1 i Digitized by tlie Internet Arcliive in 2013 littp://archive.org/cletails/meclicalclentalcolOOcutl I Medical and dental C()lle(;es of the West HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL .y ILLUSTRATED IN PHOTOGRAVURE AND STEEL CHICAGO EDITED BY H. G. CUTLER {Foniicr/v of fin' Medical Dcpartuwiit of Ibc Ncicbcrrv Library) CHICAGO THE OXFORD PUBLISHING COMPANY 1896 . iMWyPnnlingCol — » si 1 05,17731, ^^^,^„ COP ^^ - PREFACE The cause of education has made great progress within a comparatively recent period, because of its scientific classification into specialties, which is in line with that division of labor universally acknowledged to be one of the chief signs of the times. In accord, also, with the national requirement, intellectual training in America has been steadily tending toward the practical. With the development of the West and the formation of important metro- politan centers the demand for skilled professionals has attracted many educators from the East, and great colleges and hospitals have been established on home ground. Not only have the institutions of the Eastern States con- tributed to the founding and growth of our own, but the experience and learning of the Old World have assisted professional education in the West to its present high plane, whether considered theoretically or in its application to the practical duties of life. Neither is the phenomenal growth of Chicago evinced in any more striking manner than in the development of her facilities for furnishing students with the most modern medical training — Dentistry being included in the larger term of Medicine. Practitioners now, as well as pupils, come from all sections of the West to pursue special lines of study and investigation. In fact, no city in the country can offer more complete clinical advantages than Chicago, and the faculties of her colleges embrace not a few specialists whose fame is inter- national. Further, it is cause for just pride that not only have the practical energy and executive ability of her people already raised several of her insti- tutions to an unusual condition of material prosperity, but that from the intellectual vigor and foresight of her educators have sprung valued innova- tions in the methods of medical and dental instruction. It therefore seems appropriate that this remarkable progress should be traced historically and biographically. In furtherance of this plan the medical and dental institutions of Chicago are here presented in chronological order, those who have given them life and strength being grouped around the works with which they are most closely identified. In this class are included grad- lU iv PREFACE. uates not now connected with any faculty, but who have been thus identified, in times past, or who simply as practitioners have honored both profes- sion and Alma Mater. As a rule, also, members of the profession who have favored the publishers with the collegiate histories are those who have been as prominent as any in making those very records of which they write. Finally, the publishers are pleased to here acknowledge the many cour- tesies extended to them in the preparation of this work, and particularly the invaluable assistance rendered by the following: Norman Bridge, E. Fletcher Ingals, John B. Murphy, Truman VV. Brophy, Nathan Smith Davis, A. E. Hoadley, James H. Etheridge, John Edwin Rhodes, Samuel J. Jones, W. Franklin Coleman, Edgar D. Swain, John E. Oilman, Joseph S. Mitchell, Allen C. Cowperthwaite, Anson L. Clark, Marie J. Mergler and Frances Dickinson. THE OXFORD PUBLISHING COMPANY. CONTENTS. HISTORIES. Page Alexian Brothers' Hospitai 547 Augustan A Hospital 551 Battle Creek (Mich. ) Sanitarium 617 Bennett College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery. Eclecticism in Chicago 233 General History 235 Origin of the College. 236 First Course of Lectures (1869-70) 238 Charter Granted 238 Coming of the Great Fire , 239 First Permanent Building 240 The Hospital 240 The West Side Buildings 240 The Present Faculty 241 Chicago Baptist Hospital 553 Chicago College of Dental Surgery 409 Attempts at Founding a Dental College 411 Chicago Dental Infirmary Chartered (1883) 413 First Regular Session 413 The Chicago College of Dental Surgery (1884) 415 Innovations and Improvements 416 Growth by Statistics 419 Officers and Faculty for 1883- 1895 4^9 Changes in Location 423 Chicago Homeopathic College and Hospitai ■ 289 Organization in 1 876 291 A College Edifice 292 *Alphabetically arranged. vi CONTENTS. Page Growth of the Coheoje 292 Individual Mention 293 Homeopathy Recognized in Cook County 294 Central Homeopathic Free Dispensary 294 The Hospital 297 CniCAc;o Opiithalmtc College 511 CiiTCAco Policlinic 451 The Organization ( 1 886) . . 453 The Present Structure 454 Method of Instruction 455 College of Physicians and Surgeons 339 Preliminary Steps 341 The Original Faculty 342 First Regular Session (1882-83) 345 Permanent Faculty 345 History from 1882- 1890 346 The Reorganization of 1890 347 Increased Requirements for Admission 349 The Laboratory Buildings 350 Death of President Jackson ( 1893) 351 Death of President Farle ( 1894) 35^ The Present Curriculum .„ 352 Purchase of Post-Graduate Building (1896) 353 Columbus Medical LABoRAroRv 537 Cook County Hospitai 547 German Hospital of CiiiCACio -. 552 Hahnemann Medical College and Hospitai 199 Preliminary 201 First Officers and Course of Lectures ( 1 860) 202 First Removal ( 1 868) 202 Permanent Home ( 1 870) 203 The Scammon Hospital 204 Faculty 1 86 1 - 1 876 205 The Building of 1870 Outgrown , . 206 The Hahnemann (Scammon) Hospital 207 New Hospital Building 212 Resume 212 CONTENTS. vii Pagic Harvev Medical College 493 A Demand Met . , 495 Organization ( 1 89 1 ) _ 495 Rapid Growth 495 General Plan 496 Present Officers and Faculty 499 Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary 544 Illinois Medical College 521 Illinois Training School for Nurses 548 Lake Geneva Sanatorium 637 Mary Thompson Hospital for Women and Children 546 Mercy Hospital.' 541 Michael Reese Hospital 548 Northwestern University Dental School 437 School Founded (1887) 439 The Curriculum 440 First Graduating Class ( 1 890) 442 Affiliation and Reorganization (1891) 442 Growth During 1891-1896 443 Present Accommodations 444 Consolidation with American School of Dentistry 444 The Faculty 1 887- 1 896 445 Nortliwestern University Medical School 155 Four Reforms in Medical Education 157 The First Meeting 159 Founders of the School 160 The First Year 161 Becomes an Independent Organization 163 A Department of Northwestern University 163 Erect a More Commodious Building (1870) 164 Clinics at Mercy Hospital 164 Extension of Clinical Instruction 165 Extension of Curriculum 166 A Post-Graduate Course Established 166 Present School Buildings 166 Prenest Clinical Advantages. . 168 viii CONTENTS. Page The Curriculum in General 169 The Faculty (1859- 1896) 170 Growth of the School (1859- 1895) ■ ^75 Northwestern University W(.)man's Medicat School 253 Founders of the School 255 The College Founded (1870) 256 Its Own Building 256 Faculty for 1873- 1874 257 Faculty for 1877-1878 258 Another College Building 258 Women Admitted to Competitive Examinations 258 The Edifice of 1 890 259 Alliance with the Northwestern University 259 Financial Support 260 Growth of the School 261 Present Condition, and Faculty of 1893-94 263 Oakwood Strings Sanitarium 611 Passavant Memorial (Emergency) Hosittai 544 Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospitai 457 General Demand for a School 459 The Policlinic Established 459 The New Post-Graduate School 460 The First School Building 460 The Second Permanent Building 461 Officers and Official Record of the School 461 7 /if jVo/i// American Practitioner 467 Hospital and School Clinics 467 Attendance by Years 468 Latest Official Home , 468 Presbyterian Hospital , 551 Rush Medical College xix Chicago in 1 836 , i Dr. Brainard Appears 2 The First College Course 3 Three Years of College Life 6 The Fifth Session ( 1 847-48) 9 CONTENTS. ix Page Chicago and Rush College in 1849 9 A Medical School Scandal 11 History During 1850-55 12 Defense of Hospital- Ward Clinical Work 14 From 1857 to 1859 14 An Offshoot from Rush 14 Summer School of Medicine 16 During War Times 17 Faculty Changes and Building Addition (1866-67) 18 Death of Dr. Brainard 19 " Professor Moses Gunn 20 Drs. J. P. Ross and Charles T. Parkes 21 Spring Courses and Changes in Faculty 21 Retirement of Dr. Blaney 22 Work of the Great Fire 22 College ' ' Under the Sidewalk " 24 The Structure of 1876 24 The Spring Faculty .... . . = 26 Faculty Changes — Death of President Freer (1877) 29 Increase of Clinical Work (1877) 30 Professor W. H. Byford (1879) 34 Death Record for 1887- 1890 34 Professor Jonathan A. Allen 37 Faculty Changes 1889- 1891 t,'] Chicago College of Dental Surgery 38 University Alliances 41 Conditions for Admission 42 Reforms in the Curriculum 45 Graded Studies 48 Degrees and Prizes 51 The Laboratory Building 55 The Presbyterian Hospital 56 Post-Graduate Instruction 63 The College Spirit 63 A Resume 69 Present Trustees and Faculty 71 St. Elizabeth Hosptfai 552 St. Joseph's Hospitai 548 St. Luke's Hospital . ' '. 545 X CONTENTS. Page Streeter Hospitai , 538 U. S. Marine Hospitat , 542 Wesley HosprrAi 552 BIOGRAPHIES. J. Adams Allen (deceased) 78 Edmund Andrews 183 John James May Angear 524 Elmer E. Babcock 592 Gideon yon Bachelle , 134 Samuel C. Beach 132 Felix Behrendt 576 Wm. T. Belfield 1 10 Boerne Bettman 388 Arthur D. Beyan 120 Seth Scott Bish( )P 487 Odelia Blinn 605 Martha Almina Bowerman 231 Norman Bridge 95 C. E. Brinckerhoff 402 Almon Brooks 578 Truman W. Brophy 427 Daniel R. Brower 112 Heman H. Brown 533 James P. Buck 561 George Frank Butler 392 Henry T. Byford '; 382 Wm. Heath Byford (deceased) 265 Anson Luman Clark 243 Charles Merrill Clark 566 W. Franklin Coleman 470 John Columbus Cook 197 Wm. L. Copeland 432 Alphonso L. C( )RY - 1 46 Alfred C. Cotton 114 Allen C. C^owperthwaite 301 Charles Gilbert Davis 555 Nathan Smith Dayis ijy Thomas Archibald Dayis 387 CONTENTS. xi Paue Richard Dewey 472 Frances Dickinson 502 John M. Dodson 119 Charles Warrington Earle (deceased). ... 354 Rosa Engelmann. . . • , 480 James H. Etheridge 90 Frederick Evere;tt 32= 375 Francis D. Holbrook 333 Edward E. Holman 223 Edward L. Holmes 49 Samuel J, Jones 191 John H. Kellogg 630 Oscar A. King 369 Reuben Ludlam 215 Augustus F. McKay 583 Alex. S. McLellan 567 Hiram M. Martin 519 Marie J. Mergler 277 ILLUSTRATIONS. xvii Page DeLaskie Miller 83 Wm. T. Montgomery 2 S i Daniel T. Nelson , 87 Thomas T. Oliver . , , 589 NoRVAL H. Pierce. 485 Edwin H . Pratt y 2 1 Wm. E. Quine 365 John E. Rhodes 123 Byron Robinson 529 Eliza H. Root , 285 Benjamin Rush xxi Prudence B. Saur 579 Nicholas Senn 97 Emelie K. Siegmund 337 J. Charles Antliony Stamm 137 Daniel A. K. Steele 361 Walter A. Stevens . , 593 Willis C. Stone 127 John W. Streeter 317 Warren M. Sweetland 1 49 Adelbert H. Tagert 143 A. D. Tagert 603 Jay J. Thompson 325 Mary Harris TH(l^^'S()N 273 Wm. p. Verity 481 Lucy Waite . , 509 James White 629 Rush Medical College BENJAMIN RUSH, M. D. / *\- History of Rush Medical College BY NORMAN BRIDGE, A. M., M. D., AND JOHN EDWIN RHODES, A. M., M. D. CHICAGO IN 1836. It was Anno Domini, 1836. The village of Chicago was astir. Citizen Eli B. Williams was president of the board of trustees that had governed since August, 1833, and there was good reason for the village to be astir and alert; but the activity was that which comes of the enthusiasm of success, and the alertness was to make the most of opportunities that were at hand, not to ward of[ disaster in the face of a losing battle. The battle was there, but with victory. Since the village organization, three years before, the population had in- creased more than seventeen-fold; every eight months it had more than doubled, and it was now three thousand souls. People seemed to come from every- where — they came by steamboat from across the lake, around the head of the lake by wagons and by the semi-weekly stage, often through the annoyance and hardships of a sea of mud, for there were no railroads or even good wagon roads. It was like the growth of a mining camp — the people felt the touch of destiny upon them. But it was of a modest destiny. They would jiut on airs after three years of village life and become a city, and must, they said, event- ually number a hundred thousand. They were planning to send a delegation to Vandalia, the capital of the State, with a petition to the forthcoming session of the Legislature for a city charter. Yet they had not a rod of street pavement, and their sidewalks were of wood, uneven and shaky. When it rained mud was everywhere, teams often becoming stalled in the chief streets — notably Lake Street, near Clark, where more than once a "No bottom" placard was seen, and an old hat with the x.^'^^k RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. words, "Keep away, I went down here." The sidewalks themselves would often gush dirty water at the tread of a ju-destrian. There were no sewers, not even a common drain, and the public water supply was through a service of pails, barrels and other containers from the lake and river. Two rude bridges spanned the creek — the Chicago River — along the banks of which the primeval trees and shrubbery were still mostly undisturbed. The houses and other buildings were of wood, and built with an evident purpose to make them tenantable at the earliest possible moment. But the country back of the town was fertile, inviting and great, and a canal was to be dug to connect the lake and the Mississippi. Prosperity was at hand; these people would have a charter and be a city, and, even in those days, to determine was to do.' ' DR. BRAINARI) AITEARS. One of the accessions of that year was a young doctor from the E^ast, who had two years before left his Alma Mater, the Jefferson Medical College, at his twenty-second year, with the full measure of lore and wisdom of the graduate of that day, and with an unusual amount of professional ambition and executive force. With a fine presence, dignified, and a trifle austere, but active and industrious, he was bound to succeed and to lead. He had come with an ambition that had seized many another young practitioner, a desire to teach his science and art to the rising profession. Such an ambition seems to be nearly inevitable to every young man eager even for his own professional develop- ment. In a crude and growing town in a new country it meant the organi- zation of a medical school, and Daniel Brainard would not be slow to seize an opportunity. He did seize it; he would have a charter, also, and so the Winter of 1836-37 gave a charter to the City of Chicago and one to Rush Medical College. Dr. J. C. Goodhue materially aided in procuring the charter. Its issue by the Legislature antedated that of the City of Chicago by several days. The selection of the name was characteristic of Brainard. Rush had not only been a leader among physicians, but a leader among men, and had signed the Declaration of Independence; his euphonious name had all good associations and no bad ones, and it would serve the purpose well. DANIEL BRAINARD, M. D. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. ■ 3 After the charter* was secured, the practical chfficulties of f()undin<4 a medical college, even for that time, became more than ever apjiarent. It would not do to start till it could have a faculty respectable in numbers and ability, and some students, to say nothing of a suitable building and equipment. There was a college in Indiana that would be an active rival of this one, besides other personal efforts at medical teaching in neighboring towns, and the school must not be inaugurated until it could be sustained. But the greatest obstacle of all was the hard times. This is an experience that comes to organized society periodically, and in 1837 it settled down over the whole country like a pall. Most of the people were really poor and the few who had property in Chicago found themselves so cramped for ready funds that they were unable to devote a dollar to any cause or institution not an absolute necessity. Many were willing to help start the college, but they could not. Although Brainard soon began to teach anatomy and surgery privately to a few students, he and the friends of the movement did not feel secure in launching the college as an actuality till the Autumn of 1843, and then half of the faculty had to be brought from distant towns. Dr. John McLean, Profes- sor of Theory and Practice of Medicine, coming from his home in Jackson, Mich., Professor M. L. Knapp, of the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, coming from Waynesville, 111., to deliver hurriedly their courses of lectures and return home. Professor James V. Z. Blaney, Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica, was the only member of the faculty besides Brainard who resided in Chicago. Some appointments of professors made by the trustees at a previous time, in anticipation of the opening of the school, were revoked at a meeting held on October 14 of this year, and the facult}^ finall}- announced was appointed. Some vacancies had occurred in the board of trustees in the six years the organization had lain dormant, and these also were iilled at this meeting. THE FIRST COLLEGE COURSE. The first annual announcement of the Rush Medical College was issued about the end of October, 1843. It was a four-paged leaflet, the pages meas- uring four by six and one-half inches, and set forth modestly, among other things, and with some errors of typography, that: "The Rush Medical College was chartered by the Legislature of Illinois in 1837, but its organization has been deferred to the present time, when the interest of the medical profession requires its being carried into full operation. The superior facilities for medical instruction presented by Chicago cannot be denied by anyone acquainted with *This is the first charter of an educational institution granted by the Legislature of the State, as it is the oldest charter under which any school of any sort is now in operation in Illinois. 4 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE the different towns in this region. Tlic trustees have determined to lay the foundation of a medieal school whose means of teaching shall be ample in all the different branches, which shall be permanent and adecjuate to the wants of the community; which shall in all respects advance the interests and honor of the profession," etc. "Abundant means of instruction in anatomy have, for several years past, been furnished in Chicago," etc. The session was to begin on December 4, 1S43, and continue sixteen weeks. The requirements lor the degree of Doctor of Medicine were: Three years of study with a respectable physician, two courses of lectures, the last in this school (two years of practice to be accepted in lieu of one course); the candi- date to be tv/enty-one years old, to have a good moral character and to present a thesis on some medical subject, of his own composition and in his own hand- writing, which should be approved by the faculty.* The regular fees aggregated $65 and the graduating fee was $20. The first course was delivered to a class of twenty-two students, of whom one received at Commencement the ordinary degree of Doctor of Medicine. The honorary degree was conferred on two practitioners. The lecture room was one of the apartments of Dr. Brainard's office, in a wooden building, at present No. 49 South Clark Street, near Randolph. A shed in the rear served for a dissecting room, and rude benches for seats. Brainard's address, introductory to this course, was dignified in tone and masterful in scope and treatment. He discussed the general subject of medi- cal education, and touched upon the question then agitating the profession, of the creation of a National Board of Examiners for the medical students seek- ing diplomas. His conclusion was that there was no legal power to appoint such a board. His final words deserve quoting in full: "We believe the school we this day open is destined to rank among the permanent institutions of the State. It will pass in time into other and better hands; it will live on, identified with the interests of a great and prosperous city."f The teaching of the first course was all done by four men, and there is * The Faculty was as follows: Daniel Brainard, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Sur- gery ; James V. Z. Blaney, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica ; John McLean, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine ; M. L. Knapp, M. D., Professor of Ob- stetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. The Board of Trustees consisted of : William B. Ogden, President ; Grant Goodrich, Secretary ; T. W". Smith, James H. Collins, Justin Butterfield, E. S. Kimberly, M. D., Hon. John D. Caton, Rev. S. S. Whitman, J. H. Kinzie, E. D. Taylor, Mark Skinner, John Gage, Julius Wadsworth, Hugh T. Dickey, Walter L. New- berry, George W^ Snow, Norman E. Judd. Executive Officers : Hon. Thomas Ford, Gov- ernor ; Hon. John Moore, Lieutenant Governor ; Hon. Samuel Hackleton, Speaker House of Representatives. |The city at the time of the opening of the college had a population of 7,850; 129 deaths had occurred during 1843. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 5 nothing to indicate that the subject of physiology was taught at all, although it was probably more or less dwelt upon by the teacher of Practice of Medicine. There were delivered each day, on an average, four lectures, the non-resident professors being naturally anxious to finish their work and get back home at the earliest moment possible. Anatomy was well taught, with dissections, but chemistry was taught wholly theoretically. The first announcement stated that good board and room could be ob- FIRST LECTURE ROOM (DR. BRAINARD'S OFFICE). tained in Chicago at from $2 to $2.50 per week. In(}uircrs were referred for information to Professor Brainard in Chicago, Professor McLean in Jackson, Mich., and Professor Knapp in Waynesville, 111. Students were recommcMided to bring with them a standard work on each of the branches taught. During the Summer of 1S44 a building for the college was erected at the southeast corner of Indiana and Dearborn streets, at a cost of $3,500. A lot had been given for the juirpose by a number of generous citizens. The building was a one-story wooden structure, with a circular roof having a sky- 6 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. light in the center, that gave an appearance at a distance and in a picture that suggested to the late Professor Allen ( ' 'Uncle" of a generation of stu- dents and graduates) the name of the "rat-trap." The building had a lecture room with seats in amphitheater arrangement, and ante-rooms, dissecting room and chemical laboratory, and, although rude, and cheap, was, for that day, truly sumptuous. This building was to serve without change for eleven years. The cost of the structure was defrayed "partly by loan, partly by subscrip- tion, and the remainder made u]i hy the faculty. " THREE YEARS OF COLLEGE LIFE. The second course ot lectures was given in the new building. Dr. Austin Flint, later of Buffalo, and finally of the City of New York, with fame and honors, had become Professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine. The word institutes sounds queer in our end-of-the-century ears, but then, as now, it meant the " prmciples " of medical science. Flint delivered the address introductory to this course, and took for his subject, "The Reciprocal Duties and Obligations of the Medical Profession and the Public, " and uttered many of the doctrines of ethics which, later, were incorporated into the code of the American Medical Association. Dr. McLean became Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Dr. Graham N. Fitch, of Logansport, Ind. , took the place of Professor Knapp in the chair of Obstetrics, etc., and Blaney was relieved of all but the Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy. Dr. W. B. Herrick became Lecturer on Anatomy, thus allowing Brainard to devote his energies exclusively to Surgery. This year witnessed the omission from the published list of trustees the names of J. D. Caton, Rev. S. S. Whitman and E. D. Taylor. The name of Daniel Brainard, President of the College, as an cx-ojjicio member of the board here appears for the first time. It was in accordance with a provision of the charter, but was omitted from the first annual announcement. The course was a successful one. Forty-six students attended, one coming from the territory of Iowa and one from the territory of Wisconsin, and there were at the close eleven new graduates. The third annual circular, entitled the "Announcement and Catalogue of Rush Medical College," was issued in the Summer of 1845, and bore the imprint, as for a 3-ear or more other college publications had, of a printing firm in "The Saloon Building, southeast corner Clark and Lake streets." It was an eight-page 8" pamphlet, the first page of the cover displa3'ing a cut of the college building, and on its back contained an advertisement of the Illinois Medical mid Surgical Joiinial. It heralded the fourth number of its second volume, and Professor Blaney was its editor. The price was a dollar a year, ' ' all communications to be directed to the editor postpaid, " and all subscriptions RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. were ' 'to be sent in advance, free of postage. " We learn also from the advertising pages that Messrs. S. F. Gale & Co. were booksellers and stationers at No. 146 Lake Street. From the board of trustees the names of T. W. Smith and Gage had disappeared. Brainard was announced in the faculty for the first time as "President and Professor of Surgery;" Herrick became Professor of General and Descriptive Anatomy; Flint had gone off to more inviting holds in the FI^ST COLLEGE BUILDING (1844). East, and was succeeded by Professor Fitch, who resigned the chair of Obstetrics, etc., to Dr. John Evans, of Attica, Indiana. The fees for the respective departments were separate, for each of the six branches $io, which, with the matriculation ticket, aggregated $65. The dissecting ticket was $5, and coupled with its announcement was this remarkable statement: "This is optional with the student to take or decline, but it is strongly recommended that each student practice dissection at least once during his course of studies." One is left in wonder whether this hesitation is due to 8 RUSH ATE Die A L COLLEGE. some debasing influence of rival schools or to difficulty, through popular preju- dice, in procuring material. Brainard, anatomist that he was, must have felt a sense of outrage at the need of such a letting down; the necessity was dire indeed that could bring him to it. The college, we are told, had among additions to its apparatus "a fine microscope of sufficient power to exhibit the blood of globules, spermatic animal- culge, the elementary tissues and pathological structures. " Good board and room, with fuel, lights and attendance, could be had in Chicago for $1.50 to $2 per week — so said the circular. Students were referred to resident members of the faculty and to Fitch at Logansport, Evans at Attica, Indiana, and McLean at Jackson, Michigan. Still one-half of the faculty resided and practiced, except during a; few weeks in the Winter, outside the State of Illinois, and yet Chicago, in 1845, has a population of over twelve thousand souls (12,088). During the session of 1846-47 there were exhibited to the class fifty-one surgical cases and operations; so the college surgical clinic was growing. Here was an average of more than three cases for each week of the term. Among the students at this term appeared Joseph W. Freer, who, a third of a century afterward, dies full of years and usefulness, President of the College, and Ephraim Ingals, destined also to serve the institution for many years and in manifold directions, and to long outlive his fellow student. Seventy students were enrolled at this session. The fifth annual announcement, issued in 1847, ^^ve a list of Curators,* with- out any statement of their duties, if they had any. They were representative mem- bers of the profession in seven different towns of the Northwest, and, like the collaborators of some modern medical journals, were simply a list of strong men willing to be announced as friends of the institution; for, in that day of struggle, it needed friends if it ever did. The list of Curators was published only two or three years. Now, at the end of four years of college life, is announced the establishment of a public hospital to be under the care of the members of the faculty, "who will give a regular course of clinical instruction." From December i, 1846, to June 23, following, four hundred and forty-two cases had attended at the hospital and the dispensary connected with it. Probably a large majority of the cases were those of the dispensary. During the season following we learn that there were eighty patients in the hospital at one time. During this year no changes occurred in the faculty, and none in the fees *Theywere: Drs. L. D. Boone, Chicago; Geo. Hulett, Rockton, 111. ; J. Brinckerhoff, Chi- cago; R. S. Malony, Belvidere, III; E. S. Kimberly, Chicago; S. B. Thayer, Battle Creek, Mich.; C. V. Dyer, Chicago; Oliver Everett, Dixon, III; P. Maxwell, Chicago; Geo. Haskell, Rockford, 111.; D. G. Clark, Beloit, Wis. Ter. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 9 or other requirements. But students were told that "a credit of one year will be given on Professors' tickets, if secured by endorsed notes." A Summer course of instruction was promised for the season of 1848, but it did not materialize in any notable success. THE FIFTH SESSION ( 1 847-48). There were in attendance during the fifth session (1847-48), one hundred and forty-two students, and thirty-three were graduated at its close. An addition to the college, to provide ampler facilities for dissecting, was made in the Fall of 1847. During the Summer of 1848 it was determined to establish a chair of Physiology and Pathology, although it was not filled at once, and was left blank in the annual announcement. No changes were made in the personnel of the faculty except the appointment of Dr. J. B. Herrick, a brother of Professor Wm. B. Herrick, as Demonstrator of Anatomy, but Dr. Geo. Haskell was dropped from the list of Curators. The announcement says that during the ensuing term there would be seven lectures daily, including one hour in the morning, at the Chicago Hospital. Students were advised to apply for infor- mation to Professor Brainard, to Professor Evans, who had moved to Indianapolis, and to Dr. J. B. Herrick, at Vandalia. The college had an eye to business as well as to dignity, and now reduced the munificence of its favors to impecunious students. It announced that this year ' ' a credit of twelve months will be given for half the Professor's ticket only, if secured by a joint note bearing interest. " The following year the con- ditions of credit to students were again changed, and made to read as follows: "A twelve-month credit given on a secured note bearing interest. A reduction of one dollar on each ticket will be made to those who pay in advance." The lecture course began on the first Monday in November, a month later than usual, and continued sixteen weeks. One hundred students attended, of whom twenty-one were graduated. A Spring course of lectures was announced to begin on the last Monday in February, 1849, soon after the close of the Winter course, and to continue eight weeks. Professor W. B. Herrick was to lecture on Practical Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, and Professor Brainard on Clinical Medicine and Surgery, and Auscultation and Percussion. The fee for each teacher was $10. There is no doubt this course was given, but to how large a class we are unable to say. CHICAGO AND RUSH COLLEGE IN 1 849. Chicago was now — in the year 1849 — increasing rapidly in population, more than twenty per cent, having been added in a single year (so that the pop- ulation had reached twenty-three thousand). Business was correspondingly active. lo. - RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Its stirrino; men were then, as afterward, reaching out for every advantage. New and fresh blood and talent were sought for Rush Medical College, and Dr. N. S. Davis came from New York City to be Professor of Physiology and Pathology, and Professor Thomas Spencer, previously of the Geneva Medical College, from Geneva, N. Y. , to take the place of Dr. G. N. Fitch in the chair of Principles and Practice of Medicine. The bow of the new professors is made for them by the college announce- ment in the following fashion: "It may be added that he (Professor Spencer) is familiar with the various forms of ' Malarious ' diseases, from observation in the Western States, as well as in the district of his former practice. " Dr. Davis, "late editor of the New York Anna/ isf," etc., "was the originator of a plan for a National Association whose influence in the cause of reform and improvement has already been beneficially felt." In the new Western country, at this time, ague and other forms of malarial disease were remarkably prevalent. Nearly everybody had it sooner or later, and a doctor, young or old, was of little account to the people if he could not combat that class of disorders. The only good treatment was that of quinine, l)ut for some unaccountable reason* not all doctors used it; so there was a vast ditlerence in the success of different practitioners, and those who were bold enough to use quinine in large, albeit safe, doses, were much sought and very prosperous. Of course the effect of cinchona bark on malarious diseases was well enough known to everyone who had given any study to the science of medicine, but the diagnostic powers of many of the early practitioners were probably not very discriminating, educated as they had been without scientific clinical instruction. Many cases of malarial disease, supposed not to be such, were allowed to go untreated with quinine; and then many physicians had brought from the East a fear of the effect of large doses, and were timid. A doctor with Western experience and boldness in the use of the drug outshone them at once, and captured their business without intending to. An old practitioner, long since retired, a few years ago boasted that about the time in question he was one of the first physicians practicing along the Wabash River to use the quinine treatment for chills and fever. It was to be expected that the college would impress on the public and profession that it could deal with this subject. Not only was the new Professor of Medicine capable in this line, but the annual circular said there had been one hundred and forty cases of malarial disease treated in the college and hospital the previous year, or thirty-seven per centum of the entire number in the city. In the annual circular issued in 1849, students were referred for information *One reason lay in the difficulty in getting the money to buy it. It used sometimes to cost $5 an oz. Five dollars then was equal to the King's exchequer now. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. - ii to Drs. Brainard, Blaney, Herrick and Evans, at Chicago, McLean, at Jackson, Mich., Spencer, at Syracuse, N. Y. , Davis, at New York City, and Herrick, at Vandaha. The session of 1849-50 began on Monday, October 15, two weeks earher than usual It witnessed an attendance of one hundred and four students, of whom forty-two were graduated at its close. Thus the classes were gradually increasing; the college was becoming more favorably known each year, and the clinical work, especially in the demonstrative branch of surgery, might fairly have been expected to increase in even a greater ratio. Yet, curiously, this was not the case, for in the session of 1846-47, the number of operations before the class was 51; in that of 1847-48, there were 50; in 1848-49, l)ut 57, and in that of 1849-50, only 39. In those four years the city doubled in population and reached more than twenty-eight thousand souls; there must have been an increasing class of indigent people to whom free surgical services would be a great boon; the surgeon was the most renowned and able in the whole Northwest, and yet the college clinical work actually decreased. The explanation is difficult. Was it due to the sharp line the surgeon drew between those able and those unable to pay, and the rejection of the former class entirely? Or was there in the growing town an increasing prejudice against a medical college on the part of the poor? Certainly it was not due to lack of fame or skill on the part of the professor. A MEDICAL SCHOOL SCANDAL. About this time the community a few miles west of Chicago was greatly scan- dalized by the discovery that a private medical school at St. Charles had in its anatomy room, and perhaps partly dissected, the body of a young lady from a prominent family, with hosts of friends, that had been taken from a grave near Sycamore, 111. The despoilment of the grave had been discovered soon after the burial. On a hurried investigation suspicion rested upon this school, and a large posse of citizens marched to the place, demanded the body, and, failing to get satisfaction, promptly stormed the premises with stones — they had fire- arms but refrained from using them. The principal and a few students made a vigorous defense, but on several of them being wounded, the principal him- self being one of the number, they finally made terms by promising that the body should be found at a designated spot not far distant at a hxed hour the following day; whereupon the posse withdrew. The agreement was faithfully car- ried out and the excitement finally subsided, but it could not fail to have reached and influenced the public sentiment of Chicago, and the whole country for that matter, and to have created a prejudice against medical schools everywhere. Through a century of medical teaching in this country it has been the mis- fortune of the study of human anatomy that ardent, often unscrupulous men, 12 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. have occasionally violated the proprieties and needlessly shock public sentiment by exhuming subjects, where, if known, the feelings of the living would be out- raged. Rush College has more than once suffered directly or indirectly in this way. Such occurrences have helped to wring from a reluctant public wholesome anatomy laws, but probably gentler infiuences alone would have sooner or later attained the same end. Whatever excuse, if any, there may have been for the foolhardiness of some of the body-snatchers, there was always some extenuation for the anatomists in the baseness of the law, if not of the courts, that made it an offense for a surgeon to be wanting in a knowledge that it was a crime for him to gain. iiiS'rok\' FOR 1850-52. The next announcement of the college, the eighth annual, issued in the Summer of 1850, contained a number of innovations. The opening of the course was set back again to the beginning of November. I3eyond the appointment of Dr. John W. Freer to be Demonstrator of Anatomy, ever J. B. Herrick, no changes occurred in the faculty. "The College Clinique" (sic), it was declared, ' 'and the dissecting room will be open on the second Monday of (3ctober, " etc. The conditions of the graduation were re-stated and put more systematically and clearly. The thesis "of his own composition and in his own handwriting" was changed to "written by himself." "Graduates of other respectable schools of medicine will l)e entitled to an Ad Eu7idem degree by passing a satisfactory examination, paying the graduation fee and giving evidence of good moral and social character." The most striking innovation, however, was a marked reduction in the fees that was made in this and two following years, and an argument in favor, or in justification of it, in such terms as to indicate that a new theory of the highest purpose of a medical college for the general good had been adopted by the faculty and trustees, or that they had concluded to make this experiment in the hope of advancing the fortunes of the institution. The original fees of $65 were cut down to $35; the dissecting ticket was $5, and the tickets of matriculation and for clinical work in the hospital were free. All graduates of respectable schools might attend free. The reduction, it was stated, was to enable men ' 'who will practice medicine to properly qualify themselves;" "and to get rid of the many evils attached to the system of credits which has been too long practiced by the medical schools of the Northwest," etc. "No credit will be given for lecture fees unless by special agreement with the secretary of the faculty.*" The next year a hospital ticket of $5 was added to the list of fees, with *The secretary of tlie faculty was now Dr. N. S. Davis, who continued to occupy the position till his resignation from the college in 1859. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 13 the distinct disclaimer that the money went to the hospital and not to the college. But the following year (1852) the general tickets were reduced to $25, but "must be paid invariably in advance by all except those who have previously attended two full courses in this institution." The reduction of fees, it was explained, was continued as a further "step toward that system of free instruction to which they," the faculty, "have for several years aspired." The fact that the classes had been reduced since the fees were, was com- mented on as showing that the opposite effect to that predicted by many had resulted; better men had come, and the multiplication of schools had been stopped. "These certainly," said the circular, "are gratifying results." The United States Marine Hospital, on the east side of Michigan Avenue, near River Street, was, in the Summer of 1850, approaching completion. "The Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes" had been chartered by the Legislature in an extra session that had just been held. The hospital had been organized, and included a lying-in department, from which much was hoped by way of instruction, and the usual college "clinique" in both medi- cine and surgery was to go on in this institution. The hospital was opened in the old Lake House, corner of North Water and Rush streets. Professor Brainard had charge of the surgical service and Professor Davis of the medical. Professor Spencer did not continue lecturing beyond the single term of 1850-51, and was announced the next year, and until 1857, as Emeritus Professor. Dr. N. S. Davis became Professor of Pathology, Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine; Dr. W. B. Herrick assumed the department of Physiology, and Professor Brainard was announced as Professor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. Professor Herrick had charge of the United States Marine Hospital. Now, for the first time, the work of each department in the college was outlined in the announcement. Under Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children we read that the "new doctrine of menstruation and ovulation" would "be discussed." Professor Davis was to lecture daily throughout the term and also meet the hospital class in the wards of the hospital ' 'at a stated hour each day, Sunday always excepted." The conditions of graduation were made to include a hospital attendance of at least one term. The next year the Hospital of the Lakes passed under the care of the Sisters of Mercy of the Catholic Church, to be called thereafter Mercy Hospital. In 1855 Professor Herrick had given up the teaching of Anatomy, and this had been assumed by Dr. Joseph W. Freer. Dr. Hosmer A. Johnson became Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Jurisprudence, and Dr. Edmund Andrews, Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy and Demonstrator. The fees were raised to $35, without comment in the announcement. 14 . RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. This year the college edifice was rebuilt — remodeled and greatly enlarged — at an expense of some $15,000. It now had a capacity of two hundred and fifty students without crowding, and was in many ways more convenient than the old building. The money was obtained by the issue of bonds, which were mostly subscribed for by the faculty. DEFENSE OF THE IK )SPITAE- WARD CLINICAL WORK. The fourteenth annual announcement, issued in 1856, contained a defense of the hospital-ward clinical work against detractors. Who the detractors were is not stated, but they could not have been of the general public. They were probably professional and most likely in the interest of rival schools, for the argument is used against them that out of an average class of one hundred and fifteen students, at least seventy-five had taken the hospital ticket. This argument would have been worthless against any sort of disparagement but that of some rival school that was itself powerless to give such instruction. The incident, trifiing as it was, shows the straits to which competition at that day had forced struggling schools. There were no changes in the faculty in 1856 save the appointment of Dr. J. H. Hollister as Demonstrator of Anatomy, instead of Dr. Andrews. FROM 1857-59. The year 1857 witnessed several important changes in the faculty. Professor Evans retired from practice for other pursuits that have since brought him fortune and fame. Professor Herrick ceased lecturing on account of ill health and was made an Emeritus Professor. Dr. William Heath Byford, previously of Evansville, Indiana, became Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, and Professor H. A. Johnson was transferred to the chair of Physiology and Pathology. Dr. John H. Rauch came from Burlington, Iowa, to be Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Jurisprudence. The Spring course of instruction, which had for some years been dormant, was, in 1859, taken up in earnest and a session announced for the Spring and early Summer, the instruction to be given by Professors Brainard, Davis, Freer, Byford and Rauch. AN OFFSHOOT FROM RUSH. This year of 1859 witnessed (manifestly after the Spring course program was made) several important changes in the faculty. A disagreement existed between the president and the secretary of the college, and perhaps extended to others also, as to the policy and course of instruction in the institution. There were besides "diverse incompatibilities" that were personal. Both were men of strong characteristics and fixed notions and beliefs. Davis and his partv were in favor, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 15 amon^^ other things, of a graded course of instruction; Brainard and others were opposed to it. Davis resigned, and with him Byford, Johnson and Hoilister. They, with others, founded at once a rival institution, known to history as the Chicago Medical College. The seceding members took with them the clinical service of Mercy Hospital. To fill the vacant chairs, Dr. Jonathan Adams Allen was called to that of Medicine from a similar position in the University of Michigan; Dr. DeLaskie THE BUILDING OF 1855, Miller, of Chicago, to that of Obstetrics, etc. ; Dr. A. S. Hudson, of Iowa, to that of Physiology, etc.; Dr. Ephraim Ingals became Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Jurisprudence, instead of Dr. l^auch. Dr. R. L. Rea, previously Demonstrator in the Ohio Medical College, became Professor of Anatom}' in the place of Professor Freer, transferred to the new department of Surgical and Microscopic Anatomy. The organization of the Chicago Medical College as an offshoot from Rush is an interesting historical episode. It created, for the benefit of both, a laud- 1 6 RUSH JlfEDICAL COLLEGE. able rivalry between two companies of earnest men; a rivalry not disturbed by another like factor for twenty years. The rivalry was of a manly sort and as free from acerbity as business competitors usually arc. With the enormous growth of the city and of the character of medical teaching, with the recession into the past of the ' ' diverse incompatibilities, " and with the mixing somewhat of the blood of the two companies, the rivalry has, in these later years, come to be marked by such magnanimity as makes every man larger whom it touches. The graded course of instruction was a sort of shibboleth, and as such was useful, but otherwise was of little consequence to the new school, for while it made the study and graduation easier for the student, it did not add to the substance taught, or to the requirements or ecpiipments of the student. The graded course was nnj^ortant only when, a quarter of a century later, higher and better work in the schools t)f the great centers of the country was made possible by the demands of the juiblic and b\' university relations. Then graded instruc- tion became a necessity for all progressive schools, since the more thorough modern medical teaching can only be done by such an arrangement. In the announcement of 1859-60. reference to Mercy Hospital is omitted, and the "City Hospital," capable of containing two hundred beds, is given as the hospital clinical field of instruction. The regular fees were raised this year to $40. In the requirements for graduation the hospital ticket is omitted, and ' ' Clinical instruction during at least one college term " is insisted on in its stead. SUMMER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. There was immediately organized in connection with the college, and announced in the annual circular, a ' ' Preparatory School of Medicine " with a corps of eight teachers, not one of whom was a member of the faculty of the college. Two lectures a day were to be given, beginning on the first Monday in March, i860, and continuing four months, in all one hundred and ninety-two lectures. This was a most laudable undertaking for all concerned — the college and its fortunes, the students and the young teachers, several of whom were destined to be felt forcefully in the development of medical education in the years to follow. But since the branches taught were, with the single exception of Chemical Manipula- tion, a part of what was undertaken or promised to be taught in every medical college, "supplemental" would seem to have been a more fitting name than "pre- paratory" for it. A separate circular for this Summer school was afterward issued, showing some additions to the original scheme. There were to be six lectures, six clinics and six recitations a week. The clinical work was to be done in the City Hospital, the City Dispensary (in the North division of the city), and the Chicago Charitable Eye RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. ly and Ear Infirmary. The fee for the whole course was $20, or $3 for a single ticket. * This was the beginning of a system of Spring and Summer instruction in Rush College, given to a large extent, often exclusively, by teachers not engaged in the regular Winter course, and having no official part in the government of the college, which continued, in one form or another, almost uninterruptedly till the regular course was extended to eight months in 1893. But why so useful and rational a means of teaching as that of recitations should have been thus inaugurated and then dropped seems inexplicable, but it is true that this kind of instruction requires relatively a large number of good teachers, and in the Chicago of that day good medical teachers must have been few. DURING WAR TIMES. In 1 86 1 Drs. Hudson and Herrick ceased their connection with the college, and Dr. Freer's title was changed to Professor of Physiology and Surgical Pathology. A preliminary course of lectures of two weeks was instituted, beginning on October 2 and continuing till the opening of the regular course on the i6th, which latter continued the usual period of four months. In this little course Professor Brainard taught Military Surgery, a most necessary subject at that time; Blaney taught Toxicology; Allen, Medicine; Ingals, Medical Jurisprudence; Rea, Comparative Anatomy of the Digestive Organs; and Powell, Surgical Anatomy of Important Regions. During the following two or three years, the college work, owing to the Civil War and the general unsettled state of the country, naturally experienced some vicissitudes. The preliminary term was omitted in the Fall of 1862. The faculty still, "as formerly," had charge of the City Hospital during the college term, but it was before many months taken charge of by the Government for a military eye and ear hospital, in which service it was continued till the close of the war; afterward it came back to the service of the Chicago public as a general hospital. But when it came back it passed under control of the authorities of the county, since the city authorities had discovered that they were not obliged by law to maintain a public hospital. It became the County Hospital, and was continued at the same location — Eighteenth and Arnold streets — for ten years, when its needs had far outgrown its capacity, and a new and *The Faculty of the Summer School was as follows: Geo. K. Amerman, M.D., Instructor ill Clinical Surgery: E. L. Holmes, M.D., Instructor in Materia Medica and Ophthalmology: |. P. Ross, M.D., Instructor in Clinical Medicine; Edwin Powell. M.D., Instructor in Anatomy; H. Webster Jones, M.D., Instructor in Obstetrics and Treasurer; W. C. Hunt. M.D., Instructor in Microscopy and Diseases Genito-Urinary Organs; G. A. Mariner, M.D.. Instructor in Chemistry; E. O. F. Roler, M.D., Instructor in Diseases of Women and Children. 1 8 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. larger hospital was built on the square bounded by Harrison, Wood, Polk and Lincoln streets. In 1863 Professor Blancy was a Medical Director in the army. Dr. E. C. Carr, of Madison, Wis., filled his place in the college for two terms (1863-64 and 1864-65). Dr. Holmes became a Lecturer on Diseases of the Eye and Ear in the regular course, and Dr. Miller took the place of Dr. Rea as Secretary THE BUILDING OF 1867. of the Faculty, a position which he held for fourteen years. Dr. I. P. Lynn was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy, a position which he held till 1866. FACULTY CHANGES AND BUILDING ADDITION ( 1 866-67). In the announcement of 1866-67 the name of Dr. Powell was omitted from the faculty. Dr. J. P. Ross was announced as a Clinical Lecturer at the City Hospital, and Dr. R. M. Lackey became Demonstrator of Anatomy. There were promised four clinics each week at the City Hospital, which had been opened "by the authorities of Cook County since the close of the last session." Dr. RUSH MEDICAL COLIJiGE. 19 Henry M. Lyman was Pathologist to the Hospital, and would make post- mortems before the class. During this year was commenced the plans and preparations for another ad- dition to the college building, one much larger than the original structure, which was pushed to completion the following year. The corner-stone was laid in May, 1867, with imposing Masonic ceremonial. It was a large square building, simple in style, and free from ornamentation, with two lecture rooms, one above the other, and the upper one an enormous amphitheater with six hundred and twenty-five numbered seats. There was a fine dissecting room and a modest chemical laboratory, and the building was well adapted to the teaching of medicine, especially by means of lectures to large classes. DEATH OY DR. BRAINARD. Professor Brainard was in poor health in the Spring of 1866, and went to Europe for rest and change. His health had been somewhat impaired tor a year previous to his departure for Europe, but not sufficiently to prevent him from doing an ordinary amount of physical and mental labor. His disease was a functional derangement of the kidneys, diagnosticated by Trousseau and other distinguished professors in Europe as "oxaluria. " He returned in the Fall much improved, and entered upon his course of lectures with his usual thoroughness. Cholera, that was already epidemic in some of the cities of the Atlantic seaboard, broke out in Chicago in the Summer, and during the last days of September spread rapidly. The members of the faculty, all engaged in active practice, soon became so overworked in attending the sick that it was difficult for them to be punctual at their lecture hours. "Professor Brainard lectured at 5 p. m., on October 9, ana turned aside from the subject of surgery to say something to the class on the subject of cholera." During that night (3 a. m.) he was himself seized with the disease and died the following evening. This was at the heighth of the epidemic; there were, on the day he died, a hundred deaths from the disease, which was a fearful mortality for a city of two hundred thousand population. Out of the small class then at the college three were lost by the disease. Professor E. Ingals says: "That we would allow the class to assemble in this pestilence smitten city, or Dr. Brainard to return to it unnecessarily, shows how much our views have changed as to the mode of propagation of some diseases. Dr. Brainard and I were among the few physicians of Chicago who would then express the belief that cholera was contagious." On the death of the president the faculty closed the school and advised the students to return to their homes till the force of the epidemic was spent. Brainard's death was a serious blow to the college and made a profound 20 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. impression throughout the city. Known and recognized as the foremost medi- cal man in the Northwest, people were dismayed that he was powerless to save his own life, even, and thus many lost heart for themselves. But in a few days the epidemic grew rapidly less, the life of the city resumed its usual course, and the college lectures were resumed. Valuable as Brainard was to the college, it had reached a point where its life could not depend on an individual, and it went forward with its work with- out interruption. To the students who had known him and listened to him his memory as a teacher, a surgeon and a great character became at once a potent force that was to continue to the end of their lives. A great teacher does not die when his heart stops, but lives on in the work he has done; even in this life post houiincni anninis dnrat. Dr. Powell finished the course of Surgery, for which he was commended in the announcement of the following year. No other change in the personnel of the teaching corps was made during this course of lectures. But the faculty changes required by the death of Brainard were made as promptly as possible. Dr. Blancy, the Senior Professor, was chosen President of the College. Dr. Moses Gunn, then and for many years Professor of Surgery in the University of Mich- igan, was invited to the vacant chair. He accepted, to assume his duties at the end of the college year. Powell was made Professor of Military Surger}- and Surgical Anatomy. Dr. William Lewitt, who had earned an enviable rep- utation at the University of Michigan as Demonstrator of Anatomy, was called to that department here. Dr. E. L. Holmes was announced as Lecturer on Ophthalmology and Otology. These changes and additions were all made pre- paratory to the course of 1867-68, the first one to be held in the new building. Daily clinics were announced for the United States Marine Hospital by Profes- sor Gunn and Dr. E. C. Rogers, the Surgeon in Charge, and by Dr. W. C. Lyman, Resident Physician, on Diseases of the Chest. The County Hospital would furnish four clinics per week, but by what .teachers was not stated. The Spring course was referred to without details. PROFESSOR MOSES GUNN. Professor Gunn made a fine impression at the very beginning of his work, at the opening of the course of 1867-68. He was thoroughly equipped as a surgeon, quick and accurate in diagnosis, rarely made a mistake and was a rapid and elegant operator. He was a fine lecturer, fluent, wordy enough and to the point, and spoke in language always correct. He was tall and erect, a striking figure in the amphitheater, as he was everywhere. Now and through- out his career, he was thought by some to be guilty of a marked fastidious- ness, if not a harmless vanity, — criticism he could hardly wholly escape, as he was given to the most tasteful if not striking costumes, especially on horse- RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 21 back, and always appeared with his long hair wrought into ample ringlets, which hung immaculate about his neck, and more noticeable as it was now turning to gray. But to those nearest him he was a man of the most serious purposes and perfectly genuine. He had fixed for himself a high standard and his respect for himself and his work was too great to allow him ever to fall below it, and he carried himself through his twenty years of work in the college on the exalted plane on which he began. He was different from Professor Brainard, and did not attempt to dominate the faculty; but no one could say he was less a useful power in the influence and councils of the college. DRS. J. r, ROSS AND CHARLES T. PARKES. ^ After the Commencement of 1868 still other mutations occurred in the teaching force. A new chair of Clinical Medicine and Diseases of the Chest was created, and Dr. J. P. Ross appointed to fill it. Dr. Lewitt dropped out of the Demonstratorship, and Dr. Charles T. Parkes, a graduate of a few weeks — of the class of '68 — was appointed to the position. He had been a pupil of the Professor of Anatomy, who knew his strength and capacity, and was satisfied he would not fail in any duty which he assumed. He took up the work in a business-like way and with an energy that was bound to succeed, and kept to this course through twenty-three years of service to the college, which only ended with his death in the harness as the sole Professor of Surgery. In the announcement of this year the writing of a thesis as a condition of graduation was omitted for the first time, and has never been restored. It was wisely concluded that this condition was a hardship to the students, since it was a serious burden to them at a time when they were preparing for examinations; and that it was no reliable test of the students' attainments. SPRINC, COURSES AND CIIANCIES IN FACULTV. In the Winter of 1868-69 there was issued a little four-page announcement of the Spring course of lectures for 1869. The lectures were to continue from March 3 to July i. Professor Blaney was to teach Practical Chemistry, and Professors Gunn and Ross were to give "Cliniques. " The teaching corps con- sisted in addition of the following named gentlemen, with their branches respectively : W. R. Marsh, Instructor in Principles and Practice of Medicine. J. H. Etheridge, Instructor in Materia Medica. C. T. Parkes, Instructor in Anatomy. H. M. Lyman, Instructor in Physiolog3^ C. T. Fenn, Instructor in Obstetrics. I. N. Danforth, Instructor in Toxicology and Medical Jurisprudence. 22 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. H. F. Chesbrough, Demonstrator of Anatomy. W. C. Hunt, Instructor in Microscopic Anatomy and the Use of the Microscope. Professor Powell was Treasurer, and the fee for the course was $20. Twenty students attended this Spring course and presumably paid for it. The twenty-seventh annual circular appeared in 1869 with few variations from the previous one. Dr. Holmes was announced as Professor of Ophthal- mology. The following year his designation was Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear. In 1870 Dr. D. A. Morse was appointed Lecturer on Legal Medicine and Insanity. Dr. H. F. Chesbrough was appointed Clinical Assistant and Pro- sector of Surgery, and Dr. F. L. Wadsworth became Assistant Professor of Physiology. This year the fees were raised to #55. In the Winter of 1870-71 an announcement of the following Spring course was issued. Dr. Etheridge was to lecture on Principles and Practice of Medi- cine; Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals on Materia Medica, Dr. Parkes on Anatomy, and Dr. Wadsworth on Physiology. RETIREMENT OF DR. BLANEY. In 187 1 the failing health of Dr. Blaney led him to retire from active work in the college. He resigned his professorship and the presidency, and was appointed Adjunct Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy. He soon ceased to work entirely and only lived three years. Professor Freer, the senior member of the faculty, was appointed President. Dr. Henry M. Lyman was appointed to the chair of Chemistry and Pharmacy. Professer Ingals resigned the chair of Materia Medica, and Dr. Etheridge was elected to the position. WORK OF THE GREAT FIRE, The course of 1871-72 opened auspiciously, and had proceeded only a few days when it was interrupted by the complete destruction of the college building and all its contents, by the fire of October 8 and 9, a besom of fate which swept out of existence the main part of the heart of the city. In the confusion of the devastation, the college classes were scattered with the army of houseless and homeless people. Rush College existed only as a legal entity, in its vested rights and its trustees and faculty, some of whom were seeking places in which to live and resume business. Its only asset was the college lot on which there was a mortgage for an amount larger than its value. The place could be located, m the wilderness of ruin that stretched north and south for miles, by certain landmarks of unburnt streets and by the river and lake. It was covered by a huge mass of debris of brick, mortar and iron, from which was raked out a few relics. Professor Freer found the half-melted stand of his microscope, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 23 and various pieces of chemical apparatus, which are now preserved ni the college. The corner-stone, for a wonder, preserved its contents. In a few days the classes were called together again, some members from their homes at a distance, whither they had gone for refuge, and lectures were resumed. Only a small minority of the students failed to return, and very few went away to other schools. The universality and awfulness of the calamity RUINS OF RUSH COLLEGE. made everyone tolerant of inconveniences, and the students seemed as cheerful and contented as ever before or since. There was a little clinical amphitheater in the top of the County Hospital building, the authorities generously tendering the use of it for a lecture room, and the Chicago Medical College promptly invited Rush to make use of its dissecting room. Both these offers were accepted, and with these facilities the course was carried through. What was lost in other directions was made up by the increase in the use and value of the clinical instruction, so the classes were in the end not losers by the change. 24 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. For a long time it had been a matter of regret to the faculty that the college was situated more than two miles from the County Hospital, which had been for several years so useful a field of clinical study for its students, and which ought to continue to be. Now that the college was homeless, it was determined, after deliberate study of the situation, not to rebuild on the old lot, nor to build permanently at all till the location of the new hospital was deter- mined upon l)y the County Commissioners, and then to erect a college building near it. That there must, before many years, be a new County Hospital was certain, for the building in use was already wholly inadequate to the public needs; the lot was too small for the extensions that a growing city would soon require, and was not owned by the county. But when the move would be made, and where, no one could divine. It was self-evident that there must always be a hospital maintained by the public for the sick poor; it was bound eventually to be a very large one, and to have the largest range of illustrative cases for professional study. COLLEGE "UNDER THE SIDEWALK. Under the circumstances there was no other course in wisdom open for the trustees but to build a temporary structure that might serve through the period of waiting, and so the "college under the sidewalk" came into existence. It was to a considerable degree literally below the sidewalk, although it rose several feet above it. It was a rude brick affair with a tar roof, an amphitheater at one end and at the other a laboratory, over which was a dissecting room. It was unplastered within, very rough, and amazingly ugly, and it cost less than $4,000; but it served its purpose for four years. THE STRUCTURE OF 1 876. At the end of that time, namely in 1876, the college moved into its new and commodious structure on the corner of Harrison and Wood streets, diagonally opposite the new County Hospital. The county, had purchased a block of twelve acres of land and had begun the construction of two large pavilions of the great hospital-to-be, which made it certain, beyond a peradventure, that for a century probabl}' the location of this charity could not be changed. The trustees of the college promptly took steps to build on the spot mentioned. The new building was planned according to the best light and experience of the faculty and served acceptably for a number of years. From our standpoint of to-day it seems a little surprising that more space was devoted to a museum, largely of comparative anatomy and entirely unused by the students, than to all the laboratory and practical work put together. This building and lot cost some $75,000 and was mostly the contribution of the several members of the faculty, the obligation of the corporation to them for the sums contributed being represented by bonds running for a long period. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 25 The corner-stone of the new buildin^^ was laid with the appropriate and solemn ceremonies of the Masonic order on March 20, 1875. Grand Master DeWitt C. Cre«;ier officiated, assisted by other ofhcers and actino; officers of the Grand Lodge and by the Oriental Consistory, the Chicago Commandery and St. Bernard Commandery. The column marched from La Salle Street to the college site, the students of the college and the faculty bringing up the rear. The day was pleasant and a great concourse of people had assembled. Professor Allen COLLEGE "UNDER THE SIDEWALK. was the orator of the day, and nobody who heard his sonorous periods is likely ever to forget them. It was like Tennyson reading his own poems. The address was crowded with the history of the world and the philosoph^' of the universe. Listen to its opening sentences: "Modern Rome is liuilt upon the roofs of its ancient temples and palaces. Time, the most unsparing of le\'elers, has discrowned its seven hills and piled the debris in the intervening valleys, until what neither Alaric and his hordes, nor the most destructive factions of his own people could overthrow, was buried in the indistinguishable mold of the centuries. 26 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. The proudest monuments of Eojyptian civilization peer forth, at rare intervals, from the tops of the sand hills." Professor Allen's address, ten months later, in opening the first course of lectures in the finished building, was even more full of food for thought than the one just quoted from, although he so crowded it with penetrating wit and satire that it made a less profound impression. Perhaps no man who has lived and labored in Chicago has had a greater power of linguistic expression and force, or a greater fund of classical lore for illustration, than this remarkable man. The contents, or a part of them, of the corner-stone of the burned build- ing of 1867 were deposited beneath that of the new building. An arrangement was made with the Central Free Dispensary of West Chi- cago whereby it should occupy, by a tenancy that was practically perpetual, the first floor of the new college building. This compact had, for one of its pur- poses, the bringing together of a large amount of material for the use of the col- lege. The dispensary was the result of a union of two independent organiza- tions that were doing good work in the West division of the city — the Brainard Free Dispensary, that had existed for several years, and the Herrick Free Dis- pensary, that was called into existence by the exigencies of the great fire. Both were named in honor of the former professors in Rush College, and both had been endowed by the Chicago Relief and Aid Society out of the funds given by the world for the relief of distress incident to the fire. A condition of the endowments was that the dispensaries should perpetually attend such indigent sick as were sent them by the society, a condition on which most of the pri- vate hospitals of the city then extant were endowed in various sums. For two decades the arrangement with the Central Dispensary has been carried out by both parties to it with mutual benefit and advantage and with only trifling friction between them at any time. The attending physicians and surgeons of the dispensary have, to a large degree, always been selected from among the junior teachers in the college; the college has always derived bene- fit, in a clinical way, from the association; the attendants and a large number of students have enlarged their experience, and therefore their usefulness to the public, and the indigent sick have been as well and as faithfully attended as they ever are at the hands of a free dispensary. Some criticism has been made at times that many people have been attended who were able to pay, and probably there is some justice in the charge, but that the proportion of such patients is larger than is necessarily incident to free dispensary work and all efforts to care for the poor, there is no good reason to believe. THE SPRING FACULTY. There was a Spring course of lectures in 1872 held in the hospital amphi- theater, for there was no college building, and the trustees were doing their best RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 27 to provide a temporary one for the regular course, to open in the Fall. Dr. J. E. Owens had been added to this Spring teaching corps. But it was deter- mined that there should thereafter be a Spring course more complete m the range of subjects taught than any that had preceded, and, to that end, the Spring Faculty, so called, should be increased in numbers and perhaps talent by a com- petitive test of lecturing, or conconrs. The Spring faculty then existing, at the request of the college authorities, resigned in a body late in November, 1872. Thereupon the faculty of the college reappointed several of the lecturers, and the balance of the appointees were selected by conconrs. Several tournaments of that kind occurred in the new amphitheater after the opening of the college in the Fall, always in tlie evening and in the presence of both faculty and class. At some of them each candidate for a lectureship was required to draw from a hat in the presence of the audience a slip of paper from many of the different topics, on which his subject was written, and then to proceed to lecture upon it for twenty minutes at least. At others the can- didate was allowed to select his own subject and have it announced by l^resident Freer when the lecturer was introduced. All the members of the faculty were supposed to be present so as to be able to vote intelligently on the performances of the candidates, but on one occasion at least several of them were absent, and so the two candidates of the evening had to repeat their lectures on a subsequent evening. The ordeal for most was a severe one, especially for the younger and more inexperienced; several came near losing control of themselves, and one of them, famous since both as lecturer and practitioner, actually did faint to uncon- sciousness after his lecture was over. The judges were supposed to base their voting mainly on the excellence of the lecturing, and there was a general acqui- escence in their fairness. But that the choice of teachers should have been made to depend so much on capacity to speak fluentl}' is an interesting illustration of how completely the lecture was depended on to teach the science and art of medicine at that clay. The general attainments and cjualifications of the can- didates were to some extent considered in making the awards, and there had been no promise in terms that they would not be, yet the candidates and the medical public understood that the best lecturer would every time get the place, and this sort of a contest must have been on the whole rather unprofitable, since it tended to encourage young men to develop themselves in other direc- tions than in general knowledge of science and powers of observation and investigation. The list of Summer Course Lecturers for 1873 — "Summer Course" it was called in the announcement, although it was to begin on the first Wednesday of March, and end with June — was finally completed as follows: C. T. Parkes, Anatomy; L N. Danforth, Pathology; J. E. Owens, Surgery; F. L. Wadsworth, Physiology and Histology; L. W. Chase, Chemistry; Walter Hay, Diseases of 28 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Brain and Nervous System; Philip Adolphus, Obstetrics; A. Reeves Jackson, Diseases of Women and Children; O. J. H. Adams, General Therapeutics; James Nevins Hyde, Dermatology and Syphilis; Norman Bridge, Theory and Practice of Medicine; P. S. Hayes, Chemical Physics. The last six or seven members of this corps had secured their positions as a result, to a degree at least, of the concouis. The Spring faculty was soon afterward strengthened by the addition of Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals to lecture in the new department of Diseases of the Chest and Physical Diagnosis; Dr. Albert B. Strong on General Therapeutics, after- ward Anatomy, and Drs. Edward Warren Sawyer and J. Suydam Knox, on Obstetrics and Therapeutics, respectively. From this time forward, for nearly twenty years, the Spring course of lectures was dignified by being made nearly as extensive in range as the regular Winter course, and it was more extensive in some directions, although during most years it was shorter. Its full complement of teachers in the several departments was maintained, several didactic lectures were delivered each morning, usually not less than three, and some years four, while the clinics were held in the after- noon. In some of the departments an effort was made to have the lectures of the Spring supplement those of the Winter, but this was not always successful and in some departments it was never attempted. After the new college building was occupied, some students took advantage, of this course to finish their practical work in Chemistry, as they had before done and continued to do with their Practical Anatomy, and they always found study at this time of the year more tranquil and less exciting, and so many of them prized and profited by it. At its close a written examination was usually held by the respective teachers, and the results reported to the faculty, although the course was never permitted to be counted as a course of lectures in the conditions of graduation. The classes in the Spring grew to be quite formidable, some years reaching two hundred and fifty in nurnber. The Spring faculty, on the advice of President Freer, organized itself, and, to some degree, conducted its own business independently of the regular faculty of the college. Dr. Danforth was elected President and Dr. Wadsworh Secretary. The Spring faculty meeting became at times an event; records were kept; announcements were ordered and gotten out, of course always under the censorship of the president or secretary of the college, and the college paid the bills; and sometimes it was not only agreed how the Spring course ought to be conducted, but how the college itself should be run. The trustees and faculty never knew how near their Spring and Summer men came, on more than one occasion, to making Rush College a truly great institution. The didactic work itself was in many ways pleasant, as the associations among the teachers always were, but no progressive men of the tenth decade RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 29 of the century can look back at the talking and silent listening of that twenty years without some sort of lamentation at the wonderful amount of energy given away by the teachers, and the amazing patience of successive classes of students in trying to learn the science of medicine in this way, and to make it practically useful in professional lives. The quizzing done in some of the departments was one of the redeeming features of the didactic work, for that was real teaching, and of course the clinical work was always valuable as a means of learning the art of the doctor. The Spring faculty as an organization only lasted about ten years, after which this distinction was dropped in the announcement. Several of the Spring teachers were from time to time promoted from subordinate and substitute work in the regular course, and from this time the Spring course became less a separate work; indeed it became distinctly supplemental to the regular instruc- tion of the Winter. FACULTY CHANGES DEATH OF PRESIDENT FREER (1877). Professor Rea resigned the professorship of Anatomy in 1875, and Dr. Parkes was at once promoted to the position. Dr. Albert B. Strong was appointed Demonstrator. On April 12, 1877, the college lost, by death, its second president. During the Winter Dr. Freer had not been in quite as good health as usual, yet had continued to perform his duties and deliver his lectures till some time in March, when symptoms of cerebral meningitis came on, and rapidly grew worse. He was conscious through most of his sickness and suffered greatly. It was the privilege of some of his juniors in the college to assist in caring for him during this sickness, and to witness fresh proofs of his great mind and superb character. Many of his utterances in their terseness, richness of meaning and choice of language, were aphorisms of philosophy; while his gentleness of spirit and purity of soul were both a revelation and an inspiration. Dr. Freer's history was peculiar and instructive. At the age of thirty he left his farm and began the study of medicine, prompted thereto by the recent sad death of his wife under the treatment of some ' 'old school " doctors who bled her toward, if not to death. He had had a good common high school education, possessed a thoughtful, incpiiring and rather skeptical mind, and had the art of accjuiring and classifying knowledge. He had once before at the age of eighteen pursued the study of medicine for a short time. He became now a student under the preceptorship of Dr. Brainard himself, and was graduated in 1849. He commenced to teach in the college almost from the hour of his graduation and continued it uninterruptedly till his fatal sickness. He faithfully performed in succession the duties of Demonstrator of Anatomy, Professor of Anatomy, of Microscopical and Surgical Anatomy, of Military 30 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Surgery and Surgical Anatomy, of Physiology and Surgical Pathology, of Phys- iology and Histology, and from 1871 of President of the College. He was a rather unemotional man, and, except to the thoughtful, an uninteresting lecturer, but a superior teacher; students kept what he told them — a proof of the great teacher. He was blunt and incisive and called a spade a spade. He was familiarly known among the students as "Pap Freer," which was a sobri- quet of the truest affection. He died as he had lived, universally respected in and out of the profession. Professor Allen, the senior surviving professor, became, on the death of Freer, President of the College. Several other inportant changes occurred in the faculty, as well as in the teaching and management of the college. In the Spring of 1877 Dr. Powell resigned his professorship, and the chair of Military Surgery was abolished. It has not since been restored. Professor Lyman was transferred to the chair of Physiology, and had added to his duties the teaching of the Diseases of the Nervous System. Dr. Wadsworth was made Adjunct Professor of Physi- ology. Dr. Walter S. Haines was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Tox- icology, to give practically his whole time to the college work in this depart- ment. The teaching of Chemistry in the Spring term, except in the labora- tory, was omitted ; thorough although not extensive laboratory courses were instituted, and the following year required as a condition of graduation. INCREASE OF CLINICAL WORK (1877). This year (1877) witnessed the first announcement of any clinical work in the college, except in the department of Surgery. Professor Gunn had always devoted Saturday afternoon, from two o'clock, to a Surgical clinic, which was kept up throughout the year, and was uniformly successful and val- uable. Now a clinic was announced on Diseases of the Nervous System, by Professor Lyman ; one on Diseases of the Heart and Lungs, by Professor Ross, and one on Medicine, by Dr. Bridge, each to be held once a week throughout the year. The following year a clinic was announced to be given once a week, by Professor Hyde, on Skin and Venereal Diseases. Thus was inaugurated a wider scope of clinical teaching in the college in addition to such work in hospitals and dispensaries, and these clinics have, with a single ex- ception, not only been maintained through all changes of teachers ever since, but have been from time to time amplified and added to. In 1880 four more clinics were added to the list, one by Professor Owens, on Orthopedic Sur- gery ; one on Diseases of Children, by Professor Miller and Dr. Knox (now conducted by Professor Cotton) ; one on Gynecology, by Professor Byford and Dr. Nelson, and one on Diseases of the Eye and Ear, by Professor RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 33 Holmes. In 1882 the clinic in Orthopedic Surgery was permanently dropped from the list, Professor Owens having resigned his chair. After the cessation of this clinic, there were still eight of at least an hour each occurring in the college building every week of the year, and in eight departments of medicine and surgery. In 1884 one was added on Diseases of the Throat and Nose, by Professor E. Fletcher Ingals, which has since been enlarged to include also Diseases of the Chest. At the same time a second clinic on Surgery was begun by Professor Gunn, which Professor Parkes, his THE LATE PROFESSOR GUNN'S CLINIC. successor, increased to three each week in 1890, and these have been continued by Professors Senn and Hamilton. In 1890 the service in the department of Skin and Venereal Diseases was increased to two clinics per week of an hour each. The supply of material for the clinics has very rarely been short, and usually there has been more than could be used to the best advantage. The cases have come in part from the dispensary but have been largel}' brought by the fame of the college. In the last few years many have come from the Presbyterian Hospital, while some of the teachers have found no difficult}' in bringing many of their private cases for illustration and instruction. During the last few courses of instruction, the college clinical work has 34 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. attained really a surprising importance, no fewer than eleven clinics being given each week and at least eighteen hours being devoted to them, and in all of them senior students are brought in actual contact with the cases for study, diagnosis and operation. In the graded course of to-day the clinical work is reserved mostly for the junior and senior classes. In 1879 Dr. Owens was appointed Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, a position he resigned in 1882. In 1881 Dr. Danforth was appointed Professor of Patho- logical Histology and Lecturer on Renal Diseases, but resigned the following year. Both these gentlemen immediately accepted positions in the Chicago Medical College. It was in 1879, also, that, at the request of Professor Miller, his chair was divided and a separate chair of Gynecology created. To this Professor W. H. B3'ford was called, and thus, after a lapse of exactly two decades, this dis- tinguished man and teacher came back to the institution that first enticed him to Chicago. He continued in the positit)n till his death ten years later. PROFESSOR W. II. HVFORI) (1879). Measured in all ways, there have been few grander men in the college than Byford. He was almost wholly self-educated, never having attended a school other than a medical college to the amount of a year's time; yet he was not only an eminent physician and gynecologist, a pioneer in his day, but a singularly well-informed man on all sorts of subjects. He was, beside, the author of several superior books on the subject of his specialty, and had acquired a working knowledge in reading and speaking at least two foreign languages. But he was greatest in what he was, in his personal character. He was the most imperturb- able of men and had a serenity of soul that any man might covet. He had learned early in life that he "could not afford to either give or take offense," and his life spoke this truth. He did not fritter away his energies upon trifles, but kept them for the great purposes of life. Dr. Daniel T. Nelson was appointed the following year Adjunct Professor of Gynecology, and for many years gave the weekly clinic in that branch. In 1889 Dr. Nelson became Clinical Professor of Gynecology, and in 1893 Emeritus. DEATH RECORD FOR 1887-9O. The faculty suffered the loss by death of four of its senior members within the three years of 1887 and 1890 inclusive. Professor Gunn died on November 7, 1887, Professor Byford on May 21, 1890, Professor Ross in June, 1890, and Professor Allen in the Autumn of the same year. Professor Ross had, on account of ill health, resigned his active duties a year or more before his death. Professor Parkes was transferred to the chair of Surgery, and the chair of Anatomy was taken by Dr. Arthur D, Bevan. Professor Etheridge was trans- RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 37 ferred to the chair of Gynecology, and Dr. D. R. Brower became Professor of Mental Diseases, Materia Medica and Therapeutics in his stead. Dr. Bridge who had for several years been Professor successively of Hygiene and of Pathology, and Adjunct in Practice of Medicine, was transferred to the chair of Clinical Medicine, etc. PROFESSOR JONATHAN A. ALLEN. Professor Allen had been failing in health from early in 1887, but continued to lecture, although less frequently and often with the greatest suffering, till the close of the session of 1890 and '91, when he resigned his active professorship, becoming Emeritus Professor, but retained the office of President till his death. The last year and a half of his life was passed in nearly constant suffering, yet he spent it, in the main, in cheerfulness, and occupied his time in reading and in writing a history of his life for his children. His quick intellectual powers and resources were never shown more strikingly than during the first half of this period of sickness, whenever he could be found free from pain. His erudition, wisdom, generalization of philosophy and wit were remarkable, as his career as a teacher of medical students was unique. No man who ever listened to a full course of his lectures need be told this. His lectures were so alive with wit and anecdote that to a beginner they were an entertainment of the rarest sort; but it was to the second-year student and the practitioner that the wisdom of the man shone through the wit. To such his service was the greatest ever rendered by a teacher to man; for he taught them how to think and to reason for themselves, a service Emerson had already taught the world at large. FACULTY CHANGES 1889-9O. Professor Lyman was appointed Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine on the resignation of Professor Allen, and on his death Dr. Holmes, the senior professor, became President of the College. In 1889 Dr. Nicholas Senn was appointed Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology, as a colleague of Parkes. He resigned in 1890, but on the death of Parkes early in 1891, he was appointed Professor of Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery, Dr. John B. Hamilton being at the same time appointed Professor of Principles of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. In 1888 Professor Miller, after a service in the college of nearly thirty years, resigned his active work and became Emeritus Professor. Dr. Knox was appointed to his place. In 1892 the chair of Obstetrics became again vacant by the most untimely death of Professor Knox. The duties of the department were thereupon assumed by Professor Etheridge, he having had, since then, the assistance of Dr. Stehman, who was appointed Clinical Professor of Obstetrics. The next year Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals was appointed Professor 38 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. of Lar3'np;ology, and in 1891 the title of his chair was changed to Laryngology and Practice of Medicine, and in 1893 to Laryngology and Diseases of the Chest. Dr. Harold N. Pvloyer was appointed Professor of Physiology on the transfer of Professor Lyman in 1890, but the following year became Adjunct Profesors of Medicine, and was succeeded in the department of Physiology by Professor William A. Locy, of the Lake Forest University, who was succeeded the following year 1)\- Dr. John AL Dodson, who had been Demonstrator of Anatomy and Lecturer on the same subject in the Spring course from 1889. In 1 89 1 Dr. Sanger Brown was appointed Professor of Hygiene and Medical Jurisprudence. Dr. William T. Ijclheld became Professor of Bacteriology. At. the same time the teaching corps was enlarged by the addition of three Adjunct Professors of Medicine, Drs. Moyer, Herrick and Salisbury, and numerous other auxiliary teachers, made necessary especially by the enlargement and change in character of the teaching in the college. In 1889 the list of teachers outside of the members of the executive faculty, i. e., those who are the governing body of the college and who sign the diplomas, was twenty-two; in 1891 it was thirty-three, and in 1895 it had grown to sixty-one. The great increase in the teaching force in the past few years has been made necessary by the introduction of recitation teaching, by the enlargement of the laborator}^ and practical work, soon to be described, and the rapid increase in the size of the classes, as well as their grading and classification, to an extent not previousl}- thought of. A new feature was intrf)duced into the curriculum in 1882 in the teaching of Dental Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Surgery, and constituted a recognition by the college of the fact that dentistry is a specialty of medicine. Three eminent dentists, friends of the college, had long urged this step; they even advocated that all dentists should be graduates in medicine, and two of them had attended the college and been graduated in 1880, while the other had received in 1881 the honorary degree of Medicine. Dr. W. W. Allport was appointed Emeritus Professor of Dental Pathology and Surgery, and Dr. T. W. Brophy actively to the same chair, to give a few lectures each Winter on these subjects; Dr. E. S. Talbot was appointed Lecturer on Dental Anatomy and Physiology in the Spring course. Clinical Instruction in Dentistry was given in the Central Free Dispensary. CHICAGO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. About the ' same time, in response to the sentiment just referred to, there was organized a school in Chicago for the teaching of the technical branches of dentistry to medical graduates only, known as the Chicago Dental Infirmary. Several members of the faculty of Rush College joined with the dentists in RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 41 effecting this organization. The school was of the highest order of excellence, but had a standard that was, at that time at least, altogether too high for the public to appreciate in any substantial manner. The movement demonstrated, what medical schools in America have more than once found, that in building institutions of learning depending on support of the public for an existence, you cannot move upward much faster than the public appreciation does. It was soon evident that the dental school could be of greater service to science and humanity cast on a plan more in harmony with the habits of the time, and so it was after a few years transformed into an ordinary high class dental school, and was called The Chicago College of Dental Surgery. It has in its new life become the largest dental school in the world, and is second to none in the thoroughness of its work and the equipment of its graduates. It is the dental department of the Lake Forest University, and has, opposite Rush College building, a large and beautiful college, perfectly adapted to its needs. Rush College has continued its instruction in Dentistry. Dr. Talbot's title was changed in 1887 to Lecturer on Dental Pathology and Surgery. UNIVERSITY ALLIANCES. It seems to have been, all through the history of Rush College, the impression of its friends that it ought if possible to be attached to a strong university. Very early in its career negotiations were entered into for a union with a Catholic university projected for Chicago about the middle of the cen- tury, and the arrangement was at one time evidently supposed to be consum- mated, for the college was in some publication advertised as the Medical Department of the University, but it must have been found very soon to have been ill-advised, for no annual announcement of the college says a word about it and the university was not created. Early in the "seventies" a union was formed with the first University of Chicago, and the announcement of 1874-75 was published as a part of that of the university, although it was distributed to the profession mainly in a separate form. But it was a union in name only; the college retained its autonom}', and had no sort of mutual relation of advice even with the university, and either could terminate the relation at any time. It is difficult to see how any advan- tage could have been expected from this rather mis-named union, for neither corporation was in any condition to help the other — each was as poor as a church mouse; the university was in an agony of debt from which it could never extricate itself, and died a few years later; the college was living in a hovel under the sidewalk and very much wanted seventy-five thousand dollars for a new building. The college treated the union as a tentative arrangement, and the relation soon ceased. 42 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. In June, 1887, the college made another alliance, this time with the Lake Forest University, a Presbyterian institution at Lake Forest, some twenty-eight miles north of Chicago, but tlic union was one that did not involve any close university relations; the college retained its autonomy, and has conducted its work and business in its own way. The relation, such as it is, has been amicable in a high degree, but the friends of the college have not ceased to wish that it might be closer and more helpful toward a higher medical educa- tion and more scientific research. No scientific research is possible without expensive laboratories, outfits and endowments, and such are more easy of acquisition and management in a university committed to the business of general education and the care of vested funds. Yet the progress the college has made in the last few years toward higher education in medicine and in the creation of laboratories tends strongly to discredit the statement above made. CONDITIONS FOR ADMISSION. A new birth of the college into higher life and mission began in 1880, when it was resolved to insist after March, 1883, on some definite condition of admission into the school. Prior to that time any male person beyond the years of adolescence could matriculate and enter the classes by paying the fee, pro- vided he had no deformity, untidiness of person or misfortune of birth that would make him offensive to the other students. For four years one of the conditions of graduation had been that the candidate must have "such primary education as is clearly requisite for a proper standing with the public and the profession. " Now that was soon to be stricken out, and the college was to know before accepting a student that he already had some degree of primary education, and so it committed itself to the postulate that proper education for the profession must in the nature of things be founded on definite other educa- tion; that a sufificient primary education is not desirable chiefly for a proper standing with anybody, but because a sufficient medical education is impossible without it. In 1880 it was announced that after March, 1883, all applicants for admis- sion to the college would be examined "in the elements of physical science as taught in common school text books; in arithmetic to cube root." Previous matriculates of the college, graduates in medicine, those who had passed the entrance examination of a respectable literary college, or who had been gradu- ated from a high school, were to be exempt from the examinations. In 1883 the policy was carried into full effect, and the details of the con- ditions were changed so as to admit without examination graduates of colleges, academies and high schools, and holders of county and State teachers' certificates, as well as special students not seeking the degree. The examination was to in- clude the "writing of a brief paper on a subject to be given, and an examination RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 45- in the elementary principles of physics and mathematics as taught in the public schools of the country." Arrangements were published as to times and places of holding the examinations and otherwise, to make it as little inconvenient as possible for the students who were obliged to take them; and students were "advised to acquire, before coming to the college, the documentary evidence of their preliminary education, as indicated above, and thus save themselves the necessity of an examination." These conditions stood without change till 1888, when the acceptance of a teacher's certificate was hmited to that "of the first grade." In the re-stated "terms of admission," in the announcement of that year, is what is undoubtedly an error in print, for it is declared that not only are graduates of colleges, academies and high schools accepted without examination, but also those who have "a certificate of examination for admission to such an institution"; that is, to a high school, which really means in most places grammar school work. This surprising typography was continued the following year, after which it was omitted. The following year, 1889, the character of the examination was changed to cover "the branches of a good English education, including mathematics, English composition and elementary physics." In 1 89 1 the specified branches to be covered by the admission examinations included "the elements of algebra and geometry, English composition, elementary physics, rhetoric and logic and the rudiments of Latin. " The following year the amount of algebra and geometry was specified (equations of the second degree for the former, and the first book for the latter). In 1895 students found deficient in any of the branches were allowed to make up their conditions during the Freshman year. Sundry universities and colleges having established science courses for students intending to study medicine, the graduates of some of them, it was declared, ' ' are admitted without examination or previous medical study to the second year of the four required years in Rush Medical College." (Announce- ment 1894-95). Twenty such schools are named in terms, a list which well shows the popular demand among students for a thorough and special preparation for the study of medicine, or that the severer conditions of the best medical colleges have forced them to seek such preparatory schools — in either case a most hopeful sign of the times. REFORMS IN THE CURRICULUM. Whether as a cause or a consequence of the new birth, the college was touched by the spirit of the new education ; the impression was growing in the faculty, by the insistence of President Holmes in particular, that the meth- ods of teaching needed to be radically changed. There must be more labora- 46 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. tory work, more practical courses, more personal teaching, and, if all these, then, necessarily, less didactic lecturing ; and, finally, there must be more years spent in the college study. There must be introduced into this medical col- lege work more of the elements of manual training, and the work must be graded. The impression grew to conviction, and so in a half dozen years the course of study has been metamorphosed completely. Almost from the first of the occupancy of the new building, in 1876, there had been some work done in what easily passed for a physiological laboratory, and later became one really, and here c}uite a large number of students took, at their option, short courses in Normal and Pathological Histology, and the micro- scopic examination of urine and other fluids of the body — all to their lifetime profit. But the work could amount to little until it was required, and it became a condition of graduation for the first time in 1886. In 1889 three other courses of practical (manual training) work were required : One in Auscultation and Percussion, one in Obstetrical Manipulations and one in Surgical Operations upon the Cadaver. In 1893 the course in the laboratory of Physiology was changed to Phy- siology and Histology, in its designation, and a course was added in Pathology and Bacteriology. One was announced as required for Materia Medica, but, owing to the unfinished condition of the laboratory, it was really not exacted that year, nor was it for the next year, although the laboratory was finished, but it has been ordained as a requirement hereafter. In 1894 three additional courses were instituted: One on Bandaging and Minor Surgery, one on the use of the Laryngoscope and one on the Ophthal- moscope and Otoscope, and in the fitting of spectacles. The course in Path- ology and Bacteriology was divided, and the course on Bacteriology made optional till the following year. Thus in the course of 1895-96 there will be no less than twelve practical courses of instruction, in which the student m-ust do certain work in a work- shop of some sort, under a Demonstrator, whose certificate that he has com- pleted the work in a satisfactory manner must be presented before his name can be considered as a candidate for the degree. These courses are : i. Anatomy, two courses; 2. Chemistry; 3. Physiology and Histology; 4. Path- ology; 5. Bacteriology; 6. Materia Medica and Therapeutics; 7. Auscultation and Percussion; 8. Obstetrical Manipulation; 9. Operative Surgery on the Cadaver; 10. Bandaging and Minor Surgery; 11. Laryngoscopy; 12. Oph- thalmoscopy, etc. That the college takes these requirements seriously is evidenced by the fact that each student must pay $110 for the course named, to which he cannot even be admitted till he has paid for his matriculation and general tickets, $85. For many years a part of the didactic teachers in the college were in the RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 47 habit of quizzing their classes regularly on the ground already gone over in their lectures, but it was not till 1888 that any systematic effort was made to introduce recitation work as a method of teaching to take the place of a part of the lectures. Then a small beginning was made, and each year the work has been increased and added to, till in 1894-95 there were recitations from text- books in nearly all of the cardinal branches taught in the college. Lessons are assigned, and student and teacher are brought into as close intellectual relations in the recitations as in any school of general education. For convenience the classes are divided into sections, usually of not more than fifty, and each section has a teacher who continues with it in each department throughout the year, and each section has a recitation in each department of the work for its class once or twice each week. The recitation period is an hour, and strict markings on a decimal scale are kept of each student, which are used in promoting him from class to class and in his final graduation. The great increase in the recitation teaching has led to a corresponding decrease in the number of didactic lectures. A decade ago students in the Winter course sat through four lectures of an hour each every forenoon except Sunday, and often heard two in the afternoon, making over thirty lectures a week. Now, there are only eleven each week, or an average of one and five- sixths didactic lectures each day for any one class to listen to, and correspond- ingly more time is devoted to clinical instruction and laboratory work. The change in the methods of teaching has made a large increase in the corps of instructors necessary, and a half dozen or more additional recitation rooms, as well as an enormous increase in laboratory space and facilities. It was apparent early in the development of the new education that the regular course in the college was altogether too short for the increased amount and scope of teaching. For many years the recjuired course had been twenty- one weeks; the Spring course of fifteen to twenty weeks was entirely optional. In 1889 the regular course was extended to twenty-six weeks, with no holiday vacation, which made half a year of severe strain of study and close application. In 1893 the course was made to cover eight months, beginning about the first of October and ending the last of May, with a vacation during the midwinter holidays. This necessitated the discontinuance of the Spring course of lectures, but most of the teachers of that course found their hands more than full in the regular course with the new system of instruction. But increasing the length of the regular course was not enough; it could not possibly give time for all the instruction insisted upon; there was one further step necessary, and that was to require more courses of college work and more years devoted to the study of medicine. For a long time the college announcements had been illuminated with pleadings to ambitious students of medicine to spend more time, take more 48 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. courses of lectures, and do more work than was really necessary to be gradu- ated. Courses of advised study were given in detail, most convenient and logical, and extending over at least three years of Winter and Spring study in the college. For those who did this amount of work, or two-thirds of it, a special certificate of honor was promised with the signatures of the faculty and the Spring faculty of the college. Quite a percentage of the graduating class received the certificate each year. But this was not enough. The certificate of honor was never popular, and it is doubtful that many men ever really sought it, for it was not given for better work or higher attainments as shown by any test of examination — all students who attended the larger number of courses received it. That document is prized which best represents a test of strength, as well as time and labor in its acquisition, and no certificate that is less than the diploma is very precious beside it. The thing the college saw as necessary was to make the diploma more valuable and harder to get. It was for a number of years of the college history permissible — by the terms of the announcements — for the candidate for the degree to attend either of his two required courses of lectures "in this Institution." Afterward it was specified that the last one must be attended here. In 1884 the college decided that thereafter the two required courses of lectures for the degree must not have been delivered "in one twelve-month." This was a step in the interest of encouraging college study lo be distributed over a longer time. In 1889 it was announced that after 1891 three full courses of ■ lectures would be recjuired, the three years of required college study being unchanged. In 1 89 1 this rule was made effective, and each of the three full courses was required to be of ' 'at least six months each. " At the same time for all students matriculating in the Autumn of 1891, and thereafter, four years of study were required. In 1893 the rule as to the length of the required courses was relaxed, the words of "at least six months each" being omitted. In 1894 it was announced that after May, 1897, four full courses of lectures would be required for the degree. Then also the certificate of honor was abolished. GRADED STL?DIES. The system of instruction began to assume the graded character in 1880, when final examinations in certain branches were permitted at the end of the second Winter course of lectures for three-year students. These branches were Descriptive Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and no change was made in this program for twelve years; but in 1892 there were added to this list Dental Pathology and Surgery, Bacteriology, Hygiene and Medical Jurisprudence. EDWARD L. HOLMES. M, D.. LL. D. , PRESIDENT OF THE FACULTY. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. . 51 In 1890 the course of study was thorou,qhly graded into first, second and third year work. The first year included Anatomy with Dissections; Elementary Chemistry and Physiology, with laboratory work in the Physiological Laboratory, and Materia Medica; and final examniations were permitted in Elementary Physiol- ogy, Elementary Chemistry and Materia Medica. The second year included Anatomy, Advanced Chemistry, with Urinalysis, Advanced Physiology, Therapeutics, Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Dissections and Clinical Work, Practical Courses in Auscultation and Per- cussion, Obstetrics and Surgery, with final examinations in Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry and Therapeutics. The third year included Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics, Diseases of Children, Gynecology, Diseases of the Eye and Ear, Skin and Veneral Diseases and General Clinical Work, with final examinations in all the practical departments. The following year Pathology was added to the work of the secon'd year; Auscultation and Percussion were put in the third year, and there were added also Pathology, Laryngology, Hygiene, Medical Jurisprudence and Orthopedic Surgery. A fourth year was suggested of clinics, special courses, etc. In i'^^^^^-t-^C.^^^..-<>~, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 85 lication, which well describes one of Dr. Miller's prominent traits as a teacher : " In his personal interviews with medical students he has always discouraged their usual haste in obtaining the degree of M. D., and urged them to take all the time possible before graduating, regardless of the requirements of the college, that they might become the better qualified for practice when they should enter the profession." To enumerate the positions held by Dr. Miller in the difTerent institutions of the city and to describe his connection with medical societies, local. State and national, makes an imposing array of facts. He is a member, of course, of the American Medical Association, and his connection with the great inter- national congresses has already been stated. He has also long held a mem- bership in the Illinois State Medical, the Chicago Medico-Legal and the Chi- cago Medical societies, being President of the last-named as early as 1856. Of the British Gynecological Society, London, he is a life member, and is con- nected with the local Gynecological Society, of which he was President in 1881. He was long identified with St. Luke's Hospital as Obstetrician, and with the Woman's Hospital of the State of Illinois as Consulting Physician ; has also served as Obstetrician to Cook County, the Presbyterian and Michael Reese hospitals, and Consulting Physician to the Home for the Friendless and the Hospital for Incurables. Among the organizations outside of his profession Dr. Miller is most prom- inent, perhaps, in the Masonic order, having received the Knight's Templar Degree of the York Rite and the 33" of the Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite, being also an honorary member of Ancient Ebor Preceptory of York, Eng- land. During the conclave of the order, held at Chicago in 1880, he was appointed director of the medical stafl to serve during the session, and in that capacity participated in the European pilgrimage taken by Apollo Command- ery No. t, Knights Templar, in the Summer of 1883. But from the active affairs of the order, as from the practice of his profession, and the management of these institutions, which for many years his inspiration and wisely directed labors have sustained. Dr. Miller has now retired and is enjoying a well-merited season of rest. DANIEL T. NELSON, A. M., M. D. An active and prominent member of the medical profession for over a quarter of a century in Chicago, Dr. Nelson was born in Millford, Worcester County, Mass., on September 16, 1839, being a son of Drake and Lydia Thurber (Pond) Nelson. When he was two years old his parents moved with him to Colesburg, Delaware County, Iowa, where he began his school 86 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. days in the primitive schoolhouse of the Httle settlement. In 1849, after the death of his father, he returned to his native town and attended high school. Like a great many other boys who secure an education and succeed in making honorable names for themselves in the learned professions, he was compelled to make his own way in the world. In 1857 he matriculated at Amherst College, where he remained till 1861, when he graduated. During his college course all his spare time was spent in teaching school, or working to secure money to continue his studies, and his bravery, coupled with his persistency, won the admiration of all who knew him. In 1862 he entered the Harvard Medical School and three years later graduated at the head of his class. While he was a student he served as nurse, then as medical cadet and finally as House Surgeon, at the Mason United States General Hospital, Boston. After graduating Dr. Nelson became Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army and was assigned to the Flying Hospital of the Twenty- Fourth Army Corps, Army of the James. Here he experienced all the horrors and hardships of war, being present at the severe battles which compelled the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond. He also took part in the forced marches and almost continuous lighting during the pursuit of General Lee's Army until its final surrender at Appomattox. Then returning with the victorious armies of the James and Potomac to Richmond, Virginia, he was stationed there until the close of the rebellion. Dr. Nelson won many friends during his army life by the prompt and judicious manner in which he performed all his duties, and his subsequent success has fully demonstrated the opinions expressed of him at that time. Dr. Nelson came to Chicago in November, 1865, and immediately com- menced a general practice, but has always made a specialty of gynecology. He has written valuable papers covering some of his experiences and discoveries in his practice, and is the inventor of several modern appliances, his improved tri-valva speculum being extensively used by the profession. The year following the arrival of the Doctor in Chicago he was appointed Lecturer and in the year 1867 Professor of Physiology and Histology in the Chicago Medical College, which position he held until 1879. In 1880 he accepted the position of Clinical Adjunct to the Professor of Gynecology in Rush Medical College, and during the following year was made Adjunct Professor of Gynecology. He continued in this chair until 1889, when he was made Professor of Clinical Gynecology. He lectured in this department until 1892, when, because of impaired health, he was obliged to lessen his work and, resigning, was appointed Emeritus Professor. As a lecturer he always proved entertaining and instructive, as his style was invariably concise and clear. This merit, together with his thorough knowledge of the subjects he was called upon to treat, won for him hosts of ^ p '^ <><^y^y^ '' y^^ • I' / h" t-r.: fiiy'C' RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 89 admirers among both his colleagues and the thousands of students who have listened to his collegiate lectures during a period of nearly a quarter of a century. Dr. Nelson was one of the founders of the Illinois State Microscopical Society, which was organized on December 12, 1868, just two years after the Royal Microscopical Society came into existence. He was a delegate to the Seventh International Medical Congress, which met in London in 1881, and took an active part in the Ninth International Congress, which convened at Washington, D. C, in 1887, being, further, a member of the Tenth Congress, held in Berlin in 1890. The doctor is also a member of the following organ- izations: British Medical Association, American Medical Association, Illinois State Medical Society, Chicago Medical Society, British Gynecological Society, Chicago Gynecological Society, Chicago Medico-Legal Society and the American Academy of Medicine. In 1879 Dr. Nelson assisted Dr. Wm. H. Byford in the reorganization of the Woman's Hospital of Chicago, and since that time has been on the medical staff of the institution. He is also one of the Attending Gynecologists of the Presbyterian Hospital and Consulting Gynecologist of the Wesley and Provident hospitals. For a number of years he was one of the attending physicians at the Mercy Hospital and, in fact, has always evinced a deep interest in this line of work. The Doctor took a very active part in ciring for the sick and wounded after the Chicago fire, being among the first physicians to volunteer his services. He was made Medical Director of the Davis Free Dispensary, now South Side Dispensary, of which he had been a founder in 1870. Here eleven thousand eight hundred and nine patients were treated, eighteen thousand one hundred and thirty-three prescriptions filled, and nine hundred and sixteen vaccinated, between October 17, 1871, and May i, 1873, when the work of the various relief committees of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society came to an end. The city had been divided into districts and each medical director had charge of the work in his section. Every applicant for medical aid was visited at home, if necessary, and was assigned for relief to either hospital or dispensary. Dr. Nelson was married, in 1862, to Miss Sarah H. Travis, of Holliston, Mass., who at once entered heartily into the spirit of her husband's work and proved a valuable assistant. The children born to them, who are still living, are Frank C. and Flora H. Three children are dead: Lottie May, Edgar D. and Lillian T. The Doctor and his wife are social people, but enjoy themselves most at the little gatherings of their intimate friends, where the con- ventionalities of society are not permitted to interfere with comfort and pleasure. The Doctor is thoroughly practical in what he says and does. His whole life has been spent in practicing his profession in a dignified and scholarly manner, and when his life work shall have ended, his colleagues will say: "Well done; he was an honor to his profession, and his example is well worth emulating. " 90 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. JAMES HENRY ETHERIDGE, A. M., M. D. Dr. Etheridge was born in Johnsville, N. Y. , on March 20, 1844, his father, Dr. Francis B. Etheridge, being a practicing physician and surgeon for forty- seven years. His mother was Fanny Easton of Connecticut. On both paternal and maternal sides of the family the ancestry was English, on the side of the former five and of the latter seven generations removed. During the Civil War the father of Dr. Etheridge served as surgeon in the field with one of the Minnesota volunteer regiments, dying at Hastings, Minn., in 1871. James H. Etheridge, the subject of our sketch, received his early education in New York State, and has been completing it ever since, for he is, and always has been, a close student. On the outbreak of the war he was prepared to enter the junior class at Harvard, but the absence of his father in the service disarranged these plans, and he decided to devote his attention to medicine. He subsequently read four years with his father, attended one course of lectures in the medical department of the University of Michigan, and took two full courses at Rush Medical College. From the latter institution he was graduated in 1869, after which he commenced practice in Evanston, 111., where he remained about a year and a half. Since March, 1869, Dr. Etheridge has been connected with the faculty of Rush Medical College. In 1869-70 he spent a year abroad in the hospitals of the principal European cities. On returning to America, in July, 187 1, Dr. Etheridge settled in Chicago, and for two years was Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics in Rush Medical College, when he was called to a regular professorship, occupying successively the chairs of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Medical Jurisprudence, Gynecology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology. Dr. Etheridge followed a general practice until 1891, since which time he has made a specialty of Gynecology, tic is one of the Gynecologists of the Presbyterian Hospital, and of the Central Free Dispensary; also of the Chicago Policlinic Hospital. He was one of the staff of the Woman's Hospital of the State of Illinois, and has also been connected with St. Joseph's and St. Luke's hospitals. He is an occasional contributor to medical journals, and is a member of the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Medico-Legal Society, the Gynecological Society (president in 1890), Illinois State Medical Society, American Medical Association, American Gynecological Society, International Medical Con- gress, and the International Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. He was President of the Chicago Medical Society in 1887. Dr. Etheridge was married on June 20, 1870, to Harriet Elizabeth Powers, of Evanston, daughter of H. G. Powers, of that place and long identified with Chicago's commercial and banking interests. They have two daughters. a RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE., . 93 In religion Dr. Etheridge is a Presbyterian, and in politics a Republican — but on all local issues votes for the best man, regardless of party. In personal appearance the Doctor is tall and commanding and of more than average weight. Socially he is genial, courteous and refined, popular alike with casual associates and intimate friends, and to those who know him best it is superfluous to mention his high professional standing. HENRY M. LYMAN, A.M., M. D. Henry M. Lyman, was born at Hilo, Hawaiian Islands, on November 26, 1835. His parents were from New England, the boy receiving a common school and academic education at the Islands. Entering Williams College, Mass., in 1854, he was graduated, as valedictorian, in 1858. He studied medicine in Harvard Medical School during the Winter of 1858-59, and then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, where he was again graduated as valedictorian of his class, in March, t86i. Dr. Lyman served as House Sur- geon in Bellevue Hospital, New York, from October, i860, until April, 1862, when he was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Armj'-, and was assigned to dut}' in the United States Hospital in Nashville, Tenn. There Dr. Lyman remained in active service, until compelled by a severe attack of malarial fever to return North in the Spring of 1863. Shortly after this he was married to Miss Sarah K. Clark, in Roxbury, Mass., and in October, 1863, began the practice of medicine in Chicago, where he has resided ever since. In 1865 he became a member of the Medical Staff of the Cook County Hospital, and held the position of Visiting Physician to that institution until 1876. In 1 87 1 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in Rush Medical College, occupying that chair until 1876, when he was transferred to that of Nervous Diseases. A year later he became Professor of Physiology and of Nervous Diseases in the same institution, and in 1890 he was elected to the chair of Principles and Practice of Medicine, which he still occupies. From 1881 to 1889 he served as Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Woman's Medical College, of Chicago. In 1880 Professor Lyman wrote a work on "Artificial Anesthesia and Anesthetics, " published by William Wood & Co., of New York. Three years later he issued a smaller volume, on "Insomnia and the Disorders of Sleep," published by W. T. Keener, of Chicago, and in 1892 appeared his " Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Medicine, " published by Lea Brothers & Co. , of Philadelphia. Dr. Lyman has been the Senior Visiting Physician to the Presbyterian Hospi- tal in Chicago since 188^. He has been the President of the Chicago Pathological 94 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Society, and was the annual President of the Association of American Physicians for the years 1891-92 and of the American Neurological Association during the years 1892-93. He is also a member of the Illinois State Medical Society. JAMES NEVINS HYDE. A. M., M. D. Born in Norwich, Conn., on the twenty-first of June, 1840, Dr. Hyde is the son of Edward Goodrich and Hannah Huntington (Thomas) Hyde. After pursuing a course at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., he entered Yale College, from which he was graduated in 1861, with the degree A. B. Four years later the same institution added the degree of A. M. Dr. Hyde's systematic medical education commenced with the course of lectures which, during the Winter of 1861-62, he attended at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. He next pursued his studies at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated with his degree of M. D. in the Spring of 1863. Subsequently, for several years. Dr. Hyde was connected with the United States Navy Department, first as an Assistant Surgeon, later by pro- motion as a Passed Assistant Surgeon at the Naval Hospital, in Washington, and on the Mediterranean squadron. In 1868 he resigned his commission and settled in Chicago. From the first Dr. Hyde has been particularly identified with the interests of Rush Medical College. In 1869 he received from that institution the degree M. D. Eunduui, and served as its Lecturer, first, on Dermatology and Syphilis, and then on Skin and Venereal Diseases, during the Spring courses of 1873- 76 and the Winter session of 1878-79. During the latter year he was elected by the faculty to a full professorship of the chair last named, and holds that position at the present time. Dr. Hyde is also Dermatologist at the Presbyterian and Michael Reese hos- pitals, and Consulting Dermatologist at the Woman's and Children's Hospital. He is a member of the American and British Medical associations, of the American Dermatological Association, of the American Association of Genito- urinary Surgeons, of the Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons and of the Chicago Medical Society, etc. Dr. Hyde is the author of two standard text-books on Dermatology and Disorders of the Genito-Urinary System, which are employed in several of the medical schools of this country; and he has been a contributor for years, both to periodical medical literature and to the works on medicine prepared by col- laboration of different authors, in this country as well as abroad. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 95 NORMAN BRIDGE. A. M.. M. D. Of the many prominent members of the profession who within the past quarter of a century have become a part of the remarkable corporate Hfe of Rush Medical College, none have occupied a more substantial position, both as an educator of the rising generation of physicians and among his fellow practioners, than Dr. Norman Bridge. The following sketch, taken from Piilsc\ the col- lege publication, states the bare facts of his career, which, however, speak for themselves: "Norman Bridge was born in Windsor, Vt. , on December 30, 1844. He obtained his early education in the common schools there, and also attended the high schools of De Kalb and Sycamore, 111. After attending the Medical Department of the Universit}- of Michigan one year, he entered the Chicago Medical College, from which he obtained his degree in the ensuing year (1866). "From 1870-74 Dr. Bridge was Professor of Pathology at the Woman's Medical College. In NORMAN BRIDGE, A. M.,M.D. ^<^^ ^ j^g ^^.g^ bccamc coiiiiected with Rush as Lecturer on Theory and Practice of Medicine, which position he held until 1 88 1, when he was elected Adjunct Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine. The next year he obtained the additional Professorship of Hygiene, which was soon exchanged for that of Pathology. He was elected to the chair of Clinical Medicine and Physical Diagnosis in 1888, which he still occupies. ' 'Dr. Bridge has been attending Physician at Presbyterian Hospital, and has held the civil offices of President of the Chicago Board of Examination and Commissioner of Elections of Chicago. "He is a member of the Association of American Physicians, Chicago Medical Society, and Chicago Pathological Society, and a Corresponding Member of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. "Dr. Bridge's writings have been quite extensive, both as to number and diversity of subject, consisting for thc> most part of articles for the medical journals. " To the above it may be added that a notable departure from the tendency of his literary work is the paper constituting the history of Rush Medical Col- lege, which, in collaboration with Dr. John E. Rhodes, he has contributed to 96 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. this volume. It is believed that competent critics will pronounce it as interest- ing and ably written a piece of local narrative as has ever been published, written as is, by those who are in hearty sympathy with the aims and work of the great institution which they thus represent. NICHOLAS SENN, M. D., LL. D. The canton of St. Gallen, or St. Gaul, is one of the northeastern districts of Switzerland, a picturesque country, with the beautiful lakes of Constance and Zurich upon its borders, and separated from Austria by the grandeurs of the river Rhine, and from the Grisons, from whose mountain glaziers pour the headwaters of that mighty stream, by the stupendous masses of the Alps. It is a country of cornfields, orchards and vineyards, of clear lakes and streams, and of a sober, industrious, hardy race of agriculturists. In the midst of such surroundings Nicholas Senn was born, of humble parentage, on the thirty-first of October, 1844. Wishing to improve their own circumstances, as well as to give their children the greater advantages to be found in the larger republic, his parents emigrated to America in 1852 and settled in Washington County, Wisconsin. This country is not unlike the one from which the family came. But the boy, Nicholas, was not content to remain there employed in rural pursuits, commendable and healthful though they be. At an early age he evinced a desire to secure a thorough education, and his parents coming from a land where compulsory education and mental training are at the basis of the State's substantial character, being, moreover, natives of a section where illiteracy is considered little short of a crime, were as anxious as their son that he should be satisfied to their utmost ability on this score. After securing, therefore, such an education as the local schools afforded, he went to Fond du Lac, where he attended grammar school, from which he graduated and afterward taught for several years. He then decided to adopt the medical profession, and in 1864 commenced his studies in the office of Dr. E. Munk, of that city. By this time Chicago was becoming quite prominent as a medical center, and the young student turned his attention in that direction, with the idea of entering upon a systematic course of study. Coming to this city he entered the Chicago Medical College in 1866, graduating therefrom in the Spring of 1868. As the result of a competitive examination he secured the appointment of Resident Physician to Cook County Hospital, serving the specified term of eighteen months. '■:.T)PahCoC\kO-9" RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 99 In 1869, after his marriage to Miss Aurelia Muehlhauser, Dr. Senn removed to Ashford, Fond du Lac County, and commenced private practice not many miles from the locaHty where he had acquired his higher education and first medical training. The prescribed scope of a country practice, however, became a drag upon his professional aspirations, and in 1874 he settled in Milwaukee, a beautiful city and the center of the most wealthy and infiuential German element in the State. He soon became Attending Physician to the Milwaukee Hospital, and afterward, as his practice was directed into channels almost purely surgical, he was appointed either Attending or Consulting Surgeon to nearly all the important charities of the county in which such services were required. Within a few years, although still comj^aratively a young man, his fame as a surgeon extended even beyond the confines of the great Northwest. From the first, although his surgical work did not deviate from the accepted lines of safety. Dr. Senn's operations were marked by an originality which, through the reports published in the medical literature of the day, soon gave him a high standing. Wishing, however, to come in contact with the great European masters of his profession, the profound scholars and original investi- gators, in 1878 he returned to Europe, and, after taking a special course in the University of Munich, graduated during the succeeding year. The scope of his studies and his standing, both as a practitioner and an expounder, may be inferred from the fact that, although but thirty-four years of age, he was elected by Rush Medical College to the chair of the Principles of Sur- gery and Surgical Pathology. This appointment, accepted soon after his return to this country, induced him to make Chicago his home, and here he has since resided, his reputation so strengthening and extending that it is now firmly established among the best professional minds of the continents. Especially has he a world-wide fame in the treatment of Gastro-Intestinal lesions. Dr. Senn is at present Professor of the Practice of Surger}^ and Clinical Surgery in Rush Medical College, Professor of Surgery in the Chicago Poli- clinic, Attending Surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital and Surgeon-in-Chief to St. Joseph's Hospital. He is President of the American Medical Association, ex-President of the American Surgical Association, an Honorary Fellow in the College of Physicians (Philadelphia), a life member of the German Congress of Surgeons, a corresponding member of the Harveian Society (London), an honorary member of La Academia de la Medicina de Mexico, of the Edinburgh Medical Society, of the D. Hayes Agnew Surgical Society (Philadelphia), and of the Ohio and Minnesota State Medical societies, and a regular member of the American Medical and the American Surgical associations, of the British Medical Association, the Illinois State Medical, Chicago Gynecological, Chicago Medical and the Brainard Medical societies. loo RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Dr. Senn is also Surojeon- General of the National Guard of Illinois and ex- President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States. In the course of an eloquent address delivered before the asso- ciation, in April, 1892, he paid a well-merited compliment to the valor of our citizen soldiery and the efficiency, loyalty and usefulness of the National Guard. He then passed on to sketch the history and progress of the movement with which he has been so prominently identified. ' ' Less than a year ago, " he said, ' 'about fifty surgeons of the National Guard, representing fifteen States, met in the cit}' of Chicago and organized the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States. At present we are full}' impressed with the necessity of such an association, and manifest a keen interest in its organization. To-day we have opened our first annual meeting in this beautiful city, and have received such a warm wel- come on the part of the State, the city, the medical profession and citizens as is seldom extended to a scientific body. As an association we have not yet reached our first birthday and yet we have attained a membership of over two hundred." After expressing his gratitude that the profession, the press and the Gen- eral Government had so warmly welcomed the birth of the association, he proceeded to sketch the improvement in modern warfare, with its smokeless powder, its small conical bullet, rapid firing and other inventions which make war more fatal. At the same time the wounds are cleaner cut and more amenable to surgical treatment. Speaking of the province to be occupied by the modern military surgeon, he adds : ' ' Bruns, Bardeleben and others have made careful experimental researches concerning the effect of the new projectile; but this subject is not exhausted and there is plenty of room for original work by our members in this department of Military Surgery. The operative treatment of penetrating wounds of the chest and abdomen on the battlefield offers another inviting field for original investigation. The various materials devised for dressing wounds on the battlefield have all their faults and merits, but none of them are perfect. The methods of transportation of the sick and wounded, the construction of tents and movable barracks are not closed chapters and are all susceptible of improvement by original thought and investigation. More ingenuity has been displayed of late years in perfecting firearms and in the invention of machines for wholesale destruction of life than in devising ways and means for saving the lives of those seriously injured. It is our duty as military surgeons to counteract as far as we can the horrors of war by devising life-saving operations and by protecting the injured against the dangers incident to traumatic infection. Antiseptic and aseptic surgery must be made more simple than it is now, in order that we may reap from them equal blessings in military as in civil practice. RUSH MEDIC A r. COLLEGE. lor Enough has been said to show you that a mihtary association of this kind can become an inestimable boon to mankind if some of the members will explore unknown regions and bring to light the priceless jewel of original thought and research. " Surely no one in the United States is better qualified than Dr. Senn to head a movement which has for one of its chief objects the amelioration of the horrors of war along the lines of the best modern and scientific methods of surgical operation. His published investigations, especially his work on "Surgical Bacteriology, " have gone far toward bringing about the desiderata mentioned in his address — the more perfect protection against the dangers incident to traumatic infection and the simplification of antiseptic and aseptic surgery. As he himself has remarked, ' ' Within a few years Bacteriology has revolutionized surgical pathology. All wound complications and most of the acute and chronic inflam- matory lesions which come under the treatment of the surgeon are caused by micro-organisms, hence the necessity for a proper recognition of the importance of Bacteriology as an integral part of the science and practice of modern surgery." A mere mention of Dr. Senn's publications will indicate, to some extent, their scope and value, and it is not too much to say that few books which issue from the brain and experience of any living surgeon are seized upon by prac- titioners and students with more avidity, or are more faithfully studied, than those which bear his name. His "Principles of Surgery," "Experimental Sur- gery," "Surgical Bacteriology," "Intestinal Surgery," "Tuberculosis of the Bones and Joints," "Syllabus of Lectures on the Practice of Surgery," "The Pathology and Surgical Treatment of Tumors," not to mention a host of lesser publications and contributions to standard text-books and periodicals,, are accepted as high authorities not only in America but in Europe. But one of the greatest benefits which Dr. Senn has conferred upon the great city of his adoption and the medical profession of the West has yet to be mentioned. In the pursuance of his studies, in the practice of his profession and the preparation of his books, he had for years been collecting an extensive yet select library, composed of the best medical and surgical literature published in English, German and French. In 1886 died Dr. William Pjaum, Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen and one of the founders of the German Congress of Surgeons. For half a century he had been collecting rare and valuable works on Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Gynecology, the Practice and History of Medicine and, in fact, on every conceivable subject which may be covered by the term Medical Science. Many of the books published in Germany during the early portion of the eighteenth century were printed in Latin, then the scientific as well as the theological language of the Christian world. Dr. Baum's expressed wish was that, at his death, the library which so well illustrated the origin of the modern schools of medicine should be purchased by the German I02 RUSH HfEDICAL COLLEGE. Congress of Surgeons. As that organization was in no financial condition to purchase the collection, however, the Royal Library of Berlin made a generous offer to the administrator of the estate for the oldest and rarest of the volumes. In accordance with the wishes of the deceased, however, it was decided to retain the collection intact, and Dr. Senn saved it from the fate of a public auction by making a partial pa)'ment upon the purchase money of the entire library. This was a splendid addition to the huge collections which Dr. Senn had already made and he naturall}' became somewhat anxious for the safety of such priceless possessions. It is said that his wife suggested that they be transferred for safe keeping and public use tt) the massive walls of the Newberry Library. At all events in April, 1894, this great accession to the medical department of that institution commenced to be received, and in a short time a total of more than seven thousand volumes, books and rare sets of jK'riodicals, were safely stored and shelved. By the terms of the princely donation th-'^y were to be known as the Senn Collection, were to be kept together on the shelves, retained as a librar}' in their entirety and separately catalogued. It is impossible to go deeply into details regarding the value of the Senn Collection to the medical profession of the West. To give a faint idea of its treasures, however, it may be stated that the set of "Virchow's Archive" dates from the beginning of its publication, 1847; "Canstatt's Jahresbericht" from 1842; "Virchow's Jahresbericht," 1866; "Schmidt's Jahrbiicher, " 1834; "Memoires de I'Academie de Medicin, " 1836; "London Medical Gazette," 1827; "Prager Vierteljahrschrift, " 1844; "Dublin Hospital Reports," 18 r 8; "St. Bartholomew Hospital Reports," 1865; "Transactions of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of London," 1809; "Rust's Magazin fiir die Gesammte Heilkunde, " 1823, as well as his "Chirurgie," 1830; "Hecker's Annalen der Heilkunde," 1825; "Griife's Journal der Chirurgie" (Paris), 1841. One of the oldest and rarest of the periodicals is a set of ' ' Der Arzt, " bound in parchment and first printed in Hamburg during 1 760. The ' ' Memoires of the Royal Academy of Surgery, " Paris, commence in 17,61, and there are numerous old dictionaries and encylopedias of medicine in German, F'rench and English. Among some of the rarest of the volumes may be mentioned the ' ' History of Early Greek Medicine, " by Professor Kuhn, of the University of Leipsic, printed in Latin and Greek, the publication of the twenty volumes commencing in 182 1. There is an old volume (1757) in Latin, which is a collection of the most famous medical disputations of that time; a French dictionary giving a history of medicine up to 1778; a dissertation on the "Human Muscles," by Albini, printed in Latin, in 1734, and dozens of other tomes which, as stated, throw a clear light upon the crude condition of medical science even of a century ago. As has been stated, the modern phases of the subject are also well illustrated in the dona- tions which Dr. Senn has made from his own library. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 103 JOHN B. HAMILTON. M. D., LL. D. The American ancestor of the Hamilton family, so noted in our national annals, was James Hamilton, of Worcester, Mass., who was taken prisoner at the battle of Dunbar, Scotland, and in 1652 transported with other war prisoners to America. Settling in Worcester, Mass., he became the progenitor of a long line of distinguished characters, prominent in colonial history, in Revolutionary times, in early statesmanship and, subsequently, in every walk of professional and intellectual life. Nathaniel Hamilton, the great-grandfather of Hr. Hamilton, served under Ethan Allen, and when the war was over settled at Point Harmer, Ohio (now Marietta), with a considerable colony of other ex-Revolutionary soldiers. Sub- sequently he took up arms under old "Tippecanoe," in the Indian wars which followed the occupation of the great Northwest by the whites, and served with credit in the Legislature of Ohio. The son, Thomas McCluer Hamilton, passed his early years in Ohio, married a daughter of Captain Benjamin Brown, one of Washington's body-guard and whose four brothers were of Bunker Hill stock. When Illinois became a State in 18 18 this Thomas, the grandfather of Dr. Hamilton, removed with his family to Monroe County, and after remaining there until 1830 settled in Greene County. His son, Benjamin Brown Hamilton, was born in Monroe County in 1822, and received his primary education in the first free school of Illinois, founded by Dr. Silas, the younger brother of Nathaniel. Dr. Hamilton's father. Rev. Benjamin B., was a man of mark in the Illinois communities of which he was so long a member. At an early age he married Mary Chandler, whose great-grandfather, Joseph Chandler, was also with the fearless Ethan Allen. B. B. Hamilton was one of the pioneer anti-slavery leaders, serving as secretary of the society of which William, the father of Senator John M. Palmer, was president. For many years he was a Baptist minister in Greene County, was postmaster of Otter Creek, Jersey County, from 1854-58, served during the Civil War as chaplain of the Sixty-first Illinois Infantry, and from 1880-84 was postmaster at Whitehall, Greene County. He died in October, 1894, at the age of seventy-two years, his wife surviving him and living now in Upper Alton, 111. It will thus be seen that since its creation as a State in 18 18 the Hamilton family has been identified with its history. John B. Hamilton is both by birth, education and affection a son of Illinois. He was born in Jersey County, on the first of December, 1847, received his early intellectual training at the Hamilton school, and later pursued a classical course under Professor John Grant, a noted Latin scholar from Edinburgh Uni- versity. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was a minor, and, although his blood was stirred, he continued his studies and in 1863 entered the office of his I04 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. uncle, Dr. Joseph O. Hamilton. But at lenj^^th the stupendous events which had marked the progress of the great Rebellion overcame his professional am- bitions, and in 1864 he enlisted at Jacksonville, Morgan County, as a private in Company G, Sixty-first Illinois Infantry, the regiment of which his father was chaplain, then stationed at Little Rock, Ark. Before his superiors discovered that they had accepted a minor, the young man had enjoyed an experience of six weeks in guarding railroad bridges on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Not long after his brief military career had thus been abruptly terminated, he removed to Chicago and entered Rush Medical College, from which he was graduated in February, 1869. From that date until 1874 Dr. Hamilton engaged in general practice. In 1874 he was appointed Assistant Surgeon and First Lieutenant of the U. S. Army, serving at St. Louis Barracks and in the De- partment of the Columbia, at Fort Colville, Washington. Resigning his commission in 1876, Dr. Hamilton presented himself before the examining board as an applicant for position in the United States Hospital Service. The result of the competitive examination was to place him at the head of the class and secure for him the position of Assistant Surgeon, with headquarters in New York. From this point, in May, 1877, he was ordered to Boston, and during the succeeding month was promoted to be a Surgeon. General John M. Woodworth, Supervising Surgeon-General U. S. Marine Hospital Service, died in March, 1879, and Dr. Hamilton was placed in tem- porary command of the Bureau and in April following was promoted to the vacancy. He immediately began the reorganization of the service, managing campaigns against two epidemics of yellow fever during his term of service, and succeeding in having placed on the statute books the National Quarantine Acts. In 1883 his sanitary cordon stretched from Laredo on the Texas frontier to the mouth of the Rio Grande, and another was placed at the Pensacola Navy Yard, on account of a local epidemic at that point. In 1888 Dr. Hamilton established Camp Perry, on St. Mary's River, Florida, this being the first station known to sanitary science which had been organized for the transmission of yellow fever refugees. After being thoroughly disinfected they were passed through to their destinations, and so scientifically and faithfully was the work accomplished that in no case was there a reappearance of the disease. In connection with his management of epidemics, it should here be stated that General Hamilton was personally upon the ground which most required his services. Like other able commanders, he directed his campaigns from the immediate field of action. The year 1890 was one of especial honor to Dr. Hamilton, his annual report submitted to the Treasury Department (to which the marine service is responsible) giving some idea of the broad scope of his activities. They embraced La Grippe in its ravages from Russia to, and into, the United States, ''\ ^y>(nCxA ^L^?^|r^:3^-z.'t^<^--vu. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. " ii" Melvin Cotton, a literary character and a teacher of hij^h standing, married Miss Elvira Cleveland of that State. Emigrating to the South, although a Congre- gationalist and an anti-slavery advocate of radical views, his abilities were promptly recognized and he served for some time in the faculty of Washington College, an institution of high standing near Natchez, Miss. Notwithstanding that he might have made a name for himself as an educator in the South, his social and political beliefs were so antagonistic to those prevailing in that section of the country that he returned to Vermont, and after suffering some business reverses decided to cast his fortunes with those of the great new West. In 1835, therefore, he located in Griggsville, Pike County, 111., and, like the practical man that he was, became a mill owner, a grain dealer and a freneral merchant, despite his thorough education and his training as a pedagogue. Cultured, modest, industrious, upright, original and a power in the young community, he lived here for forty-five years, dying in the ripeness of old age universally respected and loved. . Of the four children born at Griggsville, Dr. Cotton is the )'oungest, the date of his birth being May 18, 1847. After receiving a primary and a grammar school education, in accordance with his father's wishes, Alfred was placed under the intellectual care of Rev. W. H. Whipple, a Congregational clergyman, the design being to prepare the boy for college. At sixteen years of age, however, his studies were interrupted by the Civil War. Enlisting with the Union Army as a drummer, he experienced sixteen months of service, half of which period he spent in Southern prisons, having received wounds from which he did not recover for some time after being mustered out of the service. As soon as his health would permit, he resumed his studies at the Illinois State Normal University, at Bloomington, being soon elected president of the Philadelphian Literary Society. Graduating from that institution in 1869, for the succeeding six years Dr. Cotton served as a principal of grammar and high schools and superintendent of city schools. During this period traits of char- acter, which were no doubt partially inherited, were so developed by experience and trainin^r as to mark him as amono; the foremost educators of the State, he being especially prominent, perhaps, as a teacher of Latin and the natural sciences, and most successful as an organizer of graded schools. It was during the period above named (in 1873) that Dr. Cotton also served as Deput}' Count}' Superintendent of Schools for Iroquois Count}'. But several years jirevious to this time he had commenced his medical studies with Dr. J. R. Stoner of Griggsville, and in 1876 he abandoned his career of non-professional teaching forever. During the Autumn ot that \'car, well grounded in the preparatory branches for a medical course, he entered Rush Medical College, graduating in 1878 as valedictorian and president of his class. He was at once invited to accept a lectureship as a member of the ii8 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Spring faculty. This he did, but decided to locate for practice at Turner, Du Page County, 111. Here his abilities, both as an executive and professional man, promptly earned for him not only a large practice, but such public positions as Coroner of the County in 1878 and 1881, and Health Officer of the village in 1880. As the smallpox epidemic invaded that part of the State during his incumbency of the last named position the office proved far from being a sinecure. As Turner is quite an important railway center, Dr. Cotton's practice included much railway surgery, he receiving the appointment of an Assistant Sur- geon in the Chicago & North-Western Railway. The continuous encouragement which he received from his Alma Mater, added to the promptings of his own ambition for a broader professional field, attracted him irresistibly to Chicago. In 1880 he had accepted the position of Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics at Rush Medical College and, although still a resident of Turner, established an office in this city. It was during May, 1882, that he established himself in Chicago, on the West Side, as a resident jihvsician, where he has become widely known, especially as an expert in Diseases of Children. Dr. Cotton had previously served as assistant to Dr. Knox in the newly- established clinical department on Diseases of Children, connected with Rush Medical College, and during 1883-84, that he might further perfect himself in this specialty as well as in the studies of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, he spent a year in the leading medical institutions of Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, particularh' in the Post-Graduate and Policlinic schools of the metropolis. Returning to Chicago in the Fall of 1884, he energetically pursued his former lines of work, being splendidly equipped to accept the further honors which came to him. In 1886 he received the degree of Master of Arts from Illinois College, in 1888 he was made Adjunct Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in Rush College, and in 1892, on the decease of Dr. Knox, he was appointed to succeed him in the clinical chair of Pediatrics. Dr. Cotton's eminent success, both as a theoretical and clinical instructor in Diseases of Children, led Rush Medical College to create for him a full pro- fessorship of that department, which he still occupies and honors. His prominence in this specialt}' has also induced many other public institutions to solicit his services. Since 1882 he has been connected with the Children's department of the Central Free Dispensary, either as Attending or Consultmg Physician, and for many years he has served the Presbyterian Hospital in a like capacity, as well as holding the positions of Obstetrician to that institution and Lecturer to the Illinois Training School for Nurses. Besides the many duties connected with his extensive practice and the public institutions named above. Dr. Cotton has assumed those naturally asso- ciated with his service of several years on the medical staff of Cook County RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 119 Hospital and three years as City Physician of Chicago. His term in the latter capacity covered the period 1891-93, under Mayor Washburne, being continued under Mayor Swift from June, 1895, up to date. By virtue of his position he is also a member of the Chicago Board of Health, has medical supervision of the Police Department and House of Correction, and is in charge of the Chicago Isolation Hospital and the infectious disease ward of the Cook County Hospital. During President Harrison's term of office he served as Examining Surgeon on the U. S. Pension Board and for years has been elected Surgeon for the two posts of the G. A. R. and the Veteran Union League. Dr. Cotton is a member of the Chicago Medical and Pathological societies, the Illinois State Medical Society and the American Medical Association, before which he has read papers that have been widely circulated. In 1894, at the meeting of the national body held in San Francisco, he was chosen temporary chairman of the section on Diseases of Children, and at the Baltimore Congress, which assembled in June, 1895, he was selected as chairman of that section. It may be added that Dr. Cotton's reputation made as Professor of Diseases of Children to Rush Medical College has firmly established his position as one of the leading American authorities on Pediatrics. He is one of the few Americans who have been honored with election to membership of the Socictc Francaisc cl' Hygiene. Dr. Cotton is a Mason of high rank, being also identified with the Royal Arcanum and the Grand Army of the Republic. He is a member of the Lincoln Club, and is as popular in social and Grand Army circles as in the professional walks of life. The Doctor's family includes his wife, formerly Miss Nettie McDonald, and his infant daughter, Mildred Cleveland Cotton. JOHN MILTON DODSON, A. M., M. D. Although a young man and a resident of Chicago for but a few years. Dr. Dodson is so purely a Western product of manhood that he has readily adapted himself to the city of his adoption and has attained a position here for which others might strive half a lifetime. Born at Berlin, Wis., on February 17, 1859, he is the elder of the two sons of Nathan Monroe and Elizabeth Abbott Dodson. He laid the sound foundation of his professional life by a thorough training in the common and high schools of his native town, after which he attended the State University at Madison, from which latter institution he was graduated in 1880, with the degree of A. B. As an earnest student he now removed to Chicago, and, after taking a course at Rush Medical College, received his degree I20 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. of M. D. in 1882, the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, conferring the same honor upon him during the succeeding year. After graduating from Rush Medical College, for three years he practiced his profession in Berlin, removing then to Madison, where he continued as before to live and thrive among his oldtime associates and friends. Just pre- vious to occupying his broader field in Chicago (in 1888) his Alma Mater, the University of Wisconsin, conferred upon him the degree of A. M. In January, 1889, Dr. Dodson removed to Chicago, and here again the institution which had watched his course and marked his talents honored him with a professorship. First he became Demonstrator of Anatomy and Lecturer on Osteology, in Rush Medical College, occupying that position until 1891 wdien, he was appointed Professor of Physiology in the same institution, which chair he still holds. To add to his other public and professional offices of trust, in 1894 Dr. Dodson was elected Professor of the Diseases of Children in the Women's Medical School of the Northwestern University. That Dr. Dodson has a wide acquaintance among the members of his pro- fession is evident from the fact that he is associated with such prominent organi- zations as the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Pathological Society, the Practitioner's Club, the Wisconsin State Medical Society, the American Associa- tion of Anatomists, the National Association of Railway Surgeons and the Beta Theta Ri and the Mi Sigma Nu fraternities. In the midst of his active practice and the duties connected with his college professorships, he has found time to contribute not a little to the medical literature of the day. Among other papers maybe mentioned "The Diagnostic Signifi- cance of Epitheha in Urine" (1890) and "The County Insane Asylum System in Wisconsin " ( 1 89 1 ). It will tlms be seen that Dr. Dodson is giving his entire strength and his marked ability to the profession which he has adopted, allowing no outside attractions to distract his mind and energy. The consequence is that although he has been among us ])ut little more than seven years, he has advanced rapidly to the front ranks, and those who have watched his course from the time he commenced his medical studies in Rush Medical College until the present pre- dict for him a substantial future. ARTHUR DEAN BEVAN, M. D. Professional ability may be said to depend partly upon natural aptitude, or inheritance, and partly upon education. In both of these Dr. Bevan was for- tunate. His father, Thomas Bevan, after receiving a thorough medical educa- tion in Cincinnati and Paris, came to Chicago in 1853 and here practiced RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 121 his profession for more tlian a quarter of a century, or until his death in March, 1880. That Dr. Thomas Bevan was a man of mark in his chosen field is evident from the fact that he was for many years Professor of Hyj^iene and Clinical Medicine at the Chicago Medical College, and Attending Physician and Presi- dent of the Medical Board of Cook County Hospital. His wife, and the mother of Arthur Dean Bevan, was a Miss Sarah Ramsey, the granddaughter of John Morrow, one of the first governors of Ohio. Dr. Bevan was born in Chicago in August, i860, and now holds the chair of Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical, at Rush Medical College, being also one of the Surgeons of the Presbyterian Hospital. Not only is he a native of this city, but received his early education here, graduating from the Chicago High School in 1878. Next we find him a student at Yale, and then, in 1883, a graduate in medicine at Rush College. Soon afterward Dr. Bevan led all competitors in an examination for the United States Marine Hospital service, retaining his connection with it until 1888, and being stationed at Chicago, Detroit, Portland (Ore.) and New York. While in Portland he was at different times Professor of Anatomy in the Med- ical Department oi the State University, Chief Surgeon of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, Division Surgeon of the Union Pacific, Surgeon of the Southern Pacific and the Northern Pacific Terminal Company, and County Physician. He was also Surgeon of the First Regiment Oregon National Guards, serving as a private in that organization during the Chinese riots of 1886. It was during the succeeding year that Dr. Bevan was called to the chair of Anatomy at Rush College to succeed Professor Charles T. Parkes. In 1892 he was matriculated at the University of Leipzig, devoting a year to medical studies there and at Vienna and Berlin. The Doctor is a member of such organizations as the Delta, and Phi Sigma Psi medical fraternities, American Medical Association, Association of American Anatomists, Academy of Railroad Surgeons, Chicago Medical, Chicago Medico- Legal and Chicago Pathological societies. Dr. Bevan has given his time and strength to the practice of his profes- sion, to the performance of those duties of a semi-public nature which have devolved upon him by virtue of high standing, and to the maintenance of those various organizations which perhaps bind together the members of his brother- hood as closely as those of any other. He has confined himself to the broad field of his calling and takes rank among the leading surgeons of this city. In 1896 Dr. Bevan was married to Miss Anna Barber, daughter of O. C. Barber, 122 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. JOHN EDWIN RHODES, A. M., M. D. Born at Bath, Summit County, Ohio, on the twelfth of February, 185 1, Dr. Rhodes' ancestors were of that industrious, substantial and intelligent Ger- man stock which has done so much to make Pennsylvania, and especially West- ern Pennsylvania what it is — one of the most prosperous sections of the United States. His father, John Rhodes, was a well-to-do merchant of that place, blessed in the course of time with a numerous family of children. In search of a greater competency than the country aftorded, when Dr. Rhodes was still a child he removed to Akron, Ohio, and subsequently to South Bend, Indiana. Still searching for fresher and more productive commercial fields in the farther West, the father took the long trip overland, with his family, from the latter point to Webster City, Iowa. At that time, 1856, Iowa was on the frontiers of civilization, but the com- mon school had found its way far in advance of the railroad, so that during the eleven years of his residence in Webster City young' Rhodes was enabled to make good progress in his education. At the age of sixteen he returned with the family to South Bend, and later found his home in Belvidere, 111. In the meantime he had made such progress that, after a preliminary course of instruction, he entered the University of Chicago, graduating from its clas- sical course in 1876 with the degree of A. B. It is characteristic of Dr. Rhodes that during his collegiate course he was actively identified with the societies and fraternities which form so vital a force in university life outside of the class-rooms — in short, it may be ques- tioned whether they do not as much influence and reveal the character of the student as the college curriculum itself. As stated, Dr. Rhodes was actively identified with all of these outside movements, which may be said to consti- tute a training school for the practical career of after life. He was editor of the college paper, the Volatite, president of the literary society and a leading member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. In all the debates and oratorical contests which so test a student's temper and ability Dr. Rhodes was among the foremost, and on graduating was chosen by his class- mates as class orator. It should be added that three years after leaving the university with the degree of A. B., his Alma Mater conferred an A. M. upon him. Graduating from the University of Chicago in 1876, Dr. Rhodes spent the Summer in travel in the East, visiting Philadelphia and the Centennial Ex- position, after which he located in Sacramento, Cal., and went into the employ of the well-known hardware house, Huntington, Hopkins & Co. Shortly afterward, in July, 1877, he was united in marriage to Miss Anna Louise White, of Chicago. Dr. and Mrs. Rhodes have two children, a girl of four and a boy of eight years. RUSH IMEDICAL COLLEGE. 125 During the seven years which constituted his business career, Dr. Rhodes proved his abihty as a man of affairs; but his inchnation from the first had been toward a professional career. Thus it was that he was drawn more and more to the study of mechcine, and finahy he determined to rehnquish his excellent business prospects and return to Chicago to enter Rush Medical College. During 1883-86 he faithfully pursued the full Winter and Spring courses, and graduated as valedictorian of his class in the latter year. At present he is Treasurer of the Rush Medical College Alumni Associ- ation. Since he has held this position — three years, only — the membership has increased from thirty to six hundred, and a commendable spirit of enthu- siasm and loyalty to their Alma Mater has been aroused among her thousands of graduates. Dr. Rhodes is President of the Instructor's Association of Rush Medical College, the members of which are doing much in advancing medical education in Rush College. He has recently also been elected Historian of the college, and a member of the Nu Sigma Nu, a flourishing medical inter- collegiate society. He is Chairman of the Managing Committee of the Inter- collegiate Department of the Y. M. C. A. It is needless to say to those who are at all conversant with the inner aspects of college life that a commendable work is being accomplished by this growing branch of the Young Men's Christian Association in the maintenance and elevation of morals among the students of American colleges. After graduation from Rush and before entering private practice. Dr. Rhodes spent some time in European study and travel connected with his profession. Coming home to Chicago, he became associated with Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals in practice of a general nature. After a few years, however, he conhned himself to the specialties in which his professional associate and friend had already acquired such eminence, to Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Chest. He has been elected by the faculty of Rush Medical College as Lecturer on Laryn- golog}/ and Diseases of the Chest, which chair he still occupies. Several years ago he became identified with the Woman's Medical College, at that time under the presidency of the late Dr. Wm. H. By ford. This institution has since become the Woman's Medical School of the Northwestern University. Dr. Rhodes still maintains his connection with it, and holds the chair of Professor of Physical Diagnosis and Practice of Medicine in the school. Dr. Rhodes is a member of the American Medical Association, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society, the Physician's Club and the Chicago Pathological Society. With all his duties connected with college, society and professional work, and those which necessarily come to the private life of one whose acquaintance and friendship are so wide-spread as Dr. Rhodes', he has found time to make not a 126 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. few contributions to current medical literature, chiefly in the line of his specialties. The history of Rush Medical College was prepared for this volume by Dr. Norman Bridge and Dr. Rhodes. SAMUEL L. WEBER, M. D. Samuel L. Weber was born in Kaschau, Hungary, on August i, 1861, his parents immigrating to this country when he was yet a child. He received his preliminary and high school education in Chicago, and after engaging in business for six years entered the University of Chicago. When this institution went out of existence Dr. Weber entered Harvard University. Here he devoted himself mainly to Biology, Chemistry and Physics, leaving Harvard before completing his course and commencing the study of medicine. He took his first year at Rush Medical College, Chicago, and the second and third years at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City. Graduating from the latter school with honors in May, 1888, Dr. Weber entered Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, as interne in its surgical service. In this position he served two and one- half years — two terms as House Surgeon. Such was the confidence of the visiting surgeons and gynecologists in him that they allowed him to do over five hundred major operations during his two terms as House Surgeon. During the second of these terms he very frequently gave the regular clinics, in place of Professors Wyeth, Munde and Fluhrer. Resigning from Mount Sinai Hospital, Dr. Weber went to Europe for further study and experience. Abroad he served as Voluntar Artz at the Konigliche Erauenklinik in Dresden, also taking Surgical, Gynecological and Pathological work in Berlin and Vienna. Returning to America, he began private practice in Chicago in the Fall of 1891. Dr. Weber now gives a course of lectures on Surgery at the Post-Graduate Medical School, is Attending Surgeon to the out-patient department of the Michael Reese Hospital, and to the Central Free Dispensary, and Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics at Rush Medical College. He has frequently contributed papers on surgical and gynecological subjects to medical journals, and is among the rising young physicians and surgeons of Chicago. WILLIS CLAUDE STONE, M. D. Born in Smithfield, Madison County, New York, on the twenty-first of April, 1855, Dr. Stone is of Scotch-Irish ancestry, a combination of blood which has produced some of our most brilliant as well as substantial citizens. I RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 129 Captain James Riley Stone, the father of Wilhs, was one of the most prom- inent men of afifairs in his section of the State, and at the breaking out of the war responded promptly to the call to arms, being given a command in the One Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York State Volunteers. But he was not fated to rise to prominence, since, after spending nearly a year at Libby Prison and a short time at Andersonville, he died in a rebel prison at Macon, Georgia — and, gauged by the comparative degree of mental and physical suffering, such a lingering death is a far greater test of heroism than when the life is torn away in the rush and turmoil of battle. Dr. Stone's mother was Pamela Coe Ellinwood, daughter of George W. Ellinwood of Siloam, also situated in Madison County, Squire Ellinwood was, as his title implied, a man of importance even in a community which boasted of such men as Gerret Smith. He was capitalist, statesman, legal adviser and everything else which "Squire" implies in an Eastern country. Dr. Smith and Squire Ellinwood lived only about a mile apart and were fast friends, and young Willis, while visiting his maternal grandfather when a very little boy, has often seen them talking together — doubtless earnestly discussing the abolition of slavery and the ultimate result of the increasing bitterness between the North and the South. One of Squire Ellinwood's sons and an uncle of Dr. Stone was Truman J. Ellinwood, a famous stenographer of New York, of the hrm of Ellinwood & Munson, and for many years the official reporter of Henry Ward Beecher's sermons. It is also interesting to record the fact that Dr. Stone is related, on his mother's side, to Daniel Webster, as is Phil. D. Armour, the great packer and financier — the Armours and the Ellinwoods being therefore of kindred blood. To return to our narrative, the boy Willis, up to his fourteenth year, had attended the district schools and the Evans Academy at Peterboro, which was the educational center of Madison County, as it was virtually the geo- graphical. At this time (about 1869) the family, consisting of the widow and five children, settled at Reedsburg, Wisconsin, where Willis derived the benefit of a high school training. This advanced him so materially that he obtained a position as a teacher in one of the common schools, and after attending the Oshkosh State Normal School for two years (1876-78), he took a special course of another year in the Wisconsin State University at Madison. In the meantime he had decided to ultimately adopt the medical profession, using pedagogy as a means toward that end. He had already spent one year in the office of a leading Reedsburg physician, and, soon after leaving the State University at Madison, was matriculated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, from which he graduated in 1884. I30 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Durinor this year Dr. Stone cast his lot in Potter County, Dakota, and not only did he here successfully practice his profession, but was sent by his county to the convention at Sioux Falls which formed the State constitution. The constitution was adopted in the Fall of 1889 and Dr. Stone was a part of all that excitement occasioned by the rivalry of Huron, Watertown, Sioux Falls and Pierre over the location of the capital of South Dakota. Before the Fall election of 1890, however, which made Pierre the permanent capital, he had accepted a call from his Alma Mater, had located in Chicao;o and abandoned politics. In 1890 Dr. Stone became Clinical Assistant to the chair of Gynecology at Rush Medical College, which position he held four years. He has been, and still is. actively identified with the Harvard Evening College as Professor of Gynecology. He has also served as secretary of that institution for two years and was connected with the Central Free Dispensary for an entire decade. Since coming to Chicago from Dakota Dr. Stone has given his energies and talents to the work of establishing a general practice, although, if he has one specialty more than another, it may- be said to be the treatment of malignant tumors. Although Dr. Stone's family, neither on the paternal nor maternal sides, seems to have a medical leaning, his wife's relatives have a decided tendency to the calling which he has himself adopted. He was married in the Fall of 1885 to Miss Elmira Nichols, a well-known teacher in the public schools of Chicago. His wife's grandfather was a physician, she has two sisters and a brother who are practicing medicine, and she herself is about to follow in their footsteps and in those of her husband. Dr. Emma Nichols, one of her sisters, now of Grand Rapids, but formerly of Chicago, and a Professor in the Woman's Medical College, is widely and favorably known in this city. CASSIUS DOUGLAS WESCOTT, M. D. Although for several generations back Dr. Wescott's ancestors were Amer- icans, he originally comes from both English and Scotch stock. His mother was a descendant of Sir Andrew Murray, of Scotland, the Doctor's seventh grandfather on the maternal side being that nobleman. His father, from whom he derives his English blood, practiced medicine in New York State until the boy Cassius was seven years of age, when the family moved West and located in Chicago. Born on the twenty-fifth day of May, 1861, in the little town of Salisbury Center, Herkimer County, N. Y., he came West, as stated, before his school days were fairly commenced. He is, therefore, by adoption and education a RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 131 product of this section of the country and particularly of Chicago. After being grounded in the common branches, at the age of fifteen he entered the old Central High School, taking the scientific course. On account of poor health, however, he was unable to finish the third year. But, although thus temporarily retarded, his illness directed his mind toward the study of medicine and the alleviation of the many ills to which flesh is heir. By persevering in this new line of mental endeavor he was enabled to enter Rush Medical College as a faculty student when nineteen years of age, graduating in the Spring of 1883. In what esteem Dr. VVescott was held by his Alma Mater is evidenced by the fact that immediately after receiving his degree, the faculty of Rush College appointed him Demonstrator of Chemistry. His superior was Professor Walter S. Haines, and during the year that he so acceptably pertormed his college duties he also assisted his father in the conduct of an increasing practice. In the Spring of 1884, however. Dr. Wescott obtained the appointment of Assist- ant Physician at the Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane, at Kankakee, 111. Here, under Dr. Richard Dewey, one of the foremost experts in insanity of the country, he successfully labored for over two years, after which he returned to Chicago to resume practice. In the meantime Dr. Wescott had wisely determined to become a specialist, which in these days of fierce competition is almost as necessary in professional as in business life. Deciding to confine his energies to the study and treatment of Diseases of the Eye and Ear, he took a post-graduate course in Ophthalmology at the Chicago Policlinic in 1886. Durmg the Spring of the next year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the ear department of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary but resigned the position in order to take charge of the Eye and Ear Clinic at the Central Free Dispensary connected with Rush Medical College. His Alma Mater again honored him, in the Spring of 1888, with the appointment of Lecturer of Anatomy, but, on account of failing health, he was obliged to give up the chair at the end of one year. In 1891 Dr. Wescott was appointed Oculist and Aurist to the Cook County Hospital and was reap- pointed to the same position in 1893. From the above brief resume of his professional career for the past decade it will be seen that he is remarkably well fitted for his special work, which, of late, he has even further concentrated by limiting his practice to Diseases of the Eye. Although he is not given to contributing profusely to medical literature, his clinical reports to the profes- sional journals and societies are highly valued. Dr. Wescott is a member of the Americal Medical Association, the Chicacro Medical Society, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Academy of Medicine, the Chicago Medico-Legal Society (vice-president), the Practitioner's Club (secretary) and the Chicago Pathological Society. Of the last named he 132 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. was president in 1893, ^^^cl besides now holding the offices mentioned above is associate editor of the Railway Snro-con. Considering that Dr. Wescott has during much of his hfe been in deHcate health, it is little short of a wonder that he has been able to do so much so well. SAMUEL GUSHING BEAGH. M. D. Although ancestry does not make or unmake the man, the study of genealogy is often of scientific interest as affording an explanation of individual traits and tendencies. For example. Dr. Beach is a musician both by instinct and training, as was his father and his grandfather before him — in fact, for several years he was so successful a professional as to earn sufficient money to pay all the expenses of a preliminary and thorough medical education at Rush Medical Gollege. Thus, outside of the profession which he has adopted as a life work, he has acquired a thorough training in a branch of art upon which he may now rely as a means of personal diversion and social entertainment. To have made such decided progress in both a profession and an accomplishment is certainly somewhat remarkable, when it is remembered that their possessor is yet a young man who has but just passed his twenty-sixth birthday. Dr. Beach is the only son of Samuel Swift and Bena (Gushing) Beach- Arnold, and was born on the twelfth of January, 1870, at Glinton, Iowa. Dr. Beach's father was of a scientific and classical turn of mind, being master of several languages, including Greek, Latin, French, German and Italian, and a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. During the Givil War he served as a private under General Nathaniel P. Banks, taking part in the Red River campaign, and being promoted for services performed during that trying ordeal to the Union army and the Union fleet. When the son Samuel was two years of age, the father died, and three years later the widow (nee Bena Gushing) removed with her son to Ghicago, The deceased was an exceptionally gifted man who would have doubtless attained great eminence in his profession had he not died at the early age of thirty-two, his death being hastened by privations endured during military service. From his father's family Dr. Beach inherits his predilection for the medical profession, he being the fourth Dr. Samuel Beach in the direct line of succession. His grandfather was a leading physician of Bridgeport, Gonn., and well known through the entire East. He was killed at Norwalk, Gonn., in the well remembered railroad disaster, in which fifty physicians returning from a medical convention in New York lost their lives. Besides being an eminent physician this Dr. Beach was a brilliant musician and a highly educated and popular man. On the side of his maternal grandmother Dr. Beach can point with pride to a RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 133 long line of Knickerbocker ancestry, being a direct descendant of the celebrated Van Waart family of Revolutionary fame. His grandfather on the maternal side was of an eminent English family, numbering among its members the cele- brated statesman Caleb Gushing. In Clinton, la., in 1875, Mrs. Beach was married to Frederick Asa Arnold, now private secretary to Frederick Morgan, of Morgan & Wright. He is a native of Chicago and an active member of the Chicago Athletic Club, a charter member of the Union League Club, Chicago Society of Artists and the Art Institute. Mr. Arnold is also prominently identified with the Sons of the Revolution, and, all in all, is a citizen widely and favorably known in various circles, business, athletic and social. Dr. Beach received his preliminary education in the public schools of Chicago and in the West Division High School. From the latter institution he graduated in 1889, when in pursuance of a long cherished ambition he matriculated at Rush Medical College, from which he obtained his degree of M. D. in 1892. For two years thereafter he served as Resident Physician, Sur- geon and Accoucher at the Presbyterian Hospital, being also assistant to Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals in the Department of Laryngology and Diseases of the Chest. In 1893 3-nd during his hospital service he was appointed by the faculty of Rush Medical College as Instructor in Laryngology and Diseases of the Chest. He continued to serve in this capacity, and in 1894, his hospital service expiring, received appointments as Instructor in the Departments of Materia Medica and of Chemistry. Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals at this time received him as assistant in his private and office practice, which distinction he still enjoys. As Chief of Clinics, under Dr. Ingals, at Rush College, Dr. Beach supervises the work of twelve assistants, and twenty-five students, being personally responsible for their work and the proper care of the forty to sixty patients who come to consult Dr. Ingals. It may also be noted that he is assistant to Professor Salisbury in the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry connected with the Woman's Medical School of the Northwestern University, having also delivered a series of lectures at that institution. He has also for some time past been Medical Examiner for the Bankers' Life Insurance Company, of New York City. In 1895 he was elected Secretary and Treasurer of the Instructors' Association of Rush Medical College, a society in whose organization and management he took an active part. He is an active member of the Chicago Pathological Society, and has maintained his old high school affiliations through his connection with the Irving Society, a literary organization which has acquired quite a standing even among similar societies older in years and composed of more mature members. It should further be added that in addition to his musical, professional and social talents. Dr. Beach is of such an inventive turn that he has devised several new and labor-saving surgical instruments, which have been promptly 134 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. adopted by experienced members of his profession. In accordance with the sacred calhng of his profession, he was brought up in the Protestant CathoHc Church being baptized by Rev. James Trimble of Chnton, la., and upon coming to Chicago being placed under the care of the Rev. Theodore N. Morrison, his firm friend and helper, by whom he was appointed Assistant Superintendent of the Sunday-School in 1895, still holding that position. He is also a member of the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, a religious organization known throughout the United States and Canada, as well as in Great Britain. GIDEON VON BACHELLE, M. D. It has been predicted that the Americans are destined to be the most cos- mopolitan of people, because in them are combined the nations and races of the world. A notable and single instance of this stupendous process, which is nothing more nor less than the crystallization of a new race, is found in the ancestral and personal life of Dr. Bachelle. As his name implies, he is of French descent, his great great grandfather being one of those brave, intelligent and industrious Huguenots whose emigra- tion from France, on account of religious persecution, bereft that country of an invaluable element of its population. This advance guard of the Bachelle family settled in Prussia in 1686. Dr. Bachelle's father, Rudolph, was long a government official and a citizen of high standing in the Kingdom of Hanover, where he himself was born on the seventeenth of November, 1845. His mother, whose maiden name was Louise Boening, was a native of Brunswick, and comes of a family whose members have made a mark in the professions. One of her brothers was a clergyman, and another. Dr. Louis Boening, a physician who is specially identified with the early medical history of Chicago and with the career of Dr. Bachelle. During the year of Gideon's birth Dr. Boening emigrated to America and settled in Chicago as its first regular German physician, and while the nephew in the Fatherland was attending school and being drilled in the classics by pri- vate tutors, the uncle was steadily pursuing his chosen profession and building up a large and profitable practice. In 1862, when Dr. Bachelle was seventeen years of age, his uncle requested that he be sent to Chicago for the purpose of entering his office, studying medicine and assisting him in his professional business.. He therefore came to this city alone, which he found in the midst of the excitement and turmoil of the Civil War. For more than a year he continued his studies and assisted his uncle, but at length the war fever seized him, as it did the majority of i Ekb erV.,„^r:T^r.^^_ S, ^y-zrz^ / RUSH MEDICAL COLLRGE. 137 manly youths, and in January, 1864, he joined the Eighth Ilhnois Cavalry as hospital steward. He served until the conclusion of the war, his only injury being a wound in the left arm which he received at Fort Stevens, D. C, in 1864. , Mustered out of the service at Benton Barracks, St. Louis, in July, 1865, he at once returned to Chicago to pursue a regular course of medical studies. On the nineteenth of January, 1867, Dr. Bachelle graduated from Rush Medical College, and at once entered into partnership with his uncle. They continued together for five years, when Dr. Boening retired from his share of the practice, leaving it in the energetic and able keeping of his young partner. That good and honored German physician died in 1877, and Dr. Bachelle has continued to hold the same substantial position in the affection and high regard of his countrymen in Chicago, his practice growing in proportion to the marvelous increase of the city. At first he established himself on the West Side, and then was located for nearly fifteen years on Fifth Avenue, during most of this period in the Siaats Zcitjtng building. Thus centrally located, his practice grew to such proportions, calls upon him coming from all sections of the city, that it was a physical impossibility to keep up with the demands and do justice to his patients. He therefore abandoned his downtown office and located on Blue Island Avenue, where he has since worked and thrived, and, notwithstanding that Dr. Bachelle is thus so far removed from the center of population, he still has urgent calls from the North and the South divisions of the city, while there is probably no physician on the West Side who has a better practice among the German element than Dr. Bachelle. Although that practice is general, a great share of his attention has been given to Obstetrics and Gynecology. Dr. Bachelle was married in 1868 to Caroline Peterson of Chicago, daughter of the late Captain George Peterson, one of the oldest and best known captains on the Lakes. Captain Peterson was a hardy Dane and his wife is of English-Welsh extraction. It is therefore evident that by going back but a few generations we find that Dr. Bachelle's children, American born and American educated, have in their veins good blood of French-German-Danish- English-Welsh extraction, and it is not too much to say that they are living examples of the fulfillment of the general prediction made at the commence- ment of this sketch. Three sons and one daughter have been born to the Doctor. The oldest. Otto, after being educated at the Chicago Manual Training School and Cornell University, became interested in electricity and is now successfully conducting an electric light plant. Cecil is in his last vear at the Chicago University, and is prominent both in athletics and his collegiate studies. He will probably follow in his father's footsteps. Ethel, the daughter, and Percy, the youngest son, are attending the Chicago Academy. 138 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. EDWARD BURBANK WESTON, M. D. Edward Burbank Weston, son of Edward Payson (A. M.) and Mary Eliza (Burbank) Weston and grandson of Rev. Isaac Weston, was born on July 31, 1846, in Auburn, Me., He was educated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, in that State, receiving the degree of A. B. in 1870, and A. M. in 1873, and com- mencing the study of medicine in 1870 at Portland, Me., under Drs. William Warren Green and Frederick Henry Gerrish of that city. After attending two courses at the Medical School of Maine, Bowdoin College, and at Rush Medical College, he graduated from the latter in 1873. The following four months of that year were spent at Long Island College Hospital, as assistant to William Warren Green, Professor of Surgery. Dr. Weston began the private practice of medicine at Lewiston, Me., in August, 1873; in 1876 removed to Highland Park, 111., and since 1886 has practiced his profession in Chicago. He is a member of the American Academy of Medicine, Illinois State Medical Society, Chicago Medical Society, Chicago Gynecological Society and of the Chicago Medico-Legal Society. He was elected Lecturer on Obstetrics and Diseases of Children at Rush Medical Col- lege in 1890-91, and is medical examiner for various life insurance companies. Dr. Weston's contributions to medical literature include the following papers: "Metritis," read before the Chicago Gynecological Society. ' ' A new Procedure in Cases of Anticipated Complete Rupture of the Per- ineum," Ibid. ' ' A plea for the use of Anesthetics in Obstetrical Practice, " Chicago Medi- cal Society. ' ' Cases of Synovitis of the Knee Joint, " Ibid. ' ' The Care of the Lying-in Patient, " Ibid. "Anesthetics in Obstetrical Practice," a lecture delivered at Rush Medical College. Dr. Weston was married on June 9, 1874, to Miss Alice Jeannette Brett, of Farmington, Me., who died in January, 1892, leaving two children, Mary and Edward Henry Weston. J. CHARLES ANTHONY STAMM, M. D. There are none of the younger class of practitioners in the city who have a larger practice, or one more readily obtained, than that enjoyed by Dr. Stamm. In fact, night and day his office and his residence are so besieged by patients that he is not allowed the time for necessary rest, to say nothing of recreation. Dr. Stamm's abilities as a practitioner are perhaps inherited in part from his father. Dr. Andreas Stamm. The latter was born at Bingen on the Rhine, 0"-orrf Aui/;sh"'i^°\ Eno b» HenkyTa^lor J« Chi RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 141 studying medicine at the universities of Munich and Heidelberg, under Liebig, Niemeyer and other masters. He graduated from the University of Munich on March 24, i866, receiving extraordinary honors. The son of Dr. Andreas and Helena (Feile) Stamm, J. Charles Stamm is a native of Chicago, where he was born on the second of February, 1868. Being a Roman Catholic, and in accord with his religious belief, he was edu- cated at St. Ignatius College, taking a classical course. Previous, however, he had had some experience in his father's drug-store and naturally conceived a liking for the medical profession. He had already made considerable progress in the study of pharmacy, so that on his graduation from St. Ignatius College Dr. Stamm's future course was clear. Entering Rush Medical College and faithfully pursuing the full course, he graduated therefrom on February 19, 1889. Dr. Stamm promptly enteied into practice, opening an office in the same building occupied by his father's drug- store. A pleasing personality, professional skill and unusual energy and exec- utive force won a position at a stroke which others have striven years to acquire, so that at the present time no physician on the West Side has a larger professional business, or a more promising professional career. The Doctor has not changed his office since he established himself seven years ago in his present location at No. 203 Blue Island Avenue. Dr. Stamm is a member of the St. Ignatius Alumni Association and of the Chicago Medical Society, being Medical Examiner for the I. O. O. F. , C. O. F., K. O. F. M. and W. C. O. F. Pohtically he is a Republican, and, whether considered as a man of affairs or as an able, successful and honored member of his profession, is looked upon as a marked character who is des- tined ever to be in the front ranks. ADELBERT H. TAGERT, M. D. Dr. Tagert is justly proud of his descent, which he traces direct from the Douglasses of Scotland through his maternal ancestors. His grandmother was of this historic branch. After her marriage to his grandfather, who was a prosperous and substantial gentleman farmer and stock raiser, the family emigrated to America, locating in Vermont at a very early day. Here he followed the occupation in which he had been so successful in Scotland, and became one of the pioneers of the Blue Mountain State in the raising of fine sheep — an industry which has since made Vermont famous throughout the world. It may also be added that there is Stuart blood in the veins of Dr. Tagert — in fact, that he is blue-blooded in the best sense of the word. His 142 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. immediate ancestors were natives of Vermont, who have furnished so much that is hardy and invahiable to Western communities. The son of Dr. Hugh Tagert, himself a prominent physician of that State, and Lucy A. Tagert, he was born in Hinesburg, Vermont, on the second of October, 1845. Until his fourteenth year he attended school in his native place, and then with his parents removed to Shelburne, where he entered the academy of that town. Instead of idling away his vacations, as would most bo3S under the plea of necessary rest and recreation, he worked upon his uncle's farm when he was not attending school. As indicating the bent of his mind in his young days, it may be stated that he was specially fond of mathematics and of mechanics. From the first he was practical and hard-headed, and when later he commenced the study of medicine his mechanical talents naturally led him to give much of his attention to surgery. He was only seventeen years of age when he matriculated in the medical department of the University of Vermont, taking his degree as Doctor of Medicine in 1866. Realizing the importance of becoming thoroughly familiar with drugs and their preparation, he spent one year in learning the business at Northboro, Massachusetts, and he justly considers the time then passed in a drug-store as well spent. For the two succeedmg years Dr. Tagert taught school in Shelburne and Ferrisburg, Vt. , after which he removed to I^uffalo, N. Y. , to assist Dr. Joseph C. Greene in his extensive practice. On account of unremitting labor in his profession Dr. Greene's health had commenced to suffer, and it was not long before he confidently cast many of his burdens upon the stronger shoulders of his young assistant. It was while thus busily engaged that Dr. Tagert frecjuently met Dr. Miner, then the leading surgeon in Buffalo. He continued to practice his profession in that city until 1873, when he located in Chicago. During the succeeding year (1874) Dr. Tagert became connected with the Free Dispensary of Rush Medical College, where his practical knowledge of drugs was of great benefit to him and his patients. He continued in that connection for an entire decade, besides acting as Surgeon of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad from 1875 to 1891, and attending faithfully to a constantly increasing private practice. Seven months of the years 1888 and 1889 Dr. Tagert spent at the great University of Vienna and had the benefit of instruction under masters whose fame in their special provinces was world-wide. It is seldom that such lights are gathered in one constellation as Billroth in Surgery, Kaposi in Diseases of the Skin, Ultzmann in Genito-Urinary Diseases, Carl Brown and Breisky in Gynecology, Nothnagel in General Histology and Hoffman in Pathology. Under these and others of perhaps equal fame did Dr. Tagert labor, and the time RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 145 thus spent was no season of half-hearted investigation but was passed in hard work. To one of his temperament, however, it was thoroughly enjoyable. Awake early in the morning, to find at his very elbow a roll and cup of coffee — breakfast often in bed — up and off to his enticing round of lectures and clinics by 7:30 a. m., and busy bodily and mentally until late at night — these were the general items of his daily program. • . It is needless to say that Dr. Tagert returned to Chicago thoroughly equipped in modern methods for the large practice, both medical and surgical, which he at once resumed. Since then he has established himself not only as one of the most successful practitioners of the city, but as an educator, both didactic and clinical, whose abilities are recognized to be practical as well as scholarly. At present Dr. Tagert is a member of the American Medical Association and the Illinois State Medical, the Chicago Medical and the Chicago Patho- logical societies. He is also connected with the Hebrew Mission Dispensary and is President of the Harvard Medical College, which is now recognized by the State Board of Health. Organized in 1892, its prime aim is to reach a large and increasing class of young and ambitious men of moderate means or whose time is so occupied that the hours of the day cannot be devoted to study. The Harvard College is therefore an evening school and not onh' has ample facilities for recitation, laboratory and dispensary work, but furnishes beside instruction in its hospital as well as regular evening clinics. Clinical instruction is extended to the Cook County Hospital, the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary and other city hospitals. Lawyers who clesu'e to become grounded in anatomy, legal medicine and toxicology, dentists who wish to broaden their education and obtain the degree of M. D., and physicians who see the need of perfecting themselves in special lines of practice or investiga- tion, are enabled to attain their objects through the Harvard institution. It is alike creditable to Dr. Tagert's sound judgment and sympathetic, helpful nature that he should have perceived the need of such an institution and been so earnestly identified with it from its inception. As the head of the faculty and Professor of Clinical Surgery, his has been a potent influence in guiding it to its present good standing. On May 5, 1875, Dr. Tagert was married to Miss Mary Harvey of Grand Rapids, Michigan. They have had six children, four li\ing — Julia L., the wife of George Smith, a merchant; Carrie M., married to Abbott Kay, now studying medicine in the Harvard College; May E. and Alice A. Tagert. Although he has never formally identified himself with any denomination, by home education Dr. Tagert is a Methodist and he has been a rather constant attendant upon the services of that church. Coming as he does from the Green Mountain State, he must, almost of necessity, have become rooted in Republicanism. 10 146 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, ALPHONSO L. CORY, M. D. There is a theory, which seems to be founded upon a rational and wide observation, that many good strains of blood are productive of the most substantial and valuable stock. The friends of Dr. Cory are firm believers in that theory, knowing, as they do, that on the paternal side his ancestors were German-Dutch, and on the maternal, Scotch-English. The son of Vincent P. Cory and Alzina (Wightman) Cory, he was born in Adrian, Mich., on the twenty-sixth of September, 1851. After receiving a public and a high school education, the boy entered the office of Dr. A. J. Leslie and studied medicine for two years. Coming to Chicago in 1869, he entered Bennett Medical College — somewhat under a misapprehension, as he says, regarding the exact nature and scope of the course which he was to pursue. He graduated, however, in January, 1871, and for a quarter of a century has been engaged here in general and surgical practice. As his professional life expanded, however, and he was thrown among the prominent practitioners of the city, he concluded that he labored under a disadvantage as the graduate of an eclectic college. About twenty years, therefore, from the date of receiving his degree from Bennett he commenced a regular course at Rush Medical College, from which he graduated in 1892. Dr. Cory first practiced on the West Side, but the great fire of 1871 burned hmi out, his being the first physician's office to be touched. In August, 1872, he removed to the South Side, to the section formerly known as the Town of Lake, in the Stock Yards district. In the meantime, during December, 1871, he had been appointed Surgeon of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rail- road Company, but, in order to give more time to his increasing private practice, resigned that position in October, 1873. Dr. Cory was reappointed, however, in August, 1886, and still holds the position. For some time, also, he served as Physician to St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum. In August, 1880, Dr. Cory organized the Health Department of the Town of Lake, of which he acted as Commissioner until May, 1883, when, by a shifting of politics, he was obliged to relinquish his post. Then Dr. Cory was a Republican, as he now is, but that was his only experience in the domain of practical politics. From October, 1893, to April, 1895, he served on the Surgeons' staff of the Chicago Hospital and in January, 1895, was appointed Gynecologist to the Englewood Hospital, still serving in the latter capacity. Dr. Cory is also Medical Examiner of the Royal League and a member of the American Medical Association, the National Association of Railway Surgeons, the Illinois Medical Society and the Physician's Club and Medical Society of Chicago. He is a Mason in high standing, being a member of Medinah Temple, i RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 147 A. A. O. N. M. S., Apollo Commandery No. i, K. T., Past T. I. Master, Temple Council No. 65, R. and S. M; Past High Priest Delta Chapter No, 191, R. A. M., and Past Master Mystic Star Lodge No. 758, A. T. and A. M. WARREN M. SWEETLAND, M. D. HIGHLAND PARK, ILL. Dr. Sweetland comes of pioneer and heroic blood on both his paternal and maternal sides. His father, Colonel Bowen Sweetland, of Scotch and Endish ancestry was born in Fitzwilliam, Cheshire County, N. H., on the twenty-sixth of December 1786, and at the age of nine years removed with his parents to Vermont. Here he remained until he arrived at manhood, when he settled in Cayuga County, New York, marrying Miss Betsey Durkee, the first white child born in the town of Scipio, if not in the county itself. The Durkees were among the most substantial and highly respected families of this region, and the interesting event, which occurred on the fifth of December, 1789, was con- sidered of such moment that his comely bride, young Mrs. Sweetland, received a substantial testimonial from the public authorities. The main charm of history, and especially of biography, consists in tracing a chain of events to a certain culmination, which was in this case the marriage of Betsey Durkee to Bowen Sweetland. Before this peaceful union could be assured the ancestors of the bride must pass through savage wars and massa- cres with all their attendant horrors. Her mother, a Miss Hannah Gore, was a native of Norwich, New London County, Conn., where she was born on the eighth of September, 1769. As a babe she was taken by her parents to Wilkesbarre, Pa., it being their design to found a home upon lands granted by the King to the Connecticut colonists. Within a few weeks, however, they were driven away by the Pennymites, the original colonists, the father being captured by them. Making his escape, however, he took his family to New Jersey. After living here about two years all returned to Wilkesbarre, where Mr. Gore built a sawmill and a comfortable house of two stories. At the end of another two years of pioneer life spent in this region he learned that the Pennymites had raised another force and were advancing toward the new settlements for the purpose of burning the buildings and plundering the occupants. The inva- ders were in ambush about two miles away, but all the settlers who could bear arms collected and, after a brisk skirmish, drove them away. This was in 1776, and soon afterward Mr. Gore assisted in the organization of a rifle com- pany for the Revolutionists, entering service as a lieutenant. He was not pres- ent at the battle of Wyoming, fought near Wilkesbarre, on the fourth of July 148 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 1778, but many of his neighbors were at home on parole and were killed in the engagement. x\t this time the grandparents on the mother's side (Avery by name) formed a portion of the family oi whieh Hannah, now a girl of nine years, was a member. They lived on one side of the Susquehanna River and her Grandfather Gore on the other. Upon the day after the battle of Wyoming a party of Tories burned Mr. Gore's house, after collecting their plunder, and the mother, with her two children (one of them a girl of three years, whom she carried in her arms), started for New Jersey, through the woods, on foot, being also accompanied by her parents. Being indisposed and unable to travel, Hannah was left with her grandfather and afterward was taken to Forty Fort, situated on the west side of the Susquehanna River, opposite Kingston Flats. The fort, or stockade, was soon compelled to surrender, however, after which the Indians massacred the soldiers and plundered the houses. Of seven uncles who took part in the battle of Wyoming five were killed and one was wounded. At this time Hannah was broken out with the measles, and as the Indians were told that she had the smallpox she was not disturbed. Afterward her father returned and took her to New Jersey, where she joined her brave mother. Although elected subsequently to the State Legislature, Colonel Gore returned to Pennsylvania, only to be driven about by the Indians and Tories until the close of the war. The family finally located at the town of Susque- hanna, on the Chemung River, where Hannah's parents spent the remainder of their days. At the age of nineteen, on the ninteenth of (3ctober, 1788, she was married to Elisha Durkee, moving to Scipio, Cayuga County, New York. Here, on the fifth of December, 1789, was born their daughter Betsey, who married, as has been stated, Colonel Bowen Sweetland, the father of Warren M. After the marriage the young couple settled on land which afterward be- came the town of Dryden, Tompkins County, Southern New York, where the father cleared land for a farm, built sawmills, dealt in lumber, became a hotel proprietor, was prominent in military as well as ' in civic affairs and died on the thirteenth of March, 1859, at the age of seventy-three years. Dryden was the native town of Warren M. Sweetland, the date of his birth being November 18, 1819. From early boyhood his ambition was to acquire a collegiate education, but although circumstances interposed to defeat his purpose, by the time he was twenty years of age he had not only received a good education in the common, select and academic institutions of the neighborhood, but had become well grounded in the higher mathematics, French and Latin. His father had already invested in Western property, and the great inducements offered to intelligent and energetic youth by the growing city of Chicago and its vicinity induced Warren to visit this locality in 1839, he being then in his twenty-first year. After spending a year on a farm Evr„.v H.-v T.,,„ J„, C„, Uz-Ultjt^LA^cl }pt'^ Otrw^i fi.i ';,] Chica' RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 151 owned by his father in La Salle County, he returned to Dryden to act as deputy postmaster and clerk in the hotel, continuing his studies. Gradually the determination had increased in strength to pursue a medical course, and in the Fall of 1842 he took passage on a vessel to Paris by way of the West Indies. But his case of books attracted the attention of thieves, who broke into it and made sad havoc of his little library. This incident induced him to leave the vessel at the Island of St. Thomas, where he spent the Winter, visiting also Havana, Cuba, Turks Island and the Bermudas, and abandoning his project of visiting Europe for the more charming and exciting experiences which came to him in these regions, then so seldom seen by American travelers. St. Thomas being a treaty port, although a Danish possession, was visited by the ships of all nations and the young New Yorker thoroughl}' enjoyed the cosmopolitan appearance of the fine harbor, sometimes filled with a diverse collection of men-of-war and merchantmen. His social disposition soon made him a universal favorite among townsmen and sailors alike, and he left nothing undone to give others pleasure, as well as to obtain a fair share for himself, Mr. Sweetland was at St. Thomas when a low, black brig entered port, recognized as the American man-of-war, "Somers. " Her crew had mutinied, three of the leaders (young midshipmen) had been executed, and the acknowledged plot to convert the ship into a pirate of the high seas had been frustrated. The chief incriminating evidence had been discovered in papers secreted in the black cravat of one of the mutineers, appointing him the leader and giving an outline of the proposed plan of action. Mr. Sweetland narrowly escaped the great tidal wave which so devastated the shipping at St. Thomas a short time after he had sailed for the States. His homeward voyage was by the way of the Bahamas, Key West, the Island of Cuba and New Orleans, thence up the Mississippi River to Illinois. Natu- rally of a fearless disposition, Mr. Sweetland had been accustomed to the use of fire-arms from an early age, and these two points, well known to the seamen of St. Thomas, undoubtedly induced the captain of the ship in which he took passage for the United States to rely upon him in a very serious emergency. The mate of the vessel had a record of crime and robbery upon the seas, having, it is said, been a pirate on the South American coast and killed several men with a huge sword which was still the constant companion of his voyages. He had been detected by the captain, with several confeder- ates, in the act of selling a portion of the ship's cargo, which was, of course, a criminal oftense, and for which the conspirators expected to suffer when they were brought within the jurisdiction of the American courts. The leader and mate was especially determined that he never would suffer for his crime, and, with his huge animal-like mouth and savage face, he looked capable of resort- ing to any extremity in order to escape his deserts. Before sailing, the captain 152 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. took young Sweetland into his confidence, warning him of the desperate char- acter ot the mate and giving him authority to thwart any plans which might develop during the course of their voyage. Notwithstanding which, while passing through Providence Channel, between the Bahamas and Key West, the villain, from all appearances, attempted to wreck the vessel by running it upon a reef. After this experience the captain and Mr. Sweetland so arranged the watches that one of them should be on deck continuously. Upon one occasion the mate discovered that a sailor had been taking soundings, under orders from Mr. Sweetland, and became so furious that he was only quieted by the captain appearing upon the scene and threatening to shoot him. Through it all the young New Yorker kept his equilil)rium, as usual — prepared to act, if necessary, but coolly watching the progress of the human storm^. Repeatedly thwarted in his attempts to frighten Mr. Sweetland, to create disorder on ship- board and a spirit of mutiny among the men, or to wreck the vessel, the mate seemed to subside and accept his fate. But one night, when both the captain and his assistant had turned in for a little rest, stealthy, muffled steps were heard descending the cabin stairs. Soon the conspirator reached the bottom in his stocking feet, looking carefully around, lifting up the clothing of the supposed sleepers, and going first to one and then to the other, as if to satisfy himself that they were unconscious. When he himself was not being observed Mr. Sweetland had an eye upon the mate, or upon the captain, prepared to spring from his couch and grapple with the villain upon the first indication of any malicious move. But the mate departed stealthily, and when his soft steps were again heard moving across the deck, the quaking captain whispered hoarsely "Did you see that, Sweetland?" The young man had. Then the captain in- formed him that not daring to rely upon the ship's ax, for which he was looking under the clothing, the mate had undoubtedly gone for his trusty sword, having satisfied himself that they were both asleep. What was to be done? Mr. Sweetland did not like to kill a fellow being, but bidding the thoroughly fright- ened captain remain where he was, he re-capped his pistol and crept up the stairs after the would-be assassin. Just as he emerged upon the deck the mate's head appeared through a hatchway at the farther end of the vessel, but almost immediately disappeared. Soon afterward the villain came upon the deck, as if nothing had happened, and no reference was made to the circumstance. When the vessel arrived at Key West, however, he was in great trepidation, and the captain and Mr. Sweetland discussed various plans for disposing of him. As a trial in court would involve months of delay, it was decided by advice of Judge Marwin to let him escape at Key West — to lose him like a worthless cur. So one day, to his unbounded delight, he was told that he could accompany Mr. Sweetland to shore in order to engage counsel. An opportunity was soon given him to escape, he took prompt advantage of it, and that was the last of him, so far as Mr. Sweetland was concerned. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. 153 It was in March, 1843, that a steamer from New Orleans commenced the ascent of the Mississippi. There was considerable ice in the river and it was a tedious voyage, about the only enlivening feature of the trip being a hunting excursion made by Mr. Sweetland during the delay off the Arkansas shore. During the succeeding two years Mr. Sweetland's time was spent in farming and teaching, and he commenced the systematic study of medicine in the Winter of 1845-46 by attending lectures at Rush Medical College. He graduated in 1848, commencing practice at Lisbon, Kendall County, 111. Dr. Sweetland established a good practice in this locality until 1849, when he finally located in Newark in the same county. The neighboring towns made demands for his professional services necessitating long rides over the country and much night work, but with his education he had also laid in a splendid stock of vigor, and labors which would have broken many men he sturdily bore upon his shoulders. It was in Newark that Dr. Sweetland spent the larger portion of his active professional life, accumulating both a goodly store of worldly goods and, what is better, making a substantial and enviable reputation in every path of life which he trod. He frequently served as a town official and of Flower Institute, once a very flourishing educational institution, since burned, he was President and Lecturer on Physiology. In 1 87 1 Dr. Sweetland was placed at the head of a company organized to build a railroad from Joliet to Mendota. The right-of-way was secured, a por- tion of the grading done and enough stock subscribed to build the bridges and finish the roadbed,' when a letter came to President Sweetland cautiously asking him how much money it would take to transfer the franchise to another company. Although the writer was unmercifully scored for his underhanded suggestion and immediately subsided, by intrigue and false representation Dr. Sweetland was voted out of the presidency and the new management sold out the stock- holders and turned the road over to another organization, accomplishing the purpose of defeating the project. As an indication, however, of the confidence which the people reposed in him, he was sent as a delegate to the National Convention which met in Philadelphia in 1872, which nominated General Grant for the second time, and was chairman of his delegation. Dr. Sweetland has belonged to the Republican party ever since its organization and, as he says, has "never had any reason for a change." He well remembers the Lincoln- Douglas debates and saw the unwilling Lincoln at Ottawa when he was carried away in triumph on the shoulders of the enthusiastic crowd. Since 1877, when Dr. Sweetland located in Highland Park, he has been somewhat retired from active practice, although his services have often been in demand. He has invested in several farms, in real estate on the South and Northwestern sides of Chicago, as well as built and improved his beautiful home- stead, with its spacious and well kept grounds. He has been Alderman of the 154 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. thriving little city for four years, and Mayor for the same period, having been accorded the honors here as elsewhere which are due from the public to citizens of ability and probity. But although passing the latter years of his life with evidences thick around him of the universal esteem in which he is held, although the lord of an elegant and hospitable home, where resides a devoted wife and two daughters, Dr. Sweet- land's vigorous constitution will not allow him to rest, and he still takes a keen interest in ramblings through wild native forests in quest of sport with his trusty rifle. He is not satisfied at anything short of such game as bear or deer, and has scoured no small portions of the forests of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota in search of them. In 1894 Northern Wisconsin was his field, and he points with just pride to the head of a noble stag as a victim of his skill after he had passed his seventy-fifth birthday. A large room in the upper portion of his house is literally filled with his trophies — about a dozen mounted deer heads, antlers, mammoth bear skins, etc. — while several large rugs in the lower part of his home have been donated by Bruin, much against his wishes. Like the stalwart American that he is, Dr. Sweetland's travels, with the exception of his trip to the West Indies, have been confined to the United States and Canada, but they have embraced much of this vast territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the St. Lawrence and Vancouver Island to the Gulf of Mexico. The doctor has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Martha N. Patten of New York, to whom he was married on October 28, 1845, and who died childless more than one year thereafter. On November 9, 1850, he was united to Mrs. Elizabeth Sherrill, nee Wilcox, a daughter of the late Joseph Wilcox, Esq., of Utica, N. Y. They are the parents of six children. Miss Helen Maie and Miss Elizabeth, living at home; Miss Louise, the eldest daughter, the wife of Leslie Brinckerhoff, resides at Kenilworth; Dana W. married Sarah, daughter of Charles G. Wicker, and is a citizen of Chicago; Dale, who married Miss Hattie Warden, is a druggist at Highland Park, 111., and J. Alice, who became the wife of Harrie L. ReQua, resides at Highland Park. From youth Dr. Sweetland has been religiously inclined, his first act after graduating from Rush Medical College in 1848 being to unite with Dr. Robertson's Presbyterian Church in Chicago. In 1850 he was transferred to the Newark (111.) Congregational Church, where he officiated as trustee and Sabbath-School Superintendent, and in 1877, when he located at Highland Park, he with other members of his family joined the Presbyterian Church at this point. Again referring to his professional life, it may be remarked, in conclusion, that Dr. Sweetland is a member of the Lake County, of the Illinois and of the National Medical associations, and, although virtually retired from practice, is still highly esteemed by members of his fraternity. NORTHM'ESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL History of Northwestern University Medieal School. (CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGH) By SAMUEL J. JONES, A. M., M. D., LL. D. FOUR REFORMS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION. Although this school has had a corporate existence of but thirty-seven years, the institution known since 1891 as Northwestern University Medical School has been the pioneer in at least four reforms which have radically afiected the course of medical education in the United States. 1. From the first the founders of the school established a high standard of attainments for the recjuired admission of students of medicine. In the words of Dr. Hosmer A. Johnson, one of its founders, "they considered medicine as a liberal profession, and they determined to strive for the broadest and most liberal culture on the part of those who should come to them for instruction." The result of this determination was that, although the class in attendance upon the first course of lectures was small, its members consisted of young men who enjoyed a more thorough education in the sciences and the classics than the students usually found in the medical schools of this country. In other words, their mental training preparatory to their professional studies was of a higher grade — a requisite for admission upon which the faculty of this school insisted from the beginning, maintaining their position persistently and con- sistently, despite the opposition of those who argued that this high standard was held at the expense of a diminished attendance, and finally definiteh- outlining this preliminary course necessary as a preparatory part of their system of instruction. This is one of the four beneficial reforms in the medical educa- tion of the country which originated with the institution now known as Northwestern University Medical School. 2. With this enforcement of a standard of preliminary education was the establishment and development of "the graded curriculum, by which a definite number of branches are assigned to each year in such natural order that the mastery of one group makes the mastery of the next easier and the accomp- lishment of the whole more comprehensive and complete." As at first adopted 157 158 NORTHWESTERN UNH^ERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. in 1859 the curriculum embraced two courses of instruction, first and second years. Briefly stated, the studies embraced by the first course were theoretical — designed for the acquisition of professional knowledge and scientific principles — and were preliminary to the more practical branches of the second course. And yet this classification of medical studies, by which the student was first to secure the principles of his adopted profession and then be taught to apply them, was a marked innovation in the methods of medical education in the United States. Although now it seems so natural, at the time it was adopted it was considered so far in advance of the West, of the country and of the re- quirements of would-be practitioners that a large and by no means uninflu- ential portion of the profession prophesied failure for it. The organizers of the school, however, held firmly to the scientific and common-sense curriculum, keeping in view the cardinal principles upon which it was established, but ex- tending the course of instruction to three and finall}' to four years, continually adding to the number of studies embraced in it and the lectures delivered, and keeping abreast of the most modern and tried methods of European in- struction, irrespective of those to which the older medical institutions of this country persistently adhered. 3. The third important step taken by this school is that by which, with the extension and expansion of its curriculum, its annual courses of irstruction have been lengthened. This was also an advance in the methods of medical education in the United States. When first organized it established a lecture term of five months, which was then longer than that of the only other medical college in this city, and equal to that of any medical school in the country. Since then the annual course has been lengthened month by month, until it now covers two-thirds of a year. 4. Northwestern University Medical School must also be accorded the honor of inaugurating and establishing in this country a Practitioners' - course or, as it has now become generally known throughout the country, a Post- Graduate course. This established branch of the educational system in med- icine, alihough inaugurated as late as 1880, was then considered an uncertain experiment, but proved so successful as to lead to general adoption. The points enumerated above are reasons why this school should be con- sidered one of the leading institutions of the kind in the country. They lie at the foundation of its claim that none of its age presents a more honorable record for advanced work which has made an enduring impress upon the cause of education in the United States. To go more into detail as to the progress and development along these lines of work, indicating to whom honor is due and describing the growth as a whole of this institution, which had so modest an inception in the year 1859, is but just to those who builded so well. It is evident that from the first they endeavored to emphasize the truth that the NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDIC AT SCHOOL. 159 mastering of their profession means long-continued and faithful work ; that its foundation should be laid broad and deep and strong, and that professional education does not end with the beginning of practice — in fact, is never completed. For some time previous to the first formal meeting of those who believed that the occasion was favorable for the establishment of a medical school upon a higher plane than any then existing, a number of the prominent and scholarly physicians of Chicago had been quietly but enthusiastically discussing the enterprise in an informal manner. Several of them had for years held important chairs in the faculties of other medical colleges, and they were all, both by education and experience, well qualified to place the proposed insti- tution upon a broad and enduring foundation. THE FIRST MEETING. The first informal meeting to consider the matter was held on March 12, 1859. Drs. Hosmer A. Johnson, Edmund Andrews, Ralph N. Isham and David Rutter were present. It was announced by Dr. Johnson that the object of the meeting was to organize a medical department of Lind University on the basis of a proposition made to them by the trustees of that institution and submitted for consideration. Dr. Johnson thus formally opened the meeting and was elected its chairman. The proposition was considered by them and accepted as made by the executive committee of the university, at the head of which was Sylvester Lind, the founder of that institution. It provided that the university should furnish the medical department with rooms for instruction free of rent for three years. At the end of that period it should provide either a permanent building or suitable rooms for the department. After paying current expenses the matriculation and graduation fees were to accrue to the university, the professors to be nominated by the faculty but appointed b}' the board of trustees. All expenses excepting room rent were to be met by the faculty out of the funds accruing to the medical department. The degrees were to be conferred by the university board upon recommendation of the faculty of medicine. Having accepted this proposition, it was resolved to establish professorships of Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children, Physiology and Histology. Practical Medicine, Principles and Practice of Surgery, Surgical Anatomy and the Operations of Surgery, Descriptive Anatomy, Materia Medica and General Therapeutics, Medical Jurisprudence, Inorganic Chemistry, General Pathology and Public Hygiene and Organic Chemistry and Toxicology. The following nominations were then made: Dr. Rutter, Emeritus Professor of Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children; Dr. Johnson, Professor of i6o NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. Physiology and Histology; Dr. Andrews, Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery, and Dr. Isham, Professor of Surgical Anatomy and the Operations of Surgery. It was further resolved that Drs. Johnson, Andrews and Isham be a committee to wait upon Professors Nathan S. Davis and William H. By ford to request their acceptance of the nominations to the chairs respectively of Practical Medicine and Midwifery and the Diseases of Women and Children. At the next meeting it was announced that these chairs were accepted by Professors Davis and Byford. It 's suggestive of unusual strength of purpose, faithfulness to the imposed trust and firm confidence in a good cause that these names should be for years associated with the history of Northwestern University Medical School, all but one representing active and long-continued forces contributing to its pro- gress. Professor Rutter was the exception, his connection with the college as Emeritus Professor lasting from 1859 to the time of his death in 1865. FOUNDERS OF THE SCHOOL. Although not yet thirty-seven years of age and a graduate of Rush Medical College of but seven years' standing, Professor Johnson was already considered one of the most brilliant and scholarly members of his profession in the West. During the first year after his graduation he became indentified with the faculty of his Alma Mater and resigned from it, only to come into greater prominence as one of the foremost organizers of the new college. Almost simultaneously he became head of this institution and also of the Illinois State Medical Society, retaining his connection as one of the most influential members of the college faculty until his death, which occurred on the twenty-sixth of February, 1891. Professor William H. Byford, several years his senior, had already enjoyed valuable experience as professor at the Evansville College of Indiana, and had held the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in Rush Medical College for about a year when called to the same position by the medical faculty of Lind University. For twenty years he continued to hold that chair in the new medical school, not only contributing to its growing fame but assisting it financially in its trying ordeal of educational reform. Professor Davis had perhaps the highest professional standing of the founders of this new medical school. Brilliant as a student in the East, he had held a lectureship in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City when Rush Medical College, in 1849, offered him the chair of Physi- ology and Pathology which he assumed at that time. One year later he was made Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine. He was already recog- nized as one of the founders, if not the originator, of the American Medical Association; was one of the earliest members of the Illinois State society and NORTHWESrERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCflOOL. i6i was amonp; the foremost citizens of Chicago in all public and charitable works in which entered either questions of medical practice or sanitary science. From that time until the present, a period of more than thirty-seven years, Professor Davis has been one of the guiding forces of the institution, holding continuously the chair of the Principles and Practice of Medicine and serving during most of this period either as President or Dean of the Faculty. Professor Edmund Andrews, although a native of Vermont, graduated at the University of Michigan, and had held a professorship in it. He was just commencing to be generally recognized as a cultured and able member of his profession and of especial promise as a skillful surgeon. He also has been continuously identified with this institution from its organization, holding dur- ing this Icng term of service a surgical professorship and several official posit- ions in the faculty. The youngest member among the founders was Professor Ralph N. Isham, one of the three members connected with the college from its inception to the present time. During all this period he has also occupied a surgical chair besides holding several important official positions of prominence, not only in the faculty, but also in other walks of life. THE FIRST YEAR. At the first meeting of the faculty, held, as stated, on the twelfth of March, it was decided that the chairs of Descriptive Anatomy, Physiology and Histology, Inorganic Chemistry, Materia Medica and General Therapeutics, General Pathology and Public Hygiene constitute the first course of instruc- tion, and that those of Surgical Anatomy (with the operations of Surgery), Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children, Organic Chemistry and Toxicology and Practical Medicine constitute the second course, and that the two courses be given simultaneously. A lecture term of five months was sub- sequently established. Thus was the first graded method of medical instruc- tion inaugurated in the United States. It will thus be seen that the new medical school boldly announced its program to be a course of instruction scientifically graded, with longer terms of instruction than those of other colleges. At the second meeting of the faculty, held on March 15, 1S59, an invitation was extended to Dr. John H. Hollister, late of Rush Medical College, to accept the chair of Descriptive Anatomy, which he did. The organization of the faculty was completed by the appointment of Dr. M. K. Taylor to the chair of General Pathology and Public Hygiene ; Mr. F. Mahla to the two Professorships of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry ; Mr. H. G. Spaftord to the chair of Medical Jurisprudence, and Dr. Titus De Ville, to that of Descriptive Anatomy. i62 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAI SCIIOOI. At the third meeting of the faculty, held on March 24, 1859, Professor Johnson was elected President, Professor Isham Recording Secretary, Professor Byford Corresponding Secretary, and Professor Andrews Treasurer. The faculty evinced its desire to allow none to pass from the school into the active prac- tice of medicine without being qualified to assume the responsibilities of their profession. It was therefore resolved that the faculty invite the Illinois State Medical Society to appoint a committee of two to attend the examinations of candidates for graduation in the medical department of Lind university and vote upon their qualihcation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Commenting upon this invitation Professor Johnson says: "In extending this invitation the college desired to furnish to the profession at large the means of judging of the success or failure of the method, and also to give the fullest guarantees that with the sanction of this institution none should be admitted to this responsible office whose attainments were not satisfactory to those not immediately interested in teaching. This invitation was continued from year to year, but the State society either never made the appointment or, if so, the committee has failed to respond." In August, when the faculty of the college had been fully organized, a public dispensary was established in connection with the medical school, with Professors Edmund Andrews, William H. Byford and Dr. Horace VVardner as physicians and surgeons. During the first year more than three thousand patients were treated by them. Both school and dispensary were installed in Lind block, where lecture and anatomical rooms were fitted up and a museum, with Dr. Horace Ward- ner as its first curator, established for illustrative purposes. The opening ceremonies, held on October 10, were conducted by Professor Johnson as President of the Faculty, and were inaugurated with prayer by Rev. J. Ambrose Wright, the address being delivered by Professor Davis. In connection with the first course of lectures Professors Davis and Andrews were appointed to conduct two clinics, including one daily bedside lecture at Mercy Hospital and two weekly lectures at the college. This was a distinct advance in the line of practical teaching over anything which had before been attempted in the West. The first term opened on October ii, 1859, and terminated on March 5, i860. There were but thirty -three students in attendance, of whom the following received degrees: Abraham Dexter Andrews, Thomas I. Rigg, James Stewart Jewell, Lucian Ashley, John F. Hopkins, Rupert D. Cogswell, John Conant, Charles De Haven Jones and James M. Kendall. Drs. Ezra A. Steele and Edward C. Dickinson received Ad Eundem degrees. Thus was the medical department of Lind University fairly started upon its mission of reform in medical education, In addition to the general un- NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. 163 certainty as to whether its views could be carried to a successful issue, it was soon burdened with material complications quite mdependent of the plan upon which it had been established and was being developed. The opening of the Civil War found Sylvester Lind a man of wealth, which, unfortunately, de- pended largely for its security upon the solvency of certain State banks, with whose failure Lind block and other tangible property passed from his hands, and the university itself was hopelessly involved in the financial em- barrassment of its founder. BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT ORGANIZATION. In November, 1861, the trustees of Lind University, therefore, requested the medical faculty to release them from that portion of the contract which required them to provide the medical department with new quarters at the expiration of three years. The faculty acceded to the request and immediately proceeded to establish an independent organization under the name of Chicago Medical College. In accord with this determination, during the Summer of 1863 the faculty commenced the formation of a building fund from the lecture fees. A con- tract was made for the purchase of the lot and building No. 1015 State Street, near Twent3'-second, which was occupied by the college during the Spring of 1864, when, by mutual agreement, each party was released from the original contract and the members of the faculty became the trustees of the new college. At this location, for six years, Chicago Medical College continued its work, steadily increasing its educational facilities, extending its curriculum and, while maintaining its higher standard both for admission and graduation, gaining a substantial increase of attendance and of public confidence. On April 25, 1868, the faculty extended the two years' curriculum to three, each course consisting, as before, of a separate group of subjects or studies. Still the college was in the advance, no medical school in the United States having then adoped so complete and extended a curriculum of study. A DEPARTMENT OF NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY. The year 1869 marks another epoch in the life of this institution, an arrangement being then made by which, while retaining its name, Chicago Medical College became a department of Northwestern University; and, what was also important, besides its name, it retained control of its professorships and curriculum of study. Under the terms of this union the medical degrees are conferred under the authority of the university, on the recommendation of the medical faculty. Further, the undergraduates of the university department known as the College of Liberal Arts have access to the chemical laboratory i64 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. of the medical collef^je for practical instruction and graduates of the College of Liberal Arts are entitled to instruction in the medical college without the pay- ment of full lecture fees. ERECT A M(_)RE COMMODIOUS BUILDING. More extended facilities for instruction were already demanded and ground had been leased from the authorities of Mercy Hospital and adjoining that institution for the erection of a suitable and commodious building. This was completed and occupied in September, 1870. The introductory lecture was delivered by Professor Johnson, which marked the opening both of the new building and the college session of 1870-71. CLINICS AT MERCY HOSPITAL. Referring to the relations existing between the college and Mercy Hospital, he said: "By the terms of the contract between the trustees and hospital authorities the faculty of this institution became the medical officers of the hospital, and are required to give in its wards such clinical instruction as the interests of the college demand; the services of these medical officers to be considered as payment in full for the ground-rent of these premises for at least twenty years, and so much longer as the adjacent building shall be occupied for hospital purposes. It is believed that the interests of both parties to this contract are met in the permanent relations thus established. The material result of these arrangements with the university and the society owning and controlling the hospital is the elegant and convenient building in which we are to-night for the first time assembled. It is not only architecturally attractive and admirably adapted to medical teaching, but its location and relations to the hospital are such that for all practical purposes that institution becomes a part of the college organization. Each didactic chair has its corresponding clinical chair in the hospital, where the theories of the lecture room are daily tested at the bedside of the patient. In this respect, also, it differs materially from most medical schools of this country and, to the same extent, approxi- mates in its means as well as in its modes of teaching the best institutions of the Old World. "During the present year the corps of instructors has been still further increased. Professor Wheeler has resigned the two professorships of Chemistry and the trustees have appointed Dr. N. Gray Bartlett to the chair of Inorganic and Practical Chemistry and Dr. H. P. Merriman to the chair of Organic Chem- istry and Toxicology. In consequence of the large and increasing number of pupils engaged in the study of Analytical Chemistry this division of the work has become absolutely necessary. A chair of Diseases of the Eye and Ear has been definitely established and Dr. Samuel J. Jones appointed professor. Dr. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSETY }[EE)IC.\L SCIIOOE. 165 Jones is now in Europe, or on his way home, and, witli all desirable means of illustrating his department, will commence his course on the first of November. Professor H. O. Heydock has resigned the professorship of Materia Medica and Therapeutics and Dr. William E. Quine has been appointed to the vacancy." The structure thus occupied by the Chicago Medical College, which seemed to possess more of an clement of permanency about it than any in wliich the institution had hitherto been established, was a substantial building of brick, two stories and a-half in height and cost $25,000. It contained two large lecture rooms or amphitheaters, so that instruction could be given to different classes during the same hour. The dissecting rooms of the Anatomical depart- ment were airy and well lighted and there were well appointed laboratories for chemical and microscopical work. In the museum was a large and continually CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE (1870-94). increasing collection of anatomical and pathological specimens, while the library and reading-room supplied the students with many valuable books and period- icals, enabling them to keep abreast of the medical literature of the day. Located in the basement of the college building was also the South Side Dis- pensary, its patients being subdivided into classes, each class having a separate room and an attending physician. Eor clinical instruction here the students were divided into small groups and assigned in rotation to the different rooms and afforded an opportunity for them to make personal examination of the patients with their instructors. EXTENSION OF CLINICAL INSTRL'CTION. For twenty-four years, under the contract made with the authorities of Mercy Hospital, the college occupied this site. During this period great pro- gress was made in all directions. One most important feature of this growth was the firm establishment and extension of its system of clinical instruction, 1 66 NORTinVESTERX UXH^ERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOE its basis being the material furnished by Mercy and St. Luke's hospitals, the dispensary and such ambulatory patients as could advantageously be brought before the classes in the college amphitheaters. At the time of the removal of the college to its present location, in 1894, some 15,000 patients were being treated annually at the dispensary. The clinical classes, confined to the second and third year students, were distributed also among Mercy, St. Luke's and Wesley liosiiitals. EXTENSION OF CURRICULL'M. The marked extension of the curriculum to a three years' course, made in 1868, has already been described in detail. A fourth year has since been added. It is still an essential for graduation that the student shall have had a hospital attendance during the last two years of the course, and this, furthermore, in conjunction with a lengthening of the annual course, which in 1890 had been increased from six to seven months and later from seven to eight months. A POST-GRADUATE COURSE ESTABLISHED. It was midway between these two decades (1870-90), so pregnant with results which redounded to the fame of Chicago Medical College, that the faculty established a Practitioners', or Post-Graduate course. It was inaugu- rated in March, 1880, and as it was unique in the scheme of medical education then in vogue in this country, it is thus described in the words of the annual announcement for the year: "This course is designed for the benefit of practi- tioners and is entirely distinct from that for students. It begins the day fol- lowing public Commencement and continues four weeks. Especial attention is given to bedside clinical teaching. Short clinical courses are given in General Medicine and Surgery, and in Gynecology, Nervous Diseases, Ophthalmology and Otology, and other specialties. These are accompanied by didactic lectures on the same subjects. The aim is to give a comprehensive summary of the most recent advances in these departments. An opportunity is also given to review scientific branches. A course is given in Surgical Anatomy. The dissecting room is open and the supply of material abundant. Practical work may be pursued in the chemical and microscopical laboratories. A short review of some of the most important advances in Pathology is given, illustrated by dia- grams and with microscopes. Special courses of didactic lectures will also be given having reference to the needs of those who desire to make a thorough review of their professional studies." PRESENT SCITOOE BUIEDTNC.S. After the expiration of the first twenty years' contract between Chicago Medical College and Mercy Hospital, and after a new contract had been made by them by which the former leased its building-site, arrangements were con- NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAI SCHOOL. 167 eluded by Northwestern University for the purchase of ground at the cor- ner of Dearborn and Twenty-fourth streets. During the year 1890 the uni- versity purchased four hundred and fifty feet frontage upon which were subsequently erected the medical and pharmaceutical and dental schools and Wesley Hospital. It was the munihcence of William Deering, of Evanston, that thus enabled the medical school to enjoy the splendid facilities with which it is now supplied. His gift of $20,000 to the university made possible the purchase of the present ample site, and within the succeeding three years arose the buildings now forming these professional departments of Northwestern University. In conformity with the plan adopted by the university in 1891 of naming its different professional departments, Chicago Medical College be- came Northwestern University Medical School, and the title of dean of the school was substituted for that of president. For three years previous to the purchase of the present site on Dearborn Street Wesley Hospital occupied temporary cjuarters, but as a consideration for the transfer of one-half this land the hospital agreed to supply clinical facili- ties to the students of the medical school. The first pavilion of the hospital was erected in the Summer of 1891. It accommodates about forty beds, the hospital staff being chiefly members of the medical school. In 1893 ths iiiain laboratory building was completed. It 'is situated on a portion of the same site, and has a frontage of one hundred and ten feet and a depth of one hundred and five feet, is five stories above the basement, and is constructed of cut stone and brick, with terra cotta trimmings. In the base- ment are the boilers and apparatus for steam heating, a refrigerator for anatom- ical material, prosector's room, janitor's rooms, many cloak rooms and a good recitation room. On the first floor are the Amphitheater, Office and Faculty Rooms, Anatom- ical Museum and Laboratory of Physiology and Biology, the latter occupy- ing not less than 4,000 square feet of floor space. On the second floor are the museums of Botany and Pharmacognosy, the Pharmaceutical and Dispensing laboratories, and the Office and Rooms of the Dean of the School of Pharmacy. On the third floor are ample laboratories of Normal and Pathological His- tology and Bacteriology, with three smaller rooms for original research. These rooms are equipped with desks, lockers for microscopes and all necessary ap- paratus. A large lecture room, with the necessary apparatus, and office rooms of the Professor of Chemistry are on the same floor. On the fourth floor one-half of the entire space is occupied as a Chemical Laboratory for students' practical work, and the other half by the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, with several smaller rooms for more advanced or original work. 1 68 NORTHWESTERN UNIJ^ERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. On the fifth floor is an ample Dissecting or Practical Anatomy Room, a room for demonstrating surgical operations and three smaller rooms for special dissections. This floor is throughout finished with asphalt and every apphance for insuring the most complete cleanliness and comfort. In the corridor, at the head of the stairs from the fourth floor, there are a number of lockers in which students can leave books, instruments and articles of clothing. The fixtures and fittings throughout the building are such that both hot and cold water may be had whenever needed, and the lighting may be by either gas or electricity, or by both. The museum of the school is abundantly furnished with preparations and specimens illustrative of Normal, Pathological and Comparative Anatomy and Materia Medica. The name of Dr. Ephraim Ingals is closely associated with the great laboratory building, because of the $10,000 which he presented to the medical school in 1893 to aid in its erection. In 1894 William Deering made a further donation to the university by endowing the N. S. Davis Professorship of Physiology. In recognition of the valuable services of the venerable and beloved Dean, the medical school is called Davis Hall, which stands beside the laboratory builchng. It was erected during the year following the completion of that structure. On its first floor are offices and faculty rooms, a large amphitheater, an apothecary's room and an examination room for the clerk of the dispensary. Suites of rooms on the first and second floors are provided for the use of the medical and surgical departments of the dispensar)-. Through the generosity of Mrs. P. S. Hayes to the college, has been donated the library and electrical apparatus of the late Dr. Plymmon S. Hayes. This has been arranged in a room adjoining that devoted to nervous diseases, and makes a complete outfit for the demonstration of Electro-Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Until recently the third and fourth floors of this building were devoted to the uses of Northwestern University Dental School. PRESENT CLINICAL ADVANTAGES. More than twent) -two thousand patients are treated annually in the dis- pensary. Its departments are Medical, Surgical, Throat, Eye and Ear, Gyn- ecological Neurological, Diseases of Children, Syphilis and Diseases of the Skin and Orthopedic Surgery. Each department occupies a separate room, or suite of rooms, and is in charge of a clinical instructor. Thus the clinical facilities now afforded are complete. Third-year students attend the college clinics and St. Luke's Hospital and the Medical and Surgical departments of the dispensar}'. The fourth-3'ear class attend the clinics at Mercy Hospital, which is still under the exclusive professional care of the NORTH]VESTERX l/X/J^ERS/TV MEDICAL SCHOOL. 169 faculty, and the general college clinics. In each of these two years it is possible for a student to attend from two to four clinics daily. By paying in addition a small annual fee he may also secure the privileges of the clinics held at Cook County Hospital, including the post-mortem examinations conducted in the amphitheater of the morgue. THE CURRICLfLUM IN (;ENKRAL. As stated, attendance upon the clinics is obligatory with students of the last two years. One of the requirements for graduation is dissection of a median half of the human body. F'irst and second-year students do not attend the clinics, their instruction being by didactic lectures, reading, quizzes and laboratory work. Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, Embryology and Chemistry, with daily dissections, constituting their course. In entering upon his curriculum the student, both by didactic and laboratory instruction, is furnished with the groundwork of his future studies, the elements oi the branches above named. o He learns to broadly analyze the human body, with the functions of its parts and systems, to ascertain the nature of poisons and the most important com- pounds, and to prepare ready for study and illustrate by free-hand drawing normal sections, both histological and embryological. The second year an advance is made into the region of Physiological Chemistry, pathological tissue taking the place of normal in the laboratory, the lectures being devoted to Pathological Histology. Materia Medica, Bacteriology, Hygiene and Physical Diagnosis are taught by lectures and by laboratory work. As to Physical Diag- nosis, the demonstrator first points out the physical signs in the healthy indi- vidual and in patients, and then places in contrast the abnormal physical con- ditions as witnessed in the material furnished by the dispensary and the hos- pitals. In the third year's course the clinics play a very important part, the Prac- tice of Medicine, Therapeutics and Surgery being taken up in all their branches. Special attention is devoted to such branches as Dermatology, Syphilis and Gonorrhea, Orthopedic Surgery, Laryngology and Rhinology, Electro-Thera- peu-tics and Obstetrics, Ophthalmology and Otology. The advance made beyond this course in the fourth year is in such branches as Gynecology and Children's Diseases, E}e and Ear Diseases, Nervous and Mental Diseases and Medical Jurisprudence. During the last year clinical examinations are held in Practical Medicine, Surgery, Gynecology, Obstetrics and Dermatology. Cases are assigned for special study and writ- ten histories descriptive of the cases and diagnoses are required. At present, beside the legal age, payment of all fees, satisfactory exam- ination, good character, dissection of half of the human body and clinical attendance for two years, a requirement for graduation is that the student I/O NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. shall have attended four annual courses of lectures of eight months each — the extension of the course from seven months being made in 1894. Upon graduation a number of interneships at different hospitals are open to competitive examination. Only students of this school are eligible to exam- ination at Mercy Hospital, four appointments being made annually. Graduates of any regular medical college in this city may compete for the four appoint- ments at St. Luke's, the eight at Cook County, the three at Michael Reese, the two at St. Elizabeth's and the one each at the Alexian and Wesley hos- pitals. THE FACULTY ( I 859- I 896). Having thus traced the progress of Northwestern University Medical School along its lines of development and given an idea of its present com- plete machinery for putting in force all the modern appliances of medical education, a ])resentation of the roster given below should add to the historic value of this sketch. By following the general plan of grouping those profes- sorships which are logically related according to medical science, and preserv- ing, as a rule, the chronological, order of their establishment by the college faculty, the reader will be enabled to further note the methods, changes and subdivision of labor which have resulted in its present corps of instructors. Following is the roster indicated: Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine and of Clinical Medicine: Nathan Smith Davis, 1859-92, Emeritus, 1892-96; Hosmer A. Johnson, Emeritus, 1881-91; Nathan S. Davis, Jr., 1892-96; Frank Billings, 1892-96. Professor of Clinical Medicine: Hosmer A. Johnson, 1875-77, 1882-85; John H. Hollister, 1882-95, Emeritus, 1895-96; Isaac N. Danforth, 1883-96. Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine: N. S. Davis, Jr., 1887-92. Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery and of Clinical Surgery (previous to 1863, including Military Surgery);- Edmund Andrews, 1859-81; Ralph N. Isham, 1888-96; John E. Owens, 1892-93. Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery: Ralph N. Isham, 1881-88. Professor of Surgical Anatomy and Operative Surgery: Ralph N. Isham, 1859-81; John E. Owens, 1891-88; Wm. E. Morgan, 1892-96. Professor of Clinical Surgery: Edmund Andrews, 1881-96; E. Wyllys Andrews, 1888-96; Frederick C. Schaefer, 1892-96. Professor of Surgical Anatomy and Operative Surgery and of Clinical Surgery: John E. Owens, 1888-92. Professor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery: John E. Owens, 1893-96; Christian Fenger, 1893-96. imj J /-^^ /-"^-f lii!5 jmm /«3-l /*^-^ l|^n i-^^ /^-» ^ "^ "* /r 1^ NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. 173 Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children: David Rutter, Emeritus, 1859-64; Wm. H. Byford, 1859-79; E. O. E. Roler, Asso- ciate, 1869-79. Professor of Obstetrics: Edward O. E. Roler, 1879-85; Emeritus, 1885-96; Wm. W. Jaggard, 1885-96. Professor of Gynecology: Edward W. Jenks, 1879-82; Emilius C. Dudley, 1882-96. Professor of Diseases of Children: Marcus P. Hatfield, 1883-96. ^Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology: Joseph S. Hildreth, 1869-70; Samuel J. Jones, 1870-96. Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology and Otology: Horace M. Starkey, 1892-96. Professor of Orthopedic Surgery: Julian S. Sherman, 1869-70; John Ridlow, 1893-96. Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Diseases of the Joints: Julian S. Sherman, 1870-71, 1876-77. Professor of Diseases of Respiratory and Circulatory Organs: Hosmer A. Johnson, 1868-75. Professor of Surgery of Genito-Urinary Organs: Christian Eenger, 1882-83. Professor of General Pathology and Public Hygiene: M. K. Taylor, 1859-63; Henry Wing, 1863-65; Hosmer A. Johnson, 1865-66, Emeritus, 1866-67; John H. Hollister, 1866-69. Professor of General Patholog}/ and Pathological Anatomy: John H. Hol- lister, 1 869- 1 882; Christian Eenger, 1882-86; Erank S. Johnson, 1886-96. Professor of State Medicine and Public Hygiene, Oscar C. De Wolf, 1882-92. Professor of General Etiology and Hygiene: Henry Gradle, 1893-94. Professor of General Etiology and Hygiene and of Clinical Ophthalmology and Otology: Henry Gradle, 1894-96. Professor of Medical Jurisprudence: H. G. Spafford, [859-64; H. O. Hey- dock, 1864-66; R. J. Patterson, 1866-74; H. P. Merriman, 1874-75; M. P. Hat- field, 1881-83; J. S. Jewell, 1883-84. Professor of Hygiene: Thomas Bevan, 1860-75. Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Hygiene: H. P. Merriman, 1S75-81. Professor of Physiology and Idistology: Hosmer Allen Johnson, 1859-66; J. M. Woodworth, 1866-67; Daniel T. Nelson, 1867-79. *In 1869-70 Dr. Joseph S. Hildreth delivered, by invitation, a course of lectures on Diseases of the Ej'e and Ear, but the chair of Ophthalmology and Otology was not estab- lished until November, 1870. 174 NORTHWESTERN UNU'ERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. Professor of Physiology: Henry Gradle, 1879-84; R. W. Bishop, 1884-87; George W. Webster, 1889-94; Winfield S. Hah, 1895-96. Professor of Histology and Practical Microscopy: Lester Curtis, 1879-86. Professor of Physiology and Dermatology: R. W. Bishop, 1887-88. Professor of Physical Diagnosis and Clinical Medicine: Frank Billings, 1887-92. Professor of Histology: Frank T. Andrews, 1888-94. Professor of Histology and of Clinical Gynecology: Frank T. Andrews, 1894-96. Professor of Dermatology and Syphilis: Joseph Zeisler, 1890-91. Professor of Skin and Venereal Diseases: Joseph Zeisler, 1891-96. Professor of Physiology and Physical Diagnosis: George W. Webster, 1894-95. Professor of Bacteriology: John D. Kales, 1894-96. Professor of Physical Diagnosis: George W. Webster, 1895-96. Professor of Descriptive Anatomy: Titus De Ville, 1859-60, Emeritus, 1860- 65; John H. Hollister, 1860-63; J. S. Jewell, 1863-69; W. H. Boyd, 1869-74; Thomas S. Bond, 1874-79; R. L. Rea, 1879-82; Frederick C. Schaefer, 1882-88. Professor of Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy: Frederick C. Schaefer, 1888-92. Professor of Anatomy; Thomas B. Swartz, 1893-96; Samuel C. Plummer, 1893-94. ■ • Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics: John H. Hollister, 1859-60; A. L. McArthur, 1860-63; John H. Hollister, 1863-65; Henry Wing, 1865-66; M. O. Heydock, 1866-71; Wm. E. Quine, 1871-1882; Walter Hay, 1882-84; Wm. E. Casselberry, 1884-86. Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics and of Laryngology and Rhinology: Wm. E. Casselberry, 1886-92. Professor of Therapeutics and of Laryngology and Rhinology: Wm. E. Casselberry, 1892-96. Professor of Materia Medica, John Leeming, 1894-96. Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Toxicology: F. Mahla, 1859-67; John E. Davies, 1867-68; C. Gilbert Wheeler, 1868-71. Professor of Inorganic Chemistry: N. Gray Bartlett, 1871-72; Walter S. Haines, 1872-74; M. P. Hatfield, 1875-77. Professor of Organic Chemistry and Toxicology: H. P. Merriman, 1871- 72; Walter S. Haines, 1872-74. Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology: Walter S. Haines, 1874-77; M. P. Hatfield, 1877-82; John H. Long, 1882-83. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSETY MEDIC AT SCHOOL. 175 Professor of Medical and General Chemistry; John H. Long, 1883-93. Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories: John H. Long, 1893-96. Professor of Psycological Medicine and Nervous and Mental Diseases: J. S. Jewell, 1872-84, Emeritus, 1884-87. Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases and of Medical Jurisprudence: Walter Hay, 1884-90; Elbert Wing, 1891-92. Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System: Elbert Wing, 1892-93. Professor of Nervous Diseases: Elbert Wing, 1893-96. Professor of Mental Diseases and Medical Jurisprudence: Archibald Church, 1893-96. GRUWTII OF THE SCHOOL ( 1 859- 1 895). In conclusion is presented the following statistical resume, showing the growth of the college throughout the thirty-six sessions of its existence : Sessio/is. . Sfi/(ffiifs. Cii aJi/a/cs. 859-60 33 9 860-6 I , 54 ,,..= .. I 4 861-62 63 17 862-63 81 17 863-64 89 17 864-65 93 31 865-66 102 , . , 31 866-67 104 33 867-68 .0 113 , 50 868-69 ■ • • • 85 42 869-70 . 7^ ^7 870-71 107 30 871-7^- 101 2>2> 872-73- •• 120 • 43 873-74 128 46 874-75 ^38 46 875-76 148 53 876-77 126 39 877-78 .153 ' 50 878-79 152- •- • 2,7 879-80 148 38 880-81 152 45 881-82 155. .• 41 1/6 NORTHWKSTERN [/NIJ'ERS/TV MEDICAL SCHOOL. Sessions. Students. Graduates. 1882-83 138 41 1883-84 114 41 1884-85 118 42 1885-86 126 38 1886-87 134 45 1887-88 169 34 1888-89 198 46 1889-90 237 51 1 890-9 1 243 69 1891-92 269 50 1892-93 -74 75 1893-94 -5^ • r- 1894-95 270 27 Total 5. 159 1,420 BIOGRAPHICAL. NATHAN SMITH DAVIS. M. D., LL. D. Dr. Davis was born on January 9, 181 7, his parents, Dow and Eleanor (Smith) Davis, being among the pioneer settlers of Greene, Chenango county, N. Y., and the subject of this sketch, though the youngest of a family of seven children, was born in the primitive log house erected in the forest. His mother died in 1824, when he was but seven years of age; but the lather lived to en- joy the fruits of his labors in converting his section of the forest into fertile fields, until he reached the ripe age of more than ninety years. Nathan Smith Davis was from early childhood of spare habit and very active nervous temperament. Plis education was acquired in the common school of the district by attending chiefly during the Winter months, and during the remaining part of the year working diligently on the farm with his father and his elder brother, until he was sixteen years of age. This out-door life and persistent manual labor doubtless assisted much in the development of a healthy physical organization and in creating habits of industry and independent self- reliance that had much influence on his subsequent successful career in life. An inherent love of study, with unusual aptness in the acquisition of knowl- edge, had already placed him in advance of the subjects taught in the common school of his neighborhood. His father, discerning the strong bent of his mind, determined to procure for him as good an education as his limited means would permit. With that view, in his sixteenth year he was sent to Cazenovia Seminary, in Madison county, N. Y., where he studied chemistry, natural philosophy, history, algebra, Latin, etc. Although he remained only one season at the seminary, his taste for higher studies and a wider range of useful knowledge was confirmed, and in April, 1834, he commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Daniel Clark, of Smithville Flats, Chenango County, N. Y. In October following, he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western Dis- trict of New York, located in Fairfield, Herkimer County, and attended the an- nual course of instruction in that institution. On his return from the college he entered the office of Dr. Thomas Jackson, of Binghamton, Broome county, where he continued his pupilage until he had completed the required three years of 177 178 NORTHWESTERN UNH^ERS/TY MEDICAL SCHOOL. study, except the four months of each year that lie spent in the medical col- lege. He graduated with honor from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Fairfield, at the close of his third annual course, on January 31, 1837, and before he was twenty-one years of age. His thesis was on "Animal Tempera- ture," in which he contended that heat was evolved in the various tissues of the body instead of by the union of oxygen and carbon in the lungs, as was generally thought at that time. Its merits induced the faculty to select it as one to be read on Commencement day as a part of the public exercises. A little before the close of the third college term some friends of Dr. Daniel Chatfield of Vienna, Oneida County, applied to members of the faculty for a suitable young person to settle in that town as an assistant of Dr. Chat- field, who had practiced there many years and was in failing health. Dr. Davis, being recommended, was induced to commence practice there before the end of February, 1S37, and although he entered at once into an active general practice on account ot the bad health ot his partner, he found the locality one receiving regular mail but once a week, and other things in proportion, and therefore little suited to his aspirations. Two or three months' rest from his professional labor so much improved the health of Dr. Chatfield that he could continue practice, and his young associate gladly embraced the opportunity to seek a more desirable field in which to test his ambition. Accordingly in July of the same year he removed to Binghamton, Broome County, and opened an office. Here he soon won the confidence of his professional brethren and the esteem and patronage of the community. On the fifth of March, 1838, he was united in marriage to Anna Maria, daughter of Hon. John Parker, of Vienna, to whom he liacl become warmly attached during his brief residence in that town the previous year. Three children have blessed the union, one only be- ing living — Dr. N. S. Davis, Jr.,. a prominent physician now following in the footsteps of his father. The studious habits and almost unwearying powers of application developed in his youth did not forsake Dr. Davis when he became engrossed in a labori- ous practice ; on the contrary, he seems to have been constantly widening and extending his scientific inquiries. Among the sciences that early engaged his special attention were practical chemistry, medical botany, geology and polit- ical economy. During his residence in Binghamton he sought to perfect himself in sur- gical Anatomy and at the same time instruct the resident medical students, by dissecting one or two cadavers each Winter in a room attached to his office. At the same period he frequently, by request, gave lectures in the Bingham- ton Academy and some of the larger district schools on topics connected with chemistry, botany and physiology. Soon after commencing his residence in Binghamton he was elected a member of the Broome County Medical Society, NORTHIVESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDIC AE SCHOOL. 179 in wliich he took an active part, holdin*:; the office of secretary durinvork in 1873 an appropriation of $10,000 was made to the hospital on condition that ten beds should be placed at the disposal of the Relief and Aid Society, and from that time hundreds of charity patients have been sent to the hospital by the authorities of the society. In x\pril, 1873, at the desire and suggestion of Mr. Scammon, the name of the hospital was changed from the Scammon to the Hahnemann Hospital. The hospital, having enlarged its sphere of usefulness, became the recipient of contributions from different sources. In May, 1873, the Illinois Homeopathic Medical Association passed a resolution to contribute the earnings of as many of its members as chose to do so for a single day (August 4) for the fund of the hospital. The sum realized from this source was ,^700. The Inter-State Industrial Exposition also gave one-nineteenth of its hospital day fund, (November 19, 1873), amounting to $209.85, for the same puipose. During November 16-24, 1874, a great charity fair was held by the ladies for the benefit of this hospital, from which the net return was $11,000. There were bequests also from private individuals, such as a bequest of $10,000 from Miss Phoebe Smith, an Easter offering of $1,000 from Mrs. E. Buckingham, $400 from private theatricals by Mrs. Herbert Ayer, and many other similar contri- butions. On October 5, 1883, the clinical amphitheater, which had cost $12,000 in 1 88 1, was burned, the main body of the hospital escaping ; but this was speed- ily rebuilt by contributions from the faculty, alumni and friends of the hospital. HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. 209 The hospital, advancing with the cohege, found its facihtics were not com- mensurate with the growth of the demands upon it. So on January 14, 1893, five months after the laying of the corner-stone for the new college, that for the new hospital was also laid and its construction begun. From the address on the occasion by Major H. A. Rust, member of the Board of Trustees and Chairman of the Building Committee, we quote the following : HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. "The Hahnemann Hospital was not born 'with a silver spoon in its mouth,' and would seem to have had the regulation number of infantile diseases; but, through good nursing, it has survived successive periods of the hardest of ' hard times, ' visitations of pestilence and the heroic treatment by fire, and now, with hardened muscles and undaunted spirit, it may be regarded as having the assurance of a prolonged life of usefulness. This assurance is rendered doubly sure through benefactions bestowed upon it within the past few months, chief among which is to be named the gift of fifty thousand dollars 2 10 HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. ($50,000) by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell, through the agency of her physician, Dr. George F. Shears. Of this sum $10,000 was by the donor apportioned to the building fund, and $40,000 to the endowment of the hospital and mainte- nance of free surgical beds in terms specified. This gift, large and grand in itself, has a significence even beyond its money value, in that it furnishes a substantial foundation for the belief that it will stimulate others to follow the magnificent example, and so increase the revenue of the hospital that it may ere long greatly enlarge its sphere of usefulness, through its ability to offer all of its resources to the suffering poor. "The splendid contribution of five thousand dollars ($5,000) to the building fund made b}' the late Mr. Hugh I^iddlc marked his confidence in his phy- sician, Dr. H. B. Fellows, and at the same time enrolls the donor as a most timely benefactor to our institution. Other contributions in smaller amounts to the building fund have been opportune, and will receive due recognition. "In reflecting upon the history of the hospital department of the Hahnemann College, I have been especially impressed with two features, one of which is the prominence of woman as a factor at, and from its birth, until the present hour. This impression does not startle me, coming, as it does, simply as addi- tional evidence in support of the already well-established fact that nearly all the grace, and much of the strength, in human character is resident in our mothers, sisters, wives and daughters. ' 'The other feature to which I allude is, that ' other men labor and we enter into their labors.' A perusal of the records of the board of trustees is graph- ically illustrative of this fact. One may note the incoming of a member of the board or staff, and trace his absorbing interest and guiding hand for a time, and then for him death closes the record; but Time does not tarry, the gap is filled and the work continues. In this fact of continuity and cumulative force of organized philanthropic effort is found both incentive and reward for all that any individual may have the disposition to attempt and the ability to ac- complish. " Eloquent and appropriate addresses were also made by Rev. Dr. Crandall, of the Memorial Baptist Church, Rev. L. P. Mercer, of the New Church Temple, Hon. E. M. Phelps, Professor G. A. Hall and Dr. Ludlam, the Presi- dent of the hospital, who said: ' 'At the meeting of our national society in June last it was voted to erect a monument to Hahnemann, and that it should be located in Washington, the capital of this great commonwealth. There was the right sort of enthusiasm, and plenty of it, and the machinery for raising subscriptions was set in motion at once. The physicians of Chicago have already interested themselves in the enterprise and will doubtless do what they can to further its completion. It is in every way commendable, and in accord with the fitness of things, that the HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. 21 I old hero should have a statue that is grand and glorious in proportion with the issues of his life-work and with his untiring labors in the cause of humanity. By all means let us have it, and right away, too. "But there are monuments and monuments, as there are missionaries and missionaries. We are rebuilding a monument to Hahnemann here in Chicago, and its corner-stone has been laid this very hour. It is no new scheme, either, for this institution was the first of its kind to be named in his honor almost forty years ago. And the ' Old Hahnemann ' has not been a colossal figure to stand as a silent witness of his work and of his achievement, but a busy, earnest school, in which a host of pupils have been trained and tauglit, and from which almost two thousand graduates have already gone forth to carry jS®III®SSa,j^ the blessings of his ministry to mankind. With my Quaker proclivities I insist that this is the very best kind of a monument. For it is a monument with a heart in it, and a home and a bed for the sick and the suffering; a hotel, as the first hospitals were, where the weary traveler may iind those who will nurse and care for him, bind uji his wounds and set him on his way again. We should strive for its upbuilding and extension, not only because it already glorifies its illustrious progenitor, and will continue to do so, but also because of its charitable and clinical, its social and scientific relations to the public and to the profession at large. " Professor Hall has spoken kindly of this old building in which we are work- ing like beavers until the better one is ready. We shall not leave it without regret, but we will enjoy the new one all the more because of its improved and increased facilities, its greater capacity and its thorough fitness for the work that is be- fore us." 2 12 HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. NEW HOSPITAL BUILDING. The new hospital building is now completed and in a thorough running order. It was erected at an expenditure of over one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) and embodies every feature considered desirable in such a structure, it being more nearly perfect in its arrangement than any other hospital in the city. It is seven stories in height, with basement, and has a capacity of two hundred and twenty-five beds; each floor has a thoroughly aseptic and specially furnished operating room, supplied with all appliances appropriate to the department located therein ; is heated by steain, lighted by electricity and provided with all the modern devices and conveniences which science has contributed of late years to the better construction of such buildings. There are fourteen wards, separate and distinct, each with a capacity of from ten to fifteen patients, for the care and protection of the sick poor, and there are about sixty private rooms for paying patients. In the wards are the same provisions for heating, light, electrical call bells and aseptic precautions as are maintained in the private rooms. On the first floor, provided with special entrance from a covered carriage way, is the emergency room for ambulance cases, the examination room and special operating room. The institution has its own training school for nurses and has sent out a number of thoroughly educated and well trained nurses from its walls. RESUME. With the growth of the college and the enlarged conveniences in the way of laboratory and chnical instruction the corps of the professors and instructors has been largely increased, so that for the session of 1895-96 the Governing Faculty of the college consists of the following; Dr. R. Ludlam, President. Dr. C. H. Vilas, Dean. Dr. Joseph P. Cobb, Registrar. Dr. E. M. Bruce, Assistant Treasurer. Dr. S. Leavitt, Dr. E. S. Bailey, Dr. J. E. Oilman, Dr. G. F. Shears, Dr. A. K. Crawford, Dr. Joseph Watry, Dr. H. V. Halbert, Dr. B. S. Arnulphy, Dr. H. R. Chislett, Dr. W. A. Dunn and Dr. C. O. Fellows, and a large corps of adjunct and associate professors and lecturers. Hahnemann College has always taken an advanced position in the matter of a higher medical education. In the earlier years the rule in medical colleges in the West, and most of the Eastern colleges, required as necessary qualifications for graduation a two years' course in the college, or four years of practice was sometimes accepted in lieu of one year's course of lectures. The faculty of Hahnemann College labored long and earnestly to increase the number of courses, and finally in the Intercollegiate Association a three years' course was HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. 213 settled upon and maintained for a number of years, but beginning with 1895-96 an additional year is required, the course now being a graded course of four years' duration. The contrast between the facilities offered now and the educational advantages of the earlier years is the difference between an advanced school and the elementary schools. Already, although the building is so recently completed, additional rooms are being planned and additional facilities are becoming necessary. Reference has been made to the Clinical Society. This was a society formed, as its name indicates, for the purpose of disseminating clinical experiences. The society was organized in sections, the chairman of each section being the professor in charge of that special branch. Their meetings have been held each month, and a goodly supply of clinical reports furnished at each meeting. The Clinical Society was formed in the year 1876, and from that to the year 1889 there were presented to the society some 524 papers, and 1,653 clinical cases were reported. In the Cliniqiie, the organ of the society, the proceedings were reported each month with the discussions on the cases, and in addition original lectures that had been delivered in the college, chiefly clinical, and of these latter 149 were printed, making a work of something in the neighborhood of 5,000 pages, that will stand as a work for reference to the credit of the school from which it emanated. Connected with the Hahnemann College is the Hahnemann Free Dispensary, an institution where for several years a large number of patients have been treated gratuitously. For some years not less than thirty-seven thousand prescriptions yearly have been prescribed for the worthy poor who have filled the different department rooms of the institution. BIOGRAPHICAL. REUBEN LUDLAM, M. D. In tlie front rank of botli his school and liis profession, Chicago has reason to be proud of Dr. Ludlam, who by his residence of more than forty years in this city may justly be claimed as a favorite and a favored son. He was born in Camden, N. J., on the seventh of October, 1831, and his father. Dr. Jacob W. Ludlam, was also an eminent physician, dying at Evanston in 1858, after a long and well-spent life. The father had often taken the son with him, when little more than a child, on his round of professional visits; he had seen him, with pride, readily master the primar}', grammar and academic studies and had directed him well along his preparatory course in medicine. That son had afterward entered the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, the father's Alma Mater, and had graduated therefrom in 1852. Soon after receiving his degree the young physician came to Chicago, and ere long the elder was surprised, and perhaps a little pained but not offended, to notice that he was drifting away from the teachings of his old father and the university to the doctrines of homeopathy. Howsoever deep the paternal regrets on this score. Dr. Ludlam, the elder, lived long enough to have them somewhat toned down by the fact that his son was rapidly becoming a leader in the school to which he had become so recently a convert. Upon the organization of the Hahnemann Medical College, in 1859, Dr. Reuben Ludlam was called to the chair of Physiology, Pathology and Clinical Medicine, being also elected Registrar of the Faculty. After three years he was transferred to the professorship of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Chil- dren. Later he was elected Professor of the Medical and Surgical Diseases of Women, being chosen Dean of the Faculty in 1861. For several years he con- tinued to act as Registrar, and was Dean of the Faculty for nearly twenty-five years, until May, 1891, when he became President of the College and Faculty, a position which he still holds. To the subject of gynecology Dr. Ludlam has given thorough study, both in this country and in Europe, and whether as a clear and original expounder of its principles or as a skillful practitioner, he stands with the foremost authori- ties. But the influence which he has exerted throu^rhout the entire field of k HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. 217 homeopathy, especially in the United States, has been repeatedly demonstrated by the unusual honors which have come to him from the profession at large. In 1869 he was chosen President of the American Institute of Homeopathy, the oldest national medical society in this country, and in which a mere mem- l^ership is a guarantee of unimpeachable standing. The oration which he de- livered at the session of that year, held at Boston, is indicative of one of Dr. Ludlam's many liberal and generous traits of character which, during his long and honorable career, have personally endeared him to thousands. His theme was ' 'The Relation of Woman to Homeopathy, " and it is needless to say to those who know him best that many women in Chicago and the West have cause to be profoundly grateful to Dr. Ludlam for his kindness, encouragement and practical helpfulness. Dr. Ludlam has also served as President of the Western Institute of Homeopathy, of the Illinois Homeopathic Medical Society and of the Chicago Academy of Medicine. In 1871 he became a member of the medical depart- ment of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, and served upon the State Board of Health from its organization in 1877 until December 1892. He has also declined many honors which would have severed his relations with the city and the people with whose interests he has been so long, so intimately and so prominently identified. In 1870, for instance, he declined the lucrative and responsible position of Physician-in-Chief to the Woman's Homeopathic In- firmary of New York City, and also the professorship of Obstetrics and Dis- eases of Women and Children in the New York Homeopathic Medical College. Dr. Ludlam's striking career as a contributor to medical literature was inaugurated by the appearance in 1863 of a volume entitled "A Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria." Aside from the intrinsic merit of its subject- matter, which was great, interest attaches to this volume from the fact that it was the first strictly medical work ever published in the Northwest. The work by which he is known throughout the medical world, however, is "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the Diseases of Women," the first of the seven editions through which it has passed being published in 1871. It has been accepted as authority by the homeopathic colleges and physicians of America and Europe and translated into several languages. Since i860, also. Dr. Ludlam has been editorially connected with the North American Journal of Ifovicopathy {yk. Y.); the United States Medical and Surgical /(V/r;/^?/ (Chicago), and The Clinique, the last named being a monthly abstract of the work of the clinical society and of the Hahnemann Hospital. As has been well remarked of Dr. Ludlam's various accomplishments and characteristics: "A wide acquaintance with literature, a love for music and sympathy with all that elevates and softens and, above all, a very compre- hensive knowledge and affection for mankind have given to his professional 2i8 HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. work the inimitable finish of culture and made of it, in the truest sense, the art of healing. It is probable, however, that Dr. Ludlam is best known to the world at large as a writer. A great reader, an accomplished linguist, possessed of an inexhaustible fund of humor and anecdote, he has added to the acknowledged scientific worth of his contribution the charm of a clear and graceful style." Dr. Ludlam has been twice married, his first wife, Anna M. Porter, of Greenwich, N. J., dying three years after marriage. His second wife was Miss Harriet G. Parvin, and their son, Reuben Ludlam, Jr., is a young physician of great ]iromise. Finely educated both at home and abroad, he has already assumed much of his father's extensive practice and is also taking up his work in connection with the FLdinemann College and Hospital. JOHN ELLIS GILMAN, M. D. It was in lO.v^ that the progenitor of the American branch of the Gilman family came over from Old England and settled in New England, and its members, of stanch Puritan stock, commenced almost immediately to become real factors in the progress of the new country. During the Revolution Nich- olas Gilman was a moving spirit of the times, having served as a member of the Continental Congress, and subsequently was chosen a United States Sen- ator from New Hampshire. John Taylor Gilman was Governor of the Granite State for fourteen years during the last portion of the eighteenth and the first of the present century. Dr. Oilman's immediate ancestors were pioneers of the pioneer territory of the Northwest, his grandfather, Bartholomew Gilman, locating at Belpre, not many miles southwest of Marietta. Afterward he removed to Kentucky, but not before the birth of his son, John C. Gilman, the father of the son in whom we are now most interested. That child, John E. Gilman, was born at Harmer, a suburb of Marietta, on the twenty-fourth of July, 1841, and it seemed predestined that he should be a physician. His father was a member of the profession and he had the influence of example from his mother's family. Formerly Miss Elizabeth C. Fay, she came of an old historic Massachusetts family, her sister, Catharine Fay, being for many years an Indian missionary and founder of the system of county orphan asylums in the State of Ohio. But the fact that may have had a bearing upon the future of the boy John, aside from his father's wishes and direction, was that of the eleven Fay children of his mother's generation three of the daughters married physicians. His uncle. Dr. George Gilman, was also I yjjaziTjf ,v etisrerr Bi^f-'' U(y- ^^ cc^*^ HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. 221 for many years a leading member of the profession in Lexington, Ky. , and his elder brother, previous to entering the ministry, practiced medicine for some time at Marietta. When he was five years of age Dr. Oilman's parents removed to Westboro, Mass., and, although they returned to Marietta for a time, the boy received his early education in the schools of the former town. By the time he was seven- teen he had been- graduated from the high school, prepared for college, served an apprenticeship at piano making in Boston and obtained quite a knowledge of music, as well as of medicine and surgery. At this period of his life his father died, and, thrown upon his own resources, he taught music for about three years. In 1861 he returned to Marietta, where he again turned his musical and mechanical knowledge to account in the conduct of a piano store. It is evident, however, that his ultimate aim was to establish himself in the profession which his father and so many of his relatives had honored, since, while conducting his business at Marietta, he continued his medical studies with his brother, and when he subsequently removed to Toledo and followed the same mercantile pursuit, he found a medical instructor in the person of Dr. George Hartwell. After thus employing three years of his time he embarked in several oil speculations at Marietta, and then settled down in earnest to make a name for himself in the medical profession. Contrary, however, to the instruction of his father and that of the several other preceptors who had guided his studies, the young man evinced his origi- nality of mind and independence of spirit by deciding to adopt the principles of the homeopathic school. Coming to Chicago in 1867, he entered Hahnemann Medical College, receiving his degree therefrom in the Spring of 1871. He at once established himself in practice at the old Crosby Opera House, his abilities being quickly and substantially recognized, and he was one of the originators of the art gallery which attracted so many to the Opera House, already one of the most popular and fashionable resorts of the city. Naturally, Dr. Oilman shared materially in the benefits derived by the managers of the Opera House in this influx of fashion and wealth and at the time of the great fire had made rapid strides toward popularity and prosperity. But that wholesale calamity was also his private misfortune and all his worldly possessions went up with the flames. Vastly to his credit, however, he was the first physician in the city to offer his services to the Citizens' Relief Com- mittee, being appointed chairman of the medical department. In this capacity he organized the burnt territory into districts, appointed the physicians in charge, instituted the opening of hospitals and dispensaries, attending person- ally to the relief of sufferers temporarily sheltered in the Eighth Presbyterian, Park Avenue and American Reformed churches until the management of the work was assumed by the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. During the follow- 222 HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. ing Winter and Spring, as Secretary of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society and Physician of the Herrick Free Dispensary, Dr. Oilman added to his laurels both as a physician and a man. In 1883 Dr. Oilman was elected to the chair of Physiology, Sanitary Science and Hygiene of Hahnemann Medical College, holding that professor- ship for a decade, when (in 1893) he was called to that of Materia Medica in the same institution. Both as private practitioner and public educator, therefore, for the past quarter of a century his reputation has been continually growing until it now places him in the front rank of homeopathic physicians in the West. Few members of the profession, outside their chosen held, have made so fair a mark in literature as Dr. Oilman. His contributions to medical literature have been many and highly valued, and both as an authority and a writer on art matters he has made quite a name for himself. Not only has he been thus identified with the Chicago press as a contributor but was for some time, in company with Joseph Wright, editor of the Chicago Art /oitrnal. It follows also, as a matter of course, that his association with the medical societies of the school of which he is so distinguished a representative is both wide and intimate. In Jul)', i860. Dr. Oilman was married at Adrian, Mich., to Miss Mary D. Johnson, of Westboro, Mass. They were the friends of youthful days, his wife also being of a Puritan family. They have one son, William T. Oilman, who is also a graduate in medicine and in practice in the city of Chicago. EDWARD E. HOLMAN, M. D. Born at Millville, Mass., on December 25, 1854, Dr. Holman at an early age removed with his parents to a farm near Spring Valley, Minn. Between the ages of fourteen and eighteen he not only acquired a common school and high school education, but mastered the printer's trade and began his career as a teacher. While pursuing this latter vocation he commenced his medical studies, and, after three years of such training, entered the Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, from which institution he graduated with honors in 1878. Entering active practice in May of that year, at Warren, 111., Dr. Hol- man remained at that point for four years, but being offered the professorship of Medical Jurisprudence by his Alma Mater, he accepted the chair and re- moved to Chicago, or rather to what was then Englewood, one of its large and flourishing suburbs. This position he held for three terms. Dr. Holman is Oeneral Surgeon to the Englewood Union Hospital and a member of several medical societies, is Past Commander of Englewood Com- mandery No. 59, Knights Templar, a 32" Mason and a "Shriner;" also a member of the Chicago Athletic Association. HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLEEGE. 225 The doctor has been an extensive traveler, both in this country and Mexico, and he has not only derived the personal benefit which comes from intelligent observation, but has published many of the results of his tours to the literary world. His graceful pen is not confined to narrative work, but has brought him quite a reputation as a humorist, he having been a contributor to the Toledo Blade, Nasby's famous publication. He has, moreover, enjoyed the per- sonal friendship of Generals Grant and Logan and of Senator William Windom, of Minnesota, the last named being an intimate friend of his parents. Dr. Holman's father, Benjamin F., was a native of Massachusetts, being engaged in the manufacture of edged tools, either as actual maker or proprietor of large establishments. In 1857, after he had amassed a competency, he re- moved from Rhode Island to Minnesota and engaged in agricultural pursuits. Here he was honored by being elected to various local offices, and died in Spring Valley, that State, in 1892. Dr. Holman's mother (Susan Eames Holman) was born in New York, but afterward removed to Providence, R. I. She was a direct descendent of Roger Williams, and died at the age of sixty-nine. A. R. Holman, of Spring Valley, one of Dr. Holman's brothers, is well known throughout the Northwest as an attorney for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. He has also two married sisters living at Faribault, Minn. One of Dr. Holman's uncles, Russell, was among the ablest men in the South, organizing the first Baptist church in New Orleans and serving as chaplain in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Sewall Holman, another uncle, was a classical scholar of note and the pioneer journalist of Janesville, Wis. Still a third was Harvey Holman, one of the throng of Cali- fornia emigrants, but who crossed the plains primarily in search of health, which had broken down under the stress of long continued commercial pursuits in Chillicothe, 111. During his absence a dishonest partner absconded and plunged him into debt, but notwithstanding this blow he resumed business, re- tained his standing, paid every claim against him and re-collected another fortune, leaving an estate a few years ago valued at $200,000. REV. ISAAC PRINCE, M. D. Rev. Isaac Prince, M. D., founder and Superintendent of the Home For Destitute Crippled Children, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., on the twenty-sixth of November, 1834, being a son of Rev. William Augustus Prince, who served for many years as a missionary in the West Indies. He received his literary education in Nazareth Hall, Pennsylvania, in the Academy of the Moravian denomination, after which he followed his father's 226 HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. footsteps and engaged for several years in the foreign field as an ordained min- ister. While thus employed he felt the need of a medical education to render himself more efficient among the poor, but with only a small salary his desire could not be gratified. During the War of the Rebellion, in 1864, he returned to the United States on a furlough, and at once responded to a call for volunteers to serve as dele- gates of the Christian Commission in relieving the sick and wounded soldiers of both armies. After ministering to their physical and spiritual wants, as well as to those of the freedman, until the close of the war, he returned to New York, when he became associated with the Rev. William Augustus Mahlenberg, D. D., in his work at St. Luke's hospital and St. Johnland. Through the assistance of a brother-in-law he was offered the long wished- for opportunity to study medicine, graduating from the Hahnemann Medical College in 1878. The need for physicians among the poor of Chicago, seemed so great that he relinquished his intention of returning to the missionary field, and under the auspices of the W. C. T. Union began the first medical mission ever opened in Chicago, at No. 100 South Desplaines street, in the year 1878. While thus engaged, he made the acquaintance of Dr. George E. Shipman, whose health had become greatly impaired and who invited him to assist him in his work at the Chicago Foundling's Home. There he remained for over ten years, an important feature of his work being the adoption of children. This opened his eyes to the need of a home for a class hitherto unprovided for. Healthy, sound and attractive children found ready adoption into homes of wealth and refinement, but for cripples nobody cared. In February, 1890, with only a few dollars in cash, but an abundance of zeal and faith, he began a home for crippled children. His faith in the Divine assistance and the gener- osity of the Chicago public was not disappointed. Through trials and discourage- ments of different kinds, he lived to witness the establishment of a home for the correction of deformities and the intellectual and industrial care and train- ing of crippled children. In the pastorate, the temperance cause, the foreign mission and educa- tional work, among the sick and wounded soldiers, the freedmen, the aban- doned waifs and the day nurseries a long life has been passed. Perhaps no work in which he has shared took such firm hold of his sym- pathy as the establishment of a children's church, with its object-lesson ser- mons, and the Home for Destitute Crippled Children. Associated with him in the latter years of his life for humanity was his devoted wife, Mrs. C. E. (Moserole) Prince, whose long experience and labor among the poor contributed so largely to the success and stability of all his plans. HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. 227 WILLIAM SPENCER HARVEY, A. M., M. D. The family of which Dr. Harvey is a member combines the vivacious, magnetic quahties of the Celt with the substantial traits of the Anglo-Saxon — in other words, it is of the best American type. His paternal grandfather. Rev. John Harvey, was a native of Norwich, Southeastern England, and during his younger years served in the British Army. It was while on military duty in Ireland that he became acquainted with a prominent Irish family of Dublin. One of its representatives was a Catholic priest of note, who was the author of a standard ecclesiastical history of Ireland. Another of its members, Miss Ann Brennan, although not famous, was so attractive to the young British sol- dier that he soon married her. Subsequently this John Harvey became a clergyman of the M. E. Church, emigrated to America with his educated and comely Irish wife and for more than half a century was an honored pastor of that denomination in Oneida County, N. Y. Upon the breaking out of the Civil War the martial spirit which had been implanted in him during his younger )'ears sprang up afresh, and going to the front as a chaplain of one of the New York regiments, he served faithfully throughout the entire period of hostilities. Dr. Harvey's father, William Nathaniel, was a native of New York Mills, Oneida County, marrying Lovina Brewer, of old Vermont stock, and settling in Galesburg in 1845. Here, for more than fifty years, they have since resided, and here were born the three sons who are members of the medical profession. Dr. J. B. Harvey, who graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, is a leading practitioner of that place. Dr. Andrew M. Harvey is a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, and is a late Resident Surgeon of St. Elizabeth Hospital, this city. He is now Surgeon of the West Side Free Dispensary. Dr. William Spencer Harvey was born in Galesburg, the county seat of Knox County, on the twenty-ninth of August, 1859. In this locality he quietly passed his early years, being industrious and studious, at the same time pas- sionately fond of athletic sports. His progress was steady through the district schools, Knox Academy and Knox College, but to this day he is not perhaps so well remembered by his fellow students for his scholarship as from the fact that he pitched the first curved ball in the national game which was ever seen in that section of the country. After graduating from Knox College in 1880 Dr. Harvey entered the medical department of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor. Although he earnestly pursued liis medical studies, he could not be weaned from his love of manly sports and became an acknowledged leader among the ball enthusiasts and all-around athletes of that institution. And 2 2S HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE, even now, in the midst of a large and increasing practice in Chicago, he takes a deep and an active interest in physical education, being one of the best- known members of the Chicago Athletic Club. Continuing his medical studies at the University of Michigan during 1881- 82, Dr. Harvey entered the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago during the latter year, graduating from that institution in 1883. During the last-named year Knox College conferred upon him the degree of M. A. At once entering into practice with Dr. John E. Gilman, so long and so prominently identified with the Hahnemann Medical College, Dr. Harvey came to the front as one of the most promising of the younger members of the profession. This connection was maintained for about two years, since which time he has successfully pur- sued his chosen calling alone. Very early in his career Dr. Harvey adopted surgery as his specialty, although he has for years taken a most prominent position, both as educator and practitioner, in the more general departments of medicine. For three years he filled the chair of Physiology and Histology in the Hahnemann Medical College, and during the World's Fair he was one of the directors of the Columbian Homeopathic Hospital, a model and a working institution of its kind, of which he was one of the chief organizers. Dr. Harvey was also a leader in the organization of the Homeopathic Post-Graduate Medical College, having served on its Board of Directors and as its Secretary. He is Professor of Surgery in that institution as v^ell as Surgeon of the Chicago Baptist Hospital and the Garfield Park Sanitarium, Lecturer before the Training School for Nurses of the Baptist Hospital, as well as Presi- dent of the Garfield Park Training School. Besides being connected with the institutions above named. Dr. Harvey is President of the Knox College Club and is an active member of the Illinois and the Chicago Athletic clubs and of such professional organizations as the American Institute of Homeopathy, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chi- cago Homeopathic Medical Society and the Chnical Society of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital. He is not an infrequent contributor to medical literature, but his papers are seldom theoretical in their nature, being, as a rule, reports of unusual cases of which he has acted as attending surgeon, either in his private capacity or through his connection with the various public institutions with which he is identified. In 1 89 1 Dr. Harvey was married to Miss Alice Flash, daughter of a prom- inent business man of New Orleans. They have two children — Alice Flash and William Spencer. It may be stated, in conclusion, that although his religious traditions and early education were with the Methodist Church, much of his later life was passed without direct affiliation with any denomination, but that soon after his -^-^-^^ 7y^^ HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. 231 marriage, through the influence of his wife, he become a communicant of the Episcopal Church, being at present a prominent member of the Church of the Epiphany, one of the largest, wealthiest and most influential religious organiza- tions in the country. While too busy as a professional leader to be an active politician, Dr. Harvey is an earnest Republican — and, all in all, a well-balanced, affable, energetic, refined and successful man and physician. MARTHA ALMINA BOWERMAN, M. D. Dr. Bowerman is one of the oldest graduates of the Hahnemann Medical College in this city, one of the most enthusiastic advocates of homeopathy, and although her work as a practitioner and an author has been conducted largely in the background, to those who know what she has accomplished her professional life stands as a fine example of faithfulness, industry, bravery and ability. Born on the twenty-seventh of March, 1842, at Riga Center, Monroe county, N. Y. , Martha Almina (as she was known in maidenhood) removed with her parents to Lake Mills, Wis., when she was but six years of age. Here and later at Neenah and Ripon, in the same State, she received her non-professional education. She had nearly completed a full course at Ripon College and would, in fact, have graduated in 1861, when the Civil War broke out and made such inroads among the young men that her class was disbanded. During her residence in that beautiful city, however, she had made the acquaintance of Nelson Bowerman, editor of the Ripon Connuon- zveali/i, to whom in the Spring of 1861 she was united in marriage. Although bright as a writer and a man of learning, Mr. Bowerman's business abilities were not equal to his intellectual, and when, in the eighth year after his marriage, he made his home in Madison, became interested in the State printing and ventured otherwise financially, he failed disastrously in his undertakings. In the Fall of 1879 Mr. and Mrs. Bowerman came to Chicago, the former connecting himself with the Tribune, with which he has since been associated in various capacities. Mrs. Bowerman now commenced to put into practical action an ambition which she had nourished since early girlhood, viz., to take steps toward the adoption of the medical profession. Naturally, her means were limited, but under the tutelage of Professor A. E. Small she was en- abled to take a course in Hahnemann Medical College, from which institution she graduated in February, 1882. While pursuing her studies she acted as private secretary not only for Professor Small, but for Professcrs T. S. Hoyne and H. B, Fellows, and the records which she prepared of the hos- 2 32 HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. pital cases are even now instanced by her superiors as models of exactness and scientific value to the profession. Subsequently she was engaged by Professor Small to prepare his work on the "Practice of Medicine." On this, without any reward than of obtaining an enormous amount of medical information, she labored faithfully for two years, having at last the thankless task of condensing the work to one-half its original proportions. As it was, it made a volume of 850 pages, Dr. Bowerman's invaluable labors being grate- fully referred to in the preface of the publication. Dr. Bowerman's first office was on the corner of Thirty-ninth Street and Cottage Grove Avenue. From this location, after a successful practice of four years, she removed to Oakwood Boulevard, where, for two years, she was at the head of a private sanitarium. For the past seven years she has been located on Cottage Grove Avenue near Thirty-ninth Street. During this long period she has engaged in a general practice, devoting most of her attention, however, to the diseases of women and children. Dr. Bowerman is a member of the American Institute of Homeopathy, to be associated with which is of itself a sufficient guarantee of her high stand- ing in the profession. She is also connected with a number of other organiza- tions founded by her school of medicine. BENNETT COLLEGE ECLECTICISM IN CHICAGO History of Bennett College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery ECLECTICISM IN CHICAGO By ANSON L. CLARK, A. M., M. D., PRESIDENT AND DEAN OF THE College. GENERAL HISTORY. The early history of eclecticism in Chicago and Cook County is enveloped in considerable obscurity. Many of the earlier medical practitioners, very nearly allied to what at that time was known as eclecticism, were known as botanies, although there has always been quite a distinction, the Materia Medica of even the early eclectics being much larger. The botanic physicians discarded all "poisons," while to the eclectic the term "poison" was merely a relative term. Too much of the best and most wholesome food taken at one time might produce as severe trouble as too large a quantity of arsenic or strychnia; the difference was in the size of the toxic dose. In 1854 a "botanic" drug store, at the corner of Dearborn and Randolph streets, under the old Matteson Hotel, was a purveyor of medicines such as were used by the early botanic and eclectic physicians. In this store a Dr. Batchelder, or Batcheller, kept his office ; his practice was perhaps more nearly allied to the botanic system. In 1854 H. K. Stratford came to the city, commencing to practice medicine in 1858. In 1859 he formed a co-partnership with Dr. A. M. Read, at that time practicing in Chicago. A Dr. Garvin came at about this time, but did not remain long. Drs. Franklin Chavette, J. H. Mellinger and A. B. Wcscott were also here at that time. There were doubtless others whose names at this time are inaccessible. Then followed the War of the Rebellion, with its excitements and disorgani- zations; and little was heard of eclecticism as such until the Summer and Fall of 1868, when there was organized the Bennett College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery. At this time were found in the city Drs. J. F. Cook, R. A. Gunn, H. D. Garrison, John Foreman, Hathaway, and perhaps a few others in addition to those already mentioned. 235 236 BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE. With the estabhshment of the college the number of eclectics rapidly increased, both from the location of its graduates and the immigration from outside. During the first year of the life of the college the Chicago Medical Times was established by Drs. R. A. Gunn and John Foreman, and contributed no little at the time, as it has constantly since done, to advance a knowledge of eclecticism and increase the number of eclectic physicians. In the Summer of 1S77, to provide better clinical facilities for the students, the Bennett Medical College established the Bennett Hospital, in a building erected for the purpose in the rear of the college, which was at that time at Nos. 51 1-5 1 3 State Street. With the removal of the college to the corner of Ada and Fulton streets the hospital facilities were enlarged and improved, making it practicable to perform, either in the halls of the college or in the operating room of the hospital, all the operations known to modern surgical skill. One or more of the graduates selected for their fitness are in constant attendance. The first eclectic medical society was organized in 1872, under the name of the Chicago Eclectic Medical and Surgical Society, and had for its first officers Dr. H. D. Garrison, President, Dr. H. N. Young, Vice-President, and Dr. F. B- Brewer, Secretary. From that time to the present regular stated meetings have been held. In 1889 the County Commissioners decided to concede to the eclectic branch of the medical profession a share in the labors and honors connected with attendance in the Cook County Hospital in the capacity of physicians and surgeons. With this followed the appointment of students who had graduated and passed a special competitive examination from the Bennett Eclectic Medical College as internes for service in the County Hospital. At this writing (1896) there are in Chicago and Cook County not far from two hundred eclectic physicians and surgeons. ORIGIN OF THE COLLEGE.- The tidal wave of eclecticism, which for a quarter of a century had been depositing the principles of progressive medicine throughout the Northwest, found, in the Summer of 1868, about half a score of eclectic physicians in the city of Chicago. After a careful survey of the geographical location, of the magnitude of the city and of the circumstances which seemed to insure its future greatness, it seemed reasonable to those few that in the near future Chicago would have no equal as a great medical center in the United States, and as such should disseminate with the principles of other systems of medicine those principles which they believed to be the correct ones in the alleviation of human suffering, the principles of broad-boundaried eclecticism. From time to BENNETT MEDIC Ai. COLLEGE. 237 time the propriety of establishing a college of eclectic medicine was discussed among them, and finally, under date of May 26, 1868, Dr. H. D. Garrison of the firm of Garrison Brothers, Chicago Chemical Laboratory and Steam Drug Mills, wrote to Dr. A. L. Clark, of Elgin, 111., a letter from which we quote: ' ' The matter of starting an eclectic medical college has been agitated some- what of late and you can judge what would be its prospects with an able faculty. Can we count on your aid in organizing, and as a lecturer, in case we find suitable men for the remainder of the chairs?" Further on follows a skeleton of a proposed faculty. ' ' Below I have ventured to sketch an arrange- ment which I think would place each man on his favorite ground, or at least in a position to do justice to himself and the school, but disclaim at once any desire to dictate, or even to advise, except for the good of the parties interested, " A. L. Clark, M. D., Civil and Military Surgery, etc. L. S. Major, M. D., Obstetrics, etc. H. K. Whitford, M. D., Materia Medica, etc. H. C. French, M. D., Physiology, etc. J. F. Cook, M. D., Anatomy, etc. H. D. Garrison, M. D., Chemistry, etc." Under date of May 23, 1868, Dr. Hayes C. French, then residing and practicing medicine at Turner's Junction, 111., also wrote Dr. A. L. Clark from Tyner City, Ind. , where he was then visiting: "Dr. Whitford has, no doubt, ere this communicated to you our designs upon you as a professor in a prospective eclectic college to be established in Chicago. I expect to return to Illinois in a few days, and shall come to Elgin and have an old-fashioned talk with you. In the meantime please grind the subject in your mental mill, so that when I come I may know your judgment in the matter." Enclosed was a draft of a faculty for the Chicago Eclectic Medical College, which was as follows: A. L. Clark, M. D., Professor of Civil and Military Surgery and Surgical Diseases. Milton Jay, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. H. C. French, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Medical Jurisprudence. H. D. Garrison, M. D., Professor of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Toxicology. H. K. Whitford, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women. Before the matter, however, took definite form, some hitherto unthought-of characters entered the stage in the persons of Drs. John Foreman and Robert A. Gunn, and the first faculty was finally constructed as follows: Robert A. Gunn, M. D., Professor of Surgery, H. K. Whitford, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. H. D. Garrison, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology. A. L. Clark, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women. !38 BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, John Foreman, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. Hayes C. French, M. D., Professor of Physiology. J. F. Cook, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica. FIRST COURSE OF LECTURES (1869-1870). For the first course of lectures rooms were secured on Kinzie Street, near the corner of La Salle. Announcements were published and distributed and the faculty was rewarded by a class of thirty students, the arrangements having all been made in the space of four months. The inaugural address was given by Professor J. F. Cook on the evening of the first day of November, 1868, and the course of lectures com- menced the next day. At the close of the session the following persons, having been found thoroughl}' qualified and entitled to the same, received the degrees and diploma of the college : John Angus Ross, J. W. Richardson, Alexander McRae, B. F. Stevens, Thomas M. Hig:- o gins, Mrs. Clara S. Higgins, Elias W. Stevens, Samuel B. Norton, Linn A. Kelly, Charles Luetzel- ^ i^' '^r "^i^ Jll' E^ Schwab. At this session there were also conferred li ^, Ji, .nS, ,8-1, P .[^i Eundciu degrees upon Thomas R. Mclnnes, Franklin Chavett, G. T. Manning and Edward Brown. CHARTER (IRANTED. During the Winter of 1868-69, to the Legislature of the State, being then in session, application was 1 r L^^^^J^^^"" _ -^ made for a charter, which was granted and approved dr' _=.^=^=^=^'^^^PV ' March 25, 1869, by John M. Palmer, at that time governor. This instrument named L. S. Major, W. D. Atchison, H. C- French, H. D. Garrison, William M. Dale, H. K. Whitford, A. L. Clark, John Foreman, M. R. Teegarden, R. A. Gunn, A. L. Brown and J. F. Cook and their successors, constituting them a body politic and corporate by the name of "The Bennett College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery." L. S. Major was chosen as the first President of the Board of Trustees, a position which he occupied until the Spring of 1872, when A. L. Clark was elected to the position, which he has occupied continuously to the present day. The success of this first term of lectures exceeded the anticipations of the trustees and faculty, but the location which they had thus far occupied, in its obscurity and unpleasant surroundings, was not satisfactory. During the following Summer they rented the two upper floors of a marble front building at No. 180 THE BUILDING OF if BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 239 East Washington Street, where the surroundings were pleasant and even attractive and the rooms fitted up tastefully and neatly. Before the opening of this term a change was made in the faculty by the resignation of Drs. Foreman and French and the substitution in their places of Drs. H. N. Young and Milton Jay, and the number was increased by the acquisition of Dr. W. H. Davis, Dr. Henry Olin and George C. Christian, LL.D., lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence. COMING OF THE GREAT FIRE. In these new quarters the lectures of the course for 1869-70 were held with very satisfactory results. Three days, however, after the first lecture of the course AFTER THE FIRE. for 1871-72 was begun that historical calamity, the Great Chicago Fire, occurred, and as the college building stood near the center of the path of this conflagration, it constituted no exception to the rule, but in a few hours was reduced to a shapeless mass of stone and brick. Everything that the college possessed was destroyed. The nucleus of a museum and library, of course, went in the conflagration, a loss great only in the impossibility of replacing by duplicates some of the specimens there stored. The offices of the entire faculty, with but one solitary exception, were with their contents burned, including libraries and instruments. A large class was in attendance with no accomodations, but the 240 BENNETT iMEDICAL COLLEGE shock was only momentary; the spirit of reconstruction which pervaded the entire population of Chicago filled the hearts of the faculty, and within a week rooms were rented and lectures again commenced. The building now occupied stood at the southeast corner of Twenty-second and State streets, but its occupancy was for only a month, at which time a building was purchased at No. 461 South Clark Street, to which the entire belongings of the college were removed. FIRST PERMANENT BUILDING. For the first time in its existence the college now occupied its own building, and this change, as in other affairs of men, brought with it a certain degree of independence and increased patronage. The classes grew in numbers until the halls be- came too small for their accommodation and a change was a necessity. It was decided to sell, and purchase the lots Nos. 5 1 1 and 513 State Street. Work was immediately commenced and continued during the Win- ter of irk of the Woman's College is the Hospital for Women and Children. In November, [895, after the death of Dr. Mary Thompson, its founder, Dr. Mergler was elected its head Physician and Surgeon, being recommended for that position not only by a unanimous vote of the Chicago G)'necological Society, but by a decided majority of the profes- sion in the cit}', irrespective of sex. As facts speak for themselves, it might be considered almost superfluous to add that Dr. Mergler is a marked character by the foremost of her profes- sion, whether lecturing before her classes in clear scientific fashion, operating with promptness and precision in the field of abdominal surgery, both as a private practitioner or clinical demonstrator, or engaged in the labors of physical diagnosis, which, considering the peculiarly complex nervous organiza- tion of her sex, requires the utmost tact as well as the rarest judgment. WILLIAM TEEL MONTGOMERY, M. D. Of Dr. Montgomery it is no hollow figure of speech to say that he is the architect of his own fortune. As an orphan he was thrown at a very early age upon the care of relatives, and, as he says, he has been doing a man's work since he was a boy of twelve. Quite naturally, therefore, as a man of middle age he is brave and self-reliant, honest and an open hater of insincerity, strong in his likes and dislikes, and consequently one who has both warm friends and bitter enemies. Dr. Montgomery is a man whose personal appearance is characteristic of his rugged character. He is about six feet in height, has black hair and dark eyes, and even now he does not belie the reputation as an athlete which he ^.r IVOAfAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL. ' 283 had in his younger days. Despite his hard and successful struggle through life, however, one of his noticeable traits is modesty. Born in Gibson County, Ind., on August 12, 1843, Dr. Montgomery had the misfortune, at ten years of age, to lose his parents. But he had the true Irish pluck and the faculty of adapting himself to any situation in which he was placed, for his great-grandfather, Thomas, was a native of Northern Ireland and an emigrant to Virginia, while his grandfather, Walter C, was an early settler in Southern Indiana. His forefathers had been adapting themselves to new scenes and new homes, as he himself was called upon to do at so early an age. Thrown thus to such a great extent upon his own resources, it was for- tunate that he was naturally studious and that his inclinations were never toward the vicious. ?Iis record of scholarship was therefore high from the first, whether attending the public schools, the high school at Owensville, Ind., or in his manhood pursuing his medical studies in Chicago. At the death of his parents the orphan was adopted by an uncle, with whom he lived and worked upon a farm in Gibson County from 1855 to i860. In the Fall of the latter year his foster father removed to Princeton, Ind., and engaged in the hotel business, employing the youth as his oflice clerk and general utility man. But the work was so distasteful to him that upon the first opportunity after he was eighteen years of age he enlisted for the Civil War, joining Company F, Thirty-third Regiment Indiana Volunteers, an Indian- apolis organization. He was with his regiment to the last, and during the Atlanta campaign his captain's reports twice commended him for bravery while in action. Having saved a few hundred dollars from his pay as a private soldier, he decided to continue his education as long as possible. He attended and taught school, therefore, until the Fall of 1868, when he commenced the study of medi- cine with Dr. William T. Kirk, of Atlanta, 111. Graduating from Rush Medical College in 1871, with the first prize for the best anatomical prepa- ration. Dr. Montgomery was appointed interne to the Cook County Hospital. As his service covered the period from July, 1871, to March, 1873, his practice included the treatment of many who were burned and otherwise injured during the great conflagration of the former year. During the Fall and Winter of 1871 he was also employed in out-door relief work, visiting the sick and poverty-stricken and assisting in the work of vaccination and in other measures taken to stay the terrible epidemic which raged during the cold weather. Being Senior Physician during the Fall and Winter of 1872, he had immediate charge of the several hundred cases of typhoid fever which were brought to the hospital. It will thus be seen that before he entered the field of private practice Dr. Montgomery had received such a wide, varied and practical expe- rience as few in his profession have ever enjoyed. 284 1JVJ/AN\S MEDICAL SCHOOL. In March, 1873, he began the practice of his profession in Chicago, it being of a general nature until 1880, from which time it has been confined to Diseases of the Eye and Ear. In this special field Dr. Montgomery has also had the advantage of invaluable practice in public institutions, where a physi- cian may study disease from so many points of advantage. In 1875 he was appointed Oculist and Aurist to Cook County Hospital, in 1879 Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology in the Woman's Medical College of Chicago and in 1880 Surgeon to the Illinois State Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. In the course of his later medical studies he has traveled extensively in this country and Europe, having visited and examined the more important hospitals of both the New World and the Old. In 1883, during his European tour, he took special courses in London and Vienna, and, in addition to being a suc- cessful practitioner in his chosen fi:ld, is a clear and impressive teacher. He is also a valued contributor to current medical literature. Dr. Montgomery is a member of the American Medical Association, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society and the Chicago Ophthalmological Society. As to other phases of his character which do not relate to professional life, it may be added that he is by nature sociable, and is a member of the Illinois Club, an organization of high standing. In national politics he is a stanch Republican, casting his first vote for U. S. Grant. From his earliest recollection Dr. Montgomery has venerated Christianity and true Christians, joining the Presbyterian Church many years ago. He is still associated with the more liberal element of that denomination, being a member of the Third Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Dr. Montgomery has been twice married, the first time in March, 1873, to Miss Nettie McCague, of Springfield, 111., whose death, in January, 1880, after a long and painful illness, was one of the greatest sorrows of his life. In April, 1890, he was again married to Miss Maud ."Graham, of Oquawka, 111., whose accomplishments and loveliness of character give charm and happiness to a comfortable home. ELIZA HANNAH ROOT, M. D. Among the consistent advocates of woman's advancement in all those walks of life for which as an individual she is best fitted, none in the West are more esteemed, both for force of precept and example, than Dr. Eliza H. Root. Born in De Kalb County, near Sycamore, she is the daughter of John Dick, a native of Linlithgow, Scotland, and a member of an ancient and dis- tinguished family which traces its origin to the early portion of the sixteenth '"'^sfs^lPah CiChic i ol i4 .^ ^)-z)4- JVOA/AN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL. 387 century, and numbers many members who have become prominent in scientific, Hterary and professional fields of work. Her mother, Eliza Meriam Cord, was born at Tunbridge Wells, England, l:)eing of Norman descent. As a child, who was both of a reflective and a perceptive disposition, and influenced as she was by her rural surroundings, it is but a sequence that she should early display a love for nature and should be attracted to those books which treat of the natural sciences. When (piite 3'oung she became familiar with the habits of birds and insects through observation. Later she studied them from a scientific point of view, and from a consideration of their structures she logically passed to that of the more complex and wonderful anatomy of the human system. In early life Dr. Root was married to Jerome Root, a prominent insurance man, one son, John Sherman Root, now a promising young lawyer, being born to them. This union, however, did not prevent the wife from pursuing the studies which she had learned to love. Finally entering the Women's Medical College of Chicago in 1879, in February, 1882, some years after her marriage. Dr. Root graduated therefrom as valedictorian of her class. Since her graduation she has been continuously connected with her Alma Mater, either as lecturer or professor. In the Spring of 1882, soon after re- ceiving her degree, she delivered her first course of lectures on the Lymphatic System. In 18S5 she was chosen Lecturer on Hygiene, which was followed by an election to the full professorship. Medical Jurisprudence being subsequently added to the chair. In 1893 she succeeded to the chair of Obstetrics, which position she still holds. She is also Professor of Clinical Obstetrics at the Chi- cago Hospital for Women and Children, now known as the Mary Thompson Hospital, and teacher of Hygiene and Emergency Obstetrics in the Chicago Training School for Home and Foreign Missions, her connection with the latter institution dating from the beginning. The last honor bestowed on Dr. Root is her appointment to the medical staft of Wesley Hospital as Junior Attending Obstetrican. She has a membership in the Chicago Medical and Pathological societies, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Pan-American Medical Congress, the American Public Health and the American Medical associations. The Doctor's medical education is not confined to this country, being pur- sued abroad in the clinics of Vienna, Dresden and other European cities. Her work in professional literature is, so far, confined to essays and reports of cases, read before local and State societies, while her love of so-called polite literature has led her to contribute not a little to the secular press. Chicago Homeopathic College AND Hospital History of m\i Chicago Homeopathic College By JOSEPH S. MITCHELL, A. M., M. D., Prhsident. ORGANIZATION IN 1876. The Chicago Homeopathic Cohege was organized m June, 1876. It had its origin in a desire, on the part of its faculty, to secure the highest degree of independence in the management of the college by placing in their hands alone appointments on its teaching corj^js and the entire direction of its afiairs. Its history has demonstrated the wisdom of the policy, for during its whole existence there have been no di\isi()ns among the faculty-; in the main, complete accord has existed regarding the conduct of its \-arie(I interests. The hrst ofiicers were: J. S. Mitchell, A. M., M. D., President; Charles Adams, M. D., Secretary; W. H. Wooclyatt, M. D., Treasurer and A. W. Wood- ward, M. D. , Business Manager. Commodious (juarters were secured at the cor- ner of Van Buren Street and Michigan A\enue tor college ]~)ur]^()ses. Its early organization was as follows: Board of Counselors: Messrs: Amos T. Hall, Marvin Hughitt, J. D. Harvey, O. W. Potter, William D. Bradley, Henrv Strong and Edson Keith, Judge Henry Booth, LL. D., Samuel Fallows, D. D., C. C. Bonney, LL. D., Hon. J. Russell Jones, Hon. W. C. Goudy and Hon. S. Corning Judd. The P'aculty and Trustees were: George E. Shipman, A. M., M. M., Emeritus Professor of Materia Medica. H. P. Gatchell, A. M., M. D., Emeritus Professor of Physiology and Hygiene. Rodney Welch, A. M., M. D.. Emeritus Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology. Leonard Pratt, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Special Patholog}' and Diagnosis. J. S. Mitchell, A. M., M. D., Professor of Institutes and Practice of Medicine. Albert G. Beebe, A. M., M. D., and Charles Adams, M. D., Professors of Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. Willis Danforth, Professor of Gynecological Surgery. 291 292 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. John W. Stroeter, M. D., Professor of Diseases of Women and Children. R. N. Foster, A. M., M. 1)., Professor of Obstetnes. W. H. Woodyatt, M. 1)., 1^-ofessor of Ophthahnology and Otology. E. M. Hale, M. D., Professor of Materia Mediea and Therapeutics. A. W. Woodward, M. I)., Professor of Ana]\'tical and Comparative Materia Mediea. E. H. Pratt. A. M., M. D., Professor of Anatomy. John R. Kippax, LL. B., M. D., Professor of Dermatology and Medical Jurisprudence. R. N. Tooker, M. D., Professor of Physiology. N. B. Delamater, M. D., Lecturer on Electro-Therapeutics and Specific Nervous Diseases. L. C. (jros\-enor, M. D., Adjunct Professor of Theory and Practice. A. L. MarcN', M, D., Lecturer on Chemistr\' and Toxicology. Fort}'-fi\e students attended the first session, fifteen being graduated. The college at once took" high rank among tlie medical schools of the country for its thorougli instruction, its ad\'anced methods of tt^aching and the determined position it took to raise the grade of medical students and medical education. Tlie three years' course was adojitcd, being then onh' optional, but a con- siderable proportion ol the students voluntarily chose it. The faculty early recognized the trend ot medical education and enlarged its curriculum, adding to its teaching- corps as occasion required. A COLLKCl'; EDIFICK. Under these auspices the gr(nvth of the college was rapid, and in i88i the number of students had increased to such an extent that it was deemed wise to erect a college edifice of ampk> proportions. A site corner of Wood and York streets and opposite Cook County Hospital was secured, and the largest and finest building then devoted to the teaching of homeopathy in the W(nid was erected and made ready for occupanc)^ in the- Fall of that year. GROW III OF TIIE COLLEGE. More than one hundred students were matriculated and from that time there has been no interruption to the continued success of the college. Its classes have grown until during the last few ^'ears they have averaged nearly two hundred students annualK-. The graduating class this year numbered sixty- seven, the largest in its history. More than one thousand alumni now own allegiance to this institution, and their devotion to their Alma Mater testifies to their appreciation of the service it has rendered them, in furnishing practical education that fits them for thorough medical and surgical work, and gives them a fair guarantee of future success. CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 293 INDIVIDUAL MKNTIDN. It would take many pages to give anything like a complete resume of the individual work done by each member of the facults'. But as special features contributing prominently to the reputation of the college may be mentioned the remarkable Junior courses of instruction given by E. H. Pratt, M. D., in Anatomy, Clifford Mitchell, M. D., on Chemistry and W. F. Knoll, M. D., in Physiology. The college has been particularly fortunate in securing for its practical chairs men of the widest renown in homeopathy in the respective departments, so . 1 1 k^'^'%^. mi' I !i|fr: I 51 ,,lt' li CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. that a marked feature of the college has been the yearly growth of the Senior class by accretion from other colleges. Students have come to it to finish their medical education, attracted by the high reputation as teachers and clinicians of its leading representatives. Illustrative of the favor m which the college is held may be mentioned the fact that one of its }H"esent classes, that of i8q8, is composed exclusivelv of i\. B.'s and B. S.'s. This can be said of no other medical college in the United States at present. Among the brilliant men connected with the college, whose loss by death we have been called upon to mourn, are Willis Danforth, M. D. , W. H. 2 94 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. Woodyatt, M. D., W. F. Knoll, M. D.. H. N. Hobart, M. D., F. H.Newman, M. D., and Gordon Rockwell, M. D. During one year of its existence the college was very ably presided over by R. N. Foster, M. D. With the exception of that year J. S. Mitchell, M. D., has been its President since the establishment of the college and he has been efficiently assisted in his work by A. W. Woodward, M. D., Vice-President. To J. R. Kippax, M. D., the indefatigable Secretary, the college is under a lasting debt of gratitude. He has labored more patiently and efficiently than any one connected with it and has earned a reputation among colleges and State officials for his wide knowledge of every detail of college management. As the financial rock is the one on which many institutions split, too much credit cannot be given N. B. Delamater, M. D., and J. W. Buff'um, M. D., who have earned reputations for their wise conduct of the business affairs of the college, with L. C. Grosvenor, M. D., the honored Treasurc>r. A career of much greater success is undoubtedly yet open to this already flourishing institution. HOMEOPATH V RFXOGNIZED IN COOK COUNTY (1881). It was through the instrumrntality of the faculty of this college that homeopathy gained a footing in Cook County Hospital in 1881. Since then a large share of the appointments on its medical and surgical staff apportioned to homeopathy have been ably occupied by professors connected with the college. Its graduates have secured also the major portion of the interneships selected by competitive examination for that part of the hosj^iital which is under homeopathic treatment. CENTRAL HOMEOPATHIC FREE DISPENSARY. The Central Homeopathic Free Dispensary was organized in 1876 to furnish Homeopathic treatment to those worthy people in Chicago who were unable to pay for the services ot a physician. During that year there was much depression in business and many were compelled to ask gratuitous treatment who had never done so before. Its organization was therefore opportune. Its medical affairs were under the control of the Chicago Homeopathic College and it was managed by an auxiliary board of influential and active ladies, whose officers were as follows: Mrs. W. L. Brown, President, Mrs. Gen. A. L. Chetlam, Mrs. Edson Keith and Mrs. G. W. Woodward, Vice-Presidents, Mrs. C. C. Bonney, Treasurer, and Miss Julia Adams, Secretary. In addition to the direct work of the dispensary, under these auspices, there were maintained in the college building twelve beds for such cases as presented at the clinics of the college for operation. When the new building was erected gorner of Wood and York streets the number of beds was increased to thirty. I^,>«C3- — xe'^oi CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 297 Dr. Julia Holmes Smith, a graduate of the Chicago Homeopathic College and a prominent member of the auxiliary board, devised and executed the first successful performance of the Butterfly's Ball, at McVicker's Theater, for the benefit of the dispensary. It was one of the most notable triumphs in the way of a public entertain- ment for charity that had l)een known in Chicago and establish(>d the reputation of the board for successful manatjement, which it has maintained through subsequent renderings of the Butterfly's Ball, Kirmiss and other entertainments. riiE iiosprrAL. A part of the proceeds from these entertainments and the collections made by Mrs. A. H. Dainty (one of the members of the board) enabled the ladies to buy fifty feet south of the college. The $10,000 bequest of Mrs. Eunice McDuff^y, recently available, made it possible to erect a fine hospital on this ground, which was completed in December, 1894. The collections made by J. H. Buffum, M. D., and the proceeds from the South Side Charity Ball, under the management of Mrs. J. S. Mitchell, procured the furnishing of the hospital, except the three rooms generously furnished by Mr. E. Buckingham, Miss Kate Buckingham and Mrs. J. R. Kippax. It has accommodations for sixty patients and is furnished in the most attractive style consistent with sanitary regulations. Its medical and surgical service is under the charge of the Hospital Committee of the Chicago Homeopathic College and its general management is ably conducted by the ladies' auxiliary board, which is at present composed of Mrs. J. F. Forsyth, President, Mrs. J. S. Mitchell, Vice-President, Mrs. E. Eggleston, Treasurer, and Miss W. White, Secretary. The J. S. Mitchell Training School was established in 1894 '^"d its first class of trained nurses was graduated in May, 1896. BIOGRAPHICAL. JOSEPH SIDNEY MITCHELL, A. M., M. D. Dr. Mitchell comes of an old Massachusetts family, whose members for many generations have enjoyed marked prominence in the scientific, pro- fessional and educational annals of both the Eastern and Western states. William Mitchell was one of the early overseers of Harvard College and a man of great scientific and scholarly attainments. Rev. Arthur Mitchell, D. D., was long Secretary of the American Board of Foreign Missions and Dr. Mitchell's father, Hon. Joseph Mitchell, was a stanch Republican of the Old Bay State and stood high in the councils of the party. His mother was of the Eolger family, the maternal branch of the Benjamin Franklin tree, her ancestors emigrating from England and settling in Massachusetts in 1660. It may here be stated that Dr. Mitchell owns a summer residence in Nantucket which has been in the possession of that family for nearly one hundred and ninety years. Of a family of six children. Dr. Mitchell and his two sisters only are living. Annie Mitchell is well known as the stenographer of the United States Circuit Court, and Ellen Mitchell as an author, a lady of high literary stand- ing, a charitable worker and the first woman to serve upon the Chicago Board of Education. Several years before coming to Chicago Mrs. Mitchell married the brother of the late Marie Mitchell, the latter being not only one of the most eminent astronomers of her times, but from her long connection with Vassar College one of the most prominent of American educators. All of which goes to show, in some measure, the truth of the statement first made — that Dr. Mitchell comes of a family whose members have for gen- erations been identified with the higher life of both East and West. He him- self was born at Nantucket, on the ninth of December, 1839, passing his early days amid scenes which were familiar to several generations of Mitchells and Folgers. It was at Nantucket that Professor Marie Mitchell and her father pursued their crude but earnest studies and experiments in astronomy, and here Dr. Mitchell acquired such an education as enabled him later to enter the English High School, Boston. Afterward he became a student at Williams College in 1859. The succeeding steps in his educational career were to grad- uate from Williams' College in 1863 and from Bellevue Medical College in 1865. 298 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COIIEGE. 299 The latter year marks the coming of Dr. Mitchell to Chicago and before the end of the next twelve months Hahnemann Medical College had appointed him Lecturer of Surgical and Pathological Anatomy. In 1867 he became Pro- fessor of Physiology in the same institution and in 1870 accepted the important chair of the Theory and Practice of Medicine — one of the youngest men who ever occupied that position in a college of assured standing and broad influence. In 1876, realizing that there was room in the homeopathic field of the West for another educational institute, Dr. Mitchell severed his connection with the Hahnemann College and headed the movement which resulted in the founding of the Chicago Homeopathic College. In June of that 3'ear it was incorporated under State laws and the first session commenced in October, with Dr. Mitchell as Professor of Clinical Medicine and Diseases of the Throat and Chest. For man\' )'ears he has been President of that flourishing msti- tution and if anyone is to be considered its father he is certainly the one to whom all would instinctively turn. Dr. Mitchell is also Physician in Charge of the Medical Department of the Chicago Homeopathic Hospital and late Attending Physician to Cook County Hospital. He has long been an active member of the American Institute of Homeopathy and has been President and Secretary of the Illinois State Association. He occupied the latter position for seven years and during that period the active membership doubled. He is also an honorary member of the Massachusetts, Indiana and Kentucky State medical associations and in 1881 served as an American delegate to the Inter- national Medical Congress. One of the most marked tributes, however, to Dr. Mitchell's standing as a broad-minded and successful member of his profession was his selection as President of the World's Congress of Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons, held under the auspices of the World's Columbian Exposition from May 29 to June 3, 1893. Either b}^ letter or in person delegates were present from Ger- many, England, France, Austria, Russia, Denmark, Italy, Switzerland, India, Australia, Argentine Republic, Chile, Canada and the Sandwich Islands. Dr. Mitchells share in the successful outcome of the Congress is thus described by Hon. C. C. Bonney, President of the World's Congress Auxiliary, who intro- duced him: "With a patience, skill, energy and devotion to duty worthy of the highest praise. Dr. J. S. Mitchell, Chairman of the General Committee of Organization of this Congress, has pursued the labor of organizing it during the past three years." Dr. Mitchell's inaugural address was replete with information as to the his- toric growth and present standing of homeopath}', being charged, moreover, with an earnestness and an eloquence which made its delivery one of the events of the Congress. "The early progress of homeopathy," he said, "was slow. Like all great reforms it had to encounter opposition, ridicule and derision. Its 300 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. inherent strength enabled it to survive all these and its growth was steady during the first years of its existence. A great reform is like a sea. It may be calm at any time, but at others its force is irresistible. A successful reform must recognize the evils of its day with perfect clearness and seek their remedy with determination. It must stimulate thought and action upon the part of intelligent supporters. It must appeal to reason and invoke the aid of logic. Our reform in medicine has fulfilled all these conditions. * * * * "Since its firm establishment in America its progress has been in an ever increasing ratio. In 1876 the first World's Convention was held at Philadelphia at the time of the Centennial Exposition. In his inaugural address the presi- dent stated that there were then five thousand physicians in the United States. Less than two decades after, at this assembling, we are able to assert that there are twelve thousand in this country. This makes an army whose pres- ence is not to be despised. In many other countries the growth of homeopathy has been remarkable, but it should be noted that in this land, where freedom of thought and political action is most pronounced, its adherents are most numerous. It sometimes looks as though this country would profoundly influence the spread of homeopathy throughout the world. Even now the isles of the seas contain our physicians educated in this country. The papers to be read at this Congress from Australia and the Sandwich Islands are by gradu- ates of American colleges. We do not undervalue the labors of our colleagues in other lands than our own, but the existence of our twenty colleges gives us a mighty power. * * "^' ^" Homeopathy stands comparison with the more intricate development in other departments. Music has grown much more complicated; it has taught us to resolve discords into harmony, it has evolved coloring. Everything tends to be more subtle. Hence we must have more artists in medicine; men who can grasp fine points. We do not always get perfection, even in artists. They sometimes treat us to a faulty pose. We need not only artists, but artists of genius. Hahnemann was the first and greatest artist medicine has yet seen. He recognized the eternal fitness of everything human. In his abstraction from the crude and coarse he was far in advance of his age; hence medicine must yet come to him for inspiration. * * "^' * Homeopathy stands preeminently fitted to adapt itself to the finer adjustments that are coming in all directions. It will blend with all valuable developments that the medicine of the future evolves, for its basis is truth." The above extracts, taken at random, give but an imperfect idea of Dr. Mitchell's breadth of thought and none whatever of his polished, earnest deliv- ery, which has brought him into well merited prominence as a teacher and a lecturer. His practice has been of a general nature, although his medical treatment of cancer has attracted wide attention and gained many converts over the more common processes of surgery. It may be added that he has CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 301 contributed much to medical literature esteemed by his profession as of a per- manent value; and that he is connected with various social and literary societies, whose members know him and esteem him for his genial and intellectual qualities evinced outside of his professional life. Dr. Mitchell was married in 1864 to Miss Helen S. Leeds, daughter of Joseph and Arethusa Leeds and niece of Rev. Dr. George Leeds, the last named being rector of Grace Church, Baltimore. Joseph Leeds has gained a national reputation in his able efforts to preserve to posterity that historic relic known as Old South Church. Three children have been born to Dr. and Mrs. Mitchell, one daughter and two sons. Helen, the eldest, is a vocalist of rare promise and a leader in society. The boys, Sidney and Leeds, are attending strictly to their studies, although the former is cjuite an athlete and the latter a talented musician. ALLEN C. COWPERTHWAITE, M. D., Pii. D., LL. D. Allen Corson Cowperthwaite was born on May 3, 1849, the son of Joseph C. and Deborah Cowperthwaite of Philadelphia. The father was by profession a dentist and a gentleman of liberal culture, being a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. He was especially noted for his attainments as a mathema- tician, having been the author of a work on Calculus. When Allen was but a few months old his parents moved to Toulon, 111., where his boyhood days were spent amid the surroundings of a new and un- developed country. In addition to a primary education secured in the common schools of the day, he only enjoyed such advantages as were afforded by a course of instruction at Toulon Seminary. As a boy young Cowperthwaite was active and ambitious, and before arriving at the age of twelve he had made considerable progress in mastering the printer's trade, and subsequently also varied his studious hours by acting as fire insurance and book agent. His suc- cess in the sale of "Parson Brownlow's Book," added to the fact th.at his literary tastes early culminated in authorship, induced him, after completing his seminary course, to enter the book business at Kewanee, 111. After being thus pleasantly and profitably employed for four years, he commenced the study of medicine, his first preceptor being Dr. T. Bacmeister, of Toulon. Afterward, however, he spent some time under the tutorage of the celebrated Dr. Constantine Hering, of Philadelphia. Graduating from the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, on March 3, 1869, before having attained the required age. Dr. Cowperthwaite soon after received his diploma and located for practice at Galva, 111., in Henry County. Here he remained four years and then removed to Nebraska City, Neb. 302 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. While there he was mainly instrumental in founding the Nebraska State Homeopathic Medical Association, which has since become a very flourishing organization. Meanwhile he began writing on various medical subjects and be- came a recognized authority on many subjects. In 1876 his first complete medical work was published, entitled "Insanity in its Medico-Legal Relations, " and in the same year he lectured before the faculty and students of the Central University of Iowa in so masterly a manner that the institution conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In the following year, 1877, he was elected to the chair of Mental and Nervous Diseases in the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia and was about to accept, when he was tendered the position of Dean and Professor of Materia Medica in the newly organized homeopathic medical department of the State University of Iowa. This position he accepted and held with honor for fifteen years, until his removal to Chicago in 1892. Dr. Cowperthwaite is the author of several valuable medical works, all of which have been in large demand. In 1880 the first edition of his "Materia Medica" appeared and the book has since passed through seven editions, being one of the most extensively used text-books upon this important subject ever published. In 1888 his first text-book on "Gynecology" was published and was well received by the profession. In 18^5 his fine scientific and literary attainments were recognized- by Snurtleft' College, at Alton, 111., which conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws, and in 1887 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Science, Literature and Arts, of London, England. As a further indication of the broad reputation made by Dr. Cowperthwaite it may be stated that since 1883 he has been six times tendered a chair in the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. In 1884 he accepted the professor- ship of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the homeopathic college of the above university and was chosen Dean of the Faculty. He still held his posi- tion in the University of Iowa, but by traveling back and forth he success- fully did the work required in both institutions for one year. At the end of that time, such were the wearing demands made upon him, that he resigned the Michigan appointment, devoting his energies to the work in Iowa. 'Though since offered the chair formerly occupied by him in the Michigan University he has felt obliged to decline. In August, 1892, Dr. Cowperthwaite came to Chicago for- a wider field and greater opportunities, and was at once elected Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Chicago Homeopathic College, which position he still holds. His services since coming to this city have been in such de- mand that in February, 1893, he was elected superintendent of the Chicago Baptist Hospital, and in January, 1894, was called to the presidency of the then recently organized Homeopathic Post-Graduate Medical College in this - ^v^^'^'-^iss**;^ Men,; altt Tl c'l.t.l.l.-ii'iiii.i ::•! ■■Yiij ■» CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 305 city, both of which positions he has since occupied with increasing satisfaction to ah concerned. The Doctor has always been prominent in the activities of the State and national medical societies and is an honorary member of several State associations. He has been president of the State societies of both Iowa and Nebraska. In 1875 he became a member of the American Institute of Homeop- athy, having attended every meeting since and been closely identified with its work. In 1884 he was chosen to the vice-presidency and in 1887 was elected President of the latter body. He is also a member of several of the local medical societies of the city. Since 1886, when he was initiated into the order at Kewanee, 111., Dr. Cowperthwaite has been a prominent member of the I. O. O. F. , having taken all the degrees and at various times filled all the subordinate offices. He has been a member of the grand lodges of Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska and has occupied the highest State offices in the grand encampments. In his religious affiliations the Doctor is and long has been a Baptist, having united with the church in 1866 at Kewanee, 111., having since been, prominent in the work of that denomination and faithful in the practice of its teachings. Since coming to Chicago he has been united with the Fourth Baptist Church, in which he is an active member and one of its trustees. Politically, he is a stanch Republican, or to put it in his own way: "I was born a Republican and I have never changed." On June 2, 1870, Dr. Cowperthwaite was married to Miss Ida E. Erving of Oskaloosa, Iowa, daughter of the late Dr. Joel F. Erving. A promising son, Joseph Erving, now aged twenty-one, and an accomplished daughter, Florence Elfleda, aged eighteen, have been born to them. The home circle is a bright and happy one, to which he delights to retire from professional and business cares as to a sanctuary and where, with his estimable wife, he ex- tends a hospitable welcome to his chosen friends, of whom he has a host. EDWIN M. HALE, M. D. One of the fathers of homeopathy in Chicago and indeed one of the most prominent leaders of the profession in the West, Dr. Hale was born in the village of Newport, N. H., in 1829. His earliest American ancestor came to this country from Hertfordshire, England, and about the year 1637 settled at Newburyport, Mass. David Hale, the founder of one branch of the family, moved to New Hampshire and located at Alstead. One of his sons, the Hon. Selma Hale, of Keen, N. H., served as United States Senator from that State. The sixth son, Syene, the father of Dr. Edwin M. Hale, himself studied medi- cine and took his degree from the medical department of Dartmouth College. 3o6 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC CO I LEGE. Dr. E. M. Hale commenced the study of homeopathic medicine in 1848, and for two years was a pupil of the late Dr. A. O. Blair, of Newark, Ohio. In 1850 he entered the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, where he soon distinguished himself among his fellow students. At the end of the session he located in the little village of Jonesville, Mich. At that time there were not more than a dozen homeopathic physicians in the State and Dr. Hale was among the most energetic of those who, by their able eftorts, finally succeeded in having a department of homeopathy added to the University of Michigan. He declined, however, the proffered chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, as he had been called to the same professorship in the Hahnemann Medical College at Chicago, in which institution he afterward lectured for eighteen years. Dr. Hale early began to write on subjects connected with his profession, at a time when the literature of his school was scant indeed. In i860 he pub- lished "A Monograph on Gelsemium Sempervirens, " a drug then little known, but now extensively used. About this time he accepted a position on the edi- torial staff of the North Ajiicricaii fo2inial of HonicopatJiy (N. Y. ). A few years later appeared his popular and standard work, "The Materia Medica and Therapeutics of New Remedies." It treated almost entirely of indigenous plants used in medicine. When, in i86r, Dr. Hale accepted the chair in the Hahne- mann College and came to Chicago, he entered into partnership with Professor A. E. Small. Five years later this connection was severed and he entered into practice with his brother. Dr. Parker H. Hale, who had followed him to Chicago. During his connection with the college Dr. Hale continued his successful labors as a writer and an author, two notable works being issued — "Diseases of Women Causing Sterility" and "Lectures on Diseases of the Heart." For many years he has especially devoted much attention to the latter subject and is considered an eminent authority on the subject. Consequently this volume has passed through four editions and is the text-book on that subject used in homeo- pathic colleges. These works have both been translated into French, German and Spanish. From 1858 to 1884 Dr. Hale was the author of fifty-six books and pamphlets, and from 1884 to the present time he has added at least a dozen publications to the number. He also wrote a popular treatise, "The Heart and How to Take Care of It." In 1876 he visited Europe, where his writings were well known, meeting everywhere with a cordial reception. On his return, having severed his connection with Hahnemann Medical College, he accepted the chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the newly organized Chicago Homeopathic College. This he held for five years, and when he re- tired from this position he was made Emeritus Professor. His Winter vacations he now passes on the orange grove which he owns on the beautiful Lake Monroe, at Enterprise, Fla. For more than a quar- 'i?i'//; , = >-' /K'.s'i?'-/' W''*''^ S^/^^^-j^ hc^/z^^, >u^r7 I f- I CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLIEGE. 309 ter of a century Dr. Hale has lived on the corner of Twenty-second Street and Prairie Avenue, now one of the most elegant neighborhoods of the city; but when he first built there it was the outskirts of the straggling town. Dr. Hale is an honorary member of many home and foreign associations and a member of the Chicago Academy of Science and the American Institute of Homeopathy. He is also one of the founders of the Calumet and the Chi- cago Literary clubs. But the crowning work of Dr. Hale's life is yet to be mentioned — his "Prac- tice of Medicine," a scholarly, broad, practical and popular treatise. It was written in 1893-94, at the earnest desire of a majority of the homeopathic school. In response to a general request and prompted by his own convictions as to what was required, he incorporated in it his large experience with indig- enous medicines, making it liberal in its tendencies, and in its etiology and pathology fully abreast of the most recent medical discoveries. The result is an epoch in the history of homeopathy and as large a sale as has greeted the appearance of any medical work for the past quarter of a century. LEMUEL CONANT GROSVENOR, M. D. ' There are few professional men who seem so irresistibly to have been led into and along their career by fate or Providence, or whatever else one chooses to call it, as Dr. Grosvenor. At times the path has been rugged and final success has come only through an inflexible will and ceaseless exertions, but throughout the entire long and honorable journey there has been no halting, and as one looks back over it all he cannot see that the result could have been otherwise than it is. There are, most assuredly, calls to the medical profession as there are to the ministry — calls determined by inclination, fitness and the logic of events ; and if any human being ever had a plain call, in this sense of the word, it was the subject of this sketch. Born at Paxton, Mass., on the twenty -second of March, 1833, Lemuel Conant Grosvenor is the eldest son of Deacon Silas N. and Mary A. (Conant) Grosvenor. His father was a leading business man of the community, but, as is often the case, his mother it was who was most influential in giving his mind its intellectual and professional cast. She was a woman of rare strength of character, taking an active part in the education of her children, and her main desire was that her son Lemuel should follow in the footsteps of his grandfather. This gentleman was the Rev. Gains Conant, who for a quarter of a century was the pastor of the Paxton Congregational Church, and beloved and revered as only a New England clergyman is who spends his life in spiritual ministrations, kindly thought and high living in a small community. 3 to CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. A sound education was the first step in the career which, during his youthful years, seemed to be the boy's destiny. Before his thirteenth year, therefore, he had attended the Wilhston Seminary, at East Hampshire, Mass., being under the care of his elder sister. At this period in his life his grand- father proved a great intellectual stimulus to -him. A graduate of Brown University himself and a man of sound learning as well as piety, it was chiefly through his persuasions, perhaps, that his grandchildren were placed at the institution named, which was no unimportant feeder of Amherst College. Upon the removal of the family to Worcester, however, where the educational advantages were good, Lemuel entered the high school and pursued a full course extending over a period of four years. Even at that early age he evinced literary talents of no mean order and was a graceful public speaker. When, therefore, at the age of seventeen his parents removed to Sauk County, Wis., the youth was a Latin and Greek scholar, well grounded in the sciences and higher mathematics and prepared in many respects to face the world alone. His talents soon found favor in the eyes of the district board of a neighboring county, and he was selected to take charge of a school at West Point, Columbia County. As it happens, even at the age of seventeen Dr. Grosvenor was making- history, for the school which was under his rule during the four months covering the Winter and a portion of the Spring of 1850-51 was the first Winter school ever taught in West Point. Lnagine the exultation of the youth when he received, as a result of his work, $60 in gold ! As he had followed the usual custom of "boarding around" with the families of his pupils, this sum was clear and above board. His younger brother now joined him and together they started for their old Worcester home, Lemuel's object being to take a post-graduate course in higher mathematics and surveying and return to the West for the purpose of practicing the latter profession. To reach their destination the two walked to Milwaukee, then took boat to Chicago and St. Joe, the railroad system to Buffalo commencing at the last named point. The Erie canal bore them to Albany, from which place to Worcester was by comparatively rapid transit. But the program of becoming a surveyor and returning to the West was not to be carried out. He pursued his course in higher mathematics, but as he was obliged to support himself by teaching he soon found that more and more of his time was devoted to the calling in which he had already enjoyed a not unpleasant experience. Li short, from the age of eighteen he devoted an entire decade to the profession which he had not intended to follow, and at length became so wrapped in it and the minds which he was forming that for some years he had no inclination to abandon it. In succession the district school at Scituate, the select school at Rutland, the Union high school at Scituate Harbor and the South Hingham grammar school came under his tutelage, and after an experience of between two and three i I CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 313 years with these institutions he received the appointment of head-master of the Mather school, Dorchester. This is the oldest free school in America, founded in 1639 (about the time that Harvard University came into existence) and named in honor of Cotton Mather. Dr. Grosvenor remained in charge of the Mather school about seven years, and it was during the latter portion of that period that events were trans- piring and conspiring to lead him into the walk of life for which he was manifestly destined. Of the substantial and esteemed families who had lived for generations at various localities around Boston Harbor- none were more favorably known than the Proutys. David A., a native of Scituate, had invented the pot-metal plow and, despite the objection of his neighbors that the material was too brittle for any practical use, had proved its temper in the rocky streets of his native town, and finally, in partnership with John Mears, his brother-in- law and his son, Lorenzo Prouty, had established a large manufactory in South Boston. From their joint efforts afterward came the ce ter-draft plow, which was awarded first premium at the World's Fair, London. The business at length passed into the able hands of Lorenzo Prouty, who extended it so as to embrace not only the manufacture of plows, but that of stoves, furnaces, etc. And Mr. Prouty became not only a wealthy man, but a cultured one as well. Among other indications of his intellectual thrift was a large library which, for those days, was especially rich in scientific works. Now, the young master of Mather school had a commendable idea that one of the most important subjects to teach his scholars was the science of keeping well. If he had any hobbies they were Personal and School Hygiene, and in the preparation of his frequent and interesting talks on anatomy, physiology, hygiene, etc., he frequently consulted the books in Mr. Prouty 's library. One day while thus engaged in the presence of his friend, and, to some extent, patron, Mr. Prouty looked up from his reading with the questicn, "Lemuel, why don't you study medicine?" In brief, the young man was then told that he was just the person for the profession. It set him to thinking so seriously that although he was a member of the American Institute of Instruc- tion, had acted for three years as the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Teacher's Associati(jn and had been remarkably successful, both financially and as to professional standing, concluded that his lines of greatest expansion tended toward medicine rather than pedagogy. After spending some time in a private office, Dr. Grosvenor returned to the West and pursued a regular course at Cleveland Medical College, from which he was graduated in the Spring of 1864. While in Chicago a friend had informed him that the prospects were good for a physician at Peoria, 111. Dr. Grosvenor's experience there proved his friend to be in the right, since, within three years, he established a most lucrative practice among the wealthy 314 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. and cultured people of that city, his energy and previous training making such a result almost inevitable. In the midst of such bright prospects he felt justi- fied in returning to the East, to Dorchester and to Miss Ellen M. Prouty, daughter of that Lorenzo who had done him and society so good a turn when he put the question, "Lemuel, why don't you study medicine?" At this point the inference may be drawn that there was another attraction besides books which had induced Dr. Grosvenor to call so frequently at the home-like resi- dence of Lorenzo Prouty. The marriage occurred at the home of the bride in 1867, and upon his return to the West Dr. Grosvenor settled in Galesburg, 111. It was not long before he had secured the practice of the most prominent and wealthy families of the place. But notwithstanding his prospects he decided, after a residence in Galesburg of three years' standing, upon removing to Chicago, where the growth of his practice and reputation would be unre- stricted by territory or other exterior considerations. In 1870, therefore, Dr. Grosvenor removed to this city and inaugurated his career here of more than a quarter of a century's duration, which has literally made his name a household word in thousands of families. By the time the great fire came sweeping over the North Side he had established himself as one of Chicago's foremost physicians and surgeons. Singular to relate, that wholesale calamity passed him by, leaving his house standing and he himself the only physician on the North Side who had a settled habitation. To the sufferers, however, he threw open his residence, organized an impromptu hospital, and crowded his family into the smallest possible compass. To this his landlord objected and threatened to eject him, but Rev. Robert Collyer and other prominent citizens came to his defense, and the Chicago Relief and Aid Society subsequently showed their apprecia:tion of his services in a sub- stantial manner, although wholly out of proportion to the extent and value of his work during the long season of suffering which followed the fire. It was about this time that the Illinois State Beard of Health, in accord- ance with recently enacted legislation, directed that lectures be delivered before the leading colleges on matters connected with sanitary science. The Chicago Homeopathic College had been organized and Dr. Grosvenor appointed a lecturer on the Theory and Practice of Medicine. Knowing of his close and long study of all hygienic matters and his intense interest in such subjects, appreciating also his powers as an instructive and entertaining public speaker, when the new law was put into operation the faculty instinctively turned to him as the one best fitted for the work. Not only did the college thus honor him, but it created a chair of Sanitary Science for him — the first full professorship of the kind founded in America or the world. Thus did Dr. Grosvenor continue his labors on a vastly extended plane, begun so many years ago for the benefit of his young pupils in the old Mather school. Since he thus became Professor CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 315 of Sanitary Science his lectures on the hyojiene of the home, especially as relates to women and children, have given him a world-wide fame. As may be inferred, his specialties have been Obstetrics and Gynecology, and there is, perhaps, no physician in Chicago whose practice is larger in this line, the lying-in cases which come under his care now averaging fully two hundred annually. And his care of the mother neither commences nor ends with the birth of a new life, for not only does he lecture before the students of his college on such subjects as Gestation, Nursing, Lactation, etc., but gives private bedside talks and instructions to expectant and actual mothers. A bare mention of the titles of some of these lectures will indicate their purpose and the nature of these unassuming but invaluable bedside talks: "Care of the Mother During Gestation;" "How Shall We Dress Our Babies?" "Regular Nursing and the Reason Why;" "The Bird's Bath;" "Care of the Baby's Mother With Reference to Milk Making;" "Sleep — What It Means to the Baby and How to Secure It." In this connection should be mentioned the so-called Gertrude Suit — an invention which takes the place of the old-fashioned band- ages and swaddling clothes, with their tendencies to restrict the free play of the vital organs and their endless pinnings. The Gertrude Suit consists of three garments, which thoroughly cover the body, hang from the shoulders and give perfect freedom to all the organs. Norman Bridge once remarked that if Dr. Grosvenor had done nothing more than invent the Gertrude Suit he still ought to be canonized, and countless mothers will strongly uphold the remark. The invention has been warmly welcomed not onl)- in this countr)', but in England, Australia, India and South Africa. His interest in the young is, in fact, one of the guiding forces in Dr. Grosvenor's life. It now antedates the cradle, follows faithfully the steps of mother and babe and continues with the bo3's and girls, students in school and college and struggling practitioners. This human, practical and unflagging interest, combined with his energy and knowledge, his graceful manner and fluent yet simple style of speaking, are the qualities that have given Dr. Grosvenor such high standing as a lecturer and parlor conversationalist. Among his most popular lectures on more general subjects than those men- tioned are: "Our Boys;" "Value of a Purpose;" "Stimulants and Narcotics;" "Our Girls," and "Roses Without Cosmetics." In the record of his own domestic life is also found one explanation of this continued interest in the young, since, altogether, eight children have been born to him. His first wife died in 1874, leaving two sons and a daughter- one daughter having died in infancy. Of the former, Lorenzo N. was born in Galesburg in 1868, received his education in Chicago and at Oberlin College, graduated at the Chicago Homeopathic College in 1889, took a post-graduate course in 1892 and is now practicing at Edgewater, near Chicago. 3i6 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COILEGE. Wallace F. Grosvenor was also born at Galesburg, in 1870, graduated from Oberlin College in 1892 and from the Chicago Homeopathic College in 1895, took a post-graduate course in medicine and is now assisting his father in his large and still increasing practice. In 1877 Dr. Grosvenor was married to Miss Naomi Josephine Bassett, of Taunton, Mass. Of their four children, David and Lucy are living, the former in his fifteenth and the latter in her thirteenth year. Mrs. Grosvenor is an educated lady of literary tastes and has been of great assistance to her hus- band in his professional labors. It was she, also, who worked out the details of the now famous Gertrude Suit, named after a daughter who died in infancy. In conclusion it may be stated, as indicating the range of Dr. Grosvenor's ■activities, that besides practicing and lecturing, in addition to devoting much time and strength to his duties as Professor of Sanitary Science and Clinical Professor of Obstetrics in the Chicago Homeopathic College, he has been three years President of the American Paedological Society, for twenty-one years a member of the Chicago Academy of Physicians and Surgeons (three times its President) and for many years connected with the American Institute of Homeopathy. Dr. Grosvenor has long been a member of the Lincoln Park Congrega- tional Church and several years President of its Board of Trustees. JOHN WILLIAMS STREETER, M. D. Born in Austinburg, Ashtabula County, Ohio, on the seventeenth of Septem- ber, 1841, Dr. Streeter is the son of Rev. Sereno W. Streeter, long an honored clergyman of the Congregational Church and a member of one of the sub- stantial families of Massachusetts, and of Mary (Williams) Streeter, who traces her ancient lineage to Wales and her more recent descent from Roger Williams. Both of Dr. Streeter's parents were graduates of Oberlin College, his mother being a lady of remarkable culture and strength of mind. The father was one of the pioneer abolitionists, bringing himself into disfavor on account of his pronounced views even as early as 1837, when he was a student at Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati. Ten years later, having been called to the pastorate of a church near Rochester, N. Y., Mr. Streeter removed his family thither from Ohio, his son John being then about six years of age. Here the boy commenced his education, continuing it at various points in Ohio up to his seventeenth year. Wishing to give his children the best education within his means, the father now accepted a professorship at Otterbien University, but with a self-reliance beyond his years the son John determined to mark out a course for himself and cease to be a draft upon the family exchequer. So for four t 'ferfiiaz.;;^- or ins-rsn: .6''!=f'''"' M CHIC A GO HOMEOPA THIC COLLEGE. 3 1 9 years, from 1858 to 1862, he taught and worked upon a farm in Northern Indiana, after which he visited his parents at Union City, Micli., where liis father was now settled over a large and flourishing church. At this time the war fever was high and the State was organizing its first regiment of light artillery. The temptation to become a part of the great movement toward the front was too strong for the young man to resist. He was now nearing his majority, was strong and ambitious and his father was heart and soul (as he had been for the past quarter of a century) with the cause of the North. So in July, 1861, about a month before his twenty-first birthday, he joined the First Regiment of Michigan Light Artillery, and for the succeeding three years followed the fortunes of the Army of the Cumber- land, never being oft duty for a day during the entire period. He was pro- moted to be Second Lieutenant for bravery during the first day's battle at Chicamauga, the piece of artillery of which he had charge being the only one which did not fall into the hands of the emeny. He also participated in the engagements at Nashville and Franklin, being mustered out ot the service in the Fall of 1865 with the rank of First Lieutenant. At the conclusion of the war Dr. Streeter commenced his professional studies at the Michigan State Universitv, continuing them in the office of Dr. D. C. Powers, of Coldwater, Mich., the latter being not onh' an old family friend but the surgeon of the battery with which Dr. Streeter had remained despite quite tempting offers ol preferment in other directions. Subsequently he pursued a course of reading under Dr. Goocbvin, an ex-naval surgeon of Toledo, O., but finally came to Chicago, entered the Hahnemann Medical College and graduated therefrom in i868. Dr. Streeter's worldly condition was still far from secure, but in order to obtain what he considered a most necessary experience, as physician in charge of the college dispensary he devoted fully two years to charity practice. At the end of that time he had a fund of practical information possessed by few physicians of his age, which was of untold value to him in his after practice. During the early portion of his career, also, he enjoyed the firm and helpful friendship of A. J. Willard, an intimate friend of his father for many years. Dr. Streeter now remembers with amusement that the gross receipts of his first year's practice amounted to $415, and his net income was slightly in excess of $100. Under the circumstances, the practical friendship of such a man as Mr. Willard was most gratifying, and to him Dr. Streeter owes much. B}- the year 1877, however. Dr. Streeter had acquired so substantial a position as to be one of the prime movers in the founding of the Chicago Homeopathic College, which has since become one of the leading medical institutions in the West and of which he has continuously been Professor of the Diseases of Women. During all this time he has also been Gynecologist to the college 320 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. hospital and dispensary, and for twelve years Attending Gynecologist at Cook County Hospital. In 1888 he founded the magnificent private hospital of which he is the head and which is elsewhere described. Dr. Streeter is a member of the American Institute of Homeopathy and of the Illinois State and Chicago societies. In common with thousands of other old soldiers, Dr. Streeter has remained in touch with his former comrades and assisted in the promotion of a martial, manly spirit among the rising generation by identifying himself with various military organizations. From the first he has been interested in the growth of the National Guard system, having served as surgeon both of the First Brigade and the First Regiment. He has been a member of the Loyal Legion of Illinois since its organization, and besides this association with military organizations has been identified with several sportsmen's and athletic clubs. In fact, from boyhood up. Dr. Streeter's theory and practice have been along the lines of an harmonious training of body and mind, and he himself is a striking instance of the wisdom of this course. EDWIN HARTLEY PRATT, A. M., M. D., LL. D. A native of Towanda, Pa., and born on November 6, 1849, Dr. Pratt is the son of Leonard Pratt, M. D., and Betsey (Belding) Pratt, both of whom are of English descent. The father, now a leading resident of San Jose, Cal., was formerly connected with Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, and for many years was one of the most distinguished physicians in the Northwest. The maternal ancestors were noted for their longevity, and Dr. Pratt's mother partakes of their energetic, fearless and persevering characteristics. Dr. Pratt inherits his physical organization from his mother, being six feet in height, finely proportioned and weighing two hundred and fifty pounds. He has the mental elasticity of his father and the indomitable energy, courage and perseverance of his mother. His only living sister, Nettie L. Pratt, is a young lady of San Jose, Cal., noted for her unusual musical attainments. Prior to his fifteenth year Edwin attended the common schools and spent a year at Mt. Carroll (111.) Seminary. In order to give him the advantage of a collegiate education, his father removed to Wheaton, 111., where the boy took one year in the preparatory course of the college located at that point. He completed his courses, however, both preparatory and collegiate, at the University of Chicago, where he remained six years. In college he developed a marked aptitude for geometry, logic, metaphysics, grammar and rhetoric, and was especially fond of the "Odes of Horace" and "Ars Poetica," by reason of their help to him in writing and speaking. In the ^mencmBiuaiPuU&Chicacii I CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 323 literary society to which he belonged, the " Tri Kappa," he was a leader in debate, and was, withal, a great favorite among his fellow students. He was a prominent member of the "Delta Kappa Epsilon " fraternity, and his musical tastes and talents were unusual. Graduating from the classical course in 1871, with the degree of A. B., his design was to fit himself for the practice of law, but yielding to his father's wishes, in October, 1871, he entered the Hahnemann Medical College, and was graduated in the Spring of 1873, with the degree of M. D. During his medical course he acted as quizmaster in connection with his father's chair, that of Special Pathology and Diagnosis, and also during his last year filled the position of Demonstrator of Anatomy. After listening to his vale- dictory address, the board of trustees of the college at once invited him to become Demonstrator and Adjunct Professor of Anatomy. In order to better qualify himself for the place, he visited Philadelphia and spent the Spring term in Professor Keen's School of Anatom}', and in Jefferson Medical College. In the Fall of 1873 he entered upon his career as a teacher in Hahne- mann Medical College, lecturing twice each week, and in the absence of the Professor of Anatomy assuming the responsibilities of that position, and it may be added that they mainly devolved upon Dr. Pratt. As a result of his able and faithful work, he was tendered the professorship of Anatom}', but feeling that he could not afford to spend the time required for a conscientious per-, formance of the duties connected with the chair, he declined the offer. As a tribute to the value of his services, however, a fair salary was attached to the position. Under this arrangement Dr. Pratt accepted it and filled the chair until the Spring of 1876. Sympathizing with the movement which resulted at this time in the organi- zation of the Chicago Homeopathic College, Dr. Pratt severed his connection with Hahnemann and accepted in the new institution the professorship of the same chair he had so acceptably filled in the old. This position he occupied for seven years, during which time the homeopathists were admitted to the wards of the Cook County Hospital. Thereupon Dr. Pratt was elected a member of the hospital staff, and occupied a position first in the Theory and Practice department, later in the Gynecological department, being afterward elected Attending Surgeon of the hospital. In 1883 d'- Pratt retired from the chair of Anatomy and accepted that of Surgery. This epoch in his life has been thus described: "It was here, while handling the complicated and obscure cases at the college clinic, that he dis- covered what has at once marked an era in the treatment of chronic diseases. Inspired by the thought of his new discovery, he was about to announce it to his class, but a second thought prompted him to dismiss them with the announce- ment that his next lecture would be 'Chronic Diseases from a Surgical Stand- 324 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. point.' He had promised an article for a medical journal, and being pressed for time he employed a stenographer to report this lecture in fulfillment of that promise. "His juu'pose of presenting something new had been noised about, and when he entered the lecture-room he found it crowded to its fullest capacity, among the audience being many visitors from other colleges. It was a moment of supreme importance to him, and as he advanced in his lecture the heavy, tired and restrained feeling which he had experienced at the opening passed away, there came from him a flood of light and he spoke as under the power of inspiration, holding his auditors spellbound to the close, when their breath- less silence was broken by loud and long applause. Such was the effect of the lecture that, although it was within three weeks of the close of the term, and the students were busy with examinations and tired from their Winter's work, sixteen members of the class presented themselves for treatment under the new discovery, which its author had named the Orificial Philosophy. "The result of the treatment upon these cases was so satisfactory, and so many were cured, that the new philosophv was at once pronounced a marvel- ous success. From that time the surgical clinic of the college was conducted on the oriticial principle, and for a year was visited by physicians of all schools throughout the United States, who came to witness the workings of the new philosoph}'. The spread of the new idea brought so many inquirers that Dr. Pratt found the demands upon his time and strength more than he could endure and keep up his private practice, and this led him to receive and instruct his pro- fessional brethren in Orificial Surgery in classes instead of singly, as was at first his custom. He now holds these classes semi-annually for a week, and during that time he devotes the time to the lectures and clinical work, allowing members of the class to bring their most difffcult cases, upon which he publicly operates. "After the second class of this kind, those present organized the National x\ssociation of Orificial Surgeons, electing Dr. Pratt'as honorary member and providing in their constitution that there never should be but one. This asso- ciation has had a wonderful growth and promises to be one of the largest medical societies in the United States. Such has been the effect of the new method for treating chronic cases that four-fifths of those apparently incurable are speedily restored to health. In recognition of his services, the Chicago Homeopathic College established a chair of Orificial Surgery, to be filled by Dr. Pratt." In 1886 Dr. Pratt was honored with the degree of LL. D. of his Alma Mater. He is an honorary member of the Missouri Medical, the Ohio Medical and the Kentucky Medical societies, and the Southern Association of Physicians, and an active meiTjber of the Illinois State Medical Association, the Chicago CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 327 Academy of Medicine and the American Institute of Homeopathy. He has a very large and lucrative practice, is a hard student, and has an elegant library filled with several thousand of the choicest books. Dr. Pratt contributes largely to current literature, besides being the author of a beautifully illustrated work on " Orificial Surgery." He is also editor-in-chief of the /onnial of Orificial Surgery, the able exponent of his philosophy which has made such rapid progress in the medical and surgical world. The Lincoln Park, subsequently the Pratt Sanitarium, has been established by Dr. Pratt for the many patients who come to be treated by the new system, and for the increasing throng of doctors who seek to master the principles and practice of Orificial Surgery. The patronage of the place is not only extensive but of a high grade. Dr. Pratt being assisted by an able corps of physicians and surgeons. Connected with the sanitarium is a large and well-organized training school for nurses. Dr. Pratt was married June 26, 1877, ^o Miss Ida M. Bailey, of Jersey- Heights, N. J., his wife being a lady of unusual attainments. Both Dr. and Mrs. Pratt are members of the Apollo Club, of which the Doctor was one of the founders and is now a director. Their marriage has been blessed by two children. JAY J. THOMPSON, M. D. The subject of this biography is the son of Judson and Lydia M. (Berry) Thompson and was born near Rochester, Minn., on January 21, 1857. On his maternal side he traces. his ancestry back to the Pilgrims, his father's ancestors being among the earliest settlers of Vermont. His father came West from Onondaga County, N. Y., to Wisconsin at the age of sixteen and settled at Neenah. After his marriage he moved to Min- nesota, where Jay J. was born. The serious Indian troubles of that period caused his father to move back to Wisconsin when the boy was two years old and where the elder Thompson has resided ever since. Young Thompson's early education was such as the best local schools afiorded, but later he entered Lawrence University at Appleton, Wis., leaving, however, at the age of twenty-one to accept a position as teacher in the public schools. He filled the position of principal in various public schools throughout the State and became well and favorably known as an educator. In 1882 Mr. Thompson was called back to Appleton to take charge of one of the public schools of that city as principal. While serving in that capacity- he devoted his spare time to the study of medicine, during his last year of teaching being under the tutelage of Dr. Reiley, a physician of the regular school. 338 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. About nine years ago he came to Chicago, where he continued his medical studies at the Chicago Homeopathic College, graduating therefrom with the honors of his class in i8S8. After his graduation Dr. Thompson was for three years associated with Dr. E. H. Pratt in the founding and manage- ment of the Lincoln Park Sanitarium. Not being altogether in harmony with his associates, he sold his interests therein during the Fall of 1891 and spent six months in travel in Europe, returning home in 1892. Resuming his practice, he made a specialty of gynecological, rectal and genito-urinary surgery, in which branches he has achieved a high reputation. In the Fall of 1892 Dr. Thompson was appointed to the chair of Orificial and Plastic Surgery in the National Homeopathic Medical College and also as Gynecologist and Rectal Surgeon to the Baptist Hospital of this city. He is also President of the Cook County Homeopathic Medical Society, a member of the American Institute of Homeopathy and Vice-President of the Illinois State Homeopathic Medical Association, being Chairman of the Bureau of Surgery in the organization last named. The Doctor is a contributor to standard medical literature, being himself the author of several monographs which have been widel}' circulated. Among others may be mentioned "Medi- cine and Morals;" "Use and Abuse of Orificial Surgery;" "Hemorrhoids, Their Cause and Cure;' "Circumcision — History, Necessity and Beneficial Effects," and "Rectal Irritation as a Source of Disease." In politics Dr. Thompson is independent, though, as touching economic affairs in the nation, a Protectionist in principle. Religiously he was reared as a Baptist, but is now a regular attendant of the Fullerton Avenue Presbyterian Church. He was married at the age of twenty-four to Miss Mary D. Hull, of Neenah, Wis., the result of the happy union being one child, now twelve years old, named Roy Arthur Thompson. FREDERICK EVERETT, M. D. Frederick Everett was born at Ogden City, Utah, on October 16, i860, being the son of John Godlieb and Helen Everett. His father was a native of Eisenberg, Germany, coming of an old and distinguished family named Ewert, but since coming to this country known as Everett. One of his ancestors was prominent as a follower of Martin Luther and another at a later day was a judicial officer of the Crown, being assassinated by one against whom he had rendered a decision. Frederick's mother was a native of Rugby, England, of Puritan stock and a woman of strong character and refinement. The earlier portion of his father's ^N5# ^-^^^x^-^^^^^*^- cU^^.^^^-^^ ^^^.ytt-J^^ 8 , ^-f.-VN H.'i. r- r A NT !-■ u u c D - 1:; L-1 1 c A G c CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 331 life was of a roving nature, bringing him to America in 1847. Subsequently he located in Utah, still at an early day, where he was both farmer and car- penter. The boyhood days of Dr. Everett were spent upon the farm and in attendance on the public schools, where he developed a special aptitude for study, showing a tendency toward medicine at a comparatively early age. Although his means were limited he entered the Salt Lake Academy, an insti- tution of high grade in that region, and worked his way successfully through, taking a full course. During much of the day he turned his hand to anything which was honest and profitable, giving his nights to study in order to keep abreast of his classes. How well he succeeded will appear when it is stated that he maintained throughout a very high rank in the school, being especially proficient in mathe- matics, the languages, literature and the physical sciences. He uniformly car- ried off the prizes in several branches of study, being often the prize winner in the contests for oratory. This continuous hard work was a serious strain on the strength of the young man, but he persisted with unflagging industry and graduated with highest honors. Not satisfied with his attainments, young Everett determined to take a special course at Oberlin College, Ohio. In order to get means for this purpose he worked hard during the Summer of 1885 and in September of that year went thither with his small means and large determination. Here, as before at Salt Lake, he sought and found work at the college, which, with the savings of his Summer's work, enabled him to pay his way. For a year he diligently pursued his studies in special branches, making rapid progress and privately devoting all the time possible to medical studies. In the Fall of 1886 he decided to try his fortunes in Chicago and came hither in November, having no capital but brains and an invincible determ- ination to succeed. Here he entered the Chicago Homeopathic College as a student and so well did he employ his time and opportunities that he graduated with credit to himself and the institution in the Spring of 1888. The late Dr. H. M. Hobart, Professor of Materia Medica in the college, had taken much interest in the prospects of the young man and at the com- pletion of his course offered him the opportunity of a partnership in his already established practice on the North Side. Here his talents, joined to close application, soon made way for him, and under the kind patronage of Dr. Hobart he speedily built up an extensive and lucrative practice. Upon the death of his eminent and always helpful friend, in the Fall of 1893, Dr. Everett naturally succeeded to a large share of the practice of that gentleman, which, in connection with his own, then already becoming large, has made his work broad in its field and profitable in its results. He has also 332 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. shown such forethought in the investments of his large surplus earnings that at the present rate of increase of his business projects the Doctor will, in a few years, become a very wealthy gentleman. Dr. Everett is a member of the Illinois State Homeopathic Medical Asso- ciation, of the Cook County Homeopathic Medical Association, of the Homeo- pathic Medical Society of Chicago and of the American Institute of Homeop- athy; also Attending Physician of the Chicago Nursery and Half-Orphan Asylum and of the Chicago Baptist Hospital, Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the National Homeopathic Medical College and Consulting Physician of the International Free Dispensary. He has been often importuned to become a member of various social and literary clubs, but so far has not found the necessary time to give to these outside organizations, however desirable. In politics Dr. Everett is a stanch Republican on all national issues, but as a good citizen is not governed by party in municipal elections, voting for the nominees solely on the ground of personal fitness. Religiously Dr. Everett is a Congregationalist and a member of the Lincoln Park Congregational Church. In personal appearance he is a gentleman of fine figure and exceedingly good address, possessing that natural geniality of temperament and affability of deportment that, united to a heart full of sympathy and kindness, make him an easy winner of friends and welcome to the best social circles. Whatever firmness of purpose, untiring industry, conscientious endeavor and a well-disciplined mental endowment can accomplish may confidently be expected in Dr. Frederick Everett's future career. FRANCIS DAY HOLBROOK, M. D. Of the younger generation of Chicago physicians, who in the order of nature are to displace the older, few there are who have achieved more, or who have more brilliant prospects, than Dr. Holbrook. Descended from substantial English and Dutch stock, he is a native of Brooklyn, his father, Francis W. , being a prominent business man of this city. Barbara E. Lansing, the mother, comes of good Dutch ancestry, representing that element in the Empire State which has done so much to make it the foremost commonwealth in the country. Francis received his grammer and high school training in New York and in Chicago, besides a business education at the hands of his father, so that before commencing his medical studies, in intellectual stature and practical experience, although young in years, he was quite a man of the world. Having once adopted a professional career, however, he put all his strength »• /^ ^^ I CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE. 335 into the preliminary work, and with such success that he graduated from the Chicago Homeopathic College in 1888, taking a second degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons during the succeeding year. Dr. Holbrook afterward served in the U. S. Marine Hospital under Dr. Austin, and in 1891 became associated with Dr. E. H. Pratt at the Lincoln Park Sanitarium, subsequently the Pratt Sanitarium. Here chronic diseases, especially those peculiar to women, are treated on the Orificial principle, and at this elegant retreat he is assistant surgeon, being also called to all parts of the country to perform the most difficult operations. As Surgeon in Chief to the Cohen Private Sanitarium, at La Crosse, Wis., and to the Emelie Siegmund Sanitarium, of Chicago, and Assistant Professor of Orificial Surgery at the Chicago Homeopathic College, Dr. Holbrook's abilities in his chosen field of surgery have been brought into prominent notice. lie has also become one of the most widely known authorities in the country on the subject of Orificial Surgery, through his editorial connection with the journal devoted to that philosophy, which has almost become a school. He is at present, in fact, Vice-President of the American Association of Orificial Surgeons, being a member of the American Institute of Homeop- athy, Homeopathic Medical Society of Chicago, Illinois State Homeopathic Medical Association, Missouri State Medical Society and Miami Valley Medical Society. EMELIE K. SIEGMUND, M. D. This prominent female physician and proprietor of the well-known sani- tarium on North Clark Street was born in Bavaria, in March, 1855. Her father, Joseph Demling, was a leading seed merchant and landscape gardener, one of his specialties being the furnishing of the most adaptable varieties of trees, shrubs and grape vines to owners of large estates and vineyards, and he was a recognized expert in their care and culture. As stated, his business also included the artistic laying out of the grounds, as well as the raising and care of all ornamental vegetation. Not only was he prominent in all these lines, but there were few men in his section of the country more marked than he as enthusiastic supporters of all such organizations as the Turners, the Sharp- shooters and the singing societies. Mr. Demling was, in a word, a typical, true German, and his wife was his helpmate in the best sense of the word. To this substantial, industrious couple were born nine sons and onl}- one daughter. Emelie Demling, from a very early age, showed a particularly bright and independent disposition. She was forward at school, and yet was foremost in all exercises and sports which called for agility, energy and courage. In this latter regard, in fact, she was "one of the boys," being a comrade of her brothers and their playmates, rather than of those of her own sex. 336 • CHICAGO HOMEOPARHIC CO LIEGE. After the daughter Emehe had reached the age of fourteen and had re- ceived a good primary education, the parents removed to Chicago, where she received a thorough training in a convent, for three years continuing her course of study earnestly and faithfully. As her curriculum included not only the modern languages, but drawing, painting and ornamental needlework, at the conclusion of her course, in March, 1869, she was not only highly educated intellectually, but was mistress of those accomplishments which go to make the truly cultured lady. About one year after her graduation she was married to Bernhardt Siegmund, who is now general manager of the Des Moines Life Insurance Company for the State of Illinois. Four children have been born to them. Although Mrs. Siegmund was naturally domestic in her tastes she was ambitious as well, as one naturally would be, so equipped as she with many accomplishments and a line education. Some years after her marriage she began to seriously consider the medical profession as one calculated to meet her longings for a broader field of usefulness than that in which she had labored. Her determination to adopt it meant prompt action, and in 1876 she entered the Chicago Homeopathic College, from which she graduated in 1881, being obliged to lose one year on account of sickness. As an M. D. she at once commenced a general practice on the North Side. In 1887 Dr. Siegmund took a trip to Europe, both as a means of recreation and to pursue certain lines of study under the masters of the old world. She attended all the clinics in Vienna, formed the acquaintance of many learned men in Germany, and after returning to Chicago established her sanitarium for the treatment of surgical cases, especially for those of a gynecological nature. Although with the help of trained nurses she personally treats her patients and assists in all the operations, she has as attending surgeons Drs. Pratt and Holbrook, who are among the foremost specialists in this line in the city. With the duties of her large office practice and her sanitarium, or hospital. Dr. Siegmund is profitably employed night and day, and is perhaps as well known, especially among the cultured German element, as any female physician on the North Side. Coming, as she does, however, from lowly but hardy and substantial parentage, and educated as she has been, she is enabled to make her influence felt among all classes; so that neither her practice nor her standing is limited to any one element of the community. Dr. Siegmund has been so busy in the practical work of overcoming obstacles and earning substantial success that she has had little time or inclina- tion to become associated with outside organizations. In fact, with few even of a professional nature has she become connected, those few, of course, em- bracing not only prominent homeopathic societies, but the local organization of Orificial Surgery. ■^1?^a,-^^i.. ^rjiCampi^i''- ?^7 .^^^^ /-f ■^^ College of Physicians and Surgeons History of College of Physicians and Surgeons By DANIEL A. K. STEELE, M. D., PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND I WILLIAM E. QUINE, M. D., PRESIDENT OF THE Faculty. PRELIMINARY STEPS. The phenomenal growth of Chicago, the aggressive enterprise and enthusi- asm of its citizens, its already immense and yet increasing commercial impor- tance, its location in the center of a fertile and populous territory and the high average grade of its professional men served to convince enlightened members of the medical profession that, under the maturing influence of time, it was cer- tain to become a great center of medical education, unless the public spirit of its physicians fell far behind that of its merchants. To the late Drs. Charles Warrington Earle and A. Reeves Jackson belongs the credit of originating the movement which eventuated m the establishment of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Under their leadership a prelimi- nary meeting of interested gentlemen was held in the Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, on May 4, 1881, and it was there and then decided to goon with the work. There were present at the meeting, in addition to the gentlemen men- tioned, Drs. D. A. K. Steele, S. A. McWilliams, E. P. Murdock and several physicians who were not subsequently identified with the enterprise. Dr. Jack- son was chosen Chairman and Dr. Steele, Secretary. Committees were appointed to procure licenses to incorporate and a certificate of incorporation under the laws, to purchase the necessary real estate, to arrange a curriculum and to organize a faculty. The certificate of incorporation was fixed at $30,000, the entire amount of which was subscribed by the incorporators, who constituted its board of directors. Dr. Jackson was duly elected President of the Board, Dr. Steele, Secretary and Dr. St. John, Treasurer. On July 14 of the same year the present site of the college, a lot ninety- seven by one hundred feet, on the corner of Harrison and Honore streets, directly across the street from the main entrance of the great Cook County Hospital, was purchased for the sum of $5,000 in cash. 341 342 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. THE ORIGINAL FACULTY. On December 29 a curriculum was finally approved, rules of government and administration were adopted and the nucleus of a faculty, consisting of eight professors, was duly established. Of these gentlemen Dr. A. Reeves Jackson was chosen Professor of Surgical Diseases of Women and Clinical Gynecology ; Di. Samuel A. McWilliams, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Diseases of the Chest and Physical Diagnosis ; Dr. D. A. K. Steele, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery ; Dr. Leonard St. John, Professor of Demonstrations of Surgery, Surgical Appli- ances and Minor Surgery ; Dr. Charles Warrington Earle, Professor of Obstetrics ; Dr. Henry Palmer, Professor of Operative Surgery, Clinical Surgery and Surgical Pathology ; Dr. R. L. Rea, Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery, and Dr. Frank E. Waxham, Professor of Diseases of Children. From this time progress was rapidly made in the development of the new school and the completion of a provisional faculty. Dr. John E. Harper was appointed Professor of Ophthalmology and Clinical Diseases of the Eye ; Dr. A. M. Carpenter, Professor of Practice of Medicine ; Dr. J. J. M. Angear, Pro- fessor of Principles of Medicine ; Dr. A. W. Harlan, Professor of Dental Surgery; Dr. W. A. Yohn, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry ; Dr. Albert E. Hoadley, Professor of Descriptive Anatomy ; Dr. Pinckney French, Professor of Surgical Anatomy ; Dr. F. B. Eisen-Bockius, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence ; Dr. D. A. Keeton, Professor of Genito-Urinary Diseases ; Dr. C. C. P. Silva, Pro- fessor of Therapeutics ; Dr. Oscar A. King, Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System, and Dr. Romaine J. Curtiss, Professor of State Medi- cine and Hygiene. This list constitutes the original faculty of the college, and in the prelimi- nary announcement the following declaration appeared: "The faculty beg to state that this college has been organized in the interest of a more thorough and practical education than is usually furnished by the medical schools of this country. They believe that the medical practitioners who have been long engaged in performing the duties of their calling, and who realize the difficulties under which many of. them have labored, desire that those who succeed them may receive more and better facilities during their pupilage than were obtained by others for becoming qualified for their work. In all other departments of learning it is deemed necessary to so classify and grade different studies that the pupil is systematically led from those of an elementary and fundamental character to the more advanced branches. In medicine, however, a science in which accuracy and completeness of attainment on the part of its votaries involved more important interests than any other, this reasonable and philosophical system is, for the most part, wholly ignored. The faculty believe the time has come when medicine should no longer occupy this exceptional position, and in COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 345 deference to the demands of the profession generally for a more systematic plan of college instruction than is usually offered have adopted a system of instruction extending over three years and including two or more graded Winter sessions of six months each." FIRST REGULAR SESSION ( 1 882-83). The first regular session of the college commenced Tuesday evening, Sep- tember 26, 1882. The introductory address was delivered by Professor A. Reeves Jackson. At this time the new college building had been completed under the direction of George H. Edbrooke, the architect, and Dr. McWilliams, chairman of the building committee representing the stockholders, and it is confidently asserted that the edifice is hardly surpassed by any medical college building in the country in respect to beauty of design, excellence of construction or adapta- tion to its purposes. Dr. McWilliams organized the West Side Free Dispensary, which occupies the first floor of the college building and is directly under the control of the faculty, and for a number of years he served with great efficiency and fidelity as its superintendent. The dispensary work was divided into various departments, as follows, each department under the charge of a chief : Gynecological, Professor Jackson; Medical, Professor McWilliams; Obstetrical, Professor Earle; Surgical, Professor Rae; Ophthalmological, Professor Harper; Pediatrical, Professor Waxham; Neurological, Professor King, and Dental, Professor Harlan, On July 18, 1882, at a meeting called for the purpose, the capital stock of the corporation was increased to $60,000. When the first session opened on September 26, 1882, tiiere were present a class of one hundred students, which gradually increased during the month until one hundred and sixty-five names were enrolled on the register. Fifty-two of this number were graduated at the close of the session. PERMANENT FACULTY. On March 17, 1883, the board of directors met to elect a permanent faculty, the basis of the election requiring that the following questions be answered in the affirmative in relation to every candidate: 1. Is he a systematic and capable teacher? 2. Has he a moral character and habits such as will reflect credit upon an educational institution? 3. Is he honorable and trustworthy in his treatment of, and dealings with his colleagues? 4. Is he in accord with the general policy of the school, especially in its requirements for admission and graduation of students and its graded system of instruction ? 346 COLLEGE OF PHYSLCLANS AND SURGEONS. The deliberations of the board eventuated in the re-election of the majority of the provisional teachers. Professors Carpenter and French withdrew and additions were made to the teaching body as follows: Dr. E. E. Holroyd, Professor of Physiology; Dr. W. K. Plarrison, Professor of Medical Chemistry; Dr. William E. Quine, Professor of Practice of Medicine; Dr. James T. Jelks, Professor of Surgical Diseases of the Genito -Urinary System. IIISroRV FROM 1882-90. A Spring course of instruction was now organized, the teachers in which were Drs. E. P. Murdock, H. P. Newman, Boerne Bettman, James H. Letcher, G. Frank Lydston, C. B. Gibson and James G. Reid. In 1883 a Practitioner's course was inaugurated, beginning on April 17 and continuing four weeks, special lectures being given by Professors Jackson, McWilliams, St. Jt)hn, Steele, Earle, Palmer, Rea, Waxham, Harper and other members of the faculty. In the third annual announcement the name of Dr. Frank O. Stockton appears as Professor of Laryngology and Dr. Henry J. Reynolds as Professor of Dermatology. The requirements tor graduation at this time were announced as: (i) A good moral character. (2) Attainment of twenty-one years of age. (3) Three years of study under the direction of a physician in regular standing. (4) Attendance upon two or more Winter lectures, the last of which must have been at this college. (5) Dissection of each part of the cadaver. (6) Attendance upon two terms of clinical and hospital instruction. (7) Satisfactory examinations. (8) Deposit of hnal examination fee with the treasurer on or before the first of February. No honorary degrees would be conferred. During this session 167 students matriculated, 52 of whom were graduated, and during the year 7,504 patients were examined and prescribed for in the college, most of them before small sections of the class in the different clinic rooms on the dispensary floor. The fourth annual announcement contains several notable additions to the faculty, S. K. Crawford having been elected Professor of Surgical Anatomy, N. Senn, Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery and Christian Fenger, Professor of Clinical Surgery. A college hospital was also fitted up during the year, two wards, one for males and one for females, having been opened since the close of the last session, thus making possible the performance of all the major operations in surgery and gynecology in the presence of the class. In the sixth annual announcement the name of Dr. John A. Benson appears as Professor of Physiology. The fees of the college at this time were: Matric- ulation, $5; general ticket, admitting to all lectures, $60; dissecting ticket, $10; chemical and laboratory ticket, $5, and a final examination fee of $30. COLLEGE OE PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 347 Several faculty changes were noticed during the session of 1888-89 i^^ the seventh annual announcement, Dr. D. A. K. Steele appearing as Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery, Dr. Frank E. Waxham as Professor of Otology, Khinology and Laryngology, Dr. Albert E. lioadley as Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Dr. J. T. Jelks as Professor of Surgical Dis- eases of the Genito-Urinary System, Dr. Henry P. Newman as Professor of Diseases of Children, Dr. Clarendon Rutherford as Professor of Descriptive Anatomy and Dr. C. E. Caldwell as Professor of Surgical Anatomy. The fees SURGICAL CLINIC. remained the same as the previous year. One hundred and sixty-two students attended this session, forty-six of whom graduated. The next year Dr. W. C. Caldwell was elected Professor of Materia Medica and Dr. Robert W. Jones, Professor of Therapeutics, Dr. Silva being transferred to the chair of Diseases of Children. THE REORGANIZATION OF 1 89O. In 1890 a thorough reorganization of the college took place, Drs. McWil- liams, St. John, Harper, Silva, Curtiss and Jelks retiring. The secular affairs of the institution and its educational work were hence- forth to be managed by separate bodies — the board of directors and the facultv. Ultimate decision in relation to all questions of finance and in relation to the making and filling of vacancies in the faculty still resides in the directors, but 348 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. the practical operation of the college is governed by the faculty, subject to the financial restraints imposed by the legal representatives of the owners of the property, the board of directors. Under the new arrangement Dr. William E, Quine was unanimously elected President of the Faculty and Dr. Bayard Holmes the Corresponding Secretary. The reorganized faculty, the list appearing in the tenth annual announcement for 1891-92, consisted of : A. Reeves Jackson, President of the Board of Directors and Professor of Gynecology. D. A. K. Steele, Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. Charles Warrington Earle, Professor of Obstetrics. Henry Palmer, Professor of Operative Surgery, Clinical Surgery and Path- ology. Frank E. Waxham, Professor of Diseases of Children, Rhinology and Laryn- gology. A. W. Harlan, Professor of Dental Surgery. A. E. Hoadley, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Diseases of Joints and Clinical Surgery. Oscar A. King, Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases. Romaine J. Curtiss, Professor of Hygiene and Bacteriology. William E. Quine, President of the Faculty and Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine. Christian Fenger, Professor of Principles of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. John A. Benson, Professor of Physiology. Henr)^ P. Newman, Professor of Obstetrics and Adjunct Professor of Gyne- cology. Clarendon Rutherford, Professor of Descriptive Anatomy, W. C. Caldwell, Professor of Materia Medica. Charles M. Burrows, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. The following new Professors were added to the "list at the time of reorgan- ization : James A. Lydston, Professor of Inorganic and Medical Chemistry. Bayard Holmes and Weller Van Hook, Professors of Surgical Pathology and Bacteriology. J. H. Curtiss, Professor of Therapeutics. G. Frank Lydston, Professor of Surgical Diseases of the Genito-Urinary System. Elmer E. Babcock, Professor of Surgical Anatomy. Robert H. Babcock, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Diseases of the Chest and Physical Diagnosis. T. M. Hardie, Professor of Histology and Microscopy. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 349 Boerne Bettman, Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear and Clinical Ophthalmology, J. M. G. Carter, Professor of Pathology. Fifty thousand dollars were expended this year for the erection and equipment of six new laboratories adjoining and connected with the college building. For this important addition and for the elaboration of all the details connected with it credit is largely due to the exertions and influence of Professor Bayard Holmes. Attendance upon three full Winter courses was made obligatory. The curriculum was extended, much more attention being given to demonstrative and laboratory teaching than formerly. From this time on the progress of the school was rapid, indeed phenomenal, as it was the first among Western medical colleges to inaugurate laboratory teaching. The total number of matriculants was two hundred and forty-eight, forty-two of whom were graduated, being a ratio of graduates to resident matriculants of nineteen per cent. The eleventh annual announcement added the names of Dr. Ludvig Hektoen, Professor of Pathological Anatomy and Adjunct Professor of the Practice of Medicine, K. P. Ohlmacher, Professor of Embryology and Demonstrator of Biology, and S. B. Buckmaster, Professor of Medical and Surgical Electricity. INCREASED REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION. Professor Bayard Holmes, the Corresponding Secretary, conducted an energetic correspondence with prospective medical students. The requirements for admission were increased, so that every candidate for admission to the College of Physicians and Surgeons is required to present the following credentials: (i) A certificate of good moral character from a reputable physician. (2) A diploma or certificate from a recognized college, school of science, academy, normal school, or high school, or other evidence equivalent to the foregoing, of satisfactory preliminary education. Students unable to meet these requirements are admitted on passing a satisfactory examination in the following subjects: (a) English. The writing of an essay of at least two hundred words upon some well-known person or important recent event, the subject to be announced at the time of the examination, (b) Physics. The examination will cover elements of Physics as presented in Balfour Stewart's work. (c) Mathematics. The examination will cover compound principles and percentage in arithmetic and fractions and equations of the first degree in algebra. (d) Latin. The examination will cover the rudiments of grammar, translation of easy Latin prose into English and of English into Latin. "The Commentaries of Caesar" will furnish the basis of both. The plan of instruction was arranged in four separate and distinct annual courses. Each year consisted of a Winter term * of seven months and a Spring term of two months. 350 COLLEGE OF PLIYSICL-INS AND SURGEONS. THE LABORATORY BUILDINGS. The new laboratory buildings, 27 x 100 feet, were completed during the Summer, and a large supply of equipment of material had been ordered from Europe. The basement of the laboratory wings contains living rooms for curator, store-rooms, laundry and boiler-room. The first fioor contains a reading-room, quiz-rooms, coat-room and hall. The second lioor the Histological Laboratory, with desks and lockers. This laboratory is connected and continuous with the Microscopical Laboratory of the BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. main building and constitutes a single room of 25 x 156 feet and communicates with store-rooms and with special preparation rooms. The third floor is divided into a Pathological Laboratory and four connecting preparation rooms. It is complete in all its appointments. The fourth floor has a Chemical Laboratory. It is provided with desks of special design and construction which are secured with Yale locks. The fifth floor is occupied by the Biological Laboratory, 25 x 156 feet. The general arrangements of this room are like those of the Microscopical Laboratory. It contains aquaria, cages for small animals and other necessities for biological study. In this room studies are carried on in experimental physiology and experimental surgery. COLLEGE OE PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 351 The sixth floor is occupied by the Anatomical Department. Each laboratory is thoroughly equipped and perfectly lighted, heated and ventilated. It is con- fidently asserted that in no other medical college on the continent do students receive an equal amount of laboratory instruction. DEATH OF PRESIDENT JACKSON (1893). In October, 1893, the college met with a very great loss in the death of its first President, Dr. A. Reeves Jackson, Professor of Gynecology, who had been CHEMICAL LABORATORY. one of the guiding spirits of the institution up to this time. Professor Charles Warrington Earle was elected President in his stead. The twelfth annual announcement contains several notal:)le additions to the faculty, namely : W. S. Christopher appearing as Professor of Pediatrics, John B. Murphy, Professor of Clinical Surgery, Henry T. Byford, Professor of Gyne- cology, Wm. Allen Pusey, Professor of Dermatology, Moreau R. Brown, Pro- fessor of Rhinology and Laryngology, Dudley C. Trott, Professor of Anatomy, W. M. Tanquary, Professor of Anatomy, T. A. Davis, Adjunct Professor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery and John A. Wesener, Professor of Chemistry. The Death of Dr. Jackson, the removal of Dr. Waxham from the city, and the resignation of Drs. Fenger and Rutherford left several vacancies which were thus filled. 352 COLLEGE OF PILYSICLANS AND SURGEONS. DEATH OF PRESIDENT EARLE (1894). The next year, early in the session of 1894-95, the college sustained an almost irreparable loss in the death of Dr. Charles Warrington Earle, who had served efficiently as President of the Board of Directors a little more than one year. Dr. D. A. K. Steele was elected President in his stead and Dr. Frank B. Earle elected as Professor of Obstetrics. Dr. George F. Butler was elected Professor of Materia Medica and Clinical Medicine, Dr. G. W. Post, Adjunct Professor of Practice of Medicine, Dr. Edward C. Seufert, Demonstrator of Biology, and Dr. W. F. Eckley, Demonstrator of Anatomy. In 1895 the college adopted an obligatory four years' course, the plan of instruction being arranged in four separate and distinct annual courses. THE PRESENT CURRICULUM. FIRST YEAR's COURSE. Biology and Embryology. Laboratory work, four hours a week. 2. Human Anatomy. Lectures and recitations, five hours a week. 3. Histology. Laboratory work, six hours a week. 4. Materia Medica. Lectures and recitations, four hours a week. 5. General Chemistry. Lectures two hours a week. Laboratory work, four hours a week. 6. Physiology. Lectures, five hours a week. THE SECOND YEAR's COURSE. 1. Human Anatomy. Lectures, four hours a week; dissections. 2. General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy. Lectures, two hours a week. Laboratory work, four hours a week. 3. Bacteriology. Lectures, one hour a week. Laboratory work, four hours a week. 4. Surgical Pathology. Laboratory work, two hours a week. Lectures, one hour a week. 5. General Therapeutics. Lectures, three hours a week. 6. Organic Chemistry and Toxicology. Lectures, two hours a week. Laboratory work, four hours a week. THE THIRD YEAR's COURSE. 1. Orthopedic Surgery. Lectures, one hour a week. 2. Physical Diagnosis. Lectures and personal training in divided classes, two hours a week. 3. Practice of Medicine, Recitations, four hours a week. 4. Practice of Surgery. Recitations, two hours a week, 5. Surgical Anatomy. Lectures and demonstrations, two hours a week. 6. Dental Surgery. Lectures, one hour a week. .1 I 9 lO, 1 1 COLLEGE OF PHYSLCLANS AND SURGEONS. 353 Medical Jurisprudence. Lectures, one hour a week. Gynecology. Lectures, one hour a week. Obstetrics. Recitations, two hours a week. Dermatology. Lectures, one hour a week. Hospital and Dispensary Clinics. Dispensary clinics, four hours a week, in small classes. Hospital and college clinics, fourteen hours a week. THE FOURTH YEAR's COURSE. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 week. 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 in small classes. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 I 22 Practice of Medicine. Lectures, four hours a week. Practice of Surgery. Lectures, five hours a week. Operative Surgery. Lectures, one hour a week. Obstetrics. Lectures, three hours a week. Diseases of the Chest. Lectures, two hours a week. Gynecology. Lectures, two hours a week. Genito-Urinary Surgery and Venereal Diseases. Lectures, one hour a Ophthalmology, Lectures, one hour a week. Otology. Lectures, one hour a week. Laryngology and Rhinology. Lectures, one hour a week. Diseases of Children. Lectures, two hours a week. Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System. Lectures, two hours a week. Hospital and Dispensary Clinics. Dispensary clinics, four hours a week, Medical Clinic. Cook County Hospital, two hours a week. Medical Clinic. College, one hour a week. Surgical Clinic. College, five hours a week. Surgical Clinic. Cook County Hospital, two and a half hours a week. Surgical Clinic. College, two hours a week. Surgical Clinic. Cook County Hospital, one hour a week. Gynecological Clinic. College, two hours a week. Eye Clinic. College, one hour a week. Nerve Clinic. College, one hour a week. PURCHASE OF POST-GRADUATE BUILDING (1896). In February, 1896, the members of the faculty purchased the Post- Graduate Medical School and Hospital for fifty thousand dollars, in order to secure additional clinical advantages for the college. It will be connected with the present college clinical amphitheater by a covered bridge. Students will be appointed in classes as surgical dressers. College fees at present are: Matriculation fee, $5; general ticket, $100; laboratory expense ticket, BIOGRAPHICAL. CHARLES WARRINGTON EARLE, A. M., M. D. (DECEASED). The paternal ancestor of this sketch was Ralph Earle, an Englishman, who, with his wife, Joan, came from Exeter in 1634 and founded a family which is to-day conspicuous in mercantile and professional life in all parts of the country. Sprung from this stock, and of it a worthy branch, was Charles Warring- ton Earle, born in VVestford, Vt., on April 2, 1845. When he was nine years old his father, Moses L. Earle, removed from Vermont to Lake County, 111. Mr. Earle was an ambitious farmer, and his son experienced all the advantages, as well as the disadvantages, of being a "farmer's boy." His early education was much retarded and interrupted by the demands of farm work, yet the strength and endurance gained in the fields more than compensated him for these apparent drawbacks. For seven years he thus labored, dividing his time between the farm and the schoolroom. When the first call for volunteers came in the War of the Rebellion, though but sixteen years old, Charles pursuaded his father to allow him to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, which was mustered into service in the Sum- mer of 1861. This regiment was enlisted for "three months' service," but when the recruits reached Freeport, 111., they were informed that enough Three- Months' men had already been sent on, and that they could either return to their homes or join the service for three years. It did not take them long to decide upon their course, and soon they were attached to Gen. Fremont's corps, then oper- ating in Missouri. In the Fall of 1861 young Earle was disabled, sent home and entered the academy at Burlington, Wis. In the following Spring, however, unable to resist the call of President Lincoln for more men he enlisted in the Ninetv-si-xth Regiment Illinois Vol- unteers Infantry. This regiment was in command of Gen. Gordon Granger, and began active service in Tennessee under Gen. Rosecrans. At Franklin, Tenn., Earle, who was Orderly Sergeant, was promoted to Second Lieutenant of his company, and in the battle of Chickamauga he commanded it. In that battle the loss of the company was thirty-five out of forty-five men. Lieutenant Earle was slightly wounded and in the report of his regimental commander was especially commended for brave conduct. 354 COLLEGE OF PHYSLCIANS AND SURGEONS. 3 57 Years afterward, Colonel Hicks, in an address, speaking of the Ninety- sixth regiment at Chickamauga, said: "I found that I now had but a very few men with me, and I should have thought that I had wholly strayed from my regiment were it not that I had with me the regimental colors, together with the commander of the color company, the intrepid boy lieutenant, lion-hearted, fearless, unflinching Charles Earle, whose name must be inscribed high among the highest on the roll of Chickamauga heroes." On the day following the battle, Lieutenant Earle's company was assigned to picket duty on Missionary Ridge, below which the Union forces were gather- ing for the battle of Chattanooga. Through the cowardice of a stafl-officer it was left unsupported and captured by the Confederates. On the night of October i, 1863, Lieutenant Earle was consigned to Libby Prison, where he remained until the wonderful escape through the tunnel on February 9, 1864. The story has often been told of the six awful days of wading through swamps, the fugitives terrorized by men and hunted by dogs, until with indescribable emotions they came in sight of Union friends. Returning soon after his escape to his regiment. Lieutenant Earle was rapidly advanced through various grades to the rank of Aid-De-Camp and Acting Assistant Inspector-General on the staff of Gen. W. C. Whittaker, and at the close of the war was breveted Captain of United States Volunteers "for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battles of Chickamauga, I^esaca, Ivenesaw Mountain, F'ranklin and Nashville." In 1865 Dr. Earle recommenced his studies at Beloit College, Wis. After a studious sojourn there of three years he entered the Chicago Medical College, graduating in 1870, one of the two honor men of his class, soon after commencing practice in the office of Dr. William H. Byford, of whose friend- ship he was a favored recipient. In 1870 the Woman's Medical College was organized, and Dr. Earle was made Professor of Physiology and Diseases of Children, and Treasurer of the same institution, and upon the death of Dr. Byford became its President. He was one of the founders of the College of Physicians and Surgeons and at the time of his death on Nov. 19, 1893, ^^as President of the Faculty and Professor of Obstetrics. He was also Professor of Operative Obstetrics in the Post-Graduate College and Hospital of this city. Dr. Earle was a member of the Illinois State Medical, the Pediatric, the Chicago Medical and the British Medical societies, as well as of the American Medical Association. He was also an honored member of the G. A. R., and of the Loyal Legion. Notwithstanding the enormous demands of his practice. Dr. Earle was the author of many articles of wide range on medical subjects which have attracted attention in this country and Europe, a course of study in the hospitals of Florence, Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London resulting in an especially valuable 3 58 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. series of essays on obstetrical subjects. Owing to his occupancy of the chair of Diseases of Children in the Woman's Medical College, Professor Earle was enabled to publish many important papers on pediatrics. He contributed to the Chicago Medical Society a paper entitled "Diphtheria and its Municipal Control," after reading which he offered a resolution, which was passed, recommending that the city board of health placard all houses infected with diphtheria. For eighteen years Dr. Earle was Chief Physician in the Washingtonian Home, where he made a close study of inebriety and arrived at important conclusions concerning its treatment, which were embodied in some of the most practical publications ever issued on that subject. Politically, Dr. Earle was a republican and a member of the Lincoln Club, though not active in politics, being thoroughly devoted to his profession. For many years he was an esteemed member of the Union Park Congregational Church. The personal characteristics of Professor Earle when living are thus described by an eminent brother physician of this city: "Great, honest-hearted, noble man, his blufl exterior hides one of the tenderest hearts that ever beat. Gentle as a child, perfectly honest and disinterested in his practice he could not be hired to do a dishonest thing. He is a man of brains and ability, and thinks down deep into his cases." In 1 87 1 Dr. Earle was married to Miss Fanny Bundy, a sister of the late J. M. Bundy, who was for many years a distinguished member of the metro- politan press. An accomplished musician, and a woman of fine literary tastes, Mrs. Earle always took a deep interest in everything pertaining to her husband's professional life. Two children were born to them, viz. : Carrie and William Byford Earle. ABRAHAM REEVES JACKSON, M. D. (DECEASED). Abraham Reeves Jackson, son of Washington and Deborah (Lee) Jackson, was born in Philadelphia on June 17, 1827, and died in Chicago, on November 12, 1S92. Graduating from the Central High School of Philadelphia, he began the study of medicine under Dr. John Wiltbank, subsequently entered the medical department of the Pennsylvania College and in 1848 received from that institution the degree of M. D. After practicing for a year in Kresgeville, Monroe County, Pa., and for eight months in Columbia, Warren County, N. J., he established himself in Stroudsburg, Pa., where he remained until 1870. In the Summer of 1862 Dr. Jackson was appointed Contract Surgeon of the United States Army and was made Assistant Medical Director of the Army of Virginia. An attack of typhoid fever compelled him to return home. In 1867 he was appointed surgeon to the ship "Quaker City," and in this capacity COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 359 served on the trip made historic in Mark Twain's "Innocents Abroad." He was the original "My friend, the Doctor" in that famous pubhcation. Removing to Chicago in the Spring of 1870, he made a specialty of sur- gical diseases of women. Soon after entering upon practice in that city, he conceived the idea of establishing a hospital to be devoted exclusively to the treatment of diseases of this class. Enlisting the support of many prominent men and women, he worked energetically to attain the desired end, and on September i, 1871, a charter was granted incorporating the Woman's Hospital of the State of Illinois. Of this institution, immediately upon its opening, he was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief. In the Winter of 1872 Dr. Jackson was appointed Lecturer on Gynecology in Rush Medical College. In 1882 he became one of the founders of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, of which he was President up to the time of his death. He was a member of the Chicago Society of Physicians and Surgeons, the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Medico-Historical Society and the Illinois State Microscopical Society, corresponding member of the Boston Gyneco- logical Society and Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. At the time of his death he was President of the American Association of Gynecologists. In May, 1874, Dr. Jackson was elected editor of the Chicago Medical Register, published by the Medico-Historical Society, and in this, as also in leading professional periodicals, and in the transactions of the several societies of which he was a member, he published numerous important papers and reports. Of these may be mentioned : "Successful Removal of Both Ovaries;" ''Uterine Fibroid of Posterior Wall Successfully Removed;" "Non-Ovarian Menstruation ;" Vesico-Vaginal Fistula, with Cases ;" "Fibrous Tumor of Bladder Successfully Removed ;" "Retroversion of the Unimpregnated Womb;" "Un- successful Attempt to Remove Fibrous Tumor of Anterior Wall of Uterus ; " "On the Treatment of Fibrous Tumors of the Uterus by Hypodermic Injections of Ergotin ; " "The Ovulation Theory of Menstruation — Will it Stand ?" These, and many other able contributions during the last twenty-five years have served to make his professional career prominent and familiar to all readers of medical literature. Dr. Jackson was one of the most highly esteemed and best beloved members of the medical profession in Chicago. He stood with the few on the top rung of the ladder in his specialty, becomingly accepted the honors so freely bestowed upon him by his fellows, and in his departure they, as well as the laity, sustain the irreparable loss of a progressive leader. The immediate cause of his death was apoplexy, which is believed to have been the sequence to a poisoning of the system by an infected wound, received while performing an operation some fifteen years previously. 36o COLLEGE OF PHYSLCLANS AND SURGEONS. D. A. K. STEELE, M. D. Daniel Atkinson King Steele is of good old Scotch-Irish blood, his father, Rev. Daniel Steele, being born in Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland, in the ancient country seat known as "Steele's Rock," where his ancestors had lived for over a hundred years. Daniel Steele, the elder, was a Presbyterian minister, and after some years of missionary work in Western Ireland he, with his young wife, Mary Leatham Anderson, came to America and settled in Eden, Dela- ware County, Ohio. In that place, on the twenty-ninth of March, 1S52, was born the subject of our sketch. When young Steele was two years old his parents removed to a farm near Pinckneyville, Perry County, 111. His education began in the old log schoolhouse on Grand Cote Prairie. Besides his school duties he assisted his father on the farm, losing, perhaps, a little time from study, but gaining the inestimable advantage of health and strength derived from such outdoor life. Whatever his drawbacks, at fifteen he was ready to enter the academy at Oakdale, and, on the removal of his parents to Rantoul, did excellent work as a teacher. In i86q he began the study of medicine under Dr. D. P. McClure, of Rantoul, at the same time acting as clerk in a drug store. Coming to Chicago in 1870 he took a three years' course at the Chicago Medical College, gradu- ating in 1873. During liis senior year he was Prosector of Anatomy in the college, and immediately after graduating was made Demonstrator of Anatomy at the Chicago School of Anatomy. Especially desirous of rapid advancement in surgery, he took a competitive examination for the position of Interne in the Cook County Hospital and won, as the result, the position of House Surgeon. In this capacity he continued for two years and then began general practice, at the same time acting as Clinical Assistant to the celebrated Dr. Moses Gunn of Rush Medical College. In 1875 he was made 'Attending Surgeon at the South Side Dispensary and in 1876 Lecturer on Surgery at the Chicago Med- ical College. Leaving this institution in 1882, he, in company with several other prominent physicians, was instrumental in founding the Chicago College of Physicians and Surgeons, which has since proven itself so potent in the progress of medical education in Chicago. In this institution he acted as Pro- fessor of Orthopedic Surgery until 1886. At that time the resignation of Dr. Nicholas Senn, formerly of Milwaukee, left vacant the chair of Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. Dr. Steele, though younger by ten years than those who usually occupy this chair, was called to fill it, and this he has done most acceptably. As evidence of the esteem in which he is held by his colleagues in the above college we may add that, upon the death of Professor :^ COLLEGE OF PHVSICLANS AND SURGEONS. 363 Charles Warrington Earle, in the Fall of 1893, who was then President of the college, Dr. Steele was unanimously elected to the vacant position. Dr. Steele was one of the originators of the Chicago Biological Society, now the Pathological Society, and is a charter member of the Chicago Medi- ical Club, a very select organization, whose objects are social as well as pro- fessional. He was the first President of the Chicago Medico-Legal Society, served two terms, during 1887 and 1890, as President of the Medical Board of Cook County Hospital, where for eight years he was Attending Surgeon. In 1866 he became President of the Chicago Medical Society, and in the State and national associations stands in the foremost ranks. In 1888 Dr. Steele was sent by the American Medical Association as a delegate to the British Medical Association, at its annual convention in Glas- gow, Scotland. He visited the medical institutions of France, Germany, Eng- land and Switzerland, making many important investigations for the benefit of science. Much of the information he has since embodied in a paper entitled, "A Chicago Physician's Impressions and Observations of European Surgery." His researches were much furthered by the acquaintance of such men as Lister, McCormick and Heath of London, Martin of Berlin, and McEwan of Glas- gow. Apropos of a little matter which came up during his visit. Dr. Steele afterward discussed with a prominent physician the subject of Medical Etiquette, their correspondence attracting much attention at home and abroad. Shortly thereafter Dr. Steele again visited Europe, this time as a delegate to the Ninth International Medical Congress, held at Berlin. A pleasure excursion, as well as a professional obligation, this trip embraced Vienna, Rome, the galleries of Florence, Munich and all the principal points of interest on the continent. So well is Dr. Steele known as a writer that it is needless to say more than that his contributions to medical literature are as valuable as they are numerous. In politics the Doctor inclines to the Republican party, and in re- ligion he is a member of the Presbyterian Church. As to his personal charac- ter, that can be best judged from the words of one of the foremost physicians of the city: "Dr. Steele is an extremely busy and successful practitioner, con- stantly overburdened by demands for his services, both professionally and socially. He is a man of the highest and purest character, an industrious and ambitious student and a gifted teacher in surgery. Genial in disposition, unobtrusive and unassuming, he is himself patient under adverse criticism, and in his expressions concerning brother practitioners is friendly and indulgent, " In 1876 Dr. Steele married Miss Alice L. Tomlinson, daughter of Sheldon Tomlinson, an old and prominent citizen of Champaign County, 111. Mrs. Steele is a woman of unusual intellectual qualities, deeply interested in her husband's professional work, and in the home is a most amiable hostess and held in high esteem by all her numerous friends and acquaintances. 364 COLLEGE OE PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. WILLIAM E. QUINE, M. D. Dr. Ouine, recognized as among the foremost teachers, consultants and practitioners in the West, was born on the Isle of Man, Great Britain, on the ninth of February, 1847. His parents, William and Margaret (Kinley) Quine, removed to Chicago when the boy was only six years of age, William being soon placed in the public schools of the city, and at an early age graduating from its Central High School. As a step toward the profession for which he had an inclination when quite young, he commenced the study of Pharmacy and Materia Medica soon after leaving high school, and in 1866, at the age of nineteen, entered the Chicago Medical College for the purpose of pursuing a full medical course. He graduated in 1869 at the head of his class, and as a prior evidence of his industry and efficiency it may be stated that six months before obtaining his degree he had been elected to the house staff of the Cook County Hospital. Having served the allotted period of eighteen months as interne he was unanimously elected a member of the attending staff, and for the succeeding seven years was Attending Gynecologist and Obstetrician of that institution. At his own request he was then transferred to the medical service and for six years was an Attending Physician. He was also Pathologist of the hospital for a number of years and during the entire period of his connection with the institution was Clinical and Dead House Instructor. In 1870 Dr. Quine had been chosen as Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics by the Faculty of the Chicago Medical College and during the succeeding year he was elected to a full professorship. For a considerable portion of the period during which he was connected with this institution he also served as its Secretary. He was also a member of the attending staff of Mercy Hospital, in which he had been an interne for a brief period previous to entering Cook County Hospital. It should also be stated that in 1890 Dr. Quine was chosed President of the Medical Board of the County Hospital, with which he had been connected for so many years. In 1883 he was elected to the chair of Principles and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Chicago, and in 1 89 1 became President of the Faculty, both of which positions he still holds. Dr. Quine was one of the original faculty of the Northwestern University School of Pharmacy, being for some time Lecturer on Materia Medica and Physiology. Although he has been obliged, on account of so many pressing duties, to sever active connection with the latter institution, his name is retained in its faculty as Emeritus Professor of the chair above named. In 1872 Dr. Quine was elected by the brother members of his profession to the office of President of the Chicago Medical Society — by far the youngest V 7' c "^Jfrn. 'ante COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. s^V incumbent of that position, he being then but twenty-five years of age. Two years later he became Treasurer of the Illinois State Medical Society, and in 1893 was honored with the presidency of the Illinois State Board of Health, serving from 1893 to 1895. ^^ is still, as stated, President of the Faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons; also chairman of the medical section of the American Medical Association. Of the latter organization he has been a member for many years, and has also been continuously associated with the State and local societies, with the Chicago Medico-Legal Society, the Practi- tioners' Club and the Chicago Academy of Sciences. In 1870 Dr. Quine began his career as a private practitioner with Dr. T. D. Fitch, and notwithstanding his manifold public duties has established an extensive business among the most educated and refined classes. In his specialties of Diagnosis and Therapeutics he has no superior, the bulk of his time not devoted to teaching and lecturing being occupied by the many demands made upon him as a consultant. Dr. Quine is quiet, dignified and unassuming, but the personification of systematized energy, a splendid teacher, an eloquent lecturer and a broad- minded practitioner. To his intellectual culture has been added the inevitable polish of widely extended travel, so that he is at ease with all classes of men and women. Mrs. Quine is a lady of rare refinement and acumen, being married as Miss Lettie Mason, of Normal, 111., in 1S76. Already she had achieved a remarkably brilliant career, having graduated from the Normal school when only sixteen years of age and from the Woman's Medical College before she had attained the age (twenty-one years) at which a degree could be granted. After obtaining her title of M. D. she had served for two years as a medical mission- ary to China, but breaking down in health had returned to Chicago. Since her marriage to Dr. Quine she has been of incalculable assistance to him, although she has made no other professional use of her medical education. Three children have blessed the union, all of whom are laid away in Oakwoods Cemetery. G. FRANK LYDSTON, M. D. G. Frank Lydston was born in Jacksonville, Tuolumne County, Cal., on March 3, 1857, his parents being among the pioneers of 1849. He is of Scotch- Enghsh descent, his ancestors having been among the earliest settlers of New England. Dr. Lydston was a student under Dr. F. B. Norcom, of Chicago, and Professor Joseph W. Howe, of New York, both of whom are deceased. Grad- uating at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1879, soon after, he was awarded \ 368 COLLEGE OF I^HYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. the highest mark in competitive examination for the New York Charity Hospital. He served eighteen months in this institution, after which he was appointed Resi- dent Surgeon to the State Immigrant Hospital at Ward's Island, N, Y. In 1 88 1 he resigned the latter position and removed to Chicago to practice his profession. For seven years he held the lectureship on Genito-Urinary and Venereal Diseases in the Chicago College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was appointed to the full professorship in June, 1891. Dr. Lydston is widely known as a writer on scientific topics and as a teacher, and is rated as one of the most successful practitioners in Chicago, having built uj") a very large and select clientele. His practice is limited to office and surgical work, much of his time being devoted to Genito-Urinary Surgery and Syphilology. Dr. Lydston's contributions to medical literature number over one hundred papers and books, upon a wide range of topics. His first paper, published in 1880, was on "Anomalous Origin of the Descendens Noni. " Among his most important papers are monographs and essays, since published, as follows : "Lectures on Syphilis," 1884; "-^ Treatise on Varicocele;" "A Treatise on Gonorrhea;" "Stricture of the Urethra," 1892; "The Surgical Treatment of Peritonitis;" "Sexual Perversion;" "Studies of Criminal Crania;" " Tropho- Neurosis in its Relations to the Phenomena of Syphilis;" "Aberrant Sexual Differentiation;" "Evolution of the Infectious Diseases;" "Observations on Urethral Stricture;" "Gonorrhea in the Female;" "Materialism vs. Sentiment in the Study of Crime;" "Syphilis in its Relation to the Repair of Wounds;" "Chronic Ulceration of the Female Genitalia;" "The Rational Extension in Diseases of the Spinal Cord," and "The Physiological Action of Heat and Cold." Fcr many years Dr. Lydston has been associate editor of the JJ^cstcni l\Icdical Reporter, his editorial writing being of a characteristically independent and progressive character. OSCAR A. KING, M. D. Oscar A. King, M. D., Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry and Clinical Medicine and Secretary of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, was born on a farm near Peru, Ind. , on February 22, 1851. He was the fourth son of Timothy F. King and Mary M. Wright. His immediate progenitors were descended from the early settlers of New England and were of exclusively English origin. His father and paternal grandparents were born in Massachu- setts. The Wainwrights, the family of his paternal grandmother, were loyal colonists previous to the Revolution and remained 103'al to the mother country throughout that struggle. # ^^i^OMyJi^^/, ^ -^. ^/,^-^^L^ i COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. in His mother was born in New York, her family belonging to the colony of Connecticut, where both maternal grandparents were born. His father and mother were married in Ohio in 1835, at the respective ages of twenty-one and seventeen years. They removed to Peru, Ind., in 1839, where they maintained the family homestead until the death of his mother in 1893, s^t the age of seventy-five years. His father is still (1896) living and in excellent health and strength. The family numbered eleven, six sons and five daughters, of whom six were older and four younger than the subject of this sketch. His infancy and boyhood, until fifteen years of age, were spent on his father's farm. He grad- uated from the high school of Peru at the head of his class, as determined by examination grade, and delivered the class valedictory address. For a few years thereafter he devoted himself to teaching, in the meantime pursuing in private the studies of a university curriculum. He began the study of medicine in 1873, under Professor Henry Palmer of Janesville, Wis., a prominent surgeon of the War of the Rebellion, having the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General and afterward becoming Surgeon-General of Wisconsin. After matriculating at a medical college our subject continued the study of medicine as a private student of Professor Louis A. Sayre, of New York, graduating from the Belle- vue Hospital Medical College in 1878. After a short time in private practice with Dr. Palmer he was chosen Second Assistant Physician in the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane at Madison, Wis. Early in 1880 the Board of Trustees granted Dr. King leave of absence from the hospital and he spent the greater part of the years 1880 and 1881 in the University of Vienna and the hospitals of that city. There he studied at the clinics of Kaposi, Braun, Fuchs and Billroth, especially devoting himself to the study of Neurology and Psychiatry under Professors Benedict, Weiss, Leydersdorf and Meynert. On returning home, Dr. King resumed his hospital work, being promoted to the place of First Assistant Physician, but shortly thereafter resigning to accept the chair of Mental and Nervous Diseases in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, to which position he was elected in the Fall of 1882. In 1890 he was elected a Director of the college and also to the chair of Clinical Medicine. In 1894 he was chosen Secretary of the College, to which office he has since been annually reelected. In 1896 his teaching title was changed to Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry and Clinical Medicine. He is a member of the Advisory Medical Board of the Cook County institutions at Dunning, a member of the Chicago Medical Society, of the Wisconsin State Medical Society and of the American Medical Association. In 1884 Professor King founded the Oakwood Springs Sanitarium at Lake Geneva, Wis., for the treatment of nervous and mental diseases, which was constructed at a cost of more than one hundred thousand dollars, and in 1896 372 COLLEGE OF PHYSICLANS AND SURGEONS. he founded the Lake Geneva Sanitarium. He is the president and the chief of the medical staff of each of these institutions. In 1887 Professor King was married to Miss Minerva Guernsey, of Janes- ville, Wis., and a graduate of Boston University. Mrs. King is a lady of cultivated and refined tastes, and while it cannot be said that she has any particular fondness for medical topics, she is interested in general sciences, a great student of literature and a most interesting and intelligent critic of art. JOHN B. MURPHY, A. M., M. D., LL. D. Although he is yet in the "thirties," when most members of the profession are struggling for scant recognition. Dr. Murphy is already recognized as one of the leading surgeons of the country. A man of decision, skill and a presence which at once inspires confidence, he is a striking representative of the stalwart material which is making Chicago the leading city of America and bringing her contin- ually into prominence as a great center of medical advancement and medical education. Born in Appleton, Wis., on December 21, 1827, Dr. Murphy obtained a public and a high school education in his native city, after which he commenced his medical studies under the preceptorship of Dr. J. R. Reilly, one of the leading surgeons of that place. With this preliminary training he came to Chicago and entered the Rush Medical College for a systematic course of instruction, graduating therefrom in 1879. Dr. Murphy passed the competitive examination which entitled him to an interneship in the Cook County Hospital, serving in that capacity from Febru- ary, 1879, to October, 1880. After engaging in private practice in Chicago for two years he decided upon a European trip for the purpose of broadening and deepening his professional education by study, observation and practice in the medical centers of the Old World. During the period from September, 1882, until April, 1884, therefore, he worked in the universities and hospitals of Vienna, Munich, Berlin and Heidelberg, under the renowned masters of medicine, whether considered from a theoretical or clinical standpoint. In the Spring of 1884 Dr. Murphy returned to Chicago, taking up his work with his accustomed energy, and was almost immediately recognized as a leader in the domain of surgery. In 1884 he was elected Lecturer on Surgery in Rush Medical College and in 1892 Professor of Clinical Surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons; in 1890 Professor of Surgery in the Post- Graduate Medical School; in 1882 Attending Surgeon to the Cook County Hospital and in 1890 to a similar position in the Alexian Brothers Hospital. He became President of the Medical Staff of the Cook County Hospital in COLLEGE OE PELYSICLANS AND SURGEONS. 373 1 89 1, and was chosen to the presidency of the National Association of Railway Surgeons in 1895. Dr. Murphy is also a member of the American Medical Association, the Surgical Society of Germany, the Surgical Society of Paris and of other medical and surgical organizations less noted than these. It is but natural that Dr. Murphy should frequently be solicited by med- ical publishers for contributions to professional literature, but it is surprising, considering the pressing and obligatory demands which his actual practice makes upon his time, that he should be enabled to accomplish so much in this field. Based as they are upon his practice, most of his books and papers relate to the surgery of the various abdominal tracts. His " Gunshot Wounds of the Abdomen" is standard on that subject, and in "Actinomycosis Hominis, " he was the first in America to recognize the disease in man which, under the popular name of "Lumpy-Jaw," has made such ravages among cattle. Dr. Murphy's paper, originally read before the section on surgery and anatomy at the forty-fourth annual meeting of the American Medical Associa- tion, on the "Surgery of the Gall Tract," attracted wide attention, illustrating also the utility of his Anastomosis Button, which has been so favorably received by the profession and the laity. His contributions to medical literature have been numerous considering the pressing demands made upon his time by a large practice, appearing in such standard periodicals as the Journal of the American Medical Association, the Medical Record (N. Y. ) and The Lancet (London, Eng). Among other papers which have attracted much favorable attention may be mentioned: "Early Operation in Perityphlitis;" "Appendicitis, with One Hundred and Forty-one Laparotomies;" "Intestinal Approximation — Pathologi- cal History of Reunion; "Intestinal Approximation, with Especial Reference to the Use of the Anastomosis Button;" "Fibroid Tumors Complicating Preg- nancy;" and "Surgery of the Casserian Ganglion." ALBERT EDWARD HOADLEY, M. D. Dr. Hoadley, the second of three children, was born at a country cross roads, known as the Sap Bush, in Chenango County, N. Y. , on the nineteenth of November, 1847. The first born, a son, died the Summer previous to Albert's birth, and his only sister was his junior by more than four years. His parents, Albert and Electa (Lewis) Hoadley, lived during the earliest years of his life first at Sap Bush, then in the village of Chenango Forks, Broom County, N. Y. As they came West and settled upon a farm a few miles from Elcrin, Kane County, when Albert Edward was but eight years of age. Dr. Hoadley is identified with the history of his adopted, far more than with that of his 374 COLLEGE OF PHYSLCLANS AND SURGEONS. native State. Within the succeeding five years the family moved to several localities in Kane, De Kalb and Lee counties, locating at Amboy in the Spring of i860. Young Albert was now in his thirteenth year, and although he had enjoyed no systematic schooling up to this time, he had made such good use of the irregular training he had received at the district schools and through the earnest, but often interrupted efforts of his parents, that he was enabled to pass his examinations for the Amboy high school. About this time, also, he joined the M. E. Church, of which they were devout members. During his high school course the boy also worked at his father's trade, that of a mason, and, upon graduating, instead of contentedly settling at Amboy, his expressed desire was to remove to some larger city, where he might become a broad master of his trade and enter a field which would promise larger returns in every sense of the word. Although the father did not wish his son to leave home, and said so most emphatically, young Hoadley was so independent and self-reliant even at the age of nineteen that he decided that his wisest course, and the one which would immediately make him a help instead of a burden to his par- ents, was to bid adieu to Amboy and seek a wider and more profitable field. He was too manly to run away, so one evening in August, 1867, when his father was standing at the front gate, he came from the house and said: " Father, I am going to get my trowel now, and at eleven o'clock I shall take the train for Chicago." Without a word the old man turned and walked into the house, too sad and grieved to say good-by. In Chicago he engaged almost immediately to learn the bricklaying trade, working under various contractors until the middle of December, when the building season closed down with the frost. He had been earning what would seem like fabulous sums of money at home, and, notwithstanding his short apprenticeship, had acted at times as foreman. At the end of the season his father paid him a visit and joyfully escorted hira back to Amboy. It was dur- ing this Winter — that of 1867-68 — that he took his first step toward a medical career with a Cruveilheir Anatomy, United States Dispensatory and some human bones. During the succeeding Spring, Summer and Fall he worked at his trade, of which he became an acknowledged master, and the following Winter was spent in Amboy in medical studies, a portion of the time under the tutelage of Dr. J. R. Corbus, of that place, afterward of Chicago. The last capacity in which he appeared as a skilled laborer in this city was as foreman of the brick work of Mercy Hospital, corner of Calumet and Twenty-sixth streets. When the building was completed, about October i, 1869, he was matriculated as junior student in the Chicago Medical College, graduating therefrom on March 12, 1872. Thus launched into the world. Dr. Hoadley had nothing as capital but his degree, his education and his determi- .Jltp^ Oxford ?ijEl-Cn COLLEGE OF PHYSICLANS AND SURGEONS. m nation to succeed. It is unnecessary to remind members of the profession of the ahnost insurmountable difficulties which stand in the way of the young practitioner who attempts to establish himself in a large city without means. At this critical juncture in his affairs, Dr. Hoadley's last preceptor, Dr. Stewart C. Pitcher, came to the rescue by voluntarily tendering a loan of $300 provided he would locate in Chicago. On May i, 1872, the young physician, therefore, opened an office at the corner of Paulina and West Indiana streets, and as it was the Spring after the great fire, when there were so many strangers in the neighborhood, it was a particularly favorable season to secure new practice. Dr. Hoadley seized the opportunity to splendid advantage, and during this year and the succeeding decade, both financially and professionally, stood among the foremost prac- titioners of the city. In the Spring of 1882 his abilities were signally recognized by the recently organized College of Physicians and Surgeons, which elected him to the chair of Anatomy, and on account of his practical knowledge of building he was also appointed a member of the building committee which was supervising the erec- tion of the new college. After ably filling the chair of Anatomy for six years Dr. Hoadley was called to the professorship of Orthopedic Surgery, his title being changed in 1891 to Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Surgical Diseases of the Joints and Clinical Surgery. It was during this year, upon the reorganiza- tion of the college, that he was made a director and elected President of the West Side Free Dispensary. After serving one year, however, on account of the pressing duties of his private practice and his professorship, he was obliged to resign the presidency of the dispensary. In 1893 he was elected Vice-Presi- dent of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1886 the Chicago Policlinic was organized. Dr. Hoadley being chosen Professor of Clinical Surgery. In 1889 he became a director, and in 1891 was elected to the chair of Orthopedic Surgery and Surgical Diseases of the Joints. In 1889, upon the organization of the Chicago Policlinic Hospital Association, Dr. Hoadley was named as one of the directors, being called to a like position in February, 1894, by the Home for Crippled Children. At different times Dr. Hoadley has been Surgeon to Cook County Hos- pital, Consulting Surgeon to the Illinois Masonic Orphans' Home, Surgeon to the Railroad Brotherhood Hospital, Chicago Policlinic Hospital and Home for Crippled Children. Dr. Hoadley has contributed largely to medical literature and is an active member of the Chicago Pathological Society, Chicago Medical Society (of which he was President in 1889-90), Chicago Medico-Legal Society, Practitioners' Club, American Medical Association, American Orthopedic Association and American Public Health Association, as well as of several well-known clubs of a social 378 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. and literary nature. He is also a Mason of high rank, being a member of Hesperia Lodge, Washington Chapter, Chicago Commandery, Oriental Consis- tory 32" and Mystic Shrine. The Summer of 1888 was spent in Europe, one month of the time being passed in the pathological laboratory of Edinburgh University. Through the courtesy of Professor Greenfield the entire force of the laboratory, with all its appliances, was at his command for that time. Dr. Hoadley afterward visited the principal hospitals on the continent, traveling through France, Italy, Switz erland and Belgium. In the Fall of 1892 he virtually retired from general practice, up to which time he had enjoyed as large a visiting practice as any physician on the West Side of Chicago. Dr. Hoadley now devotes himself exclusively to Surgery, and to Orthopedics as a specialty. On May 3, 1876, Dr. Hoadley was married to Annie Elizabeth Dicker, an able, finely educated lady and a true helpmate to her husband, not only in every social and domestic phase, but in his professional life. In truth, they were inseparable until her death, on the eleventh of December, 1893. HENRY PARKER NEWMAN, A. M., M. D. Born in the Granite State, educated in the East, in the West and in Eu- rope, and blessed with traits inherited from families both substantial and his- torical. Dr. Newman is a typical physician of the modern school, whose requirements for success are continually becoming broader and more stringent. His native place was Washington, N. H., where he was born on December 2, 1853. His father, James, was one of eight brothers, members of a family long rooted in that soil which has produced so many sturdy sons of America. Abby (Everett) Newman, his mother, was descended" from the Fairbanks and Everetts, famed for so many years in the historic anti-slavery agitations of New England. After a preliminary education obtained at the New London (N. H.) Liter- ary and Scientific Institution, and a subsequent collegiate course under the in- struction of a private tutor, he began to read medicine under Dr. George Cook, of Concord, one of the most prominent physicians of the State and its present Surgeon-General. At this time the family was living at Hillsboro, N. H., whither it had removed when Henry was only a few months of age. Dr. Cook took a deep interest in the professional progress of his young protege, then approaching his majority, and the friendly and intimate relations then formed have continued to the present time. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 381 In 1875 Dr. Newman entered the medical department of Dartmouth Col- lege, which institution subsequently honored him with the degree of A. M. After teaching one Winter he decided to seek the West for the completion of his medical education and the subsequent practice of his chosen calling. Dr. Newman, therefore, was matriculated at the Detroit Medical College, from which institution he graduated in March, 1878, during his senior year holding the position of House Physician at St. Luke's Hospital in that city. Still hesitating to enter into active practice without the benefit of a more thor- ough education and clinical experience, he spent two years in the famous universities of Strasburg, Leipsig and Bonn. At Leipsig he was accorded special privileges in the laboratory of the famous pathologist, Professor Con- heim. While at Bonn his associations extended beyond the professional teachers to such men as Professor Christlieb, the distinguished Christian scholar and theologian. With the latter he took extensive tours throughout Germany, his famous companion making such trips enticing and instructive because of his profound knowledge of the historic and literary associations connected with all the places which they visited. Before returning to the United States he also enjoyed an itinerary through Switzerland, Austria, France and Great Britain. Deciding upon Chicago as his future home. Dr. Newman located here in 1880, at once taking rank as a thoroughly equipped and progressive member of his profession. During the succeeding year (1881) the College of Physicians and Surgeons was organized, he being one of its most active and influential promoters from the first. Of this institution he is at present Professor of Clinical Diseases of Women, having served as its Treasurer and upon its board of directors. Dr. Newman was also one of the founders of the Post-Graduate Medical School, being chosen its first President and having occupied the chair of Dis- eases of Women since 1888. In the development of this school was organized the Laboratory of Experimental Research, of which he has been President since 1889. Along the lines of plastic gynecological and obstetrical surgery Dr. Newman has devised several new instruments and made not a few improve- ments in modern methods. As to improvements in surgical operations may be mentioned his methods for shortening the round ligaments for uterine displace- ments and for operating for hernial conditions of the rectum, bladder and uterus. Of new instruments devised by him may be mentioned those for tam- ponade of the uterus, uterine dilators and combined dressing forceps and dilators. In addition to his official connection with the College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Post-Graduate School, Dr. Newman holds the following posi- tions, besides skillfully conducting a large and increasing private practice: Attending Surgeon in the Department of Diseases of Women in the Post- 82 COLLEGE OF PHYSLCLANS AND SURGEONS. Graduate, St. Elizabeth, the Chicago and the West Side hospitals; Gynecologist- in-Chief to the West Side Free Dispensary; Consulting Gynecologist to the Hull House Dispensary and to the Oakwood Retreat; President and Surgeon- in-Chief of the Marion Sims Sanitarium and Examiner-in-Chief and Medical Referee, Department of the Northwest, of the Berkshire Life Insurance Company. Dr. Newman is Corresponding Fellow of the Detroit Gynecological Society; member and Chairman of the Committee on Membership of the Chicago Medical Society; Fellow and Vice-President of the Chicago Gynecological Society; Fellow of the American Gynecological Society; member and Treasurer of the American Medical Association; member of the Illinois State Medical Society and of the Chicago Pathological Society. Dr. Newman was a delegate to the Tenth International Medical Congress, which assembled at Berlin in 1890, and again paid a brief visit to the chief educational and clinical centers of Europe. As editor and author he is also prominent in his chosen field. Since 1893 he has edited the department of obstetrics and gynecology of the North Amer- ican Practitioner and has occupied the same editorial relation with ]\Icdicine since its establishment. His contributions as an author to medical literature have been constant and much valued, as an examination of the Index Medicus, or, better, the files of the standard periodicals of America, will abundantly testify. In 1895 Dr. Newman moved his home to Highland Park, 111., and estab- lished in Chicago the Marion Sims Sanitarium, a private hospital for the accommodation of his surgical and gynecological patients. The Doctor is also well known in many walks of life outside of the pro- fessional, being a Mason (member of Detroit Lodge No. i), an elder in the Third Presbyterian Church of Chicago and a member of the University Club of Chicago and of the Highland Park Club. He was married in 1882, his wile being Fanny Louise, the only daughter of Lothrop S. Hodges, of Chicago. They have two children — Helen Everett and Willard Hodges. *fc.^ HENRY T. BYFORD, A. M., M. D. The late William H. Byford, M. D., LL. D., at the time of his decease, was one of Chicago's most famous surgeons, and it is by individual endowment of the highest order that Dr. Henry T. Byford, the son, is advancing to fill his father's place. The Byford family came originally to America, many generations ago, from Suffolk, England. The branch of family in which we are interested gradually drifted toward the interior of the country, where William T. Byford was born at Eaton, Ohio. His wife, Mary Ann Holland, was the daughter of Hezekiah Hol- land, a noted physician of Kentucky. Five children were the result of this union. -''i..n aiovFui. Co ChuoijO COLLEGE OE PEIYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 385 Henry T. Byford, who is the only surviving son, was born in Evansville, Ind., in 1853. His early education was in the public schools of Chicago and the private academy of Dr. Quakenboss. When he was eleven years of age he was sent abroad, taking a classical course in the high school of the German capital. After three years of determined study he was graduated from that institu- tion, receiving the prize for the best composition written in the native language. Returning to this city, he spent one term in the University of Chicago, and in the Fall of 1868 entered Williston Seminary, graduating from the scientific department with high honors, in 1870. In the same year he matriculated at the Chicago Medical College, receiving his degree therefrom in 1873. He was honored as valedictorian of his class, his record throughout having been unusu- ally brilliant — extraordinarily so, when it is remembered that at the time of his graduation Dr. Byford was but nineteen years of age, and accordingly not entitled to the privileges of the diploma for nearly two years to come. While yet a student, by competitive examination he had secured the position of interne at Mercy Hospital, but because of the illness of his brother he was obliged to forego the benefits of a full term in this capacity, as well as the pleasure of reading the valedictory address. A warm affection existed between the two, and Dr. Byford cheerfully spent more than a year as the companion of his brother, afterward a prominent surgeon of Minneapolis, in his travels for health in the South and West. He returned to Chicago in 1874. Dr. Byford was one of the founders of the Chicago Post-Graduate School, in which, from its inception, he has occupied the chair of Gynecology. He is also Professor of Gynecology and Clinical Gynecology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago ; of Clinical Gynecology in the Woman's Medical Depart- ment of the Northwestern University and Surgeon to the Woman's Hospital. He has served as Curator of the Museum and Lecturer on Diseases of Chil- dren in the Chicago Medical College and Lecturer of Obstetrics in Rush Medical College. He was obliged to resign both of these trusts owing to the pressure of private work. As a clinical lecturer. Dr. Byford has won a well merited reputation, reports of his lectures being solicited by the leading medical journals of the country. His contributions to medical journals are numerous, and are characterized by original treatment and practical interest, some of them having been published in Europe. Dr. Byford was collaborator with his father, the late William H. Byford, in the preparation of the last editions of " Byford's Diseases of Women, "being also one of the authors of the "American Text-book of Gyne- cology" and of Keating and Coe's "Clinical Gynecology." He is a member and ex-President of the Chicago Gynecological Society and an active member of the American Medical Association and of the American Gynecological, the Chicago Medical, the Chicago Medico-Legal and the Ilhnois State Medical 386 COLLEGE OF PHYSLCLANS AND SURGEONS. societies, being also corresponding member of the Philadelphia Obstetrical Society and charter member of the International Congress of Gynecologists. Dr. Byford has twice visited Europe, first in 1865-68 and again in 1879-80, during the latter period making an exhaustive study of nervous diseases in con- nection with gynecological practice in the hospitals of London, Edinburgh, Heidelberg and Paris. Not satisfied with his achievements as a practitioner and his success as educator and author, Dr. Byford has invented numerous methods of operation, many of which are associated in medical literature with his name. Thus he was the first to advise and perform operations for shortening the sacro-uterine ligaments for retroversion of the uterus; inguinal suspension of the bladder for cystocele; vaginal fixation of the stump in abdominal hysterotomy ; bilateral denudations for anterior colpocele and cystocele and subcutaneous perminseot- omy. He has also brought to its present state of perfection the operations called vaginal oophorectomy and vaginal ovariotomy, having performed over fifty operations without a death. Of a multitude of other instruments devised by him, the most important are his broad ligament forceps for the removal of the uterus through the vagina, his hysterotomy clamp forceps, trocar for vaginal ovariotomy, probe-pointed fascia scissors, perineotomy tenotome, uterine elevator, improved needle forceps, uterine hook, retroversion pessary, uterine curettes and various forms of hemostatic forceps for use in vaginal section. As has been remarked by an authority regarding this inventive trait of his character, "he possesses a degree of mechanical ability not often found among those who have chosen to follow the practice of medicine as a profession. He may justly be proud of a large list of surgical instruments that have not only been an assistance to his fellow practitioners, but a great benefit to the public as well." From the same source: "We feel safe in saying that but few men have been engaged in the practice of any trade or profession in this or any other age, who have obeyed the dictates of conscience or felt' the weight of their duties and responsibilities more fully than has Dr. Henry T. Byford." He is a Republican, though not a politician, subordinating everything to his chosen work. A member of the Methodist Church, he has also ever been strongly influenced by the teachings of his mother, a woman of forceful and religious character. Dr. Byford is a man of fine although delicate physical proportions, a thorough athlete and a great pedestrian, having explored on foot not only many of the mountainous and picturesque regions of his own country, but those of Europe. From early youth he has also evinced marked artistic ability, especially excelling in water colors. The domestic side of Dr. Byford's nature is rounded out by the amiability, affection and charms of a devoted wife and mother, whose maiden name was COLLEGE OF PHYSLCLANS AND SURGEONS. 387 Lucy Larned, the daughter of Frederick Sylvester Larned, who was Assistant Paymaster of the United States Army during the Civil War, and is a gen- tleman of broad culture and wide travel. They have four children, Gene- vieve Larned, Mary Lena, Heath Truman and William Holland Byford. THOMAS ARCHIBALD DAVIS, M. D. Dr. Davis' career, from first to last, is illustrative of the intellectual and physical energy which is characteristic of the English-Scotch temperament, in- herited by him from a long line of ancestors. At an early age he was inspired with the desire to master medicine as a profession, and although from lack of funds in his young manhood he engaged successfully in commercial pur- suits, he kept his ultimate life-work distinctly in view. In his business, as in his professional career, Dr. Davis was marked for his unvarying honesty and energy. Born at Ingersol, Ontario, on the twenty-second day of December, 1858, Dr. Davis' father was a native of London, England, and his mother was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. At an early age he came with his family to Wiscon- sin and received his preliminary education in the common schools of that State. After taking a partial collegiate training Dr. Davis taught school for a number of years and for three years more was employed in a responsible posi- tion by a large milling and elevator company of New Richland, Minn. During this entire period of more than five years he continued his medical studies and even pursued a short course at Rush College during 1879. While he was in business at New Richland he made much progress under the tute- lage of Dr. Carroll Corson, then a recent graduate of the University of Penn- sylvania. Continuing his studies at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Dr. Davis graduated from this institution with honors in 1885. Soon afterward, on competitive examination, he commenced his service as interne at Cook County Hospital, holding in succession the various positions of Junior Physician and Surgeon, Examiner, Obstetrician, Pathologist and Senior Physician and Surgeon. In 1887 he entered private practice and be- came associated with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, In 1894 he was chosen to the office of President of the Medical and Surgical Staff of the hos- pital, which position he still holds and honors. It may be stated that for eight years Dr. Davis served as First Assistant to the eminent Chicago surgeon. Dr. Christian Fenger, which experience, with his long term of service at Cook County Hospital, has given him opportunities for wide observation and practical work enjoyed by few members of the pro- fession. 388 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. As stated, Dr. Davis' connection with the College of Physicians and Sur- geons dates from 1887, when he accepted a lectureship on Surgery in that institution. In 1892 he was elected Adjunct Professor of Surgery, two years later became Associate Professor, and in 1896 was called to the full professor- ship. In addition to the duties connected with his college work and those asso- ciated with his position as Chief of the Cook County Hospital Staff, Dr. Davis has served for several years as President of the West Side Free Dispensary. He is also Attending Surgeon of the West Side Hospital, and directs the work of the West Chicago Poor Medical Relief Service, a powerful association for charity. Moreover, he is Professor of Surgery in the Post-Graduate Medical School, and a member of the following medical organizations : American Med- ical Association, Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society and the Chicago Pathological Society. Dr. Davis is also a Master Mason, a Knight Templar and a Shriner, be- ing a member of Hesperia Lodge, Washington Chapter and Chicago Com- mandery. A mere enumeration of the official honors which have come to Dr. Davis in the line of his profession makes the statement almost superfluous that, at a comparatively early age, he has already earned a position as one of the lead- ing surgeons of the West. To this may be added the fact that not only have his professional earnings been large but the surplus has been so judiciously invested in real estate and other securities that, in a financial sense, he is ac- counted one of the substantial citizens of the West Side. In 1893 Dr. Davis was united in marriage to Jennie McKee, daughter of J. L. McKee, of Three Oaks, Mich. They have one child — a daughter, Helen. BOERNE BETTMAN, M. D. Dr. Bettman was born in Cincinnati, O., on the sixth of September, 1856, his parents. Dr. Abraham and Sarah Bettman, having come to this country from Bavaria a decade previous. After young Bettman had received his early education in the public and high schools of that city, he took a course in the Miami Medical College. He then became associated with Dr. E. G. Williams, one of the most eminent oculists and aurists West of the Allegheny Mountains. Later he became assist- ant to the celebrated Dr. Knapp, Eye and Ear Surgeon of the New York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute, with whom he studied for a year and a half, dur- ing a portion of this time acting in the same capacity with Dr. Frank Bosworth, Professor of Laryngology and Rhinology to the Bellevue Medical School. f ^4" t E'c-.av.HctlT^'Iii-voA, JK. Ci-i 7^ry^^^<^^a<^ I COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 391 In 1878 Dr. Bettman went to Europe, there to continue his special hne of study. A half a year was devoted to Vienna attending to the clinics of Alt, Stellwag, Yeager, Mauthner, Pollitzer, Gruber and other noted men, and after a trip through the Tyrol part of Italy and Southern Germany he arrived in Heidelberg in the Fall of 1879. Here he was soon made second-assistant of Prof. Becker, the teacher of Ophthalmology in that famous seat of learning. The Doctor not long afterward became first-assistant, which position he held until the Fall of 1880. While in Heidelberg he did his first original work, which was published in " Knapp's Archives," under the heading, "Two Cases of Pernicious Anemia, with Fatal Terminations; An Investigation of its Pathology." Several trips through Switzerland, the Black Forest and Northern Germany were made during 'this period, and during July and August, 1880, he visited the clinics of the Parisian oculists, DeWecker, Panas, Galezowski and Me3'er. A few weeks' sojourn in London, during which time he attended the Interna- tional Medical Congress, and a short trip into Ireland completed his European education and wanderings. .. Late in the same year (1880) Dr. Bettman opened an office in Chicago. He soon became connected with the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear In- firmary as Assistant Surgeon, and later he became Surgeon, which position he has since held. In 1882 he founded the Chicago Society of Ophthalmology and Otology, which has lately been reorganized under the name of the Chicago Ophthalmological and Otological Society. Dr. Bettman was the first lecturer on Ophthalmology and Otology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and for the past three years he has occupied the chair as Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear and Clinical Ophthalmology. He is also Professor of Ophthalmology in the Post-Graduate School; Oculist and Aurist to the Michael Reese and German hospitals; mem- ber of the American Medical Association; of the Chicago Medical, State Medi- cal and Chicago Medico-Legal societies and of the Tri-State Medical Society and the Microscopical Society, as well as of the Practitioners', Doctors', Stand- ard, Union League and Metropolitan clubs. Dr. Bettman's writings are mostly confined to his specialty, in which he is an acknowledged authority, and among others may be mentioned: "The Operative Treatment of Episcleritis;" "A New Operation for the Ripening of Cataracts;" Removal of a Piece of Steel from the Eye with a Magnet;" "Treat- ment of Blennorrhea Neoratorum;" "Peroxide of Hydrogen in Aural Thera- peutics;" "Subvolution, a New Pterygium Operation." In this connection it may be stated that he now has editorial charge of the eye and ear depart- ment of the Aiorth American Practitioner, one of the leading medical journals of the country. 392 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. For a time Dr. Bettman acted as Assistant Surgeon, with the rank of Captain, to the Second Regiment Infantry, IlHnois State Mihtia, and in 1893 Governor Altgeld appointed him Commissioner of PubHc Charities for a term of five years. As a tribute to his professional and executive abihty his col- leagues elected him President of the Board, and in his public capacity he has inspected institutions all over the State. GEORGE FRANK BUTLER, M. D. Dr. Butler stands among the foremost of the younger class of practitioners and educators destined to succeed those who have already given Chicago a high rank as a medical center. Both as a lecturer and an author, although still a young man, he is most favorably known among the profession both East and West. Born in Monrovia, N. Y., on the fifteenth of March, 1857, and the only child. Dr. Butler's parents were Isaac and Asenath Chase Butler. His paternal ancestors were Quakers, coming to America in 16 12, while his mother was a lineal descendant of Samuel Chase, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. After securing a good grammar and high school education in his native town, the youth entered the Groton (N. Y. ) Academy, from which he graduated in 1874, then only seventeen years of age. He then entered a drug store at Pittsfield, Mass., advancing so rapidly that he became head clerk before the completion of his first year in the business. After an experience of four years he had so mastered its details that he was enabled to form a part- nership with Dr. Henry Millard, of North Adams, Mass. The incessant work and long hours connected with the business so told upon his health that in 1879 he was obliged to abandon the East and seek a change of climate in the far West. Locating at Denver, Colo., he becatne connected with a large wholesale drug house as a manufacturing pharmacist. Not improving in health after a year's trial of the country, he located upon the breezy and lower plains of Southwestern Kansas and occupied the succeeding two years in raising sheep and building up his constitution. As he expresses it, "the financial part of the sheep-raising business was a dismal failure," but by 1882 he had so far regained his health that he again established himself in the drug business, this time at Belle Plain, Kan., being associated with Dr. J. D. Justice. This long training as a practical druggist and pharmacist had so directed Dr. Butler's mind to the study of medicine that when he again became asso- ciated with a physician he naturally commenced an earnest and systematic course under his partner's tutelage. He had so far advanced in his medical studies that when he came to Chicago and entered Rush College he was en- ^'^An.d^/^^^ COLLEGE OF PHYSICLANS AND SURGEONS. 395 abled to complete his course in two years, graduating therefrom in 1889 as the valedictorian of his class. Dr. Butler was almost immediately appointed Attending Physician of the Department of the Diseases of Children, Central Free Dispensary. For one year he was associated in his practice with Dr. A. C. Cotton, and in 1890 he was selected by the faculty of his Alma Mater as Lecturer on Medical Phar- macy, also delivering lectures on Materia Medica and Pharmacy during the Winter of 1890-91 at the Northwestern University Woman's Medical School. In 1 89 1 Dr. Butler was further honored with the appointment of Attending Physician of the Ear Department of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, and during the succeeding year (1892) was called to the chair of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacy of the Woman's Medical College, Northwestern University. In May, 1892, he also commenced his municipal service as Assistant City Physician, holding that position for about a year. In 1894 Dr. Butler resigned his position in Rush Medical College to accept the Professorship of Materia Medica and Clinical Medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which chair he still tills. Besides occupying the same chair in the Woman's College, he is the Attending Physician to Cook County Hospital and a member of the medical staft of the Railway Employes' Hos- pital. Furthermore, he holds professional positions in various life insurance companies, being Medical Director of the Western Mutual Life Association, Chicago, and Medical Examiner for the Provident Savings Life Insurance Society, New York, the Covenant Mutual Life Insurance Company of Gales- burg, III, and the Bankers' and Merchants' Life Insurance Company, Chicago. Dr. Butler is a member of the American Medical Association, the American Pharmaceutical Association, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Pathological Society and the Practitioners' and the Therapeutic clubs; also a Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Medicine. Standing as he does professionally, it is natural that the medical journals of the country should solicit the services of his pen. Dr. Butler's contributions being not infrequent and attracting much attention. In this field, as in the educational province, he is considered an especially high authority on all matters connected with Pharmacy and Materia Medica. It should here be added that he is now engaged in the preparation of a text-book for the well-known Phila- delphia publisher, W. B. Saunders, on "Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Med- ical Pharmacy." In politics Dr. Butler is a stanch Republican and in religion a pronounced Presbyterian. In March, 1882, he was married to Miss Nannie Blanche Porter, daughter of the late Judge John Porter, of Monmouth, 111. They have one daughter, Mary Asenath Butler, aged nine years. 396 COLLEGE OF PHYSICLANS AND SURGEONS. ADOLPH GEHRMANN, M. D. Science, as rigorously applied to medicine as to every other domain of human thought, investigation and practical activity, is bringing the profession more and more from the speculations and uncertainties of the past and placing it in the van of those modern powers which work for the good of the world. Among those studies which have already brought forth splendid fruits tending toward the cure of disease and the amelioration of suffering, and, notably, the prevention of disorders, none can compare to that of bacteriology. There is no disease making havoc among human kind the specific germ of which is not being sought for by master minds in the realm of medical science. Air, earth and water, food and drink are analyzed for harmful elements and deleterious germs, that they may be detected and destroyed before they find an entrance to animate systems and commence their ravages or work of death. Of those who have persistently and successfully followed those careers which tend as much toward the prevention as the cure of disease, few of the younger generation have made a higher mark than Dr. Adolph Gehrmann. He comes of substantial German stock, his grandfather being a well-to-do land owner at Nordhausen in the famous district of the Hartz mountains. Theodore A. Gehrmann, his father, was a merchant who married Miss Emilie Jenke, of Berlin. In the Winter of 1865-66 he located at Springfield, 111., forming a partnership with his brother. Mr. Gehrmann afterward removed to Decatur, where was born his son, Adolph, on the nineteenth of July, 1868. After receiving his primary and a partial high school education in this place, the family settled in Chicago that the children might secure the advantages of its metropolitan life. Adolph at once entered the South Division High School, especially pursuing his scientific studies with marked enthusiasm and ability. Joining the local branch of the Agassiz Association, he gave much attention to botany and entomology, thus laying the foundation, perhaps, for his after study of bacteriology, which, through the instrumentality of the microscope, deals with both plant and animal life. Graduating from the high school at the age of nineteen Dr. Gehrmann commenced that career of scientific and medical study which he has continued to the present day, supplemented by such experimental and practical work in the laboratory as to give him a high standing as an original investigator in the bacteriological field. Entering the Chicago Medical College under the guidance of Dr. Bayard Holmes, he rapidly mastered the details of the most modern scientific investigation and developed individual methods and original results. After his graduation in 1890 he secured an interneship in Cook County ^^^^-^-u^^^ '^'■odsp.effdBror/ien.Atslishers Chic, I COLLEGE OF I^HYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 399 Hospital and served the entire period of eighteen months. Afterward he en- tered private practice, in which he continued for two years, during this period devoting much time to the laboratory extension course. In connection with the Post-Graduate Medical School he illustrated his lectures by laboratory work, besides continuing various lines of original investigation. When the Milk Inspection branch of the Health Department was estab- lished by law Dr. Gehrmann assisted Professor E. B. Stuart in its organiza- tion. During 1893 they made a tour of examination through the East and established a complete laboratory, of which the former has been in charge since January, 1893. Here are pursued those investigations and those examinations which have already done so much to protect the public health. These two years also — 1893 and 1894 — marked the appointment of Dr. Gehrmann to the chair of Bacteriology in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons and Bacteriologist to Cook County Hospital. He was also for a time professor in the Post-Graduate Medical School. In addition to assuming the duties connected with his position as head of the Milk Inspection department he has been elected President of the medical laboratory established by members of his profession in the Columbus Memo- rial building. In this enterprise, whose object is to pursue expert laboratory examination for the benefit of fellow physicians, he is associated with such as Drs. William M. Harsha, J. A. Wessner and Gustave Evans, having special charge of the bacteriological work. As a contributor to current medical literature Dr. Gehrmann is becomintj well known and he has read numerous and valuable papers before the Chicago Academy of Sciences as well as other prominent societies. He is also an ac- tive member of such organizations as the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Academy of Medicine, the Chicago Pathological Society, the Cook County Hospital Alumni Association, the Illinois State Medical Society and the Amer- ican Medical Association. RICHARD THORNTON ISBESTER, M. D. Born on the tenth of June, 1857, Dr. Isbester is the eldest son of Caleb Bruce and Virginia Isbester (nee Thornton), being a native of Nashville, Tenn. His mother was also born in that State, being a daughter of Nelson Thornton, a merchant of Norfolk, Va. His father is of Scottish birth and ancestry, com- ing to America with his parents while still a child and settling in Pennsylvania. They afterward removed to Illinois, but while they were still living in Pittsburg their son Caleb went to Tennessee and has been for many years one of the leading business men of that State, being at present Vice-President of the Chat- tanooga Foundry and Pipe Works. 400 COLLEGE OF L'HYSICLANS AND SURGEONS. A combination of good Scotch blood with that of old Virginia and Ten- nessee is a fair assurance of worldly standing and success. One of the common- sense and sturdy traits of the Scotch character is an insistence upon the necessity of a thorough education. To give it to their children parents will often deny themselves many of the comforts of life. In Richard's case this sacrifice was not necessary, but the boy was placed in a Nashville school when he was about six years of age, and after securing a primary education prepared himself for college. Entering the University of Tennessee, situated at Nash- ville, he continued the collegiate course into his senior year, when he decided upon a naval career as suited to his stirring and enterprising disposition. Going to Annapolis, Md., he passed the necessary examinations, and in September, 1875, entered the United States Naval Academy as a cadet engineer. In June, 1879, he graduated from the academy and shortly thereafter was ordered to the United States Steamship ''Wachusett," then lying at New Orleans. After a two years' cruise in South Atlantic and Pacific waters his ship was ordered to San Francisco, where he received notice to report at Philadelphia and be examined for promotion. The result was that he was commissioned as Assistant Engineer United States Navy and ordered to join the United States Steamship "Lackawanna," then stationed at San Francisco. A three years' cruise in the South Pacific followed, when the young naval officer, who had already seen so many strange lands and waters, was ordered home, somewhat broken in health. During his five years of naval service he visited the principal Atlantic and Pacific ports of his own country as well as Rio Janeiro, Montevideo, Valparaiso, Panama and other points along both the ocean coasts of South America. During his last cruise in the South Pacific he was also enabled to make a flying trip to Honolulu. Conforming faithfully to the discipline of the naval service, how- ever, with no settled habitation, at last had the effect of placing the young en- gineer on the sick list. After being absent from the service for a year on sick leave. Dr. Isbester determined to abandon his roving life and gratify a predilection which he had long cherished of entering the domain of medicine. After being re-established in health he energetically commenced the study of his profession at the Medi- cal College of Tulane University, located at New Orleans, La. From this institution he graduated with the coveted degree in April, 1891, and soon after established himself in practice at Chattanooga, Tenn. He became a member of the Chattanooga Medical Society and otherwise identified himself with his profession. About a month after his graduation, however, on May 21, 1891, Dr. Isbester was united in marriage to Miss Margaret von Ketel, a native and resident of New Orleans. It may be that the assumption of additional responsibilities prompted him to cast about for a wider field in which to exercise his abilities. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 401 At all events, after practicing in Chattanooga for a short time, he removed to Chicago, and in the early part of 1893 was appointed Clinical Instructor in the College of Physicians and Surgeons and Attending Physician to the West Side Free Dispensary. Although he has resided in Chicago but a few years Dr. Isbester has built up a good general practice, and if he has a specialty it is the treatment of Nervous Diseases. He is a gentleman of military bearing and fine physique, whose presence is calculated to inspire confidence and place one at his ease. ELBERT C. FORTNER. M. D. Of late years especially, general attention has been called to the prosperous, breezy and substantial state of Iowa as the foster mother of able men who are making the West what it is. Her sons seem to derive a fund of splendid animation and vigor from her rich and broad prairies and bustling towns, which enables them to compete so successfully in the wearing and the ceaseless struggle for position and advancement, so characteristic of the large centers of population in the West, especially of Chicago, its metropolis. Dr. Fortner is a striking representative of the State which is giving so many energetic, educated and broad minded men to the country. He was born in Bremer County on the fifteenth of April, 1861, his father being for thirty- five years a prominent business man of Waverly, the county seat, and Dr. Fortner's native place. The educational advantages which the village afforded were excellent, and after passing through the public schools, at the age of fourteen he entered the Iowa State College at Ames. Although he graduated from this institution at the age of twenty, it was only after a hard struggle with adverse circumstances. His father had been unfortunate in his business and was unable to assist his son through his college course; but that son was not of common metal. Realizing the value of a good education he was determined to obtain it, and by teaching in neighboring country schools and taking whatever honest work came to hand he at length realized his ambition. At this early period of his life, also, the bent of his mind became quite evident, for all the time that he could spare from his books and classes he spent in dissecting and laboratory work. Finally graduating from the State College in 1 881, he was soon afterward matriculated at the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, receiving the degree of M. D. from that institution in 1886. During his second and third years Dr. Fortner served as a nurse in the Cook County Hospital, obtaining thereby a practical knowledge of the treatment of dis- eases which has been of great value to him in the active practice of his profession. 402 COLLEGE OF PHYSLCLANS AND SURGEONS. Upon his graduation Dr. Fortner's parents and friends induced him to begin his professional hfe at Sumner, Iowa, not far from his place of birth. But although he had soon established an extensive and rapidly increasing prac- tice, which extended over several counties, his great desire was to enter a more metropolitan field, where he could not only prosper, but broaden and deepen in his professional acquirements. Naturally he turned to Chicago, locating on the West Side of the city in 1890. Dr. Fortner's progress since coming to Chicago is conclusive proof that his move was a wise one. In 1889 he was appointed on the Board of United States Pension Examiners, became Local Surgeon of the Chicago & Great Western Railroad in the Summer, and his abilities were further recognized by his appointment in January, 1894, to the responsible position of County Physi- cian of Cook County. In politics he is a stanch Republican, as his father was before him. Dr. Fortner's active and varied connection with societies of every conceivable nature is an evidence not only of his energetic disposition, but of his popu- larity. He is a member of the Chicago Medical and the Iowa State Medical societies. He is also connected with the Masonic fraternity and the Knights of Pythias and a valued member of such leading social organizations as the Lincoln and Marquette clubs. In short, his social as well as professional tal- ents have brought him into well deserved prominence. As to the social side of his character, it should be added that Dr. Fortner is reinforced by the culture and ability of his wife. She was formerly Miss Eva Tuthill, niece of Judge R. S. Tuthill, so well and favorably known in Chicago, to whom he was married in 1888. Two children have been born to them, a son and a daughter. C. E. BRINCKERHOFF, M. D. The Brinckerhoff (or Brinkerhoff) family is one of the oldest, most exten- sive and honored of any in America. As remarked by one of its members and biographers: "The history of our family is in every respect worthy of preservation. All the way down, in every generation, are men and women of character and influence in the communities in which they live. We have furnished legislators for the States of the Nation; clergymen for many pulpits; soldiers for every war of the Republic; judges for the highest courts, and magistrates without number as Justices of the Peace. Even to-day, in a score of cities, are lawyers, physicians, merchants, manufacturers, editors, bankers, college professors, railroad officials and artisans of the highest skill, who bear the name of Brinkerhoff, and in the country, in a dozen different States, are COLLEGE OF PHYSLCLANS AND SURGEONS. 405 farmers of that name who are affluent in broad acres and honored citizens of the community in which they Hve." And still again, at one of those pleasant family re-unions of the Brinkcr- hoffs, it was said by one who bears that name: "There must be more than a thousand who bear the Brinkerhoff name in America. You will find a goodly number of Brinkerhoffs in New Jersey, a few on Long Island, some along the banks of the Hudson and in New York City, some in Central New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and many more who are building homes for themselves to-day that are bathed with the glories of the setting sun. It is perfectly safe to say that ten thousand people walk the earth to-day not bear- ing the Brinkerhoff name but who are nevertheless descendants of Joris Dericksen Brinkerhoff. "You may spell your name Brink or Brinck. It is a pure matter of taste, an honest preference which we may exercise ourselves and must freely concede to others. So far as the family is concerned it is not worthy of a moment's consideration. Very few of our old Knickerbocker names have changed so little. Both forms are right and have been sanctioned by long usage. The c in Brink clearly tells of its more ancient origin. It points to the older dialect of Holland, allied in many ways to the old English of Chaucer's day. Joris Dericksen without doubt used the c, and so did both of his sons. They were all magistrates, and their signatures are still in existence." As verifying this statement, that the most ancient form of the name retains the c, it should be noticed that upon the ancient coat-of-arms, first borne by Andries, a noted senator and syndic of Ghent, in the Netherlands, is inscribed " Brinckerhoffe. " As published in a voluminous German work on heraldry, a description of the Brinckerhoff coat-of-arms is as follows: The armorial bearings, the original escutcheon of the family, denotes in the color (blue) fidelity; in the white of the shield, the honors of Knighthcod; the wings signifying promptness in State affairs; and the flower hills, in the knight's shield, express faithfulness and honesty. In a semicircle, above the main design but crossing the wings, is the motto. Constatis, Fides et Intcgritas — expressing those traits which have ever marked the family, immutable sincerity and loyalty. The coat-of-arms was given in 1307. It is authoritatively stated that the family is of Flemish extraction and was originally located in the city of Ghent, the Netherlands, where its members are mentioned as free-born citizens, or patricians of that place, and among whom Andries Brinckerhoff is particularly mentioned in the annals of those times. From Ghent the family extended itself to Holland, Friesland and Lower Saxony, probably compelled to make this move by the galling severity of the Spanish Government, which, during that century, drove into exile thousands of inhabitants of Ghent and other places in Flanders. In the 4o6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICLANS AND SURGEONS. above mentioned provinces the Brinckerhoffs became established and their descendants enjoy much distinction to the present day. Joris Dericksen Brinckerhoff, the founder of the American branches of the family, was born about the time of the discovery of the Hudson River, in the province of Dreuthe, the Netherlands, living for some time at Flushing, Zea- land. His youth and early manhood were spent amid the stirring scenes of the Thirty Years' War, when Holland was struggling for existence against the power of Spain. Nothing is known of his life in Holland beyond the facts that his father's name was Derick — Dericksen, "the son of Derick;" that he married Susanna Bubbles when about twenty-one years of age, and that four children were born to him before he emigrated to the New Netherlands, in 1638, and settled upon a farm within the present limits of the city of Brooklyn. It was his original intention to find a home on Staten Island; in fact, he entered into a contract with the owner of the island to reside there, and one day, in company with his two sons, he rowed to the land, selected a site for his house and com- menced to cut down trees to build it. This was during the period when Kieft was governor of the New Netherlands and the Indians were at war with the settlers of all the adjacent country. While father and the boys were thus felling the trees for their new home a lurking savage shot and killed the eld- est son, Dirck. Carrying the dead body to the boat, the father rowed home to New Amsterdam, and it is said that nothing could induce the grief-stricken mother to make that spot her home which had witnessed so sad a scene. At all events he obtained a release from his contract in 1614, and after- ward removed to Long Island and settled upon the site of Brooklyn, the grant of land from Governor Kieft being dated March 26, 1646. The tract, or farm, was located near the present City Hall, and can still be identified, being in the vicinity of Fulton, Raymond and Fillary streets. At that time, a century and a half ago, this woodland, "as well as maize land," lay along the King's highway in full view "of New Amsterdam, which was then a little town of a few hundred people, occupying the lower point of Manhattan Island, with fields of corn and wheat near by. From 1654 to 166 1, Joris held the office of magistrate; but his duties were probably not arduous, as scarcely a score of families composed the population of Gowanus and Breuckelen, or Brooklyn. His labors were more earnestly centered in religious than civic affairs, although in those days none but settlers of the highest standing were honored with the magistracy. It was during the first of his term as a magistrate that divine services commenced to be held in Brooklyn in the house of Joris Dericksen, and when the church was finally organized he was chosen its elder. He was also the chorister, superintendent of the Sabbath school, the " Zickentrooster" (comforter of the sick), and the minister pro tem. COLLEGE OF PHYSICLANS AND SURGEONS. 407 Faithfully he gave his strength, his time and his money to this, the Old First Church of Brooklyn, and at the time of his death, January 16, 1661, was busily engaged in the raising of funds to complete the building of the little church and parsonage, which represented so much of his heart and life. He did not live to see it completed, but was buried with all the honors which could be shown an able man and a faithful servant to his community, before the spire of a single house of God pointed skyward to mark the site of the great City of Churches. From this loyal, sturdy and good man have sprung the Brinckerhoffs of America, Hendrick and Abraham being his sons who reached manhood. The active life of the former was passed on Long Island, and it was not until 1685, when he was about fifty-five years of age, that he became the owner of lands in Bergen County, N. J., upon which he founded a homestead. Hendrick was the common ancestor of nearly all the B-r-i-n-k-erhoffs scat- tered through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Central New York and the West, and two centuries after he settled in Bergen County his descendants enjoyed their reunion on the old homestead grounds. Abraham is generally accounted the progenitor of the B-r-i-n-c-k-erhoffs, being but six years of age when his father landed at New Amsterdam. It was not until he had reached middle age, when Hendrick removed to Bergen County, that the family separation began which has been continually progressing with the increasing generations. As wild game and Indians abounded, and the two brothers had a painful recollection of Dirck's tragic death, they had early become experts with the gun. This sporting life, in con- junction with their labors upon the farm, produced splendid specimens of physical manhood. After changing his location several times, Abraham finally located on a large farm near Flushing Bay, where he resided until his death in 1 7 14, at the age of seventy-six. It seems somewhat of a coincidence that he should have married a lady who was born in his father's native province, and that he should have died upon the shores of a bay which bore the same name as the town in which his father lived during his boyhood days in Holland. Abraham was also for years a magistrate and an elder, as well as being one of the most prosperous farmers in that portion of the country. His de- scendants have rarely wandered far from the Valley of the Hudson, one of the exceptions being members of the family whose representative is indicated at the head of this paper. Dr. C. E. Brinckerhoff is of the Flushing branch of the family, which also numbers among its noted members Col. John Brinckerhoff, who more than any other man of the name was the intimate friend of General Washington. The grandfather of Dr. Brinckerhoff, Martin, lived in Albany, N. Y., and settled at Homer, near Joliet, with his family, which included John, the 4o8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. father of Dr. Brinckerhoff. John Brinckerhoff married when quite young and has had a family of six boys and one girl, C. E., the eldest, was born at Homer, November 9, 1859, his father removing to Chicago in 1861. Farm life had but few attractions for him, and not caring for a higher education he early started out in life for himself. After trying several kinds of business and being dissatisfied with all of them, he commenced the study of medicine — a step which he had for some time contemplated. Finally, in 1885, he graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, having creditably pursued the entire course. Dr. Brinckerhoff at once entered practice, and notwithstanding that he was several hundred dollars in debt, he soon so impressed the community with his practical ability that his indebted- ness was wiped out and he had a snug sum to his credit. For a physician of his age he is now remarkably prosperous, and it is another evidence that "blood will tell," one of the family traits being, as we have seen, shrewdness and thrift. The Brinckerhoffs, in fact, have ever been more men of affairs than of words. This truth applies especially to Dr. Brinckerhoff, who has avoided social life and public position and faithfully applied himself to his profession, with the result that he has a large and growing practice, largely of a surgical nature. The proceeds of his skill he has wisely invested in real estate and other property. Dr. Brinckerhoff has never had the time to be a politician. Neither in this field nor in his profession has he pushed himself into public notice. In personal appearance Dr. Brinckerhoff is of the dark, nervous type, showing in his actions and speech the sturdy Dutch blood of which his family is justly proud; or, putting the matter in another fashion, it may be said that he is of that wiry physique which reminds one more of steel than of iron. Chicagx) Colleo'e of Dental Sungery History of Chicago College of Dental Surgery By TRUMAN W. BROPHY, M. D., D. D. S., LL D. ATTEMPTS AT FOUNDING A DENTAL COLLEGE. The first organization of dentists in Illinois, the Chicago Dental Society, came into existence on the twenty-sixth of January, 1864, and from that date was occasionally discussed the feasibility of establishing a dental college in this city. During the succeeding five years the movement took such form that the Rush Medical College decided to found a department of dentistry. Application to the Illinois State Legislature was therefore made for a charter, which was granted on March 12, 1869, to Horace White, Allan N. Towne, Thomas Drummond, Francis Munson, Robert Collyer, George S. Bowen, George Hibben, Robert L. Rea, Samuel B. Noble, John B. Rice, George H. Gushing, Robert C. Hammill and their associates. The corporation thus created was known as the Chicago Dental College, and its object to establish and maintain a dental college and dispensary in Cook County. Various unsuccessful attempts were made to put in operation the charter of 1869, and during the succeeding year the faculty of the Rush Medical College proposed the following arrangement to the Trustees of the Chicago Dental College: "The faculty of the Dental College shall consist of not less than seven members; of these, three, viz.. Chemistry, Anatomy and Physiology, shall be filled by appointing those holding the like chairs in the Rush Medical College. T he dental students shall have admission to all regular lectures of the Rush Medical College, and the lectures of those professors holding professorships in both schools shall be only those of their regular course of lectures in the Rush Medical College. The special dental lectures shall be given in such a way as not to encroach on the course of medical instruction in the Rush Medical College. The fees at the Dental College shall be the same as those of the Rush Medical College, and one-half of the professors' tickets shall go to the Rush Medical College, and any incidental expenses above the ordinary expenses of the Rush Medical College incurred by the Dental College shall be paid by the said Dental College, but in no case will any rent be charged for the use of the college building."* * This contract was written by Professor E. Ingals, to whom I am indebted for the original. 411 412 COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. Inasmuch as the dental department was not organized, the proposed arrange- ment was of course never consummated. Not discouraged in its long-continued efforts to place a dental department or college on a sound footing, the Rush Medical College made various overtures to the Chicago Dental Society looking to that end. At length, in September, 1876, the society appointed a committee, consisting of M. S. Dean, George H. Cushing, Gorton W. Nichols, Edgar D. Swain and Truman W. Brophy to confer with the committee from the Rush Medical College, composed of Joseph P. Ross, E. L. Holmes, J. P. Freer, VV. S. Haines, Charles T, Parkes and Norman Bridge. While the faculty of the college desired to organize, it was finally decided that, for a time, at least, it was best to abandon the attempt. The views presented by the committee of the Chicago Dental Society were to the effect that the dental colleges now in operation in the United States were sufficiently numerous to meet the demands then existing for educational work in this special line; that those in operation were not so supported as to enable them to satisfactorily carry on this educational work, and for these reasons the committee was not in favor of organizing another school. In 1880 another effort was made to organize a dental department of Rush Medical College. A meeting was held at the office of Dr. Charles T. Parkes, No. 125 State Street, at which were present Drs. W. W. Allport, E. S. Talbot, Truman W. Brophy, Walter S. Haines and James H. Etheridge, to discuss the matter and come, if possible, to some definite conclusion. Those in attendance were divided in their opinions as to the educational scope and plan of the proposed institution. Dr. Allport contended that the students should be graduates in medicine before taking the course in dentistry and receiving the dental degree. Students in medical colleges might enter the dental course of instruction, but prior to graduating in dentistry must obtain the degree of M. D., thus placing them in the position of specialists in the practice of medicine. Dr. Parkes opposed this plan on the ground that the courses outlined required an attendance of five years and that few men would care to devote so much time to college work; besides, those who thus took up the study and practice of dentistry (while there might be distinguished exceptions) would, as a rule, have been failures in medicine and would not be desirable additions to the province of dentistry, whether as students or practitioners. As stated, Dr. Parkes opposed the plan, at the same time agreeing not to antagonize any effort which might be made to organize a dental infirmary or college. The outcome of the conference was that Rush Medical College dropped the matter entirely, so far as organizing a dental department was concerned ; but, fortunately, a sufficiently strong sentiment existed to pre- vent the matter from being dropped completely by those who were most vitally interested. COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. 413 CHICAGO DENTAL INFIRMARY CHARTERED (1883). The point has now been reached where commences the history proper of the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. During the Summer of 1882 the movement to organize an independent dental college took such definite and en- couraging form that in October of that year application was made to the Secretary of the State of Illinois for a license to open books for subscription to the capital stock of the institution. Such license was issued to Gorton W. Nichols, Truman W. Brophy, Frank H. Gardiner, A. W. Harlan and Eugene S. Talbot as com- FIRST HEADQUARTERS OF THE COLLEGE, ON ADAMS STREET. missioners to open books and transact the business of the corporation. On February 20, 1883, in the office of the Secretary of State, the commissioners filed a report of their proceedings under the license, upon which date a charter was granted legalizing the corporation under the name of ' ' The Chicago Dental Infirmary." On June 30, 1884, the name of the institution was changed to that by which it is now known, the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. FIRST REGULAR SESSION. The first regular session of the infirmary opened on March 12, 1883, continuing twenty weeks, or until July 31. As this was the father of the college, 414 COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. which has since developed into the largest institution of the kind in the world, it is of interest to know who were the members of its chief boards of manage- ment and education. They were as follows: Board of Counselors: Hons. Lyman Trumbull, John Wentworth, Carlile Mason and B. C. Cook; Rev. Robert D. Shepard and Dr. George F. Root, and Messrs. Wm. K. Ackerman, E. H. Sargent, Murry Nelson, Wirt Dexter, Wm. Penn Nixon, George W. Lyon, John V. Farwell, Wm. M. Hoyt and George M. Pullman. Board of Directors: N. S. Davis, M. D., LL.D., Chicago Medical College; Wm. H. Byford, A. M., M. D., Woman's Medical College; N. B. Delamater, A. M., M. D., Chicago Homeopathic Medical College; Norman Bridge, M. D., Rush Medical College; A. Reeves Jackson, A. M., M. D., College of Physicians and Surgeons; Milton Jay, M. D., Eclectic Medical College; James A. Swasey, Eugene S. Talbot, M. D., D. D. S., Frank H. Gardmcr, M. D., D. D. S., Truman W.^Brophy, M. D., D. D. S., A. W. Harlan, D. D. S., and Gorton W. Nichols, M. D. Executive Committee: Frank H, Gardiner, Truman W. Brophy, Eugene S. Talbot, A. W. Harlan and Gorton W. Nichols. Officers of the Infirmary: James A. Swasey, President; A. W. Harlan, D. D. S., Vice-President; Eugene S. Talbot, M. D., D. D. S., Recording Secretary; Truman W. Brophy, M. D., D. D. S., Corresponding Secretary, and Edgar D. Swain, D. D. S., Treasurer. Faculty: W. W. Allport, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics; George H. Gushing, D. D. S., Professor of Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery, and L. P. Haskell, Professor of Prothetic Dentistry and Oral Deformities. At its origin the college was a post-graduate school, known as the Collegiate Department of the Chicago Dental Infirmary. Its students were first required to obtain the degree of Doctor of Medicine, or its equivalent, from some college recognized by the Illinois State Board of Health, and to take two courses of lectures with the infirmary before receiving the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. Such a system of education for dentists was urged because, as has already been stated, the prime movers in the establishment of the institution, holding that dentistry was but a department of medicine, believed that dentists should be educated in medicine before beginning the study of this specialty. The organization was effected under the most favorable auspices. Six of the medical colleges then in Chicago were represented on its Board of Directors, and the opening lecture was delivered by that scholar, celebrated speaker and distinguished physician, Dr. N. S. Davis. During the first session there were three professors and eight lecturers in the institution. The professors taught the Principles and Practice of Dental COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. 415 Surgery, Operative Dentistry and Prothetic Dentistry, and the lecturers devoted themselves to Dental Anatomy, Dental Pathology and other special branches not followed minutely in medical colleges. Eighteen students were enrolled for the first course, and at its close there were no candidates for the degree. Two, however, entered the examinations for a special certificate, both of whom failed. During; the following course eleven names were entered in the matriculation book, two candidates entered the final examinations, and, after successfully passing them, received the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. These fortunates, the first graduates of the college, were C. W. Carson and A. E. Baldwin, both of whom are now engaged in practice in the city of Chicago. The honorary degree of D. D. S. was also conferred upon Edmund Noyes. THE CHICAGO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY (1884). It was in the middle of the second course that a new charter was obtained for the organization of the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, which from that time (June 30, 1884, as stated) supplanted the Collegiate Department of the Chicago Dental Infirmary. In explanation of the change, I will quote a portion of my address delivered at the sixth annual commencement exercises of the college, in March, 1888: "First, the institution, as organized, did not receive the large support which was expected from the medical profession; second, the dentists of Chicago and the Northwest could not or would not encourage and support a college which required a course of study twice as long as did the older and honored dental colleges of the East. Their students, therefore, came to us, investigated, said they wished to become dentists, not physicians, and moved on to some regular dental college. The medical graduates who came were, in many instances, imbued with the opinion that the knowledge to be acquired, in addition to what they already possessed, was purely mechanical and exceedingly simple. Moreover, we discovered that those who had not engaged in dental study prior to, or along with their medical training attached too little importance to dental science and art. Thus vanished our fondly cherished hopes of practically teaching dental and oral surgery, and making it a specialty in medicine by conferring the dental degree only upon those who had first received the degree in medicine. Attractive though the theory was, it was found impracticable, and the educating of physicians to become dentists proved in this instance, at least, far short of a success. "To say that it is not possible by careful training in a dental college to make a skillful, accomplished dentist of a gentleman who has been previously educated in medicine and practiced that profession would be preposterous. Still, one thus educated would be the better dentist had he begun the study of dentistry first, and had dentistry, his life work, constantly before him, instead of carrying in his mind the expectation of engaging in general medical practice. 41 6 COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. ' While a knowledge of the underlying principles of medicine is indispensable to the dentist, he must always study to appropriate these principles to his use as a dentist. A change came. The board of directors experienced what might be termed a 'remoleculization' of ideas. In its beginning it was medicine first and practical dentistry afterward. Now, as the politicans would say, it is practical dentistry 'first, last and all the time,' accompanied by the teaching of Anatomy, Chemistry and Physiology and the Principles of Medicine and Surgery, thereby presenting to the student's mind those branches of knowledge which we regard essential to a well-informed practitioner of dental and oral surgery." In addition to this radical change in the plan of instruction, the curriculum was extended so as to include, besides the departments named. General Pathology, Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Practical Anatomy received the same attention given this subject in the best regulated medical colleges, and a complete course in the chemical laboratory was a requirement for admission to the examinations for the dental degree. Physiology and Histology were brought to a high grade of practical value in the histological laboratory and microscopical work was made obligatory. INNOVATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. The Chicago College of Dental Surgery was the first institution of its kind in this country to introduce and use for the benefit of its students a complete apparatus for the cultivation of microbes, thus demonstrating the agents active in establishing caries of the teeth and effecting their destruction. This institution was also the first to organize its Junior students in the Prothetic department into classes for practical work in dental technics, both operative and prothetic. In addition to these innovations in teaching, semi-daily clinics were organized in the college infirmary, being conducted for the benefit of the Senior students by the most skillful and successful practitioners. This clinical instruction is still car- ried on systematically and to an extent unequaled in former years. While upon the subject of innovations in dental education, which have originated with the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, mention must be made of the pioneer class of dental practitioners, which, in April, 1889, assembled for a special course of instruction to be given by the faculty of that institution. This so called Practitioners' Course had been decided upon at a meeting called by Dr. Brophy, President and Dean of the Faculty, during the preceding January. The course extended over a period of four weeks, and at its conclusion those who had taken it, thirty-two practitioners from Illinois, Ohio, Missouri, Mississippi, Georgia, Wisconsin, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Oregon and Germany, passed most enthusiastic resolutions commending the action of the college in providing such a course and the able manner in which it had been conducted. With the reorganization of the institution, as the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, the faculty was increased from nine to seventeen members, and the COLLEGE OE DENTAL SURGERY. 419 college, during the session of 1884-85, showed in its attendance a gratifying effect of this expansion of plan and machinery. As against twenty-live matriculates and two graduates for the session of 1883-84, the succeeding collegiate year — that of 1884-85 — graduated twenty-two out of fifty matriculates. GROWTH BY STATISTICS. The growth of the college may thus be set forth : SESSION. FACULTY. MATRICULATES. GRADUATES. 1884-85. .,,.,..... 17 50 22 1885-86.... 30 80 , 16 1886-87. 36 TO I , . 37 1887-88. 39 120 44 1888-89.. 58 141 65 1 889-90. 63 243 . 60 1890-91.. 54 314 94 1891-92.. 54 273 .. 128 1892-93 56 .254 26 1893-94..... 64 360 58 1894-95.. ... 65 415 .^ . . 107 OFFICERS AND FACULTY FOR 1 883-95. A roster is also herewith presented of the principal members of the faculty and boards of management: Board of Counselors: Lyman Trumbull, 1883-95- ; John Wentworth, 1883-S9; Carlile Mason, 1883-95; B. C. Cook, 1883-95; Wm. K. Ackerman, 1883-89; E. H. Sargent, 1 883-95-; Murry Nelson, 1 883-95-; Wirt Dexter, 1883-90; VVm. Penn Nixon, 1 883-95-; George H. Lyon, 1883-88; John V. Farwell, 18S3-89; Wm. M. Hoyt, 1883-95-; George M. Pullman, 1 883-95-; Robert D. Shepard, 1883-86; George F. Root, 1883-95; J. C. Knickerbocker, 1886-90; Sidney C. Eastman, 1886-95-; Henry M. Shepard, 1888-95-; Carter H. Harrison, 1888-93; John A. Roche, 1888-95; Henry W. King, 1889-95-; R. B. Tuller, 1892-95-; H. H. Wilson, 1892-94; A. H. Peck, 1894-95-; H. C. Durand, 1895-. Board of Directors: N. S. Davis, 1883-84; W. H. Byford, 1883-88; N. B. Delamater, 1883-91; Norman Bridge, 1883-86; A. Reeves Jackson, 1883-93; Milton Jay, 1883-90; James A. Swasey, 1883, President, 1884-88; Eugene S. Talbot, 1883-84; Frank H. Gardiner, 1883-84, Chairman of Executive Committee and Business Manager, 1 884-95-; Truman W. Brophy, 1883-84, Corresponding Secretary, 1884-86, Dean, 1886-88, President and Dean of the Faculty, 1888-95; A. W. Harlan, 1883-84, Vice-President, 1884-89, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer, 1 889-95-; Edgar D. Swain, 1883-84, Secretary and Treasurer, 1884-89-; 420 COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. Gorton W. Nichols, 1883-90; W. W. Allport, 1884-87; J. N. Grouse, 1885-89; C. H. Thayer, 1887-90; J. H. Etheridge, 1887-95-; E. Eletcher Ingals, 1888-95-; P, J. Kesler, 1889-91; Frank H. Gardiner, Business Manager, 1889-95; W. L. Copeland, 1895-. Faculty: W. W. Allport, Professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics, 1883-84. Geo. H. Gushing, Professor of Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery, 1883-86; Emeritus Professor, 1886-88; Professor of Operative Dentistry, 1888-90. L. P. Haskell, Professor of Prothetic Dentistry, 1883-87. Truman W. Brophy, Professor of Oral Surgery, 1884-95-. Edmund Noyes, Professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics, 1884; Professor of Operative Dentistry, 1884-88. E. D. Swain, Professor of Histology, Physiology and Microscopy, 1884-85. P. J. Kester, Professor of Ghemistry and Materia Medica, 1884-85; Professor of Special Ghemistry, 1885-86. Eggleston Burrows, Professor of Regional Anatomy, 1884-85. G. V. Black, Professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics, 1884-86; Professor of Pathology, 1886-89; Superintendent of Glinical Departments, 1888-89. W. L. Gopeland, Professor of Anatomy, 1 884-95-. W. T. Belfield, Professor of Physiology and Microscopy, 1884-89; Professor of Physiology and Pathology, 1889-90; Professor of Pathology, 1 890-95-. Lewis L. McArthur, Professor of Ghemistry and Metallurgy, 1884-88. A. W. Harlan, Professor of Materia Medica and Adjunct Professor of Operative Dentistry, 1884-85; Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 1885-95. W. B. Ames, Professor of Prothetic Dentistry, 1887-89. J. W. Wassail, Professor of Regional Anatomy, 1887-89. Garrett Newkirk, Professor of Irregularities and Hygiene, 1887-89. George H. McGausey, Adjunct Professor of Histology and Microscopy, 1889-90. Louis Ottofy, Adjunct Professor of Physiology, 1889-90; Professor of Physiology, 1890-93. Electus B. Ward, Adjunct Professor of Pathology, 1890-90; Professor of Dental Anatomy and Pathology, 1890-91. J. B. Weis, Adjunct Professor of Ghemistry, 1890-94. W. G. Barrett, Professor of Dental Anatomy and Pathology, 1891-95. E. A. Royce, Adjunct Professor of Dental Anatomy and Pathology, 1891-93. James G. K. McGlure, President of Lake Forest University, 1892-93. G. W. Garson, Professor of Hygiene, Lecturer on Operative Dentistry, 1892-93; Professor of Hygiene. 1893-94. MAIN ENTRANCE OF COLLEGE. COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. 423 N. J. Roberts, Adjunct Professor of Orthodontia, 1892-95. A. H. Peck, Adjunct Professor of Operative Dentistry, 1892-94; Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 1895-. E. M. S. Fernandez, Adjunct Professor of Prothetic Dentistry, 1892-95. Jolm M. Coulter, President of Lake Forest University, 1893-95. L. L. Skelton, Professor of Physiology, 1893-95. Charles B. Gibson, Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy, 1 888-95-. C. N. Johnson, Adjunct Professor of Operative Dentistry, 1888- 1890; Professor of Operative Dentistry, 1 890-95-. W. C. Roberts, President of Lake Forest University, 1889-92. Calvin S. Case, Professor of Prothetic Dentistry and Orthodontia, 1889-95; Professor of Orthodontia, 1895-. James A. Swasey, Professor of Clinical Dentistry, 1889-94. Frank H. Gardiner, Clinical Professor of Operative Dentistry, 1 889-95-. E. J. Perry, Adjunct Professor in Crown and Bridge Work, 1893-95; Professor of Prothetic Dentistry, 1895-. G. N. West, Adjunct Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 1893-95-- Leonard C. Borland, Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, 1 894-95-. Don M. Gallic, Adjunct Professor of Operative Dentistry, 1895-. J. R. Pagin, Adjunct Professor of Prothetic Dentistry, 1895-. CHANGES IN LOCATION. Thus at the present time the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, which since 1889 has been a department of Lake Forest University, is the largest institution of its kind in the world. During 1893 it erected and now occupies a magnificent building on the corner of Wood and Harrison streets, which is prominent even among a group of fourteen other fine structures, comprising medical colleges, hospitals and schools. It is a five-story and basement building, the basement and first story being of rock-faced Bedford stone, the superstructure of pressed brick and terra-cotta, the entire edifice having an imposing frontage of eighty-five feet and a depth of one hundred and twenty feet. The building has two entrances, the main one through a large cut stone doorway surrounded by a stone arch beautifully ornamented with carved work. The interior is furnished in hard wood, according to the latest idea of elegance, convenience and comfort. The entire six floors of the building and divided into lecture rooms, class rooms, clmic rooms, etc., with the exception of the second floor, which is devoted to the dental infirmary. The chief lecture room has a seating capacity for four hundred and fifty students. There is also a dissecting room thoroughly ecjuipped with all the requisites for the study of human anatomy. There are histological, chemical, bacteriological laboratories, also laboratories for 424 COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. the study of operative and prothetic technics, and for the construction of artificial dentures. Reading rooms, a library and museum for the students and waiting rooms for the patients are provided. The original building was erected at a cost of $75,000 and was one of the most complete structures of the kind in existence, but the remarkable growth of the institution has made such an extension necessary as will nearly double its present capacity and accommodations. The addition, which will be a uniform building of six stories in height, is expected to be completed in the Fall of 1896, and is especially provided for an extension of laboratory and infirmary work, to provide better lecture, reading and library rooms, and to furnish the students with a complete gymnasium. Naturally, however, before attaining its present standing the Chicago College of Dental Surgery has had its home in various localities and in a variety of structures. During the first three years of its existence, as infirmary and college, its headquarters were at Nos. 22-26 Adams Street and 5-6 Washington Street. The rooms in which the lectures and clinics were held were well lighted, fitted with chairs, engines, brackets, etc., both in the operating room and laboratory. The applicances also included a continuous gum furnace, nitrous oxide apparatus, drawers for the safe-keeping of the students' instruments, forceps and medicine cases and microscopes. In 1886, owing to the rapid growth of the college, a lease was secured of the building at the northeast corner of Madison Street and Wabash Avenue, having a frontage of sixty feet on the latter thoroughfare and one hundred and sixty- five feet on the former. As the rear of the structure rested in Dearborn Place excellent light was obtained from three directions. The college rooms consisted of lecture and faculty rooms, museum, convenient quarters for the infirmary, with a capacity for sixty chairs, chemical, mechanical and physiological laboratories, dissecting room, administration office and conveniences for patients, students and visitors. After remaining at this location for five years, a removal to more commodious quarters again became necessary, the management securing the three upper floors of the building situated at the northeast corner of Michigan Avenue and Randolph Street. The frontage was fifty feet on Michigan Avenue and one hundred and fifty feet on Randolph Street, with the rear resting on Central Avenue. The next change made by the college was to its jiresent location in 1893, where it is appropriately established in the midst of the great medical district of Chicago — housed in a structure which is both massive and ornamental, as befits one of the most important institutions of Chicago, the West and the United States. CHICAGO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY (MAIN BUILDING). BIOGRAPHICAL. TRUMAN WILLIAM BROPHY, M. D., D. D. S., LL. D. Dr. Brophy is of Irish-English descent, his parents, VVilhamand Ameha (Cleveland) Brophy, being natives of Hemmingford, Quebec, a small town not far from Lake Champlain and the international boundary line. When the two were children their families moved together to the rich agricultural and fruit country near Newcastle, on the northern shore of Lake Ontario, not far east of Toronto. From this point they emigrated to Aurora, Kane County, 111., and thence to Will County, southwest of Chicago. Previous to this time William Brophy had visited the small village set down in the mud at the mouth of Chicago River. He was then but eighteen years of age, and the Chicago of 1835 was mostly located on the North Side, Lake Street, a "soggy" thoroughfare, being the only real means of communica- tion with the south and west. The youth was only impressed with the utter dis- consolateness of the Chicago of those days and returned to his home in Canada where, on June 22, 1843, he was married to Amelia Cleveland. Thus the two who since infancy had been playmates and friends entered into a lifelong partnership, formed upon the basis of mutual afiection and common in- terests. Coming West in September, 1844, and, as stated, finally locating in W^ill County, the young husband now found the bustling Chicago, not far distant, a little city of quite intense interest. Here, through William B. Ogden, the ex-Mayor and afterward one of the great pioneers of the Northwest, he was enabled to secure quite profitable contracts as a carpenter. What was Mr. Brophy's disgust, however, when Mr. Ogden proposed as payment for his hard, honest labor a tract of swampy lands somewhere between Harrison and Twelfth streets— it may be in the vicinity of the present Dearborn station or the massive Wiscon- sin Central depot. The district in Will County, however, which had been settled by quite a little colony, composed of Mr. Brophy's family, with friends and relatives, proved somewhat unhealthful, and a move was made to Gooding's Grove, a short dis- tance northeast of Lockport. Here William Brophy bought the farm upon which was born his son Truman, on the twelfth of April, 1848. It was during these early Chicago days — during the 40's and 50's — that ' Reuben Cleveland, brother of William Brophy's wife, made quite a figure in 427 42 8 COLLEGE OE DENTAL SURGERY. the local annals of Chicago. The firm of Cleveland & Russell, of which he was the senior partner, represented perhaps the largest general contractors in this part of the country. In fact, when Chicago was a city of wood there were few sections where evidences of their enterprise and handicraft did not abound. Along Madison and Halsted, Clark and State streets, they erected whole rows of frame structures, and for years their planing mills and their sash, door and blind factories did an immense business. But the panic of 1857 caught them with their enterprises expanded beyond the limits of safety, and they went under with thousands of their fellows. Mr. Cleveland was at one time Superintendent of Public Works, and it was he who organized the Masonic lodge which bears his name. During the war he was an officer in the famous Eighth Illinois Cavalry, commanded by Colonel John F. Farnsworth. It was some years, however, before Mr. Brophy located permanently in Chicago with his family. After living for two years on the farm at Gooding's Grove, the little colony of which his family was a part suffered an epidemic of malarial fever, which proved fatal to several members of the community. This sad circumstance induced him to remove his increasing flock to Elgin, where he secured a contract to construct a section of the Chicago & Galena railroad, the father of the Chicago & Northwestern, and the first line to enter the city. At this time the family consisted of the parents and three boys, the youngest of the children being six months of age. The next move was to St. Charles, 111., whence, after providing the family with a comfortable home, the father (in 1852) started across the Western plains alone to seek gold and a fortune in California. The excitement was then at high tide, and Mr. Brophy, who had accumulated a small competency, was in such circumstances that he was enabled to give the gold diggings a fair test of two years. Fortunately he was one of the lucky ones, and returned to his home in St. Charles during December of 1854 in such sound financial condition that he at once purchased a good farm a few miles west of the village. This locality he made his home until the Fall of 1866, when he removed to Chicago. At this time Truman was in his nineteenth year. He had received a good common school and academic education in the institutions of St. Charles and \ Elgin, and when his father removed to Chicago in 1866 he was enabled to pursue literary courses both at Dyrenfurth's Business College and the Atheneum. In early boyhood he had decided to study dentistry, and in the Spring of 1867, through the infiuence of his uncle, Reuben Cleveland, he entered the office of Dr. J. O. Farnsworth, then located at No. 116 Randolph Street. The course then usually pursued by a would-be dentist was to enter the office of a practitioner, and after obtaining a variable amount of theoretical knowledge and practical experience, to enter into actual practice himself. Thus, -«.«^ COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. 431 at first, the young student followed the custom and soon proved so apt a pupil that his preceptor and superior during an illness of several months' dura- tion, which finally resulted in his death, virtually placed his business in Tru- man's hands. The young pupil succeeded to Dr. Farnsworth's practice and by 1 87 1 was in quite prosperous circumstances for one of his years. The great fire of that year, however, swept away nearly all his earthly possessions with the exception of a small bank deposit, and in common with thousands of other men, young and old, he now looked around to take his bearings and decide upon his future course. Dr. Brophy's wise decision was that before resuming practice it would be to his advantage to become more systematically educated in the principles and most modern methods of his profession. In the Fall of 187 1, therefore, he started East for Philadelphia, at that time, perhaps, the most important center of medical and dental education in America. Until the Spring of 1872 he pursued a regular course in the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, from which he graduated with his degree of D. D. S. In addition the energetic young student took special courses in Pathology and Surgery in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Gen- eral Hospital, the Blockley Hospital and the Jefferson Medical College. As a result of this hard work and an evidence of his thorough training, even at this early day, he brought back to Chicago commendatory certificates from all of these institutions. Thus equipped he at once commenced the practice of his profession, but, meeting cases which required a more extended knowledge than he had acquired, in 1878 he pursued a regular medical and surgical course at Rush College, from which he graduated with the degree of M. D. in 1880. Dr. Brophy had been elected president of his class, and his career had been marked by such distinguishing features that almost immediately upon graduating he was chosen by the faculty to the professorship of Dental Path- ology and Surgery, which position he still holds. In the Summer of 1882 Dr. Brophy took the initiative steps toward the founding of the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. Its first regular course began in March, 1883, and the institution has since grown to such proportions that it is the largest dental college in the world. It should be stated in this connection that had it not been for his strong and persistent efforts the building now occupied, the largest and finest for its purposes in existence, would not have been erected, and the lot upon which it stands would not have been purchased. He persistently urged the selection of the present site, corner of Wood and Harrison streets, upon the board of management, and was solely instrumental in raising the money for the erection of the building. Since the founding of the college Dr. Brophy has been at the head of its faculty and foremost in its affairs. 432 COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. He has also been connected with the Central Free Dispensary of Rush Medical College for many years and is still its Consulting Surgeon. Dr. Brophy is ex-President of the Odontological and Dental societies of Chicago and is a member of the Chicago Medical, Pathological, Medico-Legal, Dental, Odonto- graphic and many other dental and medical societies. State and National in their scope. Furthermore, he is ex-President of the section of Dental and Oral Surgery, American Medical Association, which was suggested by him and or- ganized chiefly through his efiorts. He is also connected with a number of organizations not allied to either dentistry or medicine, such as the Union League, the Illinois Club and the Chicago Athletic Association. Dr. Brophy is quite a constant contributor to professional literature, but the active duties of his calling consume so much of his time and strength that he has essayed as yet nothing in book form. Mention should here be made of one of the latest honors conferred upon him in the form of the degree of LL. D., which he received from the Lake Forest University at the Commence- ment exercises in 1895. On May 8, 1873, Dr. Brophy was united in marriage to Emma J. Mason, daughter of Carlile Mason, of Chicago, President of the Excelsior Iron Works. They have three daughters and one son — the latter, fourteen years of age, probably destined to follow in his father's footsteps. WILLIAM LOWRY COPELAND, M. D. Dr. Copeland is of Irish-American extraction, coming of that stock which has done so much to fix the electrical temperament upon us as a people. The Celtic blood in our veins is what particularly distinguishes the American from the English type, and Dr. Copeland is a pronounced representative of that valuable element in the national temperament. He is of the dark, sanguine cast, with pronounced features, manly voice, and of a stature considerably above the average. His father, William Lowry, also was born in the north of Ire- land, but left there with his parents for New York State when he was four years of age and settled at Lewistown, N. Y. About five years later he moved to Canada, and in his fifteenth year became a clerk in the St. Catharine's postoffice, being subsequently appointed postmaster and retaining his connec- tion with that institution for over forty years. Dr. Copeland's mother, Dency Prudence Moore, was born near Ogdensburg, N. Y. , and possessed an unusually sweet and amiable disposition, which en- deared her to all with whom she came in contact. The husband and father died at the age of sixty-seven years, leaving four sons and two daughters. E,= »,.H«,«rT..^., J^,C„ COLLEGE OE DENTAL SURGERY. 435 Dr. Copeland was born on the seventh of January, 185 1, at St. Catharines, Ontario, or, as it was then called. Upper Canada. Educated in the public school of his native place, in accord with his father's wish that he should select a profession he chose that of medicine as the one best adapted to his tastes and temperament. At the age of seventeen he entered the ofifice of Drs. Cross and Downey. His studies were directed by them until in the Fall of the same year (1868), when he was prepared to matriculate at McGill College, Montreal. Graduating from that institution in the Spring of 1872, he went to Toronto and passed the examination of the Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons, obtaining a license to practice in that province. Wishing, however, to obtain a practical and general experience before embarking in his life work, he went abroad for the purpose of investigating the methods of the British hospitals. Dr. Copeland spent a year at the London hospitals and obtained the de- gree of Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, England. Afterward he was employed for several months as House Surgeon in the Reading Hospital, Berk- shire, and then spending a short time in visiting other points of professional interest in Great Britain and Ireland he returned to his home at St. Catharines. At the solicitation of his parents Dr. Copeland commenced practice in his native town, being soon appointed Physician and Surgeon to the St. Catharines General and Marine Hospital. The position was no sinecure, as the new Wel- land Canal was then in course of construction, and, a large number of men being employed upon the work, the hospital was often full of patients. Dr. Copeland's stay of five years at the St. Catharines Hospital established his reputation as a physician and surgeon and gave him. a remarkaljly broad and valuable experience. As in the natural course of events, however, his hospital practice decreased. Dr. Copeland looked around for a broader field and one which promised a permanent increase. In 1879, therefore, at the request of some of his friends, he visited Chicago for the first time and was so impressed with its professional advantages that in the Fall of that year he moved with his family and household effects to this city. Before long he had established a good private practice, and when the College of Physicians and Surgeons was organized he received an appointment on the dispensary staff, which he held for about five years. In 1892 Dr. Cope- land was also appointed one of the Attending Physicians to the Cook County Hospital. When the College of Dental Surgery was reorganized in 1884 he accepted the professorship of Anatomy in that institution, which position he still retains. Naturally Dr. Copeland is associated with the leading organizations of his profession, having a membership in the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Pathological Society and the American Medical Association, joining the two first named shortly after locating in this city. At different times he has been con- 436 COLLEGE OF DEN'J AL SURGERY. nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Ancient Order of United Workmen, Order of Chosen Friends and the Royal League, his pressing and increasing professional duties obliging him to withdraw from all of the above except the last named. Before severing his connection with the I. O. O. F., however, he had passed through all the chairs and served as Representative to the Grand Lodge. As the Doctor expresses it: "Li Canada I was a Conservative in politics and a Presbyterian in religion. I am still a Presbyterian and a Democrat, and am firmly convinced that local affairs should be kept out of all forms of politics." Li 1875 I-^^- Copeland married Mary St. John, second daughter of the late Samuel L. St. John, of St. Catharines, and sister of Dr. Leonard and Frederick St. John, of this city. They have two daughters, the eldest, Maud, having lately graduated from St. Agnes School, Albany, N. Y. , taking a course of two years in half the time. She had previously passed through the Chicago High School, and, as during her four years of study at that institution she maintained the unusually high average of over 90 per cent., it goes without saying that she is a young lady of remarkable attainments and a brilliant future. The younger daughter. Belle, still attends the public schools, where her progress is very satisfactory. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL By EDGAR D. SWAIN, D. D. S., Dean. SCHOOL FOUNDED (1887). Dr. W. W. Allport may be considered the father of the idea to estabHsh a dental school in Chicago with higher educational requirements for admission than were made obligatory by any institution of the kind then in existence. His plan, however, was but in line with the policy adopted years before, when the substantial foundation was laid of the Medical Department of Lind Uni- versity, subsequently the Chicago Medical College and the Northwestern Uni- versity Medical School. In September, 1886, at Dr. Allport's office, a meeting was held for the purpose of discussing the enterprise, at which were present its originator and Drs. Charles P. Pruyn, J. S. Marshall, A. E. Baldwin, Arthur B. Freeman, Arthur E. Matteson and Charles R. Baker. The project was pushed along so energetically that within the coming year the school was organized as the Den- tal Department of the Northwestern University, with a faculty consisting of seventeen professors and four demonstrators, as follows: John S. Marshall, M. D., Dean, Professor of Oral Surgery. W. W. Allport, M. D., D. D. S., Emeritus Professor of Principles and Practice of Operative Dentistry. *Edmund Andrews, M. D., LL. D., Professor of Clinical Surgery. *Ralph N. Isham, A. M., M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery. ^Walter Hay, M. D., LL. D., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. L. P. Haskell, D. D. S., Professor of Mechanical Dentistry. *F. C. Schaefer, M. D., Professor of Descriptive Anatomy. R. F. Ludwig, D. D. S., Treasurer, Professor of Clinical Operative Den- tistry. A. E. Baldwin, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics. ^Members of the Medical School Faculty. 439 440 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSETY DENTAL SCHOOL. Charles P. Pruyn, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Principles and Practice of Operative Dentistry. "^■John H. Long, Sc. D., Professor of General and Medical Chemistry. *R. W. Bishop, A. B., M. D., Professor of Physiology. *W. E. Casselberry, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. *F. S. Johnson, A. M., M. D., Professor of Pathology and Pathological Anatomy. C. R. Baker, D. D. S., Professor of Metallurgy and Oral Chemistry. Arthur B. Freeman, M. D., D. D. S., Secretary, Professor of Compara- tive Dental Anatomy. *Frank T. Andrews, A. M., M. D., Professor of Histology. Arthur E. Matteson, Lecturer on Dental Deformities. *Elbert Wing, A. M., M. D., Demonstrator of Pathology. ^Herbert H. Frothingham, Demonstrator of Anatomy. *George W. Webster, M. D., Demonstrator of Physiology. THE CURRICULUM. The dental department was first established in a private residence — two stories and basement — rented for the purpose, at No. 51 Twenty-sixth Street, opposite the Chicago Medical College. At the time no other dental school in the country was providing its students with a longer course than two years, covering two annual terms of five months each; but the new department, from the first, furnished instruction during six months of the year for a course of three years. After passing an examination in the English branches and m either Physics, Botany, French, German or Latin, or by furnishing the faculty with a certificate of graduation from literary college, scientific school or academy, its students commenced their dental course by receiving instruction with the medical students in the fundamental sciences pertaining to medicine and sur- gery, namely: Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, General Chemistry and Micros- copy. To these was added a thorough drill in Mechanical Dentistry. The second year's course embraced General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Materia Medica and General Therapeutics, Medical Chemistry, Den- tal Pathology and Therapeutics, Principles and Practice of Operative Dentistry, Comparative Dental Anatomy and Demonstrations in Operative Dentistry. The branches taught during the third year were Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery, Medical Jurisprudence, Oral Surgery and Dental Deformities and Operative Dentistry. Clinical instruction was made a prominent feature of the curriculum. As announced by the faculty: "The method of instruction termed clinical, by *Menibers of the Medical School Faculty. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL. 441 which each student is required to make direct personal examination of patients, has been always a conspicuous element in the system of instruction of the Chicago Medical College, and it will be the aim of the dental department to follow this plan as fully as possible." To this end the first and second year students received instruction at the dental infirmary by practical demonstration in all the methods of constructing artificial dentures upon rubber, gold, silver, continuous gum, crown and bridge work. Practical operations were performed by the second and third year students with gold and the plasters, under the direct supervision of the demonstrators. In addition to these infirmary clinics, second year students took a special clinical course in general and Oral Surgery at St. Luke's Hos- pital, and third year students received instruction in the same line at Mercy Hospital. A fourth year was also provided for those who desired to continue their studies and take the degree of M. D. Briefly, the system of instruction adopted by the new dental department was the graded course, a system first established in this country by the Chicago Medical College more than a quarter of a century previous. The couri;e of instruction was also so arranged as to be in harmony with a resolution which had recently been passed by the American Medical Association, thereby en- titling the graduates of the Northwestern University Dental Department to become members of that national organization. When the dental department was first established the quarters provided seemed adequate and even commodious. Large rooms were furnished for dis- secting purposes and for the preservation of material required in the anatomical studies. There were Chemical, Microscopical and Bacteriological laboratories, a library and reading room, and a museum supplied with preparations and specimens illustrative of Normal Pathological and Comparative Anatomy and of Materia Medica. These were in the medical school. It must be remembered, however, that as the corporate home of the de- partment was established in simply what was formerly a rather commodious house, where it remained for four years, it would at the present time be con- sidered insufferably condensed. During this period few changes were made in the faculty, these few occur- ring in the third year, when George W. Whitefield became Professor of Electro- Therapeutics; E. L. Clifford, Professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeu- tics; Byron S. Palmer, Professor of Dental Technics; George W. Haskins, Lecturer on Metallurgy and Demonstrator of Mechanical Dentistry; D. C. Bacon, Lecturer on Prothetic Dentistry; and George J. Dennis, Lecturer on Operative Dentistry and Clinical Instructor. 442 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL. FIRST GRADUATING CLASS (1890). The first graduating class of April, 1890, consisted of nine members — Isaac A. Freeman, Samuel H. Hunt, William B. McCord, Arthur E. Matteson, Charles W. Richardson, William C. Wise, Sylvester M. Wilkie, Lucius E. Richardson and William O. Vallette, of whom all but the two last named are now practicing in Chicago. Two members of the class are also members of the present faculty. It will be seen that the class was small — in fact by the adoption and maintenance of its high standard of qualifications, both for admission and graduation, the dental college labored under the same disadvantages as did the Chicago Medical College during the early portion of its career; but while the attendance was thus restricted and the graduating classes limited, those who did receive their degrees and went into active practice were a credit to the institution and living illustrations of its faithful and high-grade work. To maintain that standard, in fact, members of the faculty were often obliged to meet the more pressing obligations of the department from their private resources. AFFIITATION AND REORGANIZATION (1891). In the early part of 1891, those most deeply interested in the University Dental School, realizing that something must be done to continue the school, made a proposition to the authorities of the Northwestern University that they assume its debts and become the owners, in fact. The proposition was finally accepted, and immediate steps were taken to place the school upon a better foundation. The name was changed to "The Northwestern University Dental School." The second story of a building on the northwest corner of Twenty- second Street and Indiana Avenue was secured and divided into the necessary lecture and class rooms, with what was then thought to be clinical rooms suf- ficient for many years to come. Believing that the teaching of dentistry should be elevated to a higher standard, and that the studies of Anatomy, Chemistry, Histology and Surgery could be better taught the dental student in a medical school, arrangment was made for these branches with the Northwestern University Medical School. This plan was followed during the terms of 1891-92 and 1892-93, when it was decided to transfer part of these studies to the regular dental faculty, for the reason that the hours for lectures interfered with the purely dental require- ments; consequently, for the past three years, only Chemistry and Anatomy have been taught dental students in the medical school. In the reorganization it was decided that to raise the standard of dental education it was necessary first to raise the standard of students; therefore, it was required that applicants for admission must present diplomas or certificates NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL. 443 from recognized colleges, schools of science, academies or high schools, or teachers' certificates of the first grade; or sustain an examination in English, Arithmetic, Physics and Geography, translating into English a sentence in Latin or German. This rule has been rigidly adhered to, and has demonstrated the wisdom by the continued improvement from year to year of the students applying for admission and the consequent growth of the reputation of the school. A noteworthy feature of this reorganization of 1891 was the establishment of the department of Dental Technics, accomplished largely through the efforts of Professor Greene V. Black, one of the world's foremost authorities in this line. In brief, the department was organized for the purpose of teaching the technical operations of dentistry systematically, by means of a series of operations upon teeth out of the mouth. It was divided into two courses, the Operative and the Prothetic. In the former the students make a regular series of cuttings of natural teeth in such a way as to become very familiar, by numerous repetitions, with such characteristics as the sizes, forms and relations of pulp chambers and root canals, and the physical qualities and relations of dentine and enamel. Cavities are prepared and fillings made with all the materials in common use and root canals are cleansed and filled. Prothetic Technics includes the construction of crown and bridge work and of all regulating appliances, the student being also taught the manipulations for rubber work, the making of dies, the taking of impressions and manufacture of all the styles of artificial dentures, and the backing and soldering of teeth. In other words, this course embraces the mechanics of dentistry and the former its operations. It was during the year 1891 that Dr. Edgar D. Swain, the present incumbent, was called to assume the duties and responsibilites of the deanship and Dr. Edmund Noyes was made Secretary. Greene V. Black was called to the chair of Dental Pathology, George H. Gushing to that of Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery, Thomas L. Gilmer became Professor of Oral Surgery, W. B. Ames, Professor of Prothetic Dentistry, D. M. Cattell, Professor of Operative Technics, and H. P. Smith, Instructor in Prothetic Technics. GROWTH DURING 1891-1896. For the session of 1891-92 there were enrolled: Freshmen, 28; Juniors, 6; Seniors, 18. The graduates numbered 18. The enrollment for 1892-93: Freshmen, 31; Juniors, 26; Seniors, 6; Graduates, 6. During this year the course was lengthened from two to three years, in compliance with a resolution adopted by the National Board of Dental Faculties. Figures for 1893-94: Freshmen, 2)?)\ Juniors, 36; Seniors, 25; Graduates, 24. In 1894-95 there were 44 Freshmen, 38 Juniors, 32 Seniors and 29 Graduates, 444 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL. Record for 1895-96: Freshmen, 59; Juniors, 40; Seniors, 27; showing for each year a steady and healthy growth. PRESENT ACCOMMODATIONS. The school was removed in the Fall of 1893 to the new building erected by the university for the medical and dental departments. It is located at Nos. 2429-31 Dearborn Street, in close proximity to the building erected for laboratories, in which is given the instruction in chemistry and in the laboratory work of histology and pathology for the medical and dental schools. The anatomical rooms are there, also. Two floors in the new building were prepared specially for the exclusive use of the dental school. There were ample lecture rooms, laboratories for operative and prothetic technics and a large operating room, with light on four sides and ample accommodations for large classes and numerous patients. Second and third year students are required to perform practical operations for patients in the operating room and laboratory of the dental infirmary. This work is done under the supervision of the professors of Operative or Prothetic dentistry, or of skilled demonstrators. The superiority of this mode of instruction is apparent over that in which the students are simply allowed to practice in the clinic rooms but receive little or no teaching except in the lecture room. The school commenced the session of 1893-94 in its new quarters with a feeling that sufficient accommodations had been provided for an expansion of several years. They were, however, crowded during the first session, which condition increased each subsequent year until the authorities were compelled to acknowledge during the session of 1895-96 that the facilities for further success and growth were entirely inadequate, and that something must be done. In looking about for relief, a proposition was received from the American College of Dental Surgery to consolidate the two schools. CONSOLIDATION WITH AMERICAN SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY (1896). The American School was organized in 1886, and had made a most marvelous growth in the ten years of its existence, its class in 1895-96 numbering four hundred and fifty students. To accommodate this unusual expansion it had been compelled to move into ample quarters, on the corner of Madison and Franklin streets. Thereby the management had builded for a further growth, as the building can accommodate from five hundred and fifty to six hundred students. This plant, with its facilities added to those of the Northwestern School, it was thought, would supply the necessary room for growth. Therefore the Northwestern University became its owner, and has consolidated the two schools under the name of the Northwestern University Dental School. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAI SCHOOL. 445 THE FACULTY OF 1 887-96. As to the changes in the faculty and the terms of service of those who have held full professorships in the dental school during the decade of its exis- tence, it may be stated that — W. W. Allport, M. D., LL. D., was Emeritus Professor of Principles and Practice of Operative Dentistry from 1887 to 1891. John S. Marshall served as Dean during the same period, being succeeded by Edgar D. Swain, D. D. S., the present incumbent, in 1891. The chair of Oral Surgery was also held by Dr. Marshall during 1887-91, Thomas L. Gilmer, M. D., D. D. S., assuming it in the latter year and con- tinuing in that position to the present time. Greene V. Black, M. D., D. D. S., was chosen Professor of Dental Path- ology in 1 89 1, and after two years assumed his present chair, that of Special Pathology. As Professor of Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery, George H. Gushing, M. D., D. D. S., has served during the past five years, 1891-96. Charles P. Pruyn, one of the originators of the school, occupied the chair of Principles and Practice of Operative Dentistry in 1887-92, of Elementary Chemistry and Physics in 1892-93, and was Superintendent of Instruction from 1893-95- Arthur B. Freeman, M. D., D. D., another of the founders of the dental school, was elected at its organization to the professorship of Comparative Dental Anatomy, serving 18S7-93. He was also Secretary of the Faculty 1887-91. George W. Whitfield, M. D., D. D. S., was Professor of Electro-Thera- peutics, 1889-91, and of Crown and Bridge work, 1891-92. L. P. Haskell served as Professor of Mechanical Dentistry 1887-90, and of Prothetic Dentistry 1890-91. W. B. Ames, D. D. S., held the last named chair, 1891-93. Professor of Prothetic Dentistry and of Crown and Bridge Work, George J. Dennis, M. D., D. D. S., 1893-96. R. F. Ludwig, D. D. S., held the professorship of Clinical Operative Dentistry 1887-91, and Isaac A. Freeman, D. D. S., the same chair 1891-92. During the year last named Dr. Freeman was chosen Professor of Profes- sional Ethics and Deportment and Office Hygiene. He has been Auditor since 1894. A. E. Baldwin, M. D., D. D. S., was Professor of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics 1887-89, and E. L. Clifford, D. D. S., 1889-90. For the suc- ceeding two years Dr. Clifford was Professor of Dental Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Elgin MacWhinney, D. D. S., has held the same position since 1893. 446 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL. C. R. Baker, D. D. S., was chosen Professor of Metallurgy and Oral Chemistry in 1887, serving two years. Professor of Dental Technics, Byron S. Palmer, B. S., D. D. S., 1890-91. For 1891-93 Dr. Palmer was also Professor of Dental Embryology and His- tology, the same chair having been held by Henry P. Wadsworth, M. D., D, D. S., since 1893. During the period 1891-96 George W. Haskins, M. D., D. D. S., has either occupied the chair of Metallurgy or of Prothetic Technics, his title having been since 1893 Professor of Metallurgy and Prothetic Technics. David M. Cattell, D. D. S., was Professor of Operative Technics 1891-93, and Professor of Operative Technics and Dental Anatomy, 1893-96. Arthur E. Matteson, D. D. S., served as Professor of Dental Deformities, 1889-91, and Professor of Orthodontia 1891-96. He was also Treasurer of the Faculty 1891-94. R. F. Ludwig, D. D. S., acted as Treasurer from 1887 to 1891. The Superintendents of the Infirmary have been : M. A. Newman, D. D. S., 1890-92; C. W. Leake, D. D. S., 1892-93; James H. Prothero, D. D. S., 1893-95- The present faculty is as follows : Henry Wade Rogers, LL. D., President. Edgar Denman Swain, D. D. S., Dean. Edmund Noyes, D. D. S., Secretary. Isaac Austin Freeman, D. D. S., Auditor. Greene Vardiman Black. M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Special Pathology. '^"George Hoppin Gushing, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery. John Harper Long, Sc. D., Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories. Thomas Lewis Gilmer, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Oral Surgery. Arthur Elon Matteson, D. D. S., Professor of Orthodontia. George William Haskins, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Metallurgy and of Prothetic Technics. David Mahlon Cattell, D. D. S., Professor of Operative Technics and of Dental Anatomy. Libni Benjamin Hayman, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Ther- apeutics. George James Dennis, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Prothetic Dentistry and of Crown and Bridge Work. Elgin MacWhinney, D. D. S., Professor of Special Materia Medica and Therapeutics. * Professor Gushing gives clinical instruction in the infirmary three afternoons a week. I NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL. 447 William G. Stearns, M. D., Professor of Principles of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy. William Wadsworth Wentworth, A. B., M. D., Professor of Physiology. Frederick Menge, M. D., Professor of Histology. Henry Palmer Wadsworth, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Dental Embry- ology and Histology. Charles Edward Sayre, D. V. S., M. D., Professor of Comparative Anat- omy. Paul Chamberlain Boomer, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. Walter Steele Barnes, M. D., Instructor and Demonstrator of Anatomy. Edward Crane Miller, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. Charles Henderson Miller, Ph. G., Instructor in Chemistry. Peter Thomas Burns, M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy.' Henry William Cheney, M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. Frederick Bogue Noyes, A. B., D. D. S., Demonstrator of Histology. Gerret John Hagens, M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. Isaac Donaldson Rawlings, B. S., M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. James H. Prothero, D. D. S., Superintendent of Infirmary and Demon- strator of Operative Dentistry. BIOGRAPHICAL. EDGAR DENMAN SWAIN, D. D. S. Dr. Swain, son of Dr. Marcus and Charlotte Woodbury Swain, was born at Westford, Vt. , on August 14, 1836, his father being a practicing physician in his native town and of Scotch descent, his mother, of Enghsh extraction. Young Swain's early education was only that obtainable at the common schools, supplemented by a brief academical course at Colchester and Swanton academies. When he was seventeen years of age he went to Worcester, Mass., where for a year he worked in a machine shop. While here he determined to become a dentist, and in accordance with this resolve in 1855 entered an office at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. , remaining there for two years. At this latter date he removed to Oshkosh, Wis., and commenced the prac- tice of his profession in partnership with Dr. L. D. Parker. A year later he went to Aurora, 111., associating himself with Dr. O. Wilson, and a year later located at Batavia, 111. Here he practiced his profession alone until the break- ing out of the War of the Rebellion in 1861. Shortly after the first call for men by President Lincoln he assisted in the organization of Company I, Forty-second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which company he was made Captain, and was mustered into the service on July 22, 1861. During the war he served with great honor and distinction, both to him- self and to his country, being present and doing excellent service at all the battles of the Department of the Cumberland, his regiment having been on skirmish line during the entire Atlanta campaign. In recognition of his valu- able services he was promoted, on October 13, 1863, to be Lieutenant-Colonel of the regiment. In April, 1864, he received his commission as its Colonel, but was never mustered in as such. In March, 1865, he was breveted Colonel of United States Volunteers for meritorious services. In July, 1865, by order of General Stanley, he was placed in command of the Second Brigade, Second Division, Fourth Army Corps, and remained in command of the same until he was mustered out in January, 1866. Retiring from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-second Illinois Infantry, Veteran Volunteers, on the sixteenth of December, 1865, he returned to Chicago and to civil life. 448 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL. 449 Throwing aside his well-earned and honorable title, he at once assumed the duties of his profession. Upon his arrival in Chicago he engaged himself as assistant to Dr. George H. Gushing, dentist, after which he entered into partnership with Dr. Noble, and in 1870 established himself alone. In March, 1877, he again entered the military service of his State as Major of the First Regiment Illinois Infantry, National Guard, participating with that regiment during the troublous times of the railroad and mining riots of that Summer. He was later made Lieutenant-Colonel and in December of the same year Colonel of his regiment, which command he retained for four years, at which time he retired from military life altogether, feeling, with true and patriotic spirit, that ten years' volunteer service for his State and country, four years and seven months of which were passed in the arduous duties of real war, justly relieved him of further personal responsibility in the work of uphold- ing the stability of State and Nation. In the past he has been an active G. A. R. man and was Commander of George H. Thomas Post for three years. Commander of the Department of Illinois during the years 1880 and 1881 and Senior Vice-Commander-in-Chief of the organization in 1891-92. He was President of the Chicago Dental Society in 1874 and of the Illinois State Dental Society during 1875. Since 1891 he has also been closely identified with the Northwestern University Dental School, having served as Dean of the Faculty since that year. In 1869 Dr. Swain was married to Miss Clara Smith, daughter of Benjamin Smith, an early resident of Chicago. There are few couples in the city who have a larger circle of personal friends than they, to the Doctor's naturally genial disposition being added a courtly bearing which invariably clings to one who has seen such long military service as he. In fact, he is as widely known sociably as professionally, and has made his mark in the history of the city, State and Nation. I THE CHICAGO POLICLINIC i HISTORY OF THE CHICAGO POLICLINIC By TRUMAN W. MILLER, M. D., President. THE ORGANIZATION (1886). The Chicago Poh'cHnic began its first course of instruction in a rented house, situated on the corner of Chicago and La Salle avenues, on July 26, 1886, and its growth and uninterrupted prosperity since that date have placed it in the foremost ranks of post-graduate medical institutions in this country. It is a noteworthy fact and speaks well for the wise management and the substantial character of the institution that the majority of those who were instrumental in the establishment of the Policlinic and were members of its origi- nal faculty are still identified with it. Following is a list of those who were elected to its faculty a decade ago and are still connected with it in similar capacities: Truman W. Miller, President and Professor of General and Genito-Urinary Surgery. Christian Fenger, Professor of Surgery, Nicholas Senn, Professor of Surgery. John H. Chew, Treasurer and Professor of Medicine. Fernand Henrotin, Secretary and Professor of Gynecology, Moreau R. Brown, Professor of Laryngology and Rhinology. R. D. MacArthur, Professor of Skin and Venereal Diseases. A. E. Hoadley, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Diseases of the Joints. Wm. T. Belfield, Professor of Surgery. J. Elliott Colburn, Professor of Ophthalmology. George F. Fiske, Professor of Otology. Malcolm L. Harris, Professor of Surgery. Henry Hooper, Professor of Obstetrics. James H. Etheridge, Professor of Gynecology, F. C, Hotz, Professor of Ophthalmology. Henry Banga, Professor of Gynecology. 453 45.4 • CHICAGO POLICLINIC. Joseph M. Patton, Professor of Medicine. Henry G. Anthony, Professor of Dermatology. Archibald Church, Professor of Neurology. To complete the faculty as it now stands the following members were sub- sequently added: Otto L. Schmidt, G. Futterer and Henry B. Favill, Profes- sors of Medicine; Edwin M. Smith and Weller Van Hook, Professors of Sur- gery; W. H. Wilder and E. L. Holmes, Professors of Ophthalmology; C. S. Bacon and C. E. Manierre, Professors of Obstetrics; E. Fletcher Ingals, Pro- fessor of Laryngology and Rhinology; W. S. Christopher, Professor of Diseases of Children; F. P. Buffum, Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology; H. T. Patrick, Professor of Neurology; J. P. Houston, Professor of Electro-Therapeu- tics; Denslow Lewis, Professor of Gynecology; R. R. Campbell, Professor of Dermatology, and Henry M. Lyman, Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases. THE PRESENT STRUCTURE. The Policlinic soon outgrew the quarters wherein it was first established, and in 1889 it was transferred to its own new building — a four-story structure constructed at an expense of $40,000. Three years later the increase of work and attendance of physicians required still more room, and the faculty of the Policlinic added two stories to their building and erected behind it, but con- nected with it, another structure of equal size. The Chicago Policlinic now occupies this six-story double building Nos. 174-176 Chicago Avenue, costing over $100,000, and possesses ample space and ever}' facility for treating the abundant clinical material which is supplied by this city of more than a million and a half of inhabitants. It may be truthfully said that the institution ranks among the first in perfection of equipment and completeness of appointments. The arrangement of the various departments in the building is as follows: The first floor of the front building is occupied by the drug-room, waiting room for patients and clinical rooms. The second floor contains a library and smoking-room for physicians, business office of the institution and clinical rooms for Minor Surgery, Ophthalmology, Otology, Neurology, Dermatology and Medicine. The next four floors are occupied by the hospital, which contains one hundred beds, for surgical, medical, gynecological and obstetrical cases. The sixth floor contains a well-lighted operating-room, with adjoining bath rooms and prepara- tion rooms, fully equipped with sterilizing apparatus and all other requirements of modern surgery. The first floor of the rear building, occupying the space of two stories, is the large amphitheater, containing two hundred and fifty theater chairs arranged in ascending tiers. The second floor contains finely arranged rooms for Gyne- CHICAGO POLICLINIC. 455 cology, General Medicine and Nose and Throat work. Finally, the topmost floor is occupied by a complete and modern bacteriological laboratory. Detached from the rear building are suitable rooms for Dissecting, Post- Mortem Work and Experimental Physiology and Surgery. This department is well lighted and ventilated and is entirely cut off from the rest of the build- ing, having its own separate entrances. Abundant material is kept on hand throughout the year. The great need and value of post-graduate instruction has long been recognized. The unlimited supply of clinical material in Chicago, with its wealth of hospitals, infirmaries, dispensaries and medical schools, enables the faculty of this institution to furnish practical instruction on a scale as wide as that found abroad and to offer unusual advantages to American physicians. METHOD OF INSTRUCTION. Post-graduate instruction in medicine and surgery is not intended merely to supply deficiencies that may have occurred in under-graduate studies. The rapid evolution of medical science, the new ideas and the new theories derived from bacteriological researches, the improvement in operative work and the development of the methods of applied science — in short, the whole revolution that is now in progress in the domain of medicine must be brought within reach of the working physician. The Policlinic aims to do this. It is a school for the bright and ambitious men of the profession. It is not the mere reading or study of the printed page of text-book or medical journal, but careful diagnosis in the clinic and at the hospital bedside, together with observation and actual work in the laboratory and operating-room, which makes the efficient physician. Hence, it is becoming more and more the custom for active and progressive physicians to leave their fields of labor and by a brief course of instruction to furbish anew their mental equipment and bring themselves into complete touch with the most recent advances and methods of medicine. It is in this spirit of progress that this institution was organized and is now conducted. The Chicago Policlinic is a complete hospital, dispensaiy and school, fully equipped in all details and possessing a superabundance of clinical material. It is located in the North Division of the City of Chicago, within easy walking distance of the heart of the city. Its ov\^n building contains a large hospital and it is one block distant from the Emergency Hospital, ten minutes' ride from St. Joseph's, the Alexian, the Maurice Porter and the German hos- pitals, and twenty minutes' ride from the United States Marine Hospital. x\ll of these institutions are in the North Division of Chicago. Besides, the elevated 456 CHICAGO POLICLINIC. roads and cable cars give rapid transit to the Cook County, the Michael Reese, the Presbyterian, Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary and other hospitals in the other divisions of the city. Members of the Policlinic faculty are officially connected with each of the ^ above-named hospitals and they extend every courtesy and facility to members of the Policlinic classes to study interesting cases and witness operations in their respective hospitals. The method of instruction adopted in the Policlinic is exclusively practical and clinical. Members of the various classes examine, diagnose and treat the cases under the supervision of the respective professors. The large amount of clinical material supplied by the city allows selection of cases, so that the clinics never lose interest. The Policlinic Hospital, with its school of trained nurses, gives facility for treating severe cases, and its operating-room is daily the scene of capital operations in Surgery and Gynecology. The instruction continues throughout the year. Each ticket is good for one continuous course of four weeks and admits the holder to the various hos- pital clinics included in the course, as well as to the clinical lectures at the Policlinic building. Aside from these advantages, the hospital, with its large number of patients, presents the exceptional and very essential opportunities for observing the after-treatment and various forms of modern dressings. IE POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND HOSPITAL OF CHICAGO History of the Post-Gradiiate Medical School and Hospital By W. franklin COLEMAN, M. D., M. R. C. S., Eng., President. GENERAL DEMAND FOR A SCHOOL. Previous to 1886 the post-graduate medical school had not reached Chi- cago. Many European cities had long enjoyed well established clinics, to which vast numbers of American graduates had been wont to migrate annually. The New York Polyclinic and the New York Post-Graduate, both established in 1882, were beginning to earn well merited reputations and to stem the tide of emigration. In the Spring of 1885, when it was the good fortune of the writer to locate in Chicago, the Summer courses of the medical schools were open alike to undergraduates as well as graduates, but there had not been here a distinctly post-graduate medical school. The time seemed to demand such an institution, and the conditions to combine to favor its safe conduct; for this city was not wanting in a large body of able medical teachers, in numerous free hospitals and dispensaries, and in a dependent class — all too abundant — who could supply the teaching clinics, while Chicago, to which all roads appear to lead, is nearer than the Eastern cities to sixty per cent of the medical population of the United States. In fact, 51,000 physicians (out of a total of 85,671) are located west of the Mis- sissippi River and in Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and Mississippi. THE rOLICLINIC ESTABLISHED. These were some of the arguments in favor of organizing a school which were urged upon medical confreres, who long listened with incredulous ears, and would not consent to act till after a year's persistent urging. Finally, in 1886, the Chicago Policlinic was established with a board of directors com- posed of : Dr. Truman W. Miller, President. Dr. W. Franklin Coleman, Secretary. Dr. John Chew, Treasurer. Dr. J. Elliott Colburn. D. J. Avery, Attorney. 459 46o POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. The management and work of the PohcHnic did not prove satisfactory to certain members of the faculty, among whom were the writer and Dr. Frankhn H. Martin, who were heartily in accord with the determination to estabHsh another school. THE NEW rOST-GRADUATE SCHOOL. This led in 1888 to the resignation from the Policlinic of Dr. H. P. New- man, Dr. R. H. Babcock, Dr. R. D. MacArthur, Dr. Franklin H. Martin and Dr. W. Franklin Coleman, who, with the exception of Dr. R. D. MacArthur, united to organize the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital of Chicago. A preliminary meeting was held on September 12, 1888, in the office of Dr. Frank Billings, at which Drs. Billings, H. T. Byford, H. P. Newman, R. H. Babcock, F. H. Martin and W. F. Coleman were present. The first board of directors was elected on September 12 and 14, and comprised : Dr. H. P. Newman, President. Dr. R. H. Babcock, Vice-President. Dr. W. F. Coleman, Secretary. Dr. F. H. Martin, Treasurer. Dr. Frank Billings, Chairman of Finance Committee. In December, 1888, the third and fourth fioors of the building No. 31 Washington Street, the site now occupied by the Marshall Field & Co. annex, were secured for the Post-Graduate School and the Chicago Public Dispensary. The first term opened for students on April i, 1889. The second floor of a private dwelling on State Street opposite Polk served the purpose of a hospital. THE FIRST SCHOOL BUILDING. In April, 1890, the faculty concluded that the school occupied too com- mercial a center — that it required a home — and it was decided to purchase a lot at No. 59 Plymouth Place, twenty-five by one hundred and twenty-five feet, and to erect a building. During its construction the first floor of a build- ing opposite, with a frontage of fifty feet and running to Dearborn Street, was rented, where the clinics might be built up. In September, 1890, the new school building. No. 59 Plymouth Place, was completed and opened. It was very substantially built of brick, having four stories and basement, dimensions twenty-five by one hundred feet, and steam heat and elevator service. The basement contained rooms for work on the cadaver, refrigerator, steam plant, etc. The first floor was rented for commercial purposes. The clinical rooms, laboratory, drug-room, office, patients' waiting-room and physicians' reading-room occupied the second floor, and the hospital and operating-room and amphi- theater the third and fourth floors. s POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 461 After twenty months' occupancy of the above building the process of evo- lution forced the conviction upon the minds of the staff of the school that a better clinical center might be selected. A lot sixty-five by one hundred feet, covering Nos. 819-823 West Harrison Street and adjoining the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, was purchased. During the erection of a building on said lot, temporary quarters were secured at Nos. 757-759 West Harrison Street, just east of Rush Medical College. They consisted of two dwellings, two stories in height. The first floor of one was used for all purposes of clinical teaching and the remaining space as a hospital and operating-room. The basement was utilized for operative surgery on the cadaver and for laboratory work. THE SECOND PERMANENT BUILDING. The present building of the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital was ready for occupancy on May i, 1892, the structure being opposite the west end of Cook County Hospital and separated by an alley on the east from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. It is fifty-two by one hundred feet, built of brick, with terra cotta and stone trimmings, and contains five stories and a basement. The cost of the building was $32,000, the lot is worth $14,000, and the furnishings, instruments, apparatus and laboratory outfit $5,000, making a total of $51,000. The basement contains a large room for operative work on the cadaver, an ice-room, a large laboratory for classes in bacteriology and urinalysis, steam plant, etc. On the first floor are five clinical rooms, recep- tion-room for patients, reading-room for students, drug-room and office. At present the hospital occupies the second and third floors, which are divided into six single and seven double rooms and five wards, having an accommoda- tion for seventy-five patients. OFFICERS AND OFFICIAL RECORD OF THE SCHOOL. The counselors and members of the original organization of the school were: N. S. Davis, M. D., LL. D. ; ^'A. Reeves Jackson, M. D., LL. D. ; -=^-J. Adams Allen, M. D., LL. D. ; John H. Hollister, A. M., M. D. ; Henry Gibbes, M. D., Ann Arbor, Mich.; *Wm. L. Byford, M. D.. LL. D. ; Frank Billings, M. D. ; E. L. Shurley, M. D., Detroit, Mich.; "^^'Chas. T. Parkes, M. D. ; W. E. Quine, M. D. ; Ephraim Ingals, M. D. ; *H. A. Johnson, M. D., LL. D. ; Edmund Andrews, M. D., LL. D. The faculty of the school annually elected the Board of Directors and the Board selected the officers, as follows: September, 1889 (first annual meeting): Dr. H. P. Newman, President; Dr. Boerne Bettman, Vice-President; Dr. W. F. Coleman, Secretary; Dr. F. H. Martin, Treasurer; Dr. H. T. Byford, Chairman Finance Committee. *Deceased. 462 POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. October, 1890: Dr. H. P. Newman, President; Dr. Boerne Bettman, Vice- President; Dr. W. F. Coleman, Secretary; Dr. F. E. Waxham, Treasurer; Dr. F. H. Martin, Chairman Finance Committee. May 7, 1 891: Dr. W. F. Coleman, President; Dr. Bayard Holmes, Secre- tary; Dr. F. E. Waxham, Treasurer; Dr. F. D. Owsley; Dr. Sanger Brown. April 3, 1892: Dr. W. F. Coleman, President; Dr. Sanger Brown, Treasurer; Dr. F. H. Martin, Secretary; Dr. H. P. Newman; Dr. J. B. Bacon. April 12, 1893: Dr. W. F. Coleman, President; Dr. F. H. Martin, Secre- tary; Dr. Boerne Bettman, Treasurer; Dr. H. P. Newman; Dr. J. B. Bacon. April II, 1894, 3^i"ici April 15, 1895: Dr. W. F. Coleman, President; Dr. F. H. Martin, Secretary; Dr. Boerne Bettman, Treasurer; Dr. J. B. Bacon; Dr. W. L. Baum. The first faculty was composed of Robert H. Babcock, M. D., Frank John- son, M. D., Medicine; Weller Van Hook, M. D., L. L. McArthur, M. D., Surgery; Franklin H. Martin, M. D., H. T. Byford, M. D., H. P. Newman, M. D., Gyne- cology; Charles Warrington Earle, M. D., Junius Hoag, M. D., Obstetrics; W. Franklin Coleman, M. D., Boerne Bettman, M. D., Ophthalmology and Otology; J. Zeisler, M. D., Skin and Venereal Diseases; John Marshall, M. D., Oral Surgery. Subsequently others were elected to various chairs and positions as follows: January 5, 1889 — F- E. Waxham, M. D., Professor of Rhinology and Laryn- gology, and Daniel R. Brower, M. D., Professor Mental and Nervous Diseases. May, 1889 — Ludvig Hektoen, M. D., Professor of Pathology. July 3, 1889 — Assistants, W. F. Coy, M. D., Gynecology; Dudley C. Trott, Surgery; Edward Pynchon, M. D., Nose and Throat; A. W. Bigelow, M. D., Medicine, and J. H. Slayter, M. D., Nervous Diseases; Jacob Frank, M. D., Professor of Surgery. September, 1889 — Junius C. Hoag, M. D., resigned. December 2, 1889 — M. H. Lackirsteen, M. D., Professor of Medicine. January, 1890 — Sanger Brown, M. D., Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases. July, 1890 — W. W. Jaggard, M. D. (deceased). Professor of Obstetrics; J. Fisher, M. D., Assistant to Diseases of the Nose and Throat; Edward Lackner, M. D., Professor of Diseases of Children. September, 1890 — Dr. W. Doepp, assistant to the chair of Surgery. October, 1890 — Joseph Zeisler, M. D., Professor of Venereal Diseases and Dermatology; Chas. Purdy, M. D., Professor of Renal Diseases; T. J. Watkins, M. D., Adjunct Professor of Gynecology; Stanley Black, M. D., Professor of Medicine; Rosa Englemann, M. D., Professor of Diseases of Children; Frank Montgomery, M. D., Professor of Dermatology. November, 1890 — Geo. H. Weaver, M. D. , Lecturer on Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy; W. H. Marble, M. D., Assistant to the chair of Medicine; POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 463 David Wimermark, M. D., N. E. and Jesse B. Brown, M. D., Assistants in Gyne- cology; A. Ralph Johnstone, M. D., Assistant to the chair of Surgery; W. F. Coy, M. D., Assistant to the chair of Ophthalmology. January, 1891 — B. M. Behrens, M, D., Professor of Otology; Mr. John Wesener, Lecturer in Chemistry. March, 1891 — F. D. Owsley, M. D., Professor of Laryngology and Otology; D. A. K. Steele, M. D., Professor of Surgery and Otology. In April, 1891, was held an examination in which the alumni of the three regular medical schools in Chicago competed for the interneship of the Post- Graduate School for one year, the position being secured by W. M. Tanquary, M. D. ; Dr. Higgins secured the position of Externe Surgeon and W. Fowler, M. D., was elected Assistant to the chair of Ophthalmology. June, 1 89 1 — Wm. Cuthbertson, M. D., Professor of Clinical Medicine; A. H. Burr, M. D., Lecturer on Diseases of the Nose and Throat; W. T. Watkins, M. D., Professor of Gynecology. July, 1 89 1. — Byron Robinson, M. D., Professor of Gynecology. August, 1891. — J. B. Murphy, M. D., Professor of Surgery; R. W. Bishop, M. D., Professor of Venereal Diseases and Dermatology. November, 1891. — D. J. Hayes, M. D. (Milwaukee), Professor of Genito- urinary and Rectal Surgery. H. N. Hall, M. D., Lecturer on Pathology. Silas T. Yount, M. D., Professor of Nervous Diseases. J. A. Robison, M. D., Professor of Medicine. J. B. Bacon, M. D., Professor of Rectal Surgery. February, 1892 — George Webster, M. D., Professor of Nose and Throat. T. J. Watkins, M. D., and J. Lyons, M. D., Vk'cre elected Assistants in Gyne- cology; Casey A. Wood, M. D., Assistant in Ophthalmology, and T. Melville Hardie, M. D., Professor of Rhinology, Laryngology and Otology. April 2, 1892. — Bayard Holmes, M. D., resigned his chair. May, 1892. — Ernest Lackner, M. D., resigned. F. H. Greer, M. D., elected Instructor in Gynecology. W. G. Verity, M. D., Professor of Surgery. L. J. Mitchell. M. D., and James L. McCollum, M. D., Instructors in Sur- gery. Robert Dodds, M. D., F. H. Greer, M. D., and C. T. Binkley, M. D.. Instructors in Gynecology. Albert Goldspohn, M. D., Professor of Gynecol- ogy. Frances Dickinson, M. D., Professor of Ophthalmology. — . — . Ander- son, M. D., Instructor in Surgery. — . — . Winchester, M. D., Instructor in Obstetrics. Adolph Gerhmann, M. D., Instructor in Bacteriology. William Cuthbertson, M. D., resigned. March, 1893. — Sydney Kuh, M. D., was elected Professor of Nervous Diseases; Carl Beck, M. D., Professor of Surgery; I. F. Taylor, M. D., Assistant in Rectal Surgery; Fenton B. Turck, M. D., Professor of Medicine. September, 1893. — Mr. Neiswanger, Instructor in the Physics of Elec- tricity. 464 POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. November, 1893. — Richard Dewey, M. D., Honorary Professor of Neu- rology; A. D. Bevan, M. D., Professor of Surgery; John Ridlon, A. M., M. D., Professor of Orthopedic Surgery. February, 1894. — Byron Robinson, M. D., was elected Demonstrator of Anatomy; William F. Waugh, M. D., Professor of General Medicine; Charles W. Purdy, M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Kidney. August, 1894. — Maurice Kraus, M. D., Lecturer on Dermatology and Syphilology. September, 1894. — Seth Scott Bishop, M. D., Professor of Otology; A. McDiarmid, M. D. (Winnepeg), Professor of Obstetrics. March, 1895. — Ada Phelps, M. D., Instructor in Diseases of the Ear; S. J. Boyd, M. D., Assistant in Medicine; Dr. Rice, Interne; Weller Van Hook, M. D., resigned. June, 1895. — H. R. Elliott, M. D., Professor of Demonstration of Anat- omy; Oscar Dodds, M. D., Assistant in Ophthalmology. January, 1896. — Boerne Bettman, M. D., resigned as a member of the Board of Directors; Carl Sandberg, M. D., appointed Lecturer on Obstetrics; William F. Waugh resigned. February, 1896. — Ernest Hay ford, M. D., was elected Lecturer on Phys- ical Diagnosis; William E. Gamble, M. D., Lecturer on Diseases of the Eye. The present faculty is as follows : Medicine: John A. Robinson, M. D. ; H. W. Gentiles, M. D. ; Charles W. Purdy, M. D. ; M. H. Lackersteen, M. D. ; M. R. C. S., England. Surgery: D. A. K. Steele, M. D. ; W. P. Verity, M. D. ; Carl Beck, M. D. ; J. B. Murphy, M. D. ; L. L. McArthur, M. D.; A. H. Ferguson, M. D. Orthopedic Surgery : Frederick S. Coolidge, A. B., M. D. Gynecology : Henry T. Byford, M. D. ; Henry P. Newman, M. D. ; Marie J. Mergler, M. D. ; F. Byron Robinson, B. S., M. D. ; Albert Goldspohn, B. S., M. D. ; Franklin H. Martin, M. D. Stomach and Intestines : Fenton B. Turck, M. D. Eye: W. Franklin Coleman, M. D. ; M. R. C. S., England; Boerne Bettman, M. D., Casey A. Wood, C. M., M. D. ; Frances Dickinson, M. D. Ear: Norval H. Pierce, M. D. ; Seth Scott Bishop, M. D. Nose and Throat: T. Melville Hardie, B. A., M. D. ; George Morganthau, M. D.; F. D. Owsley, M. D. Nervous Diseases : Daniel R. Brower, M. D. ; Sydney Kuh, M. D. ; Sanger Brown, M. D.; Richard Dewey, M. D. Electro-Physics : C. S. Neiswanger. Obstetrics: C. E. Paddock, M. D. ; A. McDiarmid, M. D. Diseases of Children: Rosa Englemann, B. A.; M. D. ; J. C. Cook, M. D, Diseases of the Rectum : Joseph B. Bacon, M. D. NEW POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL, POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 467 Skin and Venereal Diseases : William L. Baum, M. D. Lecturers : Skin and Venereal Diseases, Maurice Kraus, M. D. Pathology, W. E. Coates, Jr. Ophthalmology, William E. Gamble, M. D. Instructors : Surgery, J. L. McCollum, A. M., M. D. Gynecology, John A. Lyons, M. D. Therapeutics, John Kercher, M. D. Ear, Ada W. Phelps, M. D. Urinary Analysis, Arthur R. Elliott, C. M., M. D. Diseases of Chil- dren, W. T. Stewart, M. D. Assistants: Surgery, W. Burrows, M. D. ; E. M. Brown, M. D. ; Emil F. Baur, M. D. Gynecology, H. E. Lacy, M. D. ; E. M. Brown, M. D. ; W. A. Tichenor, M. D. ; Lucy Waite, M. D. General Medicine, E. B. Taylor, M. D. ; S. J. Boyd, M. D. Ear, D. T. Hollinger, M. D. Nose and Throat, Edwin Pychon, M. D. Nervous Diseases, H. W. Burnard, M. D. ; P. L. Holland, M. D. Eye, Thomas A. Woodruff, M. D. House Surgeons: J. George Battell, M. D. ; George W. Harding, M. D. ; Grant Marchant, M. D. Medical Superintendent of Hospital, Louella Smith. Pharmacist, Miss Mary B. Walker. Superintendent of School, T. M. McClelland. House Physicians, 1894-95: L. Brannon, M. D. ; L. E. Rice, M. D. ; J. George Battell, M. D. "THE NORTH AMERICAN PRACTITIONER." In the early days of the school (December, 1888) an agreement was entered into with Messrs. Truax & Co. to publish a medical journal under the title TJic North American Practitioner, the journal of the Post-Graduate School of Chicago. Bayard Holmes, M. D., was elected editor and Junius Hoag, M. D., assistant editor. In October, 1890, Bayard Holmes, M. D., was re-elected editor and L. J. Mitchell, M. D., assistant editor, Dr. Hoag having resigned. Sanger Brown, M. D., was elected editor in May, 1892, succeeding Dr. Holmes, resigned. In June, 1893, J- ^- Hollister, M. D., was elected editor in place of Dr. Brown, who had resigned, and an agreement was made with William Harrison White to publish the journal under the title of The North American Practitioner. In October, 1888, Messrs. Truax & Co. furnished five hundred dollars' worth of surgical instruments, with the understanding that the stock should be kept complete by the school. HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL CLINICS. The members of the faculty are also connected with the following hospitals, to which the students of the Post-Graduate Medical School are admitted: Cook County, Presbyterian, Alexian Brothers', St. Luke's, Woman's, St. Elizabeth's and Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. 468 POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. At Cook County Hospital clinics are held by Drs. J. B. Murphy, Casey A. Wood, Sanger Brown, W. P. Verity, F. D. Owsley, J. B. Bacon, Fenton B. Turck, and Carl Beck; at the Presbyterian, by Dr. J. A. Robison; at St. Elizabeth's, by Dr. Henry P. Newman; at the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, by Drs. B. Bettman and S. S. Bishop; at St. Luke's, by R. D. Mc- Arthur, M. D. ; at the Charity Hospital, by Drs. A. H. F'erguson, W. F. Coleman, J. B. Bacon, Robert Dodds, F. H. Martin and Byron Robinson; at the Woman's, by Drs. H. T. Byford, F. H. Martin, Marie J. Mergler, Byron Robinson and J. B. Bacon. At the school clinics the number of new patients in attendance during the past year was 5,616 and the total number in attendance was 18,096. The Post-Graduate Medical School Hospital contains sixty beds, and has eighteen nurses in attendance. During the past year there were 540 patients in the hospital; of these all, except thirty medical cases, were surgical. ATTENDANCE BY YEARS. The total attendance of matriculants at the school for the period from April I, 1889, to April i, 1896, has been 1,036, as follows: April 1889-October 1890, 47; October 1890-October 1891, 55; October 1891-October 1892, 127; October 1892-October 1893, 206; October 1893-October 1894, 220; October 1894-April 1895, 130; April 1895-April 1896, 251. All the states except Maine, Maryland, Rhode Island, Delaware and Connecticut have furnished students, and Ontario, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Mexico, Russia and the Hawaiian Islands have supplied their quota. LATEST OFFICIAL HOME. During January, 1896, it was resolved that the President and Secretary be empowered to consummate a sale of the building of the Post-Graduate Medical School of Chicago to the West Side Hospital Association, and it was decided to purchase a lot twenty-five by one hundred and five feet, on the south- west corner of Dearborn and Twenty-fourth streets. The board of directors, Drs. Martin, Baum, Bacon and Coleman, and Dr. A. H. Ferguson were appointed a committee to consummate plans for the erection of a school and hospital building. These were some of the causes which led to the sale of the Post-Graduate School building. The supply of patients for clinical teaching is not so large as could be desired, owing to the number of neighboring medical institutions which have long- established clinics. While the Cook County Hospital is a name to conjure by, the machinery of the institution is so hopelessly political that there seems little prospect of the doors being opened wide enough to furnish opportunity for much useful clinical teaching. Nearly all the members of the faculty of the Post- POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 469 Graduate School reside on the South Side; Mercy, St. Luke's, Woman's, Michael Reese and Charity hospitals are easily accessible from Dearborn and Twenty-fourth streets, and, of more importance, their doors are wide open to students of medicine. The Post-Graduate School has therefore leased its present buildinj^ until September, 1896, when the new structure will be ready for occupancy. Mr. Dwight Perkins has completed plans for a building of five stories, basement and attic, to be constructed of brick, iron and wood, and to be fireproof. It will be furnished with steam heat, electric elevator, gas and electric li'diting; with drug-room and waiting-room for patients; room for operations on cadaver; library, smoking-room, and lavatory for students; five clinic-rooms; a Bacteriological, a Physiological and a Chemical Laboratory; operating amphitheater to seat two hundred and fifty students, and three private operating-rooms of marble, iron and glass. The hospital has accommodations for one hundred patients, one half in private rooms and the other half in wards. There is a diet kitchen on each floor; a parlor on the second floor; a dining-room on the fifth; preparatory rooms for operations; a septic-room for operations upon dogs and rooms for dogs. The clinic-rooms and laboratories will be supplied elaborately with appliances for teaching. If we consider the splendid success of the Post-Graduate Medical School of New York, and of the New York Polyclinic, the former of which in its first four years had an attendance of five hundred and seven, and in 1894- 1895, its thirteenth year, had a class of five hundred and fifty, and the latter in 1894-95, in its thirteenth year, a class of three hundred and fifty-one, we may hope much for the future of the Post-Graduate Medical School of Chicago, which during the first four and a half years of its history attracted to itself six hundred and fifty-five students. BIOGRAPHICAL. W. FRANKLIN COLEMAN, M. D., M. R. C. S., Eng. When the American colonies declared their independence of Great Britain Dr. Coleman's great-grandfather emigrated to Upper Canada, determined to live and die under the dominion of the mother country, settling at what soon be- came known as Coleman's Corners, near the St. Lawrence River. His sturdy abilities were soon recognized, many political honors coming to him, and before his death his industry and broad business mind had transformed this locality into an important manufacturing center. Brothers, sons and grandsons assisted in establishing various industries, continuing them far beyond the limits of his days. The grandson, Billa Coleman, was one of the most prominent of these gen- erations of manufacturers, marrying Ann Eliza Willson, a native of New York and of English descent. A few miles distant from Coleman's Corners (after- ward known as Lyn) was Brockville, the county seat, and here was born to this substantial couple a son named W. Franklin Coleman. Two weeks after his birth the mother died, beautiful in person and in character, and universally be- loved and mourned. In early infancy he was removed to the ancestral town, where he imbibed his elementary education. Upon this was afterward grafted a orrammar school and academic training at Brockville, Canada, and at Pots- dam, across the St. Lawrence River and a few miles east, in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. Dr. Coleman's medical studies were begun at McGill College, Montreal, and continued for three years at that institution and in the ofQce of Dr. Reynolds, of Brockville. Overwork, however, both in his studies and dissections, brought on a severe attack of typhoid fever, which incapacitated him for the two suc- ceeding years. With restored health he earnestly resumed his medical course at Queen's College, Kingston, from which he obtained his degree with honors in 1863. • . Locating at Lyn, he practiced his profession for seven years, during which period as a country physician he had run the gamut of about all the ailments of humanity and selected as his future specialty the treatment of eye and ear diseases. The first step taken in his new career was to go to England and spend a year at the London Hospital and at Moorefield's Eye Hospital, receiv- 470 POSr-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 471 ing such benefit from the lectures and cHnics which he attended that in 1871 he passed the examination by which he was enrolled as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, England. Returning to Canada, Dr. Coleman spent seven years in Toronto, a portion of that time being in partnership with Dr. A. M. Rosebrugh, a leading oculist and aurist, and serving during the entire period as Surgeon to the Toronto Eye and Ear Infirmary. The famous clinics of Vienna and Heidelberg, held by such masters as Jaeger, Gruber, Politzer and Schnabel, were next attended for a year, after which he again made Canada his home, locating in St. John, New Brunswick. In private practice and as Oculist and Aurist to the Provincial Hos- pital he again established a wide reputation during the seven years of his res- idence in that city, but still longed for broader professional fields. Through his able writings in the medical journals of the country, as well as commendatory letters from his professional brethren of the East, Dr. Cole- man's reputation was already somewhat established before he settled in Chi- cago. He at once saw the necessity of a school for graduates in so important a medical center as this — of a school which should be controlled by its own faculty. The result was the movement which finally resulted in the founding of the Post-Graduate Medical School, one of the most important medical insti- tutions of the city, and of which he is President and Professor of Ophthalmol- ogy. He is also Oculist and Aurist of the Chicago Charity Hospital, being a member of the Chicago Ophthalmological Society, of the Illinois State Medical Society and of the American Medical Association. During his comparatively short career in Chicago Dr. Coleman has come to be recognized as one of its most scientific and broad-minded practitioners and teachers, and as head of the Post-Graduate School he has raised up for himself a host of warm friends and admirers in all parts of the country. Married in 1882 at St. John, N. B., to Miss Mary Winniett Hartt, Dr. Coleman's success in life has been shared and is not a little attributable to the abilities and graces of his wife. Mrs. Coleman's family has numbered among its members many distinguished characters. Elizabeth Yates, one of its repre- sentatives in the times of Charles II, sheltered the unfortunate king in his flight from England, and her descendants still enjoy an annuity bestowed by loyalty for the act. Mrs. Coleman's grand-uncle on the maternal side was Sir William Winniett, of high military rank in the British service and at one time Governor of the African Gold Coast. Other more distant relatives were connected with the famous Wolseley family, and her maternal grandfather was Benjamin Lester Peters, whose sons held several prominent positions in the provincial government of New Brunswick. . - . 472 POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. RICHARD DEWEY, M. D. Dr. Dewey comes of stock in which both the Revolutionary and Puritan elements are blended. On his mother's side he is descended from a noted British soldier, John Mack, who married a daughter of the Lord of London- derry in opposition to her father's wishes, came to America and settled in the New Hampshire town of the same name (Londonderry) in 1732. One of her sons was a Revolutionary soldier, being the maternal grandfather of Dr. Dewey. His paternal grandfather, Elijah Dewey, Sr. , was twice a volunteer in the Revolutionary War, and while stationed at West Point in 1780 attended the execution of Major Andre, the British spy. He afterward settled at Lisle, Broome County, N. Y. Elijah Dewey, Jr., and Sophia Smith, the parents of Dr. Dewey, were both natives of New York, being married at Forestville, Chautauc^ua Couhty, that State, in 1830. His father came to Chautauqua from Broome County, N. Y. , and his mother from Erie County, being a daughter of Richard Smith, who was a peace magistrate and during 1817 a member of the General Assembly of New York, sent from Hamburg, Erie County. Richard Dewey was born at Forestville, on December 6, 1845. After attending the village school and the high school at Clinton, N. Y. , at the age of fifteen the youth was prepared to enter Yale College. It was thought best, however, that he should remain at home for a while. His father dying when Richard was sixteen, the son was employed in a drug store and as postofiice clerk for more than a year. At the age of eighteen he resumed his studies at Clinton, N. Y., and during the succeeding year (1864) entered Michigan Uni- versity at Ann Arbor, his widowed mother having preceded him to Michigan, in order that she might be near her older children. He spent five years at the university — two in the classical-literary department and three in the medical — receiving his diploma in 1869 and then going to Brooklyn, N. Y. , and, entering the competitive examination, secured a hospital appointment. At the close of one year's service as House Physician and Surgeon in the Brooklyn City Hos- pital, Dr. Dewey embraced an opportunity to enter the military service of Prussia as Volunteer Assistant Surgeon. At that time (August, 1870) the Franco-Prussian War had been in progress for a few weeks, and the unprecedented number of wounded in the great battles that immediately followed the opening of hostilities necessitated such an increase in the German surgical force that the Consul-General in New York of the then North German P^ederation was authorized to engage American surgeons who could speak German and were possessed of the necessary professional qualifications. Dr. Dewey's application for this service was accepted, and on August 13, 1870, with five other American surgeons, he sailed for the scene of POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 473 the conflict. The party arrived in Cologne on the day which brought the news of the great conflict at Sedan, and on the following day (Sunday) the journey was continued down the Rhine into France. For a time Dr. Dewey was stationed in a field hospital, situated at Pont a Moussou in Lorraine, on the Moselle River, about twenty-five miles from Metz. There he saw the onward march of the German armies to invest Paris, and witnessed the effects of the hard- fought battles of Woerth, Weissembourg, Forbach and St. Prioat in the care of the wounded in the hospital, gaining an extensive surgical experience at the same time. At the virtual conclusion of field-hospital work Dr. Dewey was transferred to the reserve hospital in Hessen Cassel, where he remained during the Winter of 1870 and 1871. It was at this point that Napoleon was held a prisoner for several months. Being honorably discharged in April, 1871, Dr. Dewey located at Berlin, studying at the university under the famous Virchow and other members of the faculty. Before leaving Germany, he in common with some others of his American colleagues was awarded a bronze medal with the inscription, " Fiir Pflichtstreue im Kriege"("For Fidelity in War"), which was forwarded to him by the German Government after his return home. On arriving in New York the talented and energetic young physician was almost immediately engaged as assistant medical officer in the State Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, 111., remaining in that position until 1879, when he was appointed Medical Superintendent of the new State hospital at Kankakee. For fourteen years, or until 1893, I-'r. Dewey was the guiding power of that institu- tion, and under his administration it increased in capacity from seventy-five to twenty-one hundred inmates, the hospital being then, as now, the largest of its kind in America. The work at Kankakee was a departure from the previously recognized style of providing for the insane in immense buildings, constructed to receive several hundred under one roof. Dr. Dewey, notwithstanding the disapproval of many of his more conservative confreres, believed in the "cottage" or "detached ward" system, looking toward more domestic and homelike con- struction for the insane. Heartily adopting what are now generally known as sound ideas, but at that time were considered "heterodox, " he co-operated with the State authorities in constructing the first cottages, in 1880, believing that by this plan the insane would secure more homelike, natural and beneficial surroundings. The plan was extended at Kankakee from year to year, and has since been adopted in the construction of most of the hospitals of the United States and Canada which have been erected since that time, largely owing to the fact that the Kankakee institution, under Dr. Dewey's manage- ment, made a practical demonstration of its utility. 474 POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. Dr. Dewey also established in the State hospital at Kankakee, in 1866, one of the early Training Schools for Attendants and Nurses of the Insane, and up to 1893, when he retired from the charge of the hospital, a class of from thirty to forty trained nurses graduated yearly. Since leaving Kankakee, in 1893, Dr. Dewey has been in private practice in Chicago. He is Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases in the Post- Graduate School of that city, where he holds a weekly clinic in insanity at the Detention Hospital — one of the few such clinics that are regularly held in the United States. He is also attached as Consulting Neurologist and Alienist to the St. Elizabeth's, the Augustana and the Emergency hospitals of Chicago, and has a considerable practice as expert witness in cases involving insanity and diseases or injuries of the nervous system. Furthermore, he has been, since June I, 1895, Medical Director of the Milwaukee Sanatarium for Nervous and Mental Diseases, located at Wauwatosa, on the outskirts of that city. Here he virtually resides, giving two days of each week to his many Chicago interests. Not the least of these are his duties connected with the editorship of the American Journal of Insanity, which after being published for fifty years, from 1844, at the State Asylum, N. Y. , was purchased by the National Medico-Psycho- logical Association in 1894. This association at the same time made Dr. Dewey its managing editor and Chicago the place of its publication. Besides his con- tributions to this periodical. Dr. Dewey has read numerous papers before medical associations which have been widely published and discussed. He is President for 1895-96 of the American Medico-Psychological Association, and a member of the American Neurological Association, of the Illinois State Medical Society, of the Chicago Academy of Medicine and of the Practitioners' Club, as well as an honorary member of the Chicago Medical and the Medico-Legal societies. Dr. Dewey has been twice married — in 1873, at Clinton, N. Y., to Lillian Dwight, the eldest daughter of Rev. Benjamin Dwight of that place, and grand daughter of Timothy Dwight, the first President of Yale College. His first wife died in Kankakee in 1880, leaving two children, Richard, born in 1877, who is at the Morgan Park Academy, the Preparatory School of the Chicago Univer- sity, and Ethel Lillian, two years younger, who is attending the Hyde Park High School. In 1886, at Chicago, Dr. Dewey was married a second time to Mary E. Brown, of that city, who came from the Training School at Bellevue Hospital, N. Y., and had the distinction of inaugurating, in 1881, the Illinois Training School for Nurses in Cook County Hospital, the first training school established in the West. Mrs. Dewey is a graduate of medicine of the Women's Medical College of Chicago, but has never engaged in practice. The children of the second union are Ellinor, born in 1889, and Donald, born in 1891. POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 475 ALBERT GOLDSPOHN, B. S., M. D. As a physician of more than ordinary skill, learning and repute Albert Goldspohn occupies a prominent place among the active practitioners of the city, and has done not a little to advance this important science to its present degree of certainty and efficacy. He was born in Dane County, Wis., on September 23, 185 1, and is the son of William and Friderike (Kohlmann) Goldspohn, both of whom were natives of Germany, where they were educated, but came to America before marriage. His paternal grandfather was one of the few survivors of the cold, famine and fatigue of the memorable retreat of Napoleon from Moscow in 18 12. Very wisely his parents did not adopt the English language in their domestic circle, nor retain any of the German provincial dialects, but taught their children the proper German (" Hochdeutsch ") as their mother tongue. This was of great value to Dr. Goldspohn while pur- suing his literary and professional studies, and especially while taking a two years' post-graduate course in Germany. As the eldest child of a pioneer farmer his boyhood days were thoroughly schooled to industry. He cared little for play or games, taking much greater interest in his books and in observing the rules of school. From the start his tendencies were toward a thorough scholarship, which natural inclination was augmented by his parents, who, though humble and poor, were earnest and in- telligent and knew well the great value of an education. In due time he attended the graded schools, where he still further ex- hibited his scholarly tendencies. Afterward he was engaged for about two and one half years as an apprentice in a drug store, where, as prescription clerk and as student of drugs, he first determined upon a collegiate course and the ultimate study of the profession of medicine. After completing his preliminary education he entered Northwestern College at Naperville, 111., entering the Latin Scientific course and graduating in 1875 with the degree of Bachelor of Science. Having previously made up his mind to study medicine, he entered Rush Medical College of Chicago and for three consecutive years diligently pursued the course of studies required by that institution, taking the full Winter and optional courses in each year and graduating with his medical degree in 1878. Dr. Goldspohn then entered Cook County Hospital as interne, and this was to him a position of vast im- portance, opening as it did a field of wide and vital experience. Knowing the immense value of this practice, the energetic young physician grasped every advantage offered by his position to widen his knowledge and perfect his skill. At the conclusion of the required term of service (eighteen months) Dr. Goldspohn determined to still further equip himself for the profession and decided on post-graduate studies in the great universities of Europe. To enable 476 POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. him to do this it was necessary for him to enter private practice, which he did in the town of Desplaines, 111., and with such success that he was enabled to take the coveted trip abroad in 1885. For two years, with characteristic thoroughness, energy and ability. Dr. Goldspohn pursued his studies in the famous universities of Heidelberg, Wurzburg, Strassburg, Halle and Berlin, directing his attention generally to Surgery, and particularly to Gynecology, in which specialty he has since acquired well-merited distinction. Thus strengthened professionally by broad experience and a training under masters of world-wide fame, in October, 1887, he began to practice in Chicago, about six months later was appointed one of the attending surgeons to the German Hospital and in June, 1892, Professor of Gynecology in the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital of the city, a flattering recognition of his professional skill and of his originality and ability. Dr. Goldspohn is a member of the Chicago Medical Society, of the American Medical Association and of the Illinois State Medical Society. In politics he is a Republican and in religion he is a Protestant, being a mem- ber of the Evangelical Association. He is a careful and intense student, keep- ing abreast of the best medical literature of the day, to which he is a valued contributor, especially on subjects which fall within the field in which he has attained such prominence. On October 27, 1879, Dr. Goldspohn was united in marriage to Miss Victoria E. Escher, who was his constant and efficient helpmate until her death, which occurred on June 29, 1885. This was a severe blow to him, but hard work in the European universities finally healed the wound. Just prior to his return to America, on August 4, 1887, he was happily married to his present wife, formerly Miss Cornelia E. Walz, of Stuttgart. They have no children. WILLIAM PORTER VERITY, M. D. The Veritys are of English descent, the immediate ancestors of Dr. Wm. P. Verity settling in Ohio at an early day. Rev. Jonathan Verity was a prom- inent evangelist and revivalist of the M. E. Church, and William Verity, uncles both of the subject of our sketch, was a brave soldier in the Civil War, during one of its historic engagements he being the first to scale the breastworks of the enemy. On his mother's side Dr. Verity is descended from the family of which the eminent jurist, the Hon. Jeremiah Black, of Pennsylvania, is a representative. The Blacks of Ohio had numerous children, and of these four sons also saw honorable service in the War of the Rebellion. One, a flag-bearer, was killed I o^ POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 479 in action — shot through the heart while leading a gallant charge — and another, a cannoneer, won distinction on the bloody field of Gettysburg for bravery and ability. It was in 1850 that the father of Dr. Verity, Matthias, married Miss Cynthia Ann Black, of Ohio, the couple removing to Wisconsin by way of the "prairie schooner." On their journey they passed through the muddy and unattractive, but even then energetic, city at the mouth of the Chicago River. Like thou- sands of others, however, they failed to see in its forbidding exterior any promise of its phenomenal future, and drifting north they settled on the sand hills of Outagamie County, Wis. It was while residing in the village of Kau- kauna, near Appleton, on the first of March, 1854, that the parents welcomed the birth of their son, William Porter Verity. After receiving a district and a high school education and spending one year as a teacher, young Verity, who had now attained the age of twenty years, began the study of his profession under the tutelage of Dr. A. H. Levings, of Appleton. Two years later, in 1876, he came to Chicago to pursue a systematic course at Rush Medical College. Dr. Verity took his degree from the above named institution in 1879, and upon competitive examination received the appointment of interne in the Cook County Hospital. He completed the full term of service — eighteen months — and this experience, invaluable though it was, nearly ended his earthly career, for while performing an operation he was accidentally poisoned and the result was a serious illness of fully three months. At the conclusion of his interneship Dr. Verity at once opened an office on Chicago Avenue. This was in 1881, and for fifteen years he has remained in the locality where he originally established his practice. Although this has been of a general nature, his professional business has drifted largely into sur- gical channels, in which specialty he is among the most prominent practitioners on the North Side. As an indication of his standing it may be stated that Dr. Verity served for three years as Consulting Surgeon to Cook County Hospital, and that for some time he has held the position of Surgeon to the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital. Notwithstanding his busy life as surgeon and physician. Dr. Verity is quite a constant contributor to such standard periodicals as \\\q Journal of tlie Amer- ican Medical Association, the Illedical Standard, the North American Practitioner and the Journal of Neurology and Mental Diseases. His subjects embrace a wide range and he has read, also, many papers before various medical societies which have been widely and favorably commented upon. Dr. Verity is, furthermore, a well-known member of such professional organ- izations as the Chicago Medical Society, the Academy of Medicine, the Cook County Hospital Alumni Association, the Illinois State Medical Society and the 48o POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. American Medical Association. He is also a Mason in high standing, and, all in all, a busy, able, straightforward man and physician, a representative of those who have made Chicago what it is. In 1890 Dr. Verity was married to Miss Hattie Bunnell, of Chicago, a granddaughter of William A. Goodrich. ROSA ENGELMANN, B. A., M. D. Born in Milwaukee, Wis., on the thirteenth of January, i860. Dr. Rosa Engel- mann is a noteworthy product of splendid German blood and of a thorough American education. Her father, Michael Engelmann, came to this country from Bavaria when but a boy of fourteen years. Commencing active life as a laborer in the pineries of Michigan, by his industry and force of character he became in years one of the most prominent lumber merchants and ship own- ers in the Northwest. At a very early day he made Milwaukee his home, and was ever accounted among the leading and most respected citizens of that metropolis. Dr. Engelmann's mother, Sophie Steinhart, also a native of Bavaria, came to America when a girl of eighteen, and during her long residence in the Cream City, as the wife of Mr. Engelmann (or, as he was familiarly called, "Captain" Engelmann) became widely known in social and charitable circles, much artistic ability being also displayed on the mother's side. But the name Engelmann is perhaps most generally recognized by the public of the Northwest in its application to the famous line of steamers, both passenger and freight, which plied between the ports of the Great Lakes, pioneers of their kind, and were owned by Michael Engelmann. The daughter, Rosa, was first educated in the private schools of her native city and at the Milwaukee College, obtaining from the latter institution her degree of B. A. Although she pursued courses in the classics, in art and in music, studying and traveling later in Europe, the bent of her mind was toward some more practical occupation — something which should develop not only her mind but her entire nature. This something she soon discovered in the study of medicine, into which she entered with all the energy of her enthusiastic nature, becoming a student of Dr. Senn while a resident of the Cream City. Coming to Chicago, she at once commenced her professional career as a student in the Woman's Medical College. Graduating in 1889, Dr. Engel- mann carried with her the prize of $50 in gold for the best examination in Pathology — the first money she had ever earned. Much of the credit for this preliminary success and her continued love for her chosen pursuit she gener- ■'s^«fl- j^^t ::3 CM'^y POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 483 ously attributes to Dr. Nicholas Senn, a Milwaukeean himself, and who not only gave her free access to his rich library but instruction in Histology, Pathol- ogy and Practical Medicine. After serving a short interneship at Wesley Hospital and the Woman's Hospital of Chicago, Dr. Engelmann spent twenty months as physician in charge of the women's department of the Cook County Insane Asylum and the Cook County Infirmary, at Dunning, 111. As a specialist in juvenile diseases she has become widely and favorably known in Chicago, serving five years as Clinical Assistant to the children's department of the Chicago Medical College, Northwestern University, and in 1891 receiving the appointment of Professor of Pediatrics at the Post-Graduate Medical School of this city, of which she was the first representative of her sex. Furthermore, she is Attending Pediatrist to the United Hebrew Charities Dispensary, caring for an average of 3,500 children annually, and Attending Physician to the Sheltering Home and Creche, being President of the charitable and medical association named above. With her ability and temperament. Dr. Engelmann must necessarily have been attracted by the aggressive work of Chicago's Civic Federation and become a part of the movement, especially of those measures which are peculiarly within the field of woman's activities. For some time, in fact, she has been serving upon its Public Health Committee, being also a member of its central council. She is especially identified with the work which has resulted in the scientific inspection of milk and has done so much for the cause of public hygiene. Her appointment and reappointment on the emergency staff of the City Health Department also make her the pioneer of her sex as a member of that important body. In common with most women of assured standing. Dr. Engelmann is identified with the Woman's Club of Chicago. As to her connection with pro- fessional organizations, it may be stated that she is a member of the American Medical Association and the Chicago Medical Society, as well as a Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Medicine. Taking into consideration her large private practice and her manifold duties in connection with the various public institutions with which she is identified, it is not too much to say that Dr. Engelmann is among the busiest and best known medical women in Chicago, and, withal, it is surprising to know that she has found time to contribute valuable papers to such standard medical periodicals as the North American Practitioner, the Journal of the American Medical Association, Medicine, the Archives of Pediatrics, etc. Amono- her contributions may be mentioned: "A Contribution to the Study of the Acci- dents of Vaccination;" "A Plea for Aseptic Vaccine Virus and Aseptic Vac- cination, with a Case in Point;" "Scarlatina and the Streptococcus Infection;" 484 POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. "The Inter-Relation of Some of the Local Spasms of Early Life;" "The Etiology of the Summer Diarrheas of Children;" "A Case of Cerebral Syphilis in a Ten-Months' Old Babe" and "Observations and Statistics Upon the Use of Antitoxin in One Hundred Cases of Diphtheria." NORVAL H. PIERCE, M. D. Although a young man, Dr. Pierce has already attained an enviable position among his professional brethren. He was born in Washington, D. C, in 1863, and is a son of Dr. H. Lindsley Pierce, U. S. A. His education was begun in Christ School, Philadelphia, and continued in the public schools of that city. He commenced his medical education in the Jefferson Medical College of Phil- adelphia, and the Pennsylvania School of Anatomy under McClelland. In 1883 he came to Chicago to continue his professional studies and entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, where he graduated in 1885. In a competitive examination for Resident Physician of St. Luke's Hospi- tal Dr. Pierce took first place. After leaving St. Luke's he became Assistant to Professor Fenger at the Surgical Clinic of his Alma Mater and in his hos- pital practice. This connection continued three years, and has had a greater influence on the formation of his medical mind than any other circumstance in his life. In 1888 he was appointed to the position of Surgeon to Michael Reese Hospital Dispensary. In 1889 he went abroad to realize the dream of his ambition — the study of medicine in the foreign universities. He spent one semester at Wurzburg at the Royal University, under Leube, Rindfleish and Michel, studying Pathology and Internal Diagnosis. From Wurzburg he went to Berlin to study the throat and ear. Before leaving America the character of his practice had compelled him to pay special attention to diseases of the ear and respiratory pas- sages. This is accounted for by the fact that he had paid considerable atten- tion to the cultivation of a natural voice, and hence he had been brought in contact with many amateur and professional singers, actors and speakers. From Berlin he went to Vienna, where he continued his studies in these special lines under Politzer, Bing, Griiber, Stoerk, Chiari, Nothnagle, etc. Having the opportunity to become the assistant to Professor Moritz Schmidt in Frankfurt- am-Main he repaired thither, after a stay of nearly a year in Vienna. He re- mained with Professor Schmidt through one Winter as his assistant in his private clinic, and the great advantage of this position cannot be overestimated. In 1891 Dr. Pierce returned to Chicago and established a department for the Diseases of the Throat, Nose and Ear at the Michael Reese Hospital Dis- pensary, which has become one of the largest attended clinics in the city, the 62^o^ /!?'Vd '^oodsp.ee/i BToih&rs.PubUskers Chicaao. \ POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 487 number of patients treated yearly increasing by hundreds. His practice, which is one of the largest, is confined to special work on the nose, throat and ear. He has also written many articles and theses which have been read before the National, State and local medical organizations. Dr. Pierce is a member of the American Medical Association, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society, the Mississippi Valley Medical Association, the Chicago Medico-Legal Society, the Chicago Ophthal- mological and Otological societies and the American Laryngological and Oto- logical Association. He is Professor of Otology in the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, receiving his appointment in 1893, ^"d is Past Surgeon to Cook County Hospital in the department for Throat, Nose and Ear Diseases. He is Attending Laryngologist and Rhinologist to the Michael Reese Hospital and to the Dispensary, and to the Emergency Hospital, Chicago, being also a member of the Union Club. In 1895 he married Drusilla, daughter of Louis Wahl, and it may perhaps be unnecessary to add that Dr. Pierce's prospects for a happy life and a bril- liant professional career are of the brightest. SETH SCOTT BISHOP, M. D., LL. D. Seth Scott Bishop was born in Fond du Lac, Wis., on February 7, 1852, his parents, who left New York to become pioneers in the West, being of English and Scotch extraction. The boy obtained his early education in the public schools of his native city, subsequently receiving an academic and partial collegiate training. In his youth, besides attending school and studying music, he mastered the printer's trade, working at it in the office of the Fond du Lac ComrnomvcaltJi. During this digression from his too close application to books, which had injured his health, he printed the first successful daily paper on the first power press that ever appeared in that city. After returning to his academical studies he edited and published a paper called The Pen, in the in- terests of the school, setting the type and printing it out of school hours. About this time he began to read medicine, in addition to pursuing his school course. Having prosecuted his studies as far as they could be carried at home, he went to New York and attended two courses, a preliminary and a regular one, in the medical department of the University of the City of New York in 1871-72. He studied medicine under Dr. S. S. Bowers, for several years mayor of Fond du Lac, and graduated from the Northwestern University Medical School in Chi- cago in 1876. 488 POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL. Dr. Bishop commenced the practice of his profession in his native city, but in a short time he was prompted to try the fortunes of a country doctor. In Midwinter, therefore, he drove from his old home to a location on the prairies of Minnesota, where he practiced until the Fall of 1879, when he decided that professional life in a city was preferable to that in the country. Dr. Bishop accordingly settled in Chicago, promptly identifying himself with various medical charities. In 1881 he was elected a member of the medi- cal staff of the South Side Free Dispensary, where he served, first in the Children's and afterward in the Eye and Ear department, for a number of years. Later he conducted clinics in the West Side Free Dispensary, and has held the appointment of Consulting Surgeon to the Illinois Masonic Orphans' Home from its foundation. He is an Attending Surgeon to the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, where he has been in active service ever since 1882. Dr. Bishop is the discoveror of camphor-menthol, and is the inventor of numerous surgical instruments. He is the author of the following monographs, most of which he has read at the conventions of various medical associations : "Hay Fever," the first prize essay of the United States Hay Fever Associati(jn; "Cocaine in Hay Fever," a lecture delivered in the Chicago Medical College; "The Pathology of Hay Fever," read at the Ninth International Congress; "A Statistical Report of Five Thousand Seven Hundred Cases of Diseases of the Ear, " read at the same place; "The Treatment of Suppurative Inflammation of the Middle Ear;" "Operations on the Drum Head for Impaired Hearing," with report of cases; "Operations for Mastoid Disease;" "Compressed Air and Sprays in Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear;" " Atresia of the External Auditory Canal, " read at the Tenth International Congress, in Berlin; "The Rational Treatment of Common Aural Catarrh;" "Menthol in Diseases of the Respiratory Organs;" "Lessons from Fatal Mastoid Disease;" "Camphor-Menthol in Catarrhal Diseases;" "The Treatment of Cold in the Head and Nervous Catarrh," and many others. Among the surgical instruments invented or devised by Dr. Bishop are the following: A pneumatic otoscope, an adjustable lamp bracket, an improved tonsillotome, a middle ear mirror, a caustic applicator, a middle ear curette, a light concentrator, a cold wire snare, a nasal speculum, a camphor-menthol inhaler, a pocket powder blower, an office powder blower, a nasal knife, an automatic tuning fork, double retractors, etc. The Doctor has been elected to membership in the State medical societies of Wisconsin, Minnesota and Illinois, the Chicago Pathological Society, the United States Hay Fever Association, the Mississijipi Valley Medical Associa- tion, the Ninth and Tenth Intt'rnational Medical congresses, the American Medical Association, the Knights of Honor, the A. O. U. W., Odd Fellows, POS'J -GRADUATE JlfEDICAL SCHOOL. 491 Beta Theta Pi, Beloit College Chapter, and the highest Masonic bodies. He is Professor of Otology in the Chicago Post-Graduate Medical School and Hos- pital, Professor of Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear in the Illinois Medical College (Chicago Summer School of Medicine) and Attending Sur- geon to the Chicago Commons Free Dispensary. Dr. Bishop's family consists of his wife, Jessie, daughter of the late Peter Button, the well-known contractor and builder, and two children, Jessie and Mabel. In 1890 the Doctor and his wife took a trip to Europe, attending the meetings of the British Medical Association in Birmingham and the Tenth International Congress in Berlin. i Harvey Medical College i HISTORY OF ^HARVEY MEDICAL a)LLli(;E By FRANCES DICKINSON, M. D., Secrhtary. A DEMAND MET. Evening instruction in law, medicine and other branches of knowledge has become an educational factor in large cities. The evening school not only offers an opportunity for a special course, fitting the student for any calling, but enables him to obtain a liberal education while engaged in some other avo- cation. In every large city there is an increasing class of ambitious men and women who find it impossible to spend the day in the class-room, and evening instruction offers them opportunity for self-culture during the only time at their command. It is evident from the rapid growth of the Harvey Medical College that this demand is being met and appreciated. ORGANIZATION (1891). Organized in 1891, it struggled during the first three years. In 1894 the college was purchased and completely reorganized by Dr. Frances Dickinson, the present Secretary. She made a departure in location Ijy immediately re- moving the school to the most thickly populated district in the city and one richest in clinical material, and established, under one roof, at the corner of South Halsted and Van Buren streets, a medical settlement containing the o following departments ; Harvey Medical College, Harvey Hospital, Harvey Free Dispensary, Harvey Training School for Nurses, Harvey Dime Drug Store and Harvey "Out Practice." RAPID GROWTH. In seven months the school increased its number of students five-fold, treated over two thousand persons in the disj')ensary, cared for seventy-four in the hospital, the majority of whom were capital surgical cases, with but three deaths, and answered seventy calls through the "Out Practice." Ample oppor- tunities are thus furnished the student for the study of disease, the practice of medicine, obstetrics and surgery. The number of teachers was doubled, and at *An Evening School of Medicine and Surgery, Co-Educational and of the Regular School of Medicine. 495 496 HARVEY MEDICAL COLLEGE. the completion of the year's work the school was visited by the Illinois State Board of Health and added to the list of recognized colleges. In less than another year's time more commodious quarters became necessary, and in the Spring of 1896 the college moved to its present quarters, the Harvey Building, No. 169 South Clark Street. GENERAL PLAN. One of the principal aims of Dr. Frances Dickinson was to establish a co-educational regular school of medicine where women would receive the same surgical as well as medical instruction given to men in all departments; as a rule this training can only be had in a few universities. The teaching faculty of the college includes many of the best teachers in the city, which fact, together with the latest and best equipment in the chemical, anatomical, histological and bacteriological laboratories, has already placed the Harvey in the list of high class colleges. The increase of the students from nine to over one hundred in two years is ample proof of the appreciation of the almost herculean efforts of two officers of the institution to place the college among the best. The faculty realize the necessity of thorough clinical training, and believ- ing that the medical teaching of the future will be largely objective, have inau- gurated a new feature to fill this demand — an all-day course of clinical instruc- tion. The hours from 9 a. m. to 9 p. m. are designed to be used for the clinical teaching of the students of the third and fourth year classes. Each student has his own microscope and equipment and is required to use and in- vestigate with it during the four years of study. Students are to examine, diagnose and treat medical cases and to perform surgical operations, give treatments and make dressings under the direction of the attending clinical professor. The Training School for Nurses endeavors to give a practical and thorough course of instruction to women in the care of the sick and wounded, that they may become skillful and efficient nurses in the home and the hospital wards. The Harvey Dispensary and "Out Practice" furnish them ample opportunities for practical experience, under the direction of an able corps of physicians and eons. A special feature of the Harvey Medical Settlement is its Dime Drug Store, which furnishes two-ounce mixtures to the dispensary and "Out Practice" patients for one dime. Students are given instructions in pharmacy by the druggist, who is a registered pharmacist and who teaches them the practical as well as the theoretical compounding of drugs. The curriculum of the Harvey Medical College covers four terms, of nine months each, giving the student more hours of class-room drill than many of the older colleges. Final examinations and credits are given as fast as the work is accomplished. i),ii .iiuiiismiiseiv THE PRESENT BUILDING. i HARVliV iMEDICAL COLLUGE. 499 PRESENT OFFICERS AND FACl'I/fW Following; are the Directors and Officers of the Corporation: F. D. Marshall, M. D., President. ' • ' J. A. Clark. M. D.. Vice-President. E. L. Lobdell, M. D., Treasurer. Frances Dickinson, M. D., Secretary. J. Elizabeth Tompkins. The Teaching Facult)^ for 1895-96 is as follows: Byron Robinson, B. S., M. D., Professor of Gynecology .and Abdominal Surgery. William F. Waugh, M. D., Professor of Applied Therapeutics. J. J. M. Angear, A. M., M. D., Prefessor of Nervous and Mental Diseases. Frederick D. Marshall, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics. W. P. Verity, M. D., Professor of Joints, Ligaments and Deformities. Charles Pague, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. R. FI. Vickers, B. A., J. C. D., LL. B., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. W. H. Knapp, M. D., Professor and Demonstrator of Biology and Histology and Demonstrator of Physiology. W. T. Eckley, M. D., Professor and Demonstrator of Anatomy. J. VV. Meek, A. M., M. D., Professor of Chemistr}-, Toxicology and Urinary Analysis. . ■ Wm. A. Evans, Professor of Pathological Histology. J. A. Clark, M. D., Professor of Gynecology. J. Chase Stubbs, M. D., Professor of Therapeutics. J. Homer Coulter, A. M., Ph. D., M. D., Professor of Rhinology and Laryngology. H. VV. Scaife, M. A., M. D., Professor of Diseases of Children and Hygiene. W. C. Ohlendorf, Ph. G., M. D., Professor of Botany and Materia Medica. Lucy Waite, A. M., M. D., Professor of Gynecology. George M. Silverberg, M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Chest. J. M. Auld, M. D., Professor of Rectal Surger}-. George Warren Reynolds, M. D., Professor of Physical Diagnosis and Diseases of the Chest. John Galbraith, M. D., Professor of Anatomy — Osteology. J. Charles Brydges, M. D., Professor of Minor Surgery. VV. E. Coates, Jr., M. D., Professor and Demonstrator of Bacteriology and I'athology. 500 HARVEY MEDICAL COLLEGE. Emma L. Benham, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Dental Pathology and Surgery. J. F. Oaks, M. D., Professor of Otology. F. Eldredge Wynekoop, B. S., M. D., Professor and Demonstrator of Embryology. Janet Gunn, M. D., Professor of Diseases of Children. J. S. M. Wylie, C. M., M. D., Professor of Biology and Zoology, Physics and Electricity. Amy T. Mace, Registered Pharmacist, Professor of Pharmacy and Prescription Writing. Geo. McConnell, M. D., Professor of Dermatology. Chas. J. Lewis, M. D., Professor of Physiology. Belle C. Eskridge, M. D., Professor of Minor Surgery. J. M. Sloan, C. M., M. D., Professor of Genito-Urinary Diseases. Isabel Montgomery Davenport, M. I)., Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases. Harry P. Pratt, M. D., Professor of Electro-Therapeutics. Henry A. Norden, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. Alice Ewing, M. D., Professor of Otology. Katharyn Keith, M. D., Professor of Anatomy — Circulatory System. Joseph R. Noel, M. D., Professor of Therapeutics. ■ A. A. O'Neil, Professor of Physical Diagnosis. Isadore L. Green, M. D., Professor of Anatomy — Nervous System. Chas. L. Webster, A. B., B. D., A. M., M. D., Professor of Medical Terminology. Marie White, M. D., Professor of Anesthetics. Julia Ross Low, M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Stomach and Intestinal Tract. J. H. Eskridge, M. D., Professor of Operative Surgery. J. Elizabeth Tompkins, M. D., Professor of Dermatology. William Bonnar, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practical Surgery. - . Frances Dickinson, M. D., Professor of Ophthalmology. J. Grinker, M. D., Professor of Pathology. Chas. Sterling, M. D., Professor of Physiology. E. R. Findley, M. D., Professor of Bacteriology. A. S. Warner, Professor of Muscles and Ligaments. The Clinical Professors are: Lucy Waite, A. M., M. D., Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery. J. A. Clark, M. D., Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery. J. Chase Stubbs, M. D., Assistant to Gynecology. HARVEY MEDICAL COLLEGE. . 501 Effie L. Lobdell, M. D., Assistant to Gynecology. J. H. Eskridge, M. D., General Surgery. Belle C. Eskridge, M. D., General Surgery. J. Chas. Brydges, M. D., General Surgery. F. D. Marshall, M. D., General Medicine. Geo. M. Silverberg, Throat and Chest. J. Homer Coulter, M. D., Nose and Throat. Frances Dickinson, M. D., Diseases and Surgery of the Eye. Miss Kaas, Dental Surgery. J. N. Sloan, M. D., Dermatology. J. W. Meek, M. D., Venereal. J. Elizabeth Tompkins, M. D., Dermatology. Effie L. Lobdell, M. D., General Medicine. George McConnell, M. D., Dermatology. Chas. L. Webster, Assistant to Gynecology. ' H. W. Scaife, M. A., M. D., Diseases of Children. W. E. Coates, Jr., M. D., Diseases of Children. Chas. J. Lewis, M. D., Diseases of Children. William Bonnar. M. D., General Surgery. J. M. Auld, M. D., Disepses and Surgery of the Rectum. BIOGRAPHICAL. FRANCES DICKINSON. M. D. A product of Chicago and the vigorous West, Dr. Dickinson is an embodi- ment of well-directed energy and of untiring zeal in a score of good causes, some of them connected directly with her profession and others bearing upon the progress of her sex, or of humanity as a whole. By those who have known of her work and followed her career for the past decade she is recognized not only as one of the most prominent women of the West, intellectually, but as one of the leading oculists in this section of the country. Born in Chicago, on the nineteenth of January, 1856, Dr. Dickinson inherited those substantial, persevering traits of character which are typical of the good old Quaker stock. Her parents were natives of Massachusetts, her mother, Ann Eliza Anthony, being the first woman to organize a Society of Friends in this city. Mrs. Dickinson — an aunt, by-the-way, of the famous Susan B. Anthony — was a woman of strong character and was unostentatiously active in much charitable work both East and West. The father of Frances, Albert Franklin Dickinson, was a prominent busi- ness man, and a gentleman as well of broad character and decided convictions as to the ability of women to succeed in that profession wherein intuition, sympathy and delicacy of feeling play so prominent a part. Firmly believing that the practice of medicine and surgery was a field for which they were par- ticularly fitted, when his daughter showed a decided bent in this direction he encouraged her in every way possible. After receiving a thorough education in the grammar and high schools of Chicago, graduating from the Central High School in 1875, Frances first adopted teaching as a profession. After an experience of four years in the public schools she became convinced that the field of activity was not broad enough to satisfy her. During her last year of teaching she attended a course of lectures on physiology, given by Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson, at the Chicago Woman's Medical College, her original intention being to qualify herself as an instructor in that branch. When her independent determination to acquire a full medical education and plans were made known, her brother Charles insisted that she should at once commence her course and he and the other members of the family would meet the expenses which would be incurred. 502 HARVEY MEDICAL COLLEGE. 503 In 1880, therefore, she matriculated for the full medical and sur,L:;ical course at the Woman's Medical College in this city, serving as interne in the Women's and Children's Hospital, under Dr. Mary Harris Thompson, and graduating with honors in 1883. In the Fall of that year she went abroad with her brother Charles. Her father had died two years previous. Dr. Dickinson spent fourteen months in studying and traveling in Scot- land, England, France, Algiers, Tunis, Sicily, Switzerland and Germany. Before going abroad she determined to make Ophthalmology her specialt}-, taking the course given in that branch at the Illinois State Eye and Ear Infirmary of Chicago. In London she stuched under the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Cooper, in the Royal Ophthalmic HosjMtal, at Moorfields, attending also the ophthalmic clinics at the Royal Free Hospital, in Gray's Inn Road. In Darmstadt, Ger- many, under the private tutorship of Dr. Adolph Weber, to whom Von Graefe, the father of Ophthalmology, willed his instruments. Dr. Dickinson spent five months, thus laying the foundation for the carefulness, thoroughness and accuracy which have always been characteristic of her wcrk. Dr. Weber had a large private clinic and hospital of sixty beds attached to his home. On returning to Chicago she entered her chosen field of jnactical labor with the same enthusiasm which marked her study and preliminary work. She rose rapidly to prominence, being now considered the leading woman practi- tioner in her specialty in the West. Dr. Dickinson bears the distinction of being the only woman post-graduate instructor in ophthalmology, occupying a chair in her special branch in the Chicago Post-Graduate School of Medicine. She is also Professor of Ophthalmology and Secretary of the Harvey Medical College, a co-educational school, with evening sessions, of comparatively recent organization, which promises to be one of the flourishing institutions of the West. In 1887, when the Ninth International Aiedical Congress convened at Washington, no woman had been admitted to the membership of that august body. Dr. Dickinson broke down the barriers of prejudice, was received into its ranks, and prepared the way for her sisters East and West. Since that year women have not been debarred from membership, although the meetings of the congress have been held in foreign cities as before, where the sex is not received by the universities on an ecjual footing with men. Dr. Dickinson is a member of the American Medical Association, Chicago Medical Society, Chicago Ophthalmological Society, the American Academy of Political and Social Science and the Chicago Academy of Sciences. As a member of the Woman's Federal Labor Union, No. 2,703, and of the Chicago Woman's Club, she has been prominent in the industrial and civic reforms which for the past decade have agitated the cit}'. When she cannot see her way clear to assist in the correction of an evil, or the alleviation of suffering through some existing organization, she does not 504 HARVEY MEDICAL COLLEGE. hesitate to bring one into existence, or to make the work an individual labor. For instance, at the time of the Johnstown, Pa., calamity, with the assistance of Dr. Lucy Waite, the well-known woman surgeon, she formed the first medical union, composed of women of the various schools of medicine. This Illinois Medical Women's Sanitary Association immediately dispatched Dr. Kate Bush- nell to the scene of the terrible suffering, and later Dr. Alice Ewing. They were among the first to reach the victims of the disaster and administer to their wants and sufferings, remaining for seven weeks upon the scene of the casualty. Dr. Lucy Waite and Dr. Dickinson were the originators of the Queen Isa- bella Association, the organization formed to do justice to the great queen whose patronage of the Columbian discoveries entitled her to be called the Mother of America. The noble statue executed by Harriet G. Hosmer is the material result of the work of the association, and when the splendid creation is cast in bronze will be as truly a lasting memorial to the self-sacrificing enthusiasm of these women as a monument to the genius of the sculptor. During the Columbian Exposition Dr. Dickinson was also a member of the Board of Lady Managers, being an active and untiring worker for its best interests. In youth she was associated with the Methodist denomination, her work among the young people of the Centenary M. E. Church continually bearing good fruit — wholesome and plentiful. Although her religion is kept in the background, rather as an incentive to practical good than an end in itself, Dr. Dickinson has still many leanings toward the faith of her parents. LUCY WAITE, M. D. The Van Valkenburghs were members of a substantial Dutch family, many of whom in Holland were landed proprietors and, both intellectually and materially, substantial people. Of those who settled in Canada and New York, the genealogical records indicate that not a few were descended from former residents of the historic Ghent. They were stanch supporters of the Revolu- tionary cause, several of them holding high positions in New York commands. Dr. Waite is a daughter of Ex-Judge Burlingame Waite and Catharine Van Valkenburgh Waite. Her father is a native of New York, but was admitted to the Illinois bar when a young man and was long a legal practi- tioner in Chicago before President Lincoln, in 1862, appointed him to the position of Assistant Justice of the Supreme Court of Utah. In 1865 he resigned his position, after making a national record in the various complica- tions between the Supreme Judiciary and the Mormon Church. In 1865 Judge 'U^ijy^f.^^i iT-yty HARVEY MEDICAL COLLEGE. 507 Waite became District Attorney for the Territory of Idaho, but one year later returned to Chicago, where he has for years been engaged in hterary pursuits. Dr. Waite's mother was born in Canada West, as Catharine Van Valken- burgh, her parents being natives of Holland and members of that good old family to which reference has been made. After graduating from Oberlin College she married Mr. Waite, and while a resident of Chicago established the Hyde Park Seminary, graduated from the Union College of Law, was admitted to the Illinois bar and founded and published the Chicago Law Times. At the International Council of Women, held at Washington, in 1888, Mrs. Waite was elected President of the Woman's International Bar Association, and both as a writer and a pioneer lawyer among women she has achieved a national fame. It is not surprising that a daughter of such parentage and such lineage should have a decided intellectual tendency and be blessed with the stamina to become thorough in whatever she undertook. A native of Chicago, after becoming grounded in all the studies which common and high schools could offer, Lucy Waite entered the Chicago University and graduated in 1880. Being irresistibly drawn toward the medical profession, she then received two decrees of M. D. — one from Hahnemann and a second from the Harvey Medical College. Deciding now upon Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery as her specialties, she spent two years in Vienna and Paris in study and practice. First she entered the school of midwifery which is a branch of the Vienna Medical University. Carl and Gustav Braun were her immediate preceptors, and before obtaining her degree she was obliged to pass an examination before the great authority, Dr. Spath. Not only were her studies here comprehensive and thorough, but she labored in the hospital day and night to master all the practical details. At the private hospital in Paris Dr. Waite had the benefit of instruction at the hands of Drs. Apostoli and Amedee Doleris. Under the former she pursued a special course in Electro-Therapeutics as applied to Gynecology, the general range of her study and clinical experience covering the specialties of Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery, to which she is devot- ing her life. Since her return from Europe, in 1887, she has persistently con- fined herself to her chosen province, in which she is now one of the acknowl- edged authorities. For about four years Dr. Waite was House Surgeon in the Chicago Gynecological Institute and is at present Professor of Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery in the hospital connected with Harvey Medical College. She is a member of the American Medical Association, of the Chicago Medical and Pathological societies and of the Woman's Club of this city. Although her time is almost entirely devoted to the duties of her practice, she finds opportunity, now and then, to contribute to medical literature upon the sub- jects to which she has given so much study. 5o8 HARVEY MEDICAL COLLEGE. In 1893 Dr. Waite was married to Dr. Byron Robinson, but, in accord- ance with her husband's earnest request, she retains her maiden name. It is quite remarkable that both have devoted themselves with unusual success to the same specialty, that of Abdominal Surgery. GEORGIA SACKETT RUGGLES, M. D. Born at Terra Haute, Ind., on the 12th of September, 1856, Dr. Ruggles is a representative of that unassuming, industrious and able class of practi- tioners which is the real substance of the profession. For the past eleven years she has faithfully and successfully pursued her chosen calling, making the South Side her home and Gynecology her specialty. Although she has enjoyed an extensive general practice, she has devoted most of her attention to this branch of medicine and surgery. Dr. Ruggles' brother, Leon N. Sackett, is a prominent physician of Indiana, and her uncle, Dr. Spencer Ward, was a leading surgeon of New York City. This fact had much to do with the adoption of her profession, the early years of her life being passed as a school teacher. Graduating from the high school when only fifteen years of age, she taught school for a time, but was married when nineteen years old to Hubert A. Ruggles, a business man of Terra Haute. Ambitious, however, to make her mark, Mrs. Ruggles' thoughts were directed more and more toward the study of medicine as a profession which was both scientific and practical in its tendencies. She therefore entered the office of Dr. T. S. Galbraith, of Seymour, Ind., where she remained one year. Being then prepared to pursue a regular course to advantage, she came to Chicago and matriculated at the Woman's Medical College, from which institution she graduated in 1883. Not yet satisfied with her practical acquirements, she served in the hospital as an interne for fourteen months, and then commenced the active practice of her profession. Since, she has not only prospered in a business sense, but has reached such a standing in the ranks of the profession that three years ago she was placed upon the hospital staff as Professor of Gynecology. For the past eleven years Dr. Ruggles has also served as Physician in Charge of the Young Women's Refuge, and for two years has held a position on the staff of the Charity Hospital. Although a member of the American Medical Association and the Chicago Medical Society, Dr. Ruggles, as a rule, has eschewed all connection with organizations outside of her profession, preferring to pursue ^ womanly, modest and dignified course in the faithful discharge of her duties as a practi- tioner; and her present standing is certainly a justification of her wise resolve and her consistent and progressive career. N-^- I Chicago Ophthalmic College CHICAGO OPHTHALMIC C0LLE(;F.. None but physicians and ophthalmic practitioners who have devoted special study to the subject fully appreciate the vast amount of injury that may be done to the eye by imperfectly correcting its muscular and optical defects. It is not alone sufficient that those who prescribe ophthalmic lenses should know what combination to give in every case. They should know that in many instances some obscure ocular or other disease affecting the eye is present, and the sufferer should be referred to a competent physician for treatment. One good work that the Chicago Ophthalmic College has accomplished, which has now been in charge of Dr. Hiram M. Martin for about ten years, is to furnish phy- sicians and educated men with the scientific knowledge which will enable them to decide what defects of vision can be remedied by the use of suitable oph- thalmic lenses and those requiring ocular and general treatment. The students in this college are taught enough Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology and see enough of eye diseases to enable them to decide positively, by the intelligent use of the ophthalmoscope, when lenses are needed. The faculty of the col- lege, therefore, includes professorships of Diseases of the Eye and Clinical Ophthalmology (held by Dr. Martin), Optics and Optical Technics Physi- ology, Diseases of the Nervous System, Clinical Optics and Ophthalmoscopy, Descriptive and Pathological Anatomy, Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat and Materia Medica and Special Therapeutics. During the year there were given six courses of lectures, the subjects taught being Physical and Physio- logical Optics, Adjusting of Lenses and Spectacle Eyeglass Frames, Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology of the Eye, Errors of Refraction and Accommodation and Muscular Enervations, the last named often causing functional nervous dis- eases; also all diseased conditions that may be mistaken for defects of vision remediable by lenses. Special attention is, of course, given to the practical and ready use of the ophthalmoscope and to teaching the scientific application of prisms for the relief of muscular weakness and enervations. In fact, every modern appliance is provided to illustrate and correct all refractive errors or defects of the eye. Incorporated in March, 1886, under the Illinois State Laws, the school was originally designed for graduates in medicine only who desired to further perfect their knowledge of Ophthalmology, Otology, Laryngology and kindred branches. 513 514 CHICAGO OPHTHALMIC COLLEGE. At the outset the promoters had in view the necessity of such an institu- tion. By their thorough and systematic efforts the school has been made an acknowledged success in the teaching of Theoretic and Applied Ophthalmic Optics, Ophthalmoloscopy and the Technic of Ophthalmology, and assuredly no physician, much less an oculist, will at this day and time justly claim to treat eye dis- eases conscientiously without having first thoroughly mastered these branches. From a small beginning the increase in attendance has been steady, until for some years past the college has been recognized as second to no post- graduate school in the country. At present it has graduates in all the States of the Union, in Canada, Mexico, England and the Sandwich Islands, the entire alumni numbering over i,ooo and the average annual attendance being about 150. The students thus located in all parts of the world are following their profession with credit both to themselves and their Alma Mater. The college hospital is thoroughly equipped for the medical and surgical treatment of all eye diseases, giving students the opportunity of seeing the most important operations. The out-door clinic, or dispensary department, is well attended, offering the advantage of furnishing practical experience in the treatment of minor diseases of the eye, as well as the proper adjustment of lenses and the various methods of treating the ocular muscles, whether medi- cally, surgically or optically. It is perhaps needless to add that the dispensary is provided with all modern instruments and appliances,, thus making the college as a whole, with its lecture, demonstration and clinical rooms, the com- plete institution which it is. HIRAM M. MARTIN, P. C, M. D. The subject of this sketch, although still comparatively a young man, has been for years Dean of the Faculty and virtual proprietor of the Chicago Ophthalmic College. Born at Morris, 111., on the twenty-ninth of October, 1859, Hiram M. Martin is the son of parents who were substantial English farmers of Devonshire, and came to Illinois in 1846. At that time they passed through the unattractive young city, with little thought of its great destiny, and along the Illinois and Michigan Canal to their destination. William Martin, the father, died when Hiram was about four years of age, and his mother, Maria Martin, subsequently married William Scofield, a prominent resident of Morris. Mr. and Mrs. Scofield are, in fact, at the present time, among the most prosperous and respected settlers of that region. Hiram, with his brother Richard, spent his early boyhood years in working upon the old farm and attending the district school. Subsequently he attended the Morris Normal School and the College at Carthage, Hancock County, and withal was enabled, in conjunction with his brother, to clear off a considerable debt which rested on CHICAGO OPHTHALMIC COLLEGE AND HOSPiTAL. I I CHICAGO OPHTHALMIC COLLEGE. 517 the homestead at the time of his father's death. Richard Martin is still a well- to-do and highly respected farmer near Morris, the scene of so many struggles and hardships in the early lives of the two brothers. Before the debt had been cleared from the old farm, however, by their joint efforts, Hiram had conceived a liking for the medical profession, leaving his collegiate studies, after completing an elective course, to enter the office of Dr. A. E. Palmer of Morris. In 1876, then only in his eighteenth year. Dr. Martin commenced system- atically his professional studies in the medical department of the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in June, 1879, and in the Fall of that year removed to Chicago and shared an office with Dr. D. A. K. Steele. This connection he continued one year, his location being on the corner of State and Eighteenth streets, afterward engaging in lucrative practice alone at Bridgeport and other points. During this period Dr. Martin also served as Assistant Surgeon at the dispensary of the Chicago Medical College. He was also Attending Surgeon to the Eye and Ear department of the College of Physicians and Surgeons and to the Battle Creek Sanitarium, holding the latter position during 1 890-1 891. He is now the Surgeon in Charge of the Chicago Ophthalmic Hospital, and, as stated, its President and Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Clinical Ophthalmology; also Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Clinical Ophthalmology in the Harvard Medical College of Chicago. In January, 1887, Dr. Martin obtained control of the college with which he has since been identified and to which he has given his best energies and talents. Associated with him, also, for a number of years past, both in the general superintendence of his hospital and in the instruction of his classes (as quiz-master), has been his half-sister, Hattie A. Scofield, a young lady of fine literary training as well as of professional education. In addition to the large income derived from this institution. Dr. Martin has a profitable private practice, the combined profits, which have steadily increased, year by year, being judiciously invested in West Side and suburban real estate and in real estate mortgages. Naturally he is a busy man, being furthermore identified with various organizations, both of a professional and secret nature. He is a member of the American Medical Association and of the Chicago Medical Society, also of the Masonic fraternity — Blue Lodge, No. 508, Wiley M. Egan Chapter, Chicago Commandery (K. T. ), No. 19, and of Butler Chapter, O. E. S., No. 36. Dr. Martin is, furthermore, associated with the Knights of Pythias as a member of Banner Lodge, No. 219. Although his professional activities have been such that he has been able to devote but little time to the cause of medical literature, his high standing 5i8 CHICAGO OPHTHALMIC COLLEGE. has been recognized by no less an authority than Gustavus Hartridge, F. R. C. S., the noted Enghsh speciaHst, whose volume on "The Refraction of the Eye" has passed through eight editions and is one of the standard works upon this subject. To the last edition of this book Dr. Martin has contributed a valuable illustrated paper describing, as stated therein, the most modern trial cases and instruments for diagnosing errors of refraction, measuring lenses, etc. — appliances that shall be suitable to the wants of the optician and to those physicians who make the eye, not an exclusive specialty, but part of their practice. I [ ILLINOIS MEDICAL COLLEGE THE ILLINOIS MEDICAL COLLLGi; (CHICAGO SUMMER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE). Originally the Chicago Summer School of Medicine, this is one of the recently organized medical colleges of the city. It was founded in the belief that the enormous clinical material of Chicago ought to be utilized during the Summer months for the instruction of students. The Summer is the season of the greatest mortality, and there are important groups of diseases only to be seen during that season; moreover the problems of medicine, surgery and obstetrics are presented under peculiarly difficult conditions during the heated term. But these have been heretofore lost to the medical student, as, while the Winter colleges nominally keep up their clinics all the year, in reality neither faculty nor students attend to any great extent outside the regular college term. Of the great American cities, Chicago alone enjoys a Summer climate that permits continuous study during this season. The others are too hot for such work, or too small to supply the wealth of clinical material required for the needs of a medical course. The Illinois Medical College, incorporated under the laws of the State, is co-educational, believing that as women are universally recognized as reputable members of the medical profession they have the right to the best education accessible. The first annual Commencement of the college was held at the Schiller Theater, in September, 1895. Professor J. J. M. Angear delivered the doctorate address and the President, Professor Randolph N. Hall, conferred the degree of M. D. upon nine graduates. The matriculates of 1895 numbered fifty-six. Students matriculating previous to January i, 1896, were allowed to come up for graduation at the end of their third term of lectures, provided they had completed four years of medical study. Those who matriculated after the close of 1895 were required to attend four annual courses of lectures, in accordance with the regulations of the Illinois State Board of Health. Besides its medical courses, the college furnishes clinical instruction at its own dispensary, the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, Cook and County Hospital, other hospitals of the city being accessible to its students. 523 BIOGRAPHICAL. JOHN JAMES MAY ANGEAR, A. M., M. D. John J. M. Angear was born on September 5, 1829, near the city of Plymouth, England. The name suggests that the family is ot French origin. Samuel Angear, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a native of the village of Loe, in Cornwall, England, and was a teacher in Plymouth. His son, John Walter Angear, was a native of Plymouth and an instructor there in Latin and mathematics. On the maternal side, Dr. Angear is descended from James May, of St. Johns, Cornwall, whose daughter, Ann May, a woman of ability and decision, in whose veins was the blood of the ancient Britons, became the wife of John W. Angear. The family came to America in 1845 '^"d settled in Racine County, Wis. Young Angear, having received an excellent preparatory course under the able instruction of his father, began teaching at the age of twenty- two years. Soon after its organization he passed the examination in Racine College, and graduated in 1857, having taught several terms in the meantime. He then went to Berlin, Wis., where he remained ten years. His interest in teaching anatomy, physiology and chemistry very naturally led him to adopt the profession of medicine, and entering Rush Medical College he graduated from that institution in i860. He at once began the practice of medicine at Berlin, Wis., continuing there until 1863. Dr. Angear was then commissioned by President Lincoln as Surgeon and was made Quarantine Surgeon at Pensacola Harbor and Post Surgeon at Fort Pickens, Fla. , where he remained until the end of the Civil War. Returning to Berlin, he sold his home, disposed of his business there and settled in Lee County, Iowa, in 1866. There he resumed the practice of medicine and was appointed Professor of Physiology and Pathology and General Therapeutics in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, Iowa, which position he filled eleven years. He was also President of the Lee County Commission of Insanity for thirteen years and Surgeon for the Iowa penitentiary for four years. He became interested in microscopy and founded the Microscopic Section of the Iowa State Medical Society, serving as its 524 i ^'-'ord r„Mid< insi (^ ILLINOIS MEDICAL COLLEGE. 527 President during his residence in that State. He is the owner of several microscopes, one of which is among the finest in the State, and gives much attention to histological work. During the past year he has mounted over one thousand specimens. In the year 1882 Dr. Angear resigned his position in Iowa and moved to Chicago, to take the chair of Principles of Medicine in the newly organized College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, from which he resigned three years later. In 1878 he was delegate from the American Medical Association to the British Medical Association, and after the sitting of that body visited the hospitals of London and other European cities to further his researches with the microscope in aid of his studies of the brain and nervous diseases. The Doctor has been for many years a member of the Academy of Sciences, Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical and the Chicago Pathological societies, and was President of the last named for two years. He is also a Mason, and a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and of the Con- gregational Club. He was President of Harvey Medical College of Chicago and is Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases in that school, and a contributor to various medical journals. In 1890 he was recalled by the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Keokuk to fill the chair of Physiology and Nervous and Mental Diseases, but he resides in Chicago. The Doctor is also Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases and Clinical Medicine in the Illinois Medical College (Chicago Summer School of Medicine). In 1855 Dr. Angear married Miss Sophia L. Smith, a daughter of Benjamin E. Smith, one of the early settlers of Racine, Wis. Mr. Smith is almost ninety- four years of age, and is a member of the Doctor's family. Mrs. Angear was born in 1837, and is one of the first native white children of Eastern Wisconsin. They have two sons, William John Smith Angear of Chicago Heights and Benjamin Horace Smith Angear of Chicago. Both are graduates of pharmacy and are engaged in the drug business. Born in a family in which teaching has been a profession for generations. Dr. Angear is a teacher by inheritance, and his long services in this profession attest his ability and success as an instructor. In his lectures he is careful to be correct, and such is his reputation for strict authenticity that his statements are taken without question. He is able to draw rapidly and correctly upon the blackboard any subject which he desires to use in illustration, a most valuable accomplishment in a teacher. He has strict principles and decided opinions, and does not hesitate to express them. He is a very strong advocate of Temperance, and thinks that prescribing alcoholic stimulants is unnecessary and detrimental alike to good health and good morals. He is a Republican in politics and a member of the Congregational Church. 528 ILLINOIS MEDICAL COLLEGE. BYRON ROBINSON, B. S., M. D. If there is any one thing which in years gone by has been held up by the medical fraternity of Europe as detrimental to the standing of American phy- sicians it is that the latter have given to the world comparatively few original investigators. It is only within a recent period that it has been considered as almost indispensable to the prestige of the ambitious physician that he should secure a partial training either in the great medical universities of Europe, or under the direct tutelage of some of the Old-World masters. To this growing custom is greatly due the spirit of experimentation and original research that is becoming more and more pronounced among the younger generation of American physicians, which in the future is to give direction to the national medical life. There are few of his years who have done more to encourage this spirit than Dr. Robinson. Both by precept and example is he a stanch advocate of experimental research and the adoption of a specialty, whether in medicine or surgery. Byron Robinson is the son of William and Mary Robinson, who still live on the old homestead in Wisconsin. The boy acquired his primary education in a log schoolhouse, afterward attending the Mineral Point Seminary and the State University at Madison. During his senior year he was Assistant Pro- fessor of Chemistry, graduating in 1878, with the degree of B. S. His ability was at once recognized by local educators and he was appointed to the prin- cipalship of the high school. This position he held for two years, but he was already laying the foundations for a broader career than that of a teacher, having commenced the study of medicine under a private preceptor. At the conclusion of his term of service as principal of the Madison High School, in 1880 he entered Rush Medical College, Chicago, for "a regular medical course. He had already made such progress in his studies that he graduated in 1882, locating in Grand Rapids, Wis. Until 1884 he was a partner of Dr. G. F. Witter, devoting himself, as one must in a comparatively small community, to a general practice. About this time, however, his active mind was diverted into special channels, and he determined upon a trip to Europe for the pur- pose of studying Gynecology and Surgery. During 1884-85 he pursued his studies and investigations at Heidelberg, Berlin and London. At the conclusion of his studies in London Dr. Robinson returned to Grand Rapids and resumed practice, now devoting himself, when possible, to the specialties which he had adopted as his life study and which may be included under the term Abdominal Surgery. After about a year spent in practice and investigation, in 1887 he made a second trip to Europe for the purpose of studying Gynecology in the University of Vienna. ILLINOIS MEDICAL COLLEGE. 531 In 1889 Dr. Robinson removed from Grand Rapids to accept the chair of Anatomy and CHnical Surgery in the Toledo (O.) Medical College and to estab- lish himself in his chosen specialties. He continued his experiments in intestinal anastomosis, using first for his plates the cartilage from the scapula of a steer. It seems that he had occasion to pass a butcher shop daily and noticed that that part of the scapular was cartilaginous. His experiments with dogs, how- ever, proved that the plates absorbed too quickly, the artificial channel was broken down and the animals died of fecal fistula. The idea of providing an artificial fistula connecting the bowels above and below any intestinal obstruc- tion, thus maintaining the fecal current, originated with the French. But as the first operation was fatal it fell into disrepute, the opinion gaining ground that the portion of the excluded bowel would necessarily become the seat of a fatal obstruction in the accumulated feces. For the purpose of ascertaining the strength of this serious objection to the operation Dr. Robinson conducted a series of experiments on dogs, with the result of proving that the cases were very rare indeed in which the feces accumulated in the excluded bowel — that the fecal current always takes the shortest route. The result of his experiments has been to make intestinal anastomosis a recognized surgical operation with an unlimited future. Having thus proven the general feasibility of the operation, the next step was to provide some means by which the serous surfaces of the bowel to be joined should be safely held together until healed and the mechanical device be absorbed in the proper manner and at the proper time. We have already seen how the experiments to solve this problem, undertaken by Dr. Robinson in 1889, resulted in the abandonment of the cartilage plate as being too quickly absorbed. During subsequent experiments he tried many kinds of material, such as decalcified bone, rawhide, leather, catgut and rubber, and finally fixed upon rawhide and segmented rubber plates as the most convenient, accessible, easily and quickly made and suitably absorbable. He holds them to be superior to rings, because they coapt more extensive serous surfaces. They press equally in all directions, cause no sloughing or gangrene and produce fixation and physi- ological rest. The rawhide plates absorb in from two to eight days, while the segmented rubber plates can be built up so as to be absorbed, when desired, at periods ranging from one day to ten days. The latter is recognized as one of the most important products of intestinal technique as it is one of the latest. It may be added that Dr. Robinson is a firm advocate of discarding circular enterorrhaphy, or the sewing together of the divided edges of the intestines. Many varieties of sutures have been employed, the needle in some processes pene- trating the mucous membrane of the intestine. Besides the dangers of fecal fistula and gangrene, the operation also consumes much time — sometimes fully an hour. Anastomosis can be performed in one-third of the time, and with 532 ILLINOIS MEDICAL COL.LEGE. this operation he would displace that of enterorrhaphy. To obviate the difficul ties of the more dangerous and tedious operation, Dr. Robinson experimented with different methods. One of the first tried was to invaginate the distal bowel end and then insert the proximal end into it about one-half an inch, after which the Lembert suture (which does not pass through the mucous membrane) was applied with scarification. Eventually the operation consisted of pushing the proximal bowel into the distal an inch and circular suturing with Lembert stitch, thus avoiding invaginal sutures. Dr. Robinson remained in Toledo for two years, after which he went to Birmingham, England, for the special purpose of studying under the renowned Lawson Tait, Professor of Gynecology in Queen's College and an author of high standing on "Diseases of Women and Abdominal Surgery." After a six months' course of invaluable study and clinics under this master, in 1891 he came to Chicago to assume the chair of Gynecology in the Post-Graduate Medical School. As previously intimated, his experimental work has embraced the comparative anatomy of the female genital organs and demonstrated the "automatic men- strual ganglia," situated along the tubes and uterus; also that the liver and the spleen are ruled respectively by the "automatic hepatic ganglia" and the "auto- matic splenic ganglia." It appears, further, that he has been the first in America to demonstrate the existence of inflammation of the seminal vesicles, or sper- matocystitis, and that this disease is similar to inflammation of the fallopian tubes. Since coming to Chicago Dr. Robinson has presistently followed the course which he laid out for himself many years ago. He has a growing private prac- tice and in addition to his duties as professor at the Post-Graduate School has assumed those of Attending Gynecologist to the Woman's Hospital and the Chicago Charity Hospital. He is also Professor of Gynecology and Clinical Gynecology at the Illinois Medical College, Professor of Gynecolgy and Abdominal Surgeon at the Harvey Medical College, an honorary member of several societies and an active member of many others. During his career as a practitioner and experimenter Dr. Robinson has per- formed three hundred human post-mortems and several hundred dissections of ani- mals. One result of this work, which has not heretofore been noted, is a life-size chart of the Sympathetic Nerve — in other words, a graphic representation in black and white of the nervous system of the female. Although the actual drawing was made from a dissected female cadaver preserved in alcohol for ten mi^nths, the chart, as a whole, is the result of five years' labor, involving the dissection of fully thirty human bodies. In November, 1895, Dr. Robinson also contributed a long illustrated article to the New York IMcdical Record, on "The Appendix and Cecum in One Hundred and Twenty-eight Adult Post-Mortems, with a New Theory as to the Cause of Appendi- ILLINOIS MEDICAL COLLEGE. 533 citis. " The paper was based upon autopsies performed mostly in Cook County dur- ing the past two years, and created much discussion and favorable comment. Briefly stated, the author's theory, based upon an imposing array of original data, was that more than seventy per cent of peritonitis cases occur in adults around the CEeco-appendicular apparatus, which may be termed the major region of the intestinal inflammation. The main factor which induces peritoneal adhesions in that region is the psoas (loin) muscle, and the greater frequency of cases in male subjects is due to the fact that this muscle is much more active in man than in woman and is therefore more liable to act upon the appendix. The danger is, furthermore, increased from the fact that in man the appendix is much longer on an average than in woman, and the male pelvis is less spacious than the female. Finally, when favorable conditions arise in the bowel contents, the motion of the psoas muscle, whether upon the appendix, cecum, ilium or ascending colon, produces inflammation and adhesions around that portion of the bowel which lies in contact with the highest range of action of that muscle. But perhaps the most thorough exposition of Dr. Robinson's researches and views upon the specialty to which he devotes the bulk of his time and strength is to be found in the text-book lately published by him entitled, "Landmarks of Gynecology." In this work, to which the reader is referred for details. Dr. Robinson gives due credit for valuable suggestions to his able wife and co-worker in the same field. Dr. Lucy Waite. From all of which it will be correctly inferred that Dr. Robinson's busy and successful professional life is confined to surgery and, as a rule, to Abdom- inal Surgery. HEMAN H. BROWN, M. D. The subject of this sketch is among the growing surgeons of Chicago who are adopting specialties in the broad field of their profession and thus wisely concentrating their energies and abilities. Dr. Brown is the son of George R. and Elizabeth G. Brown, and was born at Jersey Shore, Pa., on the eighth of July, 1863. From boyhood he was studiously inclined and his musical tastes were pronounced. His higher education was acquired at the University of Michigan, both in the literary and medical departments. After receiving his degree. Dr. Brown removed to Ohio to practice his pro- fession, the expenses attending his collegiate course having somewhat involved him in debt. Within the succeeding five years he not only cleared himself of these financial responsibilities, but established a good and growing practice, during most of this period being United States Pension Examining Surgeon under the Harrison administration. 534 ILLINOIS MEDICAL COILEGE. Coming to Chicago, Dr. Brown at once took up the specialty in which he is acquiring such prominence, both as educator and practitioner. At present he is Instructor in Ophthahiiology in the Chicago PohcHnic, Assistant Surgeon to the Ihinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary and Professor of Didactic and Clinical Ophthalmology in the Illinois Medical College. As tersely expressed by the Doctor himself, he is a high-tariff, limited- coinage Republican. He has been too busy, however, to either actively engage in politics, to affiliate with societies or to indulge in extensive travels. PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS PUBLIC HOSPITALS PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. COLUMBUS MEDICAL LABORATORY. When Mr. H. J. Furber planned the Columbus Memorial Buildinf;;, largely for members of the medical profession, he realized that it should be made to appeal to their judgment as well as their fancy. When the establishment of a medical laboratory in the building was proposed to him, he therefore entered into the plan with enthusiasm, and has lent the enterprise substantial aid during its COLUMBUS MEDICAL LABORATORY first two years of life. While the field of specialization met by the laboratory is not new, the method of accomplishment is believed to be unique. A number of physicians, competent to carry on investigations in the various departments of Bacteriology, Chemistr}', Pathology and Microscopy, have associated them- selves in the work. Nearly all the members devote their entire time to labora- tory work, and l)y its liberal patronage the medical profession has evinced its hearty aj^proval of the enterprise. Established in 1893, with a broad field before it, it has already witnessed a great expansion in laboratory work. Its chief object has been, and perhaps always will be, to assist in the work of accurate diagnosis; yet the laboratory 537 538 PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. is becoming largely a factor in therapeutics. There is always a gulf between first offerings and an acceptance on the part of the profession complete enough to warrant commercial houses in supplying the demand. This breach the Columbus Medical Laboratory helps to fill. The necessity for the institution has been largely a matter of education — an education in which there have been many factors. Not the least of these has been the demand on the part of the laity that these new sciences of which they hear so much be brought to bear upon the riddles of their individual cases; the most important, however, has been the desire of the physician to know what these sciences can do to aid him and his patients. The laboratory has gradually added to its space, its equipment and its force, and during the last two years it has given a number of courses in Laboratory Medicine for the benefit of practitioners. Many of the foremost physicians in Chicago, as well as members of the profession outside the city, appreciate the advantages of the laboratory and are its stanch patrons. The present staff is as follows: Adolph Gehrman, President. Wm. M. Harsha, Secretary. John A. Wessner, Chemist. Wm. A. Evans, Pathologist. STREETER HOSPITAL. In 1888 "^'Dr. John W. Streeter founded the hospital, at No, 2646 Calumet Avenue, in which his professional abilities are now mainly centered. His natural aptitude and long experience have given him unusual skill in pelvic and abdo- minal surgery. Naturally conservative, he avoids the knife, if possible, believing that all other reasonable means should be used first. All diseases peculiar to women and all rectal complications are treated by the most approved methods. The hospital building is pleasantly situated, massive in construction, fire- proof and perfectly appointed as a surgical and lying-in hospital. Every room has a south exposure. The building (a four-story structure) is heated by hot water, lighted by electricity, furnished with an hydraulic elevator, ventilated by a system of electric fans, and is in every respect as complete as skill, experi- ence and money can make it. The operating-room has been pronounced to be the most aseptic room ever constructed, and, although the entire hospital is surgically clean, it is remarkably free from what have been termed "hospital odors," and, as has already been stated, has a wonderfully home-like appear- ance — this latter desideratum being often sadly lacking in institutions of this kind, especially in those of a public character. *See Chicago Homeopathic College. STREETER HOSPITAL. PUBLIC HOSPITALS. ^- MERCY HOSPITAL. "Although Mercy Hospital is a Roman Catholic institution conducted by the Sisters of Mercy, attended by the Franciscan Fathers as chaplains and under the patronage of Most Rev. P. A. Feehan, Archbishop of Chicago, yet no suf- MERCY HOSPITAL, ferer is excluded on account of diftercnce in creed. The only passport needed is sickness in any form except contageous diseases, for which there are no sep- arate departments; hence the admission of such would be an injustice to the other patients." In brief, the above is an official statement of the relation in which Mercy Hospital stands to the Church and to the public. It may be added that the medical affairs of the institution are managed by a strong staff of physicians *See history Northwestern University Medical School and biographies of Drs. N. S. Davis and Edmund Andrews. 541 542 PUBLIC HOSPITALS. and surgeons who are professors or graduates of the Northwestern University Medical School, Almost from the beginning the Sisters of Mercy have had active charge of the institution, which was re-chartered in June, 1852, as Mercy Hospital. The corner-stone of the present building, however, was not laid until July 25, 1869, which, with various additions, will now accommodate more than three hundred beds. Besides the Sisters attending the hospital a regular training school for nurses, which has been in successful operation for many years, is connected with this great institution. The building formerly owned and occupied by the Chicago Medical College and adjoining the hospital has been purchased by the latter and is to be refitted as a nurses' home. UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL. *J()HN B. HAMILTON, M. 1)., LL. D., Surgeon-in-Command. The Marine Service of the United States was established in 1798. Its extension to Western waters was required by the act of 1837, and the United States Marine Hospital at Chicago was founded by reason of an appropriation act of 1854. Plans for the construction of the buildings were made by Robert Mills, Architect of the Treasury, but it was not until 1854-55 that an appro- priation was passed for their actual construction. A portion of the old Fort Dearborn Reservation was set apart by the Government for a hospital site, and remained in its possession devoted to that purpose until sold, shortly before the great fire. The hospital was opened for patients in 185 8, Dr. Daniel Brainard, the noted professor of Rush Medical College and then perhaps the leading surgeon of the Northwest, being the Sur- geon-in-Charge. It was not long, however, befoire commerce commenced to encroach upon grounds and building, leaving the hospital with little light or ventilation and making its final abandonment a foregone conclusion. Antici- pating its sale. Congress passed an act in 1867 providing for the erection of a new hospital and commissioners were appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, of which the Collector of the Port was chairman, to select a site. The location finally chosen was the one now occupied, midway between Chi- cago and Evanston. The tract was in the town of Lake View, a portion of the school section, and it is quite certain that the commendable desire of the commission to replenish the school funds largely governed their action in this matter. As to *See Dr. Hamilton's biography and history of Rush Medical College. PUBLIC HOSPITALS. 543 healthfulness, the site was all that could be desired, but being six miles from the business center of the city, the institution is too far away to be either con- veniently or economically administered, and this inconvenience of access has been the constant complaint of the ofiicers in charge. Contracts for the erection of the new building were let in 1869, but it was not opened for the reception of patients until 'four years thereafter. In the meantime came the great fire of 1871 and destroyed the old building, the inmates being transferred to Mercy Hospital, then on Twenty-second Street, and cared for under contract with the Government. Dr. E. O. F. Roler was then the Superintending Surgeon, the immediate successors of Dr. Brainard UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL, being Drs, E. C. Rogers and N. T. Quales. Dr. Ralph N. Isham succeeded Dr. Roler. When the Marine Service was re-organized in 1876 officers were de- tailed by the Government to superintend the affairs of the hospitals. Dr. Tru- man W. Miller being the first incumbent of the position at Chicago under the new regulations. He resigned in 1885, being succeeded by various officers from the general service. Although last year (1895) Congress appropriated $10,000 for the construc- tion of a general operating room in connection with the hospital, the work has not yet been commenced, although plans are finished. As it now stands the building is upon the pavilion plan, four stories and basement, consisting of a central administration building and two wings. Built at a cost of $450,000, of 544 PUBLIC HOSPITALS. cut Joliet stone, with dimensions of three hundred 1)}' thirty feet, and surrounded by spacious, well-kept i^rounds, the Marine Hospital at Chicago presents such imposing appearance as befits the most important institution of the kind in the country. Its maximum capacity is two hundred and fifty inmates, with an average attendance of about one-third that number. Connected with the hospital is a dispensary for out-patients, which is located at the Custom House and which annually treats more than two thousand patients. ILLINOIS CHARITABLE EYE AND EAR INEIRMARY. In May, 1858, an association was organized in Chicago, mainly through the efforts of Dr. Edward L. Holmes, which established an eye and ear dis- pensary on North Clark Street, and in July, 1864, an infirmary was added, being located at Nos. 16-18 East Pearson Street. During the succeeding year the promoters of the institution secured a legislative charter, and from 1867 to 1869 small appropriations were made in aid of the enterprise, which up to this time had been purely of a private character. Upon the adoption of the constitution of 1870 the Legislature transformed the establishment into a State institution. After the destruction of its building by the great fire of 187 1 temporary quarters were occupied until, by the grant of funds which was received from the Chicago Relief and Aid Society in 1872, it was enabled to purchase the fine site now occupied on the corner of Peoria and Adams streets. The Assembly of 1873 also made an appropriation for the erection of the present building, other sums being granted by the State as additions to the original structure were required. PASSAVANT MEMORIAL HOSPITAL (EMERCiENCV HOSPITAL). At the annual meeting of the Institution of Protestant Deaconesses of Alleghany County, Pa., held at its hospital in Pittsburg, on February 16, 1865, the director, the late Rev. W. A. Passavant, D. D., introduced the project of establishing a similar hospital in Chicago. The Board adopted the project, and in July, 1865, the hospital was opened in a frame building, formerly a private house, which had been purchased by Dr. Passavant and was located on Dearborn Avenue, near Ontario Street. Its equipment was very primitive and capacity limited to fifteen beds. Incorporated in 1867, it was only through a long series of trials and reverses, among which was the fire of 1871, that the hospital was enabled to P UBL IC ITOSPI TA L S. 545 occupy the present building' in December, 1885. Until shortly after the death of Dr. Passavant, in June, 1894, it bore the name of "Emergency Hospital," but since the corporation, in memory of its founder, has given it the name "The Passavant Memorial Hospital." The hospital has now a capacity of sixty-five beds. ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL. The founder, and at this writing the Honorary President and Chaplain of this splendid institution, is the Rev. Clinton Locke, D. D., mainly through whose eflorts it was established during 1864 in a small wooden house on State T If*' JjT }^ frfSwW ' ^ 1 i" t»s .r^ffrf^'* i™ •tL ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL. Street, near Eldridge Court. After several changes of location, m 1881 the hrst steps were taken toward the erection of a permanent building, it being chiefly through the generosity of N. K. Fairbank, ever a consistent friend of the enterprise, that an ample site was obtained at the present location — on Indiana Avenue, between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets. More than $150,000 were subsequently raised for the erection of the present building, the corner- stone of which was laid on All Saints' Day, 1882. This was occupied in January, 1885, and with additions and improvements — most notable of which was the Samuel Johnston Memorial — now constitutes the structure so well known as St. Luke's Hospital. By this addition, made in 1890, the capacity of the hospital was increased to one hundred and fifty beds. 546 PUBLIC HOSPITALS. MARY THOMPSON HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN. The above, one of the noteworthy institutions of Chicago, was founded in February, 1865, mainly through the exertions of Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. As the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children it passed through many trials, including the Great Fire, after which the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, out of its surplus funds, purchased the splendid site, 150x80 feet on the corner of Adams and Paulina streets, now occupied by the hospital. The imposing building, a five-story basement brick and stone structure, was com- pleted in December, 1885, and has accommodations for eighty patients. The MARY THOMPSON HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN. classes admitted are confinement cases and women and children who apply for sur- gical operations, or for the treatment of diseases neither contagious nor incurable. The hospital was founded to provide medical and surgical aid by female physicians for women and children; also to assist women physicians, by clinical and other instruction, to a more thorough preparation for professional practice. In the building are complete facilities for holding clinics and a thoroughly equipped dispensary, the hospital, furthermore, being an invaluable school for the practical training of nurses. After the death of its founder, Dr. Thompson, in May, 1895, the corpora- tion resolved to change the name of the institution, and thus to perpetuate the memory of her who had been for so many years its head physician. PUBLIC HOSPITALS. 547 COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL. In January, 1866, two wards in the old City Hospital were refitted by the Board of Supervisors of Cook County and opened for the reception of a few patients who were transferred from Mercy Hospital, where the county had boarded its sick for several years. Thus was the nucleus of the present magnificent institution formed in an old structure corner of Eighteenth and Arnold streets, to which was finally built an addition, as the demands upon the county out- stripped the increasing accommodations of the then primitive hospital. With the growth of city and county its capacity was still insufficient, and in 1875 was erected the main structure of the institution known as the Cook County Hospital. Its general object is to render medical and surgical aid to the poor of Cook County, the buildings, with grounds, covering thirteen acres, or an entire block, bounded by Wood, Harrison, Lincoln and Polk streets. The Detention Hospital for the care of insane and children, which formerly was in the Criminal Court building, in the downtown district, now occupies a substantial brick structure on the corner of Wood and Polk streets. The daily average of patients cared for at the Cook County Hospital is about eight hundred. More than two hundred doctors, nurses and employes constitute the working force, about one-third of this number being represent- atives of the Illinois Training School for Nurses. The following figures are taken from the report of the Warden, just issued: Cases admitted during the year, 14,937; cases discharged, 13,705; deaths, 1,205; cases on hand, January i, 1896, 752; daily average, 802. ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL. This, one of the leading hospitals in the city, is located at Nos. 559-569 North Market Street, and represents the first establishment of the order of the Cellite or Alexian Brothers in America. In 1866 it was founded in a small frame building corner of Dearborn and Schiller streets, and during 1868 a larger structure of wood was erected on the present site. It was not until after the fire of 1871, however, that the nucleus of the present hospital building was erected — a structure which accommodates about one hundred and eighty patients. The scope of the hospital is well expressed in the objects of the order itself — to nurse the sick, take care of lunatics and bury the dead. Male patients only are admitted to the hospital. On account of the construction of the Northwestern Elevated Railroad the hospital authorities have agreed to vacate the present building in the Spring of 1898, and grounds have been purchased for the erection of a larger and mag- nificent edifice, or group of edifices, at Belden and Racine avenues. 548 PUBLIC HOSPITALS. MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL. In 1866 the parent of this hospital was erected on the corner of La Salle and Schiller streets, the origin of the present establishment being a fund of $125,000 provided by the estate of the late Michael Reese. The generous donor lived for many years in California, where he accumulated a fortune, dying in Europe and leaving many relatives in Chicago. The original building was swept away by the great fire of 1871, and during the succeeding decade the United Hebrew Relief Association, which from the first has controlled the institution, distributed the patients among the other hos- pitals of the city. In October, 1881, however, the structure now occupied was completed, on the corner of Twenty-ninth Street and Groveland Avenue. Com- posed of a main central building, with two wings, it is of brick, three stories in height, accommodates between eighty and ninety patients and is, all in all, one of the most complete establishments of the kind in the city. ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL. Located on Garfield Avenue, near Halsted Street, this hospital is conducted by the Sisters of Charity. It was founded by Sister Walburga, in Lake View, in 1869, but owing to the inconvenience of the location was transferred to its present site in 1871. As it now stands the hospital is one of the most imposing in its outward appearance and among the most complete in its internal arrangements. The building is constructed of heavy masonry, is five stories in height and accommodates two hundred patients. The hospital staff consists of seventeen prominent specialists and two internes, with a full staff for the dispensary. There are also sixteen Sisters of Charity and twenty trained nurses, under control of the Sister Superior. ILLINOIS TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES. Incorporated under the laws of the State in 1880, the Illinois Training School for Nurses is one of the largest and most successful institutions of the kind in the country. It is attached to Cook County and Presbyterian hospitals, having their patients in charge, so far as nursing is concerned. Besides supplying the nurses for these great institutions, for several years the school has used the interest of the money bequeathed to it by John Crerar for the purpose of supplying families who are unable to pay the regular charge for the services of a nurse. PUBLIC HOSPITALS. 55 1 The office of the school is at Cook County Hospital, the massive building for the nurses' home on Honore Street being erected in May, 1890. During the past year the course of instruction has been extended to three years, the two years' course being the one in vogue in nearly every training school in the country. As now arranged, the curriculum embraces practical work in the wards, theoretical work in class and lecture room, lessons in cookery and instruction in trainincr school administration. AUGUSTANA HOSPITAL AND DEACONESS INSTITUTE. Organized in 1882, as a charitable institution under the auspices of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church, by a charter from the State of Illinois, granted in February, 1892, the scope was enlarged so as to include the following objects: "The training of well qualified nurses, the establishment and support of a hospital, the care of the aged, the education of the young and, in general, the exercise of mercy among the suffering." The stately building now occupied, corner of Lincoln and Cleveland avenues, was erected in 1894 and, with grounds, is valued at two hundred thousand dollars. It has accommodations for one hundred and twenty-five patients, being a structure six stories in height, with basement, the superstructure being of stone, the main building of brick. * PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL. Occupying about two-thirds of a square block on Congress and Wood streets and Hermitage Avenue, the Presbyterian Hospital is one of the largest and most complete institutions of the kind in the country. It was founded largely through the efforts of Dr. Joseph P. Ross, one of the city's most eminent physicians, who had already become prominent as a military surgeon during the war and as the organizer of the Cook County Hospital, and by the liberality and executive ability of such business men and financiers as Tuthill King (Dr. Ross' father-in-law) and Daniel K. Pearsons, both of whom, moreover, were stanch members of the Presbyterian Church. The institution was chartered, in July, 1883, and, while under the control of this denomination, no patient is ever refused admission to the hospital on account of creed, color or nationality. The hospital consists of the Daniel A. Jones Memorial, fronting on West Congress Street, and erected in 1888-89; the Tuthill King wing, the older portion, which was opened to the public in 1884, and a number of separate buildings representing such isolated departments as the Maternity Home, the Hospital *See History of Rush Medical College. 552 PUBLIC HOSPITALS. for Convalescents and the Throat and Chest Department. The hospital has now accommodations for more than two hundred and fifty patients, and the nursing is under the auspices of the Illinois Training School for Nurses. The medical board consists of some thirty eminent practitioners and specialists, and the house staff of a superintendent and six internes. GERMAN HOSPITAL OF CHICAGO. Incorporated in December, 1883, to "do the general work of a charitable hospital, " and having no religious affiliations, the above institution was first opened for the admission of patients on August 5 of the succeeding year. It was then located at No. 242 Lincoln Avenue, the use of the building being gen- erously given by Frank F. Henning free of charge. He has since been at the head of its affairs, being now its President and Treasurer. The building at present occupied by the hospital, Nos. 754-756 Larrabee Street, was com- pleted in April, 1888. It is four stories in height, constructed of brick, and has accommodations for about eighty patients. ST. ELIZABETH HOSPITAL. Opened to the public in 1886, this hospital is situated on the corner of Davis and Le Moyne streets. West Side. It is conducted in a large three- story brick building which will accommodate two hundred and fifty patients. The institution is in charge of the Catholic order known as the Poor Hand- maids of Jesus Christ, founded in Germany in 1849, its members being banded together to "nurse the sick and poor in private houses and hospitals." The superintendent of the hospital is a Sister Superior. *WESLEY HOSPITAL. In October, 1888, the institution above named was incorporated, the build- ing being located on the corner of Dearborn Avenue and Ohio Street. Under the auspices of the M. E. Church, its object is the gratuitous treatment of the medical and surgical diseases of the sick poor, irrespective of race, creed or nationality. At first the hospital had accommodations for only about thirty patients, but demands upon its capacity so increased that in 1892 a site was *See history of Northwestern University Medical School. PUBLIC HOSPITALS. 553 obtained, through the Northwestern University, on the corner of Dearborn and Twenty-fifth streets. When entirely completed, according to the plans adopted by the management, there will be three six-story buildings, connected by a corridor in the rear, with a capacity of two hundred and fifty beds. CHICAGO BAPTIST HOSPITAL. The Chicago Baptist Hospital was incorporated on January 26, 1892, its management being primarily in the hands of the Chicago Baptist Hospital Association. Any person may become a member of this association upon the payment of one dollar annually, or a life member upon the payment of twenty- five dollars. The direct management of the hospital is, by this association, CHICAGO BAPTIST HOSPITAL. vested in a board of directors, twelve in number, elected from th.e Baptist Churches of Chicago and vicinity, assisted by a board of lady managers, con- sisting of two ladies from each of the Baptist churches of the city and vicinity. The officers, staff and hospital attendants are elected by the board of directors. The superintendent is the executive head of the hospital, subject only to the instructions of the board of directors. The nurses are furnished by the Chicago Baptist Training School, though under separate management, this institution being essentially a part of the hospital organization. The hospital passed through many vicissitudes during the first year of its existence, owing chiefly to a lack of money for sufficient equipment and sup- port. In April, 1893, the present officers were elected and the hospital staff reorganized and made to include some of the most distinguished and successful 554 PUBLIC HOSPITALS. physicians and surgeons in Chicago of both schools of practice. All schools are recognized upon an equality, and no " pathy " or system of practice has any preference over another. This hospital is now one of the successful insti- tutions of the city. It has in fact so increased in influence and usefulness that it has become recognized as one of the standard hospitals of the Northwest. The institution was moved to its new quarters, at Thirty-fourth Street and Rhodes Avenue, in May, 1896, and is now provided with buildings and equip- ments second to but few hospitals in the country. The officers of the board are: Rev. R. H. Austin, President; J. W. Thomp- son, M. D., Vice-President; B. A. Robinson, Secretary; J. C. Moore, Treasurer; E. E. Vaughn, M. D., Financial Agent. The officers of the hospital are : A. C. Cowperthwaite, M. D., Superin- tendent; J. M. Auld, M. D., Assistant Supermtendent; L. M. Ousley, M. D., Resi- dent Surgeon. PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. CHARLES GILBERT DAVIS, M. D. Intuition, education and experience combine to form the character of the ideal physician of to-day. It is impossible that any one of these elements of strength should be omitted, and there are few more forcible illustrations of this truth than may be found in the person of Dr. Charles Gilbert Davis, of Chicago. In a wonderful degree does he possess the faculty of reading at a glance the general condition of a patient, the mental and physical traits of the human mechanism upon which he is called to operate, and how each influences the other, and is influenced in turn by another. Then comes the swift conclusion as to treatment and remedies, which is again partly intuitive, propelled, as it were, and reinforced by a professional education and experience both broad and deep. Armed as he is with these elements of strength, combined with a rare personal magnetism, an unfailing courtesy, a self-possession and a bal- anced individuality which at once inspire hope and confidence, it is little wonder that he has been the recipient of the veneration not only of the exalted but of the humble to an extent not often accorded to either merit or celebrity. The intuition, the magnetism, the natural healing powers, have often been noted by those who have come in contact with the personality of Dr. Davis. They have noted, wondered and remarked, without knowing perhaps that both his father and mother were physicians. Thus has his eminence come to him partly by right of inheritance. Dr. Davis was born in Clay County, Mo., on the fourteenth of October, 1849. His father. Dr. George W. Davis, who but recently died, was for thirty years a leading physician of that region. Moreover, he was a Greek and Latin scholar and a mathematician — in all a man of profound learning, with many other remarkable qualities of mind. He loved quiet and meditation, a home life, and practiced a modest behavior. He became, with time, an extensive land-owner in the region of Sedalia. In the stirring days of the Kansas and Nebraska troubles, before the Civil War, the elder Dr. Davis took an honor- able and dangerous part, looking to the extinction of human slavery, and being a friend of John Brown, was forced to leave Missouri, and the young Charles Gilbert Davis himself heard the guns of the Marais des Cygnes massacre. 555 556 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. Dr. George W. Davis, the father of Charles Gilbert, married Mary W. Brooks. Her people were the Gilberts of Cleveland, whose ancestors fought in the war for the freedom of the United States. Her grandfather was slain in battle. Deeply interested in the labors of her husband, this noble lady attended a course of medical lectures in Cincinnati, and, so far as the profes- sional conventions of those days would permit, became a practicing physician, aiding her husband for twenty years. Together these parents were consulted over five counties in Western Missouri. It is to be seen that the mother of Dr. Davis was one of the earliest of American women to achieve and enjoy the rights which are now liberally accorded to her sex. At the age of six months the subject of our sketch went to Marlboro, Stark County, Ohio, where three years passed. On the return of his parents to Bates County, Mo., eight years were spent in childhood. At Ottumwa, Coffey County, Kan., whither the parents were compelled to remove during the troubles of the time, the lad attended the common schools, and entered the Western Christian University at Ottumwa, a college of the Christian Church. Graduat- ing from this institution at seventeen, he spent his eighteenth year teaching school in Bates County near his early home, and during the next two years studied medicine in his father's office. At twenty he entered the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical Institute, the most prominent establishment of that school in America, and graduated in two years. Returning home, he practiced as a partner of his father for a year, and was then entered for a finishing term at th2 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., where he graduated with high honors. We quote the testimonials afterward bestowed by his preceptors: University of Virc^inia, December 8, 1873. Dr. Charles G. Davis was a member of the medical class in this institute throughout the session of 1872-73. Uniformly conspicuous for worth of character, propriety and deportment, strict attention to his duties and intelligent industry, he graduated with honor at the J. S. Davis, Professor Anatomy and Materia Medica. University of Virginia, December 9, 1873. We certify that Dr. Charles G. Davis was a student of medicine in this institution and graduated with distinction at the close of the session of 1872-73. Daring the entire period of his connection with the institution, he exhibited an earnest zeal and industry in the prosecution of his studies, and was so successful as to graduate with high honors and to give promise of future usefulness in the profession. J. L. Cabell, M. D., Professor Physiology and Surgery. J. S. Davis, M. D., Professor Anatomy and Materia Medica. J as. F. Harrison, M. D., Professor School of Medicine. Leaving the University of Virginia, Dr. Davis received the appointment of Assistant Physician at the Quarantine Hospital in St. Louis, and during a C'-i:=J^iC= t-TyVl^S ^s. 7c4^ PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. 559 year's residence in that city he took the ad cjtndcni degree at the Missouri Medical College. Following this he practiced for a year at Mulberry, Mo. His marriage with Belle Braden, of Lawrence, Kan., a graduate of the State University at Bloomington, 111., took place on January 19, 1876, and after a few months the newly wedded pair settled upon the City of Chicago as a proper field for their life and arrived here in October. Through nearly twenty years of accumulating fortune and business, Mrs. Davis has taken the burden of the family's financial and real estate interests, showing an acumen, precision and determination equaled by but few women. During this busy period she has also been a leader in many works of charity and benevolence. During the long pastorate of the Rev. Dr. W. T. Melvy, of the F'irst United Presbyterian Church, both Dr. and Mrs. Davis have contributed zealously to the success of his ministrations. Returning to Dr. Davis' brilliant professional career in Chicago, it may be stated that it commenced with his arrival here in 1876, and that within ten years his practice had reached a stage that was oppressive to his health and personal comfort. To stay the tide of callers he abandoned his offices for a trip to Colorado, and established a health resort at the Waunita Hot Springs in Gunnison County, a nook in the Rocky Mountains twenty-three miles from Gunnison. These springs he is still developing. He also practically established the National Temperance Hospital on Cottage Grove Avenue, recently removed to Diversey Street, where he was the principal surgeon. In speaking of the achievements in office practice of Dr. Davis, unaided by adventitious events or the public press, we may relate that his labors have at times reached the enormous number of one hundred office consultations and prescriptions in one day, beside visits to the hospital; and it is at these full periods in his practice that relief has only come with temporary abandonment of his rooms — thus, to Colorado several times; to the South in 1889; to Europe in 1892 and again in 1894. As matters of deep interest, aside from his daily consultations and general practice, we may mention surgery and psychology. Especially in Gynecologi- cal Surgery has he risen to a high standing, and he was also the first of Chi- cago's practitioners to demonstrate the truth of hypnotism and show its application to the practice of medicine. He has lived, fortunately, to behold the scientific demonstration and adoption by the greatest men in the world of views which had their earliest Western exponent in him. Before the Psychical Science Congress of the World's Congress Auxiliary, at the Art Institute, Chicago, on August 24, 1893, during the World's Fair, Dr. Davis delivered an address on "Hypnotism, With Special Reference to Hypnotic Suggestion." It is in this direction that he has figured as a progressive and triumphant thinker, events solacing him daily with the corroboration of his original views. 56o PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. In 1892 he received the appointment of Surgeon-in-Chief of the Chicago Baptist Hospital, corner of Racine Avenue and Center Street, on the North Side. He has also acted as Examining Physician of the Royal League and A. O. U. W. During this year (1892), accompanied by his pastor. Dr. Melvy, he made the tour of Europe, returning in the Fall. The particulars of this voyage are charmingly related in Dr. Melvy 's "Wanderings in Europe," of which book the Chicago Herald says that there was "not a dull line on its pages." The twain also acted as the correspondents of TJic Ilhistratcd U^orld's Fair, Dr. Davis' many friends being much gratified at the facility with which he wielded his pen when dealing with matters quite without the pale of his profession. Those who knew hini best, however, were well aware that he had already not only con- tributed many papers which marked him both as a ready and instructive writer for the standard medical periodicals of the country, but as a charming and forceful essayist on literary and popular subjects. Returning to Chicago in 1892, Dr. Davis found that the World's Fair was recalling to his office an increasing number of his patients. He was not able to see the Fair in the daytime, and the Fall of 1893 found him broken under the greatest strain of his life. With his wife he started abroad in November, but the serious illness of his son Charles at Chicago so distressed the parents that Mrs. Davis came back to Chicago in March, leaving her husband almost ill in Paris. Returning with her two sons, the now happy and reunited family made the tour of Marseilles, Genoa, Pisa, Rome, Naples, Florence, Venice, Milan, Lakes Como and the beautiful Maggiore, Switzerland, Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, the Hague, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, Paris and Lon- don, returning to Chicago in the Autumn of 1894. We shall especially refer to the foreign course of surgical study which the Doctor took upon himself in 1893-94. At Norway he for a month attended the hypnotic clinics of Bernheim; at Vienna he attended the clinics of the Allgemeiner Krankenhausen; at Ber- lin he attended the Royal Clinics; finally at Paris he spent no less than six months at the International Hospital, with the clinics of Dr. Peau, celebrated as one of the greatest of living surgeons, where Dr. Davis acquired new and valuable knowledge in that field of research and beneficence. A few days before leaving Paris, in 1894, Dr. Davis was called to Fontainebleau, about fort}- miles from Paris, and there performed a successful surgical operation on a former Chicago patient, who had recognized him on the streets of the French capital. In conclusion it may be stated that the generations of the Davis family which have been represented by members of the medical fraternity are not to end with the professional life of Dr. C. G. Davis. His two sons, Charles Brader, born at Chicago on October 9, 1877, and George Gilbert, born at Chicago on January 4, 1879, are now taking the full course of the Chicago University, and at the completion of a broad education are to become physicians. PROMINENT PRACTiriONERS. 561 JAMES P. BUCK, M. D. Born in Cambria County, Pa., on the nineteenth of February, 1856, Dr. Buck is descended from the German pioneers of that picturesque region, inherit- ing from them not only an active, sturdy brain but a splendid physique. His parents were John and Rachael (Sherry) Buck, his father being long recognized as one of the most stanch and trustworthy citizens of Southwestern Pennsyl- vania, holding many positions of honor among them. For three years he filled the office of sheriff: of his county and in 1874 was elected a representative to the State Assembly, serving his constituents for two terms. Thus it was that the son James early showed a sturdy and studious bent of mind, easily mastering whatever came before him. After passing through the district schools he was sent to Latrobe, Pa., and entering St. Vincent Col- lege, located at that point, finished a classical course, graduating in 1876. In the meantime he had chosen his life profession, and although he taught school for two seasons after graduating from college, he steadfastly pursued a course of medical reading and was finally matriculated at Jefferson Medical College, graduating therefrom in 1879. During the next five years he followed his chosen profession in the western part of his native State, attaining good success and a large and constantly increasing practice. In spite of his success, however, his ambition had gradu- ally outgrown the possibilities of his surroundings, and in 1884 he left the scene of his first professional labors and went to Europe, to complete and perfect his education preparatory to again taking up his chosen life-work in a larger field. Going first to Germany, he studied for some time in the universities of Vienna and Heidelberg, subsequently spending some months in Berlin and Prague, practicing his profession in the hospitals of these cities and studying their methods. Upon the outbreak of the war between Servia and Bulgaria-Roumania, in 1885, Dr. Buck accepted a Surgeon's position in the Servian army, with the rank and title of Captain. During the continuation of hostilities, in company with Dr. Bridge he remained in the military hospital service, thereby adding to his skill that practical surgical experience which only the emergencies of battle afford. Dr. Buck retired from the service not only with an invaluable experience in his chosen specialty of surgery, but honored by many tokens of esteem from his immediate superiors and those of even higher rank. He retired, moreover, with a most enthusiastic opinion of the ability, bravery, womanly tenderness and philanthropy of Queen Natalie. Dr. Buck saw much of her work both in the hospitals and on the battlefields, having an especial admiration for her work there and for her labors in behalf of poor girls and the industrial classes in general. 562 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. At the conclusion of his service as a mihtary surgeon Dr. Buck returned to Vienna, where he remained for a year as first assistant to Professor Hock- in the Eye Department of the Vienna Pohclinic. While at the University of Vienna he was elected President of the Amer- ican Club of Physicians, composed of members of the profession then visiting in that city. It was organized to promote the interests of American students, but as it was not amenable to the rules of the university it was disbanded. After completing this extended and profitable season in Europe, in the Autumn of 1887 he located in Chicago for the practice of his profession. Since that time he has continued in general practice, which has constantly increased, the bulk of his time, perhaps, being occupied with surgical cases. Not only is Dr. Buck considered one of the leading operators of the city, but he has invented many improvements upon surgical instruments, some of which have been adopted by various members of the profession and others are employed solely by himself in his private practice. It is an evidence of his high standard of medical ethics that he refuses to patent any of his inventions of a professional nature, believ- ing that if he can do anything to simplify and facilitate surgical operations, make them safer or less painful, he should give the profession and suffering humanity the benefit of his ideas without claim or hope of financial reward. Dr. Buck's inventive genius does not rest within the confines of medicine, as he has made improvements in the mechanism of the modern bicycle and has per- fected seVeral electrical devices which are highly spoken of by experts in that line. Dr. Buck is a member of the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Ger- mania Msennerchor, and other organizations, and is not only popular in all circles for his varied abilities, but because of the great amount of work which he cheerfully does for the benefit of those who need the services of the physi- cian but are not financially able to recompense him. In fact, he brings to the practice of his profession not only the ability and enthusiasm necessary for suc- cess but the courtesies of a gentleman and the sympathies of a large-souled man. ALEXANDER STUART McLENNAN, M. D. Although blue blood is not always good blood, in the case of Dr. McLen- nan it certainly is. The misfortunes and adventures of the two Charleses in the time of Cromwell are fresh in the minds of historical students, it being from their house that the subject of this sketch is descended. The Doctor's paternal grandmother, Charlotte Stuart, was descended from the famous Gen- eral Stuart, of Garth, who wrote a history of the Scottish regiments, and whose progenitors were of the royal house. Its vigorous and able representative, who is now a resident of Chicago, is the product of many strains of blood, many climes and vicissitudes. i f PRO MINE NT PRACriTIONERS. 565 Born in Geor^^etovvn, Demerara, British Guiana, in the year i(S46, both of his parents died when he was only three years of a(,^e. His father, John McLennan, was the third of seven sons, his grandparent being Roderick McLen- nan, Esq., of Kilhlan, Rosshire, Scotland, who in turn was a descendant of John McLennan, of the "Banner," a distinguished character during the wars of Montrose. Dr. McLennan's mother, Catherine Taylor, also a native of British Guiana, was of English extraction, so that, although born in that far- away colony, a true British constitution is his by right of inheritance. Upon the death of his parents the little boy was sent to his paternal grand- father in Scotland, whose wife was of the house of Stuart, as above mentioned. He was educated in the best schools which the country afforded, and, as is generally admitted, Scotch schools are preeminent for their good discipline and thoroughness. Finishing his preliminary education in the Free Church Institu- tion at Inverness, he graduated therefrom with the first prize in classics and honors in all other branches. Realizing that now the real battle of life was before him, he turned toward the American West, where he knew that his opportunities were greater and his achievements would be more gratifying to his ambitious nature. With his uncle, therefore, he emigrated to Canada, but, like many other young men of active mind and body, for several years he wavered as to the life course which he should pursue. For some time he was a teacher. He also took a course in the Kingston Military School, from which he graduated in 1868. Upon leaving that institution he was appointed Lieutenant and after- ward Captain in the Eighteenth Battalion, Army of the Dominion, and saw active service during the Fenian raids of 1870. Being by disposition and education of a reverential nature and a firm believer in the Scriptures of both the Old and New Testaments, the young man felt strongly drawn toward theology, and entered Queen's University with a view of studying for the ministry. He took a course in Arts, but being unable to reconcile the logic and liberality of his mind with sectarianism and ministerial plans, turned his attention to the secular profession of medicine. Entering the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, he took a full course and graduated with honors in 1873. Two years later Dr. McLennan moved to Chicago, having been in active practice here for the past two decades. Although previous to his advent to this city he had crowded an unusual number of changes into his young life, since coming here, so pronounced has been his success in his chosen profession, that he has no desire to wander further. An eminent city physician thus bears testimony to his sterling character, professional and otherwise: "I have been intimately acquainted with Dr. McLennan for the past eighteen years and consider him one of the foremost physicians of the West. His entire professional career has been characterized 566 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. by innumerable charities and his many noble traits have endeared him to a host of friends. His scholarly features and soldierly bearing have made him a familiar feature among prominent Chicagoans, and the lucrative practice he enjoys abundantly testifies to his thorough knowledge of the profession he adorns. " Another event should be recorded before closing this imperfect sketch, and one indicative of the Doctor's characteristic enterprise, viz., his marriage to Catherine Anglin, of Kingston, in 1866, when he had not yet reached his twenty- first year. CHARLES MERRILL CLARK, M. D. Dr. Clark is the son of Thomas J. and Cordelia (Whiting) Clark, both natives of New York State, and was born at Moulins Square, Onondaga County, N. Y. , on the eighth of October, 1834. His paternal grandparents were also born in the Empire State, Christopher Clark, his grandfather, having raised and fitted out a regiment during the War of 181 2, of which he became its Colonel, serving with distinction until the close of hostilities. Dr. Clark's mother was of the numerous and historic Whitney family, whose ancestry can be traced back to the time of King Arthur of England. The genealogy, however, has only been satisfactorily followed from 1649, when Henry Whitney, her great-grandfather, emigrated from England to America, locating first on Long Island. Soon afterward he removed to Norwalk, Conn., where he erected a grist mill and served as one of the principal town officers. Her grandfather on her mother's side was Moses Raymond of Norwalk, Conn. He served in the Revolutionary War, was wounded and pensioned. Her father's parentage was David Whitney and Elizabeth (Hyatt) Whitney, the former serving in the war of 1776, as also did his three sons, Ebenezer, Timothy and David Hyatt Whitney. The latter became her father. The grandfather, David Whitney, owned and commanded a sloop during the war, and performed much gallant service in carrying dispatches and supplies for the Continental Government, even under the very guns of the British ships. At one time, while being boarded by British officers, he, with his dispatches, was put by his men into a large cask, which was then headed up, and here he remained while the officers were searching his vessel. At another time, in 1779, when the British were advancing to occupy Norwalk, he ran out of Norwalk harbor with his sloop loaded with the families and goods of his neighbors, escaping the enemy and safely reaching Stamford. An account of his adventures was published a few years ago in the Nczv York Sunday Dispatch, under the title of "Revolutionary Scenes," by T. R. Whitney. PROMINENT PRACrniONERS. 569 In 1S37 Dr. Clark's parents removed to Western New York, k)catin<^' at Gaines, Orleans County, where his schooling commenced at the Gaines Academy, being continued up to 1848, when he entered the academy at Albion, N. Y. In 1 85 1 he left school and resolved to follow the profession of medicine. His father desired him to learn a trade, and his mother, who at his baptism had dedicated him to the ministry, wished him to study theology, but his predilection was for the practice of medicine. He therefore entered the office of Dr, William Noble at Albion and commenced his professional studies. After being thus engaged for two years, in 1853 he removed to New York City and took a position in a prescription drug store. He faithfully performed the duties of his clerkship until September, 1855, when he entered the medical department of the University of the City of New York, graduating therefrom on March 4, 1857, and receiving with his diploma a certificate of honor for having attended an extra session of lectures. Close application and hard work so impaired his health, however, that he was obliged to return to Albion, but soon afterward he started for Portage City, Wis., where his father was in business. After a few months of rest he associated himself with Dr. Hanshaw, and entered into practice at Horicon, Wis.; but a country practice soon became tiresome and chstasteful to him, and in the Winter of 1858 he went to Chicago and took charge of a drug store on the corner of State and Adams streets. In i860, in company with his father and brother. Dr. Clark went to the Rocky Mountains in search of wealth and health, walking from St. Joseph, Mo., to California Gulch (now Leadville), and returning in the Fall of i860 with health established, but no fortune. For a time he then busied himself in writing and publishing his experiences in book form, the volume being entitled "Trip to Pike's Peak and Notes by the Way," and illustrated with sketches he had taken on the trip. In the latter part of April, 1861, he enlisted in a company then being organized for the Three Months' service, but it failed of being accepted and was disbanded. His attention was then directed, with some of his patriotic friends, to the work of organizing a regiment of infantry. The regiment was organized, but it was not accepted by the War Department until the latter part of July, after the Bull Run disaster. In the meanwhile, being very desirous of getting into the service, and not knowing when the regiment would be accepted, he went to New York City and presented himself for examination before the Medical Examining Board of the Regular Army, but before learning the result of the examination he received a telegram to return to Chicago, as the regiment had been accepted. Thereupon he was commissioned Assistant Surgeon of the Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Yates Phalanx), to date from August 5, 1861. 570 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. On June 3, 1862, Dr. Clark was promoted to Surgeon, vice Dr. S. C. Blake resigned. He followed the regiment through its long term of service, and after 1862 was mostly on detached service as Brigade or Division Surgeon. In April, 1863, he assumed the position of Surgeon, and was in charge of the hospital on Folly Island, S. C, being an Operating Surgeon during the siege and occupation of Morris Island, S. C. On April 30, 1864, by order of General Alfred H. Terry, he was announced as Chief Medical Officer of the First Division, Tenth Army Corps; on January 8, 1865, by command of General E. O. C. Ord, was appointed Chief Operating Surgeon of the Twenty-fourth Army Corps, and on June 18, 1865, after the surrender of General Lee, was appointed by General John Gibbons Surgeon in charge of the Twenty-fourth Army Corps Hospital at Richmond, Va. On September 6, 1865, Dr. Clark was ordered to report at Norfolk, Va., as Chief Medical Officer of the District of Southeastern Virginia and Surgeon of the Post Hospital, which also included the military prison and medical supervision of the Freedman's Bureau. This position he held until the "mustering out" of his regiment on December 6, 1865. At the conclusion of this honorable term of service Dr. Clark returned to Chicago and made an effort to secure the appointment of Surgeon to the Marine Hospital, but discovered ofter visiting Washington that he did not have the necessary political influence, and so abandoned the idea. On the twenty-second of February, 1866, he married Julia R., daughter of Dr. Robert C. Hamill, of Chicago, and established himself in practice in this city. In 1868 he was appointed Surgeon to the Chicago Soldiers' Home, which place he held until the institution was transferred to Evanston, 111. In March, 1872, death claimed his wife and a few months later his infant son; but prior to this, in 1868, a daughter had been born, who is now living. In the Spring of 1873, through his friend C. H. Crone, Assistant Surgeon General, U. S. A., he was tendered the position of Assistant Surgeon to serve west of the Missouri River. Accepting the honor, he was ordered to Fort Larned, Kan., serving there some months. He was then ordered to Fort Riley, Kan., to await cavalry recruits for Fort Union, N. M., and to accompany them. After making several changes of location between Santa Fe and forts Bascom and Union, he remained at the last named point as Surgeon until his resignation. Returning to Chicago in 1875, Dr. Clark found that he could not yet content himself to remain permanently, and wandered away to Salina, Kan., where his father and brother were in business. Here he entered into a successful practice, but in 1880 returned to Chicago to again engage in the practice of his profession. In January, 1886, Dr. Clark was again married to Margaret R., daughter of Dr. R. S. King, of Port Robinson, Ontario. He was a graduate of the Royal w^^ ^p^'z-'-^w '-# <«^ ^Vk C2^ '^-^- — /^' I PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. 573 College, Dublin, his brother, Dr. Richmond King, being Staff Surgeon in the Royal Navy and a member of the expedition which went in search of Sir John Franklin. Dr. Clark's tastes and habits are thoroughly domestic, and he has been a student and a great reader all his life. He prepared the lectures and clinical reports of Dr. Valentine Mott in 1868, from notes taken in 1857, but never published them. He also wrote and published the history of the Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 1892, and has contributed largely to periodical literature, both professional and non-professional. Although thoroughly enjoying the friendship of a limited circle, the Doctor is by no means a society man. In religion he is nonsectarian, being, however, a sincere believer in a Supreme Being and in such morality as is exemplified by the Golden Rule. "In 1864," he says, "when at Arlington Heights, Va., the officers connected with the Masonic order obtained a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Illinois to organize a lodge, and I, with several others, joined it. Some months later all of the officers of the lodge were either killed or wounded and it was terminated." Dr. Clark is, however, a member of the G. A. R., also of the Army and Navy Medical Association of Illinois. ADDISON HOWARD FOSTER, A. M., M. D. Addison Howard Foster was born in Wilton, N. H., November 13, 1838, and is descended from two of the pioneer immigrants to New England. One of them, Andrew Foster, came to this countrv from Scotland and settled at Andover, Mass., in 1640, and the second, Samuel Howard, had already (in 1635) come from London, England, to become a settler at Charlestown, Mass. Descendants of these two pioneers were participants in the Revolutionary War, and many of them have since been conspicuous figures in American history. Three great-grandfathers of Dr. Foster were Revolutionary soldiers, two of them Joshua and Samuel Howard, being named in the list of those who marched from Temple, N. H., to Cambridge, on the alarm of the nineteenth of April, 1775. The other great-grandfather rendered the most distinguished services. His home was at Wilton, N. H., and it was on the farm handed down by him to his descendants that Dr. Foster was born. As a boy, Dr. Addison H. Foster attended the public schools of his native town, until he entered the New Ipswich Appleton Academy, to fit himself for college. After graduating from that institution he entered Dartmouth College, graduating therefrom in 1863. Already he had determined to enter the medical profession, but a serious illness of typhoid fever interfered for a time with his 574 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. plans. During his illness he was drafted into the military service, but furnished a substitute, and when sufficiently recovered in health began reading medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. William D. Buck, of Manchester, N. H. After one year thus employed, he attended his first course of lectures at Dartmouth Medical College, where he was Assistant and Acting Demonstrator of Anatomy under the late Professor E. R. Peaslee, of New York City. Another year of private instruction followed, after which he attended a course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, at the same time pursuing his studies and investigations in the leading hospitals of the city. In March, 1866, he received his medical degree from that college, and soon located in Lawrence, Mass., where he began his professional work. After practicing two years in Lawrence, he came to Chicago, where his educational and professional attainments soon brought him into prominence, both as a physician and educator. When the Woman's Medical College was organized in 1870, he became connected with the institution as Professor of Surgical Anatomy and Associate Professor of Surgery. He retained his connection until 1876, when he found it more congenial to devote all of his time to his rapidly growing practice. With Dr. Brackett, he was Visiting Physician for the West Division of the city for the Brainard Free Dispensary, in 1869-70, they being the first physicians designated for this service; and from 1872 to 1888 the principal medical examiner for the New England Mutual Life Insurance Company, of Boston, Mass. He has been, since it was founded. Consulting Physician to the Hospital for Women and Children, and for two years was physician to the Washingtonian Home; but during all of this time has given the greatest share of his time to private practice, in which he has achieved a distinction for his faithfulness and ability. Belonging to the class of physicians known as "family physicians," his practice has been general in its character, and there are few Western practitioners that have kept pace more fully with all the developments of medical science. A close student of books and a careful reader of the periodical literature which plays so important a part in the advancement of medical science, he is at the same time an equally careful student of patients. Manifesting always that kindly sympathy with the patient which lightens, if it cannot entirely dispel the gloom of the sick-room, a courteous gentleman and a physician of recognized skill and ability, it is needless to say that he has been a successful practitioner in all that the term implies. He is a well-known contributor to medical literature, and was one of the incorporators and directors and for several years treasurer of the Chicago Medical Press Association. He is also a member of the American Medical Association, the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Pathological Society, the i i PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. 575 Practitioners' Club, the Therapeutical Club and First Vice-President of the Gynecological Society. Dr. Foster was married in 1866, to Miss Susan Morton Houghton, of New Ipswich, N. H., and has three sons, two of whom are married. JOHN ERASMUS HARPER, M. D. Dr. Harper is of an old English family, whose members settled at an early day in Virginia and the Carolinas. They were unassuming and hospitable, but cultured, supporters of all educational enterprises and some of them scientifically inclined. Dr. Harper's grandfather was known as "Little Benny Harper, " but was a good Revolutionary soldier and a Virginia farmer who conducted his planta- tions, not only in a successful, but in a scientific manner which was far in advance of his times. His father, Robert W^. Harper, settled in Southwestern Kentucky and at the opening of the Civil War was an extensive slaveholder in that part of the State. Here, in Twiggs County, John E. Harper was born on January 21, 185 1, spending the two years succeeding the breaking out of hostilities in his native place, not far from the scene of such important engagements as Fort Doneld- son, Belmont and Shiloh. His father served in Forrest's Brigade and many of his other relatives fought in the Confederate Army. The family afterward removing to Indiana, the boy continued his primary schooling in the institutions of Evansville, graduating from the high school of that city. He commenced his medical studies under Dr. George B. Walker, Dean of the Evansville Medical College, beginning a regular course in that institution. After graduating therefrom Dr. Harper associated himself for practice with Dr. Wm. R. Davidson, one of his preceptors. After three years of professional work he entered the University of New York, and graduated in 1878 with the first prize for the best examination on the subject, Diseases of the Eye and Ear. As he was the first Western man to be accorded this honor, it was an honor mdecd. During the same year (1878) Dr. Harper went to Europe to pursue his specialty in the famous institutions of London, Paris and Vienna. Previously, however, he had been appointed Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear in the Medical College of Evansville, retaining the chair while abroad and assuming its active duties upon his return to that city in 1880. Upon returning to the practice of his profession Dr. Harper also founded the Indiana Medical Reporter, his associate being Dr. A. M. Owen. Upon removing to Chicago in 1882 the name of the periodical was changed to Western Medical Reporter, of which the Doctor is still editor and publisher. 576 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. The College of Physicians and Surgeons immediately called Dr. Harper to the chair of Diseases of the Eye and Ear, and he retained this professorship until his resignation in June, 1891. For five years he was also Secretary of that institution, and for nine years Surgeon-in-Chief to the Eye and Ear Department, West Side Free Dispensary. He has also been prominently associated with the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary and with the St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, and is at present Consulting Oculist and Aurist of the Oakwood Springs Sanitarium, Lake Geneva, and the Battle Creek (Mich.) Sanitarium. FELIX BEHRENDT, M. D. There are few men of twice his age whose professional duties have taken them to so many distant parts of the world as have Dr. Behrendt's. Born in West Prussia on November 24, 186 1, his parents, John and Anna Behrendt, are still in possession of a freehold which has been in the hands of the fam- ily for the past two hundred years. Felix received his primary education in the Royal gymnasiums at Konitz and Neustadt. From 1882 to 1886 he studied medicine and the natural sciences at the universities of Breslau, Kiel, Freiburg (Baden) and Wurzburg, graduating at the latter institution and serving as Assist- ant Surgeon in the Dresden City Hospital. Later he was volunteer of marines at Kiel and after passing the State examination, entered the Imperial Marine Service as a surgeon. Next he is seen, as a physician and officer in the service of the Neth- erlands, recruiting militia for Java, the duties of his position taking him to that land of spices, as well as to Sumatra and Ceylon. After remaining in the far East about one year. Dr. Behrendt returned to Germany, being nominated by the Royal Ministry as Physician of the Imperial General Consulate, and Physi- cian-in-Chief of the German Hospital at Zanzibar, East Africa. Here he remained until the termination of the Arabian insurrection in 1889- 90. Although his experience had thus enabled him to see much of the Old World at a comparatively early age. Dr. Behrendt now decided to try his for- tunes in the New World, in that land of promise for able, energetic and aspir- ing young men, America. Furthermore, he wisely decided upon the West as the section of greatest promise. He first located in Milwaukee, the beautiful and thriving city where so many of his countrymen now reside and prosper. Although he was so fortunate as to form a connection with Dr. Joseph Schnei- der, one of the most skillful specialists in the country in the treatment of dis- eases of the eye, ear, nose and larynx, he soon decided to transfer his activities to even a wider field. Dr. Behrendt remained in Milwaukee for about one year and a half. In 1892 he was married to Marguerite Weidan, a native of Mannheim, Baden, and PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. ^77 soon thereafter took his bride with him to Chica<:ro as his future home. And here, in the great city of the great West, with his Americanized countrymen crowding almost as thickly around him as in his own native land, thoroughly educated, widely read, widely traveled, and a physician of broad experience, there are few in his profession who bid fair to make a more substantial repu- tation than Dr. Behrendt. PRUDENCE B. SAUR, M. D. In this progressive age whose watchword is, "Equal rights to all irrespec- tive of sex," there are self-made women as well as self-made men. One of the most notable examples of what may be accomplished by wisely directed force of character is furnished by the life-work of Dr. Prudence B. Saur. Born near Amherst, Ohio, she is the daughter of Martin Belden, a wealthy farmer and stock raiser' of that locality. The girl's ambitions, however, far exceeded the limits of her environment, and at the age of sixteen, after com- pleting her primary education in the public schools of her native town, she entered Oberlin College, where she paid all her expenses by teaching. Even at that early age her executive ability was a marked trait of her character, and for that reason she was enabled to command a larger salary than was paid most teachers of her sex. Having determined that the medical profession would offer broader oppor- tunities than any other, she entered the Woman's Medical College of Philadel- phia, and after a full course was graduated therefrom in 187 1. Not long after- ward she was requested to take charge of the Alaska Street Hospital in that city, and for a year was virtually at the head of the institution. In this responsi- ble and arduous position Dr. Saur conclusively demonstrated her unusual abil- ities, both executive and professional. As a result of the strain placed upon her physical and mental constitution, however, she was compelled to resign after a 3'ear's service, quite broken in health but not in spirit. It was at first feared that she had become a victim of consumption and she was obliged to move into a more congenial climate in order to build up her shattered constitution. Returning to Ohio, for a time, she practiced her pro- fession in the northern part of that State, and, with returning health and strength, sought a more extended field of endeavor and usefulness. In 1885 Dr. Saur selected Chicago as her home, and as a specialist of women's and children's diseases entered the successful career which has marked her work in this city. She has fully recovered all her former vigor, with her old-time geniality and energy of body and mind. " As a medical practitioner," says one who knows her well, "Dr. Saur is an enthusiast in electrical treatment and make much use of it in her dailv 5/8 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. practice. Twice each month she holds chnics in Ohio, which are attended by large numbers of her old and new patients. "She has also taken a prominent part in woman's work in Chicago and has come to be held in the highest esteem among advanced thinkers in and out of the profession. She was treasurer of the Woman's Medical Department of the Isabella Association in 1892-94, and belonged to the Woman's Munici- pal Sanitary Club, taking an active part in its deliberations and in the further- ance of its work. "In fact. Dr. Saur's career is one which carries its own lesson to women. She is particularly interested in the progress of the sex, not in the way of asking for it anything which it is not fitted by nature to assume and to enjoy, but all along the line of that mental and moral independence which must pave the way for the real emancipation of women." ALMON BROOKS, M D. For three generations Dr. Brooks' ancestors were seafaring men. His grandfather. Captain Oliver Brooks, served his country on the waters during the Revolutionar}^ War, shortlv alter the termination of which, with other mem- bers of the family, he emigrated to the State of Ohio, selecting the town of Warren as his home. Here was born his son, Oliver James Brooks, the father of the subject of this sketch, who afterward became a leading busmess man of the place. Dr. Almon Brooks was also a native of Warren, being born on March 22, 1 84 1. He graduated from the high school at the age of eighteen, and imme- diately afterward accepted a position as Professor of Mathematics in the Thur- man (Mo.) Academy, during his term of service there continuing his classical and scientific studies. At twenty-one years of age he began the study of medicine at Richmond, Va. , and although interrupted by the War of the Rebellion, he finally matricu- lated at Virginia's University, graduating in 1865. The venerable Professor Cabell ranked Dr. Brooks among the most brilliant of the university's alumni, and one whose abilities foreshadowed marked excellence as a practitioner. In 1866 he married Mary A. Ramsey, daughter of Dr. Frank Ramsey, Surgeon-General of the Eastern Department of the Confederacy. The same year Dr. Brooks opened an office in Memphis, Tenn., and became actively employed in the practice of his profession, the medical men of that city having soon to contend with the cholera and yellow-fever epidemics of 1867 and 1868. Dr. Bi'ooks shared with them the ordeal of those times that tests a man's loyalty W(/,^,,f, Co r.f,:'^<^f c^ PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. 581 to his profession. He served as city and county member of the board of health, acceptin^^ charge of an assigned district of the city for treatment of the indigent. Dr. Brooks' health becoming impaired by arduous labors during these epi- demics, he visited Hot Springs, Ark., for recuperation, where, foreseeing the opening of enlarged opportunities for the treatment of chronic diseases, he located, working without interruption or vacation many hours a day for ten years. It is believed by good judges that the fame of that celebrated watering place is largely due to the industry, aptitude and capacity of Dr. Brooks; certainly his devotion to patients there, his adoption of remedies and the superior results achieved have not been without wide-spread effect. But notwithstanding that his labors here earned for him such a reputation and a prosperity as are enjoyed by few. Dr. Brooks decided to seek a broader field for his professional career. Locating, therefore, in Chicago, the same qualities that had caused previous success soon brought him into prominence here, and for more than twenty years his name and his practice have been growing in substantial favor. During the early portion of his Chicago career he engaged in general practice, but from this he gradually withdrew and now almost exclusively confines himself to office work. Dr. Brooks is still an ardent student and he has not failed to master the large additions to medical science of the past few years. From early man- hood to the present time he has been a faithful worker in his profession, sat- isfied that it can worthily engage the greatest powers and gratify the largest intellectuality. It should also be added that he is highly esteemed as a citizen and a friend, and to those whom good fortune has brought into closer acquaint- anceship appear the spiritual and elevating traits of his character, side by side with the activity of an unfailing mind. Dr. Brooks resides in a beautiful home on Lake Avenue, his family con- sisting of a wife and six children. His oldest son is a promising physician and engaged in active practice. AUGUSTUS FRANK McKAY, M. D. The thoroughly qualified American physician should make a close study of the many varieties of the nation's climate, considered from a medical and a medicinal standpoint. There are undoubtedly thousands of cases in which health and life itself depend upon the scientific adaptation of constitutional weakness or acquired defects to special influences of climate. In America the field is specially broad and alluring, possessing, as she does, the soft breezes and mellow sunshine of Italy, the sweeping, invigorating winds of Russia, the rare atmosphere of Scotland and Switzerland, the warm humidity of Eng- land and Ireland and the blood-stirring commotions of Norwegian wind and wave. Mountain and plain, vast forests and bodies of water, springs of every 582 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. conceivable chemical combination and either boiling hot or icy cold — Nature in America is so prodigal of her gifts that there are few ailments to which flesh is heir which may not be alleviated, if not cured, should the patient be so situated that he can take advantage of them under the guidance of an intelli- gent and experienced physician. Dr. McKay has been especially fortunate in the mastery of subjects con- nected with the Medico-Climatology of the United States, American health resorts and modern methods of sanitarium treatment in general. As a specialist in these lines he has few superiors, one of the marked evidences of this state- ment being the results of the field work which he has accomplished as Cor- responding Secretary of the World's Congress of Medico-Climatology since its organization during the World's Fair in 1893, and published in a volume entitled "American Climates and Resorts." The book was published in the Autumn of 1895, '^^^^ is only an introduc- tion to the real work, to the completion of which Dr. McKay expects to devote at least five years more. It is seldom that a physician, at the age of forty- three and of ripe experience, is willing to virtually abandon his practice and devote eight years to acquiring an intimate knowledge of a new specialty, but this is what Dr. McKay is doing, and expresses the laudable ambition of being the most thoroughly informed man in America on "American Climates and Resorts." The Doctor is an easy and ready writer, having contributed much to cur- rent literature on popular sanitation and allied subjects. But, aside from the volume noted above, his only published work is an unique pamphlet entitled "The Missing Link," which sets forth the resemblance in the development of commerce to the anatomical and physiological system of man. This subject the author has illustrated by a very striking and ingenious chart called "The Man of Commerce," which graphically portrays the anatomy of man as repre- sented by the arteries of commerce in North America. These charts grace rail- road offices and depots in every portion of the United States and many have found their way to Europe as curiosities. Biographically retracing our steps, we find that Dr. Mcl\ay has one of those rare genealogies in this country which has been traced through the royal line of England and the Saxon princes. Through his paternal grandmother he is a twenty-fourth cousin of Queen Victoria, the line being an unbroken one back to Pepin of Austrasia, in 560 A. D. Born at Naples, Ontario County, N. Y., on the nineteenth of July, 1850, Dr. McKay is the son of Edward F. Mclvay, whose vineyards were in his time the largest and most profitable in the western portion of the Empire State — the father may in fact be considered the pioneer of grape culture on an extended scale in Western New York. Up to his thirteenth year the boy 1 ^^ $f- ^"Aa PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. 585 attended school, then saw four sessions' service as a page in the House of Rep- resentatives at Washington, was for three years a clerk in a drug store, and when eighteen years of age secured a government position in the Treasury Department. Such routine work as was there required, however, was most distasteful to his active mind, and he therefore commenced the study of medicine under the tutelage of Dr. J. H. Thompson, Surgeon-in-Charge of the Columbia Hospital for Women (Washmgton) and Professor of Physiology and Operative Surgery in the medical department of the Georgetown University. Although he retained his position under the Government during the entire course of his medical studies, which covered a period of four years, though at that time two was the standard course, it was doubtless with a sigh of relief that he was graduated from the university in March, 1872, and entered the active life of a medical practitioner. Naturally he assumed as his special line of work the practice of surgery, first locating in the coal regions of Pennsylvania and later removing to Mount Morris, N. Y. , where he remained for two years, becoming then for a time a resident physician in the oil regions of Western Pennsylvania. Ambitious now to extend his knowledge of sanitarium practice, Dr. McKay accepted a position in New York City, whither he removed in 1881. He remained in that city for two years, when in February, 1883, owing to impaired health, he moved to Fargo, N. D. Two years later he located in Superior, Wis., where he was appointed Health Commissioner, organizing its health department. In 1892, in order to give his family of children superior educational advan- tages and to better fit himself for his specialty. Dr. Mclvay came to Chicago. Since residing in this city he has devoted himself to his favorite theme of Medico-Climatology, having been in the field, personally studying the health resorts of America, almost constantly since January, 1893. Aside from his connection with county medical societies, Dr. Mclvay has not been an active society man, having found his greatest delight in studies along lines that are not so commonly followed and in these lines doing pioneer work. In former years he was a member of many secret orders, such as Odd Fellows, Foresters, Red Men and Knights of Pythias, but of late years he has severed his connection with them . In 1870 Dr. McKay was married, in Pittston, Pa., to Margaret Ferris, the .daughter of Edwin F. Ferris. It is a somewhat singular historic coincidence that Mrs. McKay's great-great-grandfather. Captain Ransom, was an American officer killed by the Indians at Forty Fort during the Wyoming massacre, while Dr. McKay's great-great-grandfather, with his family, was captured by the savages at the same time, being inmates of Fort Lackawana, a few miles distant. The Doctor and Mrs. McKay have five children living, three sons and two daughters — the oldest twenty-four and the youngest ten years of age. 586 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. Descended from an old Presbyterian line, Dr. McKay has adhered to the church of his fathers, and was at twenty-two years of age made an elder in that church. In politics he is what might be termed an Independent, not adhering to party lines regardless of principle. Being a teetotaler from principle, and believing that it is a very roundabout way to overcome an evil to put its friends in power, the Doctor has for the last two presidential elections cast his ballot as he talks — in favor of Prohibition, and, as he expresses it, he "hopes to live to see the day when our Government will go out of partnership with the liquor traffic." JOHN R. McCULLOUGH, M. D. Born at Point Fortune, Province of Quebec, en the sixth of December, 1835, Dr. McCullough has, during his residence of nearly ft rly years in the East and West, imbibed the principles of a true American citizen. Having literally suffered and bled for the country of his adoption, he appreciates the worth of citizenship and the value and glory of a united country, founded on an intelligent franchise. Dr. McCullough's father, William, was a native of Ramsgate, England, a graduate of Dublin University and a fine classical scholar. When only twenty-one years of age he married Elizabeth Stinson (Stevenson), teaching school and continuing his studies notwithstanding the cares of a family. Emigrating to Canada when the country was new and the opportunities and advantages were meager, he at length obtained a chance to continue his former avocation, his design now being to use it as a stepping-stone to the ministry. Later he was ordained by the Wesleyan Methodist Conference, locating at Bytown, now Ottawa. His duties often brought him in contact with physicians, and naturally his son John was thrown in with the members of the profession. The boy often accompanied them in their rides about the country, saw them prescribe for their patients, and was sometimes sent to Apothecaries' Hall to have their medicines compounded. Frequently, not content to be a passive spectator, he would request to do the pounding himself. It thus happened that he obtained an inclination toward the medical profession at quite an early age. Until the year 1848 young McCullough was educated in the public schools, but he then entered Victoria College, Ottawa, where for three years he industriously studied history, mathematics, botany, chemistry, Latin and Greek. His favorite branches were the four last named, and when accompan};^- ing his father on his pastoral calls he was seldom without a book. Aside from reading he most desired to attend the sick, either person or animal, and minister to their comfort and recovery. PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. 587 After leaving college he apprenticed himself to an apothecary at Toronto, and later obtained employment in a wholesale drug house at Syracuse, N. Y. But the Western fever soon attacked him, and in 1856 he went to Milwaukee, Wis., which was then considered a town in the wild West. Still determined to become a physician, he commenced work in a drug store, obtaining the rudiments of his professional education out of Horner's and Gray's Anatomies during the spare hours which he could snatch from business duties. After three years of this combined service and study he applied to his Alma Mater and matriculated. Being licensed to practice by the Toronto School of Medicine, he returned to Milwaukee; but upon the breaking out of the war he abandoned, for the time, all ideas of a quiet, profitable, successful professional career, and in September 1861, as hospital steward, joined the First Wisconsin Regiment (Col. J. C. Starkweather) for the Three Years' service. His first year's experience was not an eventful one, and it was not until October 8, 1862, that the command with which he had cast his fortune enabled him to see what actual war was like in the battles of Chaplain Hills and Perryville, Ky. For two days the work accomplished by the medical sta£[ was immense, and its labors were continued in a moderate degree for more than two weeks, when most of the wounded were sent to Louisville. At Stone River the Confederates captured the hospital outfit, steward and all, but the next morning the sick and wounded, including Dr. McCullough, were paroled. The hospital which fell to his charge at Chickamauga was just at the head of Crawfish Springs. "On the morning of the twentieth of Sep- tember, 1863," states Dr. McCullough, "General Mitchell, commanding our cavalry, notified me to send all wounded that could be moved to Chattanooga before three o'clock p. m., as he was aboui to evacuate that point. So that by four o'clock p. m. we had exchanged commanders, and the whole force of wounded, nurses, stewards and surgeons — some 12,000 men — were in the hands of the Confederates. On the thirtieth inst. all the wounded were paroled and sent through the lines, while the medical gentry were marched to Ringold, Ga. , and put into barracks until transportation was provided to Richmond, Va. On the afternoon of October i our party, numbering 366, was marched to the depot and embarked on cattle cars. On the eleventh we arrived in Richmond, and from Libby were assigned to different prisons, my lot falling to Pember- ton. There I remained until about November 5, when I was transferred to the hospital, and on the afternoon of December 6 conceived the idea of play- ing dead. Four comrades wrapped me in a blanket, carried me outside of the lines to the dead-house and placed me in a coffin. There I remained until dark, when I made my escape and fortunately fell into the hands of Union friends, who secreted me until the excitement over my escape had subsided. Obtaining a pass from the Confederate Secretary of War, on the seventeenth 588 , PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. of December, with a comrade who had escaped the same day, I set out for the Federal hnes, and after many trials, danji^ers and hairbreath escapes reached them at Leonardtown, Md. I arrived at Washington on Christmas morning of 1863." Dr. McCullough rejoined his command in May, and at once took up the march with Sherman toward Atlanta and the sea, engaging in all the battles, including the capture of Atlanta. After its capture, the regiment being ordered to Milwaukee to be mustered out of the Three Years' service, he found himself again among friends. This was in October, 1864. But after visiting for a few weeks he was anxious to be at the front, and, proceeding to Nashville, he received the appointment of Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., being assigned to the general hospital at Chattanooga. After remaining on the hospital service one year, to April 16, 1866, all work having ceased, he resigned his commission and returned to his home in Milwaukee, carrying with him a constitution shattered by arduous labors, exposure and confinement in two Rebel prisons, as well as wounds by bullet and shell. As he expresses it, he now com- menced again the "civil life battle." Dr. McCullough on the second succeeding April (1867) was married to Agnes Culbertson, at Mansfield, Ohio. In 1872 he located in Chicago, and has been in continuous practice ever since. He has been too busy to hold or seek for public offices, the only position of that nature which he has occupied being a member of the medical staff of Cook County Hospital — Attending Physician of Gynecology and Obstetrics. He is a member of the Chicago Pathological Society, Illinois State Medical Society and American Medical Association; also Cleveland Lodge, No. 211, of Masons, and last, but not least, George H. Thomas Post, No. 5, G. A. R., Chicago, Illinois. Dr. McCullough's father died at the age of sixty-five years of cancer of the stomach, caused by internal injury. His mother, however, is still living and approaching her eighty-fourth mile-stone. She was the mother of eleven children, seven of whom survive — four sons and three daughters. In his political views the Doctor is a Republican. His religious tenets are orthodox, he being a member of the Third Presbyterian Church of Chicago, although reared under the teachings of Methodism. THOMAS TELFER OLIVER, M. D. Dr. Oliver is of French-Swiss stock. His ancestors (named Ollivier), politi- cal exiles from Switzerland, took refuge in Scotland, locating in what is known as the Black Forest District. The bearers of the present name of Oliver, both in Scotland and America, are believed to be descended from the Olliviers above mentioned. ""'ipni A£ Co Ck^'^'^i' -g^-^ PROAIINUNT PR A Cl'lTIONEKS. 59 1 Dr. Oliver was one of a large family, his parents being Robert and Isabella Telfer Oliver. He was born on May 17, 1830, in Cromartyshire, North Scotland, where his childhood was spent until his seventh year, at which time his family emigrated to Canada, first settling in Quebec. Later, about 1847, they again moved further west and settled permanently in Ontario, where he received his preliminary education. Very early in life Thomas had shown a strong taste for scientific rather than literary study, delighting in demonstrative work rather than hypothetical conclusions. In direct line with his investigating and logical bent his studies were begun and persistently followed not only to the end of his educational course, but all through his subsequent professional life. The intense interest in the phenomena of chemistry based, as they are, on natural and unchange- able law drew him naturally to the study of medicine, while his love of higher mathematics gave him, among mechanical pursuits, an unusual aptitude for civil and mechanical engineering. In both these branches his education has been as thorough as long and patient study and congenial tastes could render it. Dr. Oliver commenced his medical studies in the office of Dr. N. E. Main- waring, of St. George, Ontario, with whom he remained two years. In 1855 he entered the Rolph Medical School, of Toronto, from which he graduated, receiv- ing his diploma in 1858. Never robust, his close application to study for so long a period left him in a most critical state of health and in no condition to commence the arduous labors of a practicing physician, for which in all but bodily health he was now most completely fitted. The course of study he hf d pursued prior to his special medical course had fortunately for him at this juncture thoroughly fitted him for the pursuit of the profession of a civil and mechanical engineer, and to this he turned with such ardor as to win not only material success, but a reputation as a mechanical inventor, which he has retained through the later years of his life in the medi- cal profession. Dr. Oliver's health being recovered, he practiced medicine for a number of years in the South and in Kansas, removing to Chicago in 1874. In this city he has since lived and here he has built up and held a large and constantly increasing general practice, not confined to Chicago, but expanding into the surrounding country. He first located on the South Side, his present place of residence. Of late years, although his practice has been general, he has given special attention to diseases of the lungs, liver and kidneys. In these depart- ments he has won eminent success, and stands as authority on all points per- taining thereto. Dr. Oliver has had five children: Anita, Thomas Scott, Ida May, Bruce and Grant. The Doctor is unassuming, but independent and self-reliant, and has won the regard and respect of a large circle of friends, which embraces all who know him. 592 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. ELMER E. BABCOCK, M. D. Elmer E. Babcock, son of Justin Dewayne Babcock and Ruth L. (Richards) Babcock, was born at Platteville, Grant County, Wis., on the eighth of June, 1859. He is of Scotch-Enghsh parentage. His great-grandfather, Gideon Babcock, was an officer in the war of 1776, enhsting from Coventry. He traces direct hneage to Robert Babcock, of Puritan stock. His mother's father, Daniel Richards, left New York in 1828, settling in Platteville, Wis., and engaging in mining interests. His father, Justin D., was a^ man of considerable prominence in the State and served through the Civil War as Lieutenant of Company F, Third Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. Young Babcock attended the common and high schools of Fond du Lac, Wis. He afterward engaged in farming in Kansas until he was nineteen years of age, then going to Lincoln, Neb., where he engaged in civil engineering and surveying until 1881, when he laid the transit aside and took up the scalpel and study of surgery under Drs. Bowen and Hart. He next attended the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Chicago, from which institution he graduated on March 11, 1884. He spent the next two years as Surgeon in the Cook County Hospital, receiving its diploma in the Spring of 1886, when he commenced the private practice of his profession, which has grown to be a large one. In 1888 and 1889 he served as lecturer of Surgical Anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago. In 1890-91 he lectured on Surgical Pathology in the same college. In 1891 he was elected to the professorship of Surgical Anatomy and in the same year was made Recording Secretary of the above named institution. In 1893 he was appointed Attending Surgeon to the Cook County Hospital, which position he now holds. Dr. Babcock is a member of several medical societies, among them being the Chicago Medical Society, the Medico-Legal Society, the Doctors' Club, Cook County Hospital Clinical Society and the Illinois State Medical Society. He is a member of the Congregational Church, and has been since 1880. He is a Republican and, while he believes in voting with his party, he reserves the right to vote locally for the man he thinks best fitted for the office. Dr. Babcock was married in Lincoln, Neb., to Miss Ida A. Dobson, on April 20, 1886. Mrs. Babcock is a daughter of Mr. Isaac Dobson, a prominent citi- zen of that place. In person Dr. Babcock is of good height and robust physique, with a refined and scholarly appearance. In manner he is cordial and in disposition friendly and sympathetic, qualities which easily command respect and win friends. Sin- cerit}^ is one of his most marked characteristics and is manifested in a dispo- PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. 593 sition to spare no pains to render to those who give to him their confidence the best and most conscientious service, whether professionahy or otherwise. Dr. Babcock is recognized as a rapidly growing man, studious and progressive, and one who has already acquired an enviable position in his profession, while as a medical teacher he uniformly enjoys the confidence and esteem of his classes and the cordial approbation of his colleagues. WALTER AUGUSTUS STEVENS, M. D. Born in Richmond, Ontario County, N. Y. , on the nineteenth of April, 1830, Dr. Stevens is still strong in body and mind and actively engaged in dental practice. Although of the old school he has kept abreast of all modern improvements, but he mastered the working details of his profession before there were any institutions in the West, and only two or three in the East, which were authorized to grant the degree D. D. S. He received his degree of M. D. from Rush Medical College, on February 15, 1887. As to Dr. Stevens' ancestors, it may be stated that his grandfather, Jesse, was a patriotic son of Massachusetts during the Revolutionary War, and when the Selectmen of the town of Chelmsford called for fifteen men for nine months' service he was one of the first to enlist and hold himself in readiness for serv- ice whenever occasion should demand. In the Spring of 1781 he went to Con- cord, Mass., and there joined a company which was ordered to Peekskill, N. Y. At this place he was detached, and detailed to guard the cattle held as pro- visions for the Continental Army. This was an humble duty, but he performed it well, since he was not discharged from the service until more than a month after Cornwallis had surrendered. In fact, at the time of the surrender he was within two days' march of both the American and the British armies. Dr. Stevens' parents, Walter and Lucy (Osgood) Stevens, were brought to Western New York as children when that section of the country was consid- ered as the outskirts of civilization. His father was buried the day he was thirteen years old, leaving a large farm and a family of seven children. The eldest brother dying during the following year, responsibilities were thrown upon his shoulders which were beyond his years; yet, guided by the counsels of an honored mother, he stood bravely at his post of duty until his younger sisters and brothers had received higher educations and were prepared to assume their share of the burden. Dr. Stevens' early education was acquired iu the district schools of his native county, in the Palmyra High School and the Genesee Wesleyan Semi- nary at Lima. While obtaining his higher education the bent of his mind was indicated in the nature of his favorite studies, which were anatomy, physiology 594 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. and mathematics. He even took private lessons in mathematics of Professor Dascom Green, subsequently connected for many years with the Polytechnical Institute, of Troy, N. Y. In fact, although an agriculturist by accident of birth, the tastes of the youth were by no means pastoral, inclining decidedly toward both medicine and civil engineering at quite an early age. For several years after leaving school, however, circumstances forced him to work upon the farm, the Winters being more congenially passed in the pursuit of his favorite studies. In 1857 Dr. Stevens came West and obtained employment on a railroad then being constructed in Eastern Missouri which afterward became a section of the Missouri and Iron Mountain line. During the succeeding four years he was engaged in railroad work, bridge building, piling, filling, etc., taking no active part in politics; yet his views for the perpetuation and exaltation of the Union were known. Most of the time his headquarters were at Birds Point, and Charleston, Mississippi County, and for a short time during Buchanan's administration, in 1859, he was postmaster at the former locality, situated on the Mississippi River, opposite Cairo. During the latter portion of his stay in Missouri Dr. Stevens, as a stanch Unionist and Northern man, found himself the object of much disagreeable attention. In those days the Knights of the Golden Circle, a Democratic anti- Union organization, were quite as prominent in the politics of Missouri as they were in Illinois. Dr. Stevens, in common with other Union men, received a fierce notice to "quit" that section of the country, which he has preserved as a personal memento and an historic curiosity. It is written in rather a femi- nine hand, on common note paper, the document being entrusted to the care of one Irish Tim, an honest old fellow, who brought it to Mr. Stevens and said he found it "back of Dr. Simpson's barn." The notice reads: ''Abolition Rail Road Stez'c-iis. You are hereby commanded to order the above Individual to leave at S, or hang at 12. ATorfolk-Colmnbus- Charleston Vigilance Committee/' Below the signature were two crude blood-red crosses, between which were the words, "Eternal Vigilance is the Price of Liberty," and still below this motto the initials K. G. C, enclosed by a circle of red. The young Northerner received the document in February, 1861, and although he did not leave for four months, neither did he hang at high noon of that momentous day. Instead, he remained until July of that year, when he permanently located in Chicago. Previous to this time Dr. Stevens had studied dentistry in private, and when he settled in this city he entered the office of Dr. Honsinger, then one of the leading local practitioners, and commenced the systematic mastery of his profession. After remaining here two years he commenced practice him- self, and for a third of a century, with few interruptions, he has thus been actively engaged. During this entire period he has labored and lived on the "Tr^^^ww^^^ PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. 597 South Side, and by his industry, cordiahty and skill has become not only prosperous, but has attained a high social as well as professional position. Since its organization Dr. Stevens has been a member of the Chicago Dental Society, and is now President of the State organization. On the second of September, 1862, the year previous to the commence- ment of his long practice, Dr. Stevens was married to Elanora V. Richards, of Lenox, Mass. They have two children living. Genevieve I., their daughter, is a young lady of fine education, being not only a graduate of the high school, but a student at present of the Chicago University, having previously had the benefit of eighteen months of European travel and culture. Wirt A. is a stal- wart boy of seventeen and a pupil of the South Division High School. Aside from his professional and domestic life, there is nothing into which Dr. Stevens has entered with more zest and in which his heart is more wrapt than in the work and pleasure connected with the Masonic crder. Not only is he one of the oldest members in the West, but he is also one of the most prominent, and none are more honored. He first joined Union Lodge 45, of Lima, N. Y., which never closed its doors during the anti-Masonic agitation of 1826, becoming a charter member of Blair Lodge, No. 393, when it was organ- ized in 1864, and serving as its Master for two years. For three years he was High Priest of Chicago Chapter, No. 127, R. A. M., and was Commander of Apollo Commandery, No. i, Knights Templar, for one term. During a portion of July and August, 1883, the commandery made a pilgrimage to Europe. The party, consisting of about one hundred and twenty Knights and ladies, with friends besides, embarked for Liverpool on the magnificent steamer "City of Rome." Four itineraries were marked out for the tourists, embracing London, Paris, Holland, Belgium, the Rhine, Switzerland and Scotland. At the head of the commandery was Eminent Sir Norman T. Cassette, Dr. Stevens, as Gen- eralissimo, being second in authority. The trip was one continuous ovation, perhaps the most impressive and enjoyable occasion being the reception accorded the commandery by the Knights of the historic city of York, England. This included not only a visit to the ancient wall and other antiquities as well as the famous minster, but an exemplification of the English ritual and a levee given by the Lord Mayor of York. Upon this occasion the Generalissimo delivered a speech, which was much applauded and afterward extensively cir- culated in printed form. Besides having been Commander of Apollo, Dr. Stevens served as Com- mander-in-Chief of the Grand Consistory of the State of Illinois, A. O. S. R., until 1867, when all grand consistories in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction were discontinued. He was also for eleven years District Deputy Grand Master of the First District of F. & A. M. in Illinois. He is an active mem- ber of Supreme Council, S. G. I. G., of the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, 330, 598 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. has been Grand Representative of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina, and now holds that position for the Grand Lodge of New York, the Grand Chap- ter of Nebraska (R. A. M.) and the Grand Commandery of North Dakota. In conclusion it may be stated that although Dr. Stevens is a man of convictions, he is a man so eminently sociable and genial that he never advances them in a way to give offense. He is domestic in the best sense of the word, is open in word and deed, and no man stands higher in the honest, unassum- ing practice of his profession. CARL THEODOR GRAMM, M. D. A native of St. Louis, Mo., where he was born about thirty-four years ago. Dr. Gramm is qualified to practice either medicine or dentistry, his pref- erence, however, being for the latter specialty. With the intention of adopt- ing a theological career he obtained an academic education at Central Wesleyan College of Missouri and an Episcopal school at Lyons, Iowa. After abandoning this plan, however, he commenced the study of dentistry, entering into practice at Princeton, in the same State, in 1881. Afterward re- moving to Keokuk, for nine years Dr. Gramm pursued his chosen calling, during six years of that period filling the chair of Dental and Oral Surgery and Pathology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. As this is one of the most prosperous medical institutions in the West the fact speaks for itself as to his professional standing. In 1893 E)^"- Gramm received his medical degree from the institution above named, coming to Chicago in August of that year. He has continued, however, to follow the profession of Stomatology, in which field he has had a long prac- tical experience and earned a well-merited success. Dr. Gramm has, furthermore, devoted himself diligently to biological re- searches, and his photo-micrographic work has been highly esteemed by lead- ing members of the medical profession. For proficiency in this line of work he was awarded the blue ribbon by the World's Columbian Exposition. Further, Dr. Gramm is connected with the dispensaries of the United Hebrew Charities and St. Joseph's Hospital, and has been Treasurer, Professor of Stomatology and Histology and Director of the Biological Laboratories of the Illinois College of Medicine. FREDERICK W. RICH, M. D. Like all who are natives of this region, Dr. Rich finds it impossible to permanently wean himself from it. He was born in Chicago, on March 24, 1859, '.'"' I Oy.f^rd.p,l-hCo- -m^'- PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. . 60 1 his father, Arthur D. Rich, being for many years a prominent lawyer of the city. His mother is the daughter of the kite Judge E. B. Dyckman, a wealthy lumberman and for many years a member of the M chigan State Legislature. As intimated. Dr. Rich has virtually passed his life in Chicago, or near the city, receiving his fundamental education in her public schools, after which he received a practical training in several of her large business houses. But although his ability insured a good position in the mercantile world, his aspirations were for a profession, especially a medical career. For several years he earnestly pursued his studies during the evenings and finally abandoned his business pur- suits entirely in order to take a regular medical course. Entering the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College, Dr. Rich graduated in February, 1889, and soon after removed to Savannah, Ga. Here he at once acquired a lucrative practice, giving much of his attention to surgery. As assistant to one of the most prominent surgeons of that region, as well as an independent operator, Dr. Rich obtained much valuable experience and a sub- stantial reputation. During his three years' residence in Savannah he performed nearly all of the gynecological operations, some laparotomies and herniotomies, and much of the minor surgical work. Especially did he attend a large number of abnormal and complicated confinement cases, his brother physicians being usually content to trust their surgical work, of whatever nature, to his good judgment and skillful hands. In the midst of his flattering prospects, however," one of his children was fatally stricken with malarial fever, which circumstance induced him to seek a change of climate for his family. Naturally he turned his face toward his native city and settled in Engle- wood in May, 1892. During the following Winter, besides carrying his increasing practice, he attended clinics and lectures in several medical colleges, and in December, 1893, succeeded to the practice of Dr. I. S. Hotchkiss, at River- side, where he now resides as one of the leading physicians of that locality. Although an enthusiast in his belief in homeopathy and aseptic surgery, he has confined himself to practical demonstrations of his faith, and has never written anything for publication setting forth his views. He has also refused several minor college appointments, preferring to devote his entire attention to private practice. Dr. Rich is, however, a member of the Southern Homeopathic Medical Association and the American Institute of Homeopathy. As to societies not connected with his profession, he has been for sixteen years associated with the Royal Arcanum, and within that period has joined the A. O. U. W. and Odd Fellows, although in these organizations he has never held any but minor offices. 6o2 PR OMINEN T PR A C TI TI ONERS. Dr. Rich is in religious belief an enthusiastic Swedenborgian, having been da cated f rom boyhood in the tenets of the New Jerusalem Church. Although he has never had time or inclination to be a politician, his leanings are almost invariably toward the Republican party. Four living children, two girls and two boys, are the fruits of his union with Miss Harrietee Smith, daughter of Willard N. Smith, of Englewood, to whom he was married on the thirteenth of October, 1881. A tendency and a talent for the medical profession seem to be inherited in the family blood, since two of Dr. Rich's brothers are also practicing physi- cians of the homeopathic school. Dr. Frank Rich, who was Prof. Laughlin's assistant at Ann Arbor (Mich.) College and is now located at Manistee, Mich., and Dr. Charles D. Rich (now in Arizona for his health), who for several years was Dr. J. S. Mitchell's assistant, both in his private practice and college work. A. D. TAGERT, M. D. Dr. Tagert is a native of the Green Mountain State, where he successfully practiced his profession for many years before coming to Chicago. During the Civil War he had an invaluable hospital experience under the Surgeon-General of the State, which, added to his long and honorable service as a country practitioner, makes him peculiarly fitted for general professional work in a metropolitan community. Dr. Tagert is the son of Dr. Hugh and Lucy A. Tagert, and comes of a splendid line of Scottish blood, in which figure the names of the Douglases and the Stuarts. His father was a prominent physician, and the son often accompanied him in his professional circuit, thus imbibing a love for the work at a very early age. After acquiring a good common school and academic education. Dr. Tagert was matriculated in the medical department of the University of Vermont, graduating therefrom in 1864. Upon the death of his father, he succeeded to his practice, and even since coming to Chicago has kept in touch with many of his old patients, to whom he is bound not only by the ties of professional regard but by those of personal friendship. Since locating in Chicago Dr. Tagert has built up a good general practice, and has also formed a large circle of friends. To his attainments as a practitioner are added a magnetism which is unusual and a broad, philosophical scholarship which includes the classics, the sciences and the gift of several ancient and modern tongues. These talents, outside of his professional abilities, have been put to good use by Dr. Tagert in church work, especially that connected with the Biblical instruction enjoyed under his guidance by many members of the Fulton Street M. E. Church. i "'/^ '% C^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^<^ ^ PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. 605 FREDERICK WENTWORTH MERCER, M. D. Frederick VV. Mercer was born at St. John, New Brunswick on May 31, 1838, and is a descendant of the first European settlers of this country, his ancestors having been honored residents of South Carohna as early as 1762. Having received an academic education, he was fitted by a private tutor for the study of medicine and pursuing regular courses at the Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, he graduated at the latter institution in medicine and surgery with the class of 1861-62. Directly thereafter he presented himself to the Medical Examining Board of the State of Massachusetts, passing with honor. He served with the regiments from that State during the War of the Rebellion, distin- guished as Chief Medical Officer of Brigade and as an operator upon the field hospital staff of the Second Corps. At the close of the war he received a vote of thanks from the Legislature of Massachusetts for gallant service. Removing to the West, he entered the employ of the State of Illinois as Resident Surgeon and Superintendent of the Soldiers' Home Hospital, and after four years' service resigned the position and was appointed one of the trustees. In September, 1873, he was appointed Senior Assistant Physician to the Illinois Southern Hospital for the Insane, when, after six years' service, he returned to Chicago and entered upon a general practice. In 1858 he made a voyage upon the brig "Gold Hunter, " Captain Chas. Robinson, to the West Coast of Africa, the Windward Islands, the Amazon and Cuba. In 1877 he visited Europe a second time, devoting attention to scientific pursuits. ■ ODELIA BLINN, M. S., M. D. Was born in Massachusetts and educated in the public schools in and about Boston. Her earliest and pleasantest recollections of men are of her first two teachers, one in the primary school. Professor L. B. Monroe, and the other in the grammar school, Mr. William H. Ladd, late of the Chauncey Street School, Boston.' Both of these gentlemen, by suggestion and precept, urged the necessity upon their pupils of being thorough in whatever was before them to do and of being truthful, honorable and conscientious in all their walks of life. Her life has been better lived because of their mental and moral instruction in her earliest school days. When a little girl she had made up her mind to be a doctor, and after an interval of a few years after leaving the high school an opportunity was offered in the college at Hillsdale, Mich., where she not only reviewed some studies 6o6 PROMINENT PRACTITIONERS. but took up others, in order to be better prepared for the study of medicine. Introductory letters from Dr. Marie E. Zakrszewska and the late Dr. Lucy Sewall, of the New England Hospital, Boston, brought her at once to Dr. Mary H. Thompson, of Chicago, in 1864. One year of dry bones, and in 1865 the Hospital for Women and Children was born on the corner of Rush and Indiana streets, with Dr. Thompson as projector. Resident Physician and Superintendent, and Odelia Blinn as student, which position the latter held satis- factoriall}^ for two years, she being the first woman student in medicine in Chi- cago. Her experience in hospital work thus early and the benefit she derived from it was incomparable, and always gratefully remembered. Here she met Drs. John Bartlet, T. D. Fitch, S. C. Blake, Charles G. Smith, W. G. Dias, William H. Byford, Eugene Marguerat, Thomas Bevan and others, all grand men and first-class physicians and teachers. Every medical college being closed against women at that time in Chicago and the great Northwest, Miss Blinn was compelled to remove to Philadelphia to prosecute her studies further. She entered the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and graduated therefrom with high honors in 1868, the students in this college being not only well fitted in medicine and hospital life but also in pharmacy. After six months more of hospital and dispensary work in the New England Hospital, as interne, Dr. Blinn returned finally to Chicago, and began the practice of her chosen profession by opening a drug store at No. 369 North Clark Street. This was the first drug store opened and conducted by women in this country. But the great fire, two years later, swept out of existence every vestige of it except the ground upon which it stood and a memory of a lease of the premises for ten years. A heartrending interval of seven months of "don't know what to do, "and then the way opened for a trip to Europe. With Dr. Mary Elizabeth Black- mar Bruson, a colleague of Hillsdale College and the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and a tried friend of Chicago, for a companion, she started for Liverpool on an English steamer in May of 1872. During six months upon the road in England and Scotland in a basket-pony-phaeton which they purchased upon landing, they visited, by slow stages, the British people at their country homes, and became acquainted with the inner lives of their English cousins in a manner which the English and Scotch people themselves seldom realize. They visited lead mines in England, coal mines in Scotland and police courts in both countries, and were given great opportunities to study the hygiene of the poor and street garbage, as well as the leprous spots wherever found, also the dis- pensaries and hospitals of the large cities. But in spite of their common speech these two American women were often taken for Gypsies by the people they met because they held the whip and were not accompanied by valet or lackey. Frequently they were denied entrance to inns on their route because »> Hf.n. T-. % ^\-m r"^^ \ /4i« •t. The Gymnasium. The spacious grounds about and in front of the main building are laid out in beautiful lawns, studded with natural forest trees and ornamental shrubs and trees, including a number of magnificent palms and other tropical trees, which are housed during the Winter season and two fine groves aflord a pleasant shade for out-of-door recreation in Summer. In front of the main entrance a large fountain adds beauty to the view and moistens and purifies the air. This institution difi:ers from most sanitariums in that its central and fundamental idea is the thought that health-getting is not a matter of magic or of pill-swallowing — neither, in most cases, one of climate, but rather a matter 620 SANITARIUMS. of training and education. The chronic invalid is sick usually because he has neglected to supply the conditions necessary for health, or because he has, by long-continued violation of the laws of health in various unhygienic practices, developed evil tendencies and morbid activities in his various bodily organs. The cure of such a patient must largely consist in a course of systematic training by which he will be educated out of his evil ways into better ones — by which his abnormal vital functions will be trained to normal and healthful activity. This course of training necessarily includes such discipline and regimen A Wheel-Chair Social on the Lawn. as will influence every disordered function. It involves absolute control of the entire life of the invalid. All his habits of life must be systematically conformed to such rules and principles as will ef^ciently and curatively modify his disordered vital processes. The managers have undertaken to make of the Battle Creek Sanitarium a thoroughly scientific health establishment, and the case of every patient who visits the institution is most thoroughly and exhaustively investigated. Physi- cal examination is carried as far as rational means at present known to the SANITARIUMS. 621 profession will allow, and includes microscopical and bacteriolo»