< ! fr'ysyy/jT v^j»y'A5v>'na-' ■ ,' '-■♦>/) >yM' .' i y,-''^/-- ' s '/ v ^ v PRIVATE LIBRARY OF DR. PAUL R. PIERCE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OE ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN IN MEMORY OF STEWART S. HOWE JOURNALISM CLASS OF 1928 STEWART S. HOWE FOUNDATION 917.731 C4314C I.H.S. -V'-. muu BY THE DIVISION OF CLRRICULl'M DEVELOPMENT CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS CHICAGO BOARD OF EDUCATION EDITION 195 1 THE KING COMPANY CHICAGO COPYRIGHT, 1951, BY THE BOARD OF EDUCATION, CITi OF CHICAGO. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. FOREWOKD "What more fascinating experience in school could a girl or hoy have than to learn ahout ('hicapo, one of the most astonishing cities in the world?" Tliat is the (jueslion that Miss Martha Hoffman, eighth-grade teaclier at the Sumner School, asked herself one day as she and her pupils worked together on a projjMt in civics. Not content to let the query remain just a matter of rhetoric, Miss Hoff- man asked her class what thev thought about it. The response was an enthusiastic indication that the puj)ils were ready and eager but needed a magic carpet to transport them to those areas of their favorite city with which they were unfamiliar or concerning which they had oidv vague and indefinite knowledge. Thus was evolved the idea for this book. Miss Hoffman was transferred temporarily to the Division of Curriculum Development, where she began to gather materials and information for a book which would prove as wonderful to Chicago's young citizens as his much-rubbed lamp was to Aladdin. Data was garnered from sources innumerable: public ofiicials, libraries, mu- seums, old newspaper files, citizens closely associated with Chicago and its history, business and industrial leaders, collectors' items. Finally, the task of actually writing the book, bringing the data together as an orderly whole, was faced. At this point Miss Hoffman assembled the general manuscript; Mrs. Frances Ferrell. teacher of history at the John Marshall High School, assisted with the final organization and editing: and Mr. Robert French, teacher of art at the Parker High School, planned the layout and provided the sketches and diagrams. Chicago is. therefore, the product of the s(»rt of combined and cooperative effort that characterizes an increasing immber of proj- ects sponsored by the Chicago Public Schools for the benefit of their girls and boys. If the book serves to instruct, to uplift, to inspire, and to charm all who turn its pages, everyone who has participated in its creation will feel significantly rewarded. Herold C. Hint April. I').')l General Superintendent of Schools CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Do You Know Chicago? Becoming Acquainted With Chicago Studying the High Lights of Chicago's History Glancing at Metropolitan Chicago CHAPTER 2 Chicago's Citizens and Their Governments Making the Laws For Chicagoans to Obey Enforcing the Laws Administering Justice Voting in All Elections CHAPTER 3 Chicago's Educational Opportunities Becoming Acquainted With Our Schools Learning About Our Higher Educational Opportunities Finding Out About Our Libraries CHAPTER 4 Cliicuf;o''s Transporlatioii and Coiuiiiiiiiiratioii Traveling by Watek Traveling by Land Traveling by Air Using the Means ok Communication (:hai»tp:r 5 Some of Chica^o'is liiduistrial and Cultural Leaders Marshall Field William B. Ogden Cyrus H. McCormick Potter Palmer Philip D. Armour GusTAVUs Swift George M. Pullman Julius Rosenwald LoRADO Taft Ella Flagg Young Jane Addams The Averagk Chkagoan CHAPTER 6 Chicago's Fuliire Learning About the Growth of Early Cities Discovering Why City Planning Is Necessary Studying the Origin of the Chicago Plan Analyzing Our Comprehensive Plan fvimn 1 'Hog Butcher for the World, Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat, Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler; Stormy, husky, brawling. City of the Big Shoulders." — Carl Sandburg DO YOU KNOW CHICAGO? Beroniiii;2 ArquaiiiltMl with Chira^o Studying tlu- lli^h Lij;hls of ChirajioV History Cluiiciii^ at .Metropolitan Chira;io Everyone living in Chicago should he proud to say, "Chicago is MV HOMK." Wo surj)ass other cities in many \vay>. Do you know that Chicago- 1. Is the leading grain exchange in ihr world? 2. Is the world's leading butter, egg, and potato exchange? 3. Is the largest livestock iiiarkd and meat-packing cenl«r in the world? 4. Is the railroad center of the United States with nineteen trunk- line railroads serving our city? 5. Is the air-transporlalion center of the world? 6. Leads in the metalworking trades? 7. Leads in the manufacture of a. agricultural implements b. telephone equipment c. soaps, perfumes, and cosmetics d. radio and television apparatus e. confectionery f. electrical machinery and equipment and supplies g. electrical household appliances and housewares h. sporting and athletic goods i. framed pictures and mirrors 8. Has the world's largest hotel? 9. Has the world's largest cormnercial building? 10. Has the largest floral display in the world? H. Has the largest post ofllice building in the world? 12. Is the medical center of the world? Can you add to this list? Very few people realize Chicago is so important. Try to remem- ber some of these facts in order that you may talk intelligently about our city. 9 10 BECOMING A(\)l AINTKl) WITH CHICAGO Numbering System A careful study of Chicago's numbering system will help you to become better acciuainlrd with the city. Because Chicago is vour home, you will want to know how to find your way around witliout dilliculty. Knowing the following facts will assist you to go anywhere in tlie city. CHICAGO STREET NUMBERING PLAN EVEN NORTH LU »- < UJ S 1- z 2 co -• 00 Ui S X < i h- CO Z Qf O BASE z I */» »- I i I ^ z o LINE NUMBERS WEST MADISON ST. EAST MADISON ST. WEST ONE UJ ONE EAST ODD NUMBERS < I— ODD NUMBERS CO z X o »- X Z) 5 UJ O s Z to lASE L :VEN O O AN SOUTH 11 Finding a Street Number 1. State Street, which runs north and south, and Madison Street, which runs east and west, are the base Hnes from which all streets and buildings are numbered. 2. Direction from the base line is indicated by the letters N, S, E, and W. N or S means north or south of Madison Street. E or W means east or west of State Street. 3. Street numbers begin with "1" at these base lines and run in numerical order from them to the city limits. Even numbers are found on the North and West side of the street; odd num- bers on the South and East side. See sketch. 4. The city is divided into one-mile sections which usually con- tain eight blocks. Each block is assigned a new series of 100 numbers. Map Study Look at the map of Chicago. 1. Note the base lines. 2. Explain the following: 1 North State Street 200 West Madison Street 25 East Jackson Boulevard 3500 South Wentworth Avenue The address of your school 3. Locate Lake Michigan. 4. Trace the course of the Chicago River. 5. Locate the following streets: Lake, Wells, Van Buren, and Wabash. The square formed by these streets is called the "Loop." 6. Draw an outline map of downtown Chicago. Add to it as you study Chicago. 13 Our Tall lUiildings Viewing Clii<'ago from the toj) floor of a tall building is a delightful and inter- esting \vav to learn more about the sec- ond largest city in the Tnited States. Take with you a map of Chicago and a pair of binoculars, if you have them, and make a tour of a building of yom choice. The managements of many buildings employ guides who may help you to locate particular parts of Chicago. Identify the names of outstanding pub- lic buildings and of streets whicii you see. In what direction are your home and school located? Be sure to note the large area which Chicago covers. To help you to choose a building to visit, some of the tall- est buildings in Chicago are listed below. (In your reading, you may find lists which may vary from the one given here.) Building 1. Board of Trade 141 W. Jackson Blvd. 2. Civic Opera 20 N. Wacker Drive 3. Carbide and Carbon 230 N. Michigan Ave. 4. Pittsfield 55 E. Washington St. 5. Palmolive 919 N. Michigan Ave. 6. No. 1 N. USalle St. Board of Trade Height — Feet Stories 612 44 568 45 565 40 557 41 555 37 529 46 13 8. Building Pure Oil 35 E. Wacker Drive Lincoln Tower 75 E. Wacker Drive Height — Feet Stories 9. Hotel Sheraton 505 N. Michigan Ave. 10. 188 W. Randolph St. 11. American National Bank 33 N. LaSalle St. 12. Bankers 105 W. Adams St. 13. Tribune Tower 435 N. Michigan Ave. 14. Willoughby Tower 8 S. Michigan Ave. 15. Wrigley 400 N. Michigan Ave. 523 40 520 42 512 44 495 44 482 40 463 41 456 36 400 38 398 28 Can you identify any of theae buildings? The city's buildings liave many stories to tell al)oiit Chicago, its past and its present. A treasure hunt for these sto- ries can he an exciting experience. Have you ever asked yourself why people visit the Palmolive IJuilding? The IahuIou (Guarantee Buildinj^.'' 1 lie (!il\ Hall? What story of the pa>t the old W ater Tower tells? The answer to these and similar ques- tions is tlie same: to become better ac- quainted with Chicago. One way to do this is to visit and to study its important buildings. A project of this kind requires care- ful planning on the part of the class. Organize the class in committees to be sure that each member takes part. Have each committee choose a tall building to visit and prepare a written outline of the activities to be followed on each >^.|- Palniolive Building Here are some suggestions to keep in mind while making plans for the visit: Reasons for visiting the particular building Where it is located How it can be reached Information desired and where obtained Preparation of parent-censent forms Have the leader or chairman of each committee, aided by its members, dramatize the anticipated activities. Be sure, if it is necessary, that proper contact has been made with building management well in advance of the visit. After the visit, have an exchange of information and of stories about the buildings visited. A good description can be developed by telling just one incident. 15 Have you ever visited Garfield Park Conservatory? Our Parks One way to have fun and at the same time to learn more about our city is to visit its many parks and museums. Chi- cago has so many parks and recreational centers that it really is "a city in a garden." There are eleven large parks in Chicago, each having an area of over one hundred acres, and many smaller ones, some of which are called "Squares." Lincoln Park is the largest of Chicago's parks. A zoo, nationally known, attracts thousands of visitors every year. Flower displays, the lagoons, the golf course, picnic grounds give pleasure to many people. 16 Here is a list oi the large parks: Arrt'dfie Lincoln Park 1.009 Burnhani Park 598 Jarksun Park 542 Washington Park .'i71 ."Nlarqut'tte Park 322 (;rant Park 303 llumholdt Park 206 Calumet Park 194 Garfield Park 187 Douglas Park 181 Columbus Park 144 /vOfVl/lO/l Arniita^e and North (!lark Slrn-t Mill Street and Outer l)ri>r 56th SirrrI and Stony Ifvho sit in stony juall parks, and tlie International Amphitheater. On the lake front, fairs, circuses, pageants, and exhibitions are fre- quently held. How do you spend your leisure time? 2S Chicago an ideal summer resort BaselmU. stcimming. music, etc. Z'4S.*-^ii The Chicay^o River If you look at A inap of tin' lake region, you will readily see that tlir presence of thr (!lii(a«^o Hi\»i «l«*termincd the location of Chicago. Some have suggested that this river should be filled in, saying that it would he more useful as a land area. During its life, it has heen called a channel, a ditch, a creek, a sewer, and a marsh — almost anything hut a river. Although it is one of the smallest rivers, it has proved to he one of the greatest and most useful rivers in the I iiited States. Here are some facts to remember about llic (Ihicago River: 1. Our early settltTs rospectcd this river so highly that they named our great city after it. 2. A canal was built from the Chicago River, uniting the Great Lakes with the Gulf of Mexico. 3. A historic- fort was built in its arms. 4. It determined the route of many earlv settlers. Slate Street Uritlgr mrr llir Chicago Hirer 5. The main stream, running almost straight east and west, is one and one-half miles long before it begins to branch north and south. 6. More than fifty bridges span it, the most famous one being the Michigan Avenue Bridge, which will be described later. 7. The locks at its mouth are just beyond the Outer Drive Bridge at Lake Michigan. 8. The river's course has been reversed so that it runs upstream; it has practically no current. 9. At one time the Chicago River emptied into Lake Michigan at Madison Street. It is interesting to watch a boat enter the mouth of the river and go downstream. The boat blows its whistle, a bell rings, and gates on each side of the bridge go down. One Ijridge after another opens its jaws to let the boat pass. Then the bridges are lowered, and the traffic, a few blocks long by this time, again resumes its course. Michigan Avenue Bridge The most significant bridge on the Chicago River is the Michigan Avenue Bridge. Much of the history of Chicago can be learned by pausing long enough to study the many plaques and markers on this bridge. The bridge, which is double-decked, has four pylons or towers. On the pylons are plaques depicting events in Chi- cago's growth. The plaque on the northeast pylon represents "The Discov- erers," a tribute to Joliet, Marquette, and Tonty. "The Pioneers," representing John Kinzie and the early set- tlers, is on the northwest pylon. 28 Michigan Avenue Bridge The southwest pylon is called "Defense" and commemorates the Fort Dearborn Massacre. "Regeneration" is located on the southeast pylon, commem- orating the rebuilding of our city after the fire of 1871. An important marker on the bridge is the one showing the site of John Kinzie's home. Many of the other bridges have bronze tablets describing Chicago's early history. Outer Drive Bridge, dedicated in 1937, and the new State Street Bridge, completed in 1949, are other important Chi- cago bridges. Before we undertake other class projects, let us study the high lights of Chicago's history and development. Locka at the Mouth of the Chicago River STUDY THK UK;!! IKilllS Ol CHICAGO'S HISIOK^ The Chicago of today is not tljc Chicago of yesterday. The surface of this region was at one time covered with water. Watermarks and landmarks are evidence of this fact. Stories of the first inhabitants of tiiis region tell of a semi- civilized race nnw lt»t to »tin knowledge. This nui through which they ex- pressed what they intended to do, whether it was to scalp, to fight, or to feast. Their wigwams, built of bark from cypress or cedar trees, were shaped like cones to prevent damage by tlie severe winter winds. Father Marquette, in his journal, tells of his meeting with certain Indian tribes in Illinois. These tribes sent four old men to come and speak to the French men. The Indians carried beautiful tobacco pipes, finely ornamented and adorned with various feathers. Said Fatlier Marquette: "I spoke to them first, and asked who they were. They replied 31 tliat tliey were Illinois; and, as a token of peace, they offered us their pipes to smoke." More than two iiundred and fifty years have passed since the day described by Father Marquette in his journal. Today this region is a great industrial center, and Chicago is the second city in the United States in size. How it became so will be an interesting study. Early Chicago Turn to the early Chicago drawing by Colonel H. A. Musham on the following page. Study it carefully. It will help you to picture more clearly the low swampland, the tall weeds and shrubs, the crude cabins, and the muddy streets of the little settlement. The settlers used horses, mules, or oxen to travel overland. On the river they used canoes. At times, they could see herds of buffalo or deer in the brush. Everything was quiet except for the shrill shrieks of the wild ducks and geese and the cries of wildlife living in the under- brush. Although the Indians did not live in the village proper, they were often seen paddling their canoes up the Chicago River or tramping the region in search of food. Perhaps you are wondering about the men who first explored this region. Let us learn something about them. 'o Early Explorers Joliet and Marquette, with their five French canoemen, were the first-known white men to explore and to write about this area. They had been sent by their government to explore the Mississippi River Valley. Marquette and Joliet came here in 1673, after following the Mississippi and Illinois 32 D«*fborn St St«ta St. W«b«th A.e 9 ^ r^r . . ^o«d to Gf ..n B« St. Michigan ^ow i«nd Kill St. CW St. lAike Micki^an mdolpK St. WajKJnqton "0 whaRF Nn BAKt MOUSt 12 U S. FACTORT U. MOUSE FACTOR S D€PT 14. U S INDIAN A&EKiCY 15 ARMORER S SHOP 16 MERCHANTS SHOP 17 INTERPRETER S HOUSE II. KiNZiE S HOUSE l« KINZlE S KiTCHfN YARD MORSE GRiST MILL KINZlE S PASTURE DWELLING HOUSES COURSALL S HELD GATE TO FO«T 0€aR»ORN RESERVATION Ifi h'.arly Map of Chicago S3 Rivers from the south. Besides exploring the valley, they were searching for a route to the Pacific Ocean. A few years later, Robert Cavalier de la Salle followed some of this same route on a similar mission. These men did not succeed in their undertaking, hut they were impressed with the value of the region which they had explored. Since all of these men were explorers from France, the territory' came under the control of the French for the next ninety years (1673-1763). It was then taken over by the English. Twenty years later, however, our young Republic came into being and took pos- session of this territory. Chicago^ s IS ante It is quite probable that the name "Chicago" was first given to the river. When Marquette and Joliet traveled the Illinois and DesPlaines Rivers, they had to carry their canoes across the divide, called the "Checagou** portage by the French, to reach the Chicago River. In speaking and writing about this area, the early explorers and settlers very likely referred to the entire region as "Checagou." The word "Chicago" is Indian in origin. Various expla- nations have been given for the meaning of the word, but most historians agree that ''Chicago'* derives its meaning from the onion or skunkweed which grew along the banks of the Chicago River. An early description of how Chicago may have been named is given in a letter written by LaSalle. He said, "If I were to give this place a name, I would derive it from the nature of the place and tlie nature of the man who will occupy this place — ago, I act; circum, all around; "cirago." 34 Ixike Michigan The word "Michigan" i> al>o Indian in origin. Misch-i- gon-ong means Greai-Lake-place'of. We heartily agree that Lake Michigan is a great lake. We are proud of our twenty- five mile shoreline. Karly Settlers Jean Haptistc Pointe tie Saihle huilt the liist home on the north hank of the ('hicago Kiver and eslahlished a fur-trad- ing post al)out 177*). He was followed hy Joseph Le Mai. Then a daring, amhilious young man nametl Captain Whistler came from Detroit in 1803 to huilt a fort at the mouth of the Chicago River. The captain and his men huilt hlockliouses. They surrounded them with a strong stockade, which they called Fort Dearhorn- naming it for Henry Dearhorn, who was then Secretarv of War. FORT DEARBORN IN 1808 A» built h> i'.itptaiti Jtihit If histlt-r. Jut L'.S. lieginient MatMacre Monument Early Duellings Opposite the fort, on the north hank of the Chicago River, were four cahijis. De Saihle occupied one of these cabins until he sold it to Le Mai. In 1804. John Kinzie, who had come from Detroit to deal in furs, bought the original De Sai- hle cahiti from Le Mai. Before long, it was necessary to build eight more cabins to house the forty per- sons who had come here to live. Besides the Kinzies. there were sev- eral discharged soldiers and their families, a cattle dealer, and a few farmers living in the little settle- ment. The Fort Dearborn Massacre Many of the Indians in the region were friendly with the new settlers, but some of the "young braves" were disgruntled because, as they said, tlie white man was gradually taking over their land. At the outbreak of the War of 1812 between England and the United States, most of the Indians sided with the English. When word was received of fierce Indian battles in Indiana and elsewhere, Captain Heald, fearing for the safety of the small band of soldiers at Fort Dearborn and the settlers who were under his command, ordered them to withdraw and return to Detroit. History reveals that on their departure for Detroit, half of the party were .killed, and the others taken prisoner in the vicinity of Calumet Avenue and Eighteenth Street — all but the Kinzie family. A statue 36 of Black Partri(lp«'. the liidi.in who trini to savr \\i> \Nliitr- man friends, may be seen al the Chitapo Historical Society (in Lincoln Park) near the entrance. After the massacre the while m;iii ahandoiic*! the rej^ion for four years, hut in IH1() a second Fort Dearhorn was huilt. John Kinzie with a luirnhcr of other settler^ r«'lijrni(| and fornie.rttl«'nient. Totcn and (.ity In IH18. Illinois wa>> chartered as a ^latc. with most of the inhabitants living in the central and soutlu'rn parts. In 1830, preceding the building of the Illinois-Michigan Canal, a |)op- ulation survey was made. This survey showed that more people had moved into tlie northern area and the population of Chicago had now reached over 200. Following the Black Hawk War. the Indians moved west of the Mississip{»i River. Because the region east of the Mississippi was now free from Indians and because there From an early drateing was hope that the canal would soon he l>uilt, great numhers of white men began to move to this locality. Coming from all directions were farmers who had tried to farm in the rocky and poor soil of New England, immigrants who yearned to start life anew in their adopted country, merchants who foresaw a great future, professional men, gamblers, and horse thieves. By 1833, when Chicago was incorporated as a town, over 550 persons had settled in this vicinity. In 1847, ten years after Chicago was granted a city charter, there were over 450 stores along State Street and Clark Street. Between the years of 1840 and 1850, the population grew from 4,470 to 28,000. Seal of the City of Chicago Adopted March 4, 1837 When you see this seal on a document, you know that it has the approval of our city. If you observe the seal closely, you will see that there is an Indian on one side and, di- rectly across from the Indian, a ship. In the center is a bun- dle of wheat, while at the top there is an infant in a shell. The meaning of these symbols tells an interesting story: The Indian on the seal represents the Indians of the Chicago region. The ship represents the white man approaching tliis region bringing civilization and commerce. The sheaf of wheat signified our abundance. The infant in the shell represents a pearl, meaning Chicago is "the gem of the lakes." The babe resting peacefully has an additional meaning — contentment, purity, and peace. The words "Urbs in horto" (a garden city) appear on the seal. 38 Dratcing o/ Chicago Firr. 1871 Chicago Fire — 1871 In the heavily forested suiroiiiidings, logs were cut and used in the construction of most of the buildings. By 1868, seven-eighths of all the hiiildin^.s in Chicago were made of wood. However, the newer buildings on State Street had been grcatlv improved bv 1871, even though most of the city's d\v<'lling> were -till being constructed of wood. In October of that year, with no rainfall for a long period of time — and with the brush and trees pretty well dried out — a fire, which sj)read rapidly. >tart now known as the downtown district and the \ear-Norlli Side. This fire caused the death of 250 pcctpic and destroyed ap- proximately 17.450 buildings. Home- and possessions over an area of tliree stpiare miles were lost. 39 The ISew Chicago The news of the fire spread rapidly throughout the world. Clotliing, food, and every kind of help came from all over the United States, Europe, and distant parts of the world. Within two years, Chicago was practically rebuilt. There was no thought of abandoning this wonderful region. World*s Columbian Exposition In the years that followed, depressions, riots, and storms often delayed progress. Despite that, however, industry moved forward at a rapid pace. Universities, libraries, mu- seums, and parks were expanding. In 1893, the World's Columbian Exposition was held in Chicago in present-day Jackson Park. This event, planned to celebrate the four- hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America, was delayed for a year to allow the buildings and exhibits to be completed. Where is the location of this exposition ? 40 (Chicago's Flag Adopted by the City Council — April 4, 1917 If you saw Chicago's flag on a building, would you recog- nize it? It consists of three white bars divided by two blue bars. The upper and lower bars represent the North and South Sides, while the middle bar, which is somewhat wider, represents the West Side. The two blue bars stand for the Chicago River with its North Branch and its South Branch. There are four six-pointed red stars in die center white stripe. (Six-pointed stars are used because five-pointed stars are reser\ed for tlie use of nations.) The two stars near the staff commemorate the fire of 1871 and the WorldV Colum- bian Exposition of 1893 (World's Fair of 1893). These were the only stars on the flag when it was adopted. On October 9, 1933. a third red star was added for the Century of Progress Exposition, and on December 21, 1939, the fourth star was included to commemorate tlie Fort Dearborn Massacre of 1812. 41 Chicago One Hundred Years Old When World War I hroke out earl\ in this century, tlie population lia known as Metropolitan Chicago or the Cliieajio Industrial Area. It include> all of ( ook. DuPage, Kaiu\ lake, and Will ( .otni- ties in Illinois. a> well as all of Lake (bounty in Indiana, it has the same advantages as Chicago. Why is this true? As your frieiuU in the suhurhs will tell you. the\ have their own separate government and their own separate school svstein. I*erhaps you yourself have noticed that when you call them on the telephone you have to pay a higher rate than when you call your friends in Chicago. However, in spite of these differences, they are really part of Chicago. Many of them earn their living in Chicago, do much of their sliopping in Chicago, or attend some of the many colleges and universities which are located in Chicago. They attend Chicago's operas, theaters, and symphony concerts. They enjoy the Stadium, the Art Institute, the parks, and museums, of which Chicago is so proud. They may even cheer for the Cubs and the White Sox. Truly the half moon around our city is well named the Chicago Industrial Area or Metropoli- tan Chicago. The Spirit of Chicago Raising ourselves out of the mud, reversing our river, and rebuilding, after one of the biggest fires of all times, into a better city, are a few instances of how we have lived up to our motto, "I Will." 45 GO AHEAD! I. Suppose that someone from out of Chicago came to visit you. What places in Chicago would you like him to see? Plan a three-day sight-seeing trip, showing how much time you would allot for each place and how you would get there. Have you seen all the places you would like your visitor to see? II. Why did the Kinzie family escape being killed or taken captive when the early settlers left Fort Dearborn for De- troit? Write the story of their escape as one of the members of the family might tell it. III. Chicagoans who have lived here for the last fifty years love to talk about red-letter days in Chicago's history. Which would you be most willing to believe, stories they tell from memory, newspaper articles, letters, or inscriptions on monu- ments? What more reliable ways do we have of recording incidents which happen today than those that happened fifty years ago? IV. Ask your parents or someone who has come to Chicago recently to tell some interesting thing which happened to them when they first came to Chicago. V. Go to the library to learn more about: The people for whom our parks are named Fort Dearborn The building of the lUinois-Michigan Canal The Wigwam where Lincoln was nominated World's Columbian Exposition (1893 Fair) 46 Century of Progress (1933 Fair) The Chicago Fire (1871) The Eastland Disaster The Christmas Tree Ship rhi> Iroijuois Theater Fire The Chicago Bridges VI. Read radio and television listings to learn ai)out broadcasts relating to Chicago history. \ II. Draw a map of downtown Chicago. Put in the base lines, streets, and some of the tallest buildings. Add a few places of special interest to you. VIII. Save pictures on all of tlie units of Chicago. I'ut tliem into a notebook. (Camera fans can make this an interesting hobby.) IX. Study these facts about Chicago. Compare them with facts about another large city — New York, for example. The Chicago area has 36% of the nation's population 37% of the nation's wholesale establishments 38% of the nation's retail establishments 39% of the nation's manufacturing concerns 40% of the nation's farm output X. Study tlie table showing Chicago's population growth. Notice when the growth of Chicago was greatest. 1830 550 1870 298,977 1910 2,185,283 1840 4,470 1880 503,185 1920 2,701,705 1850 29,963 1890 1,098,570 1930 3,376,438 1860 109,260 1900 1,698,575 1940 1950 3,396,808 3,606,436 TEST YOUR MEMORY 1. Give as many outstanding facts about Chicago as you can remember. 2. The base lines in Chicago are Street and Street. 3. There are blocks to almost every mile in our city. 4 is the highest building, but has more office space. 5. Some of our tail buildings are and 6. Describe the Chicago flag, and tell what eac h bar and star rep- resents. 7. Our flag was designed by 8. Chicago was incorporated as a city on 9. The name Chicago means 10. Michigan is an word meaning 11. Give some of the important facts we should remember about the Chicago River. 12. Michigan Avenue Bridge is important because 13. The population of Chicago is about people. 14. Name some of our largest parks in Chicago. Locate them on a map of Chicago. 15. Name some of our museums. Tell about one of them. Locate them on our city map. 16. Explain, with the aid of a map of Chicago, why Chicago became an important world market. 17. Name some of the counties included in metropolitan Chicago. Why can we no longer be regarded as a region apart from this area? 18. Can you name some of the suburbs bordering our city? SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Chicago is twenty-six miles long and nine miles wide. Chicago is six hundred feet above sea level. Chicago has an annual rainfall of 32.95 inches per year. The population of the Chicago metropolitan area (six counties) is approximately 5,494,129 persons. Ten million persons live within a 150 mile radius. 48 CHICAGO A Century of ProfirosH Up from an objure humble htart To world r«*iiownrd coinincnial marl. Intrrrac-ial trading post. International business host. M(»>t >tratc^'ir in location At tin- c r(is«*roads of tin- nation. Hail and water — bus and air. 1 ransporlation evervwhcrr. Towering turrets, art and trade. Greatest city man has made. None so favored, mme so liU-^t, Mighty Monarth of tli.- West! Chicago I — Jamie Heron CHICAGO RI>ER Tonight there arc pink roads in heaven. Like blossom-lined lanes in the spring. Hut the river is cold and unyielding To the sky-painted glory the\ fling. Tonight the gray river is fretful )^ ith rubies aflame on each wave; The river is grim and resentful — The brute, man. has made it his slave. — MUly Watson 49 THE CHICAGO RIVER They have bound me with bridges, With tunnels burrowed under me! Incessant, unresting, All day and all night Traffic roars over me, And my uplook to the blessed sky Is barred with girders, cables, stacks. My banks, with docks close hedged. Inexorably Hem me in. Vacantly, Through smoke and floating smudge. The Sun looks down upon me Like the bleared eye of an old, old man. No outcast of the gutters Slinks by more soiled than I, Polluted within and without! But on my shackled breast I bear Corn and iron, lumber and coal The little children of India eat of my wheat; My lumber shelters the stricken of Messina; Ten million wheels are set a-whirl with my coal; The iron that burdens me forms a ready tool, Fit for the hand of man. What singer can sing of me one low-keyed song? The Hudson, the Rhine, the Danube, the Nile, All these, all have their poets. As beautiful women their lovers. Fringed with vineyards and stately gardens, Castles and temples are their jewels, And song is theirs by right! But I? Soiled am I and brackish As sweat on the brow of a workman! But the broad ships that weight my breast Are like iron medals with these words wrought: "FOR SERVICE." Therein alone is my glory: I serve; I serve. — Charlton Laurence Edholm 50 CHICAGO Behold I She standi ln-^ide her inland sea, With out-stretched hands, to welcome you and me, Fer every ART. ft)r brotherhood she stands. Love in her heart, and bounty in her hands, Chicago! Chicago, ChicBfiii. Chicago, is my home. My heart is in Chicago wherever 1 may roam. Within her soul is highest hope aflame, Yea. lure the goal of every goodly fame; Nor war, nor fire, nor any other Fate, Can quench desire ti> make her truly great, Chicago! Her vision leads, her motto is "I WILL," Though great her deeds, her dream is greater still; She aims to be far more than brick and stone, A victory! a bugle forward blown, Chicago! — Charles G. Blanden Chicago Association of Commerce 51 CHAPTER "That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." — Declaration of Independence chi(:a(;o's citizens and TllKIK (;C)VEKNMENTS Making ihr I^n\> for (' DcpartiiK'iit Kiiforciiiji tlir l>;i>v> Kx«*ciiliv«' DrparliiK'iil A«' have to he decideti upon hy a legishitive hody or department such as the Chicago City Council, the General Assembly of Illinois, or Congress of th«' I'niteil States. To see tliat the re(|uire- nients are met and the money paid is tlie work of the Execu- tive Department under the charge of the Mayor, Governor, or President. To punish those who refuse to follow or obey tlie rules and laws is the work of the judicial departm«'nt, better known as the courts. MAKING THE LAWS FOR CHICAGOANS TO OBEY Legislativv Do jHtrt merit To make the laws for the people of Chicago is no simple task, and it may surprise you to learn that tliere are eight different law-making bodies who do this for us. They are: 1. The City Council 2. The Chicago Board of Kducation 3. The Chicago Park District Board 4. The Chicago Sanitary District Board 53 5. The Board of Cook County Commissioners 6. The Forest Preserve Commissioners 7. The Illinois General Assembly 8. The United States Congress The City Council Have you ever wondered: Why you must have a sign on your door if you have measles? Why the exits in your school building open to the outside? Why you must wrap your garbage and place it in a cov- ered container? Why you must buy a city as well as a state license for your automobile? The answer is that the Chicago City Council passes city ordinances commanding people to do the right and forbid- ding them to do the wrong things. The council is composed of fifty aldermen, one from each ward. Each ward is di- vided into precincts. In what ward do you live, and who is your alderman? The City Council meets twice a month at the City Hall. It takes up such problems as the cleaning and lighting of The City Council in Session » . V t r • » ,< r, — ■ 1' , . ..¥"*-.- ■ ,- m^^^J^^Wi^-jsK^!^ >lr«L'ib aiul alleys, ihf regulation of tralFic, the laying out, widening and improving of our alleys and streets. It issues and revokes licenses and provides for fire, police, and liealtli protection. Because all of these things cost a great d<\il of money, the (]ity (Council levies and lollects taxes and borrows money. Its meetings are open to the public. Have you or your parents ever attended one of these meetings? If vou have, tell the class about lliis experience. With the aid of tlie following chart, explain how these city ordinances are made. COMMITTEE IF RECOAAMENDED IT GOES TO THE N ^ CITY COUNCIL IF PASSED GOES TO ^ /■ MAYOR IF MAYOR SIGNS IT BECOMES AN ORDINANCE OR IF VETOED rr BECOMES AN ORDINANCE IF PASSED BY TWO THIRDS OF CITY COUNCIL OUR CITY CHARTER SAYS OUR LAWS MUST BE MADE IN THIS AAANNER 55 The Chicago Board of Education Why must you go to the school in your district unless you receive an official f)ermit to go elsewhere? Whv must you. when starting to school, bring a birth certificate, baptismal record or other satisfactory evidence of date and place of birth? Whv mav vou be suspended for disobedience or misconduct for a period not exceeding one month? The answer is that the Chicago Board of Education has made these and other laws which those who attend Chicago's Public Schools must obey. The Board has eleven members who serve without pay for a five-year term. They are ap- pointed by the Mayor with the approval of the City Council. However, they must be at least thirty years old and residents of Chicago for five years. Why? This Board has power to: 1. Appoint a General Superintendent of Schools, who serves for four years. 2. Appoint an Attorney, who has no definite length of office. 3. Adopt its own budget. 4. Make its own tax levy. It is interesting to note that: 1. Although the Mayor appoints the members of the Board, hr cannot remove them. 2. The City Treasurer is the School Treasurer, but has no control over the spending of the Board's money. 3. The City Council votes the property tax for schools. What is a budget? Does your family plan a budget? Do you? Why is the taxpayer interested in the budget of the Chicago Board of Education? 56 The i.hicaiio Park l)i»trict litmrd Have sou <'v«M l»«rii to tlir ( .liry^aritluMiuim Show at \\\c Garlu'Kl Park (!i)M>«MNat()iy, or ha\«' \oli<<* at the* hathii)^ heaches. Soldier Field, oi tlu' AdliT PlaiKlariiim. ^ on tiiay ev«-ii have iioti<«*il tliat tlieir uniforins are ilifTerent Imm those of the (!it\ of (!hitajio poliee. The (Ihicaj^o Park I)i>tri and houlevaitU. reireation cen- ters, hathinj; heaches, yaeht harhors, auto-parking areas, Adler Planetarium, Soldier Field, and golf courses. There are l.'i5 parks in llii> district. \\\v la\\> for llu' Park l)i>^trict are made by a hoard of five unpaid commissioners appointed hy the Mayor with the ajfproval of the Couiuil. (Commission- ers >erve for a term of five years. Tin- (!hicago Park District was created by the State Legis- lature in 1934 wlien twenty-two independent park districts were merged into one. Wintrr fun Chicago Harkt Talf of Ttcu Hr€ir* Chicago Sanitary District Board Keeping tlie water supply safe for the 4,000,000 people who live in Chicago and the sixty-eight surrounding suburbs (See map of the Chicago Industrial Area, page 59.) is such an important task that it is handled by a special board known as the Chicago Sanitary District Board. It has nine members to manage this important work. They are elected l)y the voters of the Chicago Sanitary District. To keep the w^ater supply clean the Board must see that the sewage is kept out of the lake. This has been accomplished by (1) making the Chicago River flow backwards so that a sufficient amount of water from the lake flows into the channel (1500 feet per second) to carry away sewage, and (2) building a main channel by dredging the south branch of the Chicago River. This provides an outlet which permits the escape of sewage into the Mississippi River through the canal, the Des Plaines River, and the Illinois River. The present disposal system consists of 185 miles of large intercepting sewers into which all the city sewers discharge. The sewage is then carried to four treatment plants. Perhaps you are wondering what we mean by treatment. When we speak of sewage treatment, we mean separating the waste materials and removing them from the water in which they are carried. Thus, by means of these treatment plants, we clear the water of all impurities before it flows into the canals on its way to the Gulf of Mexico. Sewage treatment protects human life, reducing the number of deaths from typhoid fever. In fact, since 1930 our typhoid-fever death rate has averaged less than 0.2 per 100,000 people. The Board of Cook County Commissioners Have you ever seen Cook County Hospital, Cook County Jail, or the Juvenile Detention Home? These are managed 58 IHKSSMTVHV IH!*rWUT . I>«il op. p«rfMn>^Y to •■plo/« torn* of tK« ISO noUi of inlvfoltinf .oodlxdl FACTS— Tko Coot Co^ofY Fo>..l t>.......i liSodx 14 IS. €.om^„, .bo«l 11.000 4CX1 Tl mOf« l^an ]0 tti«ltttrt wfth on* o* mo'O flTOpUl nu4M, mor. Hian IS mill.on •"|0, Ih. mj., I.cl.l... ^ ^ C^.». S— T— .. Tho I9S0 Im«1<|>) .1 t< t«O.I91. ol -h.ck (l.«)' >>64 .1 |t|VoRAPHICHAJIT fo' loUrioi, malnlanar<, and opo'4l.o« coih I — |^ KM f lAlttrr 62 The Forest V reserve l.ommisaionert A picnic at one of the one liunilrtHl picnic centers of the Forest IV^•^er^^• L- a rfii-lrttrr «lay on your cHlenihir. Witliin this beautiful lii.stritt in Cook County, wliich consists of approximately 39,(KK) acres, are four golf courses, three nuulern swimming pools, one zot>lopical park, one trailside museum, three lishinj: centers, and 175 miles of trails. It is governed by the Forest Preserve Commissioners, They are the same Cook County Commissioners whom you have just met. The Illinois General Assenthly "We're loyal to you. Illinois,** we ^inp at the I'niversity of Illinois football pames. As citizens of Chicago we are also citizens of Illinois. Many Chicago people attend the Uni- versity of Illinois at Trbana or its branch at the Navy Pier. We pay a sales tax (two cents on the dollar) to the state of Illinois, and we secure our automobile license from the state of Illinois. Our schools receive aid from the state legisla- ture, and some people receive pensions from the state. Hence, many of the laws under which we live are made by the state legislature, known as the Illinois General Assembly The Illinois General Assembly consists of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state senator and representative must be a citizen of the United States, a resident of Illinois for five years, and a resident for two years of tlie senatorial district from which he is elected. Tlie only difference in the (jualificationv i> that a representative must be twenty-one year> old. while a senator must be twenty-five years of age. Both senators and representatives receive a salary of six thousand dollars every two years with an addi- tional allowance of fifty dollars. Regular sessions or meetings of our legislature start on the Wednesday after the first Monday in January' of every odd-numbered year. The governor may call extra sessions, if he thinks it necessary. 63 Membership Representation Election and Term Presiding Officer Powers and Duties One From Each Senatorial Dist. Voters of the Dist. Four Years Lieut. Governor STATE SENATE STATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Three From Each Senatorial Dist. Voters of the Dist. Two Years Speaker of the House 1 Regulating of banking, fxiblic utilities, and other forms of business operation in the state alone (intro-stote). 2 Regulating of state highways and means of communication. 3 Providing for common schools, high schools, teachers colleges, and state universities. 4 Regulating of labor. 5 Regulating of health and safety, licensing doctors, dentists, and pharmacists. 6 Taking core of taxes and other forms of finances. The above outline describes this law-making body. Please note that the General Assembly has two houses. Why? Our state laws are made in this manner. A bill, let us say, to forbid children under sixteen years of age working in fac- tories, is introduced in either house of the legislature by one of the members. It is then given to a committee htr further study. The committee reports on the bill. It is discussed and a vote is taken. If it passes both houses, the bill is sent to the governor. He may sign it. If he does, it becomes a law. He may veto (forbid) it. In that case, it is sent back to the legislature and, if passed by a two-thirds vote of both houses, the bill becomes a law. If he refuses or neglects to sign it, the bill becomes a law within ten days without his signature. This is the way our state constitution says our laws are to be made. This constitution was made in 1870. 64 STATE HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW SENATE INTRODUCED AND REFERRED TO THE PROPER COMMITTEE IF RECOMMENDED. IT GOES TO THE SENATE AMEND DEBATE. VOTE HOUSE REFERRED TO PROPER COMMITTEE IF RECOMMENDED. IT GOES TO THE HOUSE AMEND. DEBATE, VOTE IF PASSED PRES OF SENATE THE LIEUTENANT- GOVERNOR SIGNS THE BILL SPEAKER OF HOUSE SIGNS BILL i IF GOVERNOR SIGNS BILL OR IF VETOED. IT BECOMES A LAV/ IF PASSED BY 2 3 OF THE SENATE 2 3 OF THE HOUSE OR IT BECOMES A LAW WITHOUT THE GOVERNORS SIGNATURE WITHIN 10 DAYS 65 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT NATIONAL STATE COUNTY FOREST PRESERVE WSTRICT VICE- SPEAKER OF PRESIDENT IS THE HOUSE IS CHAIRMAN CHAIRMAN Our National Congress When you go to the Post Office you will remember that that building belongs to the national government and is under the laws of Congress. Chicagoans, paying their income taxes, taking out naturalization papers, or paying duty on pack- ages mailed to them by people from some otlier country, are obeying the laws of our national government. These laws are made by the United States Congress. Congress, like the Illinois General Assembly, is composed of two houses. They are described in the above outline: Can you name your two senators? The representatives from your district? Who is the Speaker of the House? President of the Senate? The process by which a national law is made is the same as that by which our state laws are made. It is prescribed in our national constitution made in 1787. Do you think it a good idea to have two houses of Congress? Two houses of the Illinois General Assembly? What name is given to a legislative body of two houses? 66 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT CHICAGO PARK DISTRICT SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO BOARD OF EDUCATION ELEVEN ftOARO MEMBERS APPOINTED BY MAYOR APPROVED BY CITY COUNCIL 50 ALDERMEN 1 FROM EACH WARD APPOINTED BY AAAYOR APPROVED BY CITY COUNCIL Americans have been called the greatest law-makers in the world. The above chart shows all tlie law-making l>odies which are busy making the laws that make it easier for Chi- cagoans to live togetlier happily. Can you name a law made by each of these governing bodies and explain why it was made? Thus the laws for the people of Chicago are made. The Chicago City Council, Chicago Board of Education, Chicago Park District, Chicago Sanitary' District Board, Board of Cook County Commissioners, Forest Preserve Conmiission- ers, Illinois General Assembly, and United States Congress — all make the rules of the game, tlie laws tliat make our work and our play more satisfactory to all. Tlie Board of Cook County Commissioners, Park District Board, Board of Education, Sanitary District Board, and Forest Preser\'e District (commissioners are also administra- tive bodies in that they help to enforce laws made bv the Illinois General Assemblv. 67 ENFORCING THE LAWS The Executive Department Making a law, however good it may be, is not enough. Someone must see that it is carried out. It takes many peo- ple to make the laws for Chicago; it also takes many people to enforce the laws. Chief among those who enforce the laws are: The Mayor of Chicago The President of the Cook County Board The Governor of Illinois The President of the United States Each has his helpers, some elected by the people, others appointed by elected officials. The Mayor of Chicago We know that the City Council makes laws or ordinances for the people of Chicago. Someone must be the chairman of the Council, preside at its meetings, see that its business is properly conducted, and secure obedience to the laws. This is the work of the Mayor. He also has the power to veto ordinances, although they may be passed over his veto (See chart, page 67), and to release or pardon people impris- oned for disobeying city ordinances. He is elected by the voters of Chicago and may be re-elected any number of times. His salary is $18,000 a year. What qualities do you most desire your Mayor to have? The City Clerk Every organization has a secretary. For the city of Chi- cago, the secretary is the City Clerk, and he is elected by the voters of Chicago. He keeps all papers belonging to tlie city, attends council meetings, and records all proceedings. 68 Why is il important to have an acmrate record of the proceedings of the City Council? The City Treasurer In 19^19, tlie City Council voted $81,869,798 for tlie city of Chicago to spend. \^ ho receives all money that is due the city and pays it out wiicn autliori/cd lo do so? The (!ity Treasurer. He is elected by the voters of Chicago for a four* year term, but cannot succeed himself. ffhal are some of the city expenses that came out of the $81,869,- 798 appropriated by the City Council in 1949? Why is not the Treasurer aliened to succeed himself? Who is our Mayor? City Clerk? City Treasurer? Who u>as our first Mayor? The Mayor^s ^^^fj "^*'^ DefHirt merits To help carry out all the duties of his position, the Mayor needs much help. The following large staff and administra- tive departments assist him in his work. I. Staff Departments Deparlrnrnt t>f I.aw^ — ha? rharpr of all legal pha«ke*« of city government Department of Finance — ^prepare? the budget and handles city fund? Purchasing Agent — makes purchaM'> for all dt-parlineiits of the city Civil Service Commission — classifies po8itioll^ and conducts civil service examinations Municipal Reference Library — collects information and ((in- ducts research in matters of municipal government II. .Administrative Deparlmrnls Department of Police Department of Fire 69 Board of Health Department of Public Works Water Supply Building Maintenance Parks and Recreation Rivers and Harbors Sewers Public hnprovenients Inspection of the House of Correction Chicago Welfare Administration Other administrative agencies are buildings, streets, elec- tricity, subways and superhighways, weights and measures, steam-boiler inspection, smoke inspection and abatement, medical examinations and emergency treatment, board of examiners, masons and plumbers, and public vehicles. III. Boards and Commissions Boards of Appeal Advisory Commissions Art Aero Plan Recreation Keep Chicago Safe Committee Commission on Human Relations IV. Special Services Chicago Public Library Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium V. Public Enterprises Chicago Housing Authority Chicago Land Clearance Commission Metropolitan Transit Authority Vf . Some Public Utilities Commonwealth Edison Company (privately owned and oper- ated under a franchise) Illinois Bell Telephone Company (privately owned and oper- ated under a franchise) 70 The Illinois* Commerce Commission, made up of five mem- bers appointed by the (Governor, supervise!* tliese public utilities. Police Department Did Chicago have policemen at the time of Fori l)rarlH)rn? No, nor were there any city ordinances to obey. The soldiers in the Fort took care of all tit » tranter Ask a policeman whom you know what his qualifications and duties are. If you do not know who is chief of police, he can tell you. Would you like to make an appointment to visit your local police station? If it is necessary to telephone the police, what number would you call? Fire Department Do you often waste secoiids without feeling they are too important? The firemen in your district know that when they hear an alarm, a few seconds may mean the saving of lives and property. What is lost in lives cannot be valued. The first duty of a fireman is to control fires, while his second duty is to give instruction in the prevention of fires. A bell in a church located at Washington and Dearborn Streets was our first fire alarm. As our city increased in size, a larger bell in a church at Washington and LaSalle Streets was used since it could be heard farther. In 1855, the bell was moved from the church to the court- house. This became our first ofl5cial fire alarm. We also had lookout towers where men were stationed to watch for fires. In 1863, our first telegraphic alarm system was installed with 106 alarm and call boxes and 125 miles of electric wire. This was extended as our city grew, but all was destroyed in the Chicago fire in 1871. Today there are about 3300 firemen in our Fire Depart- ment. The efficiency of our Fire Department depends on our water supply, fire alarms, and correct reporting of fires by the people. A telephoned alarm is so easy to report in Chi- cago that even a small child can report a fire. You may be excited, but remember to speak distinctly. All one needs to know is: 74 1. The address 2. The telephone numh re<;ardiiij: Siiiiitary eonditioiis of tJje city; it tries to prevent disease and to enforce health ordinances. Tliis department is made up of a hoard of three members, one being the {)resident. According to the Chicago-Cook County Health Survey of 1947, our health situation has changed from early Irme.s. when contagious diseases were the greatest causes of deaths in the Chicago area. The following survey gives us a differ- ent picture. Here are some of its findings: 1. Fifty-two per cent of our deaths in Chicago are due to heart disease and cancer, and 22 per cent to accidents. Heart dis- ease attacks people of all ages, not only older pieople, as some are prone to think. 2. Dental care cannot be overemphasized. Many Chicago people have poor teeth. 3. Prevention of an\ disea«*e or di.»iorder is as important as treatment. 4. It is becoming more and more essential for everyone to be sure his birth is recorded and to have a birth certificate. rt. Chicago's infant mortality is the same as New York's, but lower than six of the thirteen largest cities in the nation. Why does heart disease cause so many deaths? What can you do to have good teeth? What occasions have you had when a birth certificate was necessary? 75 Conserving, or saving, its human resources is tlie most im- portant task wliicli faces any city. Illness or death of a child or an adult lessens the wealth of a community. Poor health cripples the work of the home, while absenteeism, caused by poor health, injures your work as a student and lessens your producing power as a worker. In 1949, tlie City Council of Chicago voted to spend S3,683,989 for public health. All but $385,000 was spent for preventive medicine. What is meant by preventive medicine? Give some specific examples of public expenditures on preventive medicine. What returns do you tliink the public received from this investment? Make a directory of local health institutions available to the people of Chicago. List only those which are supported out of taxes. Although not directly connected with our Health Depart- ment, it is interesting to note that our city is becoming the medical center of the world. Our medical schools at present are engaged in four main projects. Northwestern Univer- sity's program will include research in heart disease and can- cer. At the University of Chicago, in its atomic program, scientists are studying the possibilities of the use of radio- isotopes in tlie detection and treatment of cancer. A teaching and research medical-center program is under way at Michael Reese Hospital. A medical center, under the direc- tion of the University of Illinois, Loyola University, Chicago Medical College, the Illinois Department of Welfare and sev- eral hospitals, is carrying on research programs. Other agencies, including nursing and dental schools and hospitals interested in "polio" research, are located in the area. Thus our city tries to provide as many advantages as possible for healthful living. 76 Chiemgo i< intrmlrj in >iHir hrulth 77 WILSON AVE. CP1B WM.C.DCVW CWB MAP OF CHICAGO'S WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM a-_Ji_ CHICAGO S WATER SUPPLY SrSTLM TYPtCAi. CROSS S£CTK>N lloxc the water get* to you Chicago U ater Department Chicago has access to plenty of good water. The citizens take pure water for granted since our city fjovernment as- sumes that responsibility for us. Healtliful water must be colorless, tasteless, odorless, free from bacteria, not too hard (containing mineral substance) and not too soft. When Chicago was a village, long pipes were laid out from the sliore on the bed of the lake. Our growth in population soon made us realize we needed a water system which would lessen the danger of impurities. In 1867 pipes, extending beneath tlie bed of the lake to cribs two miles from shore, were constructed. Then we thought our water problems were solved. Soon, widi our continual rapid growth, the water supply became a problem again; our lake water was unsafe to drink. About four miles from the shore cribs were built, and sewage was diverted into the Chicago River. Surely our water problems were now solved. In spite of improve- ments, however, the water remained impure because of shore pollution resulting from ships coming in and out of tlie har- bor; because of the turbid or nui8th Street Cribs shown on tlie map are not used for that purpose. I It would be interesting to visit the pumping station nearest vour sehool. Have your tjue>tions ready to ask b<*for<* you make this visit. Looking at the charts on pages 78 and 79, tell how tin* water ct)nies to your home from the lake. Uo you know where New York gets its water supply? The Clncaf!o Hoard ttf Kducatittn The rules and regulations of the Chicago Board of E a part of Illinois, we share the laws made by the Illinois General Assembly witli Springfield, Decatur, Rock Island, and all the other places in Illinois. The Governor of tlu- state enforces tiiesc laws. He is tlie connnander-in-chief of the state military and naval forces and may use them, if necessan,', to secure obedience to a law and to keep order. He may veto bills passed by the state legislature, although they may become laws if passed again by a two-thirds vote. He may pardon jieoi)le convicted of crimes. He may appoint people to help him. and he may also remove them if he does not find them satisfactory. Our Governor is elected by the voters of Illinois for a term of four years, and he may be re-elected any number of times. If the Governor dies or becomes unable or unwilling to do his work, his place is taken by the Lieutenant-Governor, who is elected by the voters of Illinois. We also elect other officers to help the Governor. They are: Secretary of State State Auditor Slate Treasurer Superintendent of Public Instruction Attorney-General Trustees of the University of Illinois These elected officers serve four-year terms except the Treasurer, whose term of office is two years. 83 To which officer do you send an application for an automobile license? Do you know of any time in Chicago when the Governor called out the troops to keep order? Why does the Governor sometimes pardon people convicted of crimes? The President of the United States The White House is the official home of the President of the United States. He is the chief executive of the entire nation, and he enforces those laws which Chicago people share with people in New York, Miami, San Francisco, and the whole country. This is a difficult task, and in order to do this well he has been given the power to appoint and to dismiss helpers. He commands the army and navy. He may call extra sessions of Congress, and he may ask Con- gress to pass laws which he feels are needed. Also he may veto (forbid) bills which he considers improper. (These bills, however, may be passed over his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress.) The President must be at least thirty-five years of age and must have lived in the United States for at least fourteen years. He must also have been bom in the United States. Can you think of any reasons for these requirements? Some people are astonished when they realize that the President is elected by the electoral college, or in case of no majority, by the House of Representatives. The Vice-President of the United States The Vice-President has tlie same qualifications as the President. He also is elected by the electoral college, but, in case of no majority, he is elected by the senate. He pre- sides over the senate and votes only in case of a tie. H, in any way, the President is disqualified, he becomes the Presi- dent. 84 If'ho is the FrcsiderU of the Uniled States? Tlie Vice- President? According to an act of Congress in 1947, wfio becomes tfw President in the event of the death of both President and I ice-President? The President's Cabinet Tlie President has, througlioul the liistory of the country, found it necessary to call together a group of men who are appointed to special work as secretaries. They sit togellier #n a council called a "Cabinet." The work of these depart- ments is divided among subordinate branches of the de- partment, called bureaus. When the executive department began, only tliree departments were functioning: the secre- tary of state, secretary of treasury, and the secretary of war. As tlie nation expanded and new functions were needed, more members were added. Below are the cabinet departments functioning today: 1. Secretary of Stale 2. Secretary of Treasury 3. Attorney-General 4. Secretary of Defense 5. Secretary of Interior 6. Secretary of Agriculture 7. Secretary of Commerce 8. Secretary of Labor 9. Postmaater-General No qualifications are prescribed for the cabinet members, and their terms are indefinite. They are appointed to ad- vise tlie President and to run their departments according to the will of the President. Try lu find the names of the people holding these offices at the present time. 85 SECRETARY OF STATE TREASURY LABOR COMMERCE AGRICULTURE DEFENSE INTERIOR ATTORNEY- GENERAL POSTMASTER- GENERAL ALSO BUREAUS DEPARTMENTS COMMISSIONS FOREST PRESERVE SECRETARY OF STATE AUDITOR TREASURER ATTORNEY- GENERAL SUPT. OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS TRUSTEES COUNTY CLERK TREASURER RECORDER ASSESSOR SURVEYOR SHERIFF SUPT. OF SCHOOL CORONER DEPARTMENTS COMMISSIONS ETC. DEPARTMENTS COMMISSIONS ETC. ABOUT 300 EMPLOYEES 86 SANITARY DISTRICT CHICAGO PARK DISTRICT FIVE COMMISSIONERS ABOUT 2000 EAAPLOYEES EXECUTIVE STATE DEPARTMENTS COMMISSIONS BOARDS ABOUT 4000 EMPLOYEES BOARD OF EDUCATION ELEVEN BOARD MEMftERS GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT DIST. SUPTS DIRECTORS SUPERVISORS PRINCIPALS TEACHERS STUDENT COUNCILS 87 As it takes many people to make the laws for Chicago, so it takes many to enforce the laws. The Mayor of Chicago, President of the Board of Cook County Commissioners, the Governor of Illinois, the President of the United States, with others, put the laws into effect. The legislative or law-mak- ing bodies make the rules of the game. The executive or law-enforcing department sees that the game is played ac- cording to the rules. ADMINISTERING JUSTICE Judicial Department Unfortunately, all people do not play the game according to the rules laid down by our law-making bodies. Hence we must have a judicial department to try the cases of those who are accused oi not playing the game according to the rules. Being AWOL from school, commonly known as tru- ancy, will bring you in touch with the judicial department in the form of the Juvenile Court. Getting a ticket for park- ing in front of a fire plug or ignoring a stop iign will bring you in contact with the judicial department via the Traffic Court. Tampering with the mails or failing to pay your income tax will bring you to one of the federal courts. We have all kinds of courts for all kinds of cases. We have a Juvenile Court for persons under twenty-one years of age; a Court of Domestic Relations for people in the home who have trouble getting along together; a Traffic Court for those who endanger the lives of others by violating traffic laws; a Criminal Court, and a Court of Small Claims. Some are municipal or city courts, some county, some state, and some national or federal. Judges in the municipal, county, and state courts are elected by the voters for a definite term of office. Judges in the federal courts are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate, and hold office "during good behavior." Anyone dissatisfied with his trial in a lower court, either state or federal, may ask for a review of the case by a higher 88 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT (COUNTIES OVER SOO.CXX) SPECIAL COURTS ONE OR MORE CIRCUIT OR SUPERIOR COURT JUDGES ONE JUDGE ONE JUDGE COUNTIES OVER 85.000 court, namely tlie Appellate Court. \\ hy is this court so named? Anyone dissatisfied with the decision of the Appel- late Court may ask for a review by the Supreme Court, which is the highest court. Do you have a student court in your school? If you do, how is the jud^e selected? What kind of student do you think should he chosen to hold the position of judge? VOTING IN ALL ELECTIONS Who Can J ote? When you are twenty-one years old. you will help choose the people that hold elective offices in the different govern- ments. You may be chosen by the people to hold some of these offices. Who in Chicago can vote for elected representatives? The answer is any citizen who is properly registered. If he is a citizen, he may register to vote if: L He is twenty-one years old on election day. 2. He lives in the state one year. 3. He lives in the county ninety days. 4. He lives in his precinct thirty days. The person registering appears before a registration au- thority. He is asked certain questions under oath, such as place of birth and residence. He signs his name on a card so that his signature can be identified. Election commission- ers come to the home to see if he lives at the address given. Registration is not necessary again unless the voter: 1. Fails to vote for four years. 2. Moves. 3. Changes his name. Kinds of Elections Through elections the voters nominate and elect public and party officials and also express their opinion on certain propositions w'hich are sometimes submitted to them on tlie ballot. For example, in 1950 the people of Illinois gave 90 II I' 'W' 5|'l f "Tk* accun-d ihall enjoy the right to a $peedr antl pur, in trmi 91 their approval to the Gateway Amendment. There are five kinds of elections in which Chicagoans are able to vote. They are: PRIMARY ELECTION NOMINATING OF CANDIDATES BY EACH PARTY GENERAL ELECTION LISTING OF NAMES OF SUCCESSFUL PRIAAARY-ELECTION CANDIDATES FOR VOTERS TO EXPRESS THEIR CHOICE SPECIAL ELECTION FILLING OF VACANCIES AND VOTING ON SPECIAL PROPOSITIONS JUDICIAL ELECTION ELECTING OF JUDGES OF THE SUPREME, CIRCUIT AND SUPERIOR COURTS TO KEEP, IF POSSIBLE, THIS ELECTION OUT OF PARTY POLITICS LOCAL ELECTION ELECTING OF LOCAL CANDIDATES TO LOCAL OFFICES Becoming a Candidate for an Office Certain regulations must be met by anyone wishing to become a candidate for an office. It is possible that one day you may want to run for the office of mayor of Chicago. To become a candidate and to have your name placed on the 92 ehvtion l>allol>, you nui^t fil«- a |kIiIii)ii mi llir < ouritv drrk''- oflut* forty to fifty-five days Ix'fou* the jirimary «'lrrr criit of thr flcMttirs of ihr citv. 2. rh«* Kignaturrs arr rxaiiiiiird and if l)\c\ arr found to br cor- fret, your nanu* is j)la«rd on thr primary hallot. 3. ^ our nainr is placrtf on thr fjrnrralrUtlion hallot if vou rr ccivc the niajority of votes in the primary rlr«iion. •i. If you rc^'i'ive the majority of votm in the general election, you are e!eled with the name of the party of your choice) located to the ex- treme left of the row of candidate's names. 3. To split the ticket, turn down the voting lever at the name of each candidate for \shom you wish to vote. Write in a can- didate's name that does not appear on the ballot label if you wish to vote for that candidate. 4. To remember that the machine automatically locks when you have completed voting for all candidates for whom you are entitled to vote. If an error has been made, it may be cor- rected before the red-handled operating lever (\*hich rt'gislers the votes, throws the small levers back into position, and opens the curtain) , has been j>ulled. 5. To note that the ballots have been automatically counted and recorded in the back of the niachine, which does away with much work when the polls are closed. Jfhat are aJiantaf^es of thr voting machine? Can you think of any diiodvantafies? 93 The Duties of Every Chicago Citizen Taking an intelligent part in government affairs is the responsibility of every citizen in Chicago. All cannot di- rectly participate in the making of the laws, but each can do his part by electing those he wants to represent him. It is by this process that he gives his consent to be governed. Election of good officials begins long before election day. First, the citizen must be sure that he is registered. Second, he must study diligently and intelligently the qualifications of the candidates. Third, he must vote in the primaries, for good officials cannot be elected if they are not nominated in the primaries. Fourth, he must vote in all general, special, judicial, and local elections. In our 1948 presidential election, 48 per cent of the eligi- ble voters failed to vote (49,000,000 voted, while 45,000,000 did not vote). What, in your opinion, are some of the rea- sons why people do not vote when tliey have this privilege? Do you think a penalty should be imposed upon those who fail to assume this responsibility? The governments we have studied in this chapter will serve us well as long as we have active, alert, honest citizens who are interested in good government. As Walter Hines Page, who was once our ambassador to England, said: "There is one thing better than good government, and that is govern- ment in which all people have a part." GREEN LIGHT I. Have you a student government in your school? In what vrays does it resemble the Chicago City Council? II. Some boys and girls feel that the age limit for a driver's license should be reduced. Write a letter to your represen- tative in the Illinois General Assembly telling him how you feel about this question. 94 How To Use {i A Voting Mochme How to Vote on Poper Ballot 111. What Would you tliink of a proposal to require owners of bicycles to secure a city license? I\ . VI hat is Chicago doing to prevent traffic accidents? How many hours a year does your school-patrol force contribute to the city's safety? V. \^'liat kind of person do you think should be chosen as judge of the Juvenile Court? 95 VI. Judges in federal courts hold office during "good behavior." What does this mean? Does it mean the same thing to every- one? VII. When Thomas JeflFerson was elected Vice-President in 1796, he said: "The second office of government is honorable and easy." What did he mean by that? VIII. By appointment, visit: The City Hall — voting machine, council meeting. Municipal Library The filtration plant The pumping stations The police stations The fire stations The County Building The Board of Education The Park District Offices The Forest Preserve District Offices IX. Make a tour of your school building to find out where the fire exits are located. X. Check radio and television listings to learn about broadcasts concerning current activities of the governments. XI. Draw or take snapshots of some of our government buildings or activities. XII. Hold an election. Follow the correct procedure. Maybe someone would like to construct a model voting machine. XIII. Interview people who work for the city, and give a report to the class of this interview. XIV. In newspapers and magazines, find pictures and articles of officers, such as president, vice-president, governor, mayor, or anything pertaining to our various governments. XV. Learn about your ward by making a map either on a sand- table, plywood, cardboard, or wallboard. 96 \\ 1. Co to the library to rt-ad about: The governnu'nl of the District of Columbia Our national constitution, rs[)(>«-ially the first ten amend- ments (the Bill of Rights) The state constitution The oaths the diflerent oflic«Ts lake on entering ofTicc The biographies of officials you are interested in knowing about, and the value of their contributions The diflerent cities in Illinois The historical monuments that we have in Chicago The different political parties that we have DO YOl^ REMEMBER? 1. Name the eight governments that serve us. 2. The three divisions or departments that our different govern- ments are divided into are , , and 3. The Chicago City Council is made up of aldermen, from each of the wards, elected for a term of years. 4. Cook County has commissioners, of which are from Chicago. 5. Our state legislature is called 6. Our national Congress consists of two houses: and 7. Each state elects senators to our national Congress. 8. Illinois has representatives in the House of Repre- sentatives. 9. In what election are candidates nominated for office? 10. In what courts are the judges elected for a limited term of office ? 11. In what courts arc the judges appointed by the President to hold office during "good behavior"? 12. What name is given to the highest court of the land? 97 13. Can vou use each of the following terms in a good sentence? veto municipal commissioners cabinet ordinance staffs ballot judicial ai)pellate charter precinct budget 14. Write your political address: Name , Street address City Ward Precinct County State Senatorial district number Congressional district number 15. What is an important problem existing in our city today? If you were trying to solve this problem, whom would you see? What would you expect him to do? What can he do? SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Mineral Analysis of Lake Michigan Water: Silica 3.7 Alumina and iron oxide 0.4 Iron (ferri) 0.1 Calcium 32.4 Magnesium 10.9 Sodium 3.2 Potassium 0.7 Sulphates 14.8 Chloride 5.0 Carbonates 66.0 A few city ordinances are given below as samples of the variety and types of ordinances necessary in Chicago. 1. It shall be unlawful for the operator of any vehicle to stop, stand or park such vehicle, except when necessary to avoid conflict with other traflfic or in compliance with the directions of a police officer or official traffic sign or signal: 98 Upon a bridgr Within twenty irrt of a croMwalk at an inter»e<-tion Al any curb within fifteen feet of a fire hydrant On any sidewalk In regard to all-night parking: It shall l>e unlawful for the operator of any vehicle to park said vehicle on any street for a period of time longer than tjiirty minutes helween the hours of two a.m. and »ix a.m. <»f any day. 2. No person shall rau>e or permit any dog owned or kept by him to run at large on any public way or place. 3. No p<*r!*on shall sleep in a bakery, or in the room where flour or meal used in connection therewith or the food products made therein, are handled or stored. 4. No person while on the public ways of the city, nor while riding upon any street car or elevated railroad car running from place to place within the city, nor in any elevator oper- ated in any building in the city to which the public is admitted, shall so wear any hatpin that the exposed point thereof shall protrude more than one-half inch beyond the crown of the hat in, upon, or through which pin is worn. 5. The superintendent of compensation, by and with the approval of the commissioner of public works, may issue permits for the erection of barber poles attached to a building if a written application is filed with the superintendent of compensation together with the written consent of the property owner to whose property the barber pole is to be attached. The appli- cant shall pay the city collector a fee of ten dollars. No jjermit shall be issued for a barber pole except uj)on the written ap- proval of the alderman of the ward in which said barber shop is to be erected. Permits for barber poles shall be subject to revocation at any time by the superintendent of compensation and shall be revoked by the superintendent of compensation in all cases where the commissioner of public works has de termined that such revocation is proper or necessar)'. 99 6. It shall be unlawful for any person to erect, place or maintain in. upon or over any public way or public place in the city, any fruit stand, shoe shining stand, flower stand, vegetable stand, lunch wagon, table, box. bin or any other arrangement or structure for the display or sale of goods, wares, or mer- chandise, or for the pursuit of any occupation whatsoever unless a permit for the same shall be obtained from the superintendent of compensation; provided, that the superin- tendent of compensation shall issue no such permits except for the purpose of exhibiting for sale daily newspapers, within such districts as are or have been designated by the city council. 7. It shall be the duty of the Principal or other person in charge of the pupils in each school building to examine or have exam- ined by the engineer, janitor of the building, or other compe- tent authorized person, all stairways, hallways, corridors, fire escapes, fire-escape platforms and the approaches leading thereto; to examine and operate all exit doorways and win- dows leading to all means of exit, to examine all fire extinguish- ing apparatus and fire alarm equipment at least each and every day that such school building is used for school purposes. Also to conduct a good and efficient fire drill, subject to the rules and regulations of the bureau of fire prevention of the fire department, which drill shall be for the purpose of evac- uating the occupants from the building in the event of fire or other emergency. This fire exit drill shall be practiced not less than twice each calendar month that such school building is used for school purposes. MAYORS OF CHICAGO Name Year Population William B. Ogden 1837 4,170 Buckner S. Morris 1838 4,273 B. W. Raymond 1839 4,376 Alexander Lloyd 1840 4,479 Francis C. Sherman 1841 5,512 Benjamin W. Raymond 1842 6.546 100 Name Year Population Auffustoa Carrrit 1843 7,SR0 A. S. Shrrman 1814 10,170 AuKUBtun (.HrrrtI 1H45 12.0H8 John V. Chapin 1846 14,169 Junirn Curtix 1847 16,859 J. II. V(.HMi«.orih 184^-19 20.023 Juiiirn Curtis 1850 29,963 V( alter S. (.tirinre 1851-52 34,000 Charlr* M. Gra^ 1853 59,130 Ira L. Millikrn 1854 65,872 lA-yi U. It.KMir 1855 80,023 Thomas Dvcr 1856 84,113 John Wrnlxurili 1857 87.600 John C. Iluinrs 18.58-59 90,000 John W.nl>^orlh 1860 109.206 J II I inn S. I{iini<.r.v 1861 120.000 Fr:inri<. C. Shrrman 18(i2-64 1.38.186 John H. Rirr 1865-68 178.492 HoHMcii H. Mn^on 1869-70 280.000 JoM-ph Me.lill 1871-72 334,270 Harvey D. Colvin 187375 380.000 Monroe Heath 1876-78 407,661 Cart.r H. HarriMm 1879-86 491.516 John A. Roche 1887-88 760,000 l)«Hitt C. Creifier 1889-90 935.000 lltinp»tt-a7-19()4 1,490.937 KtUar.l K. Dunne 1905-06 1.941.880 Fr.cl A. IJu^se 1907-10 2,039.202 Cartir H. llarriMin II 1911-14 2.249,363 Vliiliani 11. Thompson 1915-22 2,k>4,189 V^illium £. Dexer 1923-26 2,964,692 V^illiani H. ThompM.ii 1927-30 3,228,981 Anton J. CeriiiaW 1931-32 3,378,000 frank J. Corr 1933 3.382.000 lv.Uur.1 J. Kellv 1933-47 3,382.000 Martin J. Krnnrlly 1947 3,627,997 lOl GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS From What IS'ame When 1 naugurated County Shadrach Bond Oct. 6, 1818 St. Clair Ed>«ard Coles Dec. 5, 1822 Madison Ninian Edwards Dec. 6, 1826 Madison John Reynolds Dec. 6, 1830 St. CUir William L. D. Ewin« Nov. 17, 1834 Fayette Joseph Duncan Dec. 3, 1834 Morgan Thomas Carlin Dec. 7, 1838 Greene Thomas Ford Dec. 8, 1842 Ogle Augrustus C. French Dec. 8, 1846 Crawford Jan. 8, 1849 Joel Aldrich Matteson Jan. 10, 1853 WiU William H. Bissell Jan. 12, 1857 Monroe John Wood March 21, 1860 Adams Richard Yates Jan. 14, 1861 Morgan Richard J. Oglesbj Jan. 16, 1865 Macon John M. Palmer Jan. 11, 1869 Macoupin Richard J. Oglesb^ Jan. 13, 1873 Macon John L. Beveridge Jan. 23, 1873 Cook Shelby Moore Cullom Jan. 8, 1877 Sangamon Jan. 10, 1881 John M. Hamilton Feb. 6, 1883 McLean Richard J. Oglesbx Jan. 30, 1885 Macon Joseph W. Fifer Jan. 14, 1889 McLean John P. Altgeld Jan. 10, 1893 Cook John R. Tanner Jan. 11, 1897 Clay Richard Yates Jan. 14, 1901 Morgan Charles S. Denneen Jan. 9, 1905 Cook Jan. 18, 1909 Edward F. Dunne Feb. 3, 1913 Cook Frank O. Lowden Jan. 8, 1917 Ogle Len Small Jan. 10, 1921 Kankakee Jan. 12, 1925 Louis L. Emmerson Jan. 14, 1929 JeflFerson Henry Homer Jan. 9, 1933 Cook Jan. 4, 1937 John H. Stelle Oct. 6, 1940 Hamilton Dwight H. Green Jan. 13, 1941 Cook Jan. 8, 1945 Adlai Stevenson Jan. 10, 1949 Lake 102 SOME INTERKSTING FACTS ABOUT THE STATE Ol ILLINOIS On Drmnbrr 3, I81R, lllinoin iN-cutnr the twrnty-firBt slalr of thr I'nitrd Stairs. It wn* niif of itu- fivr f>liilrn rurvrW from ihr oriiciniil Northwrnt Trrrllor>-. Thr rir«l rapital *«n* Kii«knF>kiii. riipliirr^i from ihr itritinli hy CI«*or|{r HoKrrH <:inrk iiiirinj[ the Ainrrirun i(<-volulion. Thr firsl (iapilol, c»r Stair Ilousr, was a two-«lorT liinr«toar bailding rtmled from (IrtM-ge Finhrr for $4.00 n dnr. In 1R20, thr Capital wan niovriiihl> pa!comiiig Arcjuaiiited With Our ScHooIr l>4>ariiiii^ About Our Higher Educational Oppor- tunities Finding Out About Our Librariot* Must all children in Chicago attend »chooI until lliey reach the ape of seventeen? Should people who have no children pay taxes for tlie education of other people's children? Do people apj)lyinp for a job have to state how much schooling tliey have had? Next to your home you spend more time at school than at any otJier place. In fact, your school is your second home. Have you ever heard grownups say that they wished they could go back to school? Why? The early fathers of our country realized that a pood sys- tem of education was essential to preserve our democracy. They knew that thev must either abandon free( /loo/ organized tlie first piiMic school, using public funds. Do you know tliat we have a scliool and a street named for her? Where are they located? At first tliis school was conducted in a log house on South Water Street; the next year Miss Chappel moved her school to the First Presbyterian Church on the west side of Clark Street between Lake and Randolph Streets. Can you find the location of this first school on a map of Chicago? Below is a list of important developments in the history of the Chicago schools: 1833 — Grrnville T. Sproat opened a school in the First Baptist Church on Soutlj \\ att-r Street (now Wacker Drive t near Franklin Street. It was conducted as a private school. 1835 — John S. Vt'ripht built a mIiuoI, at his own expense, located on Clark Street soutii of Lake Street. 1837 — The first Board of School Inspectors, later known as the Board of Education, was appointed. 109 1840 — The first school building owned by the City was located at the southeast corner of Madison and Dearborn Streets, where the First Federal Savings and Loan Association is now located. Mr. Dunbar was selected as teacher at S400 per year. 1841 — Mr. N. Gilbert was appointed the first music teacher at $16 per month. 1845 — School Number One, the first permanent school building, was built on the north side of Madison Street, eighty feet east of Dearborn Street. This property is still owned by the Board of Education and leased to the Madison-State Building, formerly occupied by the Boston Store. The first year .543 pupils enrolled; the third year, 864 pupils. 1850 — There were six schools in Chicago. It was ordered that the summer vacation be from the last Saturday in June to the first Monday in August. 1854 — The first Superintendent of Schoob, John C. Dore, was appointed. 1856 — The first high school at Halsted and Monroe Streets was opened with C. A. Dupree as Principal. I860 — Enrollment was 8,000 students; 160 teachers. 1862 — The first evening school was organized. 1867 — The first kindergarten was estabhshed in Chicago. 1871 — October 9, fifteen school buildings, either owned or rented, housing 10,000 students, were burned. Schools were closed for about two weeks. 1875 — English was introduced in the high schools as a subject. Enrollment was 33,000 students; 700 teachers. 1880 — Enrollment was 59,562 students: 898 teachers. 1883 — Compulsory education of not less than 12 weeks for every child between the ages of 3 and 14 was made a state law. 1889 — Truant officers were appointed. 1892 — Manual Training was introduced in the elementary schools. 1898 — Stwing and cooking classes for girls were organized. 1900 — Enrollment was 255,861 students; 5,806 teachers. 1903 — December 30, the Iroquois Theater fire took the fives of thirty-nine teachers and 103 students. 1911 — A state law was passed providing funds to help educate the deaf, mute, and blind. 110 Vhrn iMii our firat high tchoot mrected? 1917 — The R.O.T.C. was organized. 1920— Enrollment was S80.(XX) students; 9,100 teachers. 1921 — Free textbooks were isj»ued in our schools. 1937 — Chicago Schools' Statistics were: EBrollineiit — K>l.'i7.'^ students; 13,500 teachers 336 Klenientary Schools 37 High Schools 3 Junior Colleges 6 Pre-vocational Schools 4 Vocational Schools 9 Schools for Crippled Children 1 Normal College 1 Continuation and Trade School Onr of our iinnlrrii high Mchool* — >outh Shore High Sclntol 1950 — Chicago Schools' Statistics are: * 261,345 students; 8,113 teachers 335 elementary schools 68,372 students; 2.814 teachers 33 general high schools 15,693 students; 681 teachers 6 technical high schools 1,303 students; 86 teachers 7 elementary vocational schools 6,212 students; 73 teachers 4 continuation and apprentice high schools 7,968 students; 344 teachers 7 vocational high schools 1,583 students; 140 teachers 3 social adjustment schools 1,735 students; 140 teachers 4 elementary schools for handicapped children 414 students; 35 teachers 1 high school for handicapped students 9,746 students; 363 teachers 1 junior college of 3 branches 1,227 students; 73 teachers 1 teachers college 12,864 students; 466 teachers 7 regular evening schools — elementary and high 6,755 students; 220 teachers 5 vocational evening schools — high school level 5,651 students; 63 teachers 111 Americanization and Adult Education Cen- ters When the two-story brick building, called School Number One, was erected in 1845, at a cost of $8,000, it was re- garded by many citizens of Chicago as an unnecessary extravagance. The Mayor at that time, in an address, rec- ommended that the City Council either sell the building or 112 change it into an insane asylum and confine those men who were responsible for itb constnirlion. In >i)ile of opposition and gloomy forecasts, the enrollment of School Number One increased rapidly, and, five years later, tliere were six schooU instead of one in (Chicago. (hir Srhinth Today "Hradin 'n' 'rilin 'n 'rilhmrtic Taught to thr tune of a hirk'r\ slick" This was the old time school. Our present sjccts and numerous activities and clubs, developed gradually, changing with the changing times. Our first public high school. ev«'ning sdiool, and kindergarten made their appearance between 1H.^() and \Hiu. The attendance oflicer appeared upon the scene in 1889. By the way, why do we have attendance ofBcers? Issuing free textbooks and making special provision for handicapped children were also landmarks in the growth of our present system. In 1917 along came the K.().T.(>. \\ hy.'' We have come a long way since Eliza Chappel organized Chicago's first public school. Make a list of the different subjects that you study in the grades. Make a list of the different activities in your school. Choose a sub- ject or activity and in a feu good sentences tell the class some of its values. Give your talk as though your subject or activity is the most important one you have studied. Educating the children of Chicago is the sole purpose of our schools. In order to do this efficiently, a complete ad- ministrative organization, consisting of General Superin- tendent of Schools, assi^tant superintendents, district super- intendents, directors, supervisors, principals and teachers, has been >et up by the Board of Education. More than four thousand people aid in the office work of this organization. Who is our General Superintendent and uhat are some of his duties? 113 Your School Next to your parents your teachers advise and guide you more than anyone else. Through organizations, such as the Parent-Teachers Association, teachers co-operate with your parents to make your school life most profitable. They have been trained and are in this profession because they are in- terested in helping you and all tlie other children. In 1755, the following qualifications of a teacher were published in a Pennsylvania newspaper: A sober person, that writes a good copy hand and comes well recommended for a school teacher. Ask one of your teachers what the qualifications were for him to become a teacher in Chicago, and compare these with the requirements in 1755. What is the name of your school? What do you know about the person for tvhom your school is named? Why do you think your school received this name? Does your office or the Parent-Teachers Association have the history of your school? If it does, it would be interesting to read and discuss this history before the class. LEARNING ABOUT OUR HIGHER EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES High Schools It will not be long until you enter high school. The change from grade to high school is quite a surprise to some stu- dents, but the adjustment should not be especially difficult. Tkrough your classroom work, various activities, and assem- bly programs you have developed increased initiative and responsibility, which will serve you well as you participate in the more adult life of the high school. Among other re- sponsibilities you will have to select your own course of study. In our forty-seven Chicago high schools you can choose at least one-half of your subjects, and you can prepare yourself for almost any occupation or position. New courses 114 11 Hotv old is our R.O.T.C A challenge to West Point are introduced as the need for them arises. You are respon- sible for making your own choice and arranging your time for study. Choice of a course of study is extremely impor- tant and should be made only after careful thought. Forty- one out of every one hundred students who enter Chicago's public high schools fail to graduate. Some students fail because, among other things, they choose the wrong course and do not know how to budget their time. Chicago has three types of high schools from which you may choose. They are: 1. General — General high schools prepare you for many kinds of work or for college. 116 2. Technical — In Ifchnital high schools you can take shoj) and lahoialoiy courses, as well as regular aca- demic Mll)jC(t>. 3. Trade or Vocational — These high schools prepare you for trades and vocations, as the name indicates. Now is the time to liegin (•oM««ideiinfi uliich type of high scliool ytiidcnls' high-school records. Employers also fre<|uently >ciid to the elementary and high schools for reccjrds .showing the grades and character traits of the peoi)le whom they em- ploy. A good record "pays off." Higher Education About seventy of llic l.HOO colleges in the United States are located in Illinois. Some of the best colleges in the United States are located in the Chicago area. Statistics show that about 10 per cent of the American people attend college and that 4 per cent j)ossess college degrees. These percent- ages are somewhat lower in Chicago than in some regions of Lane Technical High School ' I I the United States. This may he true hecause oftentimes stu- dents do not plan soon enough to go to college. Maybe you will raise this percentage by attending college. Practically all colleges offer scholarships. It is wise to choose tlie college or university early in your high school career and see what scholarships are offered. The Board of Education -has established a Junior College consisting of three branches, and a Teachers' College in our city. The state maintains a branch of the University of Illinois at the Navy Pier. Also the schools of medicine and phar- macy of our state university are located in Chicago. This latter was due, among other things, to the influence of Gov- ernor Altgeld, who was eager "to create and maintain an interest in the university on the part of Chicagoans and to enlist the support of Chicago business interests." Can you name these three junior college branches and the Teachers^ College? Which of these is nearest your home? How many other colleges can you name? Chicago Teachers College Chicago yocationtil sV/kmW I ocational Training Vocational Training It is not necessar)' for everyone to go to college. The stu- dent intending to follow such professions as teacher, lawyer, or doctor will require a college education. The students not planning to go to college should decide early what occupation they wish to follow and hegin -uilj training. Vocational training in high school aims to teach the stu- dent how to become a suc<.-essful worker in his cho>en rield. DiMovering your interests and abilities and learning about tin- different kinds of occupations are important steps to take 119 before looking for a joh. Our technical and trade schools specialize in giving students this information and training. Nursing, Ijeauty culture, stenography, television, and diesel- engine training are some of the special courses offered. Keep in mind that your teachers are ready and willing to give you intelligent and understanding guidance in helping you make this choice. Other Schools Chicago provides special education for the crippled, deaf, blind, and other students who need instruction adapted to their special needs. Many prominent people who have con- tributed much to our American way of life have derived benefits from this special training which Chicago schools proudly provide. Some children go to private and parochial schools, too. Their education is almost the same as that received by the children in our public schools. Evening schools occupy an important place in our school system. These schools have a twofold program. First, they give to men and women who must work during the day an opportunity to continue their education at night, eventually earning grade-school and high-school diplomas. Almost as Spaulding School Evening tchooi — Adult Education Cla»» many subjects are ofTered in our evening schools as in our day schools. Second, they offer to those adults who are for- eign-born an Americanization program to prepare them to assume tlic responsibilities and privileges of American citi- zenship. Through a study of tlie English language and the American government they are better able to share in and contribute to our community life. For the year of 1949-1950 there were 10,038 students enrolled in the Chicago Public evening high schools and 7.151 in our pul)lic commercial, trade, and vocational eve- ning schools, while 1,757 attended our evening elementary schools. That makes a grand total of how many students enrolled in the public evening schools of Chicago for the year of 1949-1950? Ask some friend of yours iiho is allcnding evening school ufial subjects he is sludging and tihy he considers it uorthuhile to give several evenings a ueek to this tiork. 121 Chicago Public Library FINDING OUT ABOUT OUR LIBRARIES School Libraries Reading makes a man wi!^e. we are told. Few people can afford to buy all the books and magazines they would like to read. Libraries supply you with many good books, maga- zines, pictures, and music records which you may enjoy and share with others. An important habit which you should acquire during your school life is the library habit. This habit will help you to continue to learn long after you have completed your formal education. The school librarian, who is a regular teacher with special training, sees that every child in the school has access to the library. Besides supplying both recreational and regular classroom reading materials, your librarian teaches you how to use the card catalog, how to use reference material, and how to handle new books. Public Libraries Chicago is also fortunate in having a main library and >ixty-one branches which circulate many books, which you may read for information, for j>leasure. or for both. There is a close relationship between the school and the public li- 122 bran.'. The public libran' encourages the children attending schools in (".iucago to avail themselves of its cxtellrnt farili- ties. In fact, one out of every five (Uiicagoaiui has a library card. Every student above second grade should have such a card and gel in the iiabit of using it often. Do you have a librar\' card, and do you use it? How does your classroom compare vsilh the average <-iled above? Tell the chiH?, about some library Ixiok which you have enjoyed reading. You may also get fr. or histor)' or Knglish. How can orif obtain a Uhrary card from the public library? Per- haps someone could be apftointrd to ask your library teacher how to become a teacher librarian. Reading, writing, speaking, and listening are tools of learning. We are free to use these as we see fit. This is called freedom of learning, it is rli;ir.»«teristic of the \rn.r i can way of life. Thr Achuol library i» an important part of school life GO AHEAD! I. If the history of your school has not been written, it will be an interesting project for your class to write it. What would you consider to be the most reliable sources of information? II. Collect and clip pictures and written articles from newspapers, magazines, and other publications which pertain to education in Chicago. Place these in your notebook or on the bulletin board. III. Take snapshots of your school and other schools. IV. Check radio and television listings to learn of broadcasts about educational opportunities in Chicago. V. Make a library survey of your room. Check such items as: a. How many pupils have library cards b. How often have they been used this year VI. Go to the library to learn about: a. Books on careers and vocations b. Colleges and universities — admission requirements, scholarship aids c. The Readers' Guide, reference books, pamphlet mate- rials, pictures, and music records VII. Here are some subjects for panel discussion: a. Should we continue to provide free textbooks and other materials in our Chicago schools? b. Can we make attendance voluntary? c. Should students require supervision at all times? d. What contributions do you think the radio, television, magazines, and movies make to education? VIII. Dramatize an interview for a job or your first interview at a college. IX. Recast in your own words: "The whole people must take upon themselves the edu- cation of the whole people and be willing to bear the expense of it." — John Adams "The secret of education lies in respecting the pupil." — Ralph Waldo Emerson " 'That's the reason they're called lessons,' the Gryphon remarked: 'because they lessen from day to day.' " — Alice in Wonderland 124 TEST YOUR MEMORY 1. Any studfiit in Chicago may po to a , or sthool. 2. It costs $ to send each student to elementary school each semester, and S for every high school student. 3. The money which pays for my education comes from 4. Our first public school in Chicago was organized by in 5. The first school building owned by the city was located at 6. The first public high school in Chicago was openetl in 7. Compulsory education for every child betwe«'ii the ages of 8 and 14 was made a state law in 8. Compare the years 1850, 1900, and 1950 as to: a. number of ji<-hools b. number of students (You might show this more effectively by using a graph.) 9. The name of my school is It was named after 10. \^'rite a few interesting sentences about your school. 11. Write a paragraph on the fcdlowing subjects: a. The high school you are going to attend b. The subjects you intend to take during the first semester c. The occupation vou intend to follow after you finish school 12. The sole purpose of our schools is the children of Chicago. 13. The twofold program of the evening school provides for and 14. Those pupils who go to college are preparing for professions, such as and 15. Two important steps to take before looking for a job are and 16. List some of the special courses offered in the vocational schools. 1 7. One out of every Chicagoans has a library card. 18. Chicago has a main library and branches. 125 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Below are tlie names of some of Chicago's historic schools: Brown Haven Ogden Carpenter Hayes Schiller Clark Holden Sheldon Dearborn Jones Scammon Dore Kinzie Skinner Foster Lincoln Washington Franklin Moseley Wells Newberry Before 1858 schools were numbered rather than named. In February of that year the following schools were named: School No. 1 — Dearborn School School No, 2 — Jones School School No. 3 — Scammon School School No. 4 — Kinzie School School No. 5 — Franklin School School No. 6 — Washington School School No. 7 — Moseley School School No. 8 — Brown School School No. 9 — Foster School School No. 10 — Ogden School If the Chicago Public Schools today were placed end to end in one straight row, this line would extend from Evanston south to 63rd Street. In 1841 the following school regulation was adopted: "Schools will be kept on each day of the week except Sunday, beginning in the morning at 9 o'clock, and ending at 12 M., and in the afternoon, beginning at half-past 1 o'clock and ending at half-past 4. Saturday afternoon is an exception from this regulation, it being a holiday." In 1846 this rule was made by school inspectors in regard to tardiness: "No scholars shall be admitted into school un- less they appear within a quarter of an hour of the time pre- scribed by the rules for commencing the schools." All land in Chicago from State Street to Halsted and from Madison to Roosevelt Road was part of section 16, set aside for schools by the Enabling Act of 1818. It was sold in 1835 for a little less than $40,000. 126 MY TE.4CHFR Slir was IK) j»urveyor of iiuTr fai l>. \\ ilh her. grade's were* not the thing. She had enthusiasin — The Grrek'» "Kirr of the Soul." .\nd she gave of it, and giving. Her students caught the flame. Building men was her task. .•^he told us "to dream dreams. Muild ourM-lvj*!* a gr«-at plan of Ufe. Full of joy and vision." \X'ith her nothing was dull and monotonous. Every bit of learning was a ste|) to nobler truth. "Life waa a mysterious adventure. We were growing unit.** of a perfect entity. \^'e were singers of a great symphony. We were seekers for more light." (^lad and joyous was she. And she taught us to be likewise. ".No task was drudgery, but an opportunity for growth." "In helping others, we helped ourselves," she said. "Vt e were like Millet — Painting pictures for eternity. We were called to great things." She fed us self-reliance and the dignity of life; She taught us to think, to breathe, to feel life! To get rid of fear and ignorance, And dare to go out and do. Radiant was this woman. Like sunshine was her presence, .\nd her influence was like the dawn. You speak of "money and things," You who find life but a grabbing process. l^earn of her as we have learried, And you will find a new meaning To this link in the chain we call "Life." — AUIXANUER WiLXY i'. S. Senator, Wisconsin 127 CHAPTER I IT'S A SMALL WORLD The world has become a very small place, And every race upon its face, Every clan and every man Are our next door neighbor. — Harold Rome CHICAGO'S TRANSPORTATION AND C0MMUNIC\T10i\ Traveling by Wateh Traveling by Land Traveling by Air Using the Means ok Communication Going places and seeing people is fun. What is your favorite way of traveling? By boat? By train? By plane? Anyone coming to Chicago will find many front doors through which he may enter — the Chicago River, the ('alunut River, two canals. Lake Michigan, our numerous highways, our railroads, and our many airways. Our level surface looks good to the business man. This surface is not only level, but so low that we can load and unload all freight at the same level, whether it be carried on water, rail, or highway. This saves both time and money. Why? If you have a map of Chicago and a map of tlie United States before you, togetlier witli the map on page 131, you will better understand why we are the transportation center of the world. TRAVELING BY WATER Erie Canal Let us approacli Chicago first by water. When tlie white man first began to think it was worth while to come to Chi- cago, he did not travel here by tr^iiii, automobile, plane, or steamboat. He came in crude boats that sometimes had to be carried through marshes. 129 When the Erie Canal from the Hudson River to Lake Erie was completed in 1825. many people came to Chicago in ships, because commerce and travel were cheaper and faster from the east by way of this canal and the lakes. A boat could make the trip in twenty days, while overland it took two months. After the Erie Canal was completed, Chicago carried on much trade with Buffalo. As early as 1836 the 500-ton steam- boat Michigan, which was propelled by two powerful low- pressure engines, was making regular trips between Chicago and Buffalo. The arrival of this steamboat in Chicago was alwavs a grand occasion. School was dismissed and teachers and students joined other settlers in crowding tlie river bank to welcome the Michigan, while Indians paddled around the vessel in their canoes. Trace the route of a boat going from Neiv York to Chicago by way of the Erie Canal. Illinois-Michigan Canal and Sanitary and Ship Canal We learned that tw^o centuries before the Illinois-Michigan Canal was constructed, the French realized the advantages of cutting a channel across the portage that connected the Chi- cago and Des Plaines Rivers. The Illinois-Michigan Canal, which was built in 1848, connecting the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River, linked us with the fertile valley of the Mississippi. This brought livestock and grain to our city which might have gone to St. Louis or New Orleans instead of Chicago. The Illinois-Michigan Canal is not in use today. It lies along the Sanitary' and Ship Canal, which was built in 1900. This newer canal, which is one of the longest and largest in the United States, was completed less than twenty years ago. It carries many tons of freight between Chicago and the Gulf of Mexico and is becoming the backbone of this industrial district. The canal will serve us more efficientlv if it is deepened from nine feet to twelve feet. Why? Locate the Sanitary and Ship Canal on a map. Trace the voyage 130 Nation's best situated inland port CHIGAGO Gr*ot Lak*a ahipiDCQU bandlod at Chicago ar*a ports (1938-47) »V 1 ... ABA _ . _ 4#. T «* J *—r»' MlaM <4>Mi ItiM. T>4«f ouU '•• lro«« c«Kl«r, il «t I "t i t h* «orl4'» fr««l«tt '"UM iirtt** •( *•»!• 9«bl« •■•Itratirt • tM y lixri. Tk«(« ck«rl* < ^oa ho* t rt( f tc l« I'j fro* Cl>ic«|o h«l 'c rtttatf » lie* I91t. >. Illtnott *»t«'-«f : im>«r c^cl) in, .iiid Chicapo was indeed "Player with Hailr<>ad> and tlie Nation's Freight Handler." Wiien the Union Parifie Railroad was» conipleteti in May, 1869, making: r,liig«* cars or switch cars here. Hence we have the largest switch yards in the world. What sign do you sec u hen approaching a railroad track? If hat safety measures should you observe uhen you see this signal? The Chivafio Terminal District Chicago Terminal District is a term used by the railroads. It refers to an area of 1750 square miles, extending from \^'aukegan on the north. Joliet on tlie southwest, and Garv' on tlie east. This area is larger tlian our smallest state. In this district 1,330 industrial and commercial concenis have their own railroad sidetracks. Our RailrtHul Stations There are six railroad stations in Chicago. How many of them can you name? In the future we hope to have these railroads lead into fewer depots. Why? If the Soutli-Side Railroad-Terminal Consolidation program, which is heing considered at present, becomes a reality, it will combine the Dearborn, La Salle, and Grand C«-ntral Stations into a -single depot. ALL ROADS LEAD TO CHICAGO UNION STATION CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY GULF, MOBILE & OHIO (ALTON) CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE, ST. PAUL & PACIFIC PENNSYLVANIA NORTH WESTERN STATION UNION PACIFIC CHICAGO & NORTH WESTERN ILLINOIS CENTRAL STATION ILLINOIS CENTRAL MICHIGAN CENTRAL BIG FOUR DEARBORN STATION THE WABASH THE MONON CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS SANTA FE ERIE GRAND TRUNK CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA LA SALLE STATION NEW YORK CENTRAL NICKEL PLATE CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS GRAND CENTRAL STATION r If BALTIMORE & OHIO PERE MARQUETTE (Div. of Chesapeake & Ohio) 1 CHICAGO, GREAT WESTERN 1 SOO LINE (^ 11 CHICAGO, SOUTH SHORE ^ 1 & SOUTH BEND 1 1 i MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL Mjlq & SAULT STE. MARIE % p Do you like to go down to the railroad station to meet friends coming to visit you from out of ('Ijicago? There is certainly never a dull moment in a railroad station people running for trains, buying tickets, checking baggage, taking cabs, grabbing a sandwich, eating i)opcorn, buying souvenir^, rushing hither and yon. The steam locomotive, often called the iron horse, black monster, or errand boy. adds excite- ment to a railroad station. Did you ex'er think u hat u ouUl happrri if all the trains stopped runnin^y If' hat items uould you have luul to eliminate from your breakfast this morning? The Chicago Freight Tunnel The Chicago Freight Tunnel: 1. Collects and distributes 2,500 carloads of package freight every day. 2. Delivers 1,600 tunnel cars of coal to loop buildings every year. 3. Hauls 30,000 cars of cinders every year to a dispo^al si.it Ion on tlie north branch of the river, where barges haul it out in the lake to be dumped. Do you realize that there are sixty-two miles of tracks forty feet underground which extend as far north as Erie Street. west to Halsted, and south to Sixteentli Street? This tunnel is privately owned and takes a heavy traffic burden from the streets in the downtown area. In fact, many Loop build- ings are thus able to load and unload shipments through subbasements tliree stories underground. This underground system, of which no other city can boast, passes under the river eleven times. These two ribbons of steel, underground and on the sur- face, reaching out in all directions and airrying abundant stores of products, have been a large factor in helping us become a great commercial and industrial center. 137 f¥ Chicago Freifihi 1 uiturl Early Roads into Chicago Have you ever heard the song, ''Wagon Wlieels Carry Me Home"? Many early settlers came to Chicago by wagon as well as by boat or railroad train. We have learned that the year 1848 is a red-letter date in Chicago transportation, since it marks the completion of the Illinois-Michigan Canal and the building of the first railroad into Chicago. It is also the year when the first plank road was laid out of Chicago. These plank roads were eight feet wide and were made by laying down timbers and covering them with planks. Since these plank roads were privately owned, tolls were collected. A four-horse vehicle paid 3?!/^ cents for use of a ten-mile road, a single team paid 25 cents, and a horse and rider paid 121/2 cents. At first, plank roads as a means of trans- portation were quite successful and profitable, and many were built leading into Chicago. At that time they were considered more useful llian tlie railroads because the rail- 138 road >talions were Irn to twleve miles apart and llic railroads charged inoro fan-. Al>o pasM-nj^ers and freight could be handled as rapidly on plank roads as on railroads — almost ten miles per hour. Soon after 1R18, as many as 70,0(X) teams* arrived in Chicago every year. Today as then, there is competition between vehicles using the public highways and the railroads. Which would you pick as a winner? The first stagecoach route leading into (Ihieago came from Detroit in \HXi. The next year found lines coming from St. Ivouis, Ottawa, Peru, Peoria, Galena, and Milwaukee. Chicago was a stagecoach center even before it was a rail- road renter. Coaches ran twenty-four hours a day; horses were changed ever)' twelve or fifteen miles. Anyone who cannot sleep on a train or plane today should have had the experience of Irving to sU'cp on a stageeoach with no soft cushions. The mud holes and bumps in the road added to tlie discomfort of the trip, it took two days for a stagecoach to make the trip to IVoria and the fare was S 10.00 in winter and S8.(K) in summer. A trip to Milwaukee took one and one- half davs. The fare was S.S.OO in winter and S3.(K) in sum- mer. W hy did it cost ie>s to travel in summer? Early Streettt in Chicago (letting into and out of Chicago is one thing. Getting around in Chicago is another. Let us take a look at trans- portation within our city. Early Chicago was a swamp. One ean easily imagine what tije roadways in such an area were like. Lake shore sand was hauled in to top-dress the principal business streets, but this only made a temporary neat and attractive appearance, for the sand soon mixed with the mud and so was of no value as a bottom. Such signs as "No Bottom," **Team Underneath," "Road to China," "Stage Dropped Through," and "Man Lost Here," warned people of dangerous areas. Today, the many mile> of landscaped 139 boulevards and paved streets within the city limiU of Chicago present a very different picture. Instead of having cars to rent and cabs for hire, Chicago at first had carts and drays. People considered themselves fortunate to have any local transportation. In 1836, the city decided to try an experiment of planking a few streets. They thought by lowering the streets so that the water would drain the land and flow to the river, it would be a decided improvement. After the streets were lowered, at times the water was so high that muddy slime would flow into vehicles. One spring a melting snow caused the Chicago River to overflow and the planks to slip, tore vessels from their anchors, hurled them against the bridges, and carried planks, bridges, and ships out into the lake. This meant a great loss to the city and ship owners. In the American, a Chicago newspaper, of July 9, 1836, the following news article appeared: We have received several communications from citi- zens calUng attention to nuisances in different parts of town, the most prominent of which is a pond of water on Lake Street at the corner of La Salle in the very heart of the town and inhabited by frogs. It smells strong now, and in a few days more will send forth a most terrible stench, sickening all who reside in the neigh- borhood. Can the hole be filled up? Or is the health of our citizens to be sacrificed for a few dollars? P. S. If any of the trustees are fond of frog music, they can enjoy a most delicious treat by taking a seat on the door-steps of this office at the hour of sunset. The city realized tliat sand and plank roads were not for Chicago streets, so gravel and dirt were hauled in at great expense. Many blocks in Chicago have been raised from six feet to fourteen feet above the original levels. Relief was 140 not found until an underground sewage and ilrainage sys- tem, instead of surface drainage, was adopteil. Notice the dilTerciit kinds of trafTic on our roads and streets today. The horse, wliich was at one time tlie main means of travel, is seldom seen, even on our country roads. Instead we see numerous kinds of vehicles, mostly propelled by gasoline. Every year more cars, more roads, and better streets are in demand. Today tliere are enough cars in the United States to permit everyone to ride at one time. Anyone who does not live on a paved road feels that he is far removed from civilization. Why'.'' It is interesting to note how the government provided for tlie care of the streets. In tlie early days, every man between tlie ages of twenty-one and sixty years was required to work tliree days a year on tlie care or upkeep of the streets, or he could pay in cash the equivalent of tliree days' work. For failing to obey this law, a man could be fined as mucli as one hundred dollars. Likewise a yearly assessment of not more than 3 percent was made on the real estate of any natural division of the city which would directly benefit from a pro- posed improvement in the streets. In tlie year 1848-1849, about four tliousand dollars was spent on maintaining and extending the streets, while about eight hundred dollars was spent upon the roads leading to Chicago. By the close of the 1850's, the Council made provision for the lighting of the street lamps during all the night hours. In September, 1867, the city let contracts for the sweeping and cleaning of the paved street. Have you ever seen any pictures of the old lamplighter? Maybe you know the song that runs like this: "He made the world a little brighter, wherever he might go, tlie old lamp- lighter of long, long ago." 141 On the first beautiful spring day of the year, do you ever have the urge to put a pack on your back and start down the road? Superhighways in Chicago Our Outer Drive along the lake front saves much driving time. Why? This highway is sometimes referred to as a superhighway, expressway, freeway, or limited way. Thus far it has been our only expressway. However, the Congress Street Superhighway will soon take its place among the city's expressways. It is part of the sixty-seven miles superhighway program of Chicago. Access to these expressways is at con- trolled locations, and all cross traffic and railroads either pass over or under these superhighways. The State of Illinois, Cook County, and the City of Chicago share equally in the expenditures of constructing these expressways. Here are some of the advantages of such a system of highways for Chicago: (1) It will reduce traffic jams. (2) It will save time because it will do away with cross traffic and traffic lights. (3) It will reduce consumption of gas. (4) It will make other streets safer. (5) It will increase value of prop- erty along streets that will be restored to local use. The development of the system of streets, highways, boulevards, outer drives along the shores of Lake Michigan, and the superhighways now under construction have all con- tributed to Chicago's development as a "hub city" of the United States. In fact, the Eightieth Congress set up a two- year program of $450,000,000 for each of the years ending in 1950 and 1951 to help cities build such highways. Building these superhighways sometimes causes shifts in popuUi' tion. How do these changes in population location affect the schools? What happens to people's homes when the government decides to build a highway where their houses stand? 142 Hightcay » of Ininamnc Chicago Transit Authority Chicago Transit Aulliority is a public agency created by the Illinois General Assembly to provide modern, unified, convenient, and attractive local transit service in the Chicago area. It is directed by a board of seven members, four appointed by the Mayor of Cliicago and tliree by the Governor of Illinois, and headed by a general manager. On October 1, 1947, the Chicago Transit Company bought W ith tniOir .»/tfT itrrft car What is the carfare of each of these lines on the C.T.A.? What carfare do children betueen seven and twelve years of age pay? Local transit in Cliicago dates from 1853, when service >sas provided by liorse-drawii vehicles. In 1859, when Chicago had a population of 108,000, tlie city's first horsecar line was established on State Street between Randol{)h and Twelfth Streets. The cars used on this line were called "Bobtails" because tliey lacked rear platforms. There was considerable oj)position to the horsecar. Those opposed to it said the Mulur hut of 1950 Cro»» section of State Strfft Subtca> loic does the »uhwoay help olve the tnouuting traffic robletn ? beauty of ihv streets wuuld 1)«* inant-d. I,alt*r, wlicn tlie edible car was introductul, many j)foj)l(* wrrc afraid of its twelve- mile an hour speed. Others contended that the cable car was a menace because it frightened the horses. Since those early days there have been many advances in local transportation. Below are listed some of tin* major improvements: 1. Twol»ors<- (ur riii> car lia«l a driver and condurtor. It seated thirty pt-rsons and inutlr its first run in 1890. 2. Steam dummy — This car, complete with a cowcatcher, was run by steam, pulling one or more ears. It did not prove very sucees-sful. 3. Cable ear — In 1882, the first cable car operated on Slate Street and Ct)ltape (irove Avenue, rhese cars operated civer a steel calile wliicii was laiil in a slot in the streets between the rails of the streetcar track. The cable was pulled through the slot by power stations located along the lines. The cars trav- eled about fourteen miles an hour. •I. Electric car^ — In 1890, this car was put into operation with an overhead trolley. 5. Modern streetcar — The modern streamlined streetcar, Uie de- velopment of which was started in Chicago, was introduced here in 1936. (>. Modern motor bus — In 1927. the Chicago Surface Lines in- augurated its first motor bus service. 7. Modern trolley bus^ — Trolley buses were introduced in Chicago in 1930. These swift, silent-operating buses are popular with CTA riders. The Elevated Lines Elevated transportation came to Chicago in 1892, just in time to carry passengers to and from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Jackson Park. 1. The first section of the elevated lines was built in the alley between State Street and Wabash Avenue, from Congress Street to Thirty-ninth Street, and was called the "AUev *L'. " 147 It was extended to Jackson Park in advance of the World's Fair. Until 1898, steam "dummy" engines provided the mo- tive power. The Englewood, Normal Park, Stockyards, the Kenwood branches were completed by 1908. 2. The Lake Street line to California Avenue began operating in 1893. It was extended through Austin and Oak Park in 1901. 3. The Metropolitan West Side Elevated was buiU to Marshfield Avenue in 1895. Shortly thereafter, the Logan and Humboldt branches were completed. The Douglas Park branch, which was built from Marshfield to Western Avenue in 1896, was extended to Oak Park Avenue in Berwyn in 1924. The Gar- field Park branch, built as far as Cicero Avenue in 1895, was extended to Laramie Avenue in 1902. In 1930, it was ex- tended to 22nd Street and Mannheim Road. 4. Operation of "L" trains to Wilson Avenue began in 1900 and was followed by construction of the Ravenswood branch in 1907. In 1908, the main line to Wilson Avenue was extended to Evanston and then to Wilmette in 1912. The various sections of the "L" system were originally built by four separate companies, each operating over the do\Mito\vn "L" loop, and each charging a separate fare. In 1913, these companies were brought into a unified system of operation, through-routing between the North and Soutii Sides was established, and passengers were permitted to transfer to west side trains without charge. The elevated lines connecting with the subway lines are now composed of three divisions. They are: 1 — North Division 19.46 route miles 2 — South division 16.29 route miles 3 — West division (Includes Loop "L") 41.47 route miles 148 On its 675 single-way miles of streetear routes, 785 single- way miles of bus routes and 193 single-way miles of elevated and suhway route*, the CTA each weekday carries 2,250,000 passengers. In doing this typical weekday job, tlie CTA oper- ates 50,900 car and bus trips on its surface lines, and 12.}'0() ear trips on its rapid transit system. In tliis typical twenty- four hour period, CTA vehicles travel approximately 500,000 miles, or the etpiivalent of twenty times around tlie world. To operate the CTA's elevated cars, streetcars, and trolley buses for a year re about 780,000 kilow.itt hours of electricity, or enough to supply power for all purposes for a city of ♦UX),000 poj)ulalion for a full year. What advantag.es or disadvantages do you see in having the street cars, elevated trains, and trolUy buses under one management? What means of transportation do you have occasion to use the most? The Chicago Sub tray Subway number one, which consists of 4.9 miles of double track, was begun in December, 1938, and placed in operation in October, 1943. This subway crosses under tlie Chicago Kiver beneatli State Street. Subway number two, consisting of 3.85 miles of double track, which will serve riders from the Northwest side, is to be placed in service in 1951. Where Subway number two runs under the Chicago Kiver at Lake Street, tliere are four levels of transportation — subway, water, street surface, and elevated. Building subways in Chicago is more of a problem than in such cities as New York. Our subsoil is soft, water>' clay, and tliick, steel-reinforced concrete must be used to support the walls, roof, and floor of each tube. In New York, tlie subway tubes for the most part are constructed in solid rock. 149 Chicago Motor Coaches People in Chicago always seem to be going somewhere. One wonders if anyone works, goes to school, or shops near his home. One means of transportation used to carry people to and from home is the Chicago Motor Coach. This com- pany operates on routes over city streets, boulevards, and in parks in Chicago with the permission of the Illinois Com- merce Commission by agreement of the Chicago Park District. In 1917. the Chicago Motor Coach Company started with forty coaches operating over 18.4 miles of route. This small beginning developed into a comprehensive system covering 169.7 miles of boulevards and streets with about 576 buses in operation. Five hundred and sixty-six of these buses are powered with Diesel motors. The total number of passengers carried in 1948 was 105,936,644, and the total mileage was 16,410,009 miles. In addition to regular bus service, the chartered-service department handles transportation of school children to points of interest in and near Chicago, such as to Chicago's large industrial plants, parks, and museums. Have you ever gone on a field trip in a motor coach? Motorists also can make use of a regular, convenient shuttle-bus service costing only five cents. Buses run at five- minute intervals all day to and from the Soldier Field parking lot and the Monroe Street parking lot. TRAVELING BY AIR Wings over Chicago! How many times a day do you look up and see airplanes flying over our city? The airplane has developed new markets. Why? Of course, we have to get the materials for the markets to the airports. This means more work for all forms of surface transportation. So the airplane, train, and truck work together, and Chicago is the workshop for all. 150 // )uu have ever riitdfn in tin airplane, tell the class about it. Compare your airplane ride uith any other form of transportation uhich you have experienced. Histttrical Development «*/ Avintitni in (lliitofiit Cliicago, beiatise of its neariu'ss to laigf iili«">. maiuifac- tiiring, and agrirultuial areas, was (N'sliufd to l>c. Hying is .» time saver. Skywriting as a means of advertising is often seen over Chicago. Fresh fruits and vegetables, rut flowers, moving pietun* films of the latest happenings, an»l replar«'menls of l)rok<-n parts of machinery — items requiring (juick delivery — are often sent in and out of Chicago l»y |>lane. Husiness people in Chicago Hnd they can travel oftencr in the interests of their business, and salespeople can spend more lime with their families if they travel by plane. Merchant-^ in ('hicago with expensive merchandise, such as jewelry and furs, may safely carry a smaller amount of merchandise, because more can quicklv be shippen«/ Defense A good system of transportation is important to the people of Chicago, who depend upon it for their very living. It is also essential to the national defense. In time of war, what would happen to the soMier if we coukl not get >uj)plies to him? Surely in the field of transportation air, land or sea — Chicago does its part in making our country united and strong. USING THE MEANS OF COMMUNICATION "Talking is easier tiian writing and lots more fun," said Kebecca of Sunnybrook Farm. Do you agree with her? However, for primitive man to learn to speak was no easy task, for he had to create a language. Sounds developed into words, and these words, joined togeliier, became sentences expressing thought: tims language was bom. The earliest form of writing was picture writing and this type of writiiitr i> still used by certain uncivilized tribes of •North American Indians. Among the early American Indians, a chief who wished to leave a record of his brave deeds left a picture record. Perhaps you have seen some of tliese records 157 An early press in museums. These pictures, however, represented ideas, not exact words. Can you think of any difficulties which either the reader or writer would meet with in picture writing? The ancient Egyptians had learned to write before 3400 B.C. First, they used pictures to represent ideas. Next, each picture came to represent a word. So many words meant so many pictures that learning to read and write was a long and difficult task. Finally, the Egyptian scribes worked out a sys- tem of symbols which represented parts or syllables of spoken words. Thus one syllable, like be could be used in many dif- ferent words. Finally they worked out symbols for letters, twenty-four of them, called an alphabet. These symbols were taken over and improved upon by the Phoenicians, who handed them on to the Greeks, and eventually the alphabet reached us. When man learned to write and to print, lie could com- municate with people beyond the reach or hearing of his 158 voice. Hi> tholl^)lt^ could be wrilten, {»rintecl, and sent to the far corners of the world. However, since all such ideas had to be written or printed by hand, the cost of the labor involved was terrific, and book> and newspapers were luxuries. The invention of the piintinj: prc>s in 1 ISO was a red-l«*ttci\ drums, fire smoke, and Hag signals to communicate with each other. Tlie Creeks, Romans, and Aztecs used relay runners also, and, in the days of Julius Caesar, sentinels were stationed in tower.s at regular intervals shouting messages from one to another. frcting means of com- munication. In fact, carrier pigeons played an important part in carrying messages in World War I and II. Let us now see how Chicagoans use the various methods of communication. (tmtoclinf! Pettplt' /»y Mail In the year 1833. when Chicago was incorporated as a town, the post ofhce was located at Wacker Drive and Lake Street, where the Chicago Kiver now begins to branch oil. Prior to this, all mail was received and delivered from the home of Jtuiathan Bailey, who liNcd in the John Kiii/ie liorn«* on the North Bank of the river. You will remember John Kinzie as one of Chicago's first settlers. Bailey was one of the best informed men while lie was postmaster, for m in\ of tlio-e to wlioin tlie mail \\a> addrf'^sed read ami gave him 139 much of the information contained in the letters. At this early stage of the post oflice, a letter not more than an ounce in weight cost twenty-five cents in postage. Usually the letters were written on very thin paper with Itlack ink. and then the paper was reversed and tlie message was written in red ink. Thus no paper was wasted. Today, the main Chicago Post Office building covers fiftv acres of space. Thirty-five million letters and 500,000 sacks of papers, magazines, and parcel post are handled eacli dav. Money orders, air mail, registered letters, special deliveries, insured mail, foreign mail, and postal savings are some of the services offered to Chicagoans by the post oflBce. Speed and accuracy are necessary for an efficient postal system. Sorting mail is one of the biggest jobs. Every branch station in the city has a zone number to speed up delivery. A letter is not completely addressed unless the zone number is included with the address, and your zone number should also appear in the upper left-hand comer with your return address. The huge operations of our postal system are speeded up by observing these details. The largest Post Office in the world -_^_ iiiiimihiilhiiiiillllhlliii! ^ ^ ^3^ i i i i i t i i i i i i i i i i i < ' • • • i i j I I iiiii iii! -i I I 1 \ \ ■} .% ... : ?:^- . -j — ^.,^ '' i ■ ■■ ._^;^ :ii I f I i 1 1 i n hn! ! ! 1 1 1 i ?; i i i i i i i i! i it i j i i i i i i U hill it ynur xttnr nuinltrrY The news rolls out Studying the stamps of a country is one way to learn more about its history. Many people have stamp collecting for a hobby, and they often belong to clubs where they can ex- change some of their stamps and boast of the rare stamps which they have been able to secure. Have you a stamp collection ? Bring to class an interesting postage stamp and give a short talk on it. Reading the Newspaper What is your favorite section of the newspaper? Some people like the comic strips, some the sports page, some the fashion news and recipes. Still others like the news about politics here at home, while others enjoy reading the news reported by our foreign correspondents. Our early newspapers were far different from those of today. They had few resources for obtaining news and, as a 162 result, tlicse puhlication^i (.ontained most literature, historical data, professional, technical, and religious information. In 1833, John (lalhoun publislied in (Chicago Thr Weekly Democrat, which was the only newspaper in (Ihicago until June, 1855, when Thomas Davis began puhlishing Tlw Weekly American. At times tlie newspaper could not be published for lack of newsprint or paper. The publishers were willing to accept almost anything in payment for subscriptions to their publications. In 1840, this account appeared in one of the local newspapers: Now is the time to bring wood into the city, the sleighing is good, and wood will hum in cold weather. We will take it for subscriptions both old and new. Maybe you have a paper route for which you have to make collections. If you have, you know that today's newspapers are sold for cash alone. How many of Chicago's newspapers can you name? Do you have a school newspaper? You might try publishing a newspaper for your room. if hy do ncuspaper reports of the same incident sometimes differ? Sending Telegrams Sending a telegram is a quicker means of communicating witli people tlian writing a letter. Telegraph communication can be carried on with all parts of the world. The first Western Lnion Telegraph office in Chicago was established in January, 1848, and was located at Washington and La Salle Streets. The very first telegraphic message received in Chicago came from Milwau- kee. That same year messages were sent and received from De- troit and other easteni points. 163 Early telegraph key Records show that one of the first messages received from Detroit read: "We hail you by lightning as fair sisters." Chi- cago replied with: "May we he joined by bonds as holy as those whicli unite maidens to the object of their love, but un- like that love may our course always run smoothly." Sending a telegram then and now Until recent years, wlien ihv tflrgrapli messenger delivered a telegram, most people shiuMcrrd, thinking it contained bad news; hut today hirthday greetings, congratulations, bon voyage, and numerous other happy messag«'> arc si-nt in this manner. Have you ever receivemittcd inun«*diatcly over the wires and deliv«"red at once. Then we have bolii tlie day and night letters which allow for more words- — the former being delivered some time within what is called the "business day** while the night letter is delivered before noon of the follow- ing day. When sending a telegram, it is best to define what kind of telegram you wish to send, besides keeping in mind the various methods of transmitting such a message over any of the following: radio beam, television, and teletape. Most of the larger business and financial houses have the teletape instruments in their offices and therefore can receive mes- sages in mere seconds from as many as a thousand miles away. What are the atlvantap.es of a telegram? The diimlvant/iges? Talking on the Telephone Chicago has more telephones tlian there are in the whole of Canada. Without this method of communication millions of hours of time would be lost. Of the 142 million calls made daily in the United States, about eight million are made in the Chicago area. It requires 39,200 skilled workers, oper- ators, and technicians to help complete these calls in our city. The first telephone ollice in Chicago was e^itablished in 1878 and was located at 21 North La Salle Street. Long distance service between Chicago and New York was started in the fall of 1892. As early as 1915, overseas radio- telephoning was instituted across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 163 A little tympathy for the telephone operator You too could net your wires croated The telephone is now over seventy-five years old. It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, who, through his experi- ments to find a belter way of teaching the deaf, developed the idea of the telephone. 166 h rorn C.liuajio otu* can rtNuti at lt*a!»t 9.'> per tenl of lUv world's tek*jjhoiu*> whiilj art* UMattul in more* than bcvrnly- five countries. To protect the privacy of sucli telephone con- versations tlie sjK'tial ('(|uipinrt)t iii>t.i!!ril at thr tflcphonc company converts tlir human v()i< <• into unintrlligihlc nounds (luring its transmission through the air. Because the telephone is an im|Kjrtanl piece of home and office eut operates on a city franchise. 168 Television Iprhind ihf curtain Using Otiu'r Mvans of Cointnunicatian What is your favorite radio program? Do you know that Station W'BFIZ is "the radio voice of the Chicago Public Schools"? It is on the air from 9:15 to \:00 p.m. each school day. Principals, teachers, students, and parents take part in these programs, sometimes as groups. Tims through the radio we may communicate with each other (juickly and effectively. If you have ever been to the Museum of Science and Indus- try in Jackson Park, you may have seen illustrations of the early movies at the nickclodt-on. Notice the difference Itetween them and the "talking i)ictures" which you see, sometimes in Technicolor, at our movie theaters today. Movies have a place in our schools as well as in our places of amusement. Our visual education department provides us witli movies which we may see in our classrooms and assembly hall. Television is as current as the morning newspaper. It car ries us to all comers of the world, for we actually see and 169 liniird of Keoplt* who cutuiiiiiiiicatc willi us via television. What are your favorite television programs? Television is becoming increasingly important in the school program. Did you know that in Newark, through television, parents can see their own children in school? On station \^'AT\' a series of half-hour trh-vision programs, entitletl Report to Parents, is being preHciil<*afely in regard to bicycl<*s, horseback riding, motor- cycles, elevators in building, and escalatorB. XIII. Draw or copy the >ign you S4'e w\iri\ aoproaching a railroad track or the main cross section of the nighways. XIV. Build model planes, boats, and trains for an exhiltit. XV. Draw a plan »)f an airport for Chicago. XVI. Do you know why it takes about an hour longer for a plane to flv from Chicago to San Krancisrn than it does to fly back to Chicago? XVII. How can you explain the following statement: "l'lan«*s, if they have the range, will arrive in San Francisco before they leave New York — that will worry the timetable ex|>erts"? Wlll.C.et a telegram blank. Write a telegram that you would like to stMul. a night letter, straight message, or day letter. XIX. At your local post office gel sample blanks for a money order and other postal forms now in use. XX. Listen, either as an individual or a class, to some of the pro- grams broadcast over VI HEZ, the radio voice of the Chicago Public Schools. Write a letter to the radio station telling how you liked the programs. HO\^ ViELL UO VOU REMEMBEK^ 1. .After 1825 many people came to Chicago by way of the 2. The Illinois-Michigan Canal was built in By connecting the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River, it linked us with the 3. This canal was replaced by the built in 1900. 4. Chicago is connected with Canadian seaports by means of the 5. The Chicago Harbor District extends from to 173 6. The first railroad came to Chicago in 7. The Chicago Terminal District extends from on the north, on the southwest, and on the east. 8. The first stage route leading into Chicago came from in 9. On October 1, 1947, the properties of the Chicago Surface Lines and the Chicago Rapid Transit Company were purchased by the 10. The Chicago Subway was begun in and placed in opera- tion in 11. In ... . the Chicago Motor Coach Company began to operate in Chicago. 12. The Third International Conference on Aerial Navigation was held in Chicago in 13. The first portion of the present Chicago Municipal Airport was dedicated in 14. When Chicago was incorporated as a town in 1833, its post office was located at 15. Among the early newspapers in Chicago were the published by and the published by 16. The first telegraphic message received in Chicago came from 17. The first telephone ofl&ce in Chicago was established in and located at 18. Station is the "radio voice" of the Chicago Public Schools. Supplementary Information Phonetic code — used in sending telegrams by telephone A as in Adams K as in King B as n Boston L as in Lincoln C as m Chicago M as in Mary D as in Denver N as in New York E as m Edward as in Ocean F as 1 n Frank P as in Peter G as m George Q as in Queen H as in Henry R as in Robert I as in Ida S as in Sugar J as i n John T as in Thomas 174 U as in I'liion \ aa in X-ray V as in \'itlory Y as in Young W as in William Z aa in Zero 2. Each >rar, over tlic ('lurugo hridj^rs go: 2rn>,(XK).(K)()-- autoiiuihilcs ami trucks 79,000.000— pedrslrians 6,600.1H)0— slrrct cars 1,550,000— buses 413,000— "L" trains 3. Hrmrmhrr always that your rurrnit ncwsiiaprrs and maga- zines will keep you informed of the lateM information concern- ing the data in any of these units. Chicago, like all large cit> ies, is ever changing and will continue to do so. A MODERN I)H\(;ON A train is a dragon that roars through the dark He wriggles his tail as he sends up a spark. He pierces the night with his cme yellow eye. And all the earth trembles when he rushes by. — RowENA Bastin Bennett THE AIRPLANE .Alt airplane has gigantic wings But not a feather on her breast; She only mutters when she sings .And builds a hangar fur a nest. I love to see her stop and start; She has a little motor heart That beats and throbs and then is still She wears a fan upon her bill. No eagle flies through sun and rain So swiftly as an airplane. 1 wish she would come swooping down lietween the steeples of the town And lift me right up off my feet .•\nd take me high above the street. That all the other boys might see The little spetk that would be me. — KowENA Bastin Bennett 1 iZi CHAPTER d SONG OF THE BROAD AXE "A great city is that which has the greatest men and women. If it be a few rugged huts it is still the greatest city in the whole world." — Walt W hitman SOME OF (JHCACO'S TNOISTKIAL AM) (:ii;nKM ikadkks .Mar-liall I'lvUl (lvnr}zr M. riilliiiaii V^ illiidii l\. ();:«l«'ii Jiiliii>* l{<»'rniick Loratio lafl IN»l!«*r PaliiHT K!la lla^^i doling Philip 1). AriiiDur Jaiu' A(l«laiiiH Gustavus Swift The Avera^«» (iliioa^ouii Mar>liall V'uUl Have ytui t'Vt'r licard tlic saying, "Tlu' custonicr is alwavs rijilil'".'' Tins statement, which merchants iinderstaml so well, was first made hy Marshall Field. **Silent Marsh," as he was nicknamed, was born on a rocky and hilly farm near Conway, Massachusetts, in IH.'Vl. When he went to school he was rated higli for "hard work, running speed, and the ability to trade jackknives shrewdly." Which of these traits do vou think was most valuable to him as a merchant? He arrived in Chicago in 1856 and found muddy streets, wooden sidewalks, and flimsy buildings. He became a drv goods clerk in tlu' city's leading wholesale firm at a salary of SAOO a year. Four years later he was a junior partner. In 1865, he and Levi Leiter, another junior partner in the firm, bouglit an interest in Potter Palmer's store, which had been established on Lake Street in 1852. Within three years the ambitious young merchants bought out their partner and moved to a new building on State and \\ ashington Streets, forming the firm of Field, Leiter and Company. When the store at State and Washington Streets was for- mally opened on October 12, 18()8, the Chicago Tribune said of it in its October 13 issue: Lung lines of carriages, consisting of barouches, landaus, pliaethons, clarences, and every conceivable style of fashionable conveyance, were drawn up on either side of State Street, be- tween Washington and Handoljih. The drivers on their high frcats 177 \t„r»hall Field — tchere the cugtoni- rr in alicayn right had to wait long and patiriiily, for thrir owners Kcrc hours and hours in rxainining the treaAumt within thr palurt*. and it was nr«rly midnight before many of them were Katifthrtl with fea»t- ing their eyes. Levi Leitcr sold his interest in the business in IB^U, and the firm name became Marshall Field and Company. Marshall Firld often stated that Ik' tonsidered tin* building of a jiooti character far more' irnpoitaiil than tlu* building of a great fortune. Solomon, noted for his wisdom, put th«* same tliouglit in these words: *'A good name is rather to l>c chosen than great riches." Vi illiain H. O^deii W iiliain H. Ogdcu was Chicago's fir»t mayor. At that time. 1837, Cliicago extcniled from North Avenue to Ccrmak Road, and from Lake Michigan to Wood Street. Does your scliool lie witliin this area? The population of the city was 4,170, and Ugden's salary as mayor was S500 a year. He had helped to write the city's charter, and, as mayor, worked earnestly to improve Cliicago. Bridges were built over ditches, new streets were built, while older streets were improved. He even permitted the building of plank roads. He was also interested in preserving tJie credit of Chicago, and, since paying one's debts is the l)est way to keep one's credit good, he insisted that Chicago pay its debts. Ogden came to Chicago from New York and opened up a real estate oflice. He was noted for his good judgment in the buying and selling of land in Chicago, and by 1853 he was a millionaire. He was one of tlie first Chicagoans to promote the building of railroads. His determination, hard work, and tact resulted in the building of ten miles of tlie (ialena and Chicago I'nion Railroad (now tlie Nortli Western). The road cleared S2000 a month the first year and many times more the following years, so Ogden was well rewarded. By 1850, the railroad 179 was extended to Elgin, a distance of thirty miles. When time allowed, Mr. Ogden enjoyed taking his friends for a ride on the cars, which traveled at the rate of twenty miles an hour. On one of these trips Ogden took time out to get off from the train and pick some wild flowers which caught his fancy. Unaware of this, the engineer continued the journey, and the president of the railroad had the pleasure of hiking back to town. When the depression of 1857 struck Chicago, Ogden, like others, had a rough time. However, his good name (rather to be chosen than great riches) saved him, for his friends, knowing that he was honest, as well as capable, were willing to loan him money to keep him from going bankrupt. How- ever, he was able to refuse them because his creditors rose to his support, knowing that he was a man of his word. Ogden did not confine his activities to Chicago. He also promoted the building of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States, the Union Pacific. He was the first president of this railroad and, as such, was one of the persons chosen to drive a golden spike into the tracks. This cere- mony occurred in 1869, at Ogden, Utah, where the eastern branch of the railroad met and joined the western branch. William B. Ogden's biography is best summed up in his own words: "I was born close to a sawmill, was left early an orphan, was cradled on a sugar trough, christened in a millpond, graduated at a log school house, and at fourteen found I could do anything I tried my hand to, and ever since I have been trying to prove it, with some success." Lake Street, 1839 \tti i>riiitir W ttrkt, I H i i Cyrus Hall McConiiick "The reaper is a success, and I believe tliat 1 could not have made it so, but I am proud to have a son to do what I could not," were Robert McCormick's remarks about his son Cyrus, who was then a young man. Robert McCormick of Rockbridge County, Virginia, in- vented a machine for breaking liemp, a clover shellcr and thresher, and other labor-saving devices. He attempted to invent a reaper, but his machines were not successful. Cyrus Hall McCormick, Robert's son, made a small light- weight grain cradle for his own use when he was only fifteen. He had watched with interest his father's experiments witli the reaper. When Robert finally decided not to work further because tlie idea used in his machine was not tlie right one, Cyrus thought he would try, for he had a different idea about a reaper. In the spring of 1831, Cyrus made a model. Because it looked promising, he went to work on the big reaper, which was ready by July. However, by that time the Virginia wheat had long been cut, so he tried it on a patch of oats. It worked well and was the first practical, successful reaper. Cyrus, however, was not quite satisfied. He knew that his machine could do bcllci. and In- »^ct to work to improve it. 1»1 After three years of hard work he was satisfied with the results, and he took out a patent in 1834. About that time Cyrus and his father bought an iron furnace business, and no reapers were made for several years. However, his own reaper was used each year to cut tlie grain at the McCormick's Virginia farm. Now the iron furnace business was not very profitable, and the McCormicks went into debt. To pay off these debts Cyrus began again to build his reapers. In the meantime Obed Hussey of Baltimore had also invented a reaper in 1833, which began to give the McCormick reaper keen competition. In 1843, a public contest was held near Richmond, Virginia, to see whose reaper could cut the greater amount of grain. Weather conditions were unfavor- able for the trial, but McCormick's reaper cut seventeen acres of grain to Hussey's two acres. Result: big increase in McCormick reaper sales for that season. In 1844, Cyrus McCormick made a visit to Illinois, where he saw fields of wheat rotting on the ground because it took too long to harvest it by hand. He decided then and there to manufacture his machine in Illinois. In 1847, he opened a reaper factory in Chicago between Water Street and the Chicago River, east of the present Michigan Avenue Bridge. It provided manufacturing capacity for five hundred reapers and employed a total of thirty -three men. On hand to welcome him was William B. Ogden, who told him that he was the right man for Chicago and Chicago was the right place for his factory. With the aid of Ogden and another partner he built up his business, which progressed well, and within two years he was able to buy both Ogden's and his other partner's share. At that time labor-saving machines were badly needed in the Middle West to take the place of the some ten thousand men who had left Illinois to seek their fortunes in the California gold rush. Competition was as keen then as it is now. Field days were organized where barbecues drew 182 Thm firtl reaper in nrtittti .>*.s3*^ 183 crowds to watch the different reapers compete. Usually the McCormick reaper was in the lead. Would you consider this a good advertisement? By 1860, more than four thousand reapers were manu- factured annually. This farm implement played an important part in helping the North to win the Civil War. Vi hy? When the Chicago Fire of 1871 burned the McCormick factory, only through the encouragement of Cyrus' wife. Nettie Fowler McCormick, and hundreds of his employees, did Cyrus rebuild it. When the farmers who owed Mr. McCormick money heard he needed cash, many of them immediately paid their debts. Because the banks were also burned and there was no place to keep the money, the McCormick Company cashier carried it around in a market basket. One day there was as much as S24,000 in the basket. A temporary building was constructed at once on the site of the old factory; and the next year a fine, large factory was built on Blue Island Avenue, which is the company's present location. With the new factory came improvements in the reaper. A special platform was added so men could stand on the machine and bind the grain into bundles. Later, a device which automatically bound the bundles without the aid of hand labor was invented. As the business expanded, Cyrus McCormick found that he no longer had an opportunity to give his personal time to inventing improvements for his reaper. As a result he set up a research department in the factory. This department worked on the perfecting of improvements, which were based on inventions and ideas purchased from other people, suggestions by members of the research staff, and Cynis McCormick's own thoughts on the improvements. The McCormick reaper was important because harvest time lasts only about ten days. Grain must be cut when ripe or the crop is lost. Since all farmers in one locality must harvest at about the same time, there is usually a scarcity 184 of farm laborers, llarvt'^liii^ j:rain by luiiul was a slow process. If a lieavy winii or rain tame Ijeforc the crops coil 111 be harvestetl, tliey were ruined. The reaper chanjietJ all this, for it cut quirkly ami with less labor, even in bad weather when the grain was bent anti tangled, liecaii>e tlie reaper saved tinu* the farmer could plant more wheal, know- ing he could harvest it in plenty of time. Cyrus Hall McCormick died in UUil; but the .Nhllorinirk Reaper Com|)any, under tlie direction of his wife arui chil- dren, continued to exj^and. M times Mr. McC'ormick was considered sIjmii and (|uick-lempters. Tlie International Har\'ester Company, however, began to produce many kinds of farm implements and machines. Indeed, it was not long before the ctimpany was making articles for use of the farmers, which covered their needs at all seasons. Then the company pioneered in the production of internal combustion engines and became a leader in the development of trucks, tractors, combineii harve>ler-thre>her>, hay harvesters, and, more recently, the beet liar\ester and the cotton picker. The modern har\e>ter-thresher, which reaps and threshes tlie grain on tlie field, grew out of tlie reaper, and the prin- ciples of the original reaper are still a part of this great modern machine. In 183U, it recpiired three hour> and tiiir- teen minutes to process one bushel of wheat. One hundred years later it required only seven minutes. Hats off to Cyrus McCormick and hi>- reaper! 185 L 1 -' .*. ■ » «, I f'ii -' .^: .-^^^f iTMr^ The Palmer House has a colorful past Potter Palmer Washington was the father of his country, but Potter Pahner has been called the "Father of State Street." His dream that State Street instead of Lake Street should be the important thoroughfare in our city certainly came true. He appeared upon the scene in Chicago in 1852, when he opened a dry goods store on Lake Street. He soon sold out and went into the real estate business, concentrating on State Street. This street, which today is a paradise for shoppers, was at that time a narrow, dirt road lined with little liouses and sheds on each side. He purchased nearly a mile of these shacks, moved them back, and built new buildings. This mile he succeeded in getting paved. One of the new buildings was a store located on the corner of State and Washington Streets. 186 Tliis he renteJ to Fifltl and Leilcr. In 1871, he built a hotel at State and Monroe Streets, whirh is still known as the Palmer House. His first hotel burned to the ground in 1871, the very same year it was Iniilt. I'alnirr, however, was not bratm. He was willing to risk $20,0(X),CXX) to rebuild on thr »anie site. Day and night the workers labored on its cotistruction, and the new Palmer House was completrd in less than a year. Tliis indeed set a record. The hot<'l was one of tlie show plates of Chicago. Mr. Palmer was willing to prove that the Palmer House was more (irepnmf than any other hotel in the city. He invited anyone to build a hre and to let it burn for an hour in the center of any room. If tlie fire did not sprrad beyond the room, the person accepting this dare was to pay for all damage dont*. The Palmer House, still located on its original site, was owned by the Palmers until a recent date. Due to its excellent location in the heart of the loop, it still continues to be one of our most important hotels. .Mrs. Potter Palmer (Bertlia Honore Palmer) was eijually well known. Reared in a large house on .Michigan Avenue, across from where the .Art Institute now stands, she made her debut in the 1860's, and she married Potter Palmer in 1871. She played an important role in tJie Columbian Expo- sition of 1893, serving as president of the Ixjard of lad\ managers. Later the President of the United States app>ointed her a member of the National (lomniillee for the Paris Exposition of 1900. For her work on this conunittee, she was decorated by the French government and elected to the Legion of Honor. In Chicago she reigned as Social Queen of the .Midwest. A member of the royal family of Spain, when visiting Chicago, refused to meet Mrs. Potter Pahn«'r, saying: "She is only an imikeeper's wife." What does tliis story tell you about customs in Spain as compared with those in tlie United States? 187 Armour's early meat-packing house Philip D. Armour and Gustavus Swift "Hog Butcher for the World," says Carl Sandburg, speak- ing of Chicago. Two men who helped to make it such were Philip D. Armour and Gustavus Swift. Both of them arrived in Chicago in 1875. Both were farmers' sons who had spent their early lives on farms in the East. "I make mistakes, but I do not respond to encores," said Philip D. Armour. Let us see whether or not he spoke the truth by making a brief study of his life. He came on a lake schooner to Milwaukee and then decided to try his luck panning gold on the west coast. In four years he returned to Milwaukee to set up a soap factory. When the shack where he was making soap burned, he went to St. Paul to trade in hides. He soon returned to Milwaukee, where he bought one-half interest in Plankington's packing plant. After a few years in Milwaukee he came to Packingtown, a name given to the stockyards by the early packers and railroad men when they combined to build our well-known stockyards. Here he began a packing plant and also purchased shares in different railroads in order that livestock could arrive from the West and his beef could be hauled to the East. By 1892, he employed 20,000 men in three packing plants, owned 188 r^-*>ifev*..(i^ Stei/t't firtt iiuol-pncking houn- 5000 freight cars, a numlxT of lakt- vessels, large storage- plants, and grain elevators. He sold meat everywhere in the L'nited States and in foreign countries. In 1815, he was one of the eighty-two merchants who organized the Board of Trade, thereby eliminating the bargaining done between farmers and merchants in open- market places. Realizing tliat technical training for young men was essen- tial, he and an enterprising young man named Gunsaulus planned and opened a technical school knowTi as Armour In>litute. Today, after joining with Lewi> Iii>tiliite, tliis iri>li- tution of learning is known as tlie Illinois Institute of Technology. The story of Gustavus Swift's rise in Packingtown was quite similar to that of Philip Armour. As a boy, he wanted to be a butcher so he began by baying livestock, whicli^he slaughtered and sold. Anxious to be near larger stockyards, he set out from the East for Chicago. Here he concentrated on one line — the packing business. This is possibly the reason why he contributed more than anyone toward the advance- ment of meat packing. Other packers were sending frozen meats to tlie East only in tlie winter. Why couldn't frozen 18<> Chicago Union Stockyards meat be sent in refrigerator cars in tlie summer as well? He decided to tr}^ this experiment, and since it proved suc- cessful, it gave the packers more of a chance to market their meat. Mr. Armour arose every morning at five o'clock and retired at nine o'clock. It is said that Swift tried to beat him to work in tlie morning. They both demanded that their men be on the job every morning on time. The incident is related that a young man walking in late one morning was asked by Mr. Armour why he was late every morning. The young man said he was only a few minutes late, whereupon Mr. Armour's reply was, '"That's just it. Tliat's why you are not a good man. You are just a few minutes too late in all the bright things that you do." Today the meat-packing companies not only put meat on our tables, but they have also developed such by-products as hides, leather, fertilizer, animal feeds, soap and chemicals. 190 Sifuk ail l/i#- nnikr » » « ^'Tlic I'ioiwer" — Outside and iiiaide George Mortimer Pullman When Lincoln's body was brought from Chicago to Springfield, en route from Washington, D. C, for burial, a Pullman car, the "Pioneer," was occupied by members of the Lincoln party. Thus a new epoch in railroad travel was begun. George Pullman had invented tlie sleeping car as early as 1859, when he remodelel two day coaches of the Chicago and Alton Railroad into sleeping cars with upper and lower berths. By the time the Civil War began Pullman had con- verted twelve railroad coaclies into sleeping cars. The war caused the development of the Pullman cars to be suspended. At this time Mr. Pulhnan was engaged in other business in Colorado. Returning to Chicago about 1864, Mr. Pullman began to build sleeping cars. In 1865, the appropriately named 192 "Pioneer" was built at a cost of $20,178.1 I. it wa^ longer, wider, and higher than any other passenger car on the rails. Railroad men objected to its new height, which was too high for overliead clearances, and to its width, whicli was too wide for platforms at the already built stations, and so it stood in a slied, admired l»ut unused, and it liecame known as "PuUman's folly." At the time of Lincoln's death, the Alton Kailroad ofhcials altertnl the right-of-way and made other adjustnjcnls for the comfort of those who were traveling with the remains. Thus the "Pioneer" was taken from tin* shed and |)ut into prac- tical use. From 1865 on, th<' Pullman shops were unable to ke«;aii to manu- facture ready-made clothinj^. 195 While in this manufacturing business, he became ac- quainted witli Mr. Sears and Mr. Roebuck, who had a thriving mail-order business. Frequently they bought Mr. Rosenwald's entire stock of clothing. This contact eventually brought Julius Rosenwald into the firm of Sears and Roeinick. By 1895, he became vice-president and treasurer and owned one-half of the business. In the first year of his connection with Sears and Roebuck the sales were doubled. All kinds of new articles were added to the list of merchandise. Branch mail-order houses, fac- tories, and retail stores were opened in almost every state. Mr. Rosenwald did not take full credit for this rapid and effective growth. He said it was due to choosing competent, willing, honest, and hard-working assistants and allowing them to carry out tlieir own ideas. His employees did not work for him but with him in this growing and expanding business. Rosenwald himself was a cautious person and avoided making hurried decisions. Julius Rosenwald tried hard to give away his money wisely He gave to schools, museums, scientific research, the fine arts, social settlements, relief agencies, hospitals, and clinics. Here in Chicago he gave generously to the University of C! icago, to dental clinics in the Chicago Public Schools, the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A., Rosenwald Museum, and numerous other institutions. He contributed freely to Jewish charities and schools. He was also greatly interested in the American Negro. In fact, more than half of the Rosen- wald Fund of $20,000,000 which he established and dedi- cated to the "well-being of mankind," has been used to build 5000 or more modern schools for the half-million colored children in the south. He also gave to Tuskegee Institute and to the research in crop improvement and scientific marketing. In his many gifts to make possible a better life for man- kind, Julius Rosenwald has established a lasting monument to himself as a liberal benefactor. 196 "Tinir Kf*f». y nu *(»> '/ ih. »i<> l/im. linir ulay*. ur fio" Lorudu Taft **Life is the most interesting thing I evi-r got into. I wouldn't have missed it for anything." — Lorado Taft On the Midway, a lioulevard which connects Washington and Jack>()n Parks, is a famous piece of sculpture. In llu* foreground tlie huge figure, leaning on his staff, represents Time watching the hurrying men, women, and cliildren pass- ing iiy. This i)iece of scul{)lure is called "The Fountain of Time" and was designed hv the famous sctilptor — Lorado Taft. Lorado Taft was horn on April 29. 1860, at Flmwoixl, Illinois, where his father taught and preached. When his father became a professor at the University of Illinois, the family move^d to Champaign, Illinois. At the age of fourteen, after watching the unpacking of plaster casts brought from foreign lands, Lorado decided that he would become a sculptor. A few years later he sub- mitted a large eagle to the Philadelphia Centennial Expo- sition of 1876. The Taft family traveled to Philadelpl -a to see the exhibit, and not finding it on display, learnetl »hat it had been accepted, but had been mined by a great slonn. 197 Since I.orado's father was on the faculty at the University of Illinois, it followed quite naturally that he should attend tliis same university. After graduation he was anxious to study in Paris. However, he was only nineteen years old, and his parents felt that he would do better to spend another year at die university. In June, 1880, Lorado Taft felt that his dream had come true as he boarded a ship for Paris. However, his ship clashed with another ship at sea, and he soon found himself not in Paris but back in New York along with the other passengers. He had visions of his parents telegraphing for him to come home, so he lost no time in boarding the next steamer bound for France. His parents were not rich, and sending Lorado to Paris was not easy. He therefore did everything he could to help pay his expenses. Giving lessons in English was one way he earned money. He returned to the United States for one year, during which time he taught French and gave lectures. With the money thus earned he returned to Paris for another few years. Lorado Taft's ambition was to settle in Qiicago. Getting established was not any easier then than it is now. However, because he was willing to accept orders of any kind or to do anything at all which related to his art, he managed to get along very well. He taught modeling at the Art Institute where he gained a very high reputation. The World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893 proved a great opportunity for him, for he was placed in charge of all the sculpture coming to the Fair. Also one of his own works, "The Sleep of the Flowers," was greatly admired by the visitors at the Horti- cultural Building. Mr. Taft became well known as a lecturer and soon had many more requests to speak than he could fill. His lecture, "Clay Talk," was so popular that he gave it 1500 times. With the material he had gathered for his many lectures he was able to present his ideas in his books. History of Amer- 198 icon Sculpture and Modern Tendencies in >>culi>ture. Tlui> he was di^tiIl^llislu•ll as an arti^^t. a loi tun-r, and a writer. With his family Mr. Tafl :^|>ent most of hi^ summers living in their Iidhu* on the shore (»f lh<- Kork Hiver, near Oregon, Illinois. There he erected a Ini^h statue of Hhuk Hawk, one of the last Indian (•hief> to takr a stand in Illinois. It n'pre- sents tlie Indian < iiief witli arms folded, jK»ndering over the fate of his people. This piece of sculpture guards the l)ank> of the Rock River and ran he seen at a distance of two miles. What do you suiijioar HUuk Hank was ihinkinp, as hf pondrrrA over the faie of his people? Lorado Taft Itelievcd that people >h(tuld hr train<'d to see the beauty around them. \\ hat do you think he meant when he said, "To open eyes to the glories of nature is to bring color i!it(» dral) surroundings'".'' lb* felt tliat we should jjavj- many nui^eums where casts and works of art could be exhib- ited and enjoyed by all. He also wanted each community to help its talented young people, those who have umisual gifts which enable them to create beautiful things. It would certainly enrich our community life if such people could develop and use these talents to the fullest extent. What are some ways by which a community can help its gifted children? What did the poet mean when he said, "A thing of beauty is a joy forever"? Mr. Taft lectured and worked diligently to convert a por- tion of the 1893 World's Fair into a Museum of Sculpture and was disappointed when it was made into the Museum of Science and Industry'. However, he never gave up his idea of a museum of sculpture. Perhaps Chicago will some day make his dream come true. Of what advantage would a museum of sculpture be to Chicago? Do you know the location of any of the works of Lorado Taft? 199 Portrait of Ella Flagg Young 200 KUu Ma^g Young No acrouiil of C!lii(af:«»\ irulwlnal and cultural leaders is coniplelf without the* >t(»ry of Klla Hag^ Voiiiif;. I.ikf many of the other cliaracters whom wc have met in this chapter. Mrs, Yourij? was not a (Ihiraj^oa?! liy liirtli. She came here from IJuflalo wh<*n she was thirteen years oM. At the age of seventeen she was teaching in (>hieago*H srhooU. This was in 1R<>2, when the youtj^ mm of our ruunlts lia«l h'ft the school rooms for tJje battlefields of the Civil War. Mrs. Young j^erved ('hieago whooU for more than fifty years. During this time she worked as a teaciier, a principal, head of the normal school, ami, in I'M)*), she Immmiiw the suiwrintendent of schools. She was the first and only woman to hold this high positiorj. Tj'achers and students in Chicago owe a greMl deal to Ella Flagg Young. Our beautiful vcK-ational schools remind US of her, for she was among tlie first to advocate vocational training in the schools of Chicago. A believer in democracy in the schools, she fought for the right of each (hi Id to grow in his own way, to make his own decisions, and to assume responsibilities in school, which would help hitn to become* a loyal, participating, and responsible' citizen of Chicago and the United States. She was intereste'd in advancing the position of wonuMi in tJiis country, working hard to secure for them tlie right to vole and to hold responsible positions. "I'd like to do for the wome^n eif Chicago what tliey have done for me in giving me my chance," said Mrs. Young. W hen she resigned her position as superintenelent of schools in 1915, liie Chicago Herald said: "The ihildren of Chicago know liiey are indeed losing a friend from among the ruling powers of their daily lives, because after Dccem- l>er 8, Mrs. Klla Flagg Young will no longer be head of the Chicago public schools." What progress u-as made by Chicago in the field of vocational edu- cation during the time that Mrs. Young was superintendent of schools? 201 ■ ^fwm Bin -■§'Mlh Have you ever visited the Hull House? Jane Addams Of Jane Addams, Theodore Roosevelt once said: "She is Chicago's most useful citizen."" A congress of social workers referred to her as "first lady of Chicago, first lady of the United States, first lady of the world." If an introduction of her is necessary, it would read something like this: Jane Addams was born in wealth in 1860. She gave her ALL to help those in poverty and distress. Although she endured ill health most of her life, she suffered the pains of others more than her own. By her own example she taught kindness, under- standing, self-sacrifice, and fellowship. She was a lecturer and 202 author of eight books, bcaide* many arlitlcs in variou.t pubHca- tion&. Misa Addams ret-cirt'd fourtcrn h«jn said to have remarked that when slu* grew up she was goiog to have a fine house in tiie midst of needy houses and invite all her neighbors to conn* ther<\ She aequired this fun* hous<» in U]S9, with h«'r friend, Kllen Gates Starr. It was onee the home of Charles J. Hull, an early real-estate man, and wa> located at Halsted and Polk Streets. From its windows she could see the factories, teiu*nient houst^s, and shanti«*s, where people from many countries had come to live and work. This house was destined to become a place where all man- kind would be welcome. No definite plans had been made except to be helpful and neighborly. Both Jane Addams and her friend began playing with the neighborhood children, inviting tiieir niotliers to come to them for help in solving some of tlieir problems. Men and women were also invited to use tJie rooms of this house as a club and for get-together parties of the community. Jane Addams felt tliat if those living in this area became ac(juainted and knew one another, they could learn how to live side-by-side regardless of early backgrounds and national origins. She understood the value of good human relations and helped otliers to do tlie same. Jane Addams tried to develop community interest and pride. She secured the appointment of garbage inspector of her ward and often rose at six o'clock in the morning to see that the carts were on their routes, gatliering the garbage. She tried to have the p>eople of the community understand and assume individual responsibility for keeping the yards, alleys, and homes clean and attractive. This house then became known as Hull House and began to make itself known, not by expensive advertising, but bv kind deeds and understandings. Many wealthy people became interested and gave generous gifts to Hull House. Miss Addams, however, felt that tliese |>eoplc sliould give not only 203 their money, but also tlicir irieiidsliip to these new Americans who had much to ofTcr in rctinii. Many of them liad hrought witli tliem a weahh of beauty in art, music, dances, and handi- crafts, as well as interesting stories, fiom their native lands. These new Americans also needed a sympathetic under- standing to help them make the adjustments necessary in their new surroundings. The established citizens of wealth and those who were newly arrived from foreign lands could give to each other a richness in understanding and brother- hood. This was one of the ideals of the leaders of Hull House. The work of Hull House was the pride of Chicago, and people gave freely of their time and money. Thus Hull House grew, f'our new buildings were erected, giving added rooms for clubs, an art gallery, music studios, reading rooms, a gymnasium, a social hall, a day nursery and kindergarten, and a coffee house. Jane Addams herself said of it that its presence in the neighborhood was like that of a "big brother whose mere presence on the playground protects the little one from bullies." What bullies do you think she had in mind tvhen she made that statement? With the aid of her associates at Hull House and other prominent Chicagoans, Jane Addams brought about many reforms which make a l)etter w^orld for all of us. Among these reforms were: 1. The establishment of the Juvenile Court in Chicago, the first of its kind in the United States. 2. Laws abolishing child labor in Illinois. 3. Better housing conditions. 4. More healthful working conditions in shops, factories, and mills. 5. Laws for the protection of immigrants. 6. The establishment of playgrounds in Chicago for those whose only place of play was the city street. 204 One of tlie most iiileresling places in Chicago today is Hull House, whicli now includes some tliirteen liuildings and which continually adds to its services to keep up with the changing times. Over 7500 people enjoy this fine house every week. The gift of seventy-two acres hy Mrs. Joseph DeKoven Bowen, known as Howen (lountry (!lul», allord.s (>0<) cliildien, as well as their parents, a two-weeks' outing every summer. Daily, people cornj' and go in the vicitnty of Hull House, but the good work of extending a helping hand to all in r>eed, l>egun hy Jane .\ddains, continues to serve human m»eds. Truly she deserves the title conferred upon her hy Theodore Roosevelt, "Chicago's most useful citizen." The Average Chicu^oaii Leadership is necessary to make any project a success; and Chicago, as we have seen, has had many leaders who have helped to make her great. There is one more person of whom we shall speak. This person co-operates with his family, with his fellow workers, and with the municipal leaders, who are the choice of the maji>rity. He goes ahout doing gooth in spirit and deed. He deserves all tlie good things that his city has to offer. His only "ism" is "Americanism." He is kind and generous to his family and neighbor. The education, morals, and happiness of his family are his chief concern. He is content and happy in an average comfortable home. He does not think that the world owes him a living. He attends the church of his choice in accordance with the 205 American ideal of freedom of religion, and he lives up to its teachings seven days a week. His honesty and ideals are demonstrated in deeds. He is most dependable. He THINKS for himself, so that bad influence or temptations have no chance with him. He does not gossip or carry tales, but finds his pleasure in good literature, plays, sports, music, and art. You must have guessed who this person is by now. It is none other than Mr. "Average Chicagoan." None of these people whom we have learned about in this chapter would have been able to accomplish their goals were it not for the aid of Mr. "Average Chicagoan." Let him be your ideal. GO AHEAD! I. What does the word Pioneer mean? Show how each of the persons mentioned in this chapter was a pioneer. II. Do we have any pioneers in Chicago today? Can you name any persons in your community who were pioneers? III. Go to the library and try to find the answers to these questions : 1. What part did each of the following play in the Pullman strike: Eugene Debs, John Peter Alt- geld, and Grover Cleveland? 2. What is the Nobel Peace Prize? 3. What additional projects have been helped by the Julius Rosenwald Fund? IV. Dramatize some episode in the life of any one of the people mentioned in this chapter. V. By appointment, visit: 1. Hull House 2. Any of tlie industries or business houses men- tioned in this chapter VI. On one of your trips, plan to view the sculpture of Lorado Taft. 206 1. "Solitude of the Soul" — at Art Institute 2. "Fountain of the Great Lakes" — lotatetl just south of llie Art Institute on Michigan Avmue 3. "Fountain of Time" — located on the Midway Plaisance \'II. Scture pictures of lliosc wlio helped to make Clii- cago great, and place them in your notehook or on the bulletin hoard. P«*r}iaps you can secure from your Visual Education Department m«tvii-< which deal with some of these people. \ 111. Summarize this chapter in the form of a (lavah ad*- of ('hicago broadcast. TEST YOUR MKMORV 1. Chicago's first mayor was 2. "The customer is " said Marshall Field. 3. The reaper was invented by 4. In 1902 the Mc(!ormick Harvesting Machine Company, William Deering and Company, and other reaper manu- facturers formed the 5. Potter Palmer wanted Street instead of Street to be tlie important street in Chicago. 6. Pioneers in the meat packing industry were and Can you name others who are engaged in this industry today? 7. A model town for his employees was established by 8. Federal troops occupied the city of Chicago during the 9. Julius Rosen wa Id was vice-president and treasurer of 10. He made many gifts to such projects as: , and . . 207 11. "The Fountain of Time" was designed by tlie famous sculptor He also made a statue of the famous Indian warrior, 12. Hull House is located at It was founded by , who was called by Theodore Roosevelt IS YOUR aXY GREAT? A city doesn't need queens and kings To make her big and great; She doesn't need costly jewels and rings — Sometimes these lead to hate. Big buildings too she doesn't need, Nor hundreds of wide boulevards Nor wealth, nor wickedness, nor people's greed Such actions aren't "in the cards." To make her great, what are her needs? Love, fellowship, good-will, co-operation, Generosity, education, character, deeds — She'll be the best in the nation. — Selected This is what Pericles said of his city, Athens, in the fifth century B.C. Can you say the same of your city today? Our city is equally admirable in peace and in war. We are lovers of the beautiful, yet simple in our tastes, and we cultivate the mind without the loss of manliness. Wealth we employ, not for talk and ostentation, but when there is a real use for it. To acknowledge poverty with us is no disgrace; the true disgrace is in doing nothing to avoid it. An Athenian citizen does not neglect the State because he takes care of his own household; and even those of us who are engaged in business have a very fair idea of politics. We alone regard a man who shows no in- terest in pubUc affairs, not as a harmless, but as a useless character. 208 THE MARCH OF (:hh:a(;(> Born with a fciitur\ ^ l)irtli iiiiir and >hrltrrftl \sjtliin a fort; Stript of a roof by salvages at ihr river's lorjcly port; Driven by demons of whirlwind and a miUiun rushing flanir«. And smitten by anarchy\s n-dilcncd hands and a ihounand dradly shames, Still upward and onward >h«- ^lar«■ll«•^, uilli victory e-filled sky And her face turned toward tlie day; Marching along, three million strong, A cheer and a song for Chicago! — Horace Spencer Fiske 209 CHIPTER g 'Surely in toil or fray. Under an alien sky, Comfort it is to say, 'Of no mean city am I.' " — Kipling CHICAGO'S FUTl KE I^'ariiiii^ Alioiit ihr (yrtiHlh of hlurl) Cities Discovering ^'liy (!ity Pluiiiiiiig Is Necessary Studying the Orijiiii of th<* Cliicuf^o I'luii Aiiulyziug Our CoiiiprclH'iiHive Plan Makf no little plans; they have no magic to stir men's blood. . . . Make big plans; aim high in hope and work. . . . Hemember that our sons and grandsons are going to do things that would stagger us. — Daniel II. Burnham Did you ever wonder why you live in Chicago? You live here because your parents decided it was the place where tliey could best provide the basic necessities of life, food, clotliing, and shelter for you and the family. The problems of rearing a family and providing for these necessities reijuirc mucii tliought and planning. Just as edch family must plan for its existence, a group of individuals living togetlier in a city needs to plan for its existence. Planning for millions of people is more compli- cated tlian planning for a single family. LR\RiMNG ABOUT THE GROWTH OF EARLY OTIES If hy Early People Lived in Groups In ancient times, people lived togetlier for the purpose of protection. They also foimd it easier to carry on trade. In group life, they had to plan how to live in harmony and how to keep tlieir possessions. In the Nile Valley, for example, each year the Egyptians had to gather their pos>e.>- sions and had to determine wliere tliey would resettle wlien the flood waters of the Nile River had receded. 211 Cities Planned by Kings Kings once planned their cities according to their own wishes. Wlien a new ruler gained control, he sometimes ahandoned the city, built a new palace, and surrounded it witli a new city. W alled-in Cities Early cities were often surrounded by high walls for pro- tection. Wall Street, the financial center of New York City, obtained its name when Peter Stuyvesant ordered a palisade built around the town to protect it from invasion. However, the early invention of p;unpowder made walls inadequate for the protection of cities. The old walls were often torn dow^n and replaced with beautiful scenic boulevards. // has been said that the chanice from "earth to irir travel'' is chanp.- ing our cities today as much as gunpoiider did in the early days. Do you think this statement is true? Activities That Caused Cities to Groiv In more recent times, cities have usually developed where farming, shipping, mining, or manufacturing have become established. Some cities, too, such as Miami, Florida, have grown up because of special recreational advantages. Some- times industries have diminished or ceased entirely and the city has often been abandoned. In Illinois, for example, the mines in some towns became exhausted, and people were obliged to find work in otlier towns. These abandoned cities are sometimes called ghost to^^^^s. Many factors contril)ute to the location of a city. How many can you name? Name some of the characteristics of a farming community ; a sea- port; a mining town; a manufacturing center. Can you name any cities in Illinois that come under these three categories? Chicago's location was due largely to the presence of tlie Chicago River, which made this spot an important shipping terminus. Other important river-cities are Rome on the Tiber River, Paris on the Seine, and London on the Thames. 212 ilhfitt — Finil ihf -Irro/xt/i* iiiunig Europ*Hin i.itivn illtena One of tlie most fainou.s of \hc aiu-ient cities is Athens in Creet-e. Located five miles from the sea and upon liigh ground, the capital on the Acropolis can he seen for miles in every direction. Of llii> city IVriclcs, one of its outstanding leaders, said: "We do not copy our neighhors; we are an example to them." The plaimers of Athens had the appni-i- ation of heauty as their aim. (ireat arti>ts. scuIplor>. and landscape gardeners were employed to huild tiiis famous city. Even today, many cities in Europe and the I'nitcd .*>tates plan and construct huildiii^- in the >tyle of Greek architjtlure. Can you name any buildings in Chicago which are patterned after the Greek architecture? Parit \liiilrlfiiif i lturhaded city with all the dwellings in the renter, and a promenade on the river front. Today Philaih-lphia'-* citv plan- aw quilr (lillfrfnt from those of William iNiui. AUhoufh some of the old butUinf^s still exist, uhy uiU not William Perm's plans fit Philadelphia today? ii tiahingtitn^ Dintrict i»/ i olnitthia Few Americans realize that we are the only modern nation which has planned its scat of «:()vernm«Mit from thr venr' beginning. George Washington, in about 1791, directed the laying-out of our beautiful capital. He also suggested that the young French engineer, Pierre L'F^nfant, be invited to White UouBf Capitol W atltin^titn. It.i 3^ v ... draw tlie plans and designs of the city. L'Enfant patterned our capital city after his owti Paris. The city was planned to accommodate 8,000,000 people, approximately the size of London at that time. These plans called for a White House and Capitol Building, connected by a spacious park. The street system was designed with diagonal streets leading to a civic center where the government buildings were to be erected. Many people laughed at L'Enfant's large-scale plans because no one believed tliere would ever be enough people living in Washington to cover one-tenth of the space envisioned in these plans. They called him a dreamer, but his ideas were accepted and his dreams came true. Today we have a beauti- ful, well-planned capital which has been improved and modernized as the need has arisen. Many of our states have patterned their state capitol buildings after the design of our national capitol. Can you name any state capitol building that is patterned after our national capitol? DISCOVERING WHY CITY PLANNING IS NECESSARY Difficulties of Changing a City After It Is Built Since very little planning has gone into the building of most of our cities, confusion often results from haphazard, unplanned growth. Once cities are developed and populated, it is almost as difficult to change them as it is for a sculptor to change his design after he has begun to carve the stone. Similarities in Home and City Planning If your family has ever built or remodeled a home, you know how much time and thought were given to every detail. Once completed, however, such planning proved most val- uable. Just as a home requires planning, a city also needs a plan for growth and development. In any city library one can find books written by people who have planned "model" 216 cities, siicli as Radiant City h\ the Freiuli arcliitr. t. I rOor- hiisier, or Broadacre City by Frank Lloyd Wright. STUDYING THK ORIGIN OF THK CHICAGO FLAN If'hy Early Vlanning Was Seglvvtod In tl)e he^iniiin«;, as was the ia>e in LoiuKm, there was no pattern for huiUiing (Ihiea^o. 'I'lie early settlers were too husy protecting themselves from the Indians, e^lahlishin^ trade, and making a living, to plan the future (h'velopment of their citv. Trees had to he cut, rough prairie laml j)lowed, and houses and roads built. The plans to guide the future develop- ment of Chicago were left to its future citizens. At the Columbian Kxposition in \H9'.], Daniel II. Hiiniham demonstrated how groups of buildings can be artistically and systematically arranged. The men who made the Fair suc- cessful wished to create a similar plan for the entire city of Chicago. Under tlie guidance of Burnham, the Conunercial Club, the Merchant's C>lub, and other civic leaders, the Plan of Chicago was prepared; and in 1909, it was presented to the city. A permanent group, tlie Chicago Plan Commission, was tlien organized. In 1939, the Plan Commission was reor- ganized as an official arm of our city government. Burnham's plan envisioned Chicago with a beautiful shore- line, numerous parks and forest preserves, and diag«)nal streets meeting at a central point where the civic center was to be located. Much credit is due Mr. Burnham for our lake front development, our parks, our boulevard system, and many other civic improvements. Throughout its exist«*nce, the Chicago Plan Commission has empliasized tlie following points: 1. Guided development of our city is necessary, not only to serve present needs, but for the future growth of Chicago. 217 Proposed plan for Chicago 2. No definite city plan can be followed. The plan is a starting point for future development. 3. Planning is a continuing process. Changes in llie plan must be made from time to time to meet needs. 4. The comprehensive city plan must take into consider- 218 ation every as{>eel ^^i the city's life — icsulciilKil, com- mercial, and industrial—along artistic lines to achieve tlie best results for the least expenditure of lime, eflfort, and money, ANALYZIX; Ol K rOMPHKHKNSIVK PLAN The Coniprolivrinive City Vlati The (!ornj)rclM'iisiv(' ( !ity IM.iii u.i- |»iilili-'h«'»i iii PM«. Wilhiii its framework there is opportunity for every \y\ni of enterpriftc, Tliis is tlie svmhol of the Comprehensive City Plan. It i-* a wheel, made up of seven sections, each rej)r«^enting a different aspect of urban or city living. Each of these phases is bound to the other by the hub, the Comprehensive City Plan. The Compr(»heiisive City Plan takes into consideration the following: 1. Private Land I se - - Privately owned land ma\ b.* developed for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes. It is the function of the Comprehensive City Plan to secure and to maintain a more harmonious relationship between tliese tliree major land uses. 2. School, Park and Play Areas — Chicago has many large parks but needs more small parks and play- grounds. The Plan Commission proposes tliat neighbor- hood parks and playgrounds be planned next to the public elementary school in the neighborhood. Com- munity parks and playgrounds for adults are planned in connection with tlie public high school in tlie community. Public schools and parks are thus the center of educational and recreational activities in every neighborhood and community tliroughout the cit)'. 3. I'tilities — A much needed sewer construction pro- gram is under way which will provide for better An ExpretBu-ay in Chicago ^ mfimm. disposal and treatment of sewage within the city> Relocating some of the public utilities is also being considered. To provide a safer and more adequate water supply, two new filtration plants have been pro- posed, one for the south section of the city, and another for the north and northwest sections and areas outside of the city. These are some of the problems considered in this phase of the Comprehensive City Plan. 4. Thoroughfares — The increasing use of tlie auto- mobile, the width of streets and boulevards, the system of highways, both within and beyond the city limits, the central business-district traffic flow, trucking and freight terminals are some of the factors which are considered in the comprehensive city plan of thorough- fares. Because more automobiles are being driven than ever before in our history, a serious traffic problem exists. To relieve this situation, plans have been made for the development of the Congress Street Expressway and the Northwest Expressway. A Southwest and a South Expressway are also contemplated in these plans. These main arteries will ease the flow of traffic both out of and into the City. Convenient and well-designed parking areas and one-way streets to speed up traffic are also considered in the Comprehensive City Plan. 5. Local Transit — Although some improvements have Lincoln Park Highway Seclittn pluitiit'tl far Chicago been made in local transportation, extension and mod- ernization of this service are badly needed in Cliieago. In tlie future there will be more subways and fewer streetcar lines in the local transit system. C>an you tell why? 6. Transportation — Because Chicago is both a railroad and an air center of the world, we have many trans- portation problems to solve. Sueh problems as the bringing together of our scattered railroad terminals and the Imalion and size of our airports are included in the Comprehensive Citv Plan. 221 Civic Center — Chicago of tomorrote 7. Public Building Locations — Various municipal, county, state, and federal office buildings are scattered throughout Chicago. The Plan Commission points out that a considerable number of these should be housed in a civic center. This plan is an example of city phiii- ning with reference to the location of public buildings. Three times Chicago has built new government buildings which soon became too small. Today our city government is located in fifteen different buildings. Cook County govern- ment offices are scattered in sixteen locations, State gov- ernment offices in twenty buildings, and Federal government offices in thirty-five buildings. While it is necessary to have 222 some govermnent agencies located in the various communi- lie^ of tlie city. ?»ii«li as libraries, police, antl fire stations, and health centers, tlie citizens of Giicago lose much time and inonev because of the irn onvcnicnt >c.nltcriii^ of many govcrnnu'nt o^lce^. i.hicago Civic Center After receiving suggestions from interested groups, and after long ami intensive study, tlie IMan (Commission has proposed a site and has offered plans for a (Ihicago Civic Center. The site recommended is hounded on the west by iIjc Chicago River, on the soutli by Van liuren Street, on the east by Wells Street, and on the north by Madison Street. This location has many advantages. It is within easy reach of tlic business and financial districts and the tran>portation depots of the loop. It is adjacent to the largest post oflice in the world. The Congress Street Expressway, the Northwest Expressway, and Wacker Drive make it a convenient loca- tion for automobiles without adding to traffic congestion. The Civic Center will provide a park for the central business district, for tlie buildings will occupy a smaller proportion of tlie site tlian will tiie green park whiih surrounds tliem. This plan will be a great improvement of the site which, at the present time, is occupied by old and run-down buildings. Keplacement of these old buildings by a civic center of tlie modeni-skyscraper design would be a great accomplishment. From a historic point of view, there could be no more appro- priate site tlian on tlie Chicago River which in tlic early years «»f Chicago determined the location of the city of Chicago. Tyf>es of Planning Areas The Plan Commi>>i(>n lias studied Chicago for many years, ind on the basis of intensive research has classified each parcel of land in tlie city according to its use, that is, whether or not it has been built upon and whether it is in good or bad condition. 223 Several types of areas have been found: 1. Vacant land is classified as to its suitability for future industrial, commercial, or residential u.>e, in agree- ment with the Comprehensive City Plan, When a builder acquires a piece of vacant land, he can go to the plan to insure the proper use to which that land should be put. 2. Blighted areas are those which are occupied by old and neglected buildings which are undesirable and often unsafe. These buildings frequently do not have modem plumbing, and they are in need of major repairs. Blighted areas are located close to the center of the city. These sections of the city were the first to be built up, and the dirt and smoke of industry, overcrowded housing conditions, crime, and disease have come to characterize them. Such areas cannot be made desirable by remodeling the old, worn-out structures or by simply cleaning up the streets. They must be cleared of their present buildings to make rebuilding possible. Because tliis is such an expensive process, the Chicago Land Clearance Commission was formed to aid in the rebuilding of our blighted areas. Organized in 1947, the Land Clear- ance Commission has the power to buy blighted land, clear it, and resell it so that new buildings can be erected and the area improved. 3. Near-blighted areas are not in as bad condition as are the blighted areus, but they are growing rapidly worse. They are located on the fringes of the blighted areas. 4. Conservation areas are those which, by joint commu- nity and city effort, can be maintained and improved. These areas need not become blighted if property owners and other residents co-operate with each other and with the city in making improvements and in keeping them in usable condition. More than one-half of Chicago is classified as "conservative" in character. 224 JiLUiK ZTTXW Modst N eighborhood planning Local community organizations, working with building and zoning oflicials and other civic leaders, can do much to preserve these areas and make them better places in wliicli to live, work, and play. 5. Stably areas are tlie most desirable neighborhoods in wliich to live. These areas should be maintained in their present good condition. With intelligent planning for the future, they are in no danger of becoming blighted. 225 Neighborhood Planning The neighborhood is the basic unit of the Comprehensive City Plan offered by tlie Chicago Plan Commission. There are more tlian five hundred neighborhoods in Chi- cago. A typical neighborhood contains 6,000 to 8,000 people. The neighborhood plans call for an educational, recreational, and cultural center, made up of an elementary school, a small, quiet park, and a playground to service the entire neighborhood. Fast through-moving traffic will travel on thoroughfares around, and not through, the neighborhood. Thus residents can live in greater safety and quiet, and still have convenient access to all necessary services and places of employment. Community Planning A community is a group of related neighborhoods. Each community is planned to include a high school, shopping center, government subcenter, and a large park and atliletic field for the use of the entire community. Each community is a small city in itself, with a population of about fifty thousand to seventy thousand persons. Small industrial plants which do not create smoke, dirt, or noise may be situated in local communities. They will be convenient for persons going to and from work and will relieve traffic congestions and other transportation problems as well. Do you think that cities will be built underground to avoid destruc- tion in time of ivar? Try to imagine a city of tunnels and caves, air- condilioned and lighted with electricity. Metropolitan Planning Chicago is the core of a great metropolitan area. The city's economy reaches beyond political boundaries, and its problems are not confined by city limits. Many factors make 226 it necessary- to lake into consideration the entire metropoliLiifc- area when planning for tlie city of Oiicago. Tliorou^hfarea and tlie systems of Iinal transit of liic city and region muhl be co-ordinated. Problems of air pollution, health, and sani- tation disregard political boundaries. \ numbective. The Plan Commission works closely with the Chicago Ht^ional Planning Ahjhkm- ation, the Chicago Association of (^ommerc^* and Industry, and other organizations whose interests are metroiH)lilan in scope so as to achieve tliis perspective. Who Makes the Chicago Plan? We have learned that in early iimcs many cities were built according to the will of one man. Some Giicagoans think that all the planning for our great city is the will of the Plan Commission. This is not true. In a democracy, the oppor- tunity for intelligent city planning depends upon the par- ticipation and the co-operation of all [x'ople. Many citizens study the Comprehensive City Plan. Their suggestions are carefully considered, and the plan is revised to conform to the wishes of the people. The Plan Commission studies all suggestions made by interested citizens in order to arrive at a workable comprehensive city plan. City planning is not a one-man or a single agency job. Chicago has been favored by nature in its hxation, ita rich soil, flat surface, ever-changing and favorable climate, forest, farm, and mineral resources. Planning will make our 227 city more efficient and liveable. Chicago's success and advancement will depend to a large extent upon its present and future citizens, upon their interest in making it all that they wish their city to he. We hope you will be able to take many of tlie suggested trips in and about tlie city, with your classmates or with your family, because the only way to KNOW Chicago is to visit it. If you know your city, you can help in suggesting (•jlans for a better Chicago tomorrow. HOW FAR CAN YOU GO? 1. Go to the library to learn more concerning: Wall Street, when it was a palisade in early New York City (Find out about this street today) The history of cities surrounded by walls William Penn's plans for Philadelphia Pierre L'Enfant's plans for our capital, Wash- ington, D. C. Daniel H. Burnham's plan for Chicago Broadacre City and Radiant City — two cities designed by city plamiers li. By appointment, visit: The Chicago Plan Commission Buildings designed after Greek architecture Neighborhood Civic Centers • III. Secure some pictures of the World Columbian Expo- ' sition (1893) to see how well-arranged and alirac- ! live the Fair Buildings actually were. . IV. Obtain pictures of Greek architecture; pictures of Paris, France; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Wash- ington, D. C. V. Make a survey of your district or community. Observe what you think needs improvement. List 228 these needs according to (a) re8pon>il)ilitie.«* of the city, and (b) responaibi lilies of the citizens; or, make a survey of your community by finding out about such information a»: 1. Its liistory 2. P'actories 3. Number and kindm of Ktoree 4. Scliools 5. Libraries 6. Churches 7. Recreational facilities 8. Number of apartment buildings and houscfi 9. Future plans VI. Read radio and television listings to learn about broadcasts relating to Qiicago*s future. VII. Write a slogan for the people of Qiicxigo. Krrp in mind the one Pericles wrote for tlie people of Alheiih many years ago: "Day by day fix your eyes on the greatness of AiImmis until you become filled with the love of her." TEST YOIIR MEMORY 1. The three necessities of life are , , 2. People lived together in ritie» in ancient times because .3. Give three good sentences about the planner of our national capital 4. Are Southern cities different from Northern cities? Eastern cities? Western cities? 5. In your estimation should undrrground city-planning h*- done in Chicago? Why or why not? 6. Why can the policies of the Chicago Flan f>>mnuwion be de- pended upon ? 229 7. What great duty now faces the young people of Chicago as a result of the cflorts of the early settlers and founders? 8. State briefly in your own words what the Plan of Chicago pro- vides for the city 9. What conditions could cause these plans for the future of Chi- cago to be changed? 10. What does your community offer to the whole picture in the way of industries and factories; parks and playgrounds; churches; schools; airports; bridges? 11. The basic unit of the Comprehensive City Plan is the 12. There are more than neighborhoods in Chicago. 13. A typical neighborhood contains to people. 14. A group of related is a 15. Each community is planned to include a , , , and 16. Chicago is the of a great metropoUtan area. 17. Why must Chicago include the metropolitan area in its plan- ning? 18. Problems of , , and disregard political boundaries. 19. City planning is not a or job. 20. Chicago has been favored by nature in its , , and mineral. SONG OF aXIES I am no Sandburg, But I like this town. I have seen L.A. with its palms and sun And its army of shiny Money-crusted motor beetles Crawling over The streets. 1 have seen New York with its bridges And its needle-finger towers Clawing at the sky 230 And it^ nnllion million lighu. I have seen liuiiana's Bronn County, W hrrr Mdiir drratning hand Duriipfd thf paint-buckft of God L[H»n th(* facT uf th«* rarlh. I have seen Frisco with its l*a<'ifif fog-whip circling Th«' people ru.shing up and down The roller coaster pavement. I am no Sandburg And I have not seen all of the world. But so far I am still your lover, Retl-robed. lusty laughing lady — Chicago. — J. W. Jakes CHICAGO *\S'hen 1 »'nter my city of stone and of steel. My heart beats the faster with thrills that I feel. I am caught in the fervor that comes with the crowd; I am part of a city of which I am proud. My Chicago, your face is that of a youth. In your heart beats the love of honor and truth. The century since you sprang into life Has gone with the Indian's scalping knife. But it has brought )ou thousands of men .\nd riches too great for tongue or pen. Through the songs <»f youth run the rhyme you feel. And, '1 ^^ ill,' are the words that you wear in your seal. .My Chicago. I love the songs that you sing. Their melodies always to my ears bring The sound of the waves as they beat on your shore And the hum of the crowds that await at your door." Report of the Supt. of Schools of the City of Chicago. 1936 231 INDEX Academy of Sciences, 22 Addams, Jane, 202-205 Adler Planetarium, 20, 57 Air freight terminals, 156 Airplane, 150-157 Airports, 150-157, 221 Air transportation center, 7, 156 Aldermen, 54 Altgeld, John Peter, 118 American way of life, 123 Appellate Court, 90 Armour Institute, 189 Armour, Philip D., 188-190 Art Institute of Chicago. 23 Athens, 213 Aviation, 150-157 B Bailey, Jonathan, 159 Ballot, 93 Black Hawk, 199 Black Hawk War. 37 Black Partridge, 37 Blighted area, 224 Blue Island, 184 Board of Cook County Com'rs, 58 Board of Trade building, 13 Bobtails, 145 Boulevard system, 217. 220 Bowen Country Club, 205 Bowen, Mrs. Joseph de Koven, 205 Bridges, 28 "Broadacre City," Frank Lloyd Wright, 217 Budget, 56 Lumham, Daniel H., 211, 217 Cable cars, 147 Calhoun, John, 163 California, 182 Calumet River, 129, 132 Calumet Sag Channel. 132 Capitol buildings, 216 Captain Whistler, 35 Century of Progress Exposition. 41 Chappel, Eliza, 108-109 Chicago airports, 150-157 airway center, 156 bridges, 28 budget, 56 city charter, 55 city council, 54, 68, 69 city hall, 60 city ordinance, 54, 68 elevated lines, 147 flag, 41 freight tunnel, 137 harbor district, 133 health department, 75 loop, 12 motor coach lines, 150 motto, 45 name, 34 numbering system. 11 parks, 10-17 police, 71-72 railroads, 133-135 railroad stations, 135 river, 28, 58, 132 streets, 1 1 street cars, 147 232 subways, 149 terminal di«tricl, 135 world's (air, 41 Chicago Academy of Scienc**, 22 Chicago Aero (x)mmiMion. 154 Chicago and Alton Railroad, 192 Chicago AiMuciation of Commerce and Industry. 227 Chicago Board of Education. 56, 113 Chicago City Council. SI, 68. 69 Chicago Civic Opera Hou^r. 1.1 Chicago Fire, 39. 184 Chicago Flag Cominiiwtion, 41 Chicago Freight Tunnel, 137 ('hicago Harhur I)i!<^ct, 133 Chicago Historical Society. 22 Chicago Housing Authority. 70 Chicago Industrial Area, !■'> Chicago I^nd Clearance Cuiiinu^-ion. 70. 224 Chicago Medical College, 76 Chicago Midway Airport, 154 Chicago Motor Coach, l.SO Chicago Municipal Airport, 154 Chicago Natural History Museum. 19 Chicago Park District, 5-7 Chicago Park District Board, 5-7 Chicago Plan Commission, 217. 223, 227 Chicago Post Office, 160 Chicago Public Library, 70 Chicago Rapid Transit Company, ll-l Chicago Regional Planning Associa- tion. 227 Chicago River. 27. 58. 132 Chicago Sanitary District, 58, 80 Qiicago Sanitary District Board, 58 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. 132 Chicago Stadium, 25 Chicago Surface Lines, 144 Chicago Terminal District, 135 Chicago Transit Authority, 143 Child Ubor Uws, 204 City Qerk, 68 City ordinance, 54, 68 Lii> pianneiK, 227 Gly planning. 216227 City Ueaturer, 69 Civic center, 223 Civil Aeronautic* Adminlalraiion. 1S6 Civil Aeronautic* Board. 156 Civil Service CommiMioa, 69 •Clay Talk." 198 (.«ache«, 139 Colinrum. 25 College. 117 Columbian Rxpoailion of 1893. 19B-217 (^tnunonwealth Exlikon, 70 Community. 226 Comprehensive City Plan, 211 Compulsory education, 110 Congress of I'nited States, 66 Congress Street F.xprrssway, 2l1' Conservation, 224 Consolidation of railroad lerminaU, 135. 221 Constables, 71 Cook County, 60 commissioners, 60 hospital, 58 jail, 58 Cook County Hospital, 58 Cook County Jail. 58, 82 County building, 60 clerk, 82 commi'^sioners, 60 hospital. 58 jail, 58 officer>. 82 (x>unty assessor, 82 County clerk. 82 County coroner, 82 County recorder, 82 County shcriil, 82 County buperintendent ui >«»,— .- .^T County surveyor, 82 County treasurer, 82 233 Courts federal, 88 municipal, 88 state, 88 Court of Domestic Relations, I Court of Small Claims, 88 Criminal Court, 88 D Dearborn, Henry, 35 Dearborn Massacre, Fort, 36 Deering and Company, 185 Department of Finance, 69 Department of Law, 69 Deplaning, 156 Des Plaines River, 130 Detroit, 35 Dore, John C, 110 Douglas Airport, 154 Du Sable, Jean Baptiste, 35 Elections, 90-92 judicial, 92 local, 92 primary, 92 special, 92 Elevated lines, 147 Enabling Act, 107 English, 34 Enplaning, 156 Erie Canal, 129 Evening schools, 110, 120 Executive Department, 68-88 Executive Mansion, 83 Expressways, 142 Forest Preserve Commissioners, 63 Forest Preser\'e District, 62-63 Fort Dearborn, 71 Fort Dearborn Massacre, 36 "Fountain of Time," 197 Franchise, 70 Freedom of learning, 123 Freight terminals, 221 French, 34 Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, 179 Garbage, 54, 203 Garfield Park Conservatory, 16 General Superintendent of Schools of Chicago, 56, 81, 113 Ghost towns, 212 Goodman Theater, 23 Governor, 83 Grain, 9 Greater Chicago, 45 Great Lakes, 132-133 Gulf of Mexico, 130 H Halsted Street, 203 Harrison, Carter, 101 Harvester, 185 Harvester-thresher, 185 Heald, Captain, 36 Health Department of Chicago, 75 Helicopter Air Service, 154 High school, 110, 114 Highways, 220 Hull, Charles J., 203 Hull House, 203 Hussey, Obed, 182 Field, Marshall, 177-179 Field Museum, 19 Filtration, 220 Fire Department, 74 Forbes, Stephen, 108 I Illinois constitution, 64 courts, 88-89 executive mansion, 83 234 govprnur, 83 hou»e of rrpreacntativr*, 64 law«, 64 lieutenant governor, 83 senate. 64 Illinois Bell Telephone Co.. 70 Illinois Commerce Commission, 71 Illinois Department of Welfare, 76 Illinois General Aswmhly, 64 lUiiioiit ln^tilule of Technology. 189 Illinois-Michigan Canal. 37. 130 Illinois River, 3^t Indians, 31 Injunction. lO^J Intercepting sewer, 58 International Harvester Company, 185 Iroquois fire. 110 •I will." 45 Joliet, Louis, 32 Judicial Department, 88-89 Judges, 88-89 Junior colleges, 118 Juvenile Court, 88, 204 Juvenile Detention Home. 58 Kennicott, Robert Kindergarten. 110 Kinzie, John, 36 K., 22 1-akr Michigan. 132 Uke Street. 186 Lukd Clearance Commission, 224 La Salle. Robert Cavalier, Sicur de, 34 1-e Corbusier, 217 Legislative department, 53^7 Leiter. Levi, 177, 179, 187 Le Mai. Joseph, 35 L'Enfant, Pierre, 216 Lewia Institute, 189 ss LiMrteoaBt govenMir, 83 Uncoln. 192 Livestock induuriea. 9. 189 l.ocal transit, 220 t>ondon. 214 Loop, Chicaso'a, 12 Loyola University, 76 M McConnick, Cyrus Hall. 181 18S McCormirk Harvealing llachioe Ceai- pany, 185 McCormick, Robert. 181 Madison Street, 12 Magic carpet, 157 Marcjuette, Father Janjur., U Marshall Field Store. 17'' Mayor of Chicago, 68 Meat packing, 1*^0 Medical schools in Chicago. 76 Meigs Field, 154 Metropolitan, 226 Metropolitan Chicago. 45 Metropolitan Transit Authority. 70 Miami. Florida, 212 Michael Reese Hospital, 76 Michigan Avenue Bridge, 28 Milwaukee, 188 Mississippi River Valley. 32 Motor bus, 150, 147 Movie, 171 Municipal Reference Library, 69 Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium. 70 Museum of Science and Industry, 20, 199 Mu^ham. Clonrl H. A., 32 N Naturalization paperm, 66 Navy Pier, 63 Neighl>orhood. 226 New Lngland, 38 Newspapers, 162- 163 235 New York, 179 Nile Valley. 211 Northwestern Railroad, 179 Northwestern University, 76 Northwest Expressway, 220 Northwest Territory, 107 Numbering system, 11 o Ogden, William B., 179-180 O'Hare International Airport. 154 Orchestra Hall, 25 Ordinance of 1787, 107 Oregon, Illinois, 199 Outer Drive, 142 Packing industry, 189 Packingtown, 188 Palmer House, 187 Palmer, Potter, 186 Palmer, Mrs. Potter, 187 Palmolive Building, 13 Parent Teachers Association, 114 Paris, 214 Parks, Chicago's, 16-17 Park system, 219 Penn, William, 215 Pericles, 213 Petition, 92 Philadelphia, 215 "Pioneer, The," 192 Planetarium, Adler, 20 Plank roads, 138 Planning, city, 211-228 Playgrounds, 204, 226 Police Department, 71-73 Polk Street, 203 Post Office, Chicago's, 62, 160 President of County Botird, 82 President of United States, 84 Primary elections, 92 Public libraries, 122 Public schools, 107-121 Public utilities, 70 Pullman, George Mortimer, 192-194 sleeping cars, 192 Pullman, model town of, 194 Pullman strike, 194 Pumping stations, 80 Purchasing agent, 69 Purifying the water, 79-80 Pylons, 30 R "Radiant City," 216 Radio Voice of Chicago Public Schools, 169 Railroads, 7, 133-135 Reaper, 181-185 Recreational activities, 219 Recreational centers. 25 Refrigerator car. 190 Registration of voters. 90 Rock River. 199 Roosevelt. Theodore, 202 Rosenwald Fund. 1% Rosenwald, Julius. l9UV)f> ROTC, 113 St. Lawrence-Great Lakes Waterway, 133 St. Paul, 188 Sandburg, Carl. 8 Schools, 107-121 School libraries, 122 Sculpture, 197-199 Seal, 38 Sears and Roebuck, 196 Sewage treatment, 58 Shedd Aquarium, 20 Shuttle bus, 150 "Sleep of the Flowers"— Taft, 198 Soldier Field, 57 236 South Kxprir»»wiy. 220 Suulh Side Railroftd Trruunal Con- !>uliilatiun, 135 Southwest KxprrMtway, 220 Springfield. lU.. 83. 1V5 Stage route*, 139 Starr. EUeo Cate«. 203 State lluu»r of ReprcttCQlaliveaL. Superhighway*. 142 Supreme Court, 8^ Swift. Gustavus 1881try (or the ikong, "Chicago," by Charles G. Blanden and for t>tati%tii-i> from Chicago in Brief. Follett Puhlihhing Company, Chicago, for poems. "A Modern DraKon" and "The Airplanes" by Rowen Bastin Bennett. Gemini Mu>ic Publishing Company, Inc., New York, for tiuotaiiou from ^.n^-, "It's a Small World," by Harold Rome. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, for quotations from Battle for Chicago by Wayne Andrews. Henry Holt and Company, Inc., New York, for quotation from poem. "Chicago" by Carl Sandburg. John W. Jakes, Chicago, for the poems "The Lions" and "Song of Cities." McCormick Historical Association, Chicago, for quotation from McConnick Family Papers. Poet and Publication (now Exposition Press, New York) for iK>ems, "The March of Chicago" by Horace Spencer Fiskc and "Chicago River" by Milly Watson. Rand McNally and Company for "Chicago House Number Map." The Reilly & Lee Co., Chicago, for poem "The Chicago Rirer" by Charkoa E^holm. 239 •