Blandina to do mission work among the Italians of Cincinnati. It was the intention to offset prosely- tism among these immigrants. The authority and blessing of Archbishop Elder was readily obtained for the work, which was begun on October 11th, when the Sisters started a class in the Holy Trinity school building for the Italian children in the western part of the city. To obtain financial support for the mission, the Society of the Santa Maria Willing Workers was organized. On the following December 8th, the Santa Maria was incorporated under the title of ‘“The Santa Maria Italian Educational and Industrial Home’. A permanent residence was obtained on October 4, 1899, when the Sisters took pos- session of the former convent of the Sisters of St. Francis, at Third and Lytle streets. In the next year the Sacro Cuore school was opened for Italian children in the eastern part of the city. The Sisters had to look for other quarters in 1905, when the city of Cincinnati purchased the site at Third and Lytle streets for park purposes. A house was obtained at 534 West Seventh street, and therein the institute was installed in May, 1905. But this was only temporary, as the greatly expanded activities of the institute required larger quarters. ‘The present residence at 640 West Eighth street was then acquired. Two 306 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII additional pieces of contiguous property have been obtained since for the needs of the mission. The activities of the insti- tute have increased from year to year, so that today the workers of the institute conduct welfare work among the Italians, a home for motherless or fatherless girls, a temporary home for stranded working girls, an employment bureau, a domestic science department, a kindergarten, a day nursery, sewing classes, boys’ clubs, girls’ clubs, Sunday schools, visits to families and institutes, the Santa Maria welfare center at 632 West Eighth street, and the Kenton street welfare center, Walnut Hills. Sisters of Charity have continued in the direction of the institute since its commencement in 1897. The St. Rita school for the deaf, a boarding school for deaf- mute children at Lockland, Cincinnati, is the culmination of work which was begun among the deaf-mutes forty years ago by Sister Louise, provincial of the Sisters of Notre Dame, Cincinnati. To impart the necessary instruction to these forlorn Catholic souls, classes were first opened by her on Sundays, and then on week-days. For five years she toiled at this work, and was then succeeded by another Sister of her community. Jesuit as well as Franciscan Fathers aided in the work, until the present archbishop sought, in 1907, to organize the deaf-mutes under one of his priests, Father Henry Buse. For four years this priest gave weekly religious instructions in the basement of the Springer institute. In 1912, he was succeeded by the present chaplain, Father Henry Waldhaus, who, as assistant at St. Philomena church, gathered the deaf- mutes there for instruction. On May 3, 1914, Father Wald- haus opened the Catholic mission for the deaf at 419 West Fourth street, and on October 17, 1915, he opened the St. Rita’s school for the deaf at Lockland, where the children are boarded and taught. ‘The mission for the adult deaf in the city is conducted at Eighth and Walnut streets. An institution which serves a great many people is the hospital. Few men and women pass through life without falling heir to the ills of the flesh. Few, too, when sick, do not give serious thought to the illness of their souls or to the eternal paradise for which they yearn. Special inspirations often accompany the sickness which a providential hand allows to fall sometimes upon the pious as well as upon the callous soul, CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 307 and in the introspective glances which the sick person allows himself to take, he is not unfrequently aided by the ministering angels at his bedside. What a fruitful opportunity is afforded for the gaining of souls as well as for the alleviation of pain and sorrow! For thirty years the diocese of Cincinnati had not been provided with a Catholic hospital to soothe the pains of its sick members. ‘The first hospital to be established at Cincin- nati was the St. John’s hospital, which was opened by the sisters of Charity on November 13, 1852, at the corner of Broadway and Franklin streets, in the old ‘‘Hotel des Invalides’’. In 1855 this hospital was transferred to Third street, between Plum street and Central avenue. ‘There it was located at the opening of the Civil War. When the call for nurses was sent throughout the country, the Sisters generously volunteered their services. Foremost in their ranks stood Sister Anthony, whose works were never forgotten by friend or foe of the Union, and who upon her return to Cincinnati resumed her work in St. John’s hospital. It was in the performance of charitable work to the sick there that she became known to Mr. Joseph C. Butler, of the Lafayette bank. This person had sent a sick man, named Cooper, to the St. John’s hospital, despatching a note to the superintendent to take care of him and that he himself would stand the costs. Receiving no bill for a long time, he called at the hospital, where he knew no one, not even Sister Anthony. Mr. Butler was not a Catholic. Mr. Cooper had convalesced, but was still at the hospital. No charges were made for him, and Mr. Butler was not long in coming to the aid of the hospital, which was crowded and could not accommodate all its patients. On August 15, 1866, he, together with Mr. Louis Worthington, handed to the Sisters the deed to the old marine hospital, at Sixth and Lock streets, which the two men had bought for $75,000.00. ‘This was the beginning of the Good Samaritan hospital, as it then became known. For nearly fifty years it remained upon this site, until the new building was erected at Clifton and Dix- myth avenues, Clifton, and the hospital transferred thither Iie bo 15, The Sisters of Charity had thus firmly established their hospital in a beautiful suburb of Cincinnati. In the lower 308 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII section of the city they still conduct Seton hospital, which they established in 1902, on West Eighth street, but transferred later to its present undesirable location on West Sixth street. They have one other hospital foundation in the archdiocese, at Kenton, Ohio, where, under the zealous care of the Reverend Pastor, Anthony Siebenfoercher, they opened the Antonio hospital. Like the Sisters of Charity, the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis have two hospitals in the city of Cincinnati, and one elsewhere in the archdiocese. The first, St. Mary’s hospital, at Linn and Betts streets, was begun in the year after the arrival of the Sisters at Cincinnati, the cornerstone being laid on May 10, 1859, and the building ready for occupancy on Christmas of the same year. Several additions have had to be made to the original building to accommodate the ever increasing number of poor patients who come to their charge. This, as well as Seton hospital, has been serving the emergency cases in the lower city, especially since the Cincinnati general hospital was removed to the suburbs. The second of the hospitals conducted by the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis is the St. Francis hospital on Queen City avenue, in Fairmount, where, on condition that they would build a hospital thereon, they were presented with the property which had at one time been the possession of St. Peter’s ceme- tery association. ‘The large building which they constructed, was dedicated by Archbishop Elder on December 27, 1888, and devoted to the care of patients suffering from incurable diseases. The third hospital conducted by these Sisters is St. Eliza- beth’s hospital, on Hopeland avenue, Dayton. It was through the efforts of Father John F. Hahne, of Emmanuel church, Dayton, that this hospital was founded in 1878, the building being dedicated on August 15th, of that year. A new building had soon to be'erected. ‘The cornerstone of it was laid on September 8, 1881, and the dedicatory exercises observed on November 19, 1882. The last of the hospitals in the archdiocese under Catholic auspices is the Mercy hospital on Dayton street, Hamilton, Ohio, conducted by the Sisters of Mercy. The Sisters took charge of this hospital in August, 1892. Six weeks later, on CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 309 October 4th, when the dedicatory exercises were held, the keys to the hospital and the deed to the property were formally handed over to the Sisters. Adjoining property was purchased in 1894 and converted into hospital purposes. In ten years these two houses had grown too small for the number of patients applying for admission, so that plans for a new struc- ture, costing $165,000, were drawn. ‘The old buildings were torn down, and in October, 1904, the new hospital was com- pleted. In 1915, three houses west of the hospital were pur- chased to form an annex where male patients are treated. Other improvements are contemplated to provide for the growth of the hospital. The archdiocese has also provided a home for the aged poor and infirm. The history of this institution synchronizes with the history of the Little Sisters of the Poor, who came to Cin- cinnati in 1868 precisely to undertake this work. ‘The Sisters opened their first house on George street; transferred it after a brief period to Lock street, adjoining the old Good Samaritan hospital; and in 1873 built the home for the aged on Florence avenue. In 1889 they built their second home for the aged poor on Riddle road, Clifton Heights. In these two institu- tions men and women who have walked the long weary road of life and find themselves poor and alone without a guide in the twilight of their destiny, obtain solace in the tender- ness of the hands which are stretched out to assist them and to point out the way which leads to the happiness of eternity. But there may be, and there actually are, as experience has - shown, aged persons, husband and wife, who have trodden life’s path together many a year, and who find separation one of the hardest trials which they have to meet. To provide a home for such as these, who have some means of support and wish to remain united, but are unable longer to stand the hardships of advanced age, the St. Teresa’s home for the aged was founded in March, 1910, under the direction of Miss Mary Shanahan. The old Philip’s homestead at Estelle and Auburn avenues was secured and the home opened on August 1, 1910. Lastly, there are persons so circumstanced that institutions cannot benefit them, and yet they deserve help and considera- tion. ‘To provide spiritual and temporal relief for the sick 310 HISTORY. OF THE [CHAP. VIII and indigent of this class, there was formed about the year 1836, a Mary and Martha society, consisting of the charitable ladies of St. Peter’s congregation, Cincinnati. These ladies contributed twelve and one-half cents monthly to a treasurer for the purposes of the society, but besides this, a visiting com- mittee of eight was elected every month to seek out the dis- tressed, to afford them present succour, and to report their condition to the society at the next meeting.** This society did excellent work for many years until its activities were taken over by the St. Vincent de Paul societies, which have been ~ established in most of the parishes of the archdiocese. By means of these societies, much poverty and distress have been. relieved where the recipients of charity have been often too constrained by worldly vanity or pride to beg for a helping hand. In looking over this long array of charitable and social work, which begins with the cradle and ends with the grave, one cannot fail to be impressed by its magnitude as well as by the love which brought it into existence and still prompts its activi- ties. It was with a view to determine that such charities be not abused that the present archbishop of Cincinnati established a bureau of Catholic charities at Cincinnati. The constitution of the bureau sets out its purpose as follows: ‘“‘to organize, centralize, co-ordinate, perfect and supervise the various Catholic charitable societies and institutions, religious and lay, and societies doing incidental charity, and individuals interested in such work, within the archdiocese of Cincinnati; to promote, extend, harmonize and systematize Catholic charitable work; to approve and recommend legitimate charity; to discourage and prevent improper, useless and needless charitable work and to recommend and order that a charity devote its energies in new channels and to compel the proper observance of the laws of the state of Ohio.’’*7 The bureau was opened in 1916 on West Ninth street. After several changes of location, it is now located at 125 East Ninth street. It is divided into five departments: children’s department, relief department, central purchasing and book-keeping department, diagnostic clinic department, and the salvage department. 66. Catholic Telegraph, VII, 38, January 11, 1837. 67. Article II, Section I. CHAP. VIII | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 311 The support of so many charitable institutions, of which scarcely one is self-supporting, has meant an immense drain upon the resources of the Catholic people of the archdiocese. Were it not for the alins, great and small, which have been so lovingly given, the good which these institutions have done, could not have been recorded in the Book of Life. These alms have come from every one, rich and poor, in thousands of dollars and in widows’ mites. God alone knows the number of persons and the amounts given to charitable purposes in the archdiocese. We cannot begin to tabulate either the one or the other. Nor would we wish to do so if we could; for, often given by the right hand that the left might not know what was given, the alms were intended to win glory in heaven, and not on earth. We wish only to incarnate in three persons the various classes of persons who have contributed so generously to the cause, viz.: the religious in care of the institutions, and the men and women whose alms-deeds have rendered these institutions possible. For this purpose we choose to give a short sketch of Sister Anthony to represent the first, of Mrs. sarah Peter, and of Mr. Reuben R. Springer, to represent the second and third. sister Anthony O’Connell was born in County Limerick, Ireland, and when a young girl was brought to the United States by her parents. At the age of twenty she entered the convent of the Sisters of Charity at Emmitsburg, on June 5, 1835. Shortly thereafter she came to Cincinnati, and served in the St. Peter’s orphan asylum until 1852, when she became associated with the boys’ orphan asylum, first on George street, then at Cumminsville. From that charge she passed to St. John’s hospital; thence, in 1866, to its successor, the Good Samaritan; and in the fulness of her days, to the foundling asylum at Norwood. Nearly everybody knew Sister Anthony. She had volunteered to nurse the soldiers when a hurry call came after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, and her work among the soldiers won for her their undying praise. From these men she received the title of The Angel of the Baitle- field, whilst others who knew her have christened her the Florence Nightingale of America. A life of long days filled with goodness came to an end with her death on December 8, 312 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII 1897. Her mortal remains were buried beside those of her sisters at Mount St. Joseph, Ohio. Mrs. Sarah Peter, the name by which she was best known at Cincinnati, was the eldest daughter of Thomas Worthington, one-time Senator of the United States and the first Governor of Ohio. Born at Chillicothe on May 10, 1800, she was but sixteen years of age when she was married on May 15, 1816, to Edward, the fourth son of Rufus King, of revolutionary fame. For fifteen years she lived with her husband at Chilli- cothe, following the Episcopalian religion of her parents. In 1831, Mr. and Mrs. Edward King moved to Cincinnati with their family, and five years later Edward King died. Mrs. King was married again in 1844, this time to Mr. William Peter, the English Consul at Philadelphia, in which city she then lived for ten years. Mr. Peter died in 1853, leaving Mrs. Sarah Peter a widow once more. Before her husband’s death, in 1851, she undertook her first trip to Europe, which carried her to Jerusalem, where she became deeply touched by the majestic ceremonies of the Catholic Church. Passing through Europe, she had the first seeds of faith watered by the charitable and social work which she witnessed in the Catholic Church. Upon her return to America, she made further inquiries into the Catholic Faith, and on a second visit to Rome in 1854, received instructions from the Abbé Mermillod of Geneva, later bishop of that city. She made her abjuration on the last Sun- day of March, 1854, in the convent church of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart at Trinita di Monte. Returning to Cincinnati, she took up her residence at Third and Lytle streets, and there planned her future charitable work. She was the instrument that God used to bring to the archdiocese the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, the Sisters of Mercy, the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, the Little Sisters of the Poor, and the Passionist Fathers. She aided all of these financially in their various enterprises. Nor did she limit herself to Catholic endeavors. She was really the soul of the Ladies’ Academy of Art, which blossomed into the Art Museum in Eden Park, at Cincinnati. Speaking of her activities after 1833, Mr. EK. D. Mansfield says: ‘‘The activity, energy, and benevolence of her mind accomplished in the next forty years probably more of real work for the benefit of society, than CHAP. VIIT] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 313 any one person, and that work has made her widely known both at home and abroad.’’ 68 Mrs. Peter made six trips to Europe, where she was known in all circles, Pope Pius IX showing a tender interest in all her undertakings. After a long life replete with benefactions, she died on February 6, 1877. Her obsequies were held in St. Francis Xavier church, Archbishop Purcell himself preaching the sermon, and her body was laid to rest in a mortuary chapel in St. Joseph’s cemetery, Price Hill. 69 Reuben R. Springer was likewise born in the century year 1800, in the month of November. His father was Charles Springer, a native of West Virginia, and his mother was Cath- erine Runyan, of Princeton, N. J. After an education in the common schools, Reuben, at the age of thirteen, clerked under his father in the post-office, but after two years he became a clerk on a steamer running between Cincinnati and New Orleans. After twelve years of steam-boating he succeeded Henry Kilgour, whose daughter Jane he had married in 1830, as a member of the once-famous grocery house of Taylor & Co. For ten years he continued in the business, and was then com- pelled to retire on account of poor health. By that time he had already amassed a fortune. In 1842, he became a convert to the Catholic Faith. He was a most ready and liberal bene- factor to all of Cincinnati’s institutions, Catholic as well as non-Catholic. His benefactions to Catholic institutions amounted to hundreds of thousands of dollars. For the estab- lishment of Music Hall and the College of Music he gave $420,000. No account was ever kept of his private charities, though his intimate associates conjectured that these amounted to at least $75 a day or $30,000 a year. The Lord blessed him with a long life, which he knew how to beautify by good deeds for eternity, so that when the summons of death came to him on December 10, 1884, he was not found unprepared. In conclusion, we may refer to the Catholic cemeteries, which have been provided as hallowed depositories of the bodies which in life had served as temples of the Holy Ghost. Having taken care of her children from birth, through youth, maturity and old age, the Church has considered it her duty 68. E. D. MansFIELD, Personal Memories, 1803-1843, p. 264. 69. MARGARET R. Kino, Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. Sarah Peter, 2 vols., passim. 314 HISTORY OF THE [CHAP. VIII also, in conformity with her doctrine of the resurrection of the body, to provide even the hallowed grave, where their mortal remains may repose. Nearly every village Catholic church has provided a cemetery for its departed members. Often the shadow of the cross on the church spire is cast upon the hun- dreds of white crosses which dot the green sward about the church. The weary feet which trod the beaten path to the humble village church, now find rest at the spot where the prayers of the “‘saints’’ are wont to be wafted on high, and where the sprinkle of the hyssop has cast out the demon of darkness and his angels. Such a place was the first Catholic cemetery at Vine and Liberty streets in the city of Cincinnati. Such continued to be the use which that spot served even after the removal of the church in 1822 within the corporation limits. But it was to be replaced shortly, since Bishop Fenwick had, on April 30, 1828, purchased for $1,218.75 five (4.87) acres of land between the present Clark and Court, Linn and Cutter streets.7° This cemetery became known as the Catherine Street Cemetery, Catherine being the former name of Cutter street. A cloud, however, rested upon the title, as Nicholas Goshorn had only a life interest in the property, which belonged to his wife, who for some reason or other failed to sign the deed of transfer. Trouble was occasioned thereby twenty years later; a lawsuit on the subject was decided against the bishop of Cincinnati in 1849, and it was only after a law had been passed by the legis- lature in 1857, for the validation of defective deeds with re- troactive force, that the Supreme Court of Ohio settled the litigation by a decree on January 18, 1858, in favor of the archbishop of Cincinnati.7! At the time of this last decree the property had long ceased to be used for cemetery purposes. In 1867, Archbishop Purcell sold the tract to Mr. John Bickett for about $125,000. To replace this cemetery, Archbishop Purcell, on August 2, 1842, through his brother Edward, bought 19.22 acres of land on Price Hill.72 On January 14, 1843, Edward Purcell 70. Deed, Nicholas Goshorn to Edward Fenwick, recorded May 27, 1828, Book No. 28, pp. 423-24. 71. Wahrhettsfreund, X XI, 359, January 21, 1858. 72. Deed, William Terry to Edward Purcell, Hamilton County Recorder’s Office, Book No. 85, p. 522. CHAP. VIII] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 315 deeded one-half of this tract to Joseph Gohs, and Gohs in turn on April 14, 1843, deeded it for a German Catholic cemetery to the German Catholic Cemetery Society, which had been char- tered on March 10, 1843.73 Both cemeteries were called St. Joseph’s cemetery and were consecrated on May 7, 1843.74 On January 14th, in this same year, the German Catholic Cemetery Society bought property in Fairmount, where St. Peter’s cemetery was consecrated on the 25th of January by Bishop Purcell. Trustee difficulties caused changes in the name of the association from the German Catholic Cemetery Association of Cincinnati on March 10th, to the German Catholic Congregation of Cincinnati on December 30, 1843; back again to the former on March 12, 1844; and finally, to St. Peter’s Cemetery Association on January 7, 1845. When the trustees became insubordinate and allowed burial of persons not in communion with the Church, despite the prohibition of the bishop, interdict was laid upon the cemetery on September 9, 1849.75 The Courts, whither the trustees carried the case, decided against the trustees. The interdict upon the cemetery was never raised, but in 1882 the property was presented to the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, who built thereon the St. Francis hospital. When all the lots were sold in the St. Joseph cemetery, which had been purchased by Edward Purcell in 1842, Arch- bishop Purcell bought 61.31 acres two miles west of the old site on Price Hill on November 22, 1853, and consecrated the greater portion of it on August 17, 1854. It, too, is known as ot. Joseph’s cemetery.7* After the failure of 1878 the two cemeteries, the old and the new, became incorporated as the St. Joseph’s Cemetery Association, August 7, 1880. In 1849, when the interdict was placed upon the St. Peter’s German Catholic cemetery, German Catholics of the associa- tion which owned also the St. Joseph cemetery on Price Hill, bought a new site on Carthage pike, St. Bernard. This ceme- 73. Deeds, Edward Purcell to Joseph Gohs, Book 87, p. 281; Joseph Gohs to German Catholic Cemetery Society, Book 92, p. 350. 74. Catholic Telegraph, May 13, 1843; Waohrheitsfreund, May 18, 1843. 75. Wahrhettsfreund, XIII, 19; XIV, 246-47; Catholic Telegraph, XX, January 18, 1853. 76. Deed, John Terry to J. B. Purcell, recorded in Book No. 192, p. 433. 316 ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI [CHAP. VIII tery was consecrated on October 7, 1849, as St. John’s ceme- tery.77 In 1873, the St. Mary’s cemetery on Ross avenue, St. Bernard, not far removed from St. John’s cemetery, was purchased and opened. Both of these cemeteries as well as that of St. Joseph, are under the management of the German Catholic Cemetery Society. The last Catholic cemetery in the city of Cincinnati, Calvary cemetery on Duck Creek road, was begun as the parochial cemetery of St. Francis de Sales church, Walnut Hills. 77. Catholic Telegraph, October’ 11, 1849, CONCLUSION WROM the study which we have made of the history of the diocese and archdiocese of Cin- cinnati, we are enabled to draw up the follow- ing résumé. Coming into existence in 1821, SSE \ ; eye \EGof SJ amid SES HOTE Shes which were very primitive, and dangers which were the results of nature’s untoward development, the diocese of Cincinnati began its youthful days under the guiding strings of foreign charity. Its parochial development was slow, yet extensive, embracing the furthermost parts of the state of Ohio. Its members, settlers mostly from the eastern states, were few and their resources were scanty. Its period of youth, however, soon ripened into maturity. The advent of its second bishop brought to it indefatigable energy and literary ability, which were made to unfold unto the full development of parish life with schools and social activities. Multiplied by tens and hundreds and thousands, its earlier membership was molded into an amalgamation of the various branches of European immigrants. Guides for these poor, though none the less be- loved, members were obtained from the countries represented, chiefly from France, Germany, Austria and Ireland. With the new needs came new establishments, academies, colleges, orphanages, hospitals, and new directors for these institutions, in the many regular communities which were invited to the diocese. That growth of the diocese in its maturity was wonderful; so wonderful, indeed, that twice had a division of its territory to be made; once in 1847, when the northern part of Ohio was severed from it, and a second time in 1868, when the southern part of Ohio suffered bisection. Restricted to its present boundaries, the diocese, or rather the archdiocese, since that honor had come to it in 1850, did not lose strength for a decade of years. Then suddenly a mortal blow was dealt it, and the giant at once grew pale. The hands which had been tending it, became feeble, and in 1880 a third guide and director had to be summoned. It was a sick diocese which he inherited, and its sickness was of a most [317] 318 ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI [CONCLUSION irritating kind. Patient, pains-taking, and enticing care was required to keep it in life at all. Such care it received. A new organization was effected; the old elements were gathered in and reassembled. So well was the work done that when twenty years had passed, new hopes began to be entertained. Then a fourth guide and director was provided. New life was infused. A period of steady convalescence ensued. The diocese began to develop where it had left off in 1878. New parishes began to be formed, new institutions established, better social relations and agencies engendered. A second spring appeared, in which the burgeoning branches gave evi- dence of the new vigor which had been infused into the mighty oak of eighty summers. Gradually its leaves, too, began to unfold. ‘The rains of sweet charity and the sunshine of God’s blessing will cause them, no doubt, to cover the green earth abundantly. But into the future the historian may not peer. Knowing the past bounties of Divine Providence, he awaits with complacency the execution of the plans which that same Providence has designed for the archdiocese of Cincinnati. APPENDIX 1B RE IV. VI. VII. VIII. TS els XII. ATLE, XIV. XV. XVI. LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE Deed of Jacob Dittoe to Edward Fenwick.................. 321 Deed of James Findlay to the Trustees of the Roman Catholic Congregation? ath las. \ pai eeie ie ceteris tea ee ae 322 Decree of Erection of the Diocese of Cincinnati.............. 323 Bull of Erection of the Diocese of Cincinnati............... 324 Bull of Erection of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati ........... 326 Parishes of Cincinnati Archdiocese according to Filiation...... 328 Churches in Cincinnati Archdiocese with Resident Pastors, BOZO i AOS, oSoRE yk ee pe ete ag ee er Cn Re 5a2 Mission Churches in Cincinnati Archdiocese, 1920............ 344 Stations in: Cincinnat? Archdiocese) 192050). ue ae ee 346 Churches in Northern Ohio with Resident Pastors, 1847...... 346 Mission Churches in Northern Ohio, 1847.................. 347 Stations i Northern Ohio, 1847, ee ee ee ee 349 Churches in Southeastern Ohio with Resident Pastors, 1868... .349 Mission Churches in Southeastern Ohio, 1868 ............... 350 Stations in) moutneaster Olle f00s ve ns ee ee eee 351 Priests;otv Cincinnati Atchdiocese.) . ear eee 351 Priests of Cincinnati Who Became Bishops ................. 351 Diocesan Priests: il aa Deceaseat) ihc ommu ie. ie ene a5 Dead LA VINE | tee. ethos ia Oe ee 9 ee 368 Regular Priests:a 7) 1s)" Deceased) Sot Uniti pian ae teen 377 De Nf MGL VENTE APs estat Coen SE ee ne ea 389 APPENDIX % PIECES JUSTIFICATIVES I. DEED, JACOB DITTOE TO EDWARD FENWICK, MAY 23, 1818 JACOB DITTOE This Indenture made this twenty-third day of TO May in the year of our Lord one thousand eight EDWARD FENWICK hundred and eighteen between Jacob Dittoe & Catharine, his wife, of the county of Perry and State of Ohio of the one part and the Rev’d Edward Fenwick of St. Thomas col- lege in Washington county in the state of Kentucky of the other part Witnesseth: that the said Jacob Dittoe & Catharine, his wife, for and in consideration of the friendship and confidence which they entertain for and in the said Edward Fenwick do by these presents alien, convey, release, assign, grant and confirm unto the said Reverend Edward Fenwick and his successors and by him and them to be owned, held and possessed, willed and remised forever, for the use and benefit of the Roman Catholic Church in the said county of Perry near Somerset, a certain tract, or parcel of land situate in the said county of Perry, known by being the west half of Section number twenty-three, Township number sixteen in Range number sixteen, be the same more or less. Together with all the improvements, profits, appurtenances, rents, issues and profits thereof and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim and demand of them the said Jacob Dittoe & Catharine, his wife, of, in and to the same. To have and to hold the lands aforesaid, so as aforesaid and for the uses of aforesaid unto the aforesaid Edward Fenwick and his successors, forever free and clear of all incumbrance whatever. Done or suffered to be done by them the said Jacob Dittoe & Catharine, his wife, In Witness Whereof they the said Jacob & Catharine have here- unto set their hands and seals the day and year aforesaid. Signed and delivered JACOB DITTOE (Seal) in presence of us CATHARINE DITTOE (x her mark) (Seal) CHARLES C. WOOD ANTHONY DITTOE State of Ohio, Perry. SS: Before me, a Associate Judge in and for said county personally appeared the above signed grantors Jacob Dittoe & Catharine, his wife, and ac- knowledged the foregoing instrument of writing to be their voluntary act and deed for the purposes therein expressed. The said Catharine having been examined separate and apart from her said husband touching her execution thereof, acknowledged that she signed and ensealed the same [321] 322 HISTORY OF THE [APPENDIX without fear or coercion of her husband and of her own free and voluntary will. In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 23rd day of May A. D. 1818. CHARLES C. WOOD (Seal) Received and recorded 23rd May, 1818. Vol. A. Page 22, Record of Deeds, Perry county, Ohio Attest: PETER DITTOE, Recorder. Il. DEED, JAMES FINDLAY TO THE TRUSTEES OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CONGREGATION Recd and recorded May 23rd, 1821. This Indenture made and entered into this twentieth day of April, in the year of Our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, by and between James Findlay, of the city of Cincinnati in the county of Hamilton and state of Ohio and Jane Findlay, his wife, of the one part and Patrick Rielly, John Shorlock, Thomas Dugan, Edward Lynch and Michael Scott, Trustees, duly elected, and sworn into office to do and transact, represent and perform all things necessary for, to be done for and on account of the Roman Catholic Congregation Incorporated and known as Christ Church in the Northern Liberties of the city of Cincinnati which Incorporation has taken place and in all things has been in obedience to and conformable with a law of the state of Ohio passed on the fifth day of February in the year 1819, entitled an Act for Incorporation of Religious Societies, of the other part Witnesseth that the said James Findlay and Jane, his wife, for and in consideration of the sum of twelve hundred dollars, paid or secured to be paid to them by the said trustees bargained, sold, released, conveyed and confirmed and by these presents doth give, grant, bargain, sell, release, convey and confirm unto the said trustees for and on behalf of the said incorporated religious society their successors in office and assigns forever. All those two certain lots of ground numbers one and two as laid down and numbered on a plan of the Northern Liberties of the city of Cincinnati laid out and recorded by the said James Findlay in the records of Hamilton county in Book R, No. 2, p. 334, measuring on Vine street, one hundred and twenty feet eight inches, one hundred and twenty-six feet eight inches on Northern Row, eighty feet on New street and one hundred and twenty feet on the north side and binding thereon on a twelve feet alley as the an- nexed map of said lots exhibits and sets out (N.B.: the platting of the map as on the original is here omitted as a reference has to the above page 334, Book R, No. 2, will shew the original map). And all the Estate right, title, interest, property, claim and demand of them the said James Findlay and Jane, his wife, of, in, to or over the same either in law or equity or otherwise howsoever. Together with all and APPENDIX | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 323 singular the privileges and appurtenances to the same belonging or in any wise appertaining and the rents, issues and profits thereof. To have and to hold the said lots and premises with the appurtenances to the said trus- tees aforesaid for the benefit of the said Christ Church to the only proper use, benefit and behoof of the said trustees their successors and assigns for the use and benefit of the said Christ Church forever. And the said James Findlay for himself and for his heirs, covenants and agrees to and with the said trustees their successors and assigns that he is lawfully seized of the herein granted premises and has good right to sell and convey the same in manner and form aforesaid. And also that he will warrant and forever defend the said lots and prem- ises with their appurtenances unto the said trustees their successors and assigns from and against the lawful claims and demands thereon of all manner of persons whatsoever they may be. In Witness Whereof the said James Findlay and Jane, his wife, have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. Sealed and delivered JAMES FINDLAY (Seal) in the presence of us JANE FINDLAY (Seal) PETER BELL THOMAS DUGAN The State of Ohio Hamilton County. SS: Before me the subscriber, one of the associate Judges of said county, personally came the within named James Findlay, together with Jane, his wife, who being examined separate and apart from her said husband as the Statute in such case provides and they have severally acknowledged the within Indenture to be their voluntary act and Deed for the only use and purpose therein mentioned. Given under my hand and seal at Cincinnati this nineteenth day of May, 1821. PETER BELL, A.J. (Seal) II. DECRETUM SACRAE CONGREGATIONIS GENERALIS DE PROPAGANDA FIDE HABITAE DIE 21 MAII 1821 Cum diu Regionibus, quae Kentuckyo in foederatis Americae Provin- ciis conterminae sunt, ita Catholicorum numerus, Divina favente gratia, sit auctus, ut Bardensis Episcopus, cujus administrationi Terrae illae commissae fuerant, tum locorum distantia, tum operariorum paucitate earum Curam jam gerere nequeat, Sacra Congregatio, referente R. P. D. Carolo Maria Pedicini Secretario, ex Archiepiscopi Baltimorensis, aliorum- que Episcoporum consilio, censuit ac decrevit, supplicandum esse SSmo pro 324 HISTORY: OF THE [APPENDIX erectione Novae Episcopalis Ecclesiae in Civitate Cincinnati, quae totam Ohio Provinciam complectatur, ac pro electione R. P. Eduardi Fenwick Ordinis Praedicatorum, viri pietate, prudentia, ac studio maxime com- mendati, in novum Cincinnatensem Episcopum cum facultatibus tum ordinariis, tum extraordinariis, quae ceteris eorumdem Provinciarum Episcopis concedi solent, et cum spirituali adjacentium Provinciarum Michigan, et Northwest administratione cum iisdem facultatibus, donec aliter per Sanctam Sedem provideatur. Hance autem S. Congnis sententiam SSmo Dno Nro Pio VII, relatam in Audientia habita per eumdem D. Secretarium Die 27 Maii 1821, Sanc- titas Sua in omnibus approbavit, Litterasque Apostolicas expediri jussit. Datum Romae ex aedibus dictae S. Congnis Die 2 Junii 1821. F. CARD. FONTANA, Praefectus C. M. PEDICINI, Secrius (Archives of the Secretary of Briefs, vol. 4670, Secretary of State, Vatican, Rome.) IV. BULL OF ERECTION OF THE DIOCESE OF CINCINNATI, JUNE 19, 1821 Dilecto Filio Eduardo Fenwick Fratrum Ordinis Praedicatorum Pro- fessori in novum Episcopum Cincinnatensis Ecclesiae electo PIUS PP. VII. Dilecte Fili Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Inter multiplices, gravissimasque Apostolatus Nostri curas non exiguam tenet partem ea, quae Dioecesium per universum orbem distributarum respicit statum; siquidem supremae potestatis judiciique nostri est illas moderari, earumque limites constituere vel immutare, prout habita tem- porum ac circumstantiarum ratione, Fidelium utilitate conducere dignosci- mus. Quum autem, sicut accepimus in Regionibus, quae Kentuckyo in foederatis Americae Provinciis conterminae sunt, ita Catholicorum numerus, Divina favente gratia, sit auctus, ut Bardensis Episcopus, cujus administra- tioni Terrae illae commissae fuerant, tum locorum distantia, tum operari- orum paucitate, earum curam jam gerere nequeat; Nos de Venerabilium Fratrum Nostrorum S. R. E. Cardinalium negociis Propagandae Fidei praepositorum consilio, hujusmodi necessitatibus prospicere cupientes statuimus atque decrevimus, ut nova Episcopalis Ecclesia in Civitate Cin- cinnati, quae totam Ohio provinciam complectatur, erigeretur, prout Auctoritate Apostolica, tenore praesentium, in novam Episcopalem Ec- clesiam Cincinnatensem cum omnibus juribus et praerogativis juxta sacros canones ac facultatibus tum ordinariis, tum extraordinariis Episcopis pro tempore concedendis, quae caeteris earumdem Provinciarum Episcopis concedi solent, erigimus. Nos quoque ad praedictae novae Ecclesiae sic APPENDIX |] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 325 erectae provisionem celerem atque felicem, in qua nullus, praeter Nos, se intromittere potest, paterno ac sollicito studio intendentes, post delibera- tionem, quam de praeficiendo eidem novae Ecclesiae personam utilem ac fructuosam cum praedictis Venerabilibus Fratribus Nostris S. R. E. Car- dinalibus negociis Propagandae Fidei praepositis habuimus diligentem, demum at Te, qui ex legitimo matrimonio procreatus, et in aetate etiam legitima constitutus existis cujusque apud Nos de vitae munditia, morum- que honestate, deque pietate, studio, atque doctrina ac Christianae Religi- onis, et Catholicae Fidei zelo, ac spiritualium providentia, et temporalium circumspectione, fide digna testimonia perhibentur, oculos mentis Nostrae direximus, quibus omnibus debita ratione pensatis, Te a quibusvis excom- municationis, suspensionis et interdicti, aliisque ecclesiasticis sententiis, censuris et poenis a jure, vel ab homine quavis occasione, vel causa latis, ad effectum praesentium dumtaxat consequendum harum serie absolventes, et absolutum fore censentes, eamdem novam Episcopalem Ecclesiam Cin- cinnatensem de persona tua Nobis, et nominatis Cardinalibus ob tuorum exigentiam meritorum accepta, de eorumdem Fratrum consilio, auctoritate et tenore praefatis providemus, Teque illi in Episcopum cum facultatibus tum ordinariis tum extraordinariis, quae caeteris earumdem Provinciarum Episcopis concedi solent, praeficimus et Pastorem, curam, regimen et administrationem ipsius Ecclesiae Cincinnatensis tibi in spiritualibus et temporalibus plenarie committendo, Teque pariter adjacentium Pro- vinciarum Michigan, et Northwest administratorem in spiritualibus, cum iisdem facultatibus donec aliter per hance S. Sedem provideatur, deputando; in Illo, qui dat gratiam et largitur dona, confisi, ut, dirigente Domino actus tuos, praedicta Ecclesia Cincinnatensis, et administratio memorata earum- dem Provinciarum, per tuae circumspectionis industriam et studium, utiliter et prospere dirigentur; grataque in ipsis spiritualibus et temporalibus incrementa suscipient. Jugum igitur Domini tuis impositum humeris prompta devotione animi accipiens, curam et administrationem praedictas ita studeas fideliter, prudenterque exercere, ut Ecclesia Cincinnatensis gaudeat se provido gubernatori, et fructuoso administratori esse commis- sam, Tuque, praeter aeternae retributionis praemium, Nostrum quoque, et Sedis Apostolicae uberius exinde consequi merearis benedictionem et gratiam. Ceterum ad ea, quae in tuae cedere possunt commoditatis augmentum favorabiliter respicientes, Tibi, ut a quocumque, quem tu malueris, Catholico Antistite Sanctae Nostrae Sedis gratiam et communi- onem habente, accitis, et in hoc ei assistentibus duobus aliis Episcopis, vel quatenus hi commode reperiri non poterunt, duobus eorum loco Presbyteris saecularibus, seu cujuscumque Ordinis et Instituti Regularibus, similem praedictae hujus Sedis gratiam et communionem habentibus, munus con- secrationis recipere libere et licite possis ac valeas, ac eidem Antistiti, ut receptis a te, prius Catholicae Fidei professione, juxta articulos pridem a Sancta Sede Nostra propositos, ac Nostro, et Romanae Ecclesiae nomina fidelitatis debitae solito juramento, praedictum munus tibi Auctoritate Nostra impendere licite valeat, eadem Auctoritate Nostra plenam et liberam harum serie tribuimus facultatem. Volumus autem, et eadem Auctoritate praecipimus, atque decernimus, quod nisi receptis a Te per 326 HISTORY OF THE [APPENDIX dictum Antistitem juramento, et Professione Fidei hujusmodi, ipse Antistes Consecrationis munus tibi impendere, tuque illud suscipere praesumpseritis, idem Antistes a Pontificalis officii exercitio, et tam ipse, quam tu, a regimine, et administratione Ecclesiarum vestrarum suspensi sitis eo ipso. Non obstantibus Apostolicis, ac in Universalibus Provincialibusque et Synodali- bus Conciliis editis generalibus, vel specialibus Constitutionibus et Ordinati- onibus caeterisque etiam speciali ac expressa mentione seu derogatione dignis contrariis quibuscumque. Datum Romae apud Sanctam Mariam Majorem sub annulo Piscatoris die 19 Junii 1821 Pontificatus Nostri A° 22°. Placet G. B. GEORGIUS (BARNABOS) H. CARD. CONSALVIUS. (Vatican, Secretary of State, Archives of the Secretary of Briefs, vol. 4670.) V. BULLOF ERECTION OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI, JULY 19, 1850 PIUS PP. IX. Ad perpetuam rei memoriam. In Apostolicae Sedis fastigio, Deo sic volente, constitutis, deque Catholicae Religionis incremento sollicitis illud Nobis accidit perjucundum ut novas per Catholicum Orbem Metropoliticas Sedes pro re ac tempore constituamus. Jamvero quum Archiepiscopus Baltimorensis, et Episcopi ex Concilio VII Provinciali anno superiori habito Nobis supplicandum curaverint, ut pro aucto Catholicorum, et Episcoporum numero in foederatis Americae Septentrionalis Statibus Episcopalem Sedem Cincinnatensem in Archiepiscopalem erigamus, quae Suffraganeas habeat Episcopales Ecclesias Ludovicopolitanam, Detroitensem, Vincennensem, et Clevelandensem, Nos de consilio VV. FF. NN. S. R. E. Cardinalium Propagandae Fidei praepositorum porrectis hujusmodi precibus obsecun- dandum censuimus. Itaque motu proprio, certa scientia, ac matura deli- beratione Nostra, deque Apostolicae Auctoritatis plenitudine praedictam Episcopalem Ecclesiam Cincinnatensem in Archiepiscopalem erigimus, et instituimus cum omnibus et singulis facultatibus, juribus,' praerogativis, quae Sedium Archiepiscopalium propriae sunt. Eidem porro Ecclesiae Cincinnatensi in Archiepiscopalem sic erectae Suffraganeas esse volumus, ac decernimus Episcopales Sedes Ludovicopolitanam, Detroitensem, Vincennensem, et Clevelandensem praevia alterius cujusque vinculi Metro- politici solutione, a quo vinculo dictas Episcopales Ecclesias Auctoritate Nostra Apostolica dissolvimus ac solutas declaramus. Porro hodierno Antistiti Cincinnatensi, ejusque in posterum Successoribus omnia et singula jura, facultates, privilegia concedimus, atque attribuimus, quae Metro- politani Antistitis propria sunt. Decernentes has Litteras firmas, validas, et efficaces esse, et fore, suosque plenarios, et integros effectus sortiri ac obtinere, iisque ad quos spectat, et spectabit hoc, futurisque temporibus APPENDIX | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 327 lenissime suffragari, sicque in praemissis per quoscumque Sudices Ordinarios, et extraordinarios etiam S. R. E. Cardinales, sublata eis, et eorum cuilibet quavis aliter judicandi, et interpretandi facultate judicari ac definiri debere, ac irritum et inane quidquid secus super his a quoquam quavis Auctoritate scienter vel ignoranter contigerit attentari. Non obstantibus Nostra et Cancellariae Apostolicae Regula de jure quaesito non tollendo, et quatenus opus est, fel. rec. Benedicti XIV Praed‘® Nostri super Div® Mat.—aliisque Apostolicis, ac in Universalibus, Provincialibusque, et Synodalibus Con- ciliis editis generalibus, vel specialibus Constitutionibus, et Ordinationibus necnon legis fundationis dictae Ecclesiae Cincinnatensis, etiam juramento, confirmatione Apostolica, vel alia quavis firmitate roboratis statutis, et consuetudinibus ceterisque contrariis quibuscumque. Datum Romae apud S. Petrum sub Annulo Piscatoris die XIX Julii Anno MDCCCL Pontificatus Nostri Anno Quinto. (Seal) Pro Domino CARD™ LAMBRUSCHINI A. PICCHIONI, Substitutus (Original in Notre Dame Archives), HISTORY OF THE [APPENDIX 328 9I6I esaJa J, 6161 | 6061 8. OL6T BIUOTAT ‘ImMseoye (IMC) Wey Ayre | | | 8% 76x C2nyve— = suelo uyo{--"--- yeay Ss) 3310985) 98, 09] sjesuy UvIpiend 8S. «8S | | OL. 89. C061 CApey) ‘qyuy SIOUBI (‘eu0g) "318 “S aouaIME’T "10’T Ape’y Bae S06! €L, Amey | LS. Lh. | ssolp “Hf yey | (yoog)"ysn3ny jevyoyy 65 cet | | Lo, Lo. 6S. OL. 6%. 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"998I Pyrat Wie et pee ey Ta iy Wear Yue ee WeUuls[Or) "4S oe ee oe s}VAB THD 0033 Sey IOjsSvq JUSIpIsay poze.1peq ple] auojs19UI1075 pozUesiIO yqoinygd jo owey Ayano, UMOL qoingg yqomny9 uolesoIsu0*d 345 ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI APPENDIX | SEE ER QUaS isang gre Ge = Seamer ee ee ee Jiaginy 36° usiedwmeys ° “+ yOO0IspooMm uMo}somre [ CO ae sot age a SIMs ewe Ua «Nees ey ora Tes ome eh geal aie gs sive weree sO age aeteocase colina Ut cote surjsnsny NC es wale y\ a]Asouse mM Sear oe es eee ae See ee ee eds C9 LS es ae Are i eet aaa ATIOAG A Ueno COSI ‘ZI “AON “1881 ‘ydas Jegoseghe 6CQTse eee ysoyy AJOH Hoste oot UMOIq wae ZIAD) IBA uoy We FT ‘uayda}¢ SY Ca a Aan sae eee” ka ieee ee emg oe aule N AJOH 244556 Tenge ee UoWLL MID ‘ISISSY SS SUC le JO ee eee eee eee £00 be eee snIsAOTy 3G See peyphite een uopueys Ay9 souvsaddry, io moo no Z881 "901881 "ydag ese i eoted po Ce jIeayy pasieg::-: usredurey> penn ie sug 4S APMIO 5. 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STATIONS IN CINCINNATI ARCHDIOCESE, 1920 Town County Attended From College Corner..... Butlern yea Geese tone 2 ee ak Ol aiahnte eee Oxford Dunkirk scan a a Hardin the) ess ae ee ae is Atanas) aie aot tere La Rue Foréestii a5 re was Hardin wir eats Mee le ee acces La Rue Richwood. es acne Uinta eee a ete eet a Nahe Hy pea La Rue Somerville......... Butler iy yarns net ie a tee de 2 Oxford X. CHURCHES IN NORTHERN OHIO WITH RESIDENT PASTORS, 1847* Congregation Town County Name of Church Organized Canton eee cian Stark ween Dt) OHM BAPtistua sy wa eee 1823 Canton pict. eee Stark geenee Ot se eeterss' Nees eecaelae ae ee eae 1845 Cleveland 75) eo kes Cuyahoga: (iste Mary cy aera eee Men aee 1835 Délphios sis. ese oe Allen ey ein Sto] oun bvangelst. 9.) eee 1844 Doylestown ....... Wayne iucks SUIP ETOP Ae aan an ol nee ae 1827 Dungannon)... Columbiana! otwrattl ein tare. ci eee eee 1817(?) Glandort jn, irene Putnam 2p Stivjohin Bagust selina, eee es 1834 Lowisvillesn. aoe ee bee Pewee au SLOTS: oe ce ie acre eee en noe 1826 Massilloni. ween Stark eae Ste Mary ies eau) Tae ak ese ee re 1839 New Riegel........ Seneca) 4.12; StyBonilace: oe ae iste eeceree 1833 Sandusky i sehen Eriets gern cee: HolywArgels 2) po enema ee 1834 THOMSON? ohne Seneca ..... St Michaels 20). one ta aeons ee lee 1834 Toledo satis: (opnane TCAs Bae ri: St. Francissde ‘Sales.\..0 25.00)... 1841 *HOUCK, The Church in Northern Ohio, 1887. 347 ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI APPENDIX | “L881 O14O UsayI4ON Ut YIANYD 24T “HONOHs PR GLig ee ee se Re 678 ee JeuondTy 4a c 2 es Womp 2 ee nied Aysnpueg— =: 0 ee ee es -) elt]. {0 ssOs 16 ee poo 8inqss119g Rote pe ee OPS Sree Egle a pomp = YTEMION vil een (ole poses imeem a Ib8lo pivuiog 16-0 piojmeiy WO}SUIYSe AM MONT OTs ete ee CET cee Wega ee ee Wiejor ee UII MON que, © - Se ee ics ees eee ee Chet snsaf jo weay pasegs Arup 8 * elIeVAeg MON uOTISsepY pUe UOJUeD zegp ccc Niece) ion ler ee Tie ee dIIVARN U0 ee eee gest ccc (ecaf eee seon’y oo Jouve yy ELSE SINE Lo eta ee ate. Osgti ccc WA ‘@ wonewsta yopuesM JIAUAyINDOW SFC] L0s (ts ffs cg RO tae Se Sa TET unieyy 1g euipsy jood1aary SEE] Ss NE) Nee ee a) epiaiae asa Se ejouaG. Aqoqvy Oooo 1 pue A qenpuce ee e8loc cc euamopyg “ig ° °° ASStp UEC es ee WNCIGe’T Diels ey js ee cesT ccc: ssoi> oy} jougof3g°°°° teiiieg ce = FY a110 ge] SIRCctO | ee ee CHET: snsef jo Jreay] pomeg:**-*- 7 SIeGs eae simqsiey ESSERE © eS) cate oc gee ie 7) crepe ighch (lg pe sees 1819 CRS OR CITT 8 ANS, GP As SCIOCO Ahk nee Ot ePeter 25 hee 1851 POCA ee ee eee aay Hocking: 23 ya.ee SE ohn so os2 ais eee 1840 Wrariettayn scien ane Washingtona res Sty Mary ie cus fue 1838 MtrBatote onan eens Holmes 72s viene. St. Genevieve........ 1842 MtpVeriions slit. pete Knox tyh/) 2 eee St. Vincent de Paul. ..1842 Newark? a) ia Dicking oe yee St. Francis de Sales... 1842 POMEEOY Tor Gc a ole Meigs) s\iankeersr Sacreduiieart. ..0 ee 1848 Portsmouth ie, ree Scioto jn Gu a ee Holy Redeemer...... 1853 Portsmonth tye SCHOtCOMn ela heres INALIVILY. Cesc ee 1842 DOMETSEU hu ims pita ae Perry /eAin one oe Holy kErinity: of 1825 OOMICTSOET riche wn conus PORT TL we. oh2 | seen Sb OSeD Rs oi .eeeeae 1818 Steubenville ........... Jetferson’) Sizer ee St Petereetac.ivateseee 1830 Union Township ....... Washington 2. ..... St J Obnse 3) ec 1852 Wailkeville yn kee Ny Vinton ye cunneae SC UVEATY hice eee 1847 ZOOS ei ai ey Cee Viti born yi eee: DEL OVIVEStEr fan aren 1864 ZAMeSville y Hew ba welees Muskingutni: +4. DiINICHOIAS eee 1842 Zanesville te yieh dete Muskingum sei: + Stor lhomas ton see 1820 XIV. MISSION CHURCHES IN SOUTHEASTERN OHIO, 1868 Congregation Town County Name of Church Organized Attended From Bolvarena ce ‘Tiiscarawasieot WLartin nape 1853.. Canal Dover Chauncey..... Athensyjae) . Seven Dolours B. V. M...1842........ Logan Darivilles. ce Ky, ANOKA Usd AiKe say aime em N aia) § 1824... Mt. Vernon Deavertown ...Morgan DN ALS DAS tan btu tee 1824.. .Chapel Hill Dresden). Muskingum .St. Matthew........... 1843.... Coshocton Fox Settlement. Washington .St. Patrick ............ 1863 Jeueaese Enoch Gallipolis; Galligan aiatau St; LOWS? Warn iin remo 17O0r wale Pomeroy Kilbnck ) Wiaiiee Goshocton St) Blizabethw wus 1856.... Coshocton Little-Scioto.>)°Sciote aaahe is Sti) OH ir ianreena on 1864 . Lick Run Logie’ se) ton sey Carrollanwce St. Francis Xavier ..... 1850.. Canal Dover Marges) anaes Carroll nee Imm. Concep. B.V.M....1834.. Canal Dover Meigs\Creek.i4, Morgane St) James.) ates) 184003 Marietta Pond Creek ... Scioto)... )... Holy clemity pee earner 1868... Portsmouth Stockport ..... Morgan pce tet JAMES Re ee 18555 tee Marietta APPENDIX] |= ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 351 Congregation Town County Name of Church Organized Attended From ot, Dominic’. Guernseyes ot: Dominici. eae TS240 eh, Somerset South Forky/)sPerry ee. SUP Pius eee 1864452 Somerset Wills Creek") Coshocton a sot? Anne em eee. 1852... Coshocton XV. STATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN OHIO, 1868 Town County Attended From IATCHETAMELLICTICIIE elu rarer Us Gal igi scale Monroe yi yo. 2 ae ea i Enoch CAI LOM er ee ee Pee Ned a heh) cn ata os Morrowees ye ve Delaware Dohertyoctticmicnt se. sae) wel. cial MOnroGy iy uinees tate acted Enoch CrrOMCDOL Cea eso Bean ne eg tiie. Franklin yap ie cen ae Columbus lat Oth OR OCR eer pee ere sel er re th ah. PAWTENCE MAL clea ie uses Ironton IMAGK GOI Geers tae nee tren Geeta) to LM JACK GOL weave) Von tanskival: Zaleski EOLEPISOCCOLU pie een Gti Wh Ob ara nutely WIT ER RUC EL A OR bai hice Gn Pomeroy NECHTE DORE EL UACE eave urn Lies eho N cae a JACKSON Monat wena Lick Run Mattinelyeocttiemente occ ve aoe yl Washing tots ns eet Columbus PiTlEtOT OVER ete le rant ie nee aes PaAWwrence orl) yea ass Ironton SV TAC SE eee tai ht etee dete rein erm o Os VE GT Sowa tte ees eT Pomeroy Pav lOLS VAL. tar erty cade Mien ra nuh asec lee gears MUSKINISUIO Yee Zanesville PLA VIOLSCOW Ino nh ee el atte te eee tee Brant eo tena Columbus WHOLenin stot cet. selon etre ee rite pers Prrcaviclerto tence eh ens ode Columbus XVI. PRIESTS OF CINCINNATI ARCHDIOCESE Priests of Cincinnati Who Became Bishops “It has been the constant aim of the First Pastor of this Diocese, dis- regarding the calculations and suggestions of economy, to endow it with learned and holy priests. How far he has succeeded may be seen in the numerous episcopal sees whose illustrious prelates have been selected from our clergy, and their many successors who continue to labor with us.’’ (Extract from Appeal for seminary by Archbishop Purcell, May 10, 1863, in Catholic Telegraph, xxxii, p. 156, May 13, 1863.) MOELLER, Most RéEv. HENRY, D.D.; born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Decem- ber 11, 1849; ordained June 10, 1876, at Rome; in the diocese since ordi- nation; consecrated Bishop of Columbus August 25, 1900, at Cincinnati; promoted Archbishop of Areopolis and Coadjutor to Cincinnati, April 27, 1903; succeeded to Cincinnati, October 31, 1904. ALEMANY, Most REv. JosEpH Sapoc, O.P., D.D.; born at Vich, Spain, July 13, 1814; ordained March 27, 1837, at Viterbo, Italy; in the diocese since 1840; elected Bishop of Monterey, Cal., May 31, 1850; con- secrated June 30, 1850, at Rome; promoted to Archbishop of San Fran- cisco, July 23, 1853; died April 14, 1888, Valencia, Spain. 352 HISTORY OF THE ' [APPENDIX Gracg, Most REv. THomas LANGcpon, O.P., D.D.; born at Charles- ton, South Carolina, November 16, 1814; ordained December 21, 1839, at Rome; in the diocese since 1844; consecrated Bishop of St. Paul, July 24, 1859, at St. Louis, Mo.; promoted titular Archbishop of Sicenia, September 24, 1889; died February 22, 1897, at St. Paul, Minn. Heiss, Most R&v. MicHaki, D.D.; born at Phahldorf, Bavaria, April 12, 1818; ordained October 18, 1840, at Nymphenburg, Bavaria; in the diocese since 1844; consecrated Bishop of LaCrosse, Wis., Septem- ber 6, 1868, at Milwaukee; preconised Archbishop of Adrianople, i.p.i., and Coadjutor of Milwaukee, March 14, 1880; became Archbishop of Mil- waukee, September 7, 1881; died March 26, 1890, at LaCrosse, Wis.; buried at St. Francis Seminary, Wis. HENNI, Most REv. JOHN Martin, D.D.; born at Misanenga, parish of Obersaxen, Switzerland, June 15, 1805; ordained February 2, 1829, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Mil- waukee, March 19, 1844, at Cincinnati, Ohio; promoted Archbishop of Milwaukee, June 3, 1875; died September 7, 1881, at Milwaukee; buried at Milwaukee, Wis. Lamy, Most R&Ev. JoHN Baptist, D.D.; born at Lempdes, France, October 11, 1814; ordained December 22, 1838, at Clermont, France; in the diocese since 1839; consecrated Bishop of Agathon, i.p.i., and Vicar- Apostolic of New Mexico, November 24, 1850, at Cincinnati, Ohio; made Bishop of Sante Fe, July 29, 1853; promoted Archbishop of Sante Fe, 1875; died February 13, 1888, at Sante Fe. Woop, Most REv. JAMES FREDERIC, D.D.; born at Philadelphia, Pa., April 27, 1813; ordained March 25, 1844, at Rome; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Antigone, i.p.i., and Coadjutor of Phila- delphia, April 26, 1857, at Cincinnati; succeeded as Bishop of Philadelphia, January 5, 1860; promoted Archbishop, June 17, 1875; died June 20, 1883, at Philadelphia, Pa. BARAGA, RT. REv. FREDERIC, D.D.; born at Dobernic, Illyria, June 29, 1797; ordained September 21, 1823, at Laibach; in the diocese since 1831; consecrated Bishop of Amyzonia, i.p.i., and Vicar-Apostolic of Upper Michigan, November 1, 1853, at Cincinnati, Ohio; made Bishop of Sault Ste. Marie, January 9, 1857; died January 19, 1868, at Marquette, Mich.; buried at Marquette, Mich. BorGEss, Rt. REv. CASPAR HENRY, D.D.; born at Adrup, Oldenburg, Germany, August 1, 1826; ordained December 10, 1848, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Calydon, i.p.i., and administrator of Detroit, April 24, 1870, at Cincinnati; became Bishop of Detroit, December 27, 1871; died May 3, 1890, at Kalamazoo, Mich. BYRNE, RT. Rev. THOMAS SEBASTIAN, D.D.; born at Hamilton, Ohio, July 29, 1841; ordained May 22, 1869, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Nashville, July 25, 1894, at Nashville. CARRELL, Rt. REv. GEORGE ALoysius, D.D.; born at Philadelphia, Pa., June 13, 1803; ordained December 20, 1827, at Philadelphia; in the diocese since 1847; entered the Society of Jesus, August 19, 1835; conse- APPENDIX | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 353 crated Bishop of Covington, November 1, 1853, at Cincinnati; died Sep- tember 25, 1868, at Covington, Ky.; buried at Covington, Ky., (St. Mary Cemetery). DuRIER, RR. REV. ANTHONY, D.D.; born at St. Bonnet Desquarts, Loire, France, August 8, 1832; ordained October 28, 1856, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Natchitoches, La., May 19, 1885, at New Orleans; died February 28, 1904, at New Orleans, La. DWENGER, RT. REv. JOSEPH GREGORY, C.PP.S., D.D.; born at Maria Stein, Ohio, September 7, 1837; ordained September 4, 1859, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Fort Wayne, Ind., April 14, 1872, at Cincinnati; died January 23, 1893, at Fort Wayne, Ind.; buried at Fort Wayne, Ind. FIrzGERALD, Rt. REV. Epwarp, D.D.; born at Limerick, Ireland, October 26, 1833; ordained August 22, 1857, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Little Rock, Arkansas, February 3, 1867, at Columbus, Ohio; died February 21, 1907, at Hot Springs, Ark.; buried at Little Rock, Ark. GiuMour, RT. Rev. RicHarD, D.D.; born at Glasgow, Scotland, September 28, 1824; ordained August 30, 1852, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Cleveland, April 14, 1872, at Cincinnati; died April 13, 1891, at St. Augustine, Florida; buried at Cleveland, Ohio. DE GOESBRIAND, RT. REv. Louis M.J., D.D.; born at St. Urbain, Finisterre, France, August 4, 1816; ordained July 13, 1840, at Paris; in the diocese since 1840; consecrated Bishop of Burlington, Vermont, October 30, 1853, at New York; died November 3, 1899, at Burlington, Vt. HyNEs, Rt. REv. JoHN Tuomas, O.P., D.D.; born in Ireland; or- dained in 1822; in the diocese since 1822; appointed titular Bishop of Leros and Zephalonia in 1838; appointed Vicar-Apostolic of British Guiana, in 1843; died February, 1869. JUNCKER, RT. REV. HENRY DaAmiAN, D.D.; born at Fenetrange, Lorraine, August 22, 1809; ordained March 16, 1834, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Alton, April 26, 1857, at Cincinnati, Ohio; died October 2, 1868, at Alton, Ill.; buried at Alton, Ill. LuErRS, RT. REv. JOHN HENRY, D.D.; born at Luetten, Oldenburg, Germany, September 29, 1819; ordained November 11, 1846, at Cincin- nati, Ohio; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Fort Wayne, January 10, 1858, at Cincinnati, Ohio; died June 29, 1871, at Cleveland, Ohio; buried at Fort Wayne, Ind. MACHEBEUF, RT. REV. JOSEPH PrRojEcTUS, D.D.; born at Riom, France, August 11, 1812; ordained December 21, 1836, at Clermont; in the diocese since 1839; consecrated Bishop of Epiphania, i.p.i., and Vicar-Apostolic of Colorado and Utah, August 16, 1868, at Cincinnati, Ohio; promoted Bishop of Denver in 1887; died July 10, 1889, at Denver, Col.; buried at Denver, Col. MILES, RT. REV. RIcHARD Pius, O.P., D.D.; born in Prince George County, Maryland, May 17, 1791; ordained September 15, 1860, at St. 354 HISTORY OF THE [APPENDIX Rose, Ky.; in the diocese since 1828; consecrated Bishop of Nashville, September 16, 1838, at St. Rose, Ky.; died February 21, 1860, at Nash- ville; buried at Nashville, Tenn. NEUMANN, Rt. REv. JOHN NEPOMUCENE, C.SS.R., D.D.; born at Prachatitz, Bohemia, March 28, 1811; ordained June 25, 1836, at New York City; in the diocese since 1841; entered the C.SS.R. January 16, 1842; consecrated Bishop of Philadelphia, March 28, 1852, at Balti- more; died January 5, 1860, at Philadelphia; buried at Philadelphia; pronounced Venerable December 15, 1896. QUINLAN, Rt. REv. Joun, D.D.; born at Cloyne, County Cork, Ire- land, October 19, 1826; ordained August 30, 1852, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Mobile, December 4, 1859, at New Orleans, La.; died March 9, 1883. RapPe, RT. REv. Lours AMADEuUS, D.D.; born at Andrehem, Pas de Calais, St. Omer, France, February 2, 1801; ordained March 14, 1829, at Arras; in the diocese since 1840; consecrated Bishop of Cleveland, October 10, 1847, at Cincinnati; died September 7, 1877, at St. Albans, Vermont; buried at Cleveland, Ohio. ‘ Résk, Rr. Rev. FREDERIC, D.D.; born at Vienenburg, Germany, February 6, 1791; ordained 1822, at Rome; in the diocese since 1824; consecrated Bishop of Detroit, October 6, 1833, at Cincinnati; died Decem- ber 30, 1871, at Hildesheim, Germany; buried at Hildesheim, Germany. RICHTER, RT. REV. HENRY JOSEFH, D.D.; born at Neuenkirchen, Germany, April 9, 1838; ordained June 10, 1865, at Rome; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated: Bishop of Grand Rapids, April 22, 1883, at Grand Rapids; died December 26, 1916, at Grand Rapids, Mich.; buried at Lima, Ohio. ROSECRANS, RT. REv. SYLVESTER Horton, D.D.; born at Homer, Ohio, February 5, 1827; ordained June 5, 1853, at Rome; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated titular Bishop of Pompeiopolis and auxiliary to Cincinnati, March 25, 1862, at Cincinnati; transferred to Columbus, May 3, 1868; died October 31, 1878, at Columbus, Ohio; buried at Columbus, Ohio. TOEBBE, RT. REv. Aucust Mary, D.D.; born at Meppen, Hanover, Germany, January 15, 1829; ordained September 14, 1854, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Covington, January 9, 1870, at Cincinnati; died May 2, 1884, at Covington, Ky.; buried at Covington, Ky. . WHELAN, RT. REV. JAMES, O.P., D.D.; born at Kilkenny, Ireland, June 8, 1823; ordained August 2, 1843, at Somerset, Ohio; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Marcopolis and Coadjutor to Nashville, May 8, 1859, at St. Louis; succeeded to the see of Nashville, February 21, 1860; died February 18, 1878, Zanesville, Ohio. YOuNG, RT. REv. Josu—E Moopy Marik, D.D.; born at Shapleigh, Maine, October 29, 1808; ordained March 10, 1838, at Cincinnati; in the diocese since ordination; consecrated Bishop of Erie, Pa., April 23, 1854, at Cincinnati; died September 18, 1866, at Erie, Pa.; buried at Erie, Pa. hs, ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI APPENDIX | o1qgo ‘ssuluuaf yoy "A ‘N ‘uoqpueg ***** ‘AN ‘woz pued ‘Oggi ‘Og “3nVy "TIL ‘HOJSIAY we a te We ee fet ty Ste ie) TS TIL ‘WO}SIAW ‘CL8I ‘ST ‘uel: OR Cyne PIS Kl ae ee orgo ‘eruex ‘ogst ‘bz Ain” orgQ ‘atumei0’y 307 orgO ‘eTfAueqnezsS Fe! 18 1gh © C566. 8 0 ew S10) eM eee fe, is Le ‘uleg “3S “Weg UyOf 4yCQ°°° "JOD ‘Ieauaq ‘ BS et. 6 hreclene! elev ene uoysed ‘ Sees O ‘aq[EAuaqnays ‘ Sr oat Sie RR Cea BLISNy ‘[apersuroapatny ‘ “TI ‘UMozPULUTIDY ‘ ‘ulDg 4S “ulead AICI 36 SV ee ee. 6~ ate uoyAed ‘ ssuluuaf 310,74 ‘098 I ‘Oz dag 8061 ‘SI “AON cL8I 7881 ‘IT dy SosI‘I “PO Cl6l ‘Te “wef: FI6I ‘bz [dy" noyARd ‘9WIOF S.JoIpjosg "* mozAeq ‘9681 ‘S “3ny Et ‘HeuUUTy “6161 ‘TZ “G0” S061 *L THdy" €98I ‘Oc Tudy" ‘UID “ua (D) ‘sof 3S uID RES) (9) ‘sof 4S i [e ‘elivawlhe..0 TyeUUIOUID ‘ Waeriel se) bole bee ID EE 6. ta ew ie) cece ep <5) "Cue 6 & Teoh suesIO MIN ‘6E8I CC “Ssny TyeuuIoUL) pens Ceres 6.6 « -e) 1s © M6. wt eee TyeunIOUID ‘ TyeuUUTOUID aie” sere) @lal is eer ple 6:9. 0\ o10) e eee IVeUUTOUID ‘ ‘pur ‘omeq 31}0N souely “xnetquio; pee © sa eCe vise! «=. 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AUBULIDS ° sifie) Fas anie *pelm0d “JIpreuyIS Bore hin: att Sey ONO AUBULIDS ° Peee Hepes *wjasuy “pruyog JO daT}BN ouleN APPENDIX | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 397 The following list contains the names and a brief note of identification of priests who labored in the archdiocese, but of whom, for one reason or another, the desired information could not be obtained: Ackley, Thomas J.: at London, Ohio, 1872-73. Arnold, J. Anthony: at Pomeroy, 1848. Bakowski or Bukowski, Adalbert: at St. Stanislaus, Cincinnati, Ohio, November, 1878. Baumgartner, John B.: at Arnheim and Stonelick, 1849. Becker, Anthony: at Harrison, Ohio, 1864-67. Bellamy, Jean: in Michigan, 1824-27; on China missions, 1828. Berthaud, F.: native of France; on missions of New Orleans 7 years; at Mount St. Mary Seminary, 1864; at Napoleon, Salt Creek, Ohio, 1864-65. Bliesz, Adam: Hungarian Church, Dayton, Ohio, 1908. Bojanowski, Stanislaus: Nazareth, Ohio, 1853. Brand, Joseph: Minster, Ohio, April to November, 1835. Brisard, Cyril: came from Chicago; at Russia, Ohio, 1859-67; in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, 1867. Brogard, Joseph N.: Chapel Hill, Ohio, 1862; Delaware, Ohio, 1863. Brunner, George: at Immaculate Conception, Mt. Adams, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1861. Caldermi|eiCrn Cincinnati: 1865, Chatenay, Spirit: Reading, 1861; Chaplain Betts St. Hospital, 1861. Cogan, Daniel J.: Springfield, Ohio, 1863-64; left for Arkansas, Janu- ary 23, 1864. Convers, P. Matthew: Frenchtown, Ohio, 1852-56. D’Arcy, William: exeat from Covington, June 1, 1865; at Sidney, Ohio, June, 1865. Dejean, Peter John: native of France; came to diocese 1824; worked in Michigan; returned to France, 1831. Frere or Faure, T.: Nazareth, Ohio, attending Frenchtown, 1858. Guy, J. M.: Calmoutier, 1862-64; returned to France, 1864. Haberthuer, Peter: exeat from Basle, September 3, 1856; stationed at Egypt, Ohio, 1856. Hardy, Richard B.: Marietta, Ohio, 1856-57. Hartlaub, Peter: Covington, Ky., 1849. Herman, Apollinaris: native of France; ordained in Kentucky, 1825 or 1826 or 1827; sent to Michigan by Bishop Fenwick; left for Mar- tinique, 1827. Hoffman, Francis de Sales: native of France; exeat from Metz, 1828; came to Cincinnati, 1836; at Canton, Ohio; left 1837. SOs t uy HISTORY OF THE [APPENDIX Horan, J.: Assumption Church, Cincinnati, 1887. Huggard, J. J.: came to Cincinnati November, 1889; stationed at Vera Cruz, Ohio; returned to England, 1892. Joyce: at Newark, Ohio, 1857. Kelleher, Robert: Dayton, Ohio, November, 1860; Zaleski, 1865; went to Wheeling, West Virginia, 1866. Kertsen, George Stanislaus: came to Cincinnati, 1865; at Zaleski, 1865; left 1866. Kirner, Ae., C.M.: at Cathedral, Cincinnati, 1868. Kornbrust, J.: originally from Treves, Germany; stationed at St. Augus- tine’s, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1906-08. Korphage, H.: at St. Augustine’s, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1861. Kovacs, Alexander: at Holy Name, Dayton, Ohio. Kraph, Theophilus: Pomeroy, Ohio, 1849. Kristoffey, Rt. Rev. Julius: native of Hungary; at Mount St. Mary Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1872. Kuepfer, Lawrence: from Hermann, Mo.; at St. Mary’s, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1851; at Corpus Christi, Newport, Ky., 1851-52. Kuetter, Edward: St. Paul’s, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1901; St. Stanislaus, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1903. Langlois, Bartholomew: ordained June, 1857, at Cincinnati for New Orleans; stationed at Frenchtown, Ohio, 1857. McGrath, R. F.: Marysville and Plain City, Ohio, 1869. McSorley, Matthew: came to Cincinnati, Ohio, February 28, 1900; St. Patrick’s, Cincinnati, Ohio. Macynski, John: from Denver, Col.; stationed at St. Stanislaus, Cincin- nati, Ohio, 1892. Marion, F. H.: native of France; at Hillsboro, Ohio, 1860. Mathies, Monsignor Paul de: ordained September, 1906, Hamburg, Ger- many; at St. Gregory Seminary and St. Paul’s, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1906. Murphy, Richard: Portsmouth, 1843-52; left 1852. Nagle: at Orphanage, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1874. Neurihrer, Edmund Francis: St. Stephen’s (Hungarian), Cincinnati, Ohio, 1915. O’Beirne, John: St. Martin’s, Brown county, 1834-36. O’Meara, James: at Canton, Ohio, 1835; left 1840, for Illinois. Palzer, M.: at St. Louis Church, Cincinnati, 1874. Pemmen, B.: at St. Willibrord’s Church, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1858. Phew, William: native of Ireland; at Chapel Hill, Ohio, 1859-61. Pois: St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum, 1865. Popo-Lupu, G.: St. Gabriel’s, Dayton, Ohio, 1916. Prendergast, Michael: native of Ireland; at Sidney, Ohio, 1858-62. APPENDIX | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 399 Ratte, H.: came from Alton, IIl., 1860; stationed at Piqua, Ohio, 1860; Fulton, Cincinnati, 1868-71; left for Nashville, Tenn., 1871. Reilly, P.: St. Joseph’s, Dayton, Ohio, 1872. Sannar, Sebastian: came from Basle, 1846; at Canton, Ohio, 1847. Schafroth, Charles: at Wapakoneta, Ohio, 1853-55. Schmitz, Bartholomew: at New Boston, Ohio, 1863; Ripley, Ohio, 1868-70. Schrandenbach, Charles: native of Bavaria; ordained 1845; at Newark, Ohio, May-July, 1858. Seling, Bernard: native of Wessum, Osnabrueck; at Holy Cross Church, Columbus, O., 1861; died February, 1863, Germany. Sheehan, Thomas: at Sidney, Ohio, 1852-56. Solymos, Oscar: Holy Name Church, Dayton, Ohio, September 29-Decem- ber 14, 1910. Sommer, Bernard: Holy Name Church, Dayton, Ohio, 1906-1908. Theves, Anthony: St. Patrick’s Church, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1855. Vliegen, J. W.: at Somerset, Ohio, 1831. Vogeler, Jerome: Cincinnati, Ohio, 1833; Zanesville, Ohio, 1839-41. Walsh, F. F.: Holy Angels’ Church, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1860. Woltermann, B.: Emmanuel’s, Dayton, Ohio, January-August, 1853. Zang, Christian: St. Francis, Mercer county, Ohio, 1886. oy pL 5 7 ie ia be fk : er “ a : 7 Va tre: i? 4 INDEX ACADEMIES Page. For Girls in Cincinnati Diocese........ 285 Conducted by Sisters of Charity in Cincintla tin sn eee ae Seer eres 285 Conducted by Sisters of Notre Dame of Namur in Cincinnati Diocese. .285, 286 Conducted by the Ursuline Sisters.... 286 Conducted by the Sisters of Mercy. .286, 287 ActiofaQuebeciee pepe ror en eer ie ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY, Allereds@ Remarks ofMie we ani in ea 139 Cited wee ere is rat Ae. 139 Proof of unauthenticity of words at- triDUTeCAetOR were te tare 139, 140 Administrator of Upper Canada, Rev Mamie bunker cate caine ete ane om Admission of Ohio to Statehood......... 13 Agreement on property dispute between Bishop Fenwick and the Domini- CATIS TEN SA nee Sobition edie otegeh severe: simrelihe 179, 180 ALBRINCE, REv. JOHN C., Ata Galli nolisyanaan saree eer e omre at ae 19 Interest in St. Gregory Seminary, @incimnatiy of key seerrae arte eee eee 294 President of St. Gregory Seminary, Ginciina ties pee etere le cia taaene 295 Alemany, Most Rev. Joseph S., bio- graphical Noviceroles +t eee ates 351 Alerding, Rt. Rev. Herman Joseph, present Bishop of Fort Wayne...... 109 Algonquin Indiansin Ohio ............... 4,5 Algonquin Prayer-book, by Rev. P. J. Dejean Waren Ps eae NAS tere 298 ATHENAEUM, CINCINNATI, Alpheus White, architect of .......... 62 Laying of cornerstone of ........... 62, 280 DEdicationiOheyin ssc a a eres seen ites 62 Built by money from the Leopoldine IN SSOCIATION rn eC ee oe 184 Openingrolpthem yeaa oat ree oe 280 Constitution otethemn andes eer 280, 281 Ractitynotnther tern oie sien cise 281 Conducted [by the Jesuits eee. ere 281 Name changed to St. Xavier College.. 281 Description Of Manama ee seers 288 Wostiofmerection Of aa een eee: 288 All Saints’ Church, Cincinnati, organi- ZATION OL Se eehays aero asec sito he aa ete 132 Andastess ndiatissin Ohio wer ewace eee 5 “Angel Guardian’’, house of Sisters of the Good Shepherd, opened ........ 262 Annunciation Church, Cincinnati, or- PANiZAtlON Olmarrre ciate enh etek fe oie eke 134 Antonio Hospital, Kenton, O........... 308 Apostolic Nuncio at Paris, and Gallipolis COLONY eyes) tales oR els aueist os 16 Page. Appeal from Chillicothe fora priest...... 22,23 Appeals to Bishop Carroll for priests in ORLOV et een ae peters eit ater SS 21 Appointment of prefect apostolic of Gallipolist reasonsiioreie se eee ne 16 AT taViniseuiine Cincmna ti eet reeete rere ole Assumption Church, Cincinnati, organi- DAtion ‘OLes< ae ea eM oe eel eae ere 132 Assumption Church, Mt. Healthy, O., OLFARIZATIONL OL) Meee Rie meee lets 146 Association of the Holy Childhood, establishment in parochial schools of Cincinnati Archdiocese of the .... 216 Atonement, Cincinnati, organization of Churelivon ty eienios otra hac iuie tenes 130 Atonement (Syrian), Cincinnati, or- ganization of Church ofa... 145 Attempt by England to wrest the West {rom Prancems haan Caen aia 8 BADEN, REV. CHARLES E., Invcharge Oleeovs Homen sion semi 303 Foundation of Fenwick Clubby........ 304 BaDIN, REV. STEPHEN T., Ate Gallipolis: 793) etal an eamieenent 18 CICS CRN in eS Ar en, rece LeU a ay Net an nee re 19 Proposed Bishop of Vincennes ....... 55 Enters Dominican Order ............. 180 And notes of Cincinnati Diocesan OV TOCLOLM LOS emanate sts 209 Petitions for foundation of Jesuits Fit OHO; Pea ees aaN eed cee etc n eee haere 226 BALTIMORE, Mp., Visit of Edward Fenwick to ......... 24 Brectionvol | Dioceseior wie es ete eae 97 Erection of Archdiocese of ........... 97 Baptism in Ohio, first recorded.......... 29 Baptismal register of Edward Fenwick.... 29 Baptseeuurcmat Cmcinnati ni. ee ner a7 BaraGA, Rt. REV. FREDERICK, Appointed vicar-apostolic of Upper IVEIGHI Gath Tanner Mackere ie aes n Sey 107 First Bishop of Sault Ste. Marie........ 108 Conversion of negroes by............. 122 Ate Dayton OnIO PSs sown me enter 162 ° Letter to Leopoldine Association...... 288 Books in Ottawa and Chippewa by.... 298 Biograporcaleniotice Ofna waar aie 352 BarRpstown, Ky., Erection ofvdiocese Off ciae see ee 97 Mother diocese of Cincinnati......... 97 Boundaries of diocese of een ea ea 97 Transfer to Louisville of diocese of. ..102, Barlow and Playfair, prospectus of, cited 103 402 Page. Barlow, Joel and the Scioto Company.... 14 Barnhorn, Clement, sculptor......... 299, 300 Barriéres, Rev., at Gallipolis (1793)...... 18 Barry, Rev. Wm. J., book published by.. 299 Battle of Fallen Timbers, Indians de- FOALS EAN ele. 5h aot cecy enn eter ee eee mies, Bazin, Rt. Rev. John Stephen, third Bishop of) Viticennes wi ariconaan eens 106 Bellamy, Rev. Jean, recruit for Cin- cinnatidiocese, {5.5 sienna 57, 242, 243 Bellefontaine, O., organization of St. Patrick, 6 @lhuretaie ess ence aid ee aa 163 Bellefontaine, Ohio, Dominican Ter- tiaries in charge of school at........ 251 Benedicta, Colletine Poor Clare Nun atiCincinnati eae ice Leta ieee ee 245 BENEDICTINE FATHERS, Invited} to:Obvo (1826) en res 63 For Cincinnati diocese, effort to obtain, 238 In Cincinnati diocese, history of the, 238, 239 Parishes in Cincinnati diocese in Rad ocd qeqeila) ima ACAS Adee EME enemas TaaN Sot 239 Ben Hur, translation in German by Father) Hammer of) yon siete 299 Berichte der Leopoldinen Stiftung, cited.. 35 Bernardina, Colletine Poor Clare Nun huh @yhole bob at: Wm U eran Sehr cles ee a eo, Dec 2451; Biggs’ Farm, Delhi, purchased by Sisters Of NGCharity 2s ence a et ane ees 248 Blake, Father, missionary labors of...... 162 Blessed Sacrament Church, Cincinnati, OLPaiiZation Olsewy aera ene eet 130 Boisnantier, Abbé du, proposed Bishop for sallipolisnay ie ae com ark 17 Bonnécamps, Father, report of.......... 8 Bonnécamps, Father, first Mass in Ohio |e hig Rte) SOR DMIRES Carron SRO IR SUR meen Ris 8 BorGEss, RT. REv. Caspar HENRY, Resignation of See of Detroit by ...... 105 Second Bishop of Detroit ............ 105 Promoter of Fourth Provincial Council or Cincinnati (C82) tee anaes 218 Biographical notice/of, cs — oie vets 352 Boston, erection of diocese of ........... 97 Botkins, O., organization of Immacu- late Conception Church at.......... £57 Boyle, William, pioneer Catholic of Cincinnati Anas ee ticse ae eee OF Boys’ Home, Cincinnati, history of the.... 303 Boys’ homes in Cincinnati diocese........ 302 Brassac, Rev. Hercules, request for Sisters of Notre Dame to come to Cincinna tivot eee teeter aint 252 Brinkmeyer, Rev. Henry, president of St. Gregory Seminary, Cincinnati.... 295 Brinkmeyer, Rev. Henry, book pub- lished by ig Geta 7a Gta hoe nates eta 299 Brossart, Rt. Rev. Ferdinand, present Bishop of ‘Covingtotiue an. sense 107 HISTORY OF THE ‘Brothers of the Christian Schools, in- vited to Cincinnati Brothers of Christian Schoo!s, sent to St. Louis instead of to Cincinnati. .239, 240 Brothers of Mary, in Cincinnati diocese, history of) thes ou aceimaceme cere 239 Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis Seraph history, ob thes: .ce.- ieee 242 Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis, in charge of St. Vincent’s Home for BRUNNER, REv. SALES, C.PP.S., Sketch of) life of ) snail aie eae 234 Intention to found an order in America (L831). 1Of i eu ies ee ee ene eee ae eis 234 Foundation of C.PP.S. in Cincinnati 1a APE: SPEIER Nn Gh Mare yal 234, 235 Companions of (1843) .......... Aga, OS Bruté, Rt. Rev. Simon Gabriel, first Bishop ore Vincennes a... ose eee 105 Bull of Erection of Cincinnati Diocese, 324, 325, 326 Bull of Erection of Cincinnati Arch- CIOCESE A laa ahs uiciad che chene ene S20,o27 Bunker John! poets sactias< 8 Goel eee 299 Bureau of Catholic Charities, Cincin- nati, history-of the 2k eee Soe 310 BuRKE, REV. EDMUND, Biographical sketch of ............... 20 In Northwestern Ohio (1790) ........ 20, 21 Administrator of Upper Canada....... 21 Among the Miami Indians............ 21 On Raisin river’. tuscan vane 21 Withdrawal from Ohio of. 2.2.0 ...5.. 21 Burkettsville, O., preparatory seminary and novitiate of Precious Blood Bathersats seed seeeiee oe aoe anie 236, 295 Buse, Rev. Henry, organization of deaf- mutes at Cincinnati by) jee 306 Butler, Joseph C., gift of property for hospital of Good Samaritan from.... 307 Butler, Rev. T. R., preparing college for Jesuits at Cincinnati (1840)......... 228 Byrne, James W., pioneer Catholic of CHiCiina tie icles Ae ob meh elem tineaateetee ian ay Byrneg, Rt. Rev. THOMAS SEBASTIAN, Present Bishop of Nashville ......... jul Translation of Alzog’s Church His- tory bys esti aty oesenrr eee 299 Biographical notice of (0.05.0. a. aces 352 Caledonia, O., organization of St. Lawrence Church ........ sone nce 164 Calvary Cemetery, Cincinnati........... 316 Campbell, Alexander, debate with Bishop Purcell ie sede ila emia tte eae aia eared 78,79 Canada, Rev. Edmund Burke, adminis- trator of Uppetis taics ce oe co craices 21 Canals in Ohio ve Asm econ jana es 124 INDEX | Page. Capital, relation of labor to ......... 219, 220 Capital and Labor, legislation of Fourth Provincial Council of Cincinnati C1882 )sconcernin ghee aes here 219, 220 Carrell, Rt. Rev. George Aloysius, first Bishop ofe Covine tones see nin anual 107 Carrell, Rt. Rev. George Aloysius, bio- vraphicalinotice!olmere na dacs ite 352.353 CARROLL, Most REv. JOHN, Letter of Jacob Dittoeto 21,22, 23,24, 26,27 Letter of Major Philips to 7.0.5. .5.- 2223 Letter of Whaland Goodeeto......... 22523 Appeals for priests in Ohio to.......... 21 Nomination to Baltimore of.......... 97 Carthagena, O., organization of St. ALOYS{USi@ DUTCH ab perme fells yi 159 Carthagena, O., St. Charles Borromeo SOMUIMALY, bar rien ay tole aaah er glares 295 Casella, O., organization of St. Mary’s Churelita teaierera die isietccsy rey siatecminte er IKetss Cassel, William, pioneer Catholic of Ohio.. 28 CassILLy, M. P., Offer of house to Sisters of Charity, Cincinnati Oy jqwmicicri isc ees 246, 247 Free rent of house for orphan asylum, Cincinmatiy given by ise sits lesa: 300 CATHERINE STREET CEMETERY, Cincinnati historysOlm ee aia eie eee 314 Cincinnati, lawsuit concerning......... 314 Ginceiinatinsale1O tetera meee eis ya ae 314 Catholic Institute, Cincinnati, history (ahi gel CSR SGANE too POCA Ste os eral eS 284, 285 Catholic Settlement at Chillicothe, Ohio.. 23 Catholic Settlement at Lancaster, Ohio.. 22 CATHOLIC TELEGRAPH, Establishment.otimmernrite picmateniiee c 65 Reason of establishment of .......... 123 Oldest Catholic periodicalin U.S....... 295 Historyeofy thet, 5 cise sos) aiss case taeer eas 295, 296 Purposes and aims of the. ....5...... 296 Prospectus Olpthe wa wae mea nime rhs et ken ais 296 Mirstrissiies Of Chemnys cement a irae. 296 Cited, ..'35, 37,73, 81, 99,123, 140, 209; 279; 284, 285, 296, 297 Catholicity at Cincinnati in 1818........ 30 Gatholicsiin, Ohio (1819) een ee aes 38 @atholiesin Ohio! S20) men ek ies ie 38,39 Cazelles, Peter, pioneer Catholic of Cin- Pest at utah a tn Al APU Re ean Re ele eR A 37 Cedar Grove, Price Hill, purchase by Sisters of Charity of property at...... 248 Celina, O., organization of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at.... 156 C#LORON, Expedition to Olio) Of oor oui nl evsta tials 8-11 Lead plates deposited by ............ 9 Inscription of lead plate deposited by... 9 Cemeteries, Catholic, in Cincinnati diocese, 313 Center of French activities at Quebec.... 6. ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 403 Page Charles X, King of France, gift to Cin- Cinnaty from seamen tt Paraialeoes eles 173 Chartrand, Rt. Rev. Joseph, present Bishop) of) Indianapolis\ 2.00 ve. ee 106 Chatard, Rt. Rev. Francis Silas, letter to Archbishop Purcell (cited) ........ 93-94 Chatard, Rt. Rev. Francis Silas, fifth Bishop) of Vincennes. caw acon 106 Chicago, erection of diocese of .......... 106 Chickasaw, O., organization of Church of Most Precious Blood at.......... 155 CHILLICOTHE, O., Appeal for a priest from............ 22523 Catholic’settlement ati ae leet 23 Bishop Hlaretatiinin cs acaee akin ante 28,165 Catholiestatny marci sce nitrate a enets aaei 28 Suggested episcopal site of Ohio........ 113 Organization of St. Mary’s Church . .165, 166 Organization of St. Peter’s Church .... 166 Proposed establishment of Passionist Pathensta tu Astra ot eat nrc beaaiite es 236 History of St. Peter’s College.......... 284 Chippewa devotional books by Rev. BrederickpBaray sae snare era 298 CurRIsT CHURCH, CINCINNATI, Christ) Church, Cincinnaty ise ea i 30 William Reilly, builder of............. 37 Incorporation Ofye. owes aie o dace SiPoLe Beilin riot sae ciara eee tenner eels NSS HirsGeNlassiime einer nelterteta oie ake eer 38 Removal mto cityof ei. von shes aes 52 Schism among trustees of............. 52 INLOLESAZE! OMG ae ert Niacin eta es ale Parss. SYA GS: Name changed to St. Peter’s.......... 53 Christ Church Cemetery, Cincinnati...... 314 Christ Church (Protestant) at Cincinnati.. 117 Chronicle tcited paar eee eee 65 Church land in Ohio, purchase by Jacob Dittoeiof aha ea tas A ee eee 28 CINCINNATI, Constituted @ dioceseia cic ioe pains sts ehers 3 La Salle, the first white man to pass SITE OFA pchotedey tne ta ese arate bebe eh is 6 Edward Fenwick at (1815).......... 28, 29 THhl SLO in cake ata ca eee oceuest abe leas ae ea 30 Bishop Flagetiat: a. 2.e2 4. cha wat aid0, db, oo CHristiChurchia tinny erat ice iene 30 First Caurehia tie rie aerate eee tevalae 30 Hirst, Church\ completed: ates ..y2 s\.)-)at-e0 31 Meeting of Catholics (1811) at ....... 31 Meeting of Catholics (1817) at ...... SP (oe Obituary notice of Mrs. Jacob Fowble.. 31 Organization of Christ Church at..... eens Few Catholics (1818) ates ale sens 33 Poverty,.of Catholicsaty.. 20) 25 susisiae 33, 36 James Findlay, landowner at........ 34 Sitevotetirst Church! abn a aeukulmet hen 34, 36 404 CINCINNATI.—Continued. Page. Reasons for first church being beyond corporation limits of ............05. 34 Ordinance forbidding Catholic Church within corporation limits of ........ 34 Removal of first church of: ...-....... 35, 36 High price of property abies... seen 36 Prejudiceiot Protestants of 72.4... 0: 36,65 MCHISHT (a Bie eee Lhe one ioe Panne IE 36 Pioneer Catholics at WilliaimeBoyle aneciacmiictces cher. apes RY) James. Wi Bytielonc ascii eer 37 PeteriCazellesni tain eee 37 “DHOMaS Usa Mere ee eee eines hee 37 Jacob: Kowblemas cronies. sentient Bil, She James Gorinatioess cen ae ee aoe Oy, Edwards yriclimaii ener ater 37 John Me Mahoniteen ein sare 33537 Michael’ Morante cee peli 7 PatrickReily eee coer ceo Wy Michaeliacottiamarne mack See SZ ot. O7 John Sherlock ya eres eri cea 33, 34, 37 Patrick Walshivin ide cone nite SOON Robert; SuwWard (eee oc eee a7, John Wihitegc erro ce ee ae ie SERS H Incorporation of Christ Church ...... 37 Building ofiChrist Church*-.52..6) o> 37, 38 First Mass in Christ Church ......... 38 Edward Fenwick, Bishop of .......... 39 Prosperous citya (lS22)im aoe ada cerns 49 Arrival of Bishop Fenwick at (1822) ...50, 51 Bishop Fenwick’s residence at (1825).. 59 Plans of St. Peter’s Cathedral (1825).... 59 Religious condition of (1833) ......... 10007. Part of Bardstown diocese ............ 97 Sulfraganidiocesesioi en. yan one 102 Catholics of AGS 1:9) pated alee nee 116 Early religious denominations of ....116, 117 Choice as episcopal site in Ohio........ 113 Fertility of region about.............. ake Commercial opportunities of.......... 3 Naturalebeauty ofireee wnat ine 1S Descriptionsotineee nee Eee 114 Beautifil suburbs one met ene 114 Early means of communication with.... 114 settlements ofpl/SSiatman mers see ra Ss Change of name from Losantiville to .. 115 UU SAfortressia tava ancien eee RUS LG Barly populationlo teen eee ete 116 Conditions ofs(L 89) ier en eee ae 116 Baptist: Churchiathenean eee ee Lys Christ Church (Protestant) at........ 117 Enon Baptist Societyat... 7.0.4 - ene. vals German Christian Church at.......... D7 Methodist Episcopal Church at....... LG? Methodist Episcopal Society at ...... 7 New Jerusalem Society at ............ 117 Presbyterian Church at ...... cee 116,117 Protestant Episcopal Church at ...... 7 pociety of Hnendsiatie ea ee ee ey) HISTORY OF THE [INDEX Page. Marlyysettlersiat wacur sie ec ean ee. 118 Zeal of missionaries.at\.. +... 020.9 119, 122 Success of missionaries at ............ 120 Methods of missionaries at........... 121 Conversions to Catholicity at...... 120, 121 German Catholicsiatwean. ee > Miami Indians disaffected from the Presehisiyien oc andetyte monte, oe ee 8 Miami Indians, Rev. Edmund Burke among) then, stare ait ae 21 Miami-Maumee Canal, construction of.... 124 INDEX | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 415 Page. : Page. Miamis, settlements between the two.... 13 Establishment in the Cincinnati dio- Miami valley, fertility of ............... 113 cese of the Dominican Nuns of the Miami valley, comparison with the Congregation of St. Catherine de valley of the Nile of the........... 113 Riceikb yas tee mreens an aretar ee cnmols 251 Miamisburg, Ohio, organization of Our Establishment of Bureau of Catholic Lady of Good Hope Church at ...... 165 Charities bys Ma wee es ede en eewte ut 310 Michigan, Upper, erection of vicariate- Monastery of the Holy Name, Cincinnati.. 251 apostolic offer veinis o Gierde cae eee oaks 107 Montezuma, Ohio, organization of Middletown, Ohio, organization of churches offeror no hereon oe wale aera 163 Miles, Rt. Rev. Richard Pius, first Bishopiof (Nashvillew ieee eee ae 111 Miles, Rt. Rev. Richard Pius, bio- graphical/noticevofitiece. vases ee 353, 354 Milford Center, Ohio, organization of Sacred Heart Churchat .......... 165 Mingo Indians in Ohio $2423..)).4..9.. 05% 5 Minogue, Miss Anna C., book published Vie AAR oe eat oe iat 299 Minster, Ohio, organization of St. Augus- tine siChurchiat oy swe an saan e ae 1$4 Minster, Ohio, constitution of St. Augus- tine si@hurchtat=ay eee eee 154 IM Ar7 OF ICILEd ne nee seas MoT ces Hee ent 33 Missionaries at Cincinnati, methods of.... 119 MISSIONARIES IN OHIO, SUCCESSOR Re en Ose) Fev h teak nent nT. iret 120 Dafhicultiesvon es ee eee eee: 122 Sacrificesiol earlyiie esi eres act ion 168 MOELLER, Most REv. HENRY, Appointed coadjutor of Cincinnati.... 91 Biosraphicalisketchohieeen ei eee aL 92 Time and place of, birth of ././4....%. 92 IPATENIESIO£ eS. ieneotetel nk PR el os etoile 92,93 Baptisiniok psec nie r ts aia eee on ate 93 Hducation Olas. ye see in eee 93 Studentiaty i Ome wn ane een anal 93,94 Reception of tonsure and minor orders.. 94 Reception of subdeaconship .......... 94 Reception of deaconship ............. 94 Reception of priesthood ............. 94 At Bellefontaine, Obici... ees ) eee 94 Professor at Mount St. Mary Semi- nary, Cincinnatiae anise ae ent ae 94 Secretary to Bishop Chatard ......... 94 Secretary to Archbishop Elder ........ 94 Chancellor of Cincinnati ............. 94 Appointed Bishop of Columbus ...... 95 Consecrated Bishop of Columbus ..... 95 Nabors in) Columbus se waa ee nein 95 Chosen coadjutor for Cincinnati ...... 95, 96 Succeeds Archbishop Elder at Cincinnati, 96 Reception of pallium of ............. 96 Pabors:in.Cincinina tiger ce reese 96 Third Bishop of Columbus .......... 110 Invitation of Sisters of the Second Order of St. Dominic to Cincinnati john cton ee ein Sure nie oan sicko seed cee 251 Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe.... 155 Moran, Michael, pioneer Catholic of Cin- (sa babole ha WW MAVANAMG gegen eH fr ANE UP Cuemat eC Rn 918 37 Morrow, Ohio, organization of St. Malachy/siChurchw a ocureian ee 163 Mortgage of Cincinnati Catholics to JamesiHindlayi tag seis scien tier. 36 Most Precious Blood Church, Chicka- saw, Ohio, organization of the...... 155 Mother of Mercy Villa Academy, West- WOO! 8 eet onara tet reps Ok ID ane hee Sie er 287 Mounds!in Ohioweh wosminsoneneihos ceases 3 Mounds in Ohio, origin of .............. 4 Mound Builders in Ohio ............... 3 Mt. Adams, and legend of John Quincy IAC GING Oh cis eo miedo rene dsayih ie 139, 140 Mt. Carmel Home for Girls, Cincinnati, 264, 304 Mt. Notre Dame, Reading, Ohio, history of, 286 Mount Sr. Joun, OuI0, Foundation of Brothers of Maryat .... 241 Transfer of normal school of St. Mary College and University to.......... 283 Novitiate of Society of Mary at...... 295 Mount St. Joseph, Ohio, mother-house ob; Sisters of /|Charityi: saci a: 248, 249 Mount St. Joseph Academy, Delhi, HISCOry Ol ea kee ea mica erehninne ar 285 Mount St. Joseph College, Delhi, opening of 285 Mount St. Mary College, Cincinnati, his- Mounv. St. MARY SEMINARY, CINCINNATI, Amount of indebtedness to Purcell ESTATE OF ie aa pitne betel meas tn halen 200 Erection of provincial seminary of ..... 214 Proposed pontificalseminary ...... 214, 215 Sisters of Charity in charge of do- mestic affairs in Erection of (1847) Laying of cornerstone (1848) of ....... 290 Cost of erection of main building on Prices Fall of Mioieeeie sae hee ts ants 290 Solicitude of Archbishop Purcell about factilty Toms At conva tao ialeustelaats 290, 291 Learned faculty assembled by Arch- bishop Purcell for.............. 291, 292 Dethicationiofeek Gakic es ee 292 Opening) of (C1851) vias eee ee 292 Heavy expense of maintenance of ...... 292 Made a provincial seminary (1855).... 292 Petition of power to confer degrees By ciatectr a Bani oiein aerial | ate AN 292 416 Page. Mount St. Mary SEMINARY, CINCINNATI. Refusal by Rome of power to confer degrees toi ey eb onde 292 Erection of chapel of St. John Baptist of, 293 Number of students in 1869 of........ 293 Close*ofa (1879) sigue ihe eee eee onl 293 Reopening of (1887) ................4. 293 ‘Transfer to Mt. Washington of ........ 293 Sale to Sisters of Good Shepherd of ..... 293 Jast of Rectors'of ieee. eee 293 Mount St. Vincent’s Academy, Cincin- nativopening Of ssn e aes eee ee 248 Mount St. Vincent’s Academy, Cincin- nati, history Off testes tim sera te 285 Mt. Washington, Cincinnati, St. Joseph Academy: ate. 20. s Dea ee ena ieee 287 Mrak, Rt. Rev. Ignatius, second Bishop of; Marquette Wie ee see ee oe 108 MuLLon, REV. JAMES IGNATIUS, Cornerstone of Athenaeum laid by.... 62 Chaperon of Sisters of Charity to Cincinnats Ube & toe ee eee 246 President of the Athenaeum ......... 281 Departure for New Oreleans of ....... 289 Mufios, Rev. Raphael, O.P., recruit for Cincinnatils He we eee oe eee. 58 Murillo, painting of St. Peter in Chains DYys Boas te nee Ne oes Gael. tees 129,172 Music/ Hall) Cincinnation a0 eee eet 313 NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, Erection of diocese of ............... 110 Affiliated as suffragan diocese of Cin- Cinnaty ek See ree eer cele 110, 111 Bishops of: o.00 Vee ae ees cate ear ees 111 National Military Home, Dayton, Ohio, organization of church at.......... 162 National! Road in Ohio Wy. an eee 125 Nativity of Our Lord, Pleasant Ridge, organization of the Church of the .. 149 Navarron, Rev. Louis, arrival in Cin- cinnati ‘of ra eee ene ots Ce ae ee 157 Navarron, Rev. Louis, missionary labors of, 157 Navigable waterways of Ohio............ 3 Nazareth, Ohio, foundation of Brothers Of Mary ater ere olen hen arin 241 Newark, Ohio, early Catholic settlement at, 29 New Jerusalem Society at Cincinnati.... 117 Neumann, Rt. Rev. John N., bio- graphical notice’of(a. a) en ae eee 354 New Orleans, erection of archdiocese of, 101, 102 Newport, Ky., part of diocese of Cin- CHANGED IS Lh ee He rode ake pl eel ere ere 100 Newport, Ohio, organization of SS. Peter and Paul)Church at) 2.4.9.2 159 New Riegel, Ohio, erection of convent of Precious Blood Fathers.......... 235 New World, supremacy of Englandinthe.. 12 New York, erection of diocese of........ 97 HISTORY OF THE [INDEX Page. New York, erection of archdiocese of. . .101, 102 Normal Catholic School of Cincinnati, proposed erection of ............... 216 North Bend, Ohio, settlement at........ 115 North Star, Ohio, organization of St. Louis Churchiatl eee ee ee 159 Northwest territory, ordinance for the government oli the ve ya seers 12,13 Northwestern Ohio, Rev. Edmund Burke ANGE Dyce els tals Saree ae OP er eee ene 20, 21 Norwalk, Ohio, Father Tschenhens at CES33) eee ESA oat ie aera ean eee 225 Norwood, Ohio, history of St. Joseph Maternity and Infant Asylum...... 300 Norwood, Ohio, organization of churches BtoAG SAR erin Cee ee eat pier ee 149 Nota, Rev. Leonard, S.J., in charge of theological seminary, Cincinnati .... 290 Notice sur la Mission de I’Ohio, cited.... 36 Nuncio, Apostolic, at Paris and Galli- Polis: colonyew ae eon aes eeuaonver ae nee 16 O’Callaghan, Miss Emily, book pub- lished bY7 +25 Saki os Come ee Oni 299 O’Connell, Sister Anthony, biographical sketch ofyo cc feces Toe ree 311,312 O’Donaghue, Rt. Rev. Denis, present Bishop of Louisville ............... 103 O’Leary, Rev. Daniel Joseph, O.P., profession of O’Mealy, Rev. J. J., rector of seminary, Cincinnatitenn- 2 one eet eens 289 Obituary notice of Mrs. Jacob Fowble, Cincinnati) 7 eee area 31 OHIO, Constituted diocese of Cincinnati ..... Boundaries off iscehiae eee. ae PATOATON scat teeters fetal etia scene sae ee a eo Latitudesof, 4.40 a. eh tee ence ongitudejofa... eee eee ee Divide of the waters of .............. Navigable waterways of ............. Climate of fe ei ee eee Garett Earthern mounds ine saree ee Mound, Builders in’. 40) oe eee oe Origin of mounds in Kath de SOS 2 a Iroquois Indiansiin}s.7ee oe. fen ee Algonquin Indians in ................ 4, Andastes Indiansineee eer eee Delaware Indians ine ois ote ee ee Erie Indians inven oe eee Miami Indiansinicee a ae ee eee Mingo Indians:intes eee een ees Shawnee Indians in ...:....3..:...0. Wyandot Indians in Troquois title of land in.............. Title of France to landin............ Title of Great Britain tolandin........ Title of Spain to land in ............. AAnarnanannannnn & —W WH WH HWW WH WH Ww INDEX ] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 417 OHIO, Page Page. Wisit of Va" Salle tome nce ate ate ce (oy ff Proposed as_ exclusive Dominican Discovery by LaSalle of the .......... i Provinces eer A ee als tee ee 177 Expedition of Céloron to ............ 8-11 Property of the Dominicans in........ 179 Proclamation of sovereignty of France Generosity of the Catholics in......... 189 OVER 6 no es ee vie cite we eels ee 8 Ohio: Conipany st eee aoe aenel! 14 First Mass by Father Bonnécampsin... 8 Ohio Company, Rev. Manasseh Cutler Admittedstal statehood se same neat. = 13 and thes (2° eee Or ee pine tines 14 Rev. Edmund Burke in Northwestern. .20, 21 Withdrawal of Rev. Edmund Burke |hago) 09 pe Oe peri. Aes Are eect ae en Etieat A der othe aa 21 Immigrants from the East to......... 21 Appeals to Bishop Carroll for priestsin.. 21 Option of Catholics onlandin ........ 23, 24 Birst churchiat oomerset) ess 30 Catholics: ini(1 819) aman ee eerie 38 Catholics il 820) meres Meee rok 38, 39 Catholicsani@ 822) iw apres eee enn 48,49 Population ofa rae wane eee eae 49 Conditioniof7G!822) Wremee = week snes 49 Prominent towns in (1822) .......... 49, 50 Religious conditions in (1822) ......... 50 Catholics ini(1322) fae eters tere 50 Poor prospects of Bishop Fenwickin.... 53 Growth ofgrelivion ine. rh aia 64, 65 State of Catholicity in (1831) ........ 65 Religious condition of (1833) ......... Teh Catholic churches in (1833) ........... eh Counties forming diocese of Cincinnatiin, 101 Admission to the Union of ........... 118 Conditions in Ci8 2) ee eee 117,118 Mirstisettlementsunan saat) ene 118 Bthnologicali history, ote eee 118 Popittlatronvol (1.3.0) p eee eee eee 118 Popitlation of7G 820) rac. nee 118 Religious conditions in (1821) ......... 118 Catholics. (L821), een wees eee 118 Conversions to Catholicity in ......... 119 ife of isettlersitivecn ot eer ee 119, 120 Methods of missionaries in ........ 119, 120 Success of missionaries in ............ 120 Difficulty of missionaries in.......... 122 Conversions to Catholicity in......... 122 Obstacles to progress of Catholicity LT) | SSHRC Rta tease ey cnc ORR Ne 1225123 Canals iitike eeceetse: eee, ae eye ts) 124 Canale construction Off ae nee ee 124 Railroads 11te weereta vcr Rhone eee 124, 125 National: roading esheets ere 125 Causes of growth of parishesin........ 125 Statistical study of development of Parishesities ep ken tere en hee eee ne 167 Sacrifices of early missionaries itr ee 168 Need, of priests! in'a.... eae oe aioe eee 168 Religious condition in (1920) ......... 168 Number of priestsin ...........:. 168, 169 Consolations of the missionaries in.... 170 Catholic churches in (1822).........2.. 171 Controversy concerning title of Do- minicans to church property in...... 175 Ohio Legislature (1853) attack against parochial schools in Cincinnati diocese: by; the vkicus eee teen are 279 Option of Catholics on land in Ohio ..... 23, 24 Order of Friars Minor, Cincinnati, his- torycO taints pen steed keer he one e 229 See Franciscans Order of Friars Preacher, Cincinnati, History offset watever hee ene 223, 224 See Dominicans Order of St. Benedict, Cincinnati, his- tory Ofte ca erence aC sss oases 238, 239 See Benedictines Ordinance forbidding Catholic church within corporation limits of Cincin- Pot R Bie Asad! eine iced Fe eee ietar ys ae 34 Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwest territory ......... Tens Ordinance’ of) 1787) cited -y. access case 35 Organization of Christ Church at Cin- CINNAEL ce eeete et ee eee tea 31 Organization of parishes, method of .. . 166, 167 Origin of moundsm' Ohio 44) 26s eae = 4 Orleansasteamboatye pelt eee 49 Orphanages in Cincinnati diocese ....... 300 Osborn, Ohio, organization of Catholic Chiurchia tye cence goa eae eae Oe ae 165 Osgood, Ohio, organization of St. Nicholas/Chitcchyaii essere eee ae 159 Ottawa devotional books by Rev. HredericksBaragaves sew: avin hee 298 Otway, Ohio, organization of Catholic Churechia trie eee. henner ate 166 Our Lady of Good Hope, Miamisburg, Ohio, organization of the Church of.. 165 Our Lady of Guadalupe, Montezuma, Ohio, organization of the Church of.. 155 Our Lady, Help of Christians, Fort Recovery, Ohio, organization of the Chitreh of he et Be ee ee ele ie tip 156 Our Lady of Loretto, Cincinnati, or- ganization of the Church of.......... 140 Our Lady of Lourdes, Marysville, Ohio, organization of the Churchof ....164, 165 Our Lady of Mercy Academy, Cincinnati.. 286 Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Cincin- nati, organization of the Church of.. 130 Our Lady of the Rosary, St. Mary’s, Ohio, organization of the Church of.. 156 Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, Reading, Ohio, organization of the Church of.. 148 418 HISTORY OF THE Page. Our Lady of Victory Academy, Cin- CURMAES ftleicheieranatecie te es hel ecel ieee Suet eI ENe 286 Our Lady of Victory Church, Delhi, OLrganizationy Of disses). -iebale etal ietaterens 146 Our Lady’s Summit Academy, Cincin- Nati Erection) Gf) swan, coer erate 286 Owl Creek, Ohio, early Catholic settle- ITIOT Cate w Caren coke nica etn oe oe lane 29 Oxford, Ohio, organization of St. Mary’s Churchva twa arsitetcon a obs alee 153, 154 Pabisch, Rev. F. J., translation of Alzog’s Churehwbistory Dyas ake erates 299 Papal Infallibility, Archbishop Purcell’s WAC WS OD ee tee Ni a oie tare Pee ecto, orto chan fat eater 80 Paris, provisions of Treaty of (1763) ...... 12 Parishes in Cincinnati archdiocese, plan Ofstreatmentrofia vison sien cone ene 126 PARISHES IN OHIO, Causes’of growth of 2704) asec ae 125 Method of organization of......... 166, 167 Statistical study in development of.... 167 PAROCHIAL SCHOOL, AtiCincinnati (Loco) sui ee chorion ae 277 Of Poor Clares at Cincinnati......... Sa Ff At Cincinnati (1829) opened by Sisters of Charity iritensaus oochekara se oteesae ont ys 278 Brick school at Cincinnati (1827)...... 277 Parochial School Case (1873) ....... 279, 280 PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS, Legislation of Second Provincial Council of Cincinnati (1858), con- Cerning nano seem ace rete tre 216 Oppositiou/Loley wae cece eee eaal eee ete 274 In Cincinnati diocese, legislation con- cerning erection of .. 42.025 2.52 0/22. 274 Legislation of Third Provincial Coun- cil of Cincinnati (1861) on erection OE eRe A a eA nes ae Ben nde 276, 277 Practice of first bishops of Cincin- nati in-erectionsoLma en seins eae 277 Tar Cincinnati (1343) einer et ene 278 In Cincinnati (1848), pupils attending.. 278 In Cincinnati diocese (1854) .......... 278 In Cincinnati diocese (1860) .......... 278 In Cincinnati diocese (1908) .......... 278 In Cincinnati diocese, number of ‘Leachers: (1909) a7 ease intra ahaha 278 In Cincinnati diocese, appointment of superintendent of ............... 278 In Cincinnati diocese (1919), number of. . 278 In Cincinnati diocese (1919), pupils . attending Mi atmye seine eee, Baer en 278 In Cincinnati diocese, number of teachersin (1908) tte ne een ee 278 In Cincinnati diocese, pupils attend- ini (1908) Ree Be ee ae Sie 278 In Cincinnati diocese (1909) .......... 278 [INDEX Page. In Cincinnati diocese, pupils attending GS 1032) Bara ccsee A ra tare MUI TAY oe vy ibe SHIR 278 In Cincinnati diocese, expense of maintenance Olver «eke. een eee 278,279 In Cincinnati diocese, opposition to. .279, 280 In Cincinnati diocese, insidious attack of Ohio Legislature (1853) against.... 279 In Cincinnati diocese, taxation of...... 279 PASSIONIST FATHERS, CINCINNATI, HMistoryior thease minima oer ate ZoO 2a 7 Monastery? of, thet ia, eerie ceetes 237 Theological seminary of .............. 295 PETER, Mrs. SARAH, Invites Passionists to Cincinnati ...... 236 Foundations of religious communities bath’ Ipeecn tS er a yee ree caer Sy ee 0 Bi rcuet eaters st 260 Atekinsalesfreland 2.52 es sis ss eee 262 Foundation at Cincinnati of the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis by.. 264 Foundation at Cincinnati of the Little Sisters of the Poor by ....:...... 266, 267 Biographical sketch of ........4....,.- 312 Religious foundations at Cincinnati Madel Py Gs oe ew ees eae | Meat 312 Petersburg, Ohio, organization of SS. Peter and Paul Churchat...... 156,157 Peudeprat, Rev. Peter, recruit for Cin- Citing tidiocesetivakiaiae eee ee 258 Philadelphia, erection of diocese of...... 97 Philips, Major, letter to Bishop Carroll OE SUR sete ane aie ee eT se 22525 Philothea, Ohio, organization of St. Mary's Church atin ce eer ne 155 PIQuaA, OHIO, Organization of churchesof ........ 1525153 Holy Ghost Fathers at............... 237 Sisters of Christian Charity in charge of, St. Boniface Sehool ats. 2... .. 272 Pioneer Catholics of Cincinnati ......... 37 Plates deposited by Céloron Playfair, William and the Scioto Company, 14 Playfair and Barlow, prospectus of, cited, 14,15 Poland, Rev. John, S.J., foundation of BoystHomie byaaers screws eminent 303 Polish Franciscan School Sisters, Day- tony Ohio; historyiolinw. sarees ee 272 Polytechnic College, a branch of the Catholic Institute, Cincinnati....... 284 Poullart des Places, Rev. Claude Fran- cois, founder of Holy Ghost Con- PrERAtON lero yy airs mie isi eanee eR a 238 Poverty of Catholics at Cincinnati ...... 33, 36 POWELL, Eviza Rose, Biographical sketch of ............... 68 Attendant at death of Bishop Fenwick.. 68 Letter to Father Résé, cited .......... 68, 69 In charge of school at Cincinnati...... 243 Companion of Sister St. Paul at Cin- rep at baY oH WU It Sheed er ee Cant ee ca teeth Rane eas Aen 243 bine aoe INDEX | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 419 Page. Page. PRECIOUS BLOOD FATHERS, Public schools, objections to the system In Cincinnati diocese, missionary zeal OP ON aad 5S AMUN Leute: ren Wud sae tL fe 276, 277 OPsthe ee haat: GG ae lea Meet a 159 PURCELL, Most REv. JOHN B., In Cincinnati diocese, history of the .... 233 Visitation at Gallipolis of ............ 19, 20 Novitiatel of inna. ee mea aees mere er teas 295 Appointment to Cincinnatiof ......... 70 Preparatory seminary of ............. 295 Proposed as Bishop of Cincinnati....... 71 Theological seminary of .............. 295 Nomination as Bishop of Cincinnati of, 72 PRECIOUS BLOOD SISTERS, Receipt of bull of nomination to Cin- Arrival in: Ohiorot thew inac srs ween ae 235 Cia EL Dy bee aar aa eed erate ate ie} AteNew Riegel) Ohio se nema ee cee 235 Biographical sketch of ............... 73 In Cincinnati diocese, history of the, 255, 256 Time and place of birth.............. 73 Prefect-apostolic of the Gallipolis colony.. 15 Parents) Of ns cee ee inte ane ol ieranedae 73 Prejudice of Protestants at Cincinnati.... 36 Education: off) ce aay aaa as use ean Oke 73,74 Preparatory Seminary, Cincinnati, his- Departure for America of............. 74 toryrotsthee a fr. canna oheckane ses 293 Certificate of qualification to teach of .. 74 Presbyterian Church at Cincinnati ....116,117 Privatetutorga eee bere eee ae 74 Presbyterian Church at Cincinnati, Student at Mount St. Mary’s Semin- opposition to Catholicity of the....:. 123 any ee MInitSbiur ee ery esl yan ia eiee 74 Priests in Ohio, appeals to Bishop Carroll Reception of tonsure by ............. 74 LOL MRT Mer caphe ates eiehanh ie dicate es 21 Sent) to:St/sulpiceyParisin hisses ee 74 Proclamation of sovereignty of France Ordination to priesthood of .......... 74 over Ohio by Galissoniére .......... 8 Wndecidediin vocation.) )e ui iin esc 74,75 PROPAGANDA CONGREGATION, Professor at Emmitsburg, Md. ........ 75 Cited ated aR wh ve Ue AS damian one 16,17 President of Mount St. Mary’s Seminary, And the Gallipoliscolony ............ Low 7, NDpashosb yds oyohyee Wy ot pee Unie pela teenl es Bihar ds And the Jeoffroy legacy to Cincin- Retreat before consecration of ........ 75 Patiidigcese yy | We wo ae eal een ae ce 186 Consecration of ae see eres oe ee 75 Decree of erection of Cincinnati dio- Journey to Cincinnati (1833) of ........ 76 CESE DY Rate tae HC CnRIMER thse Zon O24: Installation at Cincinnati (1833) of .... 76 PROPAGATION OF THE FAITH, LYONS, Episcopal visitations of .............. 78 Organization of the Association of the.. 173 Debate with Alexander Campbell..... 78,79 Donations to Cincinnati from the Crips tOne kOe OLmearria Maui iat as 79 ASSOCIA iO Obeth en ae aor Rr nei 173 Eni uropew) Sasimewe seem eee eee 79 Money received by Cincinnati diocese Purpose of visit to Europe (1838) of ...79, 80 from the Association of the ...... 174,175 Results of visit to Europe (1838) of.... 80 Money contributed by Cincinnati dio- And building of St. Peter’s Cathedral.. 80 cese to the Association of the........ MD Reception of pallium by ............. 80 Property at Cincinnati, high price of...... 36 Assistant at pontifical throne ......... 80 Prospectus of Barlow and Playfair, And Papal Infallibility .............. 80 Cited Wuvecrsens oak Oh aes Mere ae an) 14,15 Belief in Papal Infallibility expressed PROTKCTORY FOR Boys, CINCINNATI, LS AUREL een APO PORTS RICRE. Ne OR CR Mees cree AA? 81,82 Opening(ols thesni ws atoinbs out ie a aot 242 Ardent work in diocese.of ............ 82 FLIStory, Obs then te AEA rat ee mete 305 Pastoraliletters ofa: acon cava net cike 82 Protestant Episcopal Church at Cincin- And Rev. Isaac Hecker ............. 82, 83 TAT AMON Ray Poe tease Mane ek aie Arch 117 Moderate stature of yuh cain eicteie cere 83 Protestants of Cincinnati, prejudice of.... 36 Controversy with Rev. Thomas Vickers, 83 PROVINCIAL COUNCIL OF CINCINNATI, Controversy with Rev. A. D. Mayo.... 83 irsth C1855) 6 everett aa iene aie. 214 Desire of coadjutor for Cincinnati of .. 83 First, legislation on parochial schools by, 274 Woverof poverty: of harwnae see heaae 84 Second (C1858) knees os ae leer atte 215 Declining health iw vvseueria val eaeerenens 84 Shard (BG) eerste Cone eta iets teeta ol AE 216 Retirement from active life of ........ 84 Third (1861), legislation on parochial Summary of pwork of iin scd ay 84, 85 SCHGOIS | Dyas wa eee ie paid nn ein lias 276, 277 Hasttiliness Of meora raul aera pstereian ties 85 Hourth yl 882) Pee oven Orie icant 217 WEA thyok isin ecnicserwe eeu el eaters meek 85,195 Fifth (L889) irene Lees de cate 220 AVE Of arterial vite te te cote nee Lt me RA ie le 85 PROVINCIAL COUNCILS OF CINCINNATI, Obsequies Of nciaetaa teases tare ae eas 85 Provincial Councils of Cincinnati ...... 214 Burial of ee eyes war eee RIA Sale han 85 Hrinitslofethesens ie Cad cnn oa 222 Inscription'on tomb, of |. ...4...:....- 85 Provisions of Treaty of Paris (1763)...... 12 Designs for St. Peter’s Cathedral by .... 127 420 HISTORY OF THE [INDEX Page. Page. PURCELL, Most REv. JOHN B., Purcell-Campbell debate .............. 78,79 Tribute to European societies for PURCELL, REV. EDWARD, benefactions to Cincinnati diocese of, 188 Attorney-at-law for Archbishop Purcell, 189 Resignation Of jews hci eee notes 195 Manager of financial affairs of Arch- And First Provincial Council of Cin- bishop-Purceller- nee oe eee 190 cinnat. (855) Ae" 252 scat nae 214 Death) of 2:4 4 Ancor saree a wee 195 And Second Provincial Council of Method of conducting banking busi- Cincinnati (1858) eae ae ee 215 NESS: DY (NOU Oe ae ane ee 205, 206 And Fourth Provincial Council of Welcome to the Sisters of the Poor of Cinceimnativ(lS82) see eee eae 217 Sti-Krancis| by. caesctonr etn ree 265 Petition for foundation of Jesuits in PuRCELL FAILURE, Cincinnati diocese ty ahaa Baten 226, 227 HistOryy Olsen, ee nee ree 189 AtoHavren(1843)) ener center career en 235 Beginning of banking business of Invites Passionists to come to Cin- Acchbishop Purcelleas- 2 47 190 Cinnati La ee aoe ee OG Financial panics in the United States.. 190 Approval of diocesan organization of Misgivings of Archbishop Purcell in Sisters of; Charity bypeee ascent 248 banking busitiess anaes a ee 190 AtaNamur: (1839) 0. meee aee eee tre 252 Financial ‘‘run”’ upon Edward Purcell.. 191 Invites Sisters of Notre Dame of Diocesan trustees (1879).............. 191 Namur tocometo Cincinnati ....... 252 ‘Trust mortgage of John B. Purcell to Establishment of Ursuline Sisters in diocesam trustees iy fe ne ae a eee 19] Cincinnati diocese by ............ 250,257 Liabilities off John BY Purcell 2. 75. 0. 19] AtvParis (1S39)al pecs seer cae e 267 Assignment of John B. Purcell ....... 19] Unsuccessful effort to obtain Ladies Assignment of Edward Purcell ....191, 192 of the Sacred’ Heart by 22.0)" oo... 267 Inventory of estate of John B. and Invites Sisters of Christian Charity Edward) Purcell#encs ee 192 to come to Cincinnati yee eee 272 Suit of John B. Mannix, assignee vs. Practice in erection of schools of ...... 278 JohmiBePurcelli 4. one 192 Suit against Hamilton County by ..... 279 Action of the clergy in the .......... 193 Disapproval of St. Peter’s College, Attorneys for the churches in the...... 193 Ghillicothe,Ohioy bye eee 284 Answer and cross-petitions of the Rector of seminary, Cincinnati........ 289 churches inthe see ae ee eee ee 193, 194 Erection of Mount St. Mary Semin- Answer of Mr. Mannix to cross-peti- ALY VCinCinnatin Dyer ase ee eet 290 tion of the churches in the.......... 194 Solicitude about faculty of Mount Trial of the case in the District Court st. Mary Seminary of 7.7.03. ... 290, 291 ofsHamiltom County. wan rte 194 At. Paris (LSS Leet akn an eeu ents 291 Decision of District Court of Hamil- Success in preparing a faculty for ton iCounty: in eee oe eee eee 194 Mount St. Mary Seminary, Cincin- Report of assignee, Mr. Mannix, to HAC Of ee eae) eh ee ee ee 29 leo? ‘ProbatesCourt meee ee ae he eee 195 Petition to Rome for power to confer Resignation of assignee, Mr. Mannix... 195 degrees in Mount St. Mary Semin- Fulton, R.S., Referee in Church Case.. 195 ary, Cincinnati. bye sei ee ae eee 292 Peculations of John B. Mannix, as- Interdict laid upon St. Peter’s Ceme- SIPTESUN See ee Ce a tr a eee 195 tery. Cincinnati: bynes seen eran 315 Isaac. J. Miller, trustees... 0-40.50" 195 Cited ...19, 20,79, 81, 192, 226, 279, 284, 285 Gustave latelftrustee se at. tei eee 195 Letter to Archbishop Whitfield........ 75 Probate Court proceedings in ...... 195, 196 Letter to Thomas D. Spare........ 127, 128 Report of Referee Fulton to Probate Letter to clergy and laity (1865) ...... 169 COurthe to Raney ook ein a mien anne eer 196 Letter to St. Peter’s Benevolent So- Stock transactions of assignee in ciety, Cincinnatios «hte eee 188 Ghurch) Caseig eae eae eae 196 Letter to Archbishop Blanc, New Decision of Probate Court (1886) ...... 196 Orleans a. pig ones ee te Hee ee 190 Decision of Judge Schroder (1887)...... 196 Letter to Archbishop Kenrick, Balti- Amount of defalcation of assignee . . . 196, 197 MOLE 5.2 acca eo eared SNe ae ee 190 Attorneys for the churches in Church Letter to Rev. P. J. Verhaegen, S.J.. .227, 228 Caseite cra ahh cle eh ne tk eee ne 197 Letter to Rev. J. McCaffrey .......... 228 Attorneys for the creditors ........... 197 Letter to Sisters of Mercy, Ireland.... 263 Appeal of trustees to Supreme Court See Purcell failure. OF Ohiot eee eae Pee cians 197 INDEX ] Page. PURCELL FAILURE, Trial before Supreme Court of Ohio .. 197 Decision of the Supreme Court of Ohiow 1888) Ga meee re Oo 5c 197 Decision of Supreme Court of Ohio, readi byajudge: Owen saris eae 197 Bondsmen of John B. Purcell ......... 197 Bondsmen of Edward Purcell ........ 197 Appeal to Supreme Court of United States eee hia awe areas sree, 199 Hearing of Church Case before Circuit Court of Hamilton County.......... 199 Decree of Circuit Court of Hamilton COUT Ey See ett Saree a aces arch a 200 Report of trustees, Miller and Tafel, to Probate Court (1898) ........... 200 Exceptions filed to report of trustees, MillerrandsLatel men eye Wiad, awa s 200 Special Master Commissioner ap- Poimted ms CUSOS8) ie owes atic eas 200, 20t Number of creditorsin ........... 200, 205 Dividends ordered by Court of In- SOLV ONC Vata einer ete GRE eee on ne 200 Dividends declared in Purcell estate, 200, 201 Report of Special Master Commis- sioner (1899) Misuse of funds of creditors by trus- tees, Miller and Tafel............... 201 Decision of Court of Common Pleas in suit against trustees, Miller and Pa fe Lee ett rt WN ute LN irs tes he pe, 201 Resignation of trustees, Miller and EVateleGl SOS) eaaiyaey ae runite Levee erator ich. is 201 Appointment of Wm. List, trustee TIGNES Wauiee Ores comer Nee: 201 Means proposed to pay the debt of John B. and Edward Purcell........ 201 Letter from Rome concerning pay- ment ofp Furcell;debthe.ce sone oe. 202 Meeting of Bishops and Archbishops AtLINGWaViOr Kitna eA te, Ait 202, 203 Address of Cardinal McCloskey at New York, concerning Purcell ED teehee Oh eae is Se tee) as 202, 203 Means proposed by Bishops of the United States to pay the Purcell Geb Grater ti een eae eo Sn ee iciaaa 203 Contributions of priests to pay the Purcell’debti.s aes aes 203 Contributions of laity to pay the Purcelldebt, 40 seer mictsetae sve tie 203 Contribution from bazaar to pay Purcellideb tities 5 comic triers kena oe 203 Compromises proposed by the credit- ors and Archbishop Elder........... 203 Letter of Archbishop Elder on means used to pay offthedebt ......... 203, 204 Charitable contributions for the pay- mentiof the debt) ah leasanvericces 203, 204 ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 421 Page. Contributions from Bishops at New Worksto pays theidebtiy as wane ice nos 204 Appeal of the creditors to Rome ....204, 205 Decision of the Propaganda Congre- gation on payment of the Purcell debt (by (Rometieeserse esa oiciey eaaerots 205 Report of the Diocesan Trustees (1879).. 205 Amount of iabilitiesan waa eine olin 205 Causes of theiaveertspemier saci: 205, 206 Method of business of Edward Purcellogieny aera ee cloke 6 Mens 205, 206 Deposits of the people with Edward Purcell seer te Scenes oa eae 206 Interest paid on deposits of creditors ... 206 Archbishop Purcell’s view on _ his authority to conduct a banking DUSINESS | Fes Gee a enn a ee 206 Majority of accounts small............ 207 Clergy forbidden to receive money OM depositimreertacesnys enh pees oat tert 207 No personal gain to either Archbishop On PathersPurcellaueracn ass ene ae 207 Inventory of estate of Archbishop Purcell Gis 29) hes see sn tyes dae se 207 Inventory of estate of Edward Purcell. . 207 Effects ofathe wavs snr sean. 4 actors 207 Considered in Second Diocesan Synod Ofe CincimnatiiG) S86) eave tees aioe 212 Ouebec"Actarr nines were ay 6 eee 12 Quebec, center of French activities...... 6 Quebec, Bishop Hubert of .............. 21 Quinlan, Rt. Rev. John, biographical NLOCICEOLRI Sasa EL oe AL aay skeeiaus Ae tae 4 354 RADEMACHER, RT. REV. JOSEPH, Third Bishop of Fort Wayne ........ 109 Fourth Bishop of Nashville .......... 111 Ratlltoads in Ohiouos sans se sien 124,125 Raisin River, Church of St. Anthony Of Pad 1a Om yard a ae ee acta ee 21 Raisin River, Rev. Edmund Burkeon .... 21 RAPPE, RT. REV. AMADEUS, First Bishop of Cleveland ........... 106 Chaperon of Sisters of Notre Dame of INamursto) Cincinnati ete Affiliated to Cincinnati diocese ........ 257 Biographical notice of ............... 354 Reading, Ohio, history of Mount Notre Dae tiie atest perenne td 286 Reasons for first church of Cincinnati being beyond corporation limits...... 34 Redemptorists in Ohio, history of ...... 63, 224 Reid, Rev. James, opening of St. James HEeliMary 106 DOYS Dyes wee nei 278 Reilly family, Cincinnati, hosts to Sisters OfaCharitys(1 829) wanes ice ae 247 Reilly, Patrick, pioneer Catholic of Cincinnating ays saci eee Seats 37 422 HISTORY OF THE [INDEX Page. Page Reilly, William, builder of Christ Church.. 37 SACRED HEART HOME FOR GIRLS, Reilly william, citeda. . rec amie eareal: 37 Cincinnati iis. aeeaceee nee he ree 268 Religion at Gallipolis, decay of.......... 19 Cincinnati, history! of ii) se Pos oe ees 304 Religious prejudice at Cincinnati........ 36 Sacred Heart of Jesus, dedication of Removal of first church of Cincinnati ....35, 36 archdiocese of Cincinnati to the .... 112 Report of Father Bonnécamps.......... 8 Sacro Cuore School for Italians, Cin- Résh, RT. REV. FREDERIC, Citinati cis Meee tyr aide fa tie are eee 305 Reertit/for Cincinnatiyy.sa4- 0) ven eee 55 St. Adalbert Church, Dayton, Ohio, Secretary to Bishop Fenwick.......... 57 organizationvofi es. ve hese aes 161 Proposed as coadjutor for Cincinnati.. 66 St. AGNES CHURCH, Proposed as Bishop for Detroit ........ 66 Bond Hill, Ohio, organization of ...... 148 Vicar-administrator of Cincinnati...... 70 Dayton, Ohio, organization of ........ 161 Appointed Bishop of Detroit ...72, 104-105 Sr. ALoysius CHURCH, Deatittat eis Vis AO Rina niceen oes tee 105 Bridgetown, Ohio, organization of ..... 147 Labors at Cincinnati of .............. 121 Carthagena, Ohio, organization of...... 159 Plenipotentiary for Fenwick at Rome,.. 177 Delhi, Ohio, organization of ........... 146 Letter to Bishop Fenwick of .......... 178 Elmwood, Ohio, organization of ....... 148 And the formation of the Leopoldine St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum, Cincin- Association, Vientian how, seo owes te 183 nati; history Off 0. ek ke 247, 301-302 Invitation to Cincinnati extended to St. Aloysius Orphan Society, forma- Redemptorists by ..........++-.+.% 224 Hen of Ce ects iba cae 301 Vice-president of the Athenaeum ..... 281 St. Aloysius Seminary, Thompson, Ohio, Biographical notice of ............... 354 erection of ee ON ot eer nen 235 Resurrection Church, Cincinnati, organi- St. Alphonse Church, Peru, Ohio........ 235 ZAtion Of Ns bcoum are ee ee oe 142 St. Andrew’s Church, Cincinnati, or- Resurrection Church, Dayton, Ohio, or- Panization Olu nA Ac ease 134 Zanizationofsta, Heke ese eee e er 16] St. Andrew’s Church, Milford, Ohio, Rhine, Ohio, organization of St. Law- Ofganization of 6.00.0) sa ae een 150 rence Church ate nap eceiee heen 157 St. Anne’s Church, Cincinnati, organ- RICHARD, REV. GABRIEL, ization Oley. tie cd yeh ona aerate 144 Proposed as Bishop of Detroit ....55, 104 Death: ofisn (a cede tebe endear easton cae 67 Richter, Rt. Rev. Henry, first Bishop of GrandsRapidsign ys ye ciusas cee ee 112 Richter, Rt. Rev. Henry J., biographical NOLICE OL enews Gils hea hee ye eure 354 Rigagnon, Abbé, of Bordeaux, vicar- general of) Cincinnati Wee. eae ee 54 Roads 1; Oh10 iy ene eae aiotatni mieten 125 ROSECRANS, RT. REV. SYLVESTER H., Proposed as coadjutor for Cincinnati... 83 Auxiliary Bishop of Cincinnati ....... 83 First ‘Bishop of, Columpbusis..0.220 = soe 109 Biographical notice of ............... 354 Ruffner’s mansion, bought in 1836 for Sisters of Charity 99 aman ee 247, 300 Russia, Ohio, organization of St. Remy Churchiate tcc Mate Ce ae US7158 Ryan, Nicholas J., first recorded bap- tis in Ohio 1 Wengen aterm 29 SACRED HEART CHURCH, Cincinnati, organization of). 22.).5../ 0. 143 (Italian), Cincinnati, organization of.... 145 Dayton, Ohio, organization of........ 161 McCartyville, Ohio, organization of.... 156 Milford Center, O., organization of.... 165 Sacred Heart Academy and College, Cincinnati, history/of (5.0) ee ee 287 St. Anne’s Church, Hamilton, Ohio, OF PANIZALIONOLe ls oe cea iasicnn Ente ete 152 St. ANTHONY’S CHURCH, Cincinnati, organization of............ 143 Dayton, Ohio, organization of ........ 161 Madisonville, organization of ......... 138 OLA ALON S Nd ESSERZEF vin Wale © eiaieien a, panties 298 St. ANTHONY OF PADUA CHURCH, Mercer County, Ohio, organization OE Lette oita ts toe CISk: Nk tt te eae 155, 156 Raisin Rivers Michigan” isaac nie at « 21 St. AUGUSTINE’S CHURCH, Cincinnati, organization of......... 131, 142 Jamestown, Ohio, organization of ..... 163 Minster, Ohio, mother-parish ......... 154 Minster, Ohio, organization of ......... 154 St. Benignus Church, Greenfield, Ohio, organization: Of Aan snes seme eee 150 St. Bernard, Ohio, Catholic Cemeteries BUG alee ee EU, ae are eis Rear tee bella nM 315, 316 Sr. BERNARD’S CHURCH, Mercer County, Ohio, organization of .. 155 Springfield, Ohio, organization of ...... 162 ‘Taylor Creek, organization of.......... 147 ‘Winton Place, Cincinnati, organization OR HEARN Ste eRe he nd te Rane 131 St. Bonaventure’s Church, Cincinnati, organization Of ssc1i8; ne eels ee 143, 144 INDEX | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 423 Page, Page St. BONIFACE CHURCH, St. Francitskus’ Bote .......: TRE i eR 298 Cincinnat!) organization ol. seein 131 St. Gabriel’s Church, Dayton, Ohio, Piqua, Ohio, organization of ....... 1525.53 organization Ohm Mit uiere ain) aes 162 Piqua, Ohio, Holy Ghost Fathers at.... 237 St. Gabriel’s Church, Glendale, Ohio, St. Brigid’s Church, Xenia, Ohio, or- Organization Ola re eerie eiats 148 ganizatiom Ola ase Hee eon ee eee 162, 163 St. George’s Church, Cincinnati, or- St. Catherine’s Church, Cincinnati, Ganization Ofer mares Meee tae 137 Organization ofaneaaacn eee ice 147 St. Gregory Seminary, Cincinnati, his- St. Cecilia’s Church, Cincinnati, or- tory: Of Yi ee ae eh retreats eed eae Sata 293-295 SATIZALION OLN ala Eon raleiaracks 133 St. Henry’s Church, Cincinnati, or- St. Charles Borromeo Church, Cincin- Cani zation (oles ey evn: 5p ean hae 143 Hativorsanizationvolme meyer ees alas 148 St. Henry’s Church, St. Henry, Ohio, St. Charles Borromeo Church, South organization Ofer. narra eee LS5 Charleston, Ohio, organization of.... 164 ST. JamMeES CHURCH, St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, Car- Dayton, Ohio, organization of ..... 160, 161 thagenas Ohio peewee eit. a are« 236, 295 White Oak, organization of ......::.... 146 St. Clement Church, St. Bernard, Ohio, Wyoming, Ohio, organization of ....... 148 OLCANIZALIONL OLA rere oo. at 147 St. James Seminary for Boys, Brown St. Clement Church, St. Bernard, Ohio, Mounty 7 Ohiows vaiy ui ei ores ers 278 in charge of Franciscans (1850)....... 230 St. Jerome’s Church, Cincinnati, organi- St. Clare Convent Chapel, Cincinnati .... 265 ZATIOUAOLS Crete ae Ae tebe 133 St. Clare’s Church, Cincinnati, organi- St. John Baptist Chapel, Mount St. ZALION OL Mae ceycle sete aE es seco 131 Mary Seminary, Cincinnati, his- St: Colman’s Church, Washington C. H., LOL Ys OD Vera Sai rani aitan naa E Ne 5 293 Ohiovorcaniza tion ofits ess weeraiey. 163 ST. JOHN Baptist CHURCH, St. Columbanus Church, Loveland, Ohio, Cincinnati, organization of......... 136, 230 OLeaizationrol mana een eet one 150 Freyburg, Ohio, organization of ....... 157 St. Columbkill’s Church, Wilmington, Harrison, Ohio, organization of ....... 147 Ohios Orgatization Oba tere eae. 163 Middletown, Ohio, organization of .... 153 St. Denis Church, Versailles, Ohio, or- Tippecanoe City, Ohio, organization of, 153 ganization Obmaus oe rete eee 157-158 St. John’s Cemetery, St. Bernard, Ohio, St. Edward’s Church, Cincinnati, or- historyToR ears ele eon lane series 315, 316 Patiza OnvuOlL sree enone eae 13] ST. JOHN’s CHURCH, St. Elizabeth’s Church, Norwood, or- Dayton, Ohio, organization of ......... 160 ANI ZA LOU Ola er eee naar eT 149 Deer Park, Ohio, organization of...... 149 St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Dayton, Ohio, Dry Ridge, Ohio, organization of ...146, 147 History: Olt Tremere noe oy eras oie 308 Maria Stein, Ohio, organization of ..154, 155 St. Francis Church, Cranberry Prairie, West Chester, Ohio, organization of.... 163 Ohiovorganization Often ee 6 onlne 155 St. John’s Hospital, Cincinnati, history of, 307 St. Francis Hospital, Cincinnati, history of, 308 St. Francis Preparatory Seminary, Cin- CINTIACLE ML Aa rege PRR ecchaiey ies 295 St. Francis de Sales Church, Cincin- Hatt, Organization Oleic ee aoe 138 St. Francis de Sales Church, Cincinnati, iFremoVable) parisien ae hisleedee ne ts St. Francis de Sales Church, Loveland, OhiovorgatlizationoL yee cine 150 St. Francis Seraph Church, Cincinnati, Organization Olmert onan 8451365137 St. Francis Xavier Church, Cincinnati, on site of first Cathedral’ os 5545-4840. 129 St. Francis Xavier Church, Cincin- nati, mother-parishy 2445 css 132 St. Francis Xavier Seminary, Cincin- Rati pHistOrvOle wee eee ee 287, 288 St. Francis Xavier Seminary, change of name to Mount St. Mary Seminary from St. Joseph’s Academy, Mount Wash- ington, Cincinnati, opening of ...... 287 St. Joseph’s Benevolent Society, forma- TIOTIOL CM eS nals te tisk Suaadia Ra ete 301 St. Joseph’s Cemetery, Price Hill, Cin- eilinati, HStoryOk ne ae SL Se fe) St. Joseph’s Cemetery Association, Cin- CEMAT I EN See eRe titan GRMN cea arate amen arabs Sh5 St. JOSEPH’s CHURCH, Cincinnati, organization of............ 141 Cincinnati, irremovable parish ........ 211 Dayton, Ohio, organization of ........ 160 Dayton, Ohio, mother-parish ......... 161 Dayton, Ohio, irremovable parish...... 211 Egypt, Ohio, organization of .......... 156 Hamilton, Ohio, organization of ....... foz La Rue, Ohio, organization of ........ 164 North Bend, Ohio, organization of..... 146 Somerset Oh Ois panera cease ters ahs 30 Springfield, Ohio, organization of ...... 162 424 Page. St. JosEPH’s CHURCH, Victoria, Ohio, organization of ........ 155 Wapakoneta, Ohio, organization of .... 157 St. Joseph’s College, Cincinnati, history OLA tet oe) 2, otc), (a, |) Rn een ei 238, 284 St. Joseph’s Home for the Aged Poor, Cincinnatl hiAls sais aoe eRe 309 St. Joseph’s Maternity and Infant Asy- lum, Norwood, Ohio, history of ..... 300 St. Joseph of Nazareth Church, Cin- cinnati, organization of ......... 145, 146 St. JOSEPH’s ORPHAN ASYLUM, Cincinnati Whistoryiol in wae eae 301 Cincinnati, dedication of chapelof .... 301 St. Joseph’s Orphan Home, Dayton, Ohio, 302 St. Lawrence Church, Caledonia, Ohio, Organizationvolwinn ss ees helenae 164 St. Lawrence Church, Cincinnati, or- FAaniZatigusOl wm. sew nO eRe eee 14] St. Lawrence Church, Rhine, Ohio, or- Sanizationcol Mera skis hay ke oes Lag, St. Leo’s Church, Cincinnati, organi- ZATION OL Meee SHA DUE Rae aera eee 143 St. Louis Archdiocese, erection of........ 101 Str. Louris BERTRAND DOMINICAN PROVINCE, Erection oti. oses cee perennials 56-57, 62 Brectionmulitied epee en ere eee 57,02 Proposed union of St. Joseph and...... 178 Sr. Louis CHURCH, Cincinnati, organization OL ay neh 138 North Star, Ohio, organization of ..... 159 Owensville, Ohio, organization of ...... 150 St. Malachy’s Church, Morrow, Ohio, organization Ofineineeie re eee 163 St. Mark’s Church, Cincinnati, organi- ZRCION Of eabhi nd pede nee eae eho es 138 St. Martin’s Church, Brown County, Organization \Olp mia.ceeie eee neyo 149 St. Martin’s Church, Cheviot, Ohio, Ofganizationv olan waite hikes 147 St. Mary’s, Ohio, organization of Church of Our Lady of the Rosary at ...... 156 St. Mary’s Academy, Cincinnati, his- LODy (Of TPR Ar Aa i Se pone ene 248, 285 St. Mary’s Cemetery, St. Bernard, Ohio, history of (hen peaes hehe tite) oa ees nettenaye 316 ST. Mary’s CHURCH, Arnheim, Ohio, in charge of Bene- dictine) Mathers taeee ee anita 239 Chillicothe, Ohio, organization of ...165, 166 Chillicothe, Ohio, mother-parish ....... 165 Cincinnati organizations olr opie eee 135 Cincinnati, irremovable parish ........ 211 Hyde Park, Cincinnati, organization of, 133 Dayton, Ohio, organization of ........ 160 Franklin, Ohio, organization of ....... 153 Greenville, Ohio, organization of... .158, 159 Hamilton, Ohio, organization of..... PoileLoz Hillsboro, Ohio, organization of ....... 150 HISTORY OF THE Page Tancasters Ohi60) i) cicero nein teem 30 Marion, Ohio, organization of ...... 163, 164 Oxford, Ohio, organization of ...... 153, 154 Philothea, Ohio, organization of ....... 155 Piqua, Ohio, organization of .......... 152 Urbana, Ohio, organization of ........ 163 Urbana, Ohio, irremovable parish ..... 211 St. Mary’s College and University, Day- ton Ohio; history Of hime ape eae 283 St. Mary’s Institute, Minster, Ohio ...... 302 St. Mary’s Hospital, Cincinnati, history of, 308 St. Matthew’s Church, Norwood, Ohio, ofrvanizationvol ys. 2 ae eyene ore 149 St MICHAEL’S CHURCH, Cincinnati, organization of............ 141 Fort Loramie, Ohio, organization of.... 155 Ripley, Ohio, organizationof .......... 151 Ripley, Ohio, in charge of Benedictine Bathersiivyeis ak bhi ieee ch aia See 239 Sharon, Ohio, organization of ......... 148 St. Monica’s Church, Cincinnati, or- ganization Of-ciae ee Geico 137 St. Nicholas Church, Osgood, Ohio, organizationlofey nee La eee 159 St. Palais, Rt. Rev. Maurice de, fourth Bishop, of Vincenties 256.0. anne 106 St. Patrick’s CHURCH, Bellefontaine, Ohio, organization of .... 163 Cineinnativorsanizalioniole ae eras 130 Cincinnati, irremovable parish ........ 211 Cumminsville, Cincinnati, organiza- tion. OF dacqadeeiel es Benne ce ae eee ae 131 Cumminsville, Cincinnati, amount of indebtedness to Purcell estate of .... 200 Fayetteville, Ohio, organization of ..149, 150 Glynnwood, Ohio, organization of ..... 156 London, Ohio, organization of ........ 164 Shelby County, Ohio, organization of.. 153 Troy, Ohio, organization of ........... 153 St. PaAuL’s CHURCH, Cincinnati, organization of......... 137,138 Cincinnati, irremovable parish ........ 211 Mercer County, Ohio, organization of .. 156 Yellow Springs, Ohio, organization of.. 164 St. Peter in Chains, painting by Murillo 172, 173 SS. PETER AND Pau, CHURCH, Newport, Ohio, organization of........ 159 Norwood, Ohio, organization of ....... 149 Petersburg, Ohio, mother-parish ...... 156 Reading, Ohio, organization of ........ 147 St. Peter’s Academy, Cincinnati, opening OF eyicuia dayne tablet EN Ae el ed bea ate tes 285 St. Peter’s Benevolent Society, forma- LLONOL se Meh ary oe hu ear 300, 301 St. PETER’S CATHEDRAL, CINCINNATI, (1825) S plans /of i250) sate tan ec rd en nO 59 (1825), Michael Scott, architect of...... 59 (1825), laying of cornerstone of ...... 59, 60 (1825); dedication of.) sas ys ee 60 INDEX | Page. St. PETER’s CArHEDRAL, CINCINNATI, (1825)description ofeeeae erect 60 (825) costiofsbutldine aera 7) (1825) edeniolition ofan yea eee ae 127 (1845) sconsteuction ofan eerie « 127 Gl845) ,dedication off ace eae eer ae eye (1845) consecration of @..-- 244s) ee se: 127 (1845), specifications for building of, 127,128 (1845), description of.............. 128, 129 (1845) construction ofeepen sels ee 129 C1845) Scostiots building oe ee 129 (1845) Mpaintings irene ieee Heneeal: 129 (1845), mother-parish of churches of Cincinniatige mes eae ee eae es 129 Revenue of pews in (1840) ........... 227 Purchase of lot for new (1840) ....... 227 Offered to Jesuits (1840) ............. 227 (1825), transfer to Jesuits of property of, 228 Amount of indebtedness to Purcell ESCA LS Mien a See tots Mentard pci apo Nene dresses 200 St. Peter’s Cathedral Residence, home of the theological seminary (1848).... 290 St. Peter’s Cathedral School, amount of indebtedness to Purcell estate.... 200 St. Peter’s Cemetery, Cincinnati, his- Or Ve OL fey et ee ee eh oe ae oes 315 St. Peter’s Cemetery, Cincinnati, in- LET CICL A POTser Pee eR ere ae erent SS St. PETER’S CHURCH, Chillicothe, Ohio, organization of ...... 166 Hamilton, Ohio, organization of ....... 152 Mercer County, Ohio, organization of.. 156 New Richmond, Ohio, organization of.. 151 St. Peter’s College, Chillicothe, Ohio, istorycol ees ete ree nee oe 284 St. Peter’s Home for the Aged Poor, Cincinnati een tr ec es 309 ST. PETER’S ORPHAN ASYLUM, Request for Sisters of Charity to esta blishirea irises cnn ae cement 246 Cincinnati, beginning of ............. 247 Crmcianatimiistonve Oljene ee aerate 300, 301 St. Philomena’s Church, Cincinnati, Ofganiza Lion Olen ee ee 139 St. Philomena’s Church, Stonelick, Qhio organiza tionnolmaeea ieee at 150 St. Pius Church, Cincinnati, organiza- tion Of pimps ate ators a ro nik oracee Nou St. RAPHAEL’S CHURCH, Springfield, Ohio, organization of ...... 162 Springfield, Ohio, mother-parish ...... 162 Springfield, Ohio, irremovable parish .. 211 St. Remy Church, Russia, Ohio, organi- ZATION OFA e arse ae me eee eee 1577158 St. Rita School for the Deaf, Lockland, Cincinnatiehistory Ofer 306 St. Rose’s Church, Cincinnati, organi- ZAtiON Ola cen a neha tenses 140 ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 425 Page St. Rose’s Church, Mercer County, Ohiovorganizationvot were e ne) ee 2 155 St. Sebastian’s Church, Mercer County, Ohio, organizationvoleman.accr soa 155 SS. Simon and Jude Church, West Jef- ferson, Ohio, organization of ........ 164 St. Stanislaus Church, Cincinnati, or- TANIZAMONLOL Ay CMe i reset a saree 145 ST. STEPHEN’S CHUR H, Cincinnati, organization off... ass. - 140 Hamilton, Ohio, organization of ....... 151 Hamilton, Ohio, mother-parish........ Weal Hamilton, Ohio, given in charge of Branciscatis: (1848) aaj sane aatae 230 St. Teresa’s Church, Cincinnati, or- Panizalionnosay so deel eee oe 142 St. Teresa’s Home for the Aged, Cin- Cinta tie ee NC peti eine Cena aa dts 309 St. Thomas Church, Cincinnati, organi- ZATION” Omit hepa AES caeieane ee eae 133 St. Thomas Seminary, Bardstown, Ky., provincial preparatory seminary of ;Cincinnatr archdiocese. ji eie ts» DS St. Ursula Academy, Cincinnati........ 286 St. Ursula Literary Institute, Brown Gounty, Ohio, history Oli sees 286 St. Valbert’s Church, Jacksonville, Darke County, Ohio, organization of.. 157 St. Valbert’s Church, Jacksonville, Darke County, Ohio, mother-parish .. 157 St. Veronica’s Church, Hamilton, Ohio, OLreanizatiOnlol Pisa eeuniasae tc ele 152 St. Vincent Home for Boys, Cincinnati.... 303 St. Vincent de Paul Societies............ 310 St. Vincent de Paul’s Church, Cincin- Nat organizationOlee ee sete 130 St. Wendelin’s Church, Arnheim, Ohio, OTPanizZatiOmiol yan eee eer a ete 150 St. Wendelin’s Church, Mercer County, Ohio .oreanization Otsu. sete sees oe 156 St. William’s Church, Cincinnati, organi- ZAtiONs OL, vakeok Rise Ne ere 142 St. Willibrord’s Church, Cincinnati, OLZamMz ation Oli iar he Phan i atany ener ee: 144 St. Xavier College and University, Cin- einnatis charter of mance cs eae ee 228, 229 St. Xavier College and University, Cin- cinnati historycol sae jek ee 280-282 Sandusky, Olio, chapellat ci... tase 11 Santa Maria Institute, Cincinnati, his- COL) OF eA ee oo eA nee der neanete 305, 306 Sargent, W., and the Scioto Company.... 14 SAULT STE. MARIE, Michigan, erection of diocese of . 107-108, 214 Transfer to Marquette of diocese of.... 108 Sault Ste. Marie-Marquette, Bishops of.. 108 SCHERVIER, MOTHER FRANCES, Foundress of Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis Seraph 426 Page. SCHERVIER, MOTHER FRANCES, Foundress of the Sisters of the Poor Of St Rrancisil te ey) eee helena 265 SCMISmiva te Cin ciel le, een eee eee 36 Schools in Cincinnati diocese, legisla- tion concerning erection of parochial. . 274 Schrembs, Rt. Rev. Joseph, Bishop of POLE OR i BES esate, Agee ete ree Beane 1M 2 Schroder, Judge, decision in Church @ase Of 887) ie Aas rier haere ete 196 Scioto ComMPANy, Scioto: COM Payadenare is oils Sele ate 14 ‘Joel ‘Barlowsatid \thej nied ons ee suena 14 Wihanr-Duer and the ctu. reese 14 William Playfair and the ............ 14 WaSargentiand’ the aye iae ene 14 Scioto, la) Compagtie dus wwe oer ae 14 Scioto County, Ohio, organization of Catholic: Church) in acer eae 166 ScoTT, MICHAEL, Pioneer Catholic at Cincinnati ...32, 34, 37 Hospitality to Bishop Fenwick (1822).. 50 Architect of St. Peter’s Cathedral (1825), 59 Seilles, Sister Victoire de, Poor Clare Nun ate Gineinnatin eae a eee 63 SEMINARY, Beginning in Cincinnati of theo- LOPICAD oN are es een ae, 287, 288 (1829), purchase of lot for theological... 287 Dedication of theological (1829)....... 288 Description of Cincinnati theological CVSS E ES ie hoa ee Steer 288 Theological, order in (1831) .......... 288 First seminarians in Cincinnati the- ological icky Veebeec gee aaNet nani cycusae 288, 289 Personnel of the Cincinnati theo- logical) (1840) i veeeen wn eeu naar 289 Efforts to obtain a religious com- munity to conduct Cincinnati the- Ologica Les) mien Ga udioesea akan lees oat te 289 Cincinnati theological, in charge of Lazarists) (1842) xe renee erate 289 Transfer from Cincinnati to Brown County; of theological ie aaa 289 Cincinnati theological, transfer from Brown County to Cincinnati ..... 289, 290 Cincinnati theological, in charge of Jesuits: (1845) eee eae eee ae eae 290 Cincinnati theological, in St. Peter’s Cathedral residence (1848) ......... 290 Cincinnati theological, necessity of new site for (1847) so ae teak ne 290 Seminary, Cincinnati, preparatory the- ological shistory)ol senna inane 293 Seminaries, ecclesiastical, in Cincinnati Ciocese i MA tea ede Rew Met dae 287 SEMA OLS Ts ieee eR as Ale Uae lan SVR 298 Seton Hospital, Cincinnati, history of.... 307 Settlement at Marietta, Ohio............ 13 HISTORY OF THE [INDEX Page. Settlements between the two Miamis.... 13 Seven Ranges, Ohio, settlers on the...... 118 Sewall,, Father Sojucittedigie emai ie ae 226 Shanahan, Miss Mary, directress of St. Teresa’s Home for the Aged ........ 309 Shawnee Indians iw Ohio. seater ioe 5 Shelby County, Mass on Loramie creek in, 11 Shepard, Ohio, convent of Dominican Tertiaries, at eke cee aes eee 250 Sherlock, John, pioneer Catholic of Cin- Ci att 2 ole cal anaes eae atin 33, 34, 37 Sidney, Ohio, organization of Holy Angels: Chureh ch... a ceuspeeaee eres ae 153 Siemers, Miss Angelica, directress of — St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum, Cin- Cinta tis ert LG aA es ae i tale 301,302 SISTER ADOLPHINE, BectunetateGincmmnatiny a, © elnyeie ere iar 243 Resumes family name, Malingie....... 244 SISTER ANTHONY, In charge of St. John’s Hospital, Cin- CENTAGE es aa yh he ee ee eee 307 Biographical’ sketeh of ass see Sie iZ Sister Benedicta, Colletine Poor Clare Nun ehs Cincinnati yee eee eee 63 Sister Bernardina, Colletine Poor Clare Mun atyCimcinnaty ia ee 63, 245 Sister Frances Vindevoghel, Colletine Poor Clare nun at Cincinnati’ ...7.- 243 Sister Louise, work among deaf-mutes by, 306 Sister Mary Agnes McCann, books pub- lished iby! Shei cin cic cake ate ae ll 299 Sister Victoire de Seilles, Colletine Poor Clare nun at Cincinnati........ 243 SISTER ST. Pau, Recriittor Cinciiina tives wen eon eee 57 First nun in Cincinnati (1824)......... 63 School at Cincinnati taught by........ 63 Sister of Mercy, from France, 1824.... 242 Sailed from, Bordeauxwer se eee 242 ALrivalae GinecinnatiiOl merece 242, 243 In charge of school at Cincinnati...... 243 Companion of Eliza Rose Powell at Cricinnsa tiers amelie Ke elie aioe meee 243 Account by Bishop Fenwick of work OP i ie ashes META RL te RENEE ee Jee wl Death: ofS jetjane ean cte eee ce oe 63, 244 Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament, Cin- Clans Civ nIStOry Olweh Gn a were ener 271 Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament, in charge of St. Anne’s school, Cin- CITING CL ieee er betas st cnuaed Macfie Smetana 271 SISTERS OF CHARITY, Foundation at Cincinnati of.......... 64 Historypot ithe: ) aatee, soniye p. SoA 245 Chaperoned to Cincinnati by Rev. A feaik Wai Gu Bono pe Pen gee, Moree ag Vie ace 246 School at Cincinnati of (1829) ........ 247 INDEX ] ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 427 Page. Page. SISTERS OF CHARITY, In charge of female prisoners of Cin- In charge of German Boys’ Orphan- Gthanati (L863): canine ie) ci a tee ya es 262 age) Cincinnati 254.4. Geek oeeiaeeee 247 Convent on Price Hill of the ......... 262 And question of care of boys.......... 247 Monastery at Carthage ofthe.......... 262 Recalled to Emmitsburg (1846) ....... 247 Branch) houses of the wig sae ceo ckeks 262 Cincinnati, separation from Emmits- Sisters of Mercy (of France), petition Dire OLe Sent eRe nets 247, 248 of Bishop Fenwick for ............ 243 Cincinnati, refusal of affiliation with SISTERS OF MErRcy, CINCINNATI, Daughters of Charity in France of.. 248 Histonyiof the ays lac. pete a rae heen: 262 Cincinnati, incorporation of .......... 248 Establishment by Mrs. Peter of the .... 262 Cincinnati, mother-house at Mount Request of guarantees from Arch- St) OSepHOliOs Ol. aera ie 248, 249 bishop Purcell of the......00.:.5..02. 263 Cincinnati, opening of novitiate of...... 248 Departure from Kinsale, Ireland...... 263 Cincinnati, opening of Mount St. Arrival at Cincinnati of ............. 263 Vincent’s Academy by ............. 248 Reception at Cincinnati by Arch- Cincinnati, in charge of domestic bishopiPurcellvotis2 ca. een wees 263, 264 affairs of Mount St. Mary Seminary... 248 Guestsiofif@MreiiPeter iis. ie ea hee 263 Cincinnati, schools and institutions Object of society of the ............. 264 Ai Charye OLbs Meer Lei isias ere eartraee 249 Opening of novitiate of .............. 264 Hosts of Sisters of Notre Dame of Purchase of boys’ orphanage on Namur, Cincinnati... wea) wee 254 Kourth street by they un... oeeieece 264 Cincinnati, academies and college Mother-house at Cincinnati of........ 264 conducted ADY ewes ora ae nels 285 Institutions conducted by the ........ 264 Cincinnati, orphanages in charge of. .300, 301 Academies conducted by the ..:.. *° 286, 287 In charge of St. Aloysius Orphan Cincinnati orphanage conducted by.... 302 IASy lind Cincinnativr me scesic eee: 302 In charge of Mercy Hospital, Hamil- In charge of Santa Maria Institute.... 306 CONE ODIO) Wasa ecole cease ean 308 In charge of St. John’s Hospital, Cin- SISTERS OF THE Most PrEcIous BLoop, CUITATE ENE tae eed ee nese RM a Re a tal 307 CINCINNATI, In charge of Good Samaritan Hospital.. 307 HListorvlOleche mamas err tacts ere 255, 256 In charge of Seton Hospital ........ 307, 308 Object of the society of the............ 255 In charge of Antonio Hospital, Ken- Arrival in Cincinnati diocese of........ 256 tons Oo we cred tase aha si stel sree 308 Establishments conducted by the...... 256 Sisters of Charity, Emmitsburg, Md., Minster, Ohio, academy of............ 286 affiliation with Daughters of Charity Orphanages conducted by the......... 302 of St. Vincent de Paul, France ....247,248 SisteRS oF Notre Damgk (Muehlhausen), Sisters of Charity, New York, separa- Cincinnati, history of the ......... 254, 255 tion from Emmitsburg of........... 247 In charge of St. Aloysius Orphan Sisters of Christian Charity, Cincinnati, ZAlss Ve UISIUES Sepa) aie ayslieh ch Nome ey hey ratp 255, 302 Ristory.Of, CHE tut cio eisai aay 271,272 SisteRS OF Notre DaME OF Namur, Sisters of Christian Charity, in charge CINCINNATI, of St. Boniface school, Piqua, Ohio.. 272 Contribution from Ludwig Verein to.... 188 Sisters of Divine Providence, Cincin- Historyofithe teres lae oe aretha 252 mati MiStory, Olan ae nie tae) seed eae 271 Conditions of acceptance of invitation Sisters of Divine Providence, Cincin- to Cincinna Luvof ches vases oe 252 nati, schools in charge of ........... 271 Offer by Bishop Purcell to ........... 253 SISTERS OF THE GOOD SHEPHERD, CINCINNATI, ArrivaliineAmerica) ofi> sciiele euaiiene tein oe 253 Ehistory of these aiele sles iin 260-262 Arrival at Cincinnati of ............. 253 Purpose of the order of the .......... 260 Guests of Sisters of Charity, Cincinnati, 254 VOWS OL) the ie epanire ies bel ene awe eel ene 260 Purchase of Spencer Mansion by...... 254 Reorganization of the (1835).......... 261 Opening of Young Ladies’ Literary Establishment at Louisville of the .... 261 Institute and Boarding School by.... 254 Corporate name of the .......)....-., 261 Mother-house at Cincinnati of the...... 254 Invited to Cincinnati by Mrs. Sarah Institutions conducted by the ........ 254 Peter's), ey aber ee ter setae as 261 Academies conducted in Cincinnati Received at Cincinnati by Father GIOCESE Dyes i) ee eee cr oe Mees ee ae 285, 286 Hetigehold ats 42.0 5 tad eco 261 SISTERS OF THE Poor OF ST. FRANCIS, Opening of the penitent class at Cin- CINCINNATI, Gianati Dy eae eee fake anet seb oeaiace 261 History of the vse nse crasaty weks fe seyoheee 264 428 SISTERS OF THE Poor OF St. Francis, Page. CINCINNATI. Invited to Cincinnati by Mrs. Peter, 264, 265 Guests of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd 265 Gift of home by Mrs. Sarah Peter to the, 265 Building of St. Clara Chapel by the.... 265 Mother-house at Hartwell, Ohio, of the. . 266 Institutions in’ charge of..725.24. 00 266 In charge of St. Francis Hospital, Cincinnati Jane ae cect s ete ee ee 308 In charge of St. Mary’s Hospital, Cincinmati tye tae oe ee rae meee 308 In charge of St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Dayton, Ohioke 16 i beeen. eras 308 SISTERS OF THE THIRD ORDER REGULAR oF St. FRANCIS, CINCINNATI, History Of) sie. arate a Oe te eee 270 Schools.in charge oft 1-05 eee eee 270 Sisters of St. Dominic, in the Cincinnati diocese, history Of 2.0.55. oe: 64, 249 SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH, CINCINNATI, Historyot: the rer aets emia eee 268 Application of eight young ladies of Cincinnatitobecome ........... 268, 269 Opening of Movitiate of Haye ae 270 Institutions in charge of the.......... 270 Academy conducted by the........... 287 In charge of Sacred Heart Home for Girlsc an che oe ona ee Ara ene: 304 Sisters of St. Ursula, Cincinnati, see Ursuline Sisters Site of first church at Cincinnati........ 34 Slevin, Johny tailtireot2 2. nen eee 19] Slevin, Messrs. John and James, gift of building of Mount St. Mary Seminary by sia. eee ramen anes 290 Social work in Cincinnati diocese ..... 300, 311 Social work among the Italians of Cin- CHINA a epee faye te tees ates eke derls etal 305, 306 ‘Sodalist A2gs8 Mia Rl, astetes Viet ieee ye ae 298 Society for the diffusion of Catholic books! formation (olin wee lere ones Vy Society for the diffusion of Catholic books, ‘purposeof? eee ne eee eee 217 Society of Friends, at Cincinnati........ 117 Society of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, 238 Society of Jesus in Cincinnati diocese, history of thes. peter ee eres 226 Society of Jesus, in charge of theological seminary, Cincinnati (1845) ........ 290 Society of Mary, in the Cincinnati dio- cese; history ‘of. the ize. ance eee 239 Society of Mary, novitiate of............ 295 Society of Mary ........ see Brothers of Mary Society of the Sacred Heart, Cincinnati, history of they... bene see 267, 278 Society of St. Sulpice, offer of charge of Mount St. Mary Seminary, Cin- cinnati; to thee enn cele een ees 290, 291 HISTORY OF THE [INDEX Page. Society of St. Sulpice, unwillingness to take charge of Mount St. Mary Seminary, Cincinnati, of the........ 291 Society of the Santa Maria Willing Workers, organization of ........... 305 SOMERSET, OHIO, First visit of Father Fenwick at....... 24, 25 Bishop: Blagetiatw soem pe etet rene ere 28 Headquarters of Father Edward Pen wicky saccne caer ne aan 29 Hirst churchin Ohiorat eee nee 30, 48 Blessing olechtrch atv see ee eee 30 Suggested episcopal site of Ohio....... 113 South Charleston, Ohio, organization of St. Charles Borromeo Church.... 164 Sovereignty of France over Ohio pro- claimed by Galissoniére ........... 8 Spain, title toland 1m Ohio of.....2..-.4. - 6 SPALDING, RT. REv. MaRTIN JOHN, Fourth Bishop of Louisville .......... 103 Promoter of First Provincial Council Of Cincinatti Soo) mae eee eer 214 Promoter of Second Provincial Council Of Cincinnati 1858) 0 oe ae tee ee 215 Spencer Mansion, Cincinnati, purchased by Sisters of Notre Dame of Namur. 254 Spiritual administration of the Gallipolis COLONY 8h, . 2a een p sore eka ies nine 15 Spiritual consolation of the clergy in Ohio.. 170 SPRINGER, REUBEN R., Catholici benefactor es). eee eee 189 Bequest to Mount St. Mary Seminary, Cincinnatiz of xatenaiiec where or ae 293 Biographicalisketchvotiae es ae eee 313 Charities Ob. gash. sna: es ane ee eee 313 SPRINGFIELD, OHIO, Bishopullapetsa tase ee era ere ee 31 Organization of St. Bernard’s Church GON AGEN Uhikloits mike soe re cee 162 Organization of St. Joseph’s Church at.. 162 Organization of St. Raphael’s Church at, 162 Stallo, Franz Joseph, settler at Minster, OIG WAL RE Hanae a coe ey eee ere eee 154 Stallostown, Ohio, settlement at........ 154 Statehood, admission of Ohioto.......... 13 Statistical study of development of parishes inmiObiow ar eee ee 167 Stiles, Capt. Benjamin, settlement of Columbia by emp erent oe 115 STOKES, REV. JOSEPH, Secretary of Cincinnati diocesan synod Of VBS 7 ich, cake eR ee See 209 Rector of seminary, Cincinnati ........ 289 Storer, Mrs. Bellamy, author............ 299 Stuart Estate, Dayton, Ohio, change of name to; Nazareth -...,..-5) 405 eee 241 Stuart, John, Dayton, Ohio, estate pur- chased by Brothers of Mary ...... 240, 241 INDEX | ARCHDIOCESE OF CINCINNATI 429 Page Page Superintendent of parochial schools, Toebbe, Rt. Rev. August M., bio- appointment off, 7. Season 278 graphicalitioticerataen mite rset oe tare 354 Superior Court of Cincinnati, decision Toebbe, Rt. Rev. August M., second in Parochial School Case of ...... 279, 280 Bishopiot! Covinstonie ey. eee ke 107 Supreme Court of Ohio, cited ........... 197. ‘To.LEpDo, Supreme Court of Ohio, decision re- Area of: diocese: Of Meme semenns teisieiatss sl 101 specting Catherine Street Ceme- Erection) of dioceserol / ae ie eee oe 112 tery” Cincinnati ae re eee ee oe 314 Boundaries of diocese of ............. 112 Supremacy of England in the New Transfer of property by Jacob Dittoe Wiorld gl 7.63) acerca kobe cee 12 to bdward) Henwickie..s) aria 29 Symmes, Judge Cleves, Miami pur- Treaty of Paris (1763) provisions of...... 12 CHasesOLMrntiets Patiala sa teuas secre ews 115 ‘Troy, Ohio, organization of St. Patrick’s Synop, Chuech tyes shat Sey peat ft ae ele 153 Distinction between council and...... 208 ‘Trustees of the Roman Catholic Con- Of Cintinaates ISSR Pte ches 209 gregation, Cincinnati, deed of tac incinatinles nan ele. rae. 4 . 209 James Findlay to the ........... 522, 323 OMCincinnati 186 Sam meres aeers 210 —TSCHENHENS, REv.F. X., Of Cincinnati, 1865, legislation of ..... 210 At Cincinnati.........-.-. 0 sss sees 225 OE Cincimatl: 1868: 6 4-4 ceac<4 abn « 210, 211 At Norwalk, Ohio ............-..4.. 225 Second Diocesan of Cincinnati TWENTY-FOUR, CSE O) MmePte ie hekcitin cs ine See 210, 211 Company of thes. .12- 656.5... s ines 15 Purpose of Second Cincinnati Dio- AEST (3) i Rea ie Re alpegt a 211 Memoir of the Company of the........ 16 Legislation of Second Cincinnati Dio- Unterthiner, Rev. William,O.F.M.,cited.. 35 Pesan (ISSO) dh vr gunceme ald aa ok ae 211 Urbana, Ohio, Bishop Flaget at.......... 31 Second Cincinnati Diocesan (1886) Urbana Ohio, organization of St. Mary’s and the Purcelldebt................ 212 Church ......-.. 00s esses eee eee, 163 Third Diocesan of Cincinnati (1898).... 212 Ursuline Sisters (Charleston, S. C.), Legislation of Third Diocesan (1898), 212, 213 foundation at Cincinnati of......... 260 Fourth Diocesan of Cincinnati (1920) 213,214 URSULINE SisTERS, CINCINNATI, Synods, number of Cincinnati Diocesan... 214 History of the .........-..+.-.s+ee. 256 Invited to) @imeinatiy an selects ice renee PIM Territory, ordinance for the government ever ore Lele ine a ae a BS 238 Pein Stewie atin 12.13 En route to Cincinnati, at Paris........ 258 ‘The Barrel”, Miami Chief ............. PRON ret ae New Yon OF ALES a Tenee ae THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CINCINNATI, Ee vests oF jee Be IBEgInniN goles Beli See eer nanan oe 61 os an CEP Rae aces A gs bse Pauses ase IV EGCESSIEVZ OL te eo ieee thes iranian 61, 62 Foundation 1 aie Ponti OR or izoe Openingor (S20) Le, seer ee Soul ie Dente oviacadenty 11 Brown County Students pfi(18al) quis. es habeus) 65 SEAS UNER a ERS ie gpa tcaminare ue Ge i iiraticis ux avaee Incorporation of the Mesh ae ede eh 259 Seminary | Mount St. Mary Semis Institutions in Cincinnati diocese in coe charge) Of ii ga a te ee alae Pa ene 259 : re ; aye ? Academies conducted by the ......... 286 Third Provincial Council of Cincinnati URSULINE SISTERS (McMillan Street, (1861), cited He 3 San BNR aie 276, 277 Cincinnati), Thompson, Ohio, erection of Convent Establishment of the ............. 259, 260 : of Precious Blood Fathers at........ 235 Institutions in charge of .......... 259, 260 Tippecanoe City, Ohio, organization United States Catholic Miscellany, of St. John Baptist Church ....---... 153 cited: 12) dal MOMMA TONAL Riana 35, 60, 61 TITLE, Versailles, Ohio, organization of St. Esoquois, of Jand im Ohiows. sees fee 5 Denis), Chiurch see ae eee 157158 Of France’ to landiin Obios i. a0... ass ono Vestassailing vessel. Winsor emia ae ee 230 Of Great Britain to land in Ohio........ 5 Vickers-Purcell controversy ............ 82 Of spain tovlandinl@ bicameral 6 Victoria, Ohio, organization of St. Title to church property in Cincinnati Josephist@hurchyateyen esr aee 155 GIO CESE Wanna ecco eee eee nee kas 207 ~=s Village of ‘‘la Demoiselle’, Ohio.......... 10 Title to church property in Cincinnati VINCENNES, INDIANA, diocese, controversy concerning...... 175 Proposed erection of diocese of ....... 40, 55 HISTORY OF THE’ 430 [INDEX Page. Page. VINCENNES, INDIANA. Invitation to Society of Mary to come Suffragan diocese of Cincinnati ........ 102 to: Cincinnati frome aan eat 239 Erection of diocese of ...........-... 105 Catechismof ii Sue sas Wn hate ee 298 Bishops of ye hici5. ean erent els 105,106 West Chester, Ohio, organization of St. Transfer to Indianapolis of diocese of.. 106 Johti?s*Churehvaieear nis a aie eels 163 Division of diocese of ............ 108,214 West Jefferson, Ohio, organization, of Vindevoghle, Sister Frances, Colletine SS. Simon and Jude Church ........ 164 Poor Clare Nun at Cincinnati...... 63 Western invasions of Iroquois Indians... . 7 Virginia Military District, Ohio, settlers Western Sty scited coon ee eee 33, 34 $71 the pss 6 Seaweed Bre eee eee 118 Whelan, Rt. Rev. James, second Bishop Visit of La Salle to Ohio. :. 2.0... .2.0-.5- 6,7 of Nashivalleyas agen cs et ee ere 111 Visitation of Bishop Purcell at Gallipolis, 19,20 Whelan, Rt. Rev. James, biographical Visitation Church, Eaton, Ohio, organi- Notice OFM. wecla a Ae Aah neha eee 354 ZATION OF eae a0 enn aA Levees ers 154 WHITE, ALPHEUS, Volney, Cibedd gles Be eitit Mimeay Byane Meiers (enor 15 Architect of Athenaeum, Cincinnati.... 62 Transfer of remains of Bishop Fen- WAHRHEITSFREUND, a wick/to Cincinnati by 7 acu) ees 70 First Catholic German periodical in White Jolin: pioneer ‘Catholic lof ime United: States ins cpaiiuiteiey eae ease 295 ; : Prospectusjofthe tea see ee 297 aaa eS Ne GR rey een oo aa Purposes and aims.of)5:. ac +. hase mee oe 297 White man, La Salle, the first to pass Firsthisstie loftheinion tesco 297 Cincinnati ..........-..-..-+2++e. 6 Last issue of the ................. 297,298 Wilmington, Ohio, organization of St. Proceeds of publication to be used for Columbkille’s Church a iimntaie sieero te 163 German orphan boys of Cincinnati.. 301 W1!-Son, Rev. Tuomas, O.P., Waldhaus, Rev. Henry, in charge of deaf- Cited ee Aaa sike Se nee Re er eee 36 miUtess Cincintnations er ann ee es 306 Proposed Bishop for Cincinnati ...... 41, 42 Walnut Creek, Ohio, early Catholic Woop, Mosr Rev. JAMES FREDERIC, nettlement at ioton to eee poe eee ete 29 Proposed as coadjutor for Cincinnati.... 83 Walsh, Patrick, pioneer Catholic of Proposed as Bishop of Fort Wayne..... 109 Cincinnati ie aes een Leen tee 33,37 Promoter of First Provincial Council Wapakoneta, Ohio, organization of St. Of Cincinnatii() S55) same eer 214 Joseph’s Church at ...............- 157. Biographical notice of 00.207 an- aes ce 354 Ward, Robert S., pioneer Catholic of Worthington, Louis, gift of property for Cincinnati i Seen adnan ean a, 37 Good Samaritan Hospital from ...... 307 WarbENS, CHURCH, Wyandot Indians in Ohio.............. 5 Organization according to Third Pro- vincial Council of Cincinnati (1861).. 217 = Xenia, Ohio, organization of St. Brigid’s Legislation of Fourth Provincial Church i), 0 Oe ae ae are 162, 163 Council of Cincinnati (1882), con- CORNING oy dare oe ieee Ei 218, 219 Qualifications, of fins. .0s 44s ra aw 219 Yellow Springs, Ohio, organization of St. Washington, steamboat ...............: 49 Paul’s Church ..........- +202. 000 164 Washington C. H., Ohio, organization Young, Rt. Rev. Josue M., biographical of St.'Coliman’s Church.|...¢....... 163 noticetoty jean ek toes eee 354 Waterways of Ohio, navigable.......... 3 Young, Rev. Nicholas D., assistant to Watterson, Rt. Rev. John Ambrose, Father Fenwick in Ohio............ 29 second Bishop of Columbus..... 109,110 Young Ladies’ Literary Institute and Weld, Cardinal, influence in selection Boarding School, opened at Cin- of Purcell for Cincinnati of.......... 72 cinnati (1841) ......-..-.--.-++00- 254 WENINGER, Rxv. F. X., S.J., Young Ladies’ Literary Institute and Mission given by (1848)- ............. 170 Boarding School, Cincinnati, his- Invitation to the Brothers of the tory Of ic 8 neonate eeu ee 285 Christian Schools to come to Cin- Cinna ti Firosl) Saale aed eis Saree 239 Zane’s Trace, road in Ohio............ 50, 125 iii