UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBAN/* -HAMPAIGN ILL HIST. SURVEY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/frenchinamerica100detr * * 4* 4* ♦ 4 T^ French in America 1520-1880 THE DETROIT INSTITUTE i~ J- J~ j~ J~ -i- ~2i 4~ JL he exhibition, The French in America, 1520-1880 covers the period which begins with the expedition of Verrazano along the coast of his Nova Gallia and ends with the presentation by France of the Statue of Liberty to America. To attempt fully to illustrate the manifold aspects of the French saga on the American continent throughout these centuries is beyond the scope of this exhibition. Much has been lost or destroyed; much is jealously preserved and unavailable; much also is purely of specialized interest. In an exhibition directed to the general public, a great deal that would be of value onlv to scholars had to be rejected. But also there are none of the pretty costume pictures popular a generation ago — no "Cadillac at the Court of Louis XIV," no "Franklin at the Court of Louis XVI," or "Lafayette Visiting Mount Vernon" by 1900 Prix de Rome or other painters of grandes machines. There remains a series of works of art and documents which the organizers of the exhibition believe to be significant from either an artistic or an historical point of view. And if beauty lies in appeal to the imagination as well as in outer grace, nothing here is without its beauty. Enumerations are dull. Yet, in an exhibition such as this, composed of more than five hundred objects, partly mementoes, partly works of art, it may not be useless to attract attention to some which we consider outstanding and which give in a way a third dimension to the long frieze which forms the saga of the French in America. The earliest pictorial document in the exhibition, and one of its greatest treasures, the Portolan from the Morgan Library executed by the Abbe Desceliers some fifteen years after Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence, is the work of one of these cartographers from Normandy, famous throughout Europe, which even Henry VIII tried to attract to his court. Fascinating to the layman and mysterious like all early ier Marquette's Map of his voyage in the riigan, Illinois and Mississippi regions. Lent by esnit Archives, College Sainte-Marie, Montreal, %da 29] Page 17 maps, difficult to read, it is perhaps, in its miniature-like quality, the most subtle docu- ment shown here. Quite different were Le Moyne de Morgues' drawings used for the famous De Bry Voyages. Thev are creations of another kind, clear and direct; and those of us who have been privileged to studv the little water color on vellum which is, alas, Mr. James H. Hyde's jealously guarded treasure, remember its almost Cartesian quality. All but one of Le Moyne de Morgues' water colors — there were more than forty of them — have been lost. However, shown in the exhibition are several of De Bry's engravings after these drawings; they remain among the most striking illustrations ever to celebrate the strangeness of the "Islands of India beyond the Ganges," as Columbus had called the new continent a century earlier. Champlain is known to us as a sailor and leader of genius. He was also a good draftsman who illustrated his own books. In a selection which has made no attempt to exclude the obvious, it was logical to show those sketches of a conscientious amateur who, with a medieval sense of perspective, depicted his Ahitation in Quebec and his battles with the Iroquois. From Champlain to his contemporary Rubens is a long step. But the proud Louis X1I1 by the Antwerp painter had also a place in our exhibition, since (through Richelieu it is true) the King favored a strong colonial policy. Next to this majestic work, which remained for three centuries in ducal and imperial col- lections, is a group of the little volumes known as the "Cramoisys," from their printer in Paris. Although they have nothing to do with art, thev too have a place — a glorious one — in the exhibition of The French in America, for they are the Jesuit Relations, the most extraordinarv series of documents ever dedicated ad majorem Dei gloriam. The thirty odd volumes of these Relations give great lessons of abnegation, humility and true greatness, with heroes such as Father Isaac Jogues who, a prisoner on his way to martyrdom, found the strength to convert his companions in captivity, and baptized them "with raindrops gathered from the leaves of a stalk of Indian corn given us to chew.'' More evocative perhaps are the wampum belts in the exhibition. One depicts in hieroglyphics the terms of a contract between Jesuits and Indians for the erection of the first wooden church in Huronia; another, made also of purple and white beads, represents — literally — "the burial of the hatchet" between the whites and the Iroquois. Still another, of special interest to Detroit, refers to what is probably the first Indian grant made to a native American for land in the Upper Peninsula. In any exhibition using history as its theme, portraits must plav a great part. Few dating from the early periods have been preserved, it is true — there are apparently no authentic portraits of Champlain, Marquette, La Salle. But among those shown in the exhibition are two the authenticity of which is indisputable: Frere Luc's Monseigneur de Laval, austere and uncompromising, is a penetrating study of the fighting prelate, while an anonymous watercolor of Monseigneur de Saint-V allier has the directness and touching naivete of a primitive. Other French Canadian por- traits have been chosen as symbols of a class of society or a period of Canadian history. The portraits of Begon, Governor of Three Rivers, of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville, the "Indian fighter of New France," among others, represent in the exhibition the seigneurs of eighteenth century Canada with their ancestral shrewdness and audacity. Plamondon's Portrait of a Nun, one of the masterpieces of Canadian art, is the epitome Page 18 of purity and grace, while Zacharie Vincent's self-portrait shows us "le dernier des Hurons pur sang," and reminds us of the part played by the Indians in the history of French penetration. The Indian theme, indeed, recurs as a leitmotiv throughout the exhibition. Ber- nard Picart s bons sauvages, pallid descendants of De Brvs kings of Florida, and Grasset de Saint-Sauveur's gallant and thoughtful lovers seem ready to dance pavanes from Les Indes Galantes. Others, like Tsawanhonhi, Zacharie Vincent's father, are tragically Europeanized. There were also the Indians of the pays d en haut, cruel, cunning and faithless. These, too, are seen here, in the frightful plates of Du Creux's Historiae Canadensis and Lahontan's Travels; and the Natchez live again in De Batz's crude water colors. But perhaps the truest picture of all is that of the old Huron woman on the "Indian Altar Frontal'' from the mission of Jeune Lorette. Taller than the mission church next to her, her face half hidden under a shawl like a Norman peasant, she is bewildered, resigned and still hopeful. Other objects contribute to a comprehensive picture of the relations between the French and the Indians. The gourd presented by Membertou, the Indian chief, to a former member of the Poutrin- court expedition to Acadia only a few years after Quebec was founded, should attract the attention of all antiquarians on account of its uniqueness and excellent carving. Ceintures flechees, birch-bark boxes of Indian workmanship and Ursuline inspiration, present a fascinating field of research. More important, however, is the section devoted to Indian trade silver, those fragile trinkets which traders and captains exchanged with the savages for beaver skins or protection. "La France possedait autrefois dans l'Amerique un vaste empire qui s'etendait depuis le Labrador jusqu'aux Florides, et depuis le rivage de l'Atlantique jusqu'aux lacs les plus recules du haut Canada." Thus starts Atala. Bevond the pays d'en haut and the great lakes (Lake "Frontenac," Lake "Conti," and the largest of all, Lake "Conde," as Tonti baptized them) and down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, the French for a few decades owned an empire many times larger than France. Manned usually by a handful of soldiers and coureurs des bois, fort after fort was built— "Fort Saint Louis aux Islinois," Fort Chartres, Fort Pontchartrain. Flags were raised and lead plates with grandiloquent inscriptions were solemnlv buried at the sources of rivers, in a proud attempt to lay claim to immense territories. Missionaries went from Quebec to New Orleans converting Indians and establishing settlements. The dreams of a French empire disappeared after the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Yet, in some sixty years, a few Frenchmen, pathetically few, had succeeded in leaving their mark from New Orleans to Detroit. Most of the settlements were nothing but outposts, and even Detroit, so well situated, had only six hundred inhabitants in 1768. But Louisiana was different. It survived the Law scandals — how, it is difficult to conceive. New Orleans prospered, and grew so graciouslv, so much a la franchise, that even today hordes of tourists and antique collectors cannot spoil its charm. Even the buildings which were built during the Spanish occupation look more French than Spanish, and the French still spoken in New Orleans salons is the most melodious a Frenchman can hear in America. The small number of works of art shown in the Page 19 exhibition does scant justice to such a civilization. Yet the splendid wash drawing of Biloxi in 1720 lent bv the Newberry Library, Mr. Lieutaud's Creole Lady, who looks as Manon would have if the abbe Prevost had not made her die so soon, the portrait by Collas of a dignified and sensitive femme de couleur, mav help to recreate some of the flavor of Louisiana. The earlv settlements "chez les Illinois," Cahokia, Kaskaskia, even Ste. Gene- vieve, have little left to commemorate their past. St. Louis, founded in 1764 bv Pierre Laclede from New Orleans, who had secured trading rights upon the upper Miss- issippi, was soon a cultured town with impressive private libraries, a town which even during the thirty-four vears of Spanish domination continued to be French. The Institute is privileged in being able to displav portraits and mementoes of the town which was first called "Pain Court, village francois." The Chouteau family, which plaved so important a role in its development, is represented bv two characteristic portraits, and an earlv view of the town bv Pomarede, painted in 1832, illustrates the extraordinary evolution of fur-trading St. Louis, which for a time was the third largest city in the United States. A large part of the exhibition, logically, is devoted to the various episodes of the War of Independence. There pictorial and written documents presented an embarras de richesse. Gone are the humble, poorly drawn portraits or maps of the early settlers. Houdon, represented by an almost complete series of his "American" busts, from the 1778 Franklin and the Jefferson to the Fidton and the Barlow of his later years, j triumphs in that section. Portraits bv Boze, Charles Willson Peale, historical scenes \ by Trumbull, are also shown. Less well known are the delightful colored drawing of ', John Paul Jones by Moreau le Jeune and the large conversation piece by Hauer which ] is said to represent Lafayette and Mme. Roland discussing plans for the feast of the Federation. There again, in order to present the sequence of events, the obvious has not been omitted. Huet's tode de fouy of "America paving homage to France," Nini's medallions of Franklin, Suzanne's terracotta statuette of the great Quaker, Belle's design for the Certificate of the Society of the Cincinnati are all familiar realia of the period; but they mav be new to many of our visitors and are in any case among the most delicate examples of the "American madness" of the French in the eighteenth century. Historical documents have also their place in that section. The Treaty of Friend- ship between the United States and France — the first treaty of alliance signed by the new nation — is a symbol. But Rochambeaus cyphered missive to General Greene, Major L'Enfant's pathetic letter to his parents begging for help, are also rich in human- ity. Some seventy French officers left printed records of their experiences in the United States, the great majority praising this "land of reason, order and liberty." The rarest of these recits is Chastellux's Voyage printed at Newport, on the printing press of the French flagship; loaned by Harvard University, it has for bibliophiles the added attraction of having been presented bv Edouard Laboulaye to Charles Sumner. Among the most prominent of the "French in America'' are the Huguenots. Their history in this country has been a noble one, ever since Ribault and Laudonniere landed in the sixteenth century on the coasts of Florida. The first child born in Man- Page 20 hattan was Jean Vigne, the earliest painter in New Amsterdam may have been Henri Couturier, the first doctor was La Montagne. Even late in the eighteenth century there were still islands of French influence in the United States. New Rochelle, founded in 1688 by Huguenots, was "inhabited only by Frenchmen," a French visitor said, "who speak the purest French in the United States, and indeed but little else; children are sent there to learn it, and everybody there speaks it, even the negroes.'" The descendants of the first Huguenot refugees, who were comparatively few in numbers, have held a place far more important than one would expect. Paul Revere, Jr. is the best known; but John Jay, the Secretary for Foreign Affairs in the 1780's, Francis Marion— "the little smoke-dried French-phizzed" general who defeated Corn- wallis — Decatur and many others had French blood in their veins. Many were crafts- men of a high order. A large and comprehensive section of the exhibition, organized by Mr. Robinson, is devoted to the works of Huguenot silversmiths: the Le Roux, Elias Boudinot, Peter Vergereau, Paul Revere, Sr., and his more famous son, are represented by some of the best work ever executed in the United States. The French Revolution and the Santo Domingo uprisings sent to the United States a very large number of educated Frenchmen and women. "Poor, polite and harmon- ious," these exquisitely well bred emigres formed distinguished colonies through- out the United States, and in a subtle way influenced the society of the time. Talley- rand, in his more innocent moments, wrote poems for Judge Cooper's daughter, Moreau de Saint-Mery published the best books printed in the last decade of the century in the United States, Madame de La Tour du Pin raised sheep in upper New York State, the future Louis-Philippe passed from salon to salon and fell in love with the daughter of a rich Philadelphia merchant; and perhaps Chateaubriand saw the Maschacebe, just as perhaps M. Violet, "dancing-master to the Iroquois," taught the minuet to Indian squaws, in powdered locks and lace ruffles. Other picturesque Frenchmen figure prominently in the social, political or intel- lectual life of the period. Andre Michaux, the botanist whose expeditions the American Philosophical Society helped to finance, was apparentlv an agent of the French Republic; General Collot traveled through the Ohio and Mississippi region taking notes and making sketches for his famous Voyage. The due de La Roehefoucauld- Liancourt wrote from personal experience the most complete book — eight volumes — ever written by a Frenchman on the United States; and Volney, whose Ruins were, at least in part, translated by Jefferson, wrote a somewhat less sympathetic book, but fully as valuable, The View of the Soil and Climate of the United States. No exhibition on the theme of The French in America would be complete with- out its corollary — Americans in France. From the time when Frederic de Peyster, "The Marquis," had his portrait painted in Paris, looking like a yetit-maitre, thev form an impressive gallery. Franklin; Jefferson, who invented the famous saving "Every man has two countries . . .," who admired at Nimes the Maison Quarree "comme un amant sa maitresse," and loved the French and French food so well that he was denounced by Patrick Henry — of all people — as "a recreant to roast beef," and "one who abjured his native victuals"; John Adams, who, "stern and haughty republi- can" as he was, confessed that he could not help admiring the French; Gouverneur Page 2/ Morris, who emulated Talleyrand — not too wiseh — and posed in Houdon's studio for the statue of Washington; Robert Fulton, whose genius Napoleon did not recognize — the list is a long one. It should include, also, at least the painter Vanderlyn, who absorbed David's ideals, and Rembrandt Peale, who painted in Paris most of the celebrities of the Empire, from Bernardin de Saint-Pierre to Cuvier and Houdon him- self, whose portrait (lent bv the Pennsylvania Academy of Art) represents in the exhibition this very impressive ensemble. After the French Revolution most of the emigres returned to France or Santo Domingo. Some stayed longer. For twenty vears, Saint-Memin outlined numberless "phizzes of Americans, thus forming a gallerv of portraits such as no other countrv can claim, faithful and elegant and, for all their delicacv, unmistakablv American. Maximilien Godefroy introduced the "Gothic" in architecture. In the Protestant United States of the earlv nineteenth centurv, a number of priests also left their mark: Bishop Cheverus in Boston, Bishop Marechal in Baltimore, a score of other French missionaries, transcended religious antagonism. E. I. duPont de Nemours founded one of the great American dvnasties. Pierre Toussaint, a slave from Santo Domingo, stands out even in this gathering. "Gods image carved in ebony." a "Gatholic Uncle lorn," he took care of his destitute Creole mistress until her death, finallv paying for her burial. Appropriately he is represented in the exhibition by its humblest lelic — a small painted trunk of white wood which belonged to him. To juxtapose the great and the small is the privilege of those who prepare exhibitions such as ours. Should we have in- j eluded in this group of emigres Eleazar Williams, one of the fifty "lost Dauphins?" Probablv not. Yet, as the prototvpe of the nobleman-impostor who often succeeded in impressing hard-headed Yankees, Williams-Louis XVIi has a place in our storv. . It is a very small place — which is justified, if need be, bv the excellence of the sinister portrait bv Catlin which best represents him. To the refugees of the Revolution succeeded a few years later a number of Bona-; partist exiles. Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, purchased near Bordentown a large estate which was to become famous in the cultural and social annals of the United States; Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Audubon's protector, lived for a number of years in the East, contributing to the development of science in this countrv. Jerome Bona- parte, who had married "Betsv" Patterson of Baltimore in 1803, staved abroad; his son, however, Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, a graduate of West Point, became an American citizen. Less privileged exiles attempted to establish colonies in the LInited States, in Alabama and in Texas. But, as had been so often the case, the experiments failed, and nothing remains of the Champ d'Asile or Demopolis but a few sketches bv Horace Vernet and Gericault, and a song bv Beranger. Still, French emigrants came to this countrv, not in droves or even in large groups, as most other emigrants did, but usually one by one, attracted to this country bv a spirit of adventure rather than bv necessitv. The only group of some size was one which attempted to establish communistic settlements in Texas and Illinois under the leadership of Etienne Cabet. Better known Frenchmen also came. Lafav- ette revisited the States in 1824-1825, traveling in triumph from New Hampshire to the deep South. De Tocqueville, on a mission for the French government, came to Page 22 studv the penal system of the country and wrote what is probably the most famous essay on the United States, De la Democratic en Amerique. His companion de Beaumont was satisfied in collaborating with the French sociologist and in writing a long novel, Marie on I'esclavage, which has more than historical interest. Michel Chevalier, a follower of Saint-Simon, discovered America and interpreted it to his compatriots as few Frenchmen ever have. There were other visitors, some of whom were artists of note. Jacques Milbert, in his Picturesque Views in North America, is very French in feeling, but faithful. Augustin Edouart, the most famous of the silhouettists of the '40s in America, did for his art what Saint-Memin did for the physionotrace. A few vears later Flippolyte Sebron, who had been Daguerre's assistant at the Diorama, lived and worked in New York, and Regis Gignoux, a pupil of Paul Delaroche, and at times an excellent land- scape painter, left mementoes of his long stay in America. Far more important are three other French artists, whose talents deserve special mention. John James Audubon, born in Santo Domingo and raised in France, spent most of his mature life in the United States. An explorer, at a time when so much was still to be discovered, he was also a scientist worthy of respect and an artist whose "portraits'' of the birds of America form one of the impressive achievements of art in this country. Anthony Imbert, of whom little is known except that he was "originally a French Naval Officer," mav without exaggeration be called the foremost American lithographer of his time (he died sometime before 1838), "the New York pioneer" in this field. Much is known about the development of the arts in the United States at that period; yet Imbert remains unjustly forgotten. Charles Alexandre Lesueur, fully as interesting, unfortu- nately is not represented in the exhibition. Lesueur (born in 1778 at Le Havre, where most of his works are preserved) spent more than twenty-five years in the United States. Appreciated in Philadelphia, where he was a member of the American Philo- sophical Society and one of the founders of the Academy of Sciences, he knew, never- theless, what Mr. Chinard in his essay on Lesueur called "la vie austere et mal re- muneree du savant." After years of teaching draughtsmanship to young ladies in Wil- mington or Bordentown he accepted an invitation to become a member of the famous community on the Wabash where the Scotch geologist McClure and Robert Owen had organized a fascinating intellectual Utopia. For ten years Lesueur painted stage settings in New Harmony (there was a theatre in that solitude!), found means to finance the community, gathered scientific specimens which he sent to the Museum in Paris, travelled up and down the Mississippi, and made a large number of drawings which remain the most faithful and realistic work of their kind. After twenty years /of prodigious activity in the United States this "ambassadeur et messager scientifique de son pays," as Chinard calls him, returned to France where he died curator of the museum at Le Havre. There are gaps in our story of the French in America. None will be felt more than the non-representation of Lesueur. In the 40's and 50's still other Frenchmen came to America: Bonapartes and Orleans, famous musicians like Herz, or humble missionaries who went West following the last of the Indians to be evangelized. The gold rush attracted gogos and gold diggers, and inspired Daumier as well as the author of La Californie, Recti dun Page 23 chercheur d'or — four pages in octavo. The French tongue was still heard in widely scattered sections of the United States. Bishop Flaget, first bishop of Bardstown, Michel Portier, 'Vicar-apostolic of the Floridas," were the worthy successors, two cen- turies later, of Father Jorgues or Father Marquette. They were "Francais de France,' and their accent was that of Lyonnais or Auvergne. But the soft intonations of the French spoken in Quebec, the rhetorical periods of the French classics lovingly pre- served in the seminaries of Three Rivers or Montreal, were also heard as far as the far west: Monseigneur Blanchet, first archbishop of Oregon City, his younger brother Augustin Magloire, "the Apostle of Washington," belonged to a distinguished family from the province of Quebec. In Parkman's time there were still coureurs de hois, and Rouleau and Saraphin in his Oregon Trail were the descendants of La Rose, La Tulipe, La Ferte, the soldiers and trappers who roamed through the St. Lawrence region and the pays d'en haul when the Great Onontio was king of France. French influence was felt in other ways. Reading the Atlantic Monthly or Harper'* New Monthly Magazine, one realizes how great this influence was. Maiden ladies translated Sainte-Beuve. Emerson discussed Victor Cousin as carefully as Rousseau; Sophia Peabody read and re-read Corinne, and Channing translated the French version of Plato's Theaetetus for her admiring sister Elizabeth. Young Henry James translated Merimee and Balzac, "the father of us all." And at Newport a little later serious young men discussed Fourierism before settling to read Cherbuliez and Musset, or heard Wil- liam Morris Hunt or John La Farge spread a gospel fresh from the Paris ateliers. Thus ends our story of The French in America. More than five hundred objects are shown here; more than three hundred Frenchmen who played a role in this phase of the American Processional are represented. "Une exposition est, d'abord, une reverie." But all exhibitions, like all reveries, are incomplete. There are gaps in this one. Great or significant names are missing. Others are, perforce, misleadingly fugitive shadows. In certain cases, one object only has been chosen to illustrate, symbolize rather, an entire episode of history, or a man's career. Thomas Jefferson, who spent five years in France, is represented here by a few letters, a few signatures, two portraits — but the portraits are by Houdon and Saint-Memin and one of the letters is Jefferson's plea to the Congress to reimburse Beaumarchais for the sums spent by the playwright on behalf of the United States. By Saint-Memin himself, who executed some seven hundred portraits in America, only four pastels and a few engravings are shown — but the drawings include the profiles of Meriwether Lewis and Paul Revere, and the engravings are the best proofs in existence. The saga of the French in America is a tragic epic, with many heroes, few villains. But it is also a noble saga — the story of a long sequence of failures, like the Song of Roland. Failure, the Laudonniere expedition to Florida. Failures, the attempts to colonize the Mississippi. Failures, Azylum, Champ d'Asile, Demopolis, Icarie, in spite of their names, or perhaps because of these names. There remain only memories. But they are beautiful memories, and America would be poorer without them. PAUL L. GR1GAUT Page 24 Contents of the Catalog I The Kings and Their Ministers P a g e 27 II The French in the Wilderness P a g e 28 III The French in Canada P a g e 43 IV The French in "Louisiana" P a g e 75 V The French and the War of Independence page 88 VI Some Americans in France P a g e -07 VII Some French Writers on America P a g e 126 VIII French Protestants in America page 133 IX The French in America, 1790-1880 page 147 X Detroit, 1701-1840 page 185 *~"» I \*>! ?>*'* y** x*v. ' ' ' ' r - ' '^■6* >jx ,. I. 'Ski/4 i Manuscript Map of New France, 1607, by Samuel de Champlain. 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Len Pa % e 26 by the Pierfont Morgan Library [No. HE CATALOG The Kings and Their Ministers Incorporated into the different sections of the Exhibition are portraits of those French kings and their ministers who played a part in the development or the evolution of French colonies. Francis I, who commissioned Verrazano to find the northwestern passage supposed to run between America and Asia; Henry IV, during whose reign Quebec was founded; Louis XIII and Richelieu, who attempted to win for France an empire overseas and formed the Comvagnie des Cent Associes which received from them the monopoly of the fur trade; Louis XIV and Colbert, with grandiose dreams 3f a Greater France; Louis XV and Choiseul, who witnessed the end of the Seven Years' War and the loss of Canada; Louis XVI and Vergennes — are all represented in the exhibition. I FRANCIS I (1494-1547), by Joos van Cleve (1485-1540?). Oil on panel, 2SVs by 2314 inches. Lent by the Cincinnati Art Museum II HENRY IV (1553-1610), attributed to iMathieu Jacquet (active early 17th cen- tury). Bronze, height \2Vi inches. Lent by the Walters Art Gallery III LOUIS XIII (1601-1643), by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). Oil on canvas, 46V2 by 38 inches. Lent by Duveen B1 others IV CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU (1585-1642), by Jean II Warin (1603-1672). Bronze medal; diameter 234 inches. Lent by Louis Carrier V LOUIS XIV (1638-1715), by Francois Girardon (1628-1715). Bronze eques- trian statue; height 42 ] /2 inches. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts VI JEAN-BAPTISTE COLBERT (1619-1683). Line engraving by Robert Nan- teuil (1623?- 1678), after his own pastel. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts VII LOUIS XV (1710-1774). Bronze relief, about 1755; height 9*4 inches. Lent anonymously VIII ETIENNE-FRANCOIS, DUG DE CHOISEUL (1719-1785). Line engrav- ing by Robert Lowery after L. M. Van Loo (1707-1771). Lent by the McCord Museum, McGill University IX LOUIS XVI (1754-1793). Bronze medallion; diameter 8 inches. Lent by Louis Carrier X COMTE DE VERGENNES (1717-1787). Line engraving by C. E. Gaucher after Antoine Callet, 1784. Collection of the Reference Library of The Detroit Institute of Arts Page 27 II The French in the Wilderness GIOVANNI VERRAZANO In 1524 Verrazano Qca. 1480-1528), a Florentine navigator and corsair in French service, was sent by King Francis I on a voyage or exploration financed by the silk merchants of Lyons. During this voyage he coasted from Florida to Nova Scotia, giving the name of New France, "Nova Francesca," to the entire region and baptizing the coasts with such names as Dieppe, Angouleme, Honfleur. 1. "CLLLERE CODEX." Lent by the Pierpont Morgan Library (illustr. p. 26) The Codex is a sixteenth century manuscript copy of the letter, dated "In the Ship Dolphin, 8 July 1524,' which Verrazano addressed to Francis I, reporting on his vovage of exploration along the Atlantic coast of the present United St?tes and Southern Canada. This manuscript, re-discovered in the earlv years of the present century, is important as the only known text which gives, in relatively complete and accurate i form, the substance of the lost original letter from Verrazano to the French king, j It is referred to as the "Cellere Codex" from the name of a former owner. The voyage described in the Codex brought Verrazano as the first European visitor to a considerable stretch of the east coast of North America, including New ; York harbor and the Hudson River, of which he was the discoverer, and of which we have here the earliest known description. 2. RICHARD HAKLUYT-TFIE THIRD AND LAST VOLUME OF THE VOYAGES . . . London, 1600. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher In this famous book appears the "relation of John Verazzano ... of the land I bv him discovered . . . written in Diene . . . 1524." JACQUES CARTIER Jacques Cartier (1495-1555), a bold sea captain of Saint Malo alreadv familiar with the cod banks of Newfoundland, left Saint-Malo in April, 1534, entrusted by Francis I with two ships and one hundred and twenty seamen. On this first trip he discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and opened trade relations with the natives. On a second trip the following year Cartier, named "Captain and Pilot to the King," sailed up the St. Lawrence, passing Quelibec (Quebec), and reaching the Indian village of Hoche- laga (Montreal). He undertook two other trips in the same region (1541-1542). 3. PORTOLAN, by Abbe Pierre Desceliers (1500-ca.l558). Colored manuscript on vellum, ca. 1550. Lent by the Pierpont Morgan Library The Abbe Desceliers, of Arques in Normandy, is known to have executed other portolans. According to the catalogue of the Exposition Retrospective des Colonies Paoe 28 Pierre Desceliers. Leaf FROM A PORTOLAN, Ca. 1550. Lent by the Pierpont Morgan Library [No. 3] Frangaises (1929), one is preserved in the Luidsania Library in London; it is dated 1546. This portolan atlas of six charts is on twelve leaves, accompanied by a table of contents. The map of Canada and the St. Lawrence area (illustrated above) is one of the earliest surviving representations of this part of North America, and shows Carder's explorations. It is apparentlv based on the Nicolas Desliens map of 1541. A SHORTE AND BRIEFE NARRATION of the two Nauigations and Dis coueries to the Northwest partes called Newe Fraunce . . . turned into English by Iohn Florio . . . London, 1580. Lent by the William L. Clements Library This translation was made from an account of Carrier's second voyage, published in Paris in 1545. Florio's English translation was in turn translated bad into French, and printed at Rouen in 1 595. Page 29 JEAN RIBAULT AND RENE DE LAUDONNIERE In 1562 two Frenchmen, Jean Ribault of Dieppe and Rene de Laudonniere, encouraged and protected bv the Great Admiral of France, Coligny, established in Florida a Huguenot colony, which was destroyed three years later by the Spaniards. Among the colonists was Jacques Le Movne de Morgues, painter-soldier, who painted forty-two miniatures representing everyday episodes of the expedition. All but one of these miniatures are lost. Thev were engraved and reproduced by Theodore de Brv in the famous work shown here in several editions. 5a. BREVIS NARRATIO EORUM QUAE IN FLORIDA, AMERICAE PRO- VINCI A, GALLIS ACCIDERUNT . . . Francofurti ad Moenum, 1591. Collec- tion of The Detroit Institute of Arts 5b. . Another copy. Lent by the William L. Clements Library 5c. — . Another copy (German edition). Lent by Louis Carrier 6. BRIEF DISCOURS ET HISTOIRE DUN VOYAGE DE QUELQUESj FRANCOIS EN LA FLORIDE: et du Massacre autant iniustement que bar-' barement execute sur eux, par les Hespagnols, Ian mil cinq cens soixante cinq. Par ci devant redige au vrav par cinx qui sen retirerent: et maintenant reveue and' augmentee de nouveau, par M. LIrbain Chauveton. Ensemble Une Requeste. prisentee au Roy Charles neufiesme, en forme de complainte, par les femmes veufes et enfans orphelins, parens et amis de ses suiets, qui furent tuez audit pays de la Floride. [Geneva, 1579]. Lent by the Minnesota Historical Society Apparently this section was removed from the Histoire Nouvelle du Nouveaui Monde, an adaptation bv Chauveton of Benzoni's Historia del Mundo Nuovo, 1565. The Brief Discours refers to the massacre by Menendez of the Huguenots left bv Ribault at Fort Caroline and Matanzas. SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), an experienced sailor well acquainted with the West Indies and the Mexican coast, first visited Canada in 1603, traveling in a shallop as far as Hochelaga (Montreal) and the rapids above. During that trip he drew a map of the country and wrote his first narrative on Canada, Des Sauvages . . . The following year Champlain joined company with his compatriot, the Sieur de Monts, a Calvinist nobleman who had been granted the monopoly of fur trading in North America ("Acadia") by Henri IV. The real "Father" of New France, Champ- lain founded Quebec (1608), made friends with the Algonquin Indians, fought against their enemies the Iroquois, discovered the lake which bears his name T1609) and the Great Lakes (1615), and founded on the St. Lawrence the post of Trois Rivieres. Page 30 Champlain is one of the great names in the history of the American continent. "For twenty-five vears he labored hard and ceaselessly for the welfare of the colony, sacrificing fortune, repose and domestic happiness to a cause embraced with enthusiasm and pursued with intrepid persistency . . . His books mark the man — all for his theme and his purpose, nothing for himself. Crude in style, full of the superficial errors of carelessness and haste, rarely diffuse, often brief to a fault, they bear on every page the palpable imprint of truth" (Francis Parkman). 7. SAMUEL de CHAiMPLAIN-DESCRIPTION des costs, ports, rades, Illes de la nouuele France faict selon son vray meridian. Auec la declinaison de lement de plusieurs endrois, selon que le sieur de Castes le franc le demontre en son liure de la mecometrie de l'emnt faict et obserue par le sieur de Champlain. 1607. Manuscript on parchment, 14 ! /2 by 21V2 inches. Lent by the Library of Congress The date was apparently first written 1608 and corrected to 1607. The map covers the eastern coast of North America including Nova Scotia from La Heue, Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine to "La douteuse isle." According to Gabriel Marcel QCartographie de la Notivelle-France, 1885), Lescarbot must have used this map to compile the maps accompanying the editions of Champlain's Voyages. The map has been described and reproduced by Dr. W. F. Ganong in The Works of Sajmiel Champlain, 1922, 194-195, from which the following has been paraphrased : "It is the most important of the larger maps of Champlain and is indubitably an autograph in Champlain's own hand; for the writing in the title, as also that elsewhere on the map, gives Champlain's name in a handwriting identical with his known signature. In all probability it was drawn at Port-Pioyal in the winter of 1606-7 after Champlain's return from his second New England voyage. The circumstances imply and accord with the supposition that it was drawn for pres- entation to Henri IV to illustrate a report on the explorations to that date, and was intended to be sent to France by the ships of 1607 which carried home the entire expedition." 8. SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN - LES VOYAGES DU SIEUR DE CHAMP LAIN, . . . ou journal tres fidele des observations fakes es decouvertes de la Nouvelle France . . . Paris, 1613. Lent hy the William L. Clements Library This book is opened at the page showing Champlain's famous Ahitation, his winter quarters in Quebec, 1608-1609. 9. [Champlain Expeditions] — WATERBOTTLE. Lent by Louis Carrier This waterbottle has an interesting history. Made from a gourd, it was given in 1610 by the famous Indian chief Membertou to his godfather, Charles Robin, Vicomte de Coulogne, who had been a member of the Poutrincourt-Champlain expedition in Acadia in 1604. This gentleman took it back to his native Dieppe, where it remained in the possession of his family until acquired by Mr. Carrier. It was engraved with the family coat-of-arms, scenes of the family's exploits, and Page 31 Waterbottle. American Indian; engraved in France. Seventeenth century. Lent by Louis Carrier [No. 9] decorative motifs. The Vicomte de Coulogne was the son of Thomas Robin de Bel-Air, governor of Dieppe and principal financial backer of Charles de Bien-J court's expedition of 1610. The Sagamos Membertou was baptized in 1610 at, Port-Royal, by Jesse de Fleche, who was responsible for many conversions. Mem-; bertou s famous fight with his rival Panoniac was the subject of a poem by Marc': Lescarbot. 10. PIERRE DU GUAST, SIEUR DE MONTS. Document signed (no date). Leni by The McCord Museum, McGill University De Monts made two attempts to establish a colony in the New World, in 1600 with du Pont and Chauvin, and in 1605 with Champlain at Port-Royal, near what is now Annapolis, Nova Scotia, which was strategically of great importance. De Monts was a Protestant. After Henry IV's death, his privileges were taken, away, and he died the following year a ruined man. 11. MARC LESCARBOT - NOVA FRANCIA: or the Description of that part of New France . . . London, 1609. Lent by the William L. Clements Library Lescarbot, "Advocat en Parlement, Temoin Oculaire dune partie des Choses ici recitees," was a more wordy and more picturesque narrator than Champlain and has left glowing descriptions of New France during Champlain's rule. Lescar- bot visited Canada in 1606, and returned to France in 1607. In Paris he published his Histoire de la Nouvelle Trance (1609), another edition being published in 1612. The book includes good descriptions, not only of the Verrazano voyages, but also of the French expedition to Brazil, and De Monts' colony in Acadia. Page 32 GABRIEL SAGARD The first Indian missions in New France were established by the Recollets, who arrived in Quebec in 1615. Several members or the order, the most austere of the three orders of Franciscans, have left narratives of their experiences, among others Gabriel Sagard who, with Nicolas Viel, the future martyr, was sent to Canada in 1623. 12. GABRIEL SAGARD - LE GRAND VOYAGE DU PAYS DES HURONS. Paris, 1632. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection Part of this work is devoted to a dictionary of the Huron Language. JEAN NICOLET Jean Nicolet of Cherbourg (1598-1642) is one of the earliest voyageurs remem- bered today. A protege of Champlain he arrived in Canada in 1618. Living for many years among Algonquin and Nipissing Indians he adopted their habits, learnt their languages, and became one of the commissaries and official interpreters of the "Messieurs de la Nouvelle-France," the company which then governed Canada. Sent to negotiate peace with the Winnebagoes of Lake Michigan he was the first European to visit Green Bay and Wisconsin (1634), and is known today as the "discoverer of the Northwest." 13. INVENTORY OF NICOLET'S POSSESSIONS. "Inventaire des biens meubles appurtenant a Jean Nicollet . . .," November 12, 1642. Lent by the Archives de la Province, Quebec 14. MAP, by Sanson d Abbeville, 1650. Lent by the State Historical Museum and Library, Madison, Wisconsin This map is one of the first to give the outline of the Great Lakes with their correct relation to each other, and shows some of the territories visited by Nicolet. THE JESUITS The first Jesuits in Canada arrived at Port-Royal in Acadia in June, 1611, but they made little or no progress as missionaries. It was onlv in 1625 that comparatively 7 successful efforts were made by another group of Jesuits, Father Masse (who had been of the earlier mission), Father Lalemant, the Superior, and Jean de Brebeuf, who was to die in the hands of the Indians. From then on, learning the customs and languages of the Indians, the Jesuits followed the native tribes throughout their journevs, or settled precariously in the various centers of the more populated areas. The well- I known story of the Jesuit missions is one of the epics of historv, with its heroes and its martyrs. "A Long and slow Martyrdom; ... an almost continual practice of patience and of Mortification; ... a truly penitential and Humiliating life"— thus a missionary, , Francois de Crepieul, started his description of his existence among the savages. But he ended it with: "God grant that in these holy but arduous Missions mav long remain and die the Useless Servant of the Missions, Francois, S.J." Year after year in the Page 33 heroic period of the missions, from 1632 to 1673, the carefully edited letters and reports of the missionaries, known under the name of Jesuit Relations were published in Paris. It is impossible to over-emphasize the greatness and humanity of these Relations, which in addition form one of the main sources of information for the history of Canada in the 17th century. 15. WAMPUM BELT. Lent by The McCord Museum, McGill University Huron belt, commemorating the Mission Church of Ossosne, 1638. It is the contract between the Jesuit Missionaries and the Huron Indians for the erection of the first wooden church in Huronia — now Ontario. Design: In white on a purple ground, a cross representing lovalty to Christianity, in the center on a solid base looking to permanency; on the right side of the cross are three red men, and on the left side three white men - the first, in a short cassock, with a smaller head, being the clerk of the words, or lay-brother, followed by two Jesuits — Brebeuf and Lalemant — all six participants joining hands. These are the first portraits made of Jesuits on this continent. Beyond the missionaries is the elevation of the church with the apse, spire, clerestory windows, and enclosure with its door; at each end are designs signifying the agreement. 16. [JESUIT FATHERS] Signatures of nineteen of the Jesuit fathers who served in Canada (1653-1783), including five of the seven writers of the Relations: I Vimont, H. Lalemant, P. Ragueneau, Le Mercier, de Quen. Lent by The McCord , Museum, McGill University 17. DESCRIPTION DV PAIS DES HURONS, 1631. Colored manuscript on j parchment, 8V2 bv IOV2 inches. Lent by the Library of Congress The original date of 1631 was changed by a stroke of the pen to 1651 but the ink used for the correction is plainly blacker and more recent than the original ink. \ This very important manuscript map covers the country between Georgian Bay, Lake Ontario, the Severn River and the Saugeen Peninsula. The Saugeen Peninsula is named "Oudechisate"; Lake Simcoe is named "Lac Oventarenk"; and Nottawasaga Bay is named "Partie du grand Lac des Hurons." The map was evidently made to illustrate the progress of establishing missions, as it contains the names of several missions, especially in the territory between Nottawasaga Bav and Lake Simcoe. The location of the names of Indian Tribes, including the "Cheveux releues" and the "Nation du Petun" is also of interest. The map was evidently one of a series, since it is numbered "9" in the lower right corner. 18. MAP. LAC SUP£RIEUR ET AUTRES LIEUX oii sont les missions des Peres de la Compagnie de Iesus comprises sous le nom dovtaovacs. [Paris?, 1672]. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection 19. RELATION de ce qui sest passe ... en lannee 1638 . . . Par le P. Paul Le levne, Page 34 Superieur de la Residence de Quebec. Paris, 1638. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection 20. RELATION de ce qui s'est passe . . . de Tan 1649 ... a l'annee 1650 . . . par le R. P. Paul Ragueneau, Superieur des Missions de la Cie de Jesus en Nelle France. Paris, 1651. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection This Relation of 1649-1650 is one of the most pathetic. It includes the storv of the capture and devastation of Saint-Jean by the Iroquois, and the death of Father Gamier and Father Chabanel. 21. RELATION de ce qui s'est passe en la nouuele France, es annees 1664 et 1665 . . . Paris, 1666. Lent by the William L. Clements Library The volume is important for its plans of the forts built bv the famous Regiment de Carignan-Salieres, whose special duty was to protect the colony against the Indians. 22. FRANCOIS DU CREUX-HISTORIAE CANADENSIS, SEU NOVAE FRANCIAE LIBRI DECEM. Paris, 1664. Lent by the William L. Clements Library In this volume is found the famous engraving depicting the martyrdom suffered by Jesuit fathers at the hands of the Iroquois. 23. MORT HERO'iQUE DE QUELQUES PERES DE LA COMPAGNIE DE JESUS DANS LA NOUVELLE FRANCE. Lithograph by Etienne David (active 2nd quarter 19th century). Lent by the Public Archives of Canada The sufferings of the Jesuit martyrs in Canada were never forgotten in France, and a number of engravings and lithographs, most of them based (like this one) on the plate in Du Creux's Historiae Canadensis, were published in France and Flanders as late as the middle of the 19th century. 24. MONSTRANCE. White metal, silvered and gilded. First half 19th century. Height, 17 3 /4 inches. Lent by the University of Notre Dame This monstrance was used at the mission of St. Ignace, which was founded bv Father Marquette in 1671, on Point Ignace, on the mainland north and opposite the Island of Michillimackinac. 25. SILVER GILT PATEN OF THE JESUITS IN CANADA, AFTER 1657. Diameter, 6 'A* inches. Lent fry Louis Carrier This paten in gilded silver has engraved upon it the emblem of the Society of Jesus and bears marks that show it was made in Paris in 1657. It is one of the earliest dated pieces of French silver found in Canada and must have been used bv the Jesuit missionaries in their verv earliest vears in New France. 26. MONSTRANCE GIVEN TO THE JESUIT MISSION NEAR GREEN Bay, WISCONSIN, 1686. Silver. Height, \$U inches. Lent by the Catholic Diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin Page 35 Monstrance. French, seventeenth cen- tury. Lent by the Catholic Diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin [No. 26] This silver monstrance or ostensorium is one of the most important relics of the western empire of New France in the seventeenth century. It was probablv made in France and, according to an inscription on it, was presented in 1686 bv Nicolas Perrot (1643-1717), famous French explorer and fur trader, leader of the Indians j near the western Great Lakes and commandant of the post at La Baye and the lands adjoining, to the little Jesuit mission of Saint Francis Xavier which was a part of the French and Indian settlement on the bank of the Fox River at the Rapides des Peres near Green Bay, Wisconsin. The inscription incised under the foot reads: CE SOLEIL A ESTfi DONNE PAR MR. NICOLAS PERROT A LA MISSION DE ST. FRANCOIS XAVIER EN LA BAYE DES PVANTS. 1686. Early in the last century, the monstrance was discovered in the earth near the town of Green Bay. For a time it was used at Saint Anne's in Detroit until returned to Green Bav in 1838. FATHER MARQUETTE AND LOUIS JOLLIET Father Jacques Marquette (1637-1675), born at Laon, entered the Jesuit Order in 1654 and arrived at Quebec in 1666. With the Canadian prospector jolliet (1645- 1700?), who had been requested by Frontenac and the Intendant Talon to explore the Mississippi region, he went up Fox River, across Winnebago, and thence to the Wisconsin (1673). They reached the Mississippi and paddled down as far as the Page 36 Arkansas, the first white explorers to reach these regions. Marquette died in May, 1675 near Ludington, Michigan, on his way to the head mission of St. Ignace at Michillimackinac. His grave was re-discovered in 1821 bv Father Gabriel Richard. Father Claude Dablon, Superior of all the Canadian missions at the time, in a touching relation of the great explorer's last voyage and death, describes Marquette thus: "Father Jacques marquette of the province of champagne, died at the age of 38 years, of which 21 were passed in the Society — namely, 12 in france and 9 in Canada. He was sent to the missions of the upper algonquins, who are called outaouacs; and labored therein with the Zeal that might be expected from a man who had proposed to himself st. francis xavier as the model of his life and death. Fie resembled that great Saint, not only in the variety of barbarian languages which he mastered, but also bv the range of his Zeal, which made him carry the faith To the ends of this new world, and nearly 800 leagues from here into the forests, where the name of Jesus Christ had never been proclaimed. " 27-28. [FATHER MARQUETTE] - PEWTER SPOON AND PLATE. Lent by Estate of Gordon Antoine Neilson According to existing documents, these two objects were used by Father Mar- quette on his discovery of the Mississippi and brought back to the Jesuit College at Quebec after his death. There they were carefully preserved as precious relics, until the death of the last Jesuit in 1800. According to the treatv of Cession of New France, the Jesuits were allowed possession of their property until the last member of the order died. Just before his death, Father Casot distributed objects of sentimental and historical value, giving the Marquette spoon and plate to the Hon. John Neilson, who had been of aid to the Jesuits as a member of the Execu- tive Council. They came down in the Neilson family to Gordon Antoine Neilson, whose estate lent them to the exhibition. The touch mark on the plate is I. D., with symbol of the Crucifixion; the touch mark on the spoon is S.V.S., with the Crucifixion. 29. FATHER MAROUETTE-MAP of his voyage in the Michigan, Illinois and Mississippi regions. Lent by the Jesuit Archives, College Sainte-Marie, Montreal Father Marquette's Spoon and Plate, l^ent by the Estate of Gor- don Antoine Neilson [Nos. 27-28] Original map drawn by Father Marquette with inscriptions in his own hand. Both Father Marquette's journal and this map were preserved in the Jesuit College at Quebec until given to a Quebec convent by Father Casot before his death in 1800, and returned to the Jesuits upon their reestablishment in Canada in 1842. A careful study of this map, by Father Jean Delanglez, was published in Mid- America, January, 1945. The map is illustrated in this catalogue, facing page 16. 30. [FATHER MARQUETTE]. CHASUBLE. Lent by the University of Notre Dame Fragments of this chasuble, which a strong tradition identifies with Father Marquette, are of a somewhat later date. The date 1618 is embroidered twice on the older part of this venerable relic. 31. LOUIS JOLLIET. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF MERCHANDISE shipped in the Caiche returning to Seven Isles. A. D. S. Dated Quebec, May 7, 1679. Signed "Jolliet." Lent by the Missouri Historical Society CAVELIER DE LA SALLE Robert Cavelier, sieur de la Salle (1643-1687), was born in Rouen. He left in 1667 for Canada, where he obtained an important seigneurie at La Chine near Mon- treal. One of the great French explorers of all times, he discovered the Ohio River, { the "Belle-Riviere" of the French courcurs des bois y which he descended as far as the ; Mississippi and the Illinois River. Several years later, Robert de la Salle, having obtained permission to explore the Mississippi region (already visited by two other Frenchmen, Radisson and Groseilliers), built the Griffin on the Niagara with the help of his lieutenant Tonti, and on that boat — sixty tons! — traveled the upper lakes. On a later j trip he descended the Mississippi, to which he gave the name of Colbert, and took possession of the country for the king of France. His last adventure was the estab- j lishment of a colony in Texas, where he was murdered in 1687. One of his biographers, * Father Hennepin, often prejudiced against him, described La Salle in the following manner: "... a man of considerable merit, constant in adversities, fearless, generous, courteous, ingenious . . . He labored for twenty years, together to civilize the savage humors of a great number of barbarous people among whom he traveled, and had the ill hap to be massacred by his own servants, whom he had enriched. Fie died in the vigor of his age, in the middle of his course, before he could execute the design he had formed in New Mexico." Works by his contemporary biographers, some of whom were explorers of very great merit, are exhibited here. 32. PRELIMINARY DEED OF TRANSFER BY LA SALLE AS GOVERNOR OF FORT FRONTENAC TO JEAN MICHAULT. D. S. Dated Quebec, Nov. 20, 1663. Signed "De La Salle." Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Father Hennepin Father Hennepin (1640-1701) came to Canada as a Recollet missionarv and Page 38 joined La Salle's expedition to the West. It was then that he visited the falls of Niagara, of which he published a famous description. With only two companions he later traveled down the Illinois and reached the Mississippi. He was taken prisoner by Sioux Indians whom he was obliged to follow as far as Mille Lacs, Minnesota. During his captivity Hennepin was able to explore unknown sections of the Mississippi and visited the Falls to which he gave the name of St. Anthony. A few months later he and his companions were freed and returned to Michillimackinac and Montreal. Hennepin went back to Europe in 1681, dying in Utrecht in 1701. His fame was spread through books published from 1683 to 1698, in the latter of which he claimed falsely to have descended the Mississippi as far as the Gulf of Mexico — which had been La Salle's feat. "Still, with all his faults and caprices," as Wallace said in his History of Illinois and Louisiana Under French Rule, "Louis Hennepin was no ordi- nary man, and his was no ordinary destiny. Distinguished not only as a traveler and Recollet missionary he was also the hrst popular writer on the French in North America. Moreover, his memory is lastingly linked with two at least of the great natural monuments of this country— the Falls of Niagara and the Falls of St. Anthony." 33a. FATHER HENNEPIN- A NEW DISCOVERY OF A VAST COUNTRY IN AMERICA . . . London, 1698. 2 vols, in one. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection 33b. . Another copy. Lent by the William L. Clements Library 34a. PORTRAIT OF FATHER LOUIS HENNEPIN. Oil on canvas, 1114 by \2Vs inches. Lent by the Minnesota Historical Society There is no information available regarding the background of this portrait, as its donor died shortly after it was given to the Society some thirty years ago. It was originally in the J. L. Muyser collection, The Hague. 34b. SAINT ANTHONY FALLS by Henry Lewis (1819-1904). Oil on canvas, 19 by 27 inches. Signed: H. Lewis 1855. Lent by the Minneapolis Institute of Arts The title of the painting is St. Anthony Falls As It Appeared in 1848. But, still unspoiled by man, this landscape is probablv not very different from the scene that Hennepin first saw in the 17th century. Henry Lewis was one of the 19th century painters who, like Stockwell and Pomarede, made enormous panoramic paintings, and his paintings have the bold- ness and freshness of such works. Henri de Tonti Henri de Tonti (or Tonty) was born in Italy about 1650. After an adventurous military career he became La Salle's lieutenant in his expeditions of discovery and was closely associated with his chief. Together they penetrated into Illinois and in 1679-80 built Fort Crevecoeur on Lake Peoria. Tonti was with La Salle when the latter found the mouth of the Mississippi. When La Salle returned on his last trip from France and with his companions was obliged to land on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, Tonti Page 39 attempted both to succor him and to rescue the colonists who had accompanied his chief to Texas. Ten years later (1699) Tonti helped d'Iberville in settling Louisiana. He died at Fort Louis on the Mobile in 17C4. A great explorer in his own right and respected as an administrator he has not received from modern historians the credit due to him. La Salle, writing to the prince de Conti (Tonti's first protector in France), said of him that "his energy and address made him equal to anything." 35. TONTI - DERNI£RES DECOUVERTES DE M. DE LA SALLE . . . Paris, 1697. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection 36. CONTRACT signed by Tonti and Francois de la Forest, December 3, 1693. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher This is a contract between Tonti and Francois de la Forest, feudal lords and commandants for the King of the Territory of Illinois, for the advance of money by De La Forest for the purchase of beaver skins. About 1690 the proprietorship of Fort St. Louis of the Illinois was granted jointly to Tonti and de la Foiest; there thev carried on a trade in furs until 1702. De La Forest, another lieutenant of La Salle, had throughout the explorations of the Mississippi valley evaded the' grafting policies of Frontenac and remained faithful to La Salle. After numerous contests with Frontenac and his agents he was sent to France to appeal to the King, who empowered him to take possession, in La Salle's name, of both Fort Frontenac and Fort St. Louis of the Illinois. Baron de La Hontan Baron Louis de La Hontan (1666-1715?) was a naval officer who, sent with his; company to Canada, took part in the expedition directed against the Iroquois, and later was placed in charge of Fort Saint Joseph on St. Claire River. Except for a shor* trip to France, he remained in Canada until 1692, taking notes and writing a journal; later published under the title of Nouveanx Voyages de M. le Baron de La Hontan- 37a. NOUVEAUX VOYACES DE M. LE BARON DE LAHONTAN DANS L'AMERIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE. La Have. 1703. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection 37b. NEW TRAVELS TO NORTH AMERICA . . . by THE BARON DE LAHONTAN. London, 1703. Lent by the William L. Clements Library Henri Joutel 38. HENRI JOUTEL -JOURNAL HISTORIQUE DU DERNIER VOYAGE QUE FEU M. DE LA SALE FIT DANS LE GOLFE DE MEXIQUE POUR TROUVER LEMBOUCHURE FT LE COURS DE LA RIVIERE DE MISSISSIPPI . . . Paris, 1713. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher This relation was the last which the public received of the unfortunate expedi tion in which La Salle was assassinated by some of his men. Parkman says of this account written by one of La Salle's companions that it is the work "of an honest Page 40 and intelligent man." The engraved map was the first to show the result of La Salle's last two voyages. According to Wallace, op cit., the Journal contains the best description extant of the country of Texas at that early day. PIERRE LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE Le Moyne d Iberville, a member of a distinguished family, was born in Montreal in 1661. After a brilliant naval career, which took him through extraordinary hard- ships as far as Hudson Bay, he was placed in command of a colonizing expedition to the Mississippi (1698). With his brother Bienville he then explored the region of the lower Mississippi, finally establishing the new colony at Biloxi Bay — the first white settlement in that region (1699)— and building a fort eighteen leagues up the Mississippi. Le Moyne d'Iberville died of yellow fever in 1706. He was one of the great French colonizers, with a long range view of French imperialism. 39. PIERRE LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE. AUTOGRAPH LETTER signed. Lent by The McCord Museum, McGill University Dated La Rochelle, August 15, 1699, the letter states d'Iberville's plans for returning to America. 40. PIERRE LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE. AUTOGRAPH LETTER signed. Lent by The McCord Museum, McGill University Dated June 1, 1687. This is a plea for clemency for two men. 41. [PIERRE LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE]. MARRIAGE CONTRACT of Le Moyne d'Iberville and Marie-Therese Pollet de la Combe Pocatiere. Ms. Dated Quebec, October 8, 1693. Signed bv d'Iberville, Frontenac, Bochart, Champignv, etc. Lent by the Archives de la Province de Quebec CELORON de BLAINVILLE 42. FRAGMENT OF A "CELORON PLATE." Lent by the American Antiquarian Society One of the six lead plates, setting forth the French title to the Ohio valley, buried by Captain Celoron de Blainville in 1749 at the mouths of the most important rivers flowing into the Ohio. Two of these plates have been found. The present plate was discovered at the mouth of the Muskingum River in 1798 and given in its present fragmentary condition to the American Antiquarian Society in 1828 by DeWitt Clin- ton. The plates, with some differences, state in part that thev were buried (trans- lation): ". . . as a monument of the renewal of the possession we have taken of the said River Ohio, and of all those which empty into it, and of all the lands of both sides as far as the sources of the said rivers, as enjoyed or ought to have been enjoyed by the kings of France . . ." A full discussion of the plates (the other existing being jin the Virginia Historical Society) is given by John Lee McEbrov in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, LV1 (1948), 66-69. The information above was was taken from Mr. McEbrov's article. age -41 Pierre-Joseph Celoron is intimately connected with the history of early Detroit Born in Montreal in 1693, he was appointed in 1734 commandant of the post oil Mackinac and, in 1742, commandant of Fort Pontchartrain at Detroit, where ht remained until 1744. After being charged with important missions elsewhere ir New France, such as the expedition mentioned above, Celoron was sent back t(| Detroit in 1750, at a critical period of its history, when the French government hopec to strengthen Detroit by establishing a large number of settlers. However, Celoror failed in his enterprise and was removed. He died in 1759 in Montreal. An excellen resume of Celoron's career is given bv M. M. Ouaife in the Burto)i Historical Collec Hon Leaflet for January, 1929. (Vol.' VII, No. 3.) Fragment of a "Celoron Plate," found at the mouth of the Muskingum River. Lent by the American Antiquarian Society [No. 42] &CT>'a|1 T pVIERE YEN/VNCU.E - | RIVIERE GYO; J I* DE P05SES3IQ.'' p-iTTE ... -4:. ^,E5 TERRES [ SV/E^ ,ONT SOH,T' :r KAtNTEKVS *TTE5 '"^i^JK-^-i ISVVIG^ elVe C*- Page 42 Ill The French in Canada Giovanni Verrazano, in the employ of Francis I, coasts from Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia. / 534-1 535 Jacques Cartier lands on Gaspe peninsula, reaches the island of Anti- costi; the following year lands at Quebec, gives Canada its name ("Kannata"), goes up the St. Lawrence to Hochelaga (Montreal). ]54l Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, being appointed by Francis I the King's Viceroy in Canada, Cartier takes service under him and goes back to Canada. Roberval leaves for Canada, founds a short-lived settle ment at Cap Rouge. i603 An expedition organized bv Aymar de Chaste, Governor of Dieppe, sails for Canada, with Samuel de Champlain on board as Geographer Roval. After Chaste's death, Pierre du Gast, Sieur de Monts, takes over, with Champlain as his lieutenant. 1604-1605 De Monts and Champlain discover Port Roval (Annapolis), make a settlement at the mouth of the St. Croix River. De Poutrincourt and Lescarbot arrive in Canada. Champlain chooses Quebec as a trading post. Recollet friars arrive in Canada. The Jesuits arrive in Canada. The Company of the Hundred Associates is founded bv Richelieu, and receives the monopoly of the Canadian trade and the government of Canada. Champlain dies at Quebec. Montreal is founded. Louis XIV revokes the charter of the Company (another Company being organized the following year). Cavelier de la Salle arrives in Canada. Jolliet and Marquette reach the Wisconsin River and descend the Mississippi. Count de Frontenac comes to Canada as Governor of New France. Francois de Laval (in Canada since 1659) is made Bishop of Quebec Page 43 1690 Quebec is successfully defended against Sir William Phipps. 171?) Acadia and the Hudson Bav territory are ceded by France to Great Britain at the Peace of Utrecht. 1748 Louisbourg, captured by the British, is returned to France by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1756-1763 Seven Years' War. Montcalm victorious at Fort Oswego (1756); Ticon- deroga (1758). The French defeated at Fort Frontenac and Louisbourg. Montcalm killed and Quebec taken (1759). 1763 Treaty of Paris. 1. 43. CHAMPLAIN-MAP. From LES VOYAGES DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE OCCIDENTALE DICTE CANADA . . . Paris, 1632. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher This map is the first on which the Detroit River is shown. All of the Great Lakes, except Lake Michigan, are crudely indicated. It is not easy to decipher, 5 but on the left of the map, "Grand Lac" is Lake Superior; and next, to the right of Lake Superior is "Mer Douce," Lake Huron; and "Lac St. Louis," southeast' from Lake Huron, is Lake Ontario. South of "Mer Douce'' are some islands in, Lake Erie, and the Detroit River. Lake Erie is shown as a couple of small lakes. 44. MAP OF NEW FRANCE. (DESCRIPTION DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE- ou sont remarquees les diverses habitations des Francois . . .) Paris, 1643. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection 45. DUCHESS D'AIGUILLON (1604-1675). Line engraving, by Balthazar Mol cornet, 1630. Lent by the McCord Museum, McGill University Marie de Wiegnerod, the future duchess d'Aiguillon, was a niece of Cardinal de Richelieu, who, after her husband's death (1622), devoted herself to works of charity. She became deeply interested, through the Jesuit Relations, in the Canadian missions, and was in great part responsible for the establishment of the Hotel-Dieu de Quebec in 1639. 46. MERE MARIE DE L'INCARNATION. Engraving by (Francois?) de Poilly. Lent by the McCord Museum, McGill University An inscription on another contemporary portrait, engraved by Edelinck, gives an accurate resume of Mere Marie de l'lncarnation's life. Translated it reads: I "The Venerable Mother Marie de l'lncarnation, First Mother Superior of the Ursuline Convent in New France; who, after spending thirty-two vears of her life in the outside world with extraordinary penance; eight vears in the Monastery of the Ursulines in Tours; and thirty-three years in Canada, deeply interested in i the conversion of the Savages, died in Quebec in April, 1672, aged 72 vears 6 months 13 days." Page 44 THE VENERABLE FRANCOIS DE MONTMORENCY LAVAL, by Frere Luc (1614-1685). Oil on canvas, 44 by 35 inches. Lent by the Museum of Laval University Mgr. Francois de Montmorency-Laval (1 623-1708) was a member of one of the most aristocratic families of France. He received the tonsure at the age of nine, and occupied several ecclesiastical positions in France until 1659, when he was sent to Canada as Apostolic Vicar. His influence upon New France was tremendous, usually superior to that of the royal governors with whom he often struggled in his determination that Canada should be ruled by the church. An ascetic with the highest moral motives, he actively opposed the sale of in- toxicating liquors to Indians. From 1674 until 1683 he was the titular Bishop of Quebec. At the latter date he resigned that post to give all his attention to the affairs of the Seminary of Quebec, which was to become Laval University, and which he had founded that year. Claude-Francois, called Frere Luc, a Recollet brother, was born at Amiens, France, in 1614. A pupil of Simon Vouet, he also studied in P\ome, and is con- sidered one of the earliest Canadian painters of professional rank. Although he stayed in Canada only a short time (1670-1671), his influence upon Canadian architecture and painting was considerable. Frere Luc died in Paris in 1685. The portrait of Monseigneur de Laval exhibited here was executed in Paris in 1672. (cf. Gerard Morisset, La vie et Vcenvre du Frere Luc, Quebec, 1944, pp. 123-124). . MONSEIGNEUR DE SAINT-VALLIER. Watercolor, 15% by 12V 2 inches. Lent by the Museum of Laval University Jean-Baptiste de Saint-Vallier (1653-1727), in France almoner to Louis XIV, was chosen to replace Mgr. de Laval in 1688. An energetic reformer and strict disciplinarian he founded a large number of convents and churches in Canada, such as the Hopital-General in Quebec and the monastery of the Ursulines at Three Rivers. On a return trip from Rome (1701) he was taken prisoner bv the British and kept in captivity for five years. Of Mgr. de Saint-Vallier, the Catholic Encyclopedia says: "Though his overbearing zeal and excessive desire to perform all the good that he had in view occasionallv elicited measures that were dis- pleasing and even offensive, these were fully outbalanced bv his generositv toward the poor, and his genuine disinterestedness." This charming watercolor, evidently a French Canadian "primitive,'' is difficult to date. It may have been executed as late as the last years of the 18th century. 19. COUNT DE FRONTENAC. PROCLAMATION forbidding Canadians to enter the Indian country. Signed and dated: Frontenac, August 26, 1673. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Louis de Buade, Count de Frontenac (1620-1698), a ruined nobleman, was appointed Governor of New France in 1672. He was a strong-willed administrator and favored popular representation in public affairs. Llis uncontrollable temper involved him in quarrels with the clergy, and he was recalled to France in 1682; Page 45 but in 1689, as the Iroquois and the British were threatening Canada, he was sent back to Quebec and succeeded in saving New France. 50. BRONZE MEDAL OF LOUIS XIV, 1690, COMMEMORATING THE PREVENTION OF THE ENGLISH SEIZURE OF QUEBEC Diameter, \V% inches. Lent by the Library of Parliament, Ottawa On the obverse, around the profile portrait head of Louis XIV, is the inscrip- tion, LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS (Louis the Great, Most Christian King). On the reverse, the figure of France sits in triumph over a land indicated as Canada bv the figure of a beaver at her feet. Above is the inscription, FRANCIA IN NOVO ORBE VICTR1X. (France victorious in the New World) and below, KEBEKA LIBERA! A, M'DC'XC- (Quebec liberated, 1690). This medal commemorates the siege of Quebec bv the English Admiral Phipps in 1690 and his defeat by Governor Frontenac who replied to the messenger of Phipps, asking him to surrender, with these famous words, "Tell vour master that I will give him a reply through the mouths of my cannons." 51. DEFEAT OF THE ENGLISH FLEET IN CANADA, 1690. [FLOTTE ENGLOISE REPOUSSEE EN CANADA]. Engraving, \m by 14% inches. Lent by Louis Carrier The text accompanies an engraved facsimile of the "Kebeka Liberata" medal (No. 50) commemorating the defeat of the English fleet under Phipps in 1690. The same composition and phrasing appear in Medailles sur les principaux evene- ments du regne de Louis le Grand, Paris, 1723. 52. JEAN-BAPTISTE HERTEL, CHEVALIER DE ROUVILLE (1668 1722). Oil on canvas, 25 3 /4 bv 21 inches. Lent by Madame Charles Hertel de Roaville "Jean-Baptiste Hertel, who became the outstanding Indian fighter of New France, was born at Three Rivers in 1668, one of a remarkable family of twelve brothers, all of whom became officers in the Kings Colonial Troops, many of them dving in battle. He commanded the ruthless raid against Deerfield (Mass.) in 1704, against Haverhill (Mass.) in 1708, and was second in command of the expedition against Northern New York which resulted in the retreat of the English at Crown Point in 1710. He later commanded in Acadia, and went to France as recruiting officer for the Colonial Troops" (Painting in Canada, Albanv, 1946, p. 17). This portrait, the work of an unknown Canadian artist, was painted about 1712. It is therefore one of the early secular portraits in Canadian art. 2. THE FRENCH AND THE INDIANS 53. SILVER RELIQUARY OF THE TUNIC OF THE VIRGIN AT CHAR- TRES, PRESENTED TO TFIE HURON INDIAN MISSION OF LOR- ETTE, QUEBEC, 1679. Height, 8 l /i« inches. Lent by the Huron Mission, Jeune Lorette, Quebec Page 46 Silver Reliquary of the Tunic of the Virgin at Chartres, presented to the Huron Indian Mission of Lorette, Quebec, 1679. Lent by the Huron Mission, Jeune Lorette, Quebec [No. 53] Page 47 1 his is one of the most beautiful pieces of church silver of French origin pre- served in Canada, and one of the most historic. It reproduces in its form the sacred relic of the tunic of the Virgin Marv which is preserved in the Cathedral of Chartres in France, the celebrated "Chemise de Notre Dame de Chartres." On its front and back surfaces are engraved representations of the Virgin and Child, inscribed VIRGINI PARITURAE, and of the Annunciation. An inscrip- tion within reads in Latin: IUSSU VENERAND. D. D. CAP. INSIGN. ECCL. CARN. THOMAS MAHON CARNOTAEUS ELABORAVIT ANNO MDCLXXIX, which may be translated: On the order of the Venerable Canons of the Noted Church of Chartres, made by Thomas Mahon of Chartres in 1679. Concerning this reliquarv a most interesting chapter of historv is told. In 1676 the Jesuit missionary to the Huron Indians, Father Joseph Marie Chaumont, whose devotion to the shrine of the Holv House of the Virgin at Loretto in Italv had led him to build a replica among the Hurons, whence came the name of the several Huron villages at Ancienne Lorette and Jeune Lorette near the City of Quebec, brought to Canada from Chartres a small silver reliquarv in the form of; the Tunic of the Virgin. This so pleased the Huron Indians that they wove a^ wampum belt which they sent in 1678 to the Cathedral of Chartres, where it still preserved. In reply, the Canons of Chartres had made, in 1679, this larger; silver reliquary which was sent to the Fluron Mission. It is the pride of the Huron Indians and moved with them before 1700 from Ancienne Lorette to their new town of Jeune Lorette, where it is preserved in the church of Notre-Dame de Lorette. It is now, for the first time, exhibited outside of Canada in honor of. this exhibition which celebrates the French contributions to the North Americart continent. 54. ALTAR FRONTAL. Early 18th century. Carved, silvered and gilt wood, 33 by 65 inches. Lent by the Huron Mission, ]eune Lorette, Canada This parement, one of the most striking objects in the exhibition, draws its interest in part from the decoration of the background, on which is drawn a land scape of hills, flowers and birds and, below, on a frieze, the Huron Mission itself, an Indian woman praying, more trees and flowers. Ramsay Traquair, in his Old Architecture of Quebec, calls this frontal "the finest work of its kind in Canada and also . . . the only piece of church work which shows Indian influence." "In the centre, in full relief, is a Madonna and Child surrounded by a wreath of acanthus scroll and roses. In the corners are four cherubs on flat clouds. These carved parts are attached and gilt. The background is silvered, over a thin coal of gesso, and on it is drawn a landscape of hills, trees, flowers and birds with the sun shining down from one of the cherubs; it evidently represents the Mission On the right are two Indian wigwams, then comes the Mission itself, the churcr with spire and cross, in front of it an Indian woman worshipping, behind it < Page 48 gabled house, evidently the presbytery. In the centre is a crown-imperial fritillary. On the hills we can distinguish spruces and greenwoods. At the extreme left is a little gabled house. All this is drawn on the silver with an impressed point. " Traquair, Ramsay, The Old Architecture of Quebec, p. 185. Altar Frontal from Lent by the Huron Missio eune Lorette. Early 18th century. n, Jeune Lorette, Quebec [No. 54] h5. WAMPUM BELT. Lent by )oachim des Rivieres Tessier This is the chief wampum belt of the Huron Indians at Jeune Lorette near Quebec. Tradition is that this wampum was one of three constituting the Peace Treaty of Montreal in 1701 between the Hurons, Iroquois and French. The Iroquois wampum is preserved at Caughnawaga near Montreal, the French is in Paris (National Archives?). The principal motif of the wampum is the buried hatchet. When the four head chiefs of the Hurons brought the wampum to London in 1824, an engraving (shown in the exhibition under No. 56), was made, showing Nicolas Vincent Tsa-won-hon-hi holding the wampum. The in scription of this engraving wronglv states that the hatchet on the wampum was a oift to the Hurons from George III. Nicolas Vincent was the father of Zacharie Vincent, whose self-portrait is in this exhibition (No. 64). Page 49 56. NICHOLAS VINCENT TSAWANHONHI. Principal Christian Chief and Captain of the Huron Indians . . . habited in the costume of his country, as when presented to His Majesty George IV, on the 7th of April, 1825 . . . Colored litho- graph [London, ca.1825]. Lent by Joachim des Rivieres Tessier 57. INDIAN MISSION HYMN BOOK - ANTIPHONARIUM JUXTA BREVIARIUM ROMANUM . . . GRATIANOPOLI (GRENOBLE) APLID PETRUM FAURE. M.DCC.XXIV. Lent by Louis Carrier Manuscript Christmas hymn in Indian language and manuscript music, occu- pying whole of reverse of title page. Music played a great part in the lives of Catholic Indians. An 18th century observer, the enlisted soldier, Penicaut, described thus religious ceremonies at Kaskaskia (1711): "The Jesuit Fathers have translated psalms and hymns from Latin into their (the Kaskaskias') language. At Mass and Vespers they alternate in singing with the French in this manner: The Illinois (Kaskaskias) sing one. verse of a psalm or hymn in their own language and then the French sing the next verse in Latin according to the melody used in Europe . . ." St. Jean de Brebeuf, the French missionary who lived among the Indians,: translated hvmns into the Huron language, such as his jesus Ahatohnia (1643),, the tune of which is based on a French folk song. 58. SILVER MEDAL OF LOUIS XIV, 1693, FOR PRESENTATION TO THE INDIANS OF CANADA. Diameter, 134 inches. Lent by the Museum of Laval] University, Quebec Such medals in varying sizes and materials and with changing subject matter and inscriptions were presented by the Kings of France and of England, and later by the Presidents of the United States, to American Indians distinguished for their friendship to the ruling government and for their warlike exploits in favor of these governments. These medals were proudly worn around the neck on state occasions and, if not buried with the recipient on his decease, they were treasured by the families and descendants of the honored Indians. This medal was first struck in France in 1686 on the birth of the Due de Berry, grandson of Louis XIV, but was reissued in 1693 with modifications for distribution to the Indians of Canada. On the obverse is the profile portrait head of Louis XIV, with the encircling inscription, LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS (Louis the Great, Most Christian King), and on the reverse, under the inscription, FELICITAS DOMUS AUGUSTAE (Happiness of the Roval House), are the profile portrait heads of the Dauphin, son of Louis XIV, and of his three sons, Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Philip, Duke of Anjou, and Charles, Duke of Berry, over the date MDCXCffl. This, the only surviving example of this medal, was formerly preserved in an ancient family of the Huron tribe at Lorette in Quebec. Page 50 ii £ Wampum Belts. [Top: No. 55.] Wampum belt of the Huron Indians at Jeune Lorette. Lent by Joachim des Rivieres Tessier. [Below: No. 15.] Wampum belt, commemorating the Mission Church at Ossc Lent by the McCord Museum, McGiU University )ssosne. BRONZE MEDAL OF LOUIS XIV, about 1713 14, FOR PRESENTATION TO THE INDIANS OF CANADA. Diameter, 2 3 / i6 inches. Lent by the Library of Parliament, Ottawa This medal was issued in the last year of Louis XIV, who died in 1715, to commemorate the glories of France after the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastadt (1714) when, although France lost to England the American territories of Hudson's Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland, the succession of Philip of Anjou to the throne of Spain was assured. On the obverse is the profile portrait head of Louis XIV, inscribed around, LUDOVICUS XIIII. D.G. FR. ET NAV. REX (Louis XIV, by Grace of God, King of France and Navarre), and on the reverse, two male figures clasping hands, Flonor at the left, crowned with laurel, and Valor at the right, in military dress, under the inscription, HONOS ET VIRTUS. In the early years of the reign of Louis XV, after the death of his great- grandfather in 1715, and before his coronation in 1722, these medals were undoubtedly distributed to Canadian Indians. SILVER MEDAL OF LOUIS XV, ABOUT 1730-40, FOR PRESENTATION TO THE INDIANS OF CANADA. Diameter, 2W inches. Lent by the Library of Parliament, Ottawa This medal was a revised version of the Honos et Virtus medal of Louis XIV. On the obverse is a profile portrait head of Louis XV, designed by Duvivier, with the inscription, LUDOVICUS XV. REX CHRISTIANTSSIMUM (Louis XV, Most Christian King), and on the reverse, the figures of Llonor and Valor clasping hands, under the inscription, HONOS ET VIRTLIS. This medal must have con- tinued in use until the British took over New France. An example is known on Page S/ LIBRAE it i mOVS which the name of George III has been stamped over that of Louis XV, thus indicating to the Indians a change of overlordship. 61. BIRCHBARK BOX WITH PORCUPINE QUILL EMBROIDERY. Diameter, 8% inches; height, 434 inches. Lent by the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa In 1790 this box was the property of Marie Josephine Fortin, Petite Riviere, Quebec, according to an inscription inside the cover. Bv Marius Barbeau, it is attributed to the nuns of the Ursuline or some other convent in Quebec. Such work was taught bv the nuns to their Indian charges. Thev carried the techniques and stvle back to their people who adopted the technique and executed quill-work sometimes in a native pattern, sometimes in a curvilinear or floral style that recalls French origins. 62. BIRCHBARK BOX WITH MOOSEHA1R EMBROIDERY. Length, 9% inches; width, 8 3 4 inches; height, 4 ] /s inches. Lent by the Royal Ontario Museum of Archeology, Toronto In workmanship and stvle, this box is tvpical of the influence of French in-; struction, such as that of the Ursuline nuns of Quebec, upon Indian craftsmen, j Native materials, birchbark and dyed moosehair, are here adopted to European embroidery techniques and designs. This box was a wedding gift in 1854 to ] Mrs. George H. M. Johnson from the Huron Indians of Jeune Lorette, near* Quebec. 63. FINGER-WOVEN WOOLEN SASHES WORN BY INDIANS, WOODS- 1 MEN AND TRADERS IN CANADA. Lent by the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa These gayly colored sashes are the nineteenth centurv successors of the red; sashes worn bv soldiers, traders and others in the eighteenth centurv. Largelv a, product of French Canada, thev became a popular article of trade among the Indians. The technique, a finger-weaving that resembled flat braiding, was de- veloped among the French Canadians of LAssomption, near Montreal, whence the generic name of "Assumption sashes." The technique was taken up bv In- dians in regions within the LInited States and Western Canada. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Hudson's Bav Companv introduced an English-made machine woven variety which general lv replaced the hand- woven sashes until the technique was almost forgotten and had to be revived in recent times. The bright sash seems typical of the French-Canadian habitant and woods- man and was favored bv the Indians for spectacular full-dress on state occasions, when the colorful sash might supplement a blue or scarlet military coat, an array of silver medals and ornaments, and a silk top hat or plumed silver headband. The four specimens exhibited illustrate several designs and weaves, (a) One "ceinture a flamme," so called from its flamelike pattern, is of unusual width (about eleven inches), (b) Another sash combines the flame design with an arrow Page 52 pattern, which gives the name "ceintures flechees" to sashes like (c) the beaded example, composed of four bands or garter strips joined at the edges, (d) The fourth specimen illustrates a zigzag pattern made in French-Canadian districts, outside of L'Assomption, and bv some Indian tribes in the Middle West. All of the examples shown are not over one hundred and twenty-five years old, though they may illustrate patterns and weaves of an older period. See Marius Barbeau, Assomption Sash (National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 93, about 1938). ZACHARIE VINCENT. SELF PORTRAIT. Lent by the Musee de la Province, Quebec Zacharie Vincent (1 793-1886), Te dernier des Hurons pur sang," was a chief of the Huron tribe of Lorette. A good painter who studied under Plamondon (see No. 87), he has left a number of self portraits, of which this is the most sensitive. Zacharie Vincent (1793- 1886). Self Portrait. Lent by the Musee de la Province, Quebec [No. 64] Page 53 3. FRENCH CANADA (1717-1860) 65. MAP OF THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, FROM LAKE ONTARIO TO POINTE AUX VACHES. 1724. Water color, 26 '4 by 17 inches. Insert is a map reaching from Montreal to Long Island. Lent by The Newberry Library, Ayer Collection This map is one of an extremely important collection of over one hundred manuscript maps and views, showing the results of French voyages of exploration, trading posts and colonial expansion. The volume from which it is taken bears, lettered upon the back and front cover, the inscription: CARTES MARINES— A LA SUBSTITUTION DV VALDEC, PROCHE SOLEVRE EN SVISSE. MDCCXXVII. There is no other title beyond the caption of the table — "Table des feuilles rassemblees dans ce volume en 1727." These maps and views are done in water color on heavy paper, and are typical French maps of the period. There is no indication of the sources from which they were obtained or copied. Some contain the cartographer's name, and some are dated, but most of them are both anonymous and undated. They have all been given an approximate date with s the hope that this may lead to something more accurate. The collection includes ' maps of Tunis and Algiers, the west coast of Africa, the coasts of India and China, etc., a few maps of South America and the West Indies, many of Louisiana, Nova ■ Scotia, Cape Breton, Labrador, and the St. Lawrence River, and ends with two.) or three French maps. Altogether they form a valuable collection of maps and drawings. The Edward E. Ayer Collection also contains several volumes of manuscript memoirs and relations from the same library. Apparently this atlas, was brought together to illustrate these manuscripts. Nos. 67, 70, 164 and 165^ in this catalog belong to this series, which has been described in the List off Manuscript Maps in the Edward E. Ayer Collection, Chicago, 1927. The in- formation oiven here was communicated bv the Newberry Library. 66. PLAN OF MONTREAL, 1717. Signed: Chaussegros de Lery. Pen and water color, 20 by 31 inches. Lent by the Archives de la Province de Quebec Joseph-Gaspard Chaussegros de Lery (1682-1756) was the chief engineer of New France. Another plan, also by de Lery, executed in June, 1715, is preserved in the Colonial Archives, Paris. 67. PLAN OF QUEBEC. Water color, 26*6 by \7V-\ inches. Lent by The Newberry Library, Ayer Collection This plan, which belongs to the series described under No. 65, seems to have been drawn to show existing and proposed fortifications. It differs perceptibly from the plan of Chaussegros de Lery of 1720. There is inset a "Profil du projet de Kebec pris sur la ligne A B relatif au plan de 1715." This line joins the "Redoute du Cap au Diamant" to the "Redoute du Moulin." Page 54 It is followed by a sheet containing five views: 1. Ville des Trois-Rivieres . . ., 1721. 2. Fort de Chambly. 3. Ville de Montreal. 4. Sant de Niagara. 5. Ville de Quebec. This in turn is followed by another view of Quebec. It may be noted here that the view of Three Rivers in 1721 (No. 1 above) is similar in most, if not all, its details, to a view of that town in the Archives of the Ministere des Colonies, Paris (reproduced in the catalogue of the Exposition Retrospective des colonies . . ., Paris, 1929, p. 30). 68. CLAUDE MICHEL BEGON. Oil on canvas, 28 by 24 inches. Lent by the Archives of the Province of Quebec Claude-Michel Begon (1683?- 1748), brother of the better known Michel Begon, the Intendant of New France, was major of Quebec (1728) and Covernor of Three Rivers from 1743 to 1748. This portrait, bv an unknown artist, is a good example of Canadian portraiture in the first half of the 18th centurv. 69. EVANGELINE, by Jules-Emile Saintin after the painting bv Thomas Faed, 1853. Pastel, 17 by 13% inches (sight). Signed: E. Saintin/New York 1856. Lent by Maxim K. Karolik The story of the deportation in 1755 of some 6,000 Acadians to various points of the English colonies, in the midst of the French-Indian war, is well known. The most important group was that which found its way to Louisiana. The population, estimated as early as 1880 at 50,000, has preserved manv of the ways of their ancestors. The exodus of the Acadians was the occasion of Longfellow's Evangeline, which Howard Mumford Jones called "a production largely re- sponsible for the haze of romantic melancholy in which the whole movement has been shrouded.'' Yet, as has been said, the expulsion of this verv large group of Acadians, with the "unnecessary cruelty and bungling stupidity" with which it was carried out, forms a melancholy story. For Saintin, a French artist who resided in the Llnited States for several years in the 1850's, and executed a large number of sketches of Indians and Americans, see Part VIII. 70 a and b. PLAN AND VIEW OF LOUISBOURG. Water color, 25 by 2514 inches. Lent by The Newberry Library, Ayer Collection This plan belongs to the series of the Cartes Marines described under No. 65. The date (ce 28 x.bre 1716) is placed at the end of the table of explanations. The chart is crossed by many lines showing the range of every gun. It is followed by a large view of 'Louis-bourg clans lisle Rovalle.' (illustr. page 56) 71. CORNERSTONE OF THE FORT OF LOUISBOURG. Fleight, 27 inches. Lent by Hermann Warner Williams, jr. View of Louisbourg, Library, Ayer Collection 1716. Lent by the Newberry [No. 70b] Louisbourg, on Cape Breton at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, was one of the main fortresses of New France. Taken a first time in 1745 bv Colonel William Pepperell, it was returned to France at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in exchange for Madras in India, which had been occupied bv the French. After the war Louisbourg was strengthened. But it fell into the hands of the English (under" Boscawen and General Amherst) during the Seven Years' War, and was dis- mantled. 72. [MARQUIS DE LOTBINIERE]. Letter from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, Gov- ernor General of New France, to Lotbiniere at Carillon. Dated October 7, 1757. Lent by Alain joly de Lotbiniere 73. MARQUIS DE LOTBINIERE. Copy and translation by Lotbiniere of the "Letter addressed to Canadians by the American General Congress, 1775." Lent bv Alain Joly de Lotbiniere The document starts: "Aux habitants opprimes du Canada . . ." 74. [Marquis de Lotbiniere]. ARMORIAL BOOKPLATE. On: Les plaidoyers de M. Antoine Arnault . . ., 1726. Lent by Louis Carrier 75. SEAL OF THE MARQUIS DE LOTBINIERE. Lent by Alain Joly de Lot biniere Page 56 Michel Chartier, Marquis de Lotbiniere, was born in Quebec in 1703 and died in New York in 1799. Named chief military engineer of New France in 1755, he built Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga). Fie was granted the seigniory oi Allainville, which included much of the western shore of Lake Champlain. Durino the American Revolution he sided with the Americans. His only son, Eustache-Gaspard Chartier, Marquis de Lotbiniere (1748-1822), took arms to repel the American invasion of Canada in 1775, was captured at Fort St. jean, and remained a prisoner in the Linked States until the end of hostilities. The most interesting of the mementoes listed above is the manuscript copy of the Letter to the Inhabitants of Canada, first printed in English in Philadelphia in October 1774 and, probably simultaneously, in French by Fleury Mesplets. It was reprinted in French by Mesplets early in 1775, before his first trip to Canada where he was to set up his printing plant at Montreal the following year. This manuscript is held to be in the handwriting of the Marquis, who at that time was at the Court of France endeavouring to raise interest in the struggles of the American colonists. '6. MARQUIS DE MONTCALM. Oil on canvas, 32 by 27 inches. Lent by the Museum of Laval University Louis Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm-Gozon (1712-1759), already distin- guished as an officer, arrived in Quebec in May, 1756 as the Commander-in-chief of the Armies of New France at the height of the French and Indian war. In a difficult position, he nevertheless captured Oswego and Fort William Henry and was victorious at the battle of Ticonderoga (1758). In 1759, defending Quebec against General Wolfe, he was mortally wounded at the battle of the Heights of Abraham. 7. MARQUIS DE MONTCALM. AUTOGRAPH LETTER, addressed to M. de Bougainville, at Silleri. Dated September 5 [17591. Lent by the Public Archives of Canada A letter regarding military matters. It ends with: "Good luck is all 1 have to wish you." This is one of the last letters written by Montcalm, who was mortally wounded on September 1 3. '8. A VIEW OF THE TAKING OF QUEBEC SEPTEMBER 13111, 1759. Line engraving, colored. Lent by the Public Archives of Canada This rare contemporary print, published by John Bowles in London, about 1760, is stated to have hung on the paneled wall of the drawing-room of Wolfe's House at Westerham, Kent, England. a\ long inscription in English and French describing the battle usually accompanies the print. 79. DEATH OF GENERAL MONTCALM, by G. Chevillet after Vateau. Colored engraving, late 18th century. Lent by Louis Carrier The scene is apochryphal, as Montcalm actually died in the house of Surgeon Arnoux two days after the battle of the I [eights of Abraham. Page ^7 The Marquis de Montcalm, bv an anonymous! 18th century artist. Lent by the Museum of Lavali University [No. 76]' Page 58 COAT-OF-ARMS OF QUEBEC. Polychromed wood. School of Quebec, 18th century, 36 by 30 inches. Lent by the Public Archives of Canada This coat-of-arms has been attributed to the two brothers, Francois-Noel Le Vasseur (1703-1794) and Jean-Baptiste Le Vasseur (1715-1775), who be- longed to a famous dynasty of Quebec sculptors. It was taken from the gates of Quebec on September 18, 1759, when the city surrendered to the British troops. LA CORNE DE SAINT-LUC. Oil on canvas, 34 by 29 inches. Lent by the Antiquarian and Numismatic Society, Chateau de Ramezay, Montreal Luc de Chaptes de la Corne, Chevalier de Saint-Luc (1711-1784), "Mont- calm's General of the Indians,'' took Fort Clinton in 1741 and was present at the battle of Carillon and at both battles of the Heights of Abraham. An Executive Councillor under the new regime, he fought at St. Johns and accompanied Burgoyne with a command of Canadians and Indians. Luc de La Corne de Saint- Luc, bv an anonymous 18th century artist. Lent by the Antiquarian and Numismatic Society, Chdteau de Rame- zay, Montreal [No. 811 Page 59 82. [MARECHAL DE LEVIS]. LETTER addressed by Vergennes to Levis. Dated March 4, 1779. Lent by Alain joly de Lotbiniere De Levis was second in command under Montcalm when the latter was sent from France to Canada in 1756. He was placed almost at once in command of the fort at Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain, and was present at the famous victory of Ticonderoga in 1758. De Levis also plaved a courageous part in the events following the fall of Quebec, winning the battle of Ste. Fov, but was finally obliged to surrender to General Amherst after burning his flags. 83. A VIEW OF THE CHURCH OF NOTRE DAME DES VICTOIRES, QUEBEC, by Dominique Serres. Oil on panel, \3>Vi bv \9Vi inches. Signed D. Serres P. 1760. Lent by the Public Archives of Canada A View of the Treasury and Jesuits College, Quebec, 1760, bv Dominique Serres. Lent by the Public Archives of Canada [No. 84] Page 60 I A VIEW OF THE TREASURY AND JESUITS COLLEGE, QUEBEC, bj Dominique Serres. Oil on panel, \3>V2 by \9Vi inches. Signed D. Serres P. 1760. Lent by the Public Archives of Canada Born in Gascony, Dominique Serres (1722-1793) ran away to sea in his youth. He was captured bv the English and taken to England where he became well known for his seascapes, being eventually appointed marine painter to George III. These paintings were apparently executed by Serres alter drawings bv Richard Short, Purser of H.M.S. Prince of Orange, who had been instructed by Admiral Saunders to make a series of drawings of Quebec. The scenes have been engraved and published in London, No. 83 by A. Benoist, No. 84 bv C. Grignion. 85. MONTREAL FROM ST. HELEN'S ISLAND IN 1781, by Richard Dillon. Oil on canvas, 12 bv 17 inches. Lent by the Antiquarian and Numismatic Society. Chateau de Ramezay, Montreal This is one of the earliest known painted views of Montreal (others exist, notably by Dominique Serres, 1760). Little is known of Dillon, who is believed to have been a military topographer. ). DANCE IN THE CHATEAU SAINT-LOUIS, QUEBEC, 1801, by George Heriot. Wash drawing, 9 3 4 by 14-% inches. Lent by the Public Archives of Canada George Heriot (1766-1844), born in Scotland, was appointed Deputy Post- master General of Canada, which position he held from 1799 to 1816. He was the author of Travels through the Canadas, which he illustrated with engravings of his own drawings and watercolors. "Among the home-keeping villagers of Acadia, Quebec, Detroit and Wiscon- sin, joviality prevailed most of the year. They were gay, careless and free. Their songs were part of the every-day life. Thev enjoyed an imagination that revelled in poetic fancy and reached far into the treasures of the past . . ." (Marius Bar- beau). This charming scene in the old Chateau Saint-Louis in Quebec, later destroyed by fire, is exhibited to illustrate the well-known ioie de vivre of French Canadians. 7 . PORTRAIT OF A NUN, by Antoine Plamondon (1804-1895). Oil on canvas, 36 by 28 ! /2 inches. Lent by The National Gallery of Canada The portrait represents Marie-Emilie Pelletier, Soe.ur Saint-Alphonse (1817- 1846) of the Hopital-General, Quebec. Plamondon, one of the most gifted Canadian artists, was born in Ancienne Lorette, studied in Quebec and later in Paris under Paulin Guerin. This Portrait of a Nun, a masterpiece of quiet char- acterization, was chosen to illustrate in the exhibition the part played by the nuns of the Hopital-General in the development of Canadian life. Page 6/ 88. THE HABITANT FARM, by Cornelius Krieghoff. Oil on canvas, 24 by 36 inches. Lent /7y The National Gallery of Canada Cornelius Krieghoff (1815-1872) was born in Diisseldorf, Germany. After traveling through the United States (he saw action at the time of the Seminole uprising in Florida), he lived in Canada, first in Montreal, then in Quebec. He left Canada in 1864 and died in Chicago. He is par excellence the painter of French Canadian scenes, and his best works have quaintness and honesty in addi- tion to qualities of observation and exactitude. His scenes are of course 19th century genre scenes; but, depicting a mode of life which had not changed much for more than a hundred vears, thev have a place in this exhibition. 89. IN THE THOUSAND ISLANDS, by Cornelius Krieghoff. Oil on canvas, WA by 18% inches. Signed. Lent by The Art Gallery of Toronto 90. SETTLER'S LOG HOUSE, by Cornelius Krieghoff. Oil on canvas. 24 by 36 inches. Signed and dated: C. Krieghoff, Quebec, 1856. Lent by The Art Gallery of Toronto 91. A COTTAGE AT STE. ANNE, by Cornelius Krieghoff. Oil on canvas, 17 by 26' inches. Lent by the Mnsee de la Province, Quebec 4. FRENCH SILVER IN CANADA There exists in Canada a surprisinglv large number of pieces of French silver, often ; of very great quality. Examples of the art of the French silversmiths, as is well known,; are difficult to find in France, since a great deal of it was destroyed during the French.;! Revolution. The pieces of silver owned privately or in churches and convents often'^ belong to the best of their kind, and those exhibited here are excellent examples, in' particular the two vases from Jeune Lorette and the Virgin of the Church of Notre- Dame in Montreal, described below, and the reliquary of the Tunic of the Virgin (No. 53) presented to the Huron Indian Mission of Lorette in 1679. 92. SILVER STATUE OF THE VIRGIN GIVEN BY LOUIS XIV TO THE PARISH CHURCH OF NOTRE-DAME IN MONTREAL, 1715. Height, 3844 inches. Lent by the Gentlemen of Saiut-Svdpice, from the Museum of the Church of Notre-Dame, Montreal The statue was made in Paris about 1715. The monogram on a silver plaque on the base is that of the Sulpician order, seigniors of the Island of Montreal. Similar silver statues were later given by Louis XV to the more important Indian missions of New France. 93. SILVER WINE CUP (GOBELET DE ROQU1LLE) WITH THE ARMS OF THE MARQUIS DE MONTCALM (1712-1759). Fleight, 2% inches. Lent by The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts Page 62 Silver Statue of the Virgin, given bv Louis XIV to the Parish Church of Notre- Dame in Montreal, 1715. Lent by the Gen- tlemen of Saint-Sulpice, from the Museum of the Church of Notre-Dame, Montreal [No. 92] This cup, of which a mate exists in the McCord Museum, McGill University, Montreal, was perhaps part of the traveling equipment of the Marquis de Montcalm, Commander of the French Army at Quebec in 1759. After his death at the fall of Quebec, his personal silver is said to have been distributed among his officers by his executor, the Chevalier de Levis. The cup was made early in the eighteenth century at Montpellier in southern France, not too far from Candiac, near Nimes, where Montcalm was born. k SILVER COVERED TWO-HANDLED PORRINGER (ECUELLE) OF JACQUES DENECHAUD (1728-1810) OF QUEBEC. Length, 12^ inches. Lent by The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts Page 63 Jacques Den cch a Lid, wh( > once ow nc d til idle, was a French naval su i'2eon who settled in Quebec in 1752 and became surgeon and apothecary to the Hdtel- Dieu in 1769. This ecuelle was made in Paris in 1738 bv Nicolas Besnier, King's silversmith, who became a Master in Paris in 1714 and died in 1754. The por- ringer and cover bear the initials of Claude Denechaud, son of Jacques, a wealthy merchant of the early nineteenth century. This piece bears witness to the fine quality of much French silver that came to America with the French people who held office for a time in New France or settled here permanently. 95. SILYFR PLATTER WITH THE ARMS OF LOUIS-JOSEPH GODEFROY DE TONNANCOUR (1712-1784). Diameter, 1634 inches. Lent by Mrs. ]. \\ . VlcConnell The original owner of this platter was King's Storekeeper in Three Riyers, Quebec, in 1731, and King's Attorney in 1740. At the time of the American invasion of 1775-76, he was Lieutenant-Colonel of the Militia in the District of Three Riyers. The platter was made in Paris in 1748 by Paul Soulaine who was receiyed as a Master Silyersmith in Paris in 1720. The family of Godefroy de Tonnancour has a special interest for Detroit as members of the Godefrov family were early settlers here and haye many descendants. Theodore Parsons Hall, genealogist of his family and local historian of Detroit, whose wife was: Alexandrine Louise Godfroy, gave the name of "Tonnancour'' to his residence, in Grosse Pointe. 96 97. TWO SILVER ALTAR VASES PRESENTED TO THE HURON IN- DIAN MISSION OF LORETTE, QUEBEC, AFTER 1752. Height, 9 inches. Lent by the Huron Mission, Jeune Lorette, Quebec. These are two of the set of four yases in the finest Rococo style of French- silyersmithing of the mid-eighteenth century which are preserved in the Church of Notre-Dame de Lorette at Jeune Lorette near Quebec. Marks on them show them to be the work of Jacques Roettiers of Paris iri 1752. This maker, later called Jacques Roettiers de Latour, became a Master in Paris in 1733 and died in 1784. He was the first of a distinguished family of silyersmiths. These vases were a gift of the Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV, to the Church of the Huron Indian Mission. Porringer LcueUeK by Nicolas Besnier, Paris .active 1714-1754". Lent b\ the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts [No. 94] Page 64 Altar Vase, 1752, by Jacques Roettiers, Paris (active 1733-1784). Lent by the Huron Mission, jeune Lorette, Quebec [No. 961 5. A SELECTION OF FRENCH CANADIAN SILVER Introduction The silver of French Canada stems naturally from that of France bv imitation of mported works or through the training of the early silversmiths, who came from "ranee, were trained bv those who had learned their trade in France, or went to France or a period of studv. The French background and French taste of early Canadian ;ilver make it markedlv different in form, in weight, and in decoration from the silver )f the English colonies in America which took on its own character from other sources, :hiefly English (with a touch of French Huguenot influence) and Dutch. Silversmithing in Canada developed fairly late. No works are known of the earliest master of Quebec, Michel Levasseur, and pieces by identified Canadian inakers exist only from the first quarter of the eighteenth century and later. Silver nade in France was certainly brought to Canada very early. Even todav French silver iating as early as 1628 exists in Canada, and the celebrated reliquary of the Chemise ie Chartres from the Huron Mission of Jeune Lorette (in this exhibition) is a master- piece of French silver dating from the seventeenth centurv (1679). These and other ipieces of ecclesiastical and domestic silver, some of which survive, though manv have been lost, were the inspiration of local craftsmen, if not their actual models. Page 65 French influence continued long after Canada had been ceded by France to England in 1763. Among silvermakers French names continued to be dominant, although smiths of German and British origin, such as the Arnoldi and Bohle families and Robert Cruickshank, are prominent. Marked characteristics of the silver trade were the continuity of tradition and the clannishness of the makers. Their shops were adjacent; the families intermarried; and the art was handed down from father to son, son-in-law, or nephew. For almost a hundred and fifty vears the silversmithing tradition in the Citv of Quebec can be traced in the line from Jean Amiot (1750- 1821) to Laurent Amiot (1764-1838), Francois Sasseville (1797-1864), Pierre Les- perance (died 1882), and Ambroise Laf ranee (died 1905). From the founding of the colony in the early seventeenth century, the wealth of New France lay in the fur trade. Friendly Indians, coiireurs de hois, and licensed traders each summer brought down the winter's catch of fine furs to Montreal, Three Rivers, and Quebec. Such outlying posts as Green Bay (La Baye des Puans), Mack- inac (Michilimackinac), and Detroit served as intermediary gathering places for Indians, traders, and goods. To keep the Indians friendly and to win from them their furs, the government' officials made distributions of gifts and the traders stocked their trading posts with: articles favored by the Indians: brightly colored textiles; hats and clothing trimmed! with gold and silver lace; firearms with gunpowder and bullets; and a multitude of small trinkets, as mirrors, Jew's harps, glass beads, red paint, brass kettles, pipes and< pins, and, above all, silver ornaments. These last were made in vast quantities in* Montreal and other eastern towns, and to a lesser extent in the frontier posts like! Detroit. Before 1760, the custom had prevailed among the French of giving to favored ; Indian chiefs medals in silver or bronze as marks of distinction and badges of honor/ After 1760, the presentation of medals was continued by the British and American, governments, and there was an increasing demand for silver ornaments which was met; by expanded production in the centers of silversmithing and by greater use of silver' for presentation and trade in the upper country Qe 'pays d'en haitO. Two eye-witness accounts of the Mid-Western Indians, written in the last decade of the eighteenth century, show the prevailing fashion for silver ornaments. Of Paulee, princess royal of the Hurons, the Marquis de Lezay-Marnezia wrote in 1790 from Marietta, Ohio: "Her ears are completely encircled with silver rings. ... A delicate silver cross, some eight inches long, hangs about her neck. . . . Her bosom is half concealed, half revealed, bv a sheer red silk shirt . . . covered all over with interlaced rings of silver . . . Her arms are ringed with silver bands ... A petticoat I of green material completes her outfit, which is smart, decent, and very attractive." I In his account of the Indians assembled at Fort Maiden, Amherstberg, Ontario, pub- I lished in 1799, Isaac Weld, Jr., noted the frequent use of silver in the dress of both I men and women. "The women ... in full dress . . . appear in . . . shirts . . . covered I entirely over with silver broaches, about the size of a sixpenny piece . . . On their I wrists the women wear silver bracelets . . . Thev also wear silver earrings . . . The men J wear earrings likewise . . . They mostly consist of round flat thin pieces of silver, I about the size of a dollar, perforated with holes in different patterns . . . The chiefs 1 Page 66 and principal warriors wear breastplates ... of silver. . . . Silver gorgets, such as are usually worn by officers, please them extremely. . . . Silver ornaments are universally preferred to those of any other metal." In the preparation and distribution of these Indian trade silver ornaments, the French silversmiths of Canada and of Detroit played their part. Traders and Indian agents in the Detroit region placed their orders for Indian "silverworks" with Montreal makers. One such order dated 1801 includes, in a long list of items, the following: 10 sets of gorgets, 8 sets of moons, 16,000 small broaches, 5,000 large broaches, 500 wristbands, 150 ear wheels handsomely finished, 60 large crosses, 15 head bands, 3,000 pairs small ear bobs. To produce these vast quantities of silver ornaments, some of very light weight and careless execution, others large, heavy, and well made, often decorated with engraving, required a great number of silversmiths. Jonas Schindler, Robert Cruick- shank, and other large-scale purveyors to the trade, trained many apprentices and farmed out much work among other silversmiths of Montreal. In the end, this enormous expansion was the undoing of the Montreal silver trade in the middle of the nineteenth century. For purposes of this exhibition only a limited selection of the work of the known silversmiths of French descent in Canada can be shown. Concerning them, informa- tion for the catalogue has been drawn chiefly from the records of Mr. Louis Carrier, whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged. Ecclesiastical and Domestic Silver PIERRE GAUVREAU. Quebec, 1674-1717. Trained as an armorer by his father and apprenticed to Michel Levasseur, Quebec's first important silversmith. Appointed King's armorer. Probably made little silver. 98. SPOON with rat-tail drop, with initials S R G T for Sieur Rene Godefroy de Tonnancour (1669-1738), King's Lieu- tenant-General at Trois-Rivieres. Lent by Louis Carrier JACQUES PAGE. Quebec, 1682-1742. Son of a master toolmaker, he was ap- prenticed in 1708 to Michel Levasseur, Que- bec silversmith. He became a competent silver- smith and watchmaker. 99. PLATTER, inscribed GVY, made for Pierre-Theodore Guy (1700-1748), merchant and fur trader of Montreal. Lent by Louis Carrier PAUL LAMBERT dit SAINT-PAUL. Arras, France, 1691; Quebec, 1749. Ranks with Francois Ranvoyze and Laurent Amiot as one of the three greatest Canadian silversmiths. His art stems from the best pro- vincial traditions of the period of Louis XIV. 100-101. COUVERT of spoon and fork, with crowned cipher, from the family of Chavigny de La Chevrotiere, Quebec. Lent by Louis Carrier 102. PAP BOWL (ecuelle d'enfant) with the initials of Raphael Gagnon (1689- 1766) early settler of Chateau-Richer, on the Saint Lawrence River below Quebec. Lent by Louis Carrier 103. MORTAR. Lent by Henry Birks and Sons of Canada 104. ROAST FORK Qourchette a roti\ with the arms of Jean- Victor Varin dc Page 67 Couvert of spoon and fork, by Paul Lambert dit Saint-Paul (1691-1749). Lent by Louis Carrier [Nos. 100-101] la Ma ire, impaling those of Charlotte Lienard de Beaujeu, whom he married in 1731. He took part in the vast grafting conspiracy led bv Intendant Bigot, was reprimanded in 1754 as a result of an effort to monopolize the fur trade of Detroit, and recalled to France in 1756. The mate to this fork is in the John E. Langdon collection. Lent by Louis Carrier 105. SERVING SPOON (cuiUer a ragout), with the initials of Michel Renou (born 1687), Sieur de la Chapelle, Seigneur of Yamaska, given to his daughter Agathe Renou on her marriage in 1751 to Claude Cartier, a merchant of Saint- Francois du Lac. Lent by Louis Carrier 106. SERVING SPOON (cuiller a ragout), with the initials VD conjoined. Lent by lolin E. Langdon See also section on Detroit and Michigan. ROLAND PARADIS. Paris, 1696; Montreal, 1754. Son of a silversmith of Paris and probably trained there before coming to Canada where he was married in Quebec in 1728. From about 1732 until his death he worked in Montreal. 107. TWO-HANDLED PORRING1 R (ecuelle) from the Hubert family, seigneurs of Fief Hubert, near Quebec. On the rim is the name MORISSO. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts 108. PYX (porte-Dieu), in the form of a min- iature ciborium, for taking communion to the sick. Lent by Louis Carrier 109. SERVING SPOON (cuiller a ragout). Stamped with the initials I C. Lent b\ John E. Langdon MICHEL COTTON. Quebec, 1700 after 1747. A master shoemaker who turned silversmith after 1724, working in Quebec and Montreal. 110. CLIP (gobelet demi-roquille), with the name P. DEMERS for Pierre Demers (born 1697) of Montreal, and also the name of his son-in-law. A. G. Chcnct. 1 Lent by Louis Carrier D. Z. (perhaps for Delezenne). Quebec and. Montreal, mid- 18th centurv. Church and domestic silver bearing this/ mark may be early work of Ignace-Francois Delezenne. 111. BOWL WITH HANDLES, from the family of Tarieu de Lanaudiere, seign-< eurs of La Perade, near Quebec. Said to have been made for Madeleine de Vercheres (died 1747), wife of Pierre- Thomas de Lanaudiere, famous for her defence ot the Fort of Vercheres against the Iroquois in 1692. Lent by Louis Carrier IGNACE FRANCOIS DELEZENNE. Lille, France, about 1717; La Baic du Febvre, 1 790. Porringer (Ecuelle), by Roland Paradis (1696-1754). Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts [No. 107] Came to Quebec about 1740; settled in Montreal and then in Quebec. One of the first of Canadian silversmiths to engage in making large quantities of silver ornaments for the Indian trade. 112. SERVING SPOON (cuiller a ragout). Engraved with the initials I D L P, the last two conjoined. Lent by John E. i angdon FRANCOIS DE LIQUE. Montreal, active 1754. See section on Detroit and Michigan. JACQUES VARIN dit LA PISTOLE. Mon- treal, 1736-1797. Son of a silversmith of Montreal, Louis Varin. 113. CUP (gobelet de roquille). Lent by Louis Carrier FRANCOIS RANVOYZE. Quebec, 1739 1819. In many ways the most important Canadian silversmith. He produced a large amount of richly ornamented ecclesiastical silver and domestic pieces of great elegance. Little is known of his training, yet his work is very accomplished. 114. EWER (aiguiere), stamped on rim of loot: BER1AV PRETRE. Lent by Henry Birks and Sons of Canada US. SPOON. Lent by Louis Carrier Bowl with Handles. Marked D.Z. (Ignace-Francois Delezenner); mid-1 8th century. Lent by Louis Carrier [No. Ill] JONAS OR JOSEPH SCHINDLER. Gloris, Switzerland; active in Quebec 1763, De- troit 1776, Montreal after 1776; died Mon- treal 1792. See section on Detroit and Michigan. PIERRE HUGUET dit LATOLIR. Quebec, 1748; iMontreal, 1817. Son of a tailor; became a wigmaker, jeweler, and silversmith. With the help of his brother, Louis Huguet-Latour, who after 1792 went to Detroit and must have died there, Pierre Huguet-Latour built up a large business in church and domestic silver and in Indian trade silver, training numerous apprentices. 116. C1BORIUM (ciboire). Lent by The Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, Toronto 117. CENSER (encensoir). The chains and handle are lacking. Lent by The Mon- treal Museum of Line Arts 118. BAPTISMAL EWER. Lent by John E. Lunydon Ewer, by Laurent Amiot (1764-1839). Lent by Joachim des Rivieres Tessier [No. 121| i 119. DESSERT SPOON. Lent by Louis Carrier See also section on Indian trade silver. MICHEL FORTON. Quebec, 1754-1816; active in Michigan (Mackinac and De- troit), about 1776. See section on Detroit and Michigan. JOSEPH FERQUEL. Longueuil, 1761; Montreal, 1816. Joseph-Thomas Ferquel was born opposite Montreal where he later became silversmith and patenotrier (maker of rosary beads). He made Indian trade silver for Dominique Rousseau. 120. SPOON, combining French and Eng- lish characteristics. Lent by Louis Car- rier PIERRE FOUREUR dit CHAMPAGNE. Montreal, active 1780-1790. See section on Indian trade silver. LAURENT AMIOT. Quebec, 1764-1839. Trained by his brother, Jean Amiot, and by Francois Ranvoyze, he studied also in Paris from 1782 to 1787. He executed much domestic and ecclesiastical silver in the finest classical style. 121. EWER (aiguiere), in the master's finest style. Lent by Joachim des Rivieres Tessier feT Left to right: Ciborium, by Pierre Huguet dit Latour. Lent by The Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology [No. 116]. Monstrance, by Laurent Amiot. Lent by The Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology [No. 122]. Chalice, by Paul Morand. Lent by Henry Rirks and Sons of Canada [No. 128]. Page 70 122. MONSTRANCE (oslensoir). Lent by The Royal Ontario Museum of Archae- ology, Toronto 123. PYX (forte-Dieu), for taking communion to the sick. From the Parish of Ca- couna below Quebec. Lent hy Louis Carrier 124. FORK. Lent hy Louis Carrier ANTOINE ONEAL. Born in Quebec; mar- ried in Detroit, 1797. See section on Detroit and Michigan. ETIENNE PLANTADE. Montreal, born 1777. Etienne-Clement Plantade was the son of a native of Vichv in France who had settled near Montreal. 125. DESSERT SPOON, from the Faribault family. Lent hy Louis Carrier HENRI POLENCEAU. Montreal, active 1800-1825. 126. FISH SLICE, in the form of a hand grasping a fish by the tail. Engraved with the initials J B R. Lent hy John E. Langdon JEAN-BAPTISTE PIQUETTE. Montreal, 1781; Detroit, 1813. See section on Detroit and Michigan. SALOMON MARION. Lachenaye, 1782; Montreal, 1830. Charles-Salomon Marion was apprenticed to Pierre Huguet in 1798 and became an ac- complished maker of church and domestic silver and also produced much Indian trade silver. 127. PROCESSIONAL CROSS (croix pro- cessionnelle). Lent hy The Royal On- tario Museum of Archaeology, Toronto See also section on Indian trade silver. PAUL MORAND. Blainville, 1784; Mon- treal, 1854. Though christened Joseph, he was known as Hippolyte, which he shortened to Paul. He was apprenticed to Pierre Huguet in 1802. He combined good workmanship with rich ornamentation and chaste design. 128. CHALICE. Lent hy Henry Birks and Sons of Canada 129. CUP WITH HANDLE, with elabor- ate repousse and chased ornamentation. Lent hy Louis Carrier JOSEPH TISON. Montreal, 1787-1869. See section on Indian trade silver. FRANCOIS SASSEVILLE. Sainte-Anne de la Pocatiere, 1797; Quebec, 1864. Apprentice and successor of Laurent Amiot, he willed his shop to his nephew, Pierre Lesperance. 130. FORK. Lent hy Louis Carrier JEAN-BAPTISTE BEQUETTE. Born in Quebec; married in Detroit, 1824. See section on Detroit and Michigan. FRANCOIS DELAGRAVE. Quebec, active in early 19th century. 131. PENDANT CROSS. Lent hy John E. Langdon Indian Trade Silver PIERRE HUGUET dit LATOUR. Quebec, 1748; Montreal, 1817. A very prolific maker of Indian trade silver, much of it marked PH. 132 134. THREE CIRCULAR BROOCHES, of which the largest one comes from the Huron Indians of Jeune Lorette. Lent hy Louis Carrier Some of these circular brooches were pinned on the clothing as ornaments; others were worn hanging from the hair or ears hence are referred to in the early records as "hair wheels" or "ear wheels." PIERRE FOUREUR dit CHAMPAGNE. Montreal, active 1780-1790. Brother-in-law of the fur trader and silver- smith Dominique Rousseau. His mark PC is not often found. 135. CIRCULAR BROOCH. Lent hy Louis Carrier Page 71 Large Circular Brooch, by Pierre Huguet. Lent by Louis Carrier [No. 138] ANTOINE ONEAL (ONEL, ONEIL). Born in Quebec, about 1770; married in Detroit, 1797; probably died in Missouri Territory, about 1820. Maker of Indian "silverworks" in Mich- igan (Detroit) and Indiana (Vincennes). His work, marked AO, is represented in the sec- tion on Detroit and Michigan. SALOMON MARION. Lachenaye, 1782; Montreal, 1830. Known for church and domestic silver of good quality, and as a producer of much silver for the Indian trade. 136. HEAD BAND WITH JINGLES, from the Algonquins of Maniwaki, Quebec. Lent by the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa Such headbands were often worn over a cloth lining and were made to fit by putting large feathers (of the eagle, turkey, or some- times ostrich) between the silver band and the headcloth. DOMINIQUE RIOPELLE. Detroit, 1787- 1859. The D. Reopelle and DR on domestic and Indian silver are probably to be identified as Dominique Riopelle of Detroit, son of Am- broise Riopelle and Therese Campau, and brother of Pierre Riopelle (Detroit, 1772- 1811), who is mentioned as a silversmith in local business records of the Detroit region. His work is shown in the section on Detroit and Michigan. JOSEPH TISON. Montreal, 1787-1869. Son of a wigmaker and neighbor of silver- smiths, he was called a master silversmith in 1810. A vast amount of Indian trade silver bearing the mark JT is ascribed to him. 137. HEAD BAND OR CHIEF'S CROWN, worn by Nicolas Vincent Tsa-wan-hon- hi, Huron Chief of Lorette, Quebec. Lent by Louis Carrier This celebrated Indian visited London in 1824-25 and was presented to George IV. He was the father of Zacharie Vincent Telari- olin, the painter, whose portrait of himself, wearing some of his silver ornaments, is in this exhibition. 138. BREAST ORNAMENT OR LARGE CIRCULAR BROOCH, from the Pi J ard family, Huron chiefs of Jeune Lor-* ette, Quebec. Lent by Louis Carrier ] 139. BREAST ORNAMENT OR LARGE CIRCULAR BROOCH, from the Al- gonquins of Maniwaki, Quebec. Lent by the National Museum of Canada, i Ottawa 140. CONCAVE CIRCULAR BREASTl ORNAMENT, inscribed PANDIGUE' and engraved with a floral design, from' the Iroquois of Caughnawaga, Quebec. Lent by the McCord Museum, McGill University 141-142. TWO ARM BANDS WITH JINGLES, from the Algonquins of Maniwaki, Quebec. Lent by the Na- tional Museum of Canada, Ottawa 143. LEG OR ARM BAND WITH JINGLES, from the Iroquois of Caugh- nawaga, Quebec. Lent by the McCord Museum, McGill University UNKNOWN MAKERS, mostly Canadian, late eighteenth or early nineteenth century. Very commonly the smaller pieces of Indian Page 72 Head Band or Chief's Crown, by Joseph Tison. Lent by Louis Carrier [No. 137] silver, produced in large quantities, were not marked and so cannot be definitely attributed. Some of the unmarked pieces of late date may have been made by Indian smiths, who learned their methods and forms from white makers. Fanciful symbolic interpretations have been suggested for designs whose origin is clearly European or American and whose purpose among the Indians was purely decora- tive. Used by the Indians of many tribes over a wide area, the ornaments traveled along the routes of trade and moved with migrating peoples, without regard for place of origin, international boundaries, or tribal distinctions. Indian trade silver ornaments by French and English makers of Quebec and Montreal trav- eled side by side into the Northwest. 144. GORGET, engraved with the squirrel totem of the Chippewa Indians. Lent by the Royal Ontario Museum of Ar- chaeology, Toronto This neck or breast ornament was derived from European military insignia of rank and was often given to American Indians for military prowess. It sometimes bore the en- graved representation of the coat of arms of the government which presented it. 145. ARM OR LEG BAND WITH JINGLES, from the Iroquois of Caugh- nawaga, Quebec. Lent by the McCord Museum, McGill University 146 147. TWO LEG BANDS WITH JINGLES, from the Algonquins of Maniwaki, Quebec. Lent by the Na- tioual Museum of Canada, Ottawa 148 151. FOUR CIRCULAR BROOCHES from the Wyandottes of Oklahoma, and from the Iroquois of the Tonawanda Reservation, New York, and the Seneca Reservation, Oklahoma. Lent by the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa 152. (a) HEAD BAND of seventeen small brooches attached to black cloth tape, (b) BROOCH derived from Masonic emblems, (c) DOUBLE -HEART BROOCH, from the Iroquois of the Six Nations Reserve, Ontario. Lent by the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa The head band shows how the Indians liked to enrich a surface by covering it with small brooches. The Masonic emblem, from which a favorite type of brooch was derived, Page 73 had lost its meaning for the Indians who usually wore the emblem upside down. The double-heart brooches and related forms seem to have had their origin in the so-called Luckenbooth brooches, made in Scotland and sold in booths around St. Giles church in Breast Ornament or Large Circular Brooch, by Joseph Tison. Lent by the National Museum of Canada [No. 139] Edinburgh, as luck charms, betrothal gifts, and ornaments, but the origin and the mean- ing were unknown to the Indians who some- times devised interpretations of their own. 153. (a) DOUBLE -HEART BROOCH, (b) "SQUARE" BROOCH. Lent by Louis Carrier 154. PAIR OF EARRINGS, from the Hurons of Lorette, Quebec. Lent by Louis Carrier 155. FIVE EARRINGS, from the Iroquois of Ontario. Lent by the National Mu- seum of Canada, Ottawa 156. (a) PENDANT, (b) STRING OF BEADS, from the Iroquois of Ontario. Lent by the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa Brooches, by Pierre Huguet. Lent by Louis Carrier [Nos. 132-133] Page 74 km*^-> j ~ •mate : .,,, View of the Camp of John Law's Concession at New Biloxi by Jean-Baptiste Michel Le Bouteux. Lent by the Newberry Library, Ayer Collection [No. 164] IV The French in "Louisiana >> Fort Crevecoeur established by Cavelier de la Salle Le Moyne d'Iberville's expedition in lower Louisiana Founding of the mission at Cahokia Founding of the mission at Kaskaskia Founding of New Orleans by Le Moyne de Bienville The Ursuline nuns established in New Orleans Ste. Genevieve founded Louis XV cedes to Spain, by secret treaty, New Orleans and the west bank of the Mississippi St. Louis founded by Pierre LaClede and Auguste Chouteau 1766-1769 Prise de possession of Louisiana by Spain 1803 Transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France, and from France to the United States 1680(?) 1698 1699 1703 1718 1727 ca.1735 1762 1764 1. THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY Soon after the discoveries of Jolliet and Marquette and the explorations of La Salle and Tonti, fort-trading posts were built in the Illinois country— Fort St. Louis at Starved Rock, Fort Crevecoeur below Lake Peoria for example. Other establishments Page 75 about which little is known also came into existence. The first permanent settlements, however, were at the missions of Cahokia, founded in 1699, and Kaskaskia (1703), which soon became important centers for missionaries and coureurs de hois and completed the line of communication between Quebec and the Gulf of Mexico. Other forts were established, which were to check possible Spanish expansion. Fort Orleans, Fort de Chartres, were possibly the most important. Little remains of these earlv settlements except for documents and maps. The site of Kaskaskia, which in 1818 became the first capital of the state of Illinois, is now under water, engulfed by the Mississippi. Fort de Chartres, surrendered to the British after the Treaty of Paris, was soon abandoned. Cahokia was superseded after 1764 by St. Louis, and remained a country town. The fascinating history of these settlements may be studied in three recent works: J. H. Schlarman, From Quebec to New Orleans, Belleville, Illinois, 1929; Natalia Maree Belting, Kaskaskia Under the French Regime, Urbana, Illinois, 1948; and John Francis McDermott, et al., Old Cahokia ... St. Louis, 1949. 157. COMMISSION OF SIEUR ETI- ENNE DE BOURMONT as Captain of Infantry in the Company of the In- dies. A.D.S. Dated Paris, July 26, 1720. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society The former coureur de hois Bourmont is best known tor the part he took in the erec- tion of Fort Orleans, the post on the Missouri River which was built in 1723. Etienne Veni- ard de Bourmont (or Bourgmont) was the son of a French physician. In 1706 he had been appointed to succeed Tonti as Commandant at Fort Detroit but, "the hard coureur de bois type," as Schlarman describes him, he was unable to adapt himself to the civilized life of the settlement. Fort Orleans (in Carroll County, Missouri) was abandoned in 1728. Baron Marc de Villiers' La decouverte du Missouri et I'histoire du Fort Orleans (Paris, 1925) gives the history of that short lived settlement. 158. SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE CON- STRUCTION OF FORT DE CHAR TRES, IN THE ILLINOIS COUN- TRY. Manuscript. Dated 1739. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Fort de Chartres, erected by Pierre de Boisbriant, Lieutenant du Hoi for Louisiana, at the expense of the Company of the West, was completed in 1720. It was rebuilt in 1753, in accordance with plans furnished by the French engineer Saucier. It was called by Captain Pittman, who visited it in 1766, "the most commodious and best built fort in North America." The fort has been com- pletely restored in recent years. 159. MEMORANDUM on the means of diminishing the expense of the work on the fort planned at Kaskaskia, without diminishing the strength of the defense . . . Dated Kaskaskia, May 19, 1753. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Kaskaskia was founded in 1703 as a mis- sion by the Jesuits. In spite of epidemics and other vicissitudes the village grew rapidly. In 1 72 1 it was already composed of 80 houses, and in 1766-1767 was considered by the English traveler Pittman as "by far the most considerable settlement in the country of the Illinois." In the mid- 19th century, however, the Mississippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers sur- rounded the village, which subsequently was almost completely flooded. 160. SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE FORT ON ARKANSAS RIVER, 1751-1755. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Page 76 1 I ! / L». •\>- v i Ml B «1 mi f ■ fP ^J ^ * ^ Waf Jd_JJt V Plan of the Town of New Orleans, 1723. Lent by the Newberry Library, Ayer Collection [No. 165] 2. NEW ORLEANS New Orleans, founded in 1718 by Le Moyne de Bienville, was named in honor of the Regent Philippe d'Orleans. It became in 1722 the capital of Louisiana. One of the large towns of America, it had 10,000 inhabitants in 1803, at the time of the transfer from Spain to France and to the United States. 161. JEAN-BAPTISTE LE MOYNE DE BIENVILLE. AUTOGRAPH LET- TER dated October 2, 1713, Fort Louis de la Louisiane. Lent by The McCord Mtiseum, McGill University Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville (1680- 1767), the founder of New Orleans, was a younger brother of Pierre Le Moyne d'lber- ville (see p. 41), whom he accompanied in his colonizing expedition in lower Louisiana in 1698. After d'Iberville's departure for France three years later Bienville remained in Louisiana. He was commissioned lieutenant- governor of the colony in 1713, under Cad- illac, the newly appointed governor. Bienville himself was to hold the latter post at intervals during the next 30 years. He founded New Orleans in 1718. His last vears in Louisiana were darkened by his unsuccessful expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians. Superseded bv the Marquis de Vaudreuil in 1743, Bien- ville left for France, where he died in 1767. 162. MAP OF NEW FRANCE. (CARTE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, ou se voit lc cours des Grandes Rivieres de S. Laurens & de Mississippi Aujourd'hui S. Louis . . .: Dressee sur les Memoires les plus nouvcaux recueillis pour l'Etab- lissement de la Compagnie Francoise d'Occident). [Paris, 1710 (?)]. Col ored engraving. I cni h\ the Howard ViUm Memorial I ibrary, Tulane Uni versity With rectangular inset of "Les Costes de la Louisiana depuis la Baye de l'Ascension Page 77 jusques a celle cle St. Joseph" and small inset map, "Les Environs de Quebec," and small "Yeue de Quebec." 163. MAP. NICOLAS DE FER (1646- 1720)-LA RIVI£RE DE MISSISSIPI ET SES ENVIRONS . . . Paris, 1715. Colored engraving. Lent by the How- ard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University 164. VIEW OF THE CAMP OF LAW'S CONCESSION AT NEW BILOXI, 1720. Drawn by Jean-Baptiste Michel le Bouteux, December 10, 1720, by order of Elias St. Huteus, Director General. Wash drawing, \Wi by 35% inches. Lent by The Newberry Library, Ayer Collection This remarkable drawing, No. 77 in the series of Cartes Marines owned by the New- berry Library (see No. 65 of this catalogue), is undoubtedly an accurate representation of the camp. As Mr. Samuel Wilson, Jr., states, in a letter addressed to this writer, the large warehouse in the background built of colombage sur sol, a timber frame erected on ground sills, with its steep hipped roof covered with wood shingles, is characteristic of the first buildings erected by the French in Louisiana. It was at New Biloxi that the French settlers disembarked to remain while awaiting the construction of the boats which would take them to their destination on the Mississippi. (Cf. Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris, 1902, for a description of New Biloxi by Charles Franquet de Cha- ville, one of the engineers sent from France to direct the building of a new town at Biloxi.) 165. PLAN OF THE TOWN OF NEW 7 ORLEANS, on which is marked the increase of houses built from September 3 to the last of December of the same year, 1722 . . . Dated at the bottom of the chart: January, 1723. Water color, 22 by 21 inches. Lent by The New- berry Library, Ayer Collection Mr. Wilson describes this plan as "a copy of the plan of New Orleans which accom- panied a letter dated January 15, 1723, from Le Blond de la Tour, Engineer-in-chief of Louisiana, to the Directors of the Compagnie des Indes in Paris." This is one of a series of plans periodically sent to Paris to show the growth of the town. As Mr. Wilson points out, the fortifications indicated reflect La Tour's training in militarv engineering, but they never existed in fact. The actual drawing of the plan was probably done by Bernard Deverges, La Tour's drafts- man, who had accompanied him to Louisiana in 1720. He was a native of Bavonne, where he was born on January 10, 1693. He later became engineer-in-chief of Louisiana and died in New Orleans on January 27, 1766. 166. LEAD PLATE from the cornerstone of the first Ursuline convent in New Or- leans, 1730. Lent by the Ursuline Nuns, New Orleans Nothing remains from the first convent but this plate (cf. Samuel Wilson in Louisiana Historical Quarterly, July, 1946). Aside from being one of the oldest relics of the French in the lower Mississippi valley, it is of particular interest in listing the names of the Governor and his wife and all the nuns of this venerable community, as well as the engineer and archi- tects responsible for the design of the convent, j Although the original design was made by Ignace-Frangois Broutin and modified by Pierre Baron, the drawings from which the building was erected were largely the work of Alexandre de Batz. The construction of the Convent of the Ursuline nuns was begun < in 1727, the year of their arrival from Rouen. { 167. ALEXANDRE DE BATZ. PLANS FOR A PROJECTED BRICK BUILD- ING "to be built on the corner of the garden of the Rev. Capuchin fathers facing on Orleans Street, to serve as a school." Signed and dated: New Or- leans, September 14, 1740. De Batz. Water color, I8V2 by 13 inches. Lent by the Louisiana State Museum In addition to the water colors of Indians described under Nos. 168-171, Alexandre de Batz has left numerous drawings which show the buildings of New Orleans and its environs, many of which were designed by him. Ac- cording to Mr. Samuel Wilson, Jr., who has made a special study of de Batz, both in this country and in France, this is the only known architectural drawing by de Batz in America; most of them are preserved in the Paris Ar- chives. The school shown here is typical Page 78 NfrJI of the Louis XV architectural style introduced into Louisiana by Broutin, the engineer- in-chief, under whom de Batz worked. The specifications accompanying the plan state that "there shall be in the said School six windows marked as on the plan, which are to be closed up to a height such that the pupils shall not be able to see above them into the street." 168-171. ALEXANDRE DE BATZ-SAV- AGE ADORNED AS A WARRIOR, HAVING TAKEN THREE SCALPS. Dated New Orleans, 1732. Water color and pen and ink, 9Vi by 13 inches. SAVAGES OF SEVERAL NATIONS. Dated New Orleans 1735. Water color uatael\»z. en aaerrieij ayant fait troi* cfxevelure i ayaut tixez. rroif. H outlive* Watckea,. ide i«%* Temwtt chff Veufutt du MBld efitnt V, laco'-. ftf* ; H ohfucluvea ma ta t Ueejct jMBfr fe ua.t»>^^pav<4lt-»mq duaprea nature 5ut fSk s ' ys — fl^^B a (a n?*orfean3 le it. Mm Turn Savages of Several Nations, by Alexander de Batz. Lent by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University [No. 169] and pen and ink, 15 by & l A inches. SAVAGE IN WINTER DRESS. Water color and pen and ink, 12 bv 17% inches. SAVAGE IN WINTER DRESS. Water color and pen and ink, 6% by 9% inches. CHOCTAW SAV- AGES PAINTED AS WARRIORS. Water color and pen and ink, 15 by 814 inches. Lent by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Alexandre de Batz, a native of Picardy, was referred to by a contemporary as a "drafts- man of New Orleans, who is at the same time a good architect." One of the important fig- ures in the architectural history of New Or- leans (cf. No. 167), he died in 1759 in Illinois where he had been sent to work on the reconstruction of Fort de Chartrcs. The water colors exhibited here have been pub- lished in: David I. Bushnell, Jr., Drawings by Alexandre de Batz in Louisiana, 1732- 1735, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 80, No. 5. Savage Adorned as a Warriok . by Alexandre de Batz. Lent by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University [No. 168] Page 79 172. A CREOLE LADY. Oil on canvas, 33 by 44 inches. Lent by Albert Louis Lieutaud This fascinating portrait, so French and at the same time so foreign, is a recent discovery and takes its place among the very small number of mid-eighteenth century Creole por- traits preserved in this country. Neither the sitter nor the artist is known, but the painting evidently dates from the late 1750's. 173. MEMOIRE DES HABITANTS ET NEGOCIANS DE LA LOUISIANE ... A LA NOUVELLE ORLEANS . . ., 1768. [Not in the exhibition] In November, 1762, Louis XV ceded to Spain, by secret treaty. New Orleans and the west bank of the Mississippi as a reward for the part played by Spain in the Seven Years' War. The Spanish governor, Don Antonio de Ulloa, arrived in 1766 at New Orleans; it was not until 1768, however, that definite A Creole Lady. About 1760. Lent by Albert Louis Lieutaud [No. 172] orders from Paris were received bv Aubrv, the French representative, to transfer the col- onv to the Spanish authorities. A conspiracy to unseat the Spanish governor took place on October 29, and was temporarilv successful. The present volume is a plea to Louis XV for the return of Louisiana to France, in which the Louisianais state that they are resolved to live and die "sous sa chere domination." 174. LAFON LE PINTOIS-ELEVATION OF THE FACADE OF THE PUBLIC BATHS OF NEW ORLEANS. De- cember, 1796. Water color, \2Vi by 14 inches. Lent by the Louisiana State Museum Concerning this drawing, Mr. W'ilson writes: "One of the few known architectural drawings of Barthelemy Lafon, native of Pexi- ora, province of Languedoc, one of the lead- ing architects of the late Spanish period and the early years of the American domination of New Orleans. Lafon is known principally as a surveyor and town planner and is re- sponsible for the laving out of the streets of the suburbs surrounding the original French town, the Vieux Carre. Lafon died in New Orleans in 1820. The public baths here depicted were probably never built, but the drawing was presented to the commissioners of the Cabildo on January 27, 1797, with a petition for a grant of land for their con- struction. No other mention of them is to be found in the Cabildo records or elsewhere." In resuming his architectural practice in 1816, Lafon modestly advertised in the Louisiana Courier (16 Oct.): "... The number of houses which he has built in this city, and the elegance and solidity of which are proved at the first sight, cannot fail to secure him a preference over every other architect of this city. He will not relate them here as they are known by everybody." Page 80 175. [PURCHASE OF THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY]. "A PROCLAMA- TION by the President of the United States of America." Manuscript. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher This important document, dated 1803, and signed by Jefferson and Madison, outlines the treaty with France for the purchase of the Louisiana territory. All details of this famous transaction are carefully outlined in this manuscript document. Article I reads: "His Catholic Majesty promises and engages on his part to cede to the French Republic six months after the full and entire execution of the conditions and stipulations herein relative to his Royal Highness, the Duke of Parma, the colony or province of Louisiana, with the same extent that it now has in the hands of Spain and that it had when France possessed it, and such as it should be after the treaty subsequently entered into between Spain and other states. —The First Consul of the French Republic, desiring to give to the United States a strong proof of his friendship, doth hereby cede to the said United States in the name of the French Republic forever and in full sov- ereignty the said territory with all its rights and appurtenances as full and in the same manner as they have been acquired by the French Republic in virtue of the above men- tioned Treaty concluded with his Catholic Majesty." 176. ACT OF TRANSFER of Louisiana from Spain to France, and release of Spanish inhabitants from Allegiance to Spain, 1803. Manuscript. Lent by the Chicago Historical Society 177. PROCLAMATION AU NOM DE LA R£PUBLIQUE FRANCHISE . . . AUX LOUISIANAIS. New Orleans, March 27, 1803. Signed in Ms: "Laussat" and "Daugerot." Lent by the Missouri Historical Society 178. MfiMOIRE PRfiSENTfi AU CON GR£S DES £TATS-UNIS d'Amerique PAR LES HABITANS de la Louisiane. A la Nouvelle-Orleans, de l'lmprimerie du Moniteur, Chez ]. B. L. S. Fontaine, 1804. Lent by the Howard-Tilton Me- morial Library, Tulane University This is a bitter but dignified plea on the part of a group of Louisianais to the Congress to repeal the law enacted by Congress which (among other stipulations) prohibited the importation of slaves to Louisiana, and to be incorporated "into the Union of the United States." 179. FRANCOIS DE BARB£-MARBOIS- HISTOIRE DE LA LOUISIANE ET DE LA CESSION DE CETTE COL- ONIE PAR LA FRANCE AUX £TATS-UNIS . . . Paris, 1829. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher This is a full account of the Louisiana Pur- chase, by the French Commissioner appointed by Napoleon to conduct preliminary negotia- tions with the United States. The Marquis de Barbe-Marbois (1745-1837) had been sec- retary of the French Legation from 1779 to 1785. His valuable letters during that period were published in 1929. 180. MAP OF NEW ORLEANS-Plan de la Ville de la Nouvelle Orleans . . . Water color (r), 23V2 by 3314 inches. Signed and dated New Orleans, August 18, 1808. A true copy-Jh. Pilie, sur- veyor. Lent by the Howard-Tilton Me- morial Library, Tulane University This plan is of particular interest in show- ing the names of all the property owners in 1 808 — names which are mostly French — and also in showing the extent of the old Spanish fortifications at that date. Joseph Pilie was by profession a civil engineer and architect who was employed by the United States Govern- ment to survey the lakes near New Orleans and to establish forts from Bayou St. John to Mobile. He died in 1846. 181. MANUSCRIPT MAP-PLAN D'UNE HABITATION de Mr F« Merieult, Paroisse St Landry. Dated 1811-1812. Water color, 1814 by MVs inches. Lent by the Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University 182. "JEAN AND PIERRE LAFFITE, AND DOMINICK YOU," by John Wesley Jarvis. Oil on panel, 15V2 by 12V4 inches. Lent by the Louisiana State Museum Page SI Harold E. Dickson, in his John Wesley Jarvis, pp. 232-233, gives the known history of this panel, which is said to have hung in a cafe owned by You, who died in 1830. The seated man holding a drinking mug is tradi- tionally identified as Jean Laffite. 183a-e FIVE WATER COLOR SKETCHES, by Fleury Generelly- (a) ESQUISSE d'une chaumiere Sur la rive Gauche du Mississippi le 25 fever 1820. 5 by 8V ia inches, (b) CROQUIS d'un cannot D'indiens Ozark, qui nous ont approvisionne De viande D'ours. Chic- asaw Bluffs. Le 26 fever. 1820. 5 by 8 inches, (c) CROQUIS d'un Camp d'indiens appelles Shossvney [?] sur le Fleuve du mississippi le 6 mars 1820. 5-1/16 by 8-1/16 inches, (d) CRO- QUIS, D'un almand portant du bois- embarque a Bord du Steam boat Maid of Orleans. 8 by 5 inches, (e) Steam boat Maid of Orleans on the Mississippi River going to St. Louis, 1820. 5V 18 by 87 U( inches. Lent through the cour- tesy of the Howard-Tilton Memorial Li- brary, Tidane University These delightful water color sketches are evidently the work of an amateur. They are valuable for their realistic depiction of life Jean and Pierre Laffite, and Dominick You, by John Wesley Jarvis. Lent hy the Louisiana Slate Museum [No. 182] on the Mississippi soon after steamboats came into use. The "Maid of Orleans" on its way to St. Louis is represented here and is prob- ablv one of the earliest illustrations of a steamboat on the Mississippi. A note on sketch (c) states that it took Generelly from February 1, 1820 to August 4 to go from New Orleans to St. Louis. 184. VIEW OF THE SCHOOL OF THE LADIES OF THE SACRED HEART — Vue de la Maison d'Education tenue par Les Dames du Sacre Coeur Establie a St. Michel Comte d'Acadis 1827 mai 20 Dessine sur les lieux par F. Rom- mel. Pen, 20V2 by 14 inches. Lent hy Richard Koch 185. JEAN-JOSEPH COIRON. Oil on canvas, 31 by 27 inches. Lent hy the Louisiana State Museum Jean- Joseph Coiron (1779-1833) was born in Martinique of wealthy parents. He fought in Napoleon's army against Austria and Eng- land. After leaving France he settled first near Savannah, Georgia, and later in Louisi- ana, at St. Bernard. In the battle of New Orleans he acted as aide-de-camp to General Villere. The war over he devoted himself to his plantation, making experiments in cane culture. He finally imported two hardy types of sugar cane from the Dutch Indies, the "Purple" and "Striped" varieties, which were adopted throughout Louisiana, and were part- ly responsible for the wealth of the state. 186. VIEW OF NEW ORLEANS, by Am- broise-Louis Garneray. Aquatint printed in colors. Lent hy The Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Col- lection Louis Garneray (1783-1858) traveled wide- ly in his youth; taken prisoner by the English he remained on British prison ships for se T- Paae 82 eral years. His later years were spent as curator of the Rouen Museum, and at the Sevres factory. From 1830 to 1835, Garne- ray published a large number of aquatint views of French and foreign ports, those of Boston, Philadelphia and New Orleans being the most interesting. The American views were published in Vol. V of his Vues des Cotes . . . 187. PORTRAIT OF A WOMAN, by Louis Collas (active first half of the 19th century). Oil on canvas, 38 by 30 inches. Lent by the Isaac Delgado Museum of Art Collas, born in Bordeaux, was in New Orleans in January, 1823, when the Louisiana Gazette mentioned his "true and beautiful talents." An interesting and unusual feature about this portrait, as has been remarked, is the headdress called a "Tignon." The tignon was prescribed by law for people with Negro blood. The Governor of the State passed a law prohibiting these people from wearing hats. The highly indignant and often less beautiful white women formed the pressure group behind this law, and thereby eliminated the strong competition with the quadroons for stylishness or dress. This is one of two such portraits that have been discovered in the vicinity of New Or leans. The other is a portrait of Marie La veaux, the famous Voodoo queen. 188. LOUISIANA INDIANS WALKING ALONG A BAYOU, by Alfred Bois- seau (1823-C.1852). Oil on canvas, 24 by 40 inches. Signed and dated Al. Boisseau 1837. Lent by W. E. Groves, New Orleans Boisseau was born in Paris in 1823 and died sometime after 1852. This picture (cf. Mississippi Panorama, p. 67) was exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1847. 189. JULES LION. VIEW ON CHAR- TRES STREET at the Place d'Armes. Lithograph, \0M by 13 3 /4 inches. Lent by Richard Koch This lithograph dates apparentlv from the 2nd quarter of the 19th centurv. Judging /» . -'-'Oft from its great quality, Lion (who is known to have made other lithographs of New Or- leans) deserves to be better known. Portrait of a Woman, by Louis Collas. Lent by the Isaac Delgado Museum of Art [No. 187] View on Chartres Street, New Orleans, by Jules Lion. Lent by Richard Koch [No. 189] 190. MME. MUSSON AND HER TWO DAUGHTERS, by Edgar Degas (1834- 1917). Pencil and brush with grey and brown washes and touches of Chi- nese white, 14 by lOVz inches. Signed: Mme. Musson and Her Two Daughters, by Edgar Degas. Lent by The Art Institute of Chicago [No. 190] Bourg-en-Bresse 6 Janvier 1865 E. De- gas. Collections: Henri Fevre (nephew of Degas) and Marcel Guerin. Lent by The Art Institute of Chicago Degas' mother was a Creole from New Orleans, and his two brothers, Achille and Rene, were prosperous cotton merchants in that town. Rene married Estelle Musson (the 1 young woman seated in the drawing), who was in 1865 the widow of David Balfour. 191. THE COTTON MERCHANTS OF NEW ORLEANS, by Degas. Oil on canvas, 23 by 28 inches (sight). Signed lower right (with the red Degas stamp?). Painted in 1873. Lent by the] Fogg Museum of Art, Harvard Uni- versity , Degas visited his two brothers in New; Orleans in 1872. There he painted a small" number of portraits and scenes, among others] the famous Femme a la potiche (Mile. Estelle Musson, Rene's wife) in the Louvre and the Cotton Market in New Orleans (Pau Mu- seum). Llis short stay in New Orleans was| a happy one and, when speaking of the cnfants of Louisiana, said that he was peu pres un." 3. STE. GENEVIEVE Charles E. Peterson states that at one time or another some forty Creole missions, i fur-trading, farming, mining establishments were in existence in the Illinois country.! Of these the two best known are St. Louis, which grew into one of the largest towns of the United States; and the older Ste. Genevieve, on the western bank of the Mississippi, which was started probably about 1735 some three miles below the present village by settlers attracted by the salt springs and lead mines in the neighborhood. A 1752 census gave Ste. Genevieve a population of twenty-four. After the village wasi flooded in 1785 it moved about three miles above its former site. Poor, at least com-j pared to its more affluent neighbor, it was called as late as 1811 "Misere." It was,.' nevertheless, an important lead shipping center. Ste. Genevieve, founded and devel-j oped by settlers of French-Canadian origin, has preserved better than most similar' settlements its French flavor. Page 84 192. NOTE BOOK CONTAINING CREOLE FOLK SONGS, recorded in Ste. Genevieve during the 1790's (?). From the Bolduc family. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society 193. PORTRAIT OF A GIRL. Artist un- known, early 19th century. Oil on can- vas, 16V4 by 13V6 inches. Lent by Mrs. Bernard F. Hufft through the courtesy of the Missouri Historical Society This portrait was found in the attic of the Louis Bolduc house, Ste Genevieve, and a member of the Bolduc family told the present jvvner that it is of a member of their family. The attitude of the girl in this charming portrait is reminiscent of early 19th century French colored engravings. 194. OATH OF ALLEGIANCE to his Catholic Majesty, the King of Spain. Signed at Ste. Genevieve, Dec. 28, 1788. A.D.S. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society 195. FRANCOIS VALL£, JR. (1779-1849). Artist unknown. Miniature on ivory, 2Y8 by Wi inches. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Valle of Ste. Genevieve served in the United States Army from 1813-1815 and this miniature was apparently painted during this period. The only known artist working in Missouri during those years was Francois Guyol. 196. FRENCH HABITATION IN THE COUNTRY OF THE ILLINOIS. En- graving, from H. V. Collot, JOURNEY IN NORTH AMERICA IN 1798, Plate 21. Published in 1826. Lent by Richard Koch The French traveler, Claude Robin, in his Voyages dans I'interieur de la Louisiane, Paris, 1807, describes such houses, and emphasizes the part that the porch or galerie played in the construction of these Creole houses. For General Collot, see No. 330. 4. ST. LOUIS St. Louis was founded in 1764 by Pierre LaClede of New Orleans as a fur-trading enter. Settled on Spanish territory by Canadian habitants from the Illinois country, t long preserved its French characteristics, undisturbed by Spanish authorities. It grew so rapidly (50 families lived within its limits as early as December, 1765) that t injured the British trade on the other bank of the river. From its beginning St. Louis lad the making of a metropolis, and Prof. John Francis McDermott (in particular in lis Private Libraries in Creole Saint Louis, 1938) has drawn a fascinating picture of he cultural conditions prevailing in the town in its "Creole" period. 197. AUGUSTE CHOUTEAU. Artist un- known. Probably painted in New Or- leans. Oil on canvas, 30 x 26Vi inches. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Chouteau (1749-1829) was the co-founder with Pierre LaClede) of St. Louis in 1764. fourteen at the time of the founding of the illage, he was clerk and assistant to LaClede. le later became LaClede's partner in his ■rentable enterprises. His influence in earlv >t. Louis and among the Indians with whom le traded was considerable. 198. MADAME MARIE -THERESE CHOUTEAU. Artist unknown. Paint- ed in St. Louis. Oil on wood, 25 l A bv 21 inches. Lent by the Missouri His- torical Society Madame Chouteau (1733-1814), a French Creole educated at the Ursuline Convent of New Orleans, was the mother of Auguste Chouteau. She came to St. Louis in the autumn of 1764. 199. PIERRE CHOUTEAU HOUSE, SI Page 85 Augusts Chouteau, Co-founder of St. Louis. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society [No. 1971 LOUIS. Artist unknown. Oil on can- vas, 13 by 16 inches. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society This house was built in 1806, and torn down in 1840. Pierre Chouteau, the younger brother of Auguste, was active with his brother in the Fur trade. 200. PLAN DE LA VILLE DE ST. LOUIS . . . avec les different projets de la for- tifier, 1796. By George de Bois St. Lys. Water color, 23>Vi by 33V4 inches. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Georges de Bois St. Lys was a member of General Victor Collot's party. This, an ex- cellent example of cartography, is the original manuscript drawing, showing fortifications which were never built. 201. MADAME AM ABLE GUION (nM Marguerite Blondeau). Artist unknown; painted in St. Louis (?). Oil on canvas, 31 by 33 inches. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Madame Guion (1745-1835) was born in Montreal. She first married Amable Guion, Sr., and moved with him to St. Louis in 1765. He was killed during the British and Indian attack on St. Louis in 1780. Later in the same year she married Guillaume Hebert dit Lecomte. This portrait has never been exhibited or reproduced. 202. ELISE PROVENCH£RE, by Francois Guyol. Water color on paper, 4% by 3% inches. Signed lower right Guyol. Lent by ). Harold Pettus Page 86 Marie Elise Provenchere was born in St. Louis in 1806 and died there in 1868. She married Frederick Saugrain in 1835. Francois Guyol was active in St. Louis as early as 1812 and is known to be the earliest professional portrait painter in the St. Louis region. The name of the artist, as well as the facture of the miniature, seem to indicate that Guyol was of French origin. 203. JOSEPM ROBIDOUX HOUSE, ST. LOUIS. Photograph. Lent by the Missouri Historical Society This characteristic house was built in 1790 and destroyed in the 1870's. 204. VIEW OF ST. LOUIS FROM ILLI- NOIS TOWN IN 1832, by Leon Pomarede. Oil on canvas, 29 by 39 inches. Lent by Arthur Ziern "St. Louis, as you approach it, shows, like all the other French towns in this region, to much the greatest advantage at a distance. The French mode of building, and the white coat of lime applied to the mud or rough stone walls, gives them a beauty at a distance, which gives place to their native meanness, when you inspect them from a nearer point of view. The town shows to very great ad- vantage, when seen from the opposite shore, in the American bottom. The site is naturallv a most beautiful one, rising gradually from the shore to the summit of the bluff, like an li ampitheatre. It contains many handsome, and I a few splendid buildings. The country about i is an open, pleasant, and undulating kind of half prairie, half shrubbery" (Timothy Flint, I 1826; quoted in Mississippi Panorama, 1950). As Mississippi Panorama states, Leon Pom- arede was born in Tarbes about 1807. He was ' active in New Orleans and St. Louis; in the latter city he decorated the old Cathedral, the . Mercantile Library and other buildings. An excellent account of Pomarede's activi- l ties is given by John Francis McDermott, >; "Leon Pomarede, 'Our Parisian Knight of the Easel'," Bulletin of the City Art Museum of i St. Louis, Winter, 1949. 205. THE TRAPPERS' RETURN by George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879). Oil on canvas, 26V4 by 36V4 inches. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts This ageless painting by a sensitive painter Elise Provenchere, bv Francois Guyol. Lent by ). Harold Pettus [No. 202] illustrates well what the life of the French or half breed coureur de hois and fur trader was for almost two centuries up and down the rivers of the Middle West. Equally per- tinent is the description of the Canadian coureur s de bois Rouleau and Saraphin de- scribed by Parkman in his Oregon Trail: "Saraphin was a tall, powerful fellow with a sullen and sinister countenance. His rifle had very probably drawn other blood than that of buffalo or Indians. Rouleau had a broad, ruddy face, marked with as few traces of thought or care as a child's. His figure was square and strong, but the first joints of both his feet were frozen off, and his horse had lately thrown and trampled upon him, by which he had been severely injured in the chest. But nothing could subdue his gaiety. He went all day rolling about the camp on his stumps of feet, talking, singing, and frolicking with the Indian women. Rouleau had an un- lucky partiality for squaws. He always had one, whom he must needs bedizen with beads, ribbons, and all the finery of an Indian wardrobe; and though he was obliged to leave her behind him during his expeditions, this hazardous necessity did not at all trouble him. for his disposition was the reverse *>l jealous." Page 87 The French and the American Revolution 206. TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND FRANCE. "Done at Paris this Sixth Day of February, one thousand seven hundred & seventy eight." Lent by the United States National Archives The original Treaty of Amity between the two countries, signed the same day as the Treaty of Alliance. These were the first treaties which the United States concluded with another power. The Treaty of Amity is written in two columns, in French and English, and is signed by Gerard, representing the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Franklin, Silas Deane and Arthur Lee, representing the United States. The best edition of the texts of the Treaties is that by James Brown Scott (1928), in the collection "Historical Documents," published by the Institut Francois de Washington. <^A»+* tuf 0^ O^ 4w /V Oinic (i« ', "^,-fZ,^.^ sZxVi* S,.Z /"'*' Last Page of Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and France, February 6, 1778. Lent by the United States National Archives [No 206] Page 88 viin Franklin and ouis XVI. Biscuit, /iller factory, 1780- Lent by the Provi- dence Athanaeum [No. 207] 207. FRANKLIN AND LOUIS XVI. White biscuit porcelain group; the base is painted. Height, 12 3 4 inches. Mark [NIDERVILLER] stamped on platform. Probably after Lemire. Niderviller factory, about 1780-1785. Lent by The Providence Athenaeum This beautiful and rare group may have been executed to commemorate an anniversary of the signing of the Treaties of Alliance and Friendship. The Niderviller factory was owned by the Comte de Custine, General of the King's aider ol Armies and an admirer of Washington, who was present at the sui Yorktown in 1781. The Kinu hold his hand s in nis nana a c docu nu'iit on winch is written "Liberte des mers" and "Independance de l'Amerique." A similar group was said (in 1925) to be in the Prime Collection at Princeton; the Metropolitan Museum (William H. Huntington Collection) owns a third example. The group has also been reproduced in bronze, apparently early in the l'-hh century. Page 89 208. ALLEGORY - FRANCE GIVES AMERICA ITS FRIENDSHIP AND SIGNS A TREATY OF COMMERCE. Red chalk and wash drawing, 6 by 6 ] /4 inches. Lent by the Musee National de la Cooperation Franco- Americaine de Blerancourt (Illustrated page 127) This anonymous drawing bears the stamp of the Soulavie collection, which included a number of important engravings on the subject of Franco-American relations. It evidently refers to the signing of the Treaty of Amitv and Commerce. 209. VIEW OF PORT VENDRES-[Vue de la place Louis XVI au Port Vendres]. Line engraving by Nee after de Waillv. Lent by the State Street Trust Com- pany, Boston The monument in the center of the square was erected in 1786 and dedicated to Louis XVI and to the American Independence. On one side of the obelisk was a relief depicting the Independence of America, with a French vessel arriv- ing in Boston. 210. "LIBERTAS AMERICANA." Copperplate print, designed by Jean-Baptiste Huet. Jouv factory, about 1789. Lent by James hi. Hyde Printed toile. Pastoral subject. Incorporated in the design are two sides of a medal, one inscribed: LIBERTAS AMERICANA 4 Juil. 1776, the other inscribed: NON SINE DIIS ANIMOSUS INFANS 1777 Oct. 17-1781 Oct. 19. This medal is evidentlv that executed by Augustin Dupre in 1783. The last two dates refer to the victories at Saratoga and Yorktown. A preliminary draw- ing for the reverse of the medal, bv E. A. Gibelin, is owned bv the Musee de Blerancourt. 211. THE HOMAGE OF AMERICA TO FRANCE. Copperplate print, designed by Jean-Baptiste Huet. Jouv factory, 1785-1790. Lent by Miss Amy Pleadxvell Printed toile. Examples exist in which France is shown without its royal crown; the globe on which she is leaning is without fleurs-de-lys. The present example is of the earlier type. 212. COLLECTION d'ESTAMPES, representant les Evenements de la Guerre pour la Liberte de L'Amerique Septentrionale. Paris, chez F. Godefroy & N. Ponce [1784]. Lent by The Rosenbach Company (Illustrated page 130) This charming book has been called "the first French book about the United States." It is in any case the first French illustrated book about the new Republic. The sixteen engravings are the work of Francois Godefroy and Nicolas Ponce, the latter best known for his boudoir scenes. The text itself is engraved. The present copv is in the early state, before numbers. 213. ALLEGORY OF THE AMERICAN UNION. Water color, UVi by 8H inches. Lent by the American Philosophical Society Page 90 Allegory of the American Union. Lent by the American Philosophical Society [No. 213] An Allegory of the American Union, showing a bridge made of stones repre- senting the thirteen original states, with Pennsylvania representing the keystone. This anonymous water color was executed in 1784 bv order of Barbe-Marbois (see No. 179) and bv him presented to Charles Thomson, Secretary of the American Congress. 214. INDEPENDANCE DES ETATS-UNIS. Engraving printed in color by I. Roger after Duplessis-Bertaux. Lent by ]ames H. Hyde This is a plate from one of the important illustrated books of the late 18th century, the Portraits des Grand homines . . . Paris, 1788. 215. BEAUMARCHAIS. Line engraving, after Ambroise Tardieu (1788-1841). Lent by James H. Hyde Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (1732-1799) is known in France mostly for his brilliant plays and mouvemente life. Yet as an agent of the French and Spanish governments he also played a discreet but extremely important part in Franco-American relations during the War of Independence. Under the name of "Roderique Elortalez et Cie," he was able to forward to the United States unused supplies from French military stores which had been placed at his disposal by French arsenals. I [e assisted in selecting volunteers for the Page 91 American cause, introduced von Steuben to Franklin and Silas Deane and, working from the Hotel de Hollande in Paris, engineered, or took part in, some of the most complicated intrigues of the American Revolution. Filled with admiration for the new nation, he wrote to Louis XVI, as early as September 1775: "I say, Sire, that such a nation is invincible." Silas Deane, writing from Paris, said of Beaumarchais to the Committee of Secret Correspondence that "the United States are, on every account, greatly indebted to him, more so than to any other person on this side of the water . . ." An excellent account of Beaumarchais' relations with the United States is given in Georges Lemaitre's Beaumarchais, New York, 1949. 216. [BEAUMARCHAIS]. THOMAS JEFFERSON. AUTOGRAPH LETTER to the Senate and House of Representatives. Lent by The Rosenbach Company In this letter, dated 6 February 1807, Thomas Jefferson, then President, lays before Congress the claims of Beaumarchais. There seems to be no doubt but that the United States did owe Beaumarchais a substantial sum of money for real aid at a time when such help was badly needed. However, it was not until 1835 that his family, Beaumarchais having died in 1799, received $160,000. Jefferson here sends the matter to Congress, as was done before and after, for action. The document reads: "The government of France having examined into the claim of M. de Beaumarchais against the LInited States, and considering it as just & legal, has instructed its ministers here to make representations on the subject to the government of the U.S. I now lay his Memoir thereon before the legislature, the only authority competent to [make] a final decision on the same." 217. CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE, by Charles Willson Peale. Oil on canvas, 23> l A by 19 inches (oval). Lent by the Independence Hall Collection Anne-Cesar de la Luzerne (1741-1791) entered diplomacy after a short career in the army. He succeeded Gerard as Minister to the United States in 1779. His influence over individual members of the Congress of the Federation was considerable, and his friendship for the new republic as well as his personal affection for its leaders made him a popular diplomat. He stayed in the United States until after the definitive peace had been signed. Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) was a prolific artist, and, when at his best, is the most interesting American portrait painter of his time. Born in Maryland he spent most of his mature life (after the usual stay in London, where he studied under Benjamin West) in Philadelphia. During the Revolution he served in the Army, attaining the rank of Captain. A man of many interests he formed one of the first museums established in America. In 1802 the Pennsylvania Legislature gave him the entire second floor of Independence Hall; there he placed his gallery of famous people and his collections. Peale was also one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Of related, if minor, interest in this exhibition is the tradition that Charles Le Boulanger de Page 92 Boisfremont (1773-1838), a refugee from the French Revolution, completed 24 of the portraits of famous men of the War of Independence started by Peale. 218a c. FLAGS OF THE FRENCH REGIMENTS IN THE WAR OF INDE- PENDENCE, (a) Flag of the Royal Deux-Ponts, of the Corps de Rochambeau. (b) Flag of the Marine Royale de France, (c) Flag of Dillon, of the Corps de Bouille. Lent by The Society of The Cincinnati These flags are replicas of flags carried by French Regiments in the War of Independence, eighteen of which were recently given by the Societe des Cin- cinnati de France to the museum of the Washington Society. 219-226. UNIFORMS OF FRENCH REGIMENTS AT THE PERIOD OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. Gouache; each painting, height 2M inches; width 14 ! /2 and 15 inches. Lent by the Musee National de la Cooperation Franco- Americaine de Blerancourt These gouaches are said to have been executed in the studio of Nicolas Hoffman for Baron de Kalb, Lafavette's companion in the War of Independence. Exhibited on eight gouaches are the uniforms of nineteen French regiments, including those of Gatinois, Carignan and Auvergne. 227. "CHARLESVILLE" MUSKET. Lent by Hermann Warner Williams, jr. Mr. Harold L. Peterson kindly furnished the following information regarding "Charlesville" muskets: "The term 'Charlesville musket' is commonlv applied to the model 1763. The French troops of course used largely muskets of the model 1777 and of the intervening vears between 1763 and 1777, during which time there were several very minor changes made in the guns construction. Another phase of American-French relationship could be indicated with the use of these two muskets. In 1795, when the United States made its first official muskets at the Springfield Arsenal, it copied the French model of 1763 exactly. By the 1816 model, however, some of the features of the French model 1777 had been added. "American troops were armed with many French muskets during the Ameri- can Revolution, principally of the 1763 model, although French locks, dating back as far as model 1717, have been excavated from Revolutionary battlefields. It may be added here that the French pistol, model 1777, served as a basis for the famous North and Cheney pistol, the first official pistol made bv the United States." 228. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799), by Louis-Jacques Pilon. Marble. Height, 31 inches. Signed and dated (on right side of base): F. L. J. Pilon anc pensionaire du Roy 1781. Inscribed (on front of base) [Nel Quid Detriment] Page 93 ison own capiat Respublica. Lent by 1 he Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bequest of Helen Hm Whitney This bust was executed in Paris in 1781 after a portrait bv Charles Wi Peale painted in 1776. The Peale portrait was adapted by Le Paon for his portrait of Washington, engraved by Noel Le Mire in 1780. The Le Mire engraving is exhibited here (No. 231). Louis-Jacques Pilon (1741- ? ) was a student of J. B. Lemovne. He is known to have executed two other works of American interest: a "Design for Franklins o tomb." and a plaster group representing an "Allegory of Washington and Liberty" (Salon of 1791). 229. LIFE MASK OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, b\ Jean-Antoine Houdon. Plaster, gilt. Height, \4V2 inches. Lent by Mrs. Cecil Hopkins This life mask of Washington (of which another example is in the Pierpont Morgan Library) descended from Nellie Custis and her son Laurence Lewis to the Coxe family and was inherited bv Mrs. Llopkins, daughter of John Redman Coxe Bover. 230. JEAN-ANTOINE HOUDON -ORDER to Thomas Jefferson to pay Ben- jamin Franklin 3600 livres tournois. Philadelphia, October 24, 1785. Receipted by Franklin October 25, 1785. Lent by the American Philosophical Society Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828) made busts of a number of famous Americans, and is bv far the most important French artist connected with the j Linked States. Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, John Paul Jones, Robert Fulton, Joel Barlow were portrayed by him. Examples of these busts are shown in the exhibition, onlv Lafavette being unrepresented here. It is said also that Houdon may have executed the bust of Gouverneur Morris, who sat to him for the figure of the statue of Washington ordered bv the General Assemblv of Virginia. It was in connection with this statue that Houdon came to the United States. where he arrived in 1785 on the same ship which transported Franklin. The document exhibited here is signed bv Houdon, and addressed to Jeffer- son in Paris. It was written a few days after Houdon left Mount Vernon. 231. PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTON - NE QUID DETRIMENTI CAPIAT RES PUBLICA . . . [. 1782]. Line engraving by Noel Le Mire after the paint- ing by Louis-Jean-Baptiste Le Paon. Lent h] The Rosenbach Company According to the caption the original painting bv Le Paon belonged to Lafavette. This engraving is the pendant of the portrait of Lafavette executed bv the same artists (see No. 234). 232. GEORGE WASHINGTON, bv the Marquise de Brehan. Miniature, water color on ivorv, grisaille, mounted as a ring; l 3/ ie by : ' ■■•> inches (oval). Lent by The Yale University Art Gallery, The Lelia A. and John Hill Morgan Collection m» m* £&*< Page 94 1233. MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE, by Joseph Boze. Oil on canvas, 35 ] /2 by 2914 inches. Lent by the Massachusetts Historical Society. (Illustrated p. 10.) Marie-Jean-Paul-Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834), offered his services to this countrv in the War of Independence, and was made Major- General. This portrait bv Boze (ca. 1744-1826), "peintre brevete de la guerre" under Louis XVI, was painted for Lafayette to present to Thomas Jefferson while the latter was Minister to France. It remained at Monticello during Jefferson's lifetime. PORTRAIT OF LAFAYETTE -'CONCLUSION DE LA CAMPAGNE DE 1781 EN VIRGINIE . . ." [ca. 1782]. Line engraving by Noel Le Mire after the painting bv Louis-Jean-Baptiste Le Paon. Lent by The Rosenbach Company This portrait is the pendant of the portrait of Washington executed by the same artists (see No. 231). Like Washington's portrait it is framed with the rare explanation of the engraving. 235. MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. AGREEMENT FOR THE ENROLMENT OF LAFAYETTE AS MAJOR-GENERAL IN THE ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA. Signed bv Lafayette and dated December 7, 1776. Lent by the Connecticut hlistorical Society This precious document, written in French, is composed of two parts. The first is Silas Deane's copy of the agreement which he sent to the Congress, and in which he states, "I have thought that I could not better serve my country, and those who have intrusted me, than by granting to him [Lafayette] in the name of the very honourable Congress the rank of Major-General ... His high birth, his alliances, his considerable estates in this realm, his personal merit, his reputation, his disinterestedness, and above all his zeal for the liberty of our provinces, are such as to induce me alone to promise him the rank of major- general in the name of the United States.'' The other section, signed by Lafayette, is the Marquis' promise "to serve the United States with all possible zeal, without any pension or particular allowance, reserving for myself the libertv of returning to Europe when my family or my King shall recall me." This document was actually drawn in February, 1777, but antedated as of December 7, 1776, one reason being that since the arrival of Franklin in France, Deane was no longer the sole representative of the States. 236. WASHINGTON AND LAFAYETTE AT BRANDY WINE, by John Vander- lyn. Oil on canvas, 57 by 42 inches. Lent through the courtesy of M. Knoedler and Company Page 95 "Lafayette and Madame Roland Drawing a Plan for the Festi- val of the French Federation," by Jean-Jacques Hauer. Lent by the Museum of Art, University of Michigan [No. 240] The battle of Brandvwine was fought on September 11, 1777. Its purpose: on Washington's part, was to prevent General Howe from advancing any farther toward Philadelphia. With forces inferior in number (11,000 to Howe's 18,000) Washington attacked the British. The Americans were forced to retreat, losing almost 1,000 men, while the English army suffered somewhat higher losses/ Lafayette, who had joined General Sullivan's forces in retreat, was wounded in the leg. The painter Vanderlvn (1775-1852) (see No. 301) lived several years in Paris, where he studied under David, and is one of the few American artists of the period to be deeply influenced by French art. 237. LAFAYETTE, by L. P. Public Library Debucourt. Line engraving. Lent by the New York 238. MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. AUTOGRAPH LETTER. Dated: La Grange, November 9, 1828. Lent by The Society of Cincinnati The letter is addressed to William Pioscoe, to whom Lafavette recommends his "intimate friend," Captain Allyn. 239. SWORD USED BY LAFAYETTE in the American Revolution. Lent by the United States Naval Academy Page 96 This sword was given to Hubbard Grave, Captain of a militia company in 1807. It was left to the Naval Academy by Lt. Morgan Redneld, U. S. Navy, in 1933. "LAFAYETTE AND MADAME ROLAND DRAWING A PLAN FOR THE FESTIVAL OF THE FRENCH FEDERATION IN 1791/' by Jean- Jacques Hauer (1751-1829). Oil on canvas, 36 3 /4 by 29 3/ 8 inches. Signed and dated /. hauer 1791. Lent by the Museum of Art, University of Michigan This charming painting has here been given its traditional title. The four busts are (left to right): Mirabeau, Desilles, Franklin and J. J. Rousseau. On the chair is the issue of Le Moniteur Universel for March 5, 1791, which may afford a clue to the subject of the painting. ALLEGORY - LAFAYETTE RECEIVING FROM THE HANDS OF WISDOM THE CROWN OF IMMORTALITY . . . Colored etching, by and after Lagardette [1790]. Collection of the Reference Library of the Detroit Institute of Arts The bust of Lafayette, in the center of the complicated and naive allegory, is placed on the "Hotel [sic] de la Patrie." "A LAFAYETTE CANDLESTICK." Anonymous etching, about 1790. Lent by the State Street Trust Company, Boston This is apparently one of at least three caricatures on the same subject, based on a famous bon mot of Madame de Stael, the wife of the Swedish Ambassador at Paris, and famous writer: "M. de La Fayette est comme une chandelle qui brille chez le peuple et qui pue en bonne compagnie." This refers to Lafayette's dual role in the early stages of the French Revolution, when he was a Com- mandant of the Paris National Guard. 143. COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU - AUTOGRAPH LETTER to General Nathanael Greene, Januarv 22, 1782. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher (Illustrated page 128) On military matters, the letter is partlv written in the cipher used bv Wash- ington at the time. The cipher was translated bv one of Greene's aides. Jean- Baptiste Donatien de Vimeure, Count de Rochambeau (1725-1807), was commander-in-chief of the French forces in America. 1. GENERAL KOSCIUSZKO, by Benjamin West (1738-1820). Oil on panel, \2Vi by MVi inches. Signed: B. West 1797. Lent by the Dudley Peter Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College Thaddeus Kosciuszko was one of the heroes of the War of Independence, in Page 97 ,fj which he fought as one of Washington's aides, and later hecame one o heroes of the war for Poland's independence. An admirer of French liberalism, he was sent in January, 1793 on a political mission to Paris to induce the French! government to fight with Poland against the Russians: but he failed to rally the French to his cause. After a second visit to America, he returned to France,] where he stayed for the next fifteen vears. Me wrote in French his Manoeuvres of Horse Artillery. Kosciuszko was conferred French citizenship by the French Assembly at the time of his plea for Poland. 245. ALEXANDRE DE LAMETH (1760-1829). Colored engraving by L. A. Claessens (active late 18th centurv); 246. CHARLES DE LAMETH (1757-1832). Colored engraving by L. A. Claessens. Collection of the Reference Library of the Detroit Institute of Arts Alexandre de Lameth was aide marechal des logis under Rochambeau. H was wounded at Yorktown; during the Revolution he became one of the main exponents of a constitutional monarchy in France. His brother Charles, aide-de camp to Rochambeau, was also wounded at Yorktown. 247. CHARLES HENRY COMTE D'ESTAING, Chevalier des Ordres du Roi: Lieutenant General de ses Armees, Vice Amiral de France, Ne le 24 NovembrC 1729. Anonymous woodcut, hand colored. Lent by the Public Archives of Canada Count d'Estaing (1729-1794) was in command of the fleet sent to aid the United States in 1778. Off Newport, occupied by the English, he planned I combined land and naval attack against the British. As he was going to attack the English Admiral Howe, sent to relieve Newport, separated the fleets and d'Estaing put into Boston, although Lafayette pleaded with him to land his troops in Newport. The following year d'Estaing attacked Savannah but was unsuccessful. A noble liberal he was placed in charge of the National Guard in 1789. He was guillotined during the Terror. 248. ALLEGORY - "COUNT D'ESTAING ARRIVING AT BREST.'' Engraving after Paul Lacour. Proof before letters. Lent by the Metropolitan Museum According to the catalogue of the exhibition, Les Etats-Unis et la France an XVI1I C Siecle (Paris, 1929), there are several similar allegories. One, anonymous (by Antoine Borel?), describes the arrival of d'Estaing at Brest December 5, 1779. Another, also executed after Paul Lacour, commemorates in an allegory the feast given to the Admiral bv the merchants of Bordeaux, January 6, 1780. In its final state, the present engraving bears only the title: "Allegorical subject." Page 98 Jc tiuMtau Ic ianatuJiK Jaiutk par u mut <-k vmu Jam la. ntWL. Ju tZatiaauc par 'tmi yammu Jc 6uetrt e tUiolo'ui t apri* mu './ ^.(^m-i The French Fleet in American Waters During the 1778-1779 Campaign. Attributed to Pierre Ozanne. Lent by the Library of Congress [No. 252] :49. PORTRAIT OF ADMIRAL DE GRASSE. Oil on canvas, 38 by 29 inches. Lent by His Excellency the French Ambassador to the United States Count Francois-Joseph-Paul de Grasse (1722-1788) is best known for the part which he took in the naval operations of the War of Independence. Success- ful in the first years of the war (at Saint Lucia and Tobago) he was defeated in 1782 by Admiral Rodnev and taken prisoner. This portrait is a copy of the portrait preserved in the palace of Versailles. :50-252. THE FRENCH FLEET IN AMERICAN WATERS DURING THE 1778-1779 CAMPAIGN. (1) "L'Escadre frangoise monillee a Boston remdtant les Vaisseaux." (2) "L'Escadre frangoise monillee devant New-York bloquant VEscadre Angloise et intercevtant les Bdtimens qui vouloient y entrer. Le 12 juillet 1778." (3) "Le Vaissean le Langnedoc, deviate var le coup de vent dans la nuit du 12, attaque var nn Vaisseau de Guerre Anglois Vavres midy du 13 Aout 1778." Wash drawings, each 9M by \5¥i inches. Lent by the Library of Congress These important views from a portfolio of 22 water color drawings and maps are attributed to Pierre Ozanne, French artist of marine subjects, and marine engineer at Toulon. They were made between May, 1778 and October, 1779 during the expedition of the French fleet under d'Estaing to American waters. Ozanne was the official artist attached to the fleet and embarked on the flag ship, Page 99 The French Fleet in Boston Harbor. Attributed to Pierre; Ozanne. Lent by the Metropolitan Museum [No. 253] the LanguedoCj from Toulon in May, 177S, arriving at the mouth of the Delai ware three months later. 253-254. [CAMPAIGN OF ADMIRAL d'ESTAING]. CX "L'Escadre arrivee dam la baye de Boston." "2 "Boston Capitate des Etats-Unis." Wash drawings, each IPs by 24 inches. Lent b*\ the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of William H. Huntington "Boston. Capital of the United States." Attributed to Pierre Ozanne. Lent by the Metropolitan Museum [Xo. 254] Pane 100 Like the drawings mentioned above, these large wash drawings of excellent quality have been attributed, with some restriction, to Pierre Ozanne. i|5. [FRENCH NAVAL CAMPAIGN]. "Prise du Romulus clans la Baye de Chesapeak Par Mr Le Cardeur de Tilly." Etching. Lent anonym oil sly 56. [O. D. LEBOUCHER]. HISTOIRE DE LA DERNIERE GUERRE . . . depuis son commencement en 1775 jusqu'a sa fin en 1783 . . . Paris, 1788. Col- lection of The Detroit Institute of Arts, Gift of Miss Grace Pwss This rare work gives particular emphasis to the naval activities of the French in the War of Independence and includes a list of the French naval oflicers killed or wounded during the war. SURRENDER OF THE ENGLISH ARMY - [REDDITION DE L'ARMEE ANGLOISE Commandee par Mylord Comte de Cornwallis aux Armees Com- binees des Etats-Unis de l'Amerique et de France aux ordres des Generaux Washington et de Roehambeau a Yorck touwn et Gloccester dans la Virginie, le 19 Octobre 1781 . . .]. Colored engraving. Lent by the Chicago Historical Society A rare primitive engraving, published by Jean Beauvais, in Paris, which resembles the 18th century rues d'optique. TFJE SURRENDER OF LORD CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN, by John Trumbull. Oil on canvas, 13% by 21 inches. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts This is one of the two sketches owned by the Institute for one of Trumbull's most famous works. Thev present important differences from the completed paintings of the same subject: the small version in the Yale LIniversitv Art Gallerv and the large work in the Rotunda of the Capitol in Washington. John Trumbull (1756-1843) taught school and painted in Lebanon, Con- necticut. During the Revolution he served first as aide-de-camp to Washington, then as Adjutant. In 1780 he went to London, where he studied under Benjamin West. He remained abroad until 1789, living in England and France, where he made oil sketches of French officers who had served in the War of Inde- pendence. He visited England twice again, but returned in 1815 to this country, where he painted full scale historical subjects for the Capitol Rotunda in Washington. SURRENDER OF GENERAL CORNWALLIS. Engraving by Martinet after the drawing by Delignon. Lent by the Chicago Historical Society This engraving was published in 1801 in Le Temple de la Gloire . . . by General A. Jube; however this impression is apparently in an earlier state. Page 101 The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, by John ■■ Trumbull. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts [No. 258] \ 260. MAPS AND EYE-WITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE YORKTOWN SUR- RENDER. Lent by Pierre Beres, Inc. | Illustrated page 131) This collection is composed of the following: A. Four large original pen and ink and water color maps of: Yorktown and surroundings in 1781 shortly before the surrender. Size, 19 bv 27 inches; New- port, Rhode Island in 1780. Shows the town, the surrounding islands and convovs in the harbor. Size, 16 by 24 inches; A composite map of the engage- ments at Princeton, Trenton, the Hudson at West Point and at Stony Point. Four subjects on one map. Size, 17 by 24 inches; The northern part of Man- hattan and the Hudson with fortifications as of July 1781. Size: 17 by 24 inches. All maps have detailed legends. B. Two Signaling charts for the French fleet under Du Chaftault, 1780. The maps show flag symbols (for the day) and smoke signals (for the night). The text is printed but the signals are painted. Two double folio sheets. On one of the charts the manuscript mentions "De la Bretagne, juin 1780." C. An eye-witness report written by the Chevalier de Maulevrier (1758- 1820) to his superior, the Comte de Langeron in Brest. Dated at Chesapeake the day before the Surrender of Yorktown became official. Maulevrier, an able soldier, fought for the Independence of the Colonies. As it is known that Page 102 Maulevrier was an unusually skillful draftsman and made some very fine detailed maps, it would appear that these maps, although unsigned, are actually his work. These maps have not been reproduced, or the letter published. 261. DIPLOMA OF THE ORDER OF THE CINCINNATI. Engraved by J. J. Le Veau after Belle. Proof before letters, printed on vellum. Lent by the Met- ropolitan Museum of Art The hereditary Society of the Cincinnati was organized in 1783, at the end of the war, by officers of the American army. The Society was named for the dictator Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus who, after having accomplished his task returned to his "citizenship" and his former occupation — farming. The badge of the Society was designed by Major Charles Pierre L'Enfant, and its diploma was engraved in France by Le Veau after Belle, who may have used a design bv L'Enfant. The badge may be seen in the portraits of Lafayette and De Grasse exhibited here. (Nos. 233 and 249.) The French Society of the Cincinnati was organized in 1784, and member- ship was eagerly sought by French officers. With the exception of the Golden Fleece, the Eagle of the Cincinnati was the only foreign decoration permitted Diploma of the Order of the Cincinnati. Engraved bv Lent by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Le Veau after Belle. [No. 261] Page 103 by Louis XVI. Dormant throughout the 19th century, the French Society was revived in 1925. 262. [SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI]. CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE. AUTOGRAPH LETTER signed to Baron von Steuben. Philadelphia, 3 June 1783. Lent by the Rosenbach Company On May 10, 1783, the Society of the Cincinnati, "deeply impressed with a sense of the generous assistance this country has received from France, and desirous of perpetuating the friendships which have been formed, and so happily subsisted, between the officers of the Allied Forces . . .," invited a number of French officers and de la Luzerne, then Minister Plenipotentiary at Philadelphia, to join the Society. The present letter is de la Luzerne's acknowledgment of a copy of the Institution of the Society and his acceptance of membership in the Society. He adds: "If the courage, patience and all the virtues which this [the American] brave army displayed so often during this War could ever be for- gotten this Society would remind us of them." America. Tapestry cartoon by Le Barbier. Lent by the Manufacture Rationale de Beauvais [No. 263] Page 104 263. THE FOUR CONTINENTS. Five tapestry cartoons by Le Barbier. Oil on canvas. Design for canape, 32 by 85^ inches; designs for backs of seats, 24 by 23 inches. Lent by the Manufacture Nationale de Beauvais, Beauvais, France An ameublement woven from these designs by Le Barbier (1738-1826) was executed from 1789 to 1791 on Louis XVl's orders to be presented to George Washington at Mount Vernon. The set, however, never reached America, and belongs to the Menier collection. See James H. Flyde, "L'Iconographie des Quatre Parties du Monde," Gazette des Beaux- Arts, 1924, II, pp. 269-272. 264. PIERRE PALLIERE. "Washington's Tomb." Pencil and wash drawing, 18 by 21 inches. Signed lower right: P. Paliiere. Lent by James H. Hyde The inscription on the mausoleum reads: WASHINGTON LlBliRATEUR DE SA PATRIE. The author of the catalogue of the exhibition, Les Etats-Unis et la France au XVllL siecle, suggested that this drawing was a project for one of the commemorative ceremonies occasioned by the death of Washington in Paris and the provinces. Paliiere, of Bordeaux, is known to have engraved other allegorical subjects connected with the history of the LJnited States. 265. PACT BETWEEN THE FRENCH REPUBLIC AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . . . September 30, 1800. Etching, colored, by Fran- cesco Piranesi after J. Barbieri. Lent by Kennedy and Company There was a great deal of bad feeling between France and the United States in the last years of the 18th century, and it seemed at a time that actual hostilities would take place. However on September 30, 1800 a pact of amity and com- merce was signed by the two nations with a formal pledge of a firm, inviolable and universal peace "between the two nations, and true and sincere friendship." A fete marked the reconciliation. It was given by Joseph Bonaparte, the First Consul's elder brother and one of the plenipotentiaries who had negotiated the treaty, at Mortefontaine, the gardens of which are shown in the engraving. Washington's Tomb," by Pierre Paliiere. Lent by James H. Hyde [No 264] John Paul Jones, French School, ca. 1780. Lent by the Pierpont Morgan Library [No. 286] Pace 106 VI Some Americans in France 266. FRANKLIN'S HOUSE AT PASSY, by Victor Hugo. Sepia and India ink (?), 5 3 /4 by 9 inches. Signed lower left: Victor Hugo. Lent b\ the New York Public Library Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) first visited France in 1767. Late in 1776 he returned to Paris as the official delegate of the Continental Congress, to negotiate with France the treaty of alliance which was finally concluded in February 1778, in large part due to Franklin's tact and shrewdness. While in France Franklin was the guest of a wealthy admirer of the new Republic, Le Ray de Chaumont, who placed at his disposal a pavillion in his estate at Passy. There Franklin lived until his return to the LInited States (July, 1785). No contemporary views of the pavillion (which presumably was built early in the 18th century) exist, and it is very probable that the romantic sketch reproduced here bears little resemblance to Franklin's house. This sketch was sent by Victor Hugo in 1864 to the United States Sanitary Commission, to be offered for sale at one of the "benefit fairs'' conducted by the Commission during the Civil War. The following letter, which is apparently little known, accompanied the sketch: "En 1836, jetais un jour a Passy, chez M. Raynouard, auteur de la tragedie des Templiers. 11 avait des cheveux blancs flottant sur ses epaules. Je lui dis: Vous portez les cheveux comme Franklin et vous lui ressemblez. II me repondit en riant: cela tient peut-etre au voisinage. Et il me montra une maison qu'on apercevait de son jardin . . . C'est la, me dit-il, que Franklin a demeure en 1778. "J'ai dessine cette maison, demolie aujourd'hui. Void le dessin. Je crois que cette image de la maison de Franklin a Passy est la seule qui existe. Je l'offre a l'United States Sanitary Commission. "Je suis heureux que la Sanitary Commission, en me faisant l'honneur de s'adresser a moi, me donne l'occasion de renouveler l'expression de ma sympathie profonde aux vaillants homines qui luttent si glorieusement pour delivrer la grande Republique Americaine de cette honte, l'esclavage." Victor Hugo "Hauteville House — 15 mars 1864" 267. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by Jean-Jacques Cafneri. Marble. Height, 26 inches. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts The terra cotta model of this bust (now in the Bibliotheque Mazarine) was exhibited at the 1777 Salon. It was executed in a dark hour of Franklin's life, when his efforts in France on behalf of the new republic seemed doomed to failure. Of this bust the Memoires Secrets (XI, p. 49) said that it showed "a Page 107 ■v.'{H^ J- -'' mum Till £i • 1 j ""** T^ Franklin's House at Passy, by Victor Hugo. Lent by the New York Public Library [No. 266] wise philanthropist seeking a remedy for the ills of his country. One witnesses his soul aroused in indignation, portrayed in his countenance and altering his benignity." Jean-Jacques Caffieri (1725-1792) was recommended bv Franklin to execute j the monument to General Montgomery (Major General in the American army, killed at Quebec in 1775) now in the portico of St. Paul's Church, New York. The drawing for the monument was exhibited at the Salon of 1777, although the monument itself was erected only in 1789. 268. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by Jean-Antoine Houdon. Plaster. Height, 17! 7 2 inches. Signed and dated on right shoulder: Houdon f. 1778. Lent by the City Art Museum of St. Louis This original plaster model of the bust of Franklin was formerly in the collec- tion of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar. It was made from a mould taken from the artist's original clay model (see Bulletin of the City Art Museum of St. Louis, July, 1936, pp. 51-54.) 269. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by Giovanni Battista Nini (1717-1787). Circular terracotta medallion. Diameter, 4 7 /ie inches. Signed: IB Nini F 1777. Lent anonymously Nini was manager of the terracotta works of Le Rav de Chaumont, Franklin's Page J 08 ^ \ Benjamin Franklin, b\ [ean-Antoine Houdon. / ent /n the City Art Museum of St. I (mis [No. 268] Page 109 ,2#r Apotheosis of Franklin, by Jean-Honore Fragonard. Lent by Wildenstein and Company [No. 274] friend, where several medallions of the American statesman were produced in great numbers. 270. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by Giovanni Battista Nini. Circular plaster medal- lion, painted terracotta color. Diameter, 8% inches. Signed at base of neck, NINI and inscribed: ERIPUIT COELO FULMEN SCEPTRUMQUE TIRANNIS 1779. Lent by the Walters Art Gallery This is one of the largest medallions of Franklin by Nini. The inscription Page 110 (which, translated, reads: "He snatched the lightning from Heaven and the scepter from the tyrants") is attributed to Turgot, the French Minister of Finance in the first years of Louis XVFs rule, and a friend of Franklin. 71. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by Jean-Martin Renaud (1746-1831). Circular terracotta medallion. Diameter, 3 inches. Inscribed (on either side of the cap): V I / R S. Signed on tranche of shoulder: /. M. Renaud. Lent by The Metro- politan Museum, Gift of George A. Lucas 72. BUST OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. Attributed to J. F. Leriche (1738-1813). Biscuit (Sevres?). Height, 6 3 4 inches. Lent by the William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art 73. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by Francois-Marie Suzanne. Terracotta. Height, 14V2 inches. Lent hy the Walters Art Gallery Francois-Marie Suzanne (active from 1775 to 1802) is best known for his statuettes of statesmen and writers of the latter part of the eighteenth century, those of Rousseau, Voltaire, Mirabeau among others. At the Salon of 1793 he exhibited a statuette of Franklin, in terracotta, "14 pouces de proportion," which is said to be the example in the David-Weill collection, Neuillv. There exist also examples in terracotta and gilded bronze of a statuette of Washington modelled by him. 74. APOTHEOSIS OF FRANKLIN, by Jean-Honore Fragonard (1732-1806). Pencil and sepia, 1876 by 14% inches. Signed lower right: Fragonard. Lent by Wildenstein and Company This famous allegory was Formerly in the Walferdin (1880) and Feral (1901) collections. According to Portalis it was engraved in 1780 by Fragonard; Louis Reau, however, states that the plate was engraved by Marguerite Gerard. 75. LE COURONNEMENT DE FRANKLIN, by the Abbe de Saint -Non (1727- 1791) after Fragonard. Aquatint, Lent anonymously Franklin met Saint-Non in Paris. According to Portalis and Beraldi, this engraving was executed by the artist to show Franklin, who was always very much interested in graphic arts, the technique of gravure ait lavis. 76. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by and after Francois Janinet (1752-1813). Aqua- tint in color, 1789. Lent by The Rosenbach Company LI I , BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by II. T. Bligny. Line engraving, 1780. Lent anonymously 278. [BENJAMIN FRANKLIN]. PASSPORT PRINTED AT FRANKLIN'S PASSY PRESS. [Passy, before 1784]. Lent by the William L. Clements Library Page 111 Nous Benjamin Franklin , Ecuycr , M'tnifi PIui ipotcntiairc ties Etats - Unis de V Amcriquc , pres Sa Majcfte T re s - Ch rdtie nnc , PRIONS tons ceux qui font a prier dc vouloir laiffcr furcmcnt & librement V a S tr *df~ &»**,* ;$/„>*/ *~ J*,^ fans tt't donner ni pcrmettrc quil/6" foit donne aucun cmpichcment, mats au contrairc dc^uf accordcr toutes fortes d'aidc 6Vi inches. Lent by The Historical Society of Pennsylvania Gouverneur Morris (1752-1816), a member of a distinguished New York State familv, was a delegate to the First Provincial Congress in 1775, later play- ing an important part as chairman of the committee which studied dispatches for the American commissioners in Europe. Fie also helped to frame the U. S. Constitution. Shortly before the French Revolution he went to Paris to transact private business, as agent for Robert Morris. He was still in F.urope (in Eng- land) in 1792 when he was involved as financial agent in the attempted escape of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. He was appointed that vear minister to France and, in spite of his strong aristocratic tendencies, remained in France until 1794, the only foreign minister who had the courage to stav in Paris during the Terror. Gouverneur Morris has left a Diary of his experiences in the French Revolution, which is one of the important source materials for that period. 296. JOEL BARLOW, by Robert Fulton. Oil on panel, 15 by 12 inches. Lent by Samuel L. M. Barlow Joel Barlow (1754-1812), one of the "Hartford wits," first went abroad in 1788 as an agent for the Scioto Company, the aim of which was to attract European settlers in Ohio, then a sparsely inhabited region. In Paris Barlow was on friendly terms with many prominent French people, including Volney (who was influenced bv Barlow, and whose Rums Barlow translated into English) and Madame Recamier, and took an active part in French politics. He remained abroad, mostlv in France, for the next eighteen vears. It was in France that he wrote his famous Plasty Pudding and revised his less famous Vision of Columhtm A shrewd businessman as well as a poet, Barlow was a wealthy man. In Paris he befriended Robert Fulton, the painter-inventor, who lived in his house and was helped materially by the Barlow family. The present portrait is one of the more successful painted bv Fulton. Barlow left France in 1804 with Fulton, whose inventions were not accepted bv the French authorities. He spent the next vears in Washington, where his home "Kalorama," became the meeting Page 120 Joel Barlow, by Robert Fulton. Lent by Samuel I . M, Harlow [No. 2961 place of American intellectuals. In 181 I Barlow returned to Europe as Minister to France, on a mission to Napoleon, but died in Poland, on his way to the Emperor. A comprehensive article on Joel Barlow's part in the French Revolution has recently been published by Robert I 7 . Durden, "Joel Barlow and the French Revolution," The William and Mary Quarterly, VIII, July, 1951, pp. 527-354. Page 121 297. JOEL BARLOW, by Jean-Antoine Houdon. Tinted plaster. Height, 21% inches. Inscribed Houdon, an Xll on right shoulder, and /. Barlow, 50 ans on the other. Lent by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Miss Ingersoll-Smouse (Rente de I' art, XXXV, 1914, p. 288) states that this is the plaster exhibited at the 1804 Salon. It belongs to the Academy at least since 1812, the date of Barlows death. The original bust in marble is in Mr. Samuel L. M. Barlows collection, while another plaster cast is in the National Academy of Design. 298. JOEL BARLOW. A LETTER TO THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF FRANCE, on the Defects of the Constitution of 1791 ... To which is added THE CONSPIRACY OF KINCS, A Poem . . . New York [n.d.]. Lent hy the Burton Historical Collection In London, and later in France, Barlow belonged to the group of advanced thinkers such as Thomas Paine (whose Age of Reason he helped to publish) and Dr. Priestley. The Letter to the National Convention of France embodies many of the ideas which Barlow expressed more fullv in the Advice to the Privileged Orders, published the same year (1792). It is in part a bold attack on Louis XVI, and even more on the principle of hereditary monarchy. Speaking of the attempt at a constitutional monarchy Barlow says in a significant section of his Letter: "It [the experiment! has taught a new doctrine, which no experience can shake, and to which reason must conform, that kings can do no good." 299. MRS. JOEL BARLOW. Crayon, 16 by 12 l /2 inches (oval). Lent by Samuel I . S. Barlow Airs. Joel Barlow, nee Baldwin, arrived in Europe in 1790 and remained with her husband until his return to the United States. She was a leader of American society in Europe who, "to a great personal beauty added the piquancy of manner and amiability that afterwards made her an object of adoration in the polite circles of Europe." According to a long note appended to the drawing, it was executed in Paris by a member of the Villette family, which was friendly with both Robert Fulton and the Barlows. The note states that it was to the home of the Villettes that Robert Fulton went, "weeping in despair" after the first Consul had refused to consider his inventions. 300. ROBERT FULTON, by Jean-Antoine Houdon. Marble. Height, 2SVi inches. Signed houdon f. an Xll. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts Robert Fulton (1765-1815), a native of Pennsylvania, left the United States in 1786 for England where, a friend and disciple of Benjamin West, he sup- ported himself by painting. He was also deeply interested in engineering projects Page 122 IP1HHB m Robert Fulton, by Jean-Antoine Houdon. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts [No. 3001 and published a large number of treatises on scientific: subjects, in 1797 he left for Paris, where he was to reside until 1804. In France, he developed and put into effect his theories on torpedoes and submarines. Protected and encouraged by Joel Barlow, Fulton was able to pursue his experiments, which were directed against the British Navy. The French Government, however, showed no great interest in Fulton's projects, in spite of the fact that his submarine Nautilus, when tried in Brest harbour in 1801, was a partial success. It was in France (1803) that Fulton first succeeded in propelling a boat bv steam-power. The bust exhibited here is probably the bust exhibited at the 1804 Salon. It was formerly in the collection of descendants of Admiral Decres, Minister of the Navy at the time when Fulton was working on his "torpedo" in Paris, and one of his principal opponents. Page 123 Robert Fulton, by John Vanderlyn. Lent by Samuel L. M. Barlow [No. 301] 301. ROBERT FULTON, by John Vanderlyn. Pencil, 6' 2 by SVi inches (oval). Lent h\ Samuel L. M. Barlow John Vanderlyn ( 1775-1852) lived in France for a longer time than most ui his fellow-artists who visited the continent, Washington Allston, Rembrandt Peale, etc. 1 hanks to the patronage of Aaron Burr he was able to live in France from 1796 to 1801; he later (1803 and 1808-1815) returned to Paris, where his stvle of painting was greatly influenced by French taste. His most famous works are his Mm ins and his Ariadne. _u «4tv Page 124 REMBRANDT PEALE. Portrait of Jean-Antoine Houdon. Oil on canvas, 33 by 29 inches. Lent by The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts The son of Charles Willson Peale, Rembrandt Peale (1787-1860) was sent by his Father to France in 1808 to paint portraits of famous Frenchmen for the Peale Museum in Philadelphia. In Paris Rembrandt Peale came to know most of the celebrities of the capital, and painted a number of eminent Frenchmen, among others Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, who spoke of him as his "cher Phila- delphe, le Rembrandt de lAmerique," Vivant Denon, David and (on a later trip, 1809-1810) Napoleon himself. One of Peak's most successful French portraits is that of I Ioudon, to whom the painter carried a letter of introduction from Joel Barlow. Influenced by Gerard, Rembrandt Peale made great progress in France. "Mv tints," he boasted, "surpass the fairest complexion and equal what the imagination can conceive. Beauty shall come to me for immortality, for its texture flows from my pencil as I trace its forms. To create flesh is no longer difficult. To modify it with color, light or shadow is no longer tedious — consequently my principal attention may be directed to character and beauty." For Rembrandt Peak's stay in France, see Charles Coleman Sellers' Charles Willson Peale, II, pp. 207-216. LEWIS CASS, by Thomas D. Jones. Marble. Height, 24Vi inches. Inscribed in front: CASS; and on back: T. D. JONES. Sc. 1848. Lent by the Detroit Public Library A lawyer and officer Lewis Cass (1782-1866) served under General I lull, to whose surrender of Detroit to the British in the War of 1812 he strongly objected. Governor of the Territory of Michigan and later Secretary of War in Jackson's cabinet, he was sent to France as U. S. Minister (1836). Very popular in France, where he created for himself a remarkable position in French diplo- matic circles, he was also on intimate terms with the minister of Foreign Affairs, Guizot, and with King Louis-Philippe; the latter, who admired him greatly and confided in him, placed Cass's portrait between those of Washington and Jack son in his castle at St. Cloud. Thomas D. Jones (1811-1881) the sculptor of this bust, was active mostly in Cincinnati. 303h. [LEWIS CASS]. FRANCE, ITS KING, COURT, AND GOVERNMENT, by an American. Third Edition, New York, 1848. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection Lewis Cass's France, its l\iu<^, Court, and Government is a wordy yet thought fill interpretation of French politics and social customs. I he first edition of this pamphlet was published in 1840. This edition appeared in 1848. when the overthrow ol Louis-Philippe (who figures prominently in the work), as well as the recently announced nomination of General Cass as candidate lor President of the United States, gave new actuality to the work. Page /2S VII Some French Writers on America The works listed in this section were chosen for their historical importance and also, in a number of cases, for their rarity or artistic value. This selection cannot claim to give, even remotely, a comprehensive view of the surprisingly rich literature result- ing from the experiences of French travellers or writers interested in the social, geo- graphical or historical development of the United States. The important bibliography compiled by Prof. Frank Monaghan in 1932, Trench Travellers in the United States, which refers only to works written by French travellers in the United States from 1765 to 1932, contains more than 1,800 titles, most of which are of great value for the study of American customs. This work, and Bernard Fay's Bibliographic critique des ouvrages frangais consacres aux litats-Unis, 1770-1800, are necessary to appreciate the wealth and variety of French literary material pertaining to the United States. Prof. Chinard's L' Amerique et le reve exotique dans la litterature francaise an XVlI e et an XVIII e Steele discusses at length most of the works mentioned in this section. Among the writers who are not represented in the exhibition, the following at; least should be mentioned: Quesnay de Beaurepaire (Memoires . . . concernant lAcademie des sciences et beaux-arts des Etats-Unis . . ., 1788); Due de La Rochefou-! cauld-Liancourt (Voyage fait aux Etats-Unis . . . en 1795, 1796, et 1797; 8 vols., 1799); Marquise de La Tour du Pin (Journal d'une femme de cinquante ans, 1778-1815; published in 1913); Michel Chevalier, whom Prof. Monaghan rightly called "one of the most important French commentators on the United States" (Lettres sur VAmeri- que du Nord, 1838); £tienne Cabet, the founder of Icarie (Voyage et aventures de Lord Villiam Carisdall en Icarie, 2 vols., 1840, among other shorter works); Victor Considerant, the Fourierist, who lived in the United States from 1852 to 1869 (Au Texas, 1854); Jean-Jacques Ampere (Promenade en Amerique, 1855). 304. FATHER PIERRE-FRANCOIS XAV IER DE CHARLEVOIX. HISTOIRE ET DESCRIPTION G£N£RALE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE. Avec le Journal historique d'un Voyage fait par ordre du roi dans ] 'Amerique sep- tentrionale, Paris, 1744, 3 vols. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection Father de Charlevoix (1682-1761), having entered the Society of Jesus, was sent to Canada in 1705, but returned to France a few years later. Urged by the Regent to find a new route to the West, he returned to Canada in 1720, and travelled from Quebec to New Orleans. His Histoire et Description de la Nouvelle France is among the most valuable works of its kind. Especially instruc- tive are his descriptions of the Illinois country, which Charlevoix visited in 1721, a few years after the founding of the permanent settle- ments. The famous Journal is Volume III of the Histoire, perhaps the most valuable source material for the knowledge of interior Amer- ica in the early 18th century. 305. BACQUEVILLE DE LA POTHERIE. HISTOIRE DE LAMfiRIQUE SEP- TENTRIONALE . . . Paris, 1722, 4 vols. Lent by the William L. Clements Library Page 126 Allegory. France Giving Its Friendship to America. Lent by the Musee National de la Cooperation Franco- Americaine [No. 208] Bacqueville de la Potherie, born on the island of Guadeloupe, was aide-major of the island. His work is especially valuable for its description of Canada. 306. FATHER JOSEPH-FRANgOIS LAFI- TAU. MOEURS DES SAUVAGES AMERIQU AINS comparees aux moeurs des premiers temps ... 2 vols., Paris, 1724. Lent by Louis Carrier Joseph-Francois Lafitau (1681M740), a Jesuit missionary, lived among the Iroquois from 1712 to 1717, at the mission of Sault Saint-Louis (Caughnawaga). His Moeurs des Sauvages ameriq uains is. ith Charle\ Journal, the most important work on New France at that period. Lafitau is also well- known for his discovery in America of gin- seng, a medicinal root prized in Asia, which was for a time an important source of revenue for Canada. Certain of the illustrations used in the Moeurs des Sauvages have been copied and adapted by the illustrator (Bernard Pic- art?) from de Bry's Voyages (Nos. 5a-c). 307. CEREMONIES ET COUTUMES RE LIGIEUSES DE TOUS LES PEU- PLES DU MONDE, representees par des figures dessinees par Bernard Picart . . . Amsterdam 1723-43. Lent by Louis Carrier Bernard Picart (1673-1733) was one of the most prolific engravers of his time. His most famous work is the Ceremonies et coutumes religieuses . . ., published in eleven folio vol- umes, which were printed at Amsterdam, where Picart, converted to Protestantism, spent most of his mature life. The present work is an album of 70 en- gravings (out of a total of 266) cut out of this work. Adaptations of Plates 11 and 12 of de Bry's Voyages prove Picart to have been an arrant plagiarist. 308. BERNARD PICART. "AMERICA." Pen and ink and wash drawing, 6 by 8Vg inches. Signed B. Picart del. 1722. Lent by James H. Hyde This drawing has been engraved as: "Divi- nitc qui preside a la chasse," and was very probably executed for the Ceremonies ... It may be No. 206 ("Divinite des Mexicains qui preside a la chasse") of Mile. Duportal's cata- logue of Picart's drawings in Louis Dimier. Les Peintres francais du XVIlh siecle, 1, p. 387. 309. ABB£PR£VOST. LE PH1LOSOPI IF ANGLAIS. OU HISTOIRE DE M. CLEVELAND ... 8 volumes. Paris, 1728-1739. Lent anonymously Page 12: In Vol. II <>l this famous "roman geo- graphique," by Antoine-Francpis Prevost (1697-1763), the hero (who is an illegitimate son of Oliver Cromwell) travels from Carolina to Jamestown and lives among the savage "Abaquis," whose king he becomes for a time. 310. ABBE PREVOST. HISTOIRE DU CHEVALIER DES GRIEUX ET DE MANON LESCAUT. Amsterdam, 1753. 2 vols. Lent anonymously I his famous novel was first published in 1731, as a part (wholly unrelated) of the Memoires et aventures d'un hotntne de cjual itc . . . The last section of Manon Lescaui takes plaee in New Orleans, and the heroine dies near Lake Pontchartrain. The American "climate" of Manon Lescaut has been com- mented upon by P. Heinrich, Prevost historien de Ja Louisiane . . ., Paris, 1907 and Gilbert Chinard, / 'Amerique et \e rive exotique dans la litterature frangaise an XVII e et an XVllle siecle, Paris, 1934. 311. ALAIN-RENE LE SAGE. LES AV- I \ TURES DE MONSIEUR ROB- ERT CHEVALIER, DIT DE BEAU- CHfiNE . . . Amsterdam, 1783. Lent anonymously I his, the "roman picaresque de la Flibuste," is a late edition of this famous work (first published in 1732;, in which actual persons take part, the brothers Le Moyne and Mgr. de Saint- Vallier for example. 312. AVANTURES DU S*. C. LE BEAU . . . Amsterdam, 1738, 2 vols. Lent h\ tlie William I . Clements Library In spite of its romanesque stvle the book includes details, in particular about the Iro- quois, which, according to the Bibliotlieca iK/*\ O Count de Rochambeau. Letter to General Nathanael Greene. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher [No. 243] Q '..V '«/W^, ftLU-Vll ■ ->/>¥*% v /ran o*i/y •uetiv.it) & <*&y 6 y /a.tr/i ■Si i ? &*-> a*«v tvt.**JL- 4 ' £±# YLZ4*4?e,U* ifa*AU t a&iL,$L ^« A S ^ *+Ur£ Szsx^tU- Qex^f *?*' ^° r 16 WtJ*.* &.4ZJ /5&*^l/ 9tJ*t/6/ OAsTti'td, WAV ,OU^O Lit) t*t / ■t-o /6 y«- y*i &<£r fa fit* Jx**t±> yWt>/t; **$€**; /f0*u- &* u- £*% ■/• 1 fii^V. - Page 128 W&y . . yt £u. i *«.. S^y. }£?>. |,4. ys's. &e. inf. on. /. 7 2 . £,?. i ^ s\ % re. Ci f. c gg. *,j. 3 G<^. s4 26i. 4^4, tU £j, 'bin , go . SAi, yi£. 7 i i\ •**'■ its.S'oi.t Americana, only an eyewitness could have gathered. 313a. ANTOINE-SIMON LE PAGE DU PRATZ. HISTOIRE DE LA LOUIS IANE ... 3 vols., 1758. Lent by the William L. Clements Library Little is known of Le Page du Pratz (active 1718-1758). He probably was born in the Low Countries about 1689. In 1718 he ob- tained a concession in Louisiana, which he explored carefully. He returned to France in 1734. His Histoire de la Louisiane, one of the reliable source books for the history of the region, is at the same time one of the most charmingly personal recits of the period. One of the maps, dated 1757, shows the Mississippi and confluent streams from the Appalaches to the headwaters of the Columbia — one of the earliest attempts to chart the continental interior. 313b. . Another copv. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher 314. CHEVALIER BOSSU. NOUVEAUX VOYAGES AUX INDES OCCIDEN TALES . . . Paris, 1768, 2 vols. Lent by Louis Carrier This work of M. Bossu, "capitaine dans les troupes de la Marine," who lived in Louis- iana, is illustrated bv Gabriel de Saint-Aubin. 315. CHEVALIER BOSSU. NOUVEAUX VOYAGES DANS L'AMfiRIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE . . . Amsterdam, 1777. Lent by Louis Carrier Illustrated, like No. 314, by Gabriel de Saint-Aubin. 316. ABB£ GUILLAUME-THOMAS RAY- NAL. HISTOIRE PHILOSOPHIQUE ET POLITIQUE DES £TABLISSE- MENTS ET DU COMMERCE DES EUROPfiENS DANS LES DEUX INDES. Geneve, 1775. Tome III. Lent by Michel Benisovitch "The most brilliant success of the century," as Bernard Fay called it, the Histoire Philoso- phiaue (first published in 1770) has as its theme the predominant influence of economic considerations on the history of nations. Dide- rot and d'Holbach, among others, contributed chapters. In this copy the illustrations are before letters. The volume is opened at page 97, with the illustration representing "Industry showing to savages a plow, etc new benefactions offered to them." 317. QUAKERESSE, by Jean-Baptiste Des- rais (active late 18th century). Water color, 8% by 5% inches. Lent by Michel Benisovitch This is a preliminary water color for Cos- tumes civils actuels de tons les peuples connus, by Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur and Silvain Marechal (4 volumes, 1784-1787). 318. MARQUIS FRANCOIS - JEAN DE CHASTELLUX. VOYAGE DE NEW PORT A PHILADEPHIE [sic], . . . Newport: Imp. royale de l'escadre [1781]. Lent by the Houghton Library, Harvard University This volume, printed on the press of the French fleet at Newport, is one of the rarest works in the exhibition. Apparently only 24 (or 27?) copies were printed, to be distributed by Chastellux among his friends. The present copy was presented bv Edouard Laboulave to Charles Sumner. Chastellux is also the author of the Voyages . . . dans VAmerique septen trionale . . . 1780, 1781 et 1782 . . . Paris, 1 786, which was attacked by Brissot de War- ville (see No. 324). 319. MICHEL REN£ D'AUBERTEUIL. ESSAIS HISTORIQUES ET POLL TIQUES SUR LES ANGLO-AM£RI CAINS. Brussels, 1782. Lent by the William L. Clements Library Hilliard d'Auberteuil (c«. 1740-1800) was born in France. After a few years in Santo Domingo he went to the United States in 1777. Although he stayed only a short time in the United States he wrote several works on the new republic, of which this one, some- what pompous and at times obscure, is the most useful. D'Auberteuil is also the author of a "roman historique," Miss Mac-Pea, pub- lished in Philadelphia (Paris), 1784. 320a. ABB£ ROBIN. NOUVEAU VOY AGE DANS L'AM£RIQUE SEP- TENTRIONALE, en 1 'an nee 1781 et campagne de l'armee de M. le Comte de Rochambeau . . ., Philadelphia and Paris, 1782. Lent by the Burton His torical Collection Page 129 JOIRNEE DE LEXIXCTOX Battle of Lexington. From the Collection d'Estamyes . . . bv F. Godefroy and N. Ponce. Lent by The Rosenbach Company [No. 212] This is a rather naive work or a chaplain in Rochambeau's army. Yet Alonaghan lists seven different editions of this book from 1782 to 1784, one of which (Philadelphia, 1783) is Philip Freneau's translation. 320b. Another copy. Lent by ike William I . Clements Library 321. SAINT-JEAN DE CR£VECOEUR. Lettres d'un Cultivateur Americain ecrites a W. S. [William Seton], ecuyer, depuis l'annee 1770, jusqu'a 1781 . . . Paris, 1784. Vol. 2 only. Lent an- onymously Michel-Guillaume de Crevecceur (1735- 1813) was born near Caen, but received part of his education (a rare occurrence at that period) in England. He left for Canada still a young man, served under Montcalm and explored the region of the Great Lakes and the Ohio. After further trips through Penn- sylvania and the Carolinas, he became an American citizen in 1765. He stayed in Amer- ica until 1780, when he left for France, but came back a few years later, becoming French consul at New York. He returned to France in 1790. St. Johnsbury, Vermont, was named after him by Ethan Allen. A sensitive and shrewd observer, he is the author of the Letters of an American Farmer (first pub- lished in London in English in 1782), which made him famous throughout Europe. Other works bv Crevecoeur are the Voyage dans la Haute -Pensylvanie . . ., 1801, and the Sketches of EighteeutJi Century America, published from newlv discovered manuscripts in 1925. The copv of the Lettres exhibited here bears the following presentation: To Aaron Burr, Esq., from his friend the author, as well as the signatures of Aaron Burr and Louisa de Hart. Page 130 322. MARQUIS DE CONDORCET. IN- FLUENCE de la Revolution de l'Amer- ique Septentrionale sur les opinions et la legislation de l'Europe par un habitant obscur de l'ancien Hemisphere, P. B. Godard [Paris?, 1786]. Lent by Andre de Fernel This short work is an encomium of the United States form of government by Con- dorcet, who had been made a citizen of "New Heaven" a few years earlier. Other works by Condorcet exist, in which his admiration for the United States is evident (Lettre d'un citoyen des £tats-Unis . . ., 1788; FLloge de M. Franklin . . ., 1790; see also No. 325). 323. JACQUES GRASSET DE SAINT- SAUVEUR. TABLEAUX COSMO- GRAPHIQUES de l'Europe, de l'Asie, de l'Afrique et de l'Amerique . . . Dessines et laves a l'aquarelle d'apres nature, par M. le chevalier Grasset de Saint-Sauveur, . . . Paris, 1787. Lent by the Newberry Library, Ayer Col- lection Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur (Mon- treal, 1757; Paris, 1810) left Canada as a youth and spent most of his life in the diplo- matic service (he was vice-consul in Hungary and in the Middle West). The present vol- ume was charmingly illustrated by Saint- Sauveur; copies exist in which the illustrations are in color; in the present copy the engrav- ings are in bistre. 324. BRISSOT DE WARVILLE. A CRIT- ICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MARQUIS DE CHASTELLUX'S TRAVELS . . . Philadelphia, 1788. Lent by Andre de Fernel This is a defense of the Negroes, as well as Quakers and their ideals, by the founder of the society of the Amis des Noirs and of the Societe Gallo-Americaine to forward Franco- Plan hi- i \ vn i y Rade. '*' S \ ■ J$ . OCEAN . \ ft § *- v ft Isumos. j "*' / W'^mr^BH' ' W '" "... .,.!»...< *> ' f ■ ' ftWx ' # //" .* Manuscript Map or Newport, Rhode Island, 1780. Lent by Pierre Beres, Inc. [No. 260A] Page 131 American friendship. Brissot lived in America until the beginning of the French Revolution; in France he became one of the leaders of the Girondist party. Brissot is also the author of the Nouveau Voyage dans les Ltats-Unis . . ., Paris, 1791. 325. P. MAZZEI. RECHERCHES HIS- TORIQUES ET POLITIQUES SUR LES ETATS-UNIS DE L'AMERI- OUE SEPTENTRIONALE ... Par un citoyen de Virginie. Avec quatre lettres d'un bourgeois de New Heaven . . . Paris, 1788, 4 vols. Lent anonymously The "bourgeois de New Heaven" is Con- dorcet. Mazzei, a friend and correspondent of Jefferson, went to Virginia in 1773, where he attempted to introduce the culture of the vine and olives. Fie participated actively in the American Revolution and, back in Italy, was agent for Virginia in the purchase of arms. The Recherches ... is based in part on ma- terial furnished by Jefferson. 326. TANGUY DE LA BOISSIERE. OB SERVATIONS SUR LA D£P£CHE ECRITE PAR M. PICKERING . . . Philadelphie, Morcau de Saint-Mcry, 1797. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection Tanguy de la Boissiere (c. 1746-1799), a former lawyer Qnotairc} from Santo Domingo, came to the United States as a refugee from the island's uprising. He published the first magazine of political economy in America. He is also the author of a Memoire sur la situation commerciale de la Vrance avec les Ltats-Unis (1796), which he wrote upon the advice of Adet, the French Minister in 1795- 96, and which was published at the expense of the French government. Tanguy de la Boissiere lived until 1798 in Philadelphia, where he was the bete noire of the former French envoy, Genet. An excellent account of what is known of Tanguy's activities in this country is found in Childs, Trench Refugee / ife in the United States. The Observations is a good example of the quality of Moreau de Saint-Mery's publishing efforts. There exists a translation by Samuel Chandler, also published by Moreau de Saint- Mery. The work is a commentary on the political tension between France and the United States at that period. 327-328. TWO SCENES from ATALA, by Count de Boulot. About 1810. Pencil and crayon drawings, 16 by 20 inches. Lent by Gilbert Chinard These two scenes represent episodes from i he first chapters of Atala, by Alphonse de Chateaubriand (1768-1848), who visited the United States in July-December, 1791. Atala ou les Amours de deux sauvages dans le desert, published in 1801, was originally con- ceived as an episode from a larger work, Les Natchez. The novel had an extraordinary success in France (five editions were pub- lished in a year). The action takes place in the Natchez country, in Louisiana, Chateau- briand's documentation being based in part upon the works of Bartram, Carver and Im- lay, partly upon those of Lafitau and Charle- voix. It may be interesting to note that only a few months before Atala was published, Louisiana had been returned to France by Spain (Treaty of San Ildefonso, October 1800). Two other novels by Chateaubriand, Rene and Les Natchez, take place in America. Cf. Gilbert Chinard, L'Exotismc umericain dans loeuvre de Chateaubriand. 329. CONSTANTIN FRANCOIS VOL- NEY. TABLEAU DU CLIMAT et du sol des Etats-LInis . . . Paris, 1803, 2 vols, in one. Lent by the Burton 1 listorical Collection This is one of the best known works on the United States in the late 18th century. Real- istic (to the point of pessimism; "it is impos- sible for a Frenchman to live in a country so different from his," Volney felt) and matter of fact, the Tableau du climat gives a clear idea of the hardships of colonization in the new lands. Volney (see No. 412) visited most of the regions which he discusses in his book. Of particular interest are his long de- scriptions of Gallipolis, where a precarious French colony had been established (cf. page 147), and of Fort-Vincenncs. The English translation of the Tableau du climat, by the novelist Charles Brockden Brown, was published in the United States in 1804. 330. VICTOR COLLOT. ATLAS from VOYAGE DANS L'AMfiRIQUE Page 132 yr Scene from Atala, by Count de Boulot. Lent by Gilbert Chinard [No. 327] SEPTENTRIONALE . . . Paris, 1826. Lent by the Illinois State Historical Library General Victor Collot (died 1805) served under Rochambeau during the War of Inde- pendence. In 1796 he undertook to furnish Adet, the French minister to the United States, "a minute detail of the political, com- mercial and military state" of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys." As noted by Monaghan, op. cit., the Voyage was printed, but not published, in 1804. The copy of the Atlas exhibited here was owned by Caroline Bonaparte. bl. GUSTAVE DE BEAUMONT and ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE. ON THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE APPLICATION TO FRANCE . . . Philadelphia, 1833. Lent by Andre de Fernel This is the American edition of Du Sys- teme Penitent iaire aux fltats-Unis, which was published shortly after the French edition. 332. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE. DE LA DfcMOCRATIE EN AMERIQUE. Paris, 1835. Lent anonymously Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1S59) was sent in 1831 by the Louis-Philippe Govern- ment on a mission to study prisons and peni- tentiaries in America. In addition to a report on his mission, written with his companion de Beaumont (No. 331), the main result of that trip was his great work, De la Democratic en Amerique (1835), one of the influential works of the period in France and England, in which de Tocqueville foresees for Europe an absolute equality among social groups. 333. GUSTAVE DE BEAUMONT. MARIE OU L'ESCLAVAGE AUX ETATS UNIS, tableau de mocurs Americaines, Paris, 1835, 2 vols, in 1. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection "Strange and ill-formed," as Dr. Pargellis rightly described it, this novel by de Beau- mont is nevertheless of great interest. It is the story of a young Frenchman, married to a New- England girl whom he met in Baltimore, who discovers that she is of mixed blood. Perse cuted in the East the young couple take refuge "in the Saginaw wilderness," where the oirl dies. One of the characters in the story is an old French priest who is obviously modelled alter Father Richard, whom Beaumont and de Tocqueville had met in Detroit shortly before his death. Page 133 Peter Faneuil, by John Smibert. Lent by the Massachusetts Historical Society [No. 335] Page 1 34 VIII French Protestants in America The subject of the French Protestants in America and their descendants is so broad that it should (and we hope will) form an exhibition by itself. Only one phase of their activity is shown in the exhibition, in the works of famous Huguenot silversmiths. It may be recalled here that a number of Huguenot colonies or settlements were attempted in North America, in Florida (jean Ribault's and Laudonniere's expeditions, 1562- 1565; see Nos. 5 and 6 in this catalogue); in Canada (De Monts' expedition, 1604; see No. 10); in New England (Dresden settlement, founded partly by descendants of Protestant refugees from Germany, 1752); in New York state (New Rochelle, late 17th century; New Paltz, 1677); in South Carolina, where descendants of French Hugue- nots, the Manigaults, the Horrys, the Ravenels, have attained great prominence. Charles W. Baird, History of Huguenot Emigration to America, 1885, Lucian J. Fosdick, The French Blood in America, 1906, Gilbert Chinard, Les refugies hugue- nots en Amerique . . . 1925, give from different points of view the history of French Protestants in America. 334. LA SAINTE BIBLE, Amsterdam, Elzevir, 1669. Lent by the Harvard Divinity School This Bible was received for pulpit use by the French Church in School Street in Boston as a present from Queen Anne. After the church was dissolved it belonged to Rev. Mather Byles, first pastor of the Hollis Street Congregational Church, and was sold with the rest of his library. It was presented to the Har- vard Divinity School in 1831. 335. PETER FANEUIL, by John Smibert. Oil on canvas, 50 by 40!* inches. / eni hy the Massachusetts Historical Society Peter Faneuil (1700-1743) was the eldest of the children of Ann Bureau and Benjamin Faneuil, who came to America some time after the Pievocation of the Edict of Nantes. Peter was born in New Rochelle, settled by I luguenots, where French influence was so strong that as late as the end of the 18th century French was still spoken, even by the slaves. Flowever, he lived most of his life in Boston, where, as the heir to his rich uncle, he became one of the prosperous citizens of the town. Civic minded, Peter Faneuil is remembered mostly as the donor of Faneuil Hall, "the cradle of Liberty," to his adopted city. The author of this portrait, John Smibert ( 1688-1750), was also the architect of Faneuil 1 [all. Also lent by the Massachusetts Historical Society is the mahogany cellaret owned by Peter Faneuil, exhibited under No. 335A. 336. PAUL REVERE, by Charles Fevret de Saint -Memin. Black and white crayon on pink paper, 20!4 by 14V4 inches. / eni by the Museum of \ : ine Arts, Boston Page J 35 The original crayon was taken in 1800, when Paul Revere, the famous Huguenot patriot and silversmith, was sixty-five years of age, and while Saint- Memin was living in Philadelphia. The portrait is illustrated on page 145. For Paul Revere, see page 142; for Saint-Memin, see No. 439. 337. FRENCH BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, published for the French Church of Saint-Esprit. New York, 1803. Lent by the French Church of Saint-Esprit , New York 338. CHURCH DU ST.-ESPRIT, Cedar Street front, N. Y. 1831, by Edwin Smith. Wash drawing, 7 bv 6 3 /4 inches. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York As Jones states in America and French Culture, the French Church of the Holy Spirit has been one of the enduring monuments of the Huguenots in New York, and one of the centers of influence for French culture. In his Journal (London, 1835) E. S. Abdv describes the French church, where "the service is regularlv performed bv the minister in the French language; and manv attend for the sole purpose of studying the idiom of a fashionable tongue." 339. HENRIETTE HORRY. Water color, 12 by Wi inches. Signed in cipher, C.A. or A.C.. Lent by Mrs. S. Prioleau Ravenel French influence was strong in Charleston, South Carolina, and many artists ; of French origin lived there. Miss Anna Wells Rutledge, in her Artists in the] Life of Charleston, 1949, lists more than sixty French painters who either lived in, or visited, the town. The present water color, signed C.A. or A.C. in a cipher, represents a member of one of the most influential French Huguenot families. Concerning French Huguenot influence in Charleston see Arthur Henr\ Hirsch, The Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina, 1928. Church du St.-Esprit, 1831, by Edwin Smith. I cut by the Museum of the City of New York [No. 338] Page 136 AMERICAN SILVER BY MAKERS OF FRENCH HUGUENOT DESCENT In no phase of American culture is the contribution of the trench Huguenots more marked than in the field of silversmithing. Religious persecution, particularly after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and a lack of opportunity to work in an impoverished country were reasons that made numerous I luguenot silversmiths join the exodus from France of thousands of the country's best families, distinguished for wealth, business ability, and skill in the arts. France's loss was a gain for Holland, Germany, England and the British colonies of North America. To America came families which included some of the best known of American silversmiths: Le Roux, Rivoire (Revere), Boudinot, Pelletreau, Soumain, and a host of others of lesser fame. The Huguenot refugee silversmiths, settling in the British colonies, at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Charleston, for example, showed little of their French origin in their work and sought to adopt quickly the prevailing local style. The Huguenot silversmiths are distinctive, therefore, not for the influence of French style which they brought into America, as this seems to have been negligible, but for their personal talents, their sound craftsmanship, their sense of beauty, of proportion and fitness of design, and their business ability, as well as their willingness to participate in civic affairs. Paul Revere of Boston, Bartholomew Le Roux the Elder of New York, and Elias Boudinot of Philadelphia, are only a few of those who are typical of the combination of good workmanship and public service which characterizes many of the Huguenot silversmiths. BARTHOLOMEW LE ROUX. New York, active 1687-1713. First prominent member of a succession oi New York silversmiths of French Huguenot descent: Bartholomew, his sons, Charles and John (later in Albany), and his grandson, Bartholomew. Peter Van Dyck, perhaps the greatest of New York silversmiths, was his son-in-law. Bartholomew Le Roux, the Elder, became a Freeman of New York City in 1687, and served as Assistant Alderman, 1702-1712. 340. TWO-HANDLED BOWL, engraved with initials I and S under W for Jo- seph and Sarah Wardel, married in 1696 in Shrewsbury, New Jersey. The later engraved inscriptions record the ownership ol the bowl in the Wardel, Eaton, Spencer, Lowry, Collins, Mc Clure, McCalmont, and Lewisson fam- ilies through more than two hundred years. Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection RENE GRIGNON. Bom in France. Active in Eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Norwich, Connecticut, about 1691 1715. He came as a French Huguenot settler to Oxford, Massachusetts, was a member of the French Church in Boston, and by 1708 settled in Norwich, Connecticut, where he died in 1715, willing his silversmithing tools to his apprentice, Daniel Deshon. The crown in his mark is indicative oi his French origin. 341. PORRINGER, engraved with initials I and E under R lor James and Elizabeth Rayner, married in 1692. / ent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Hi inly Uarvan Collection Page 137 JOHANNIS NYS. France or Holland, 1671?; Kent County, Delaware, 1734. Active prob- ably in New York before 1698 and in Philadelphia, 1698-1723. He is believed to have been a French Huguenot who passed through the Nether- lands to New York, where he formulated his early style. By 1698 he was in Philadelphia where he made silver for William Penn. With Cesar Ghiselin, also of French descent, he is one of the earliest of Philadelphia silversmiths of whom there is record and bv whom works survive. After 1723 he removed to Kent County, Delaware, where he died in 1734. 342. TANKARD, engraved with initials S and E under B. Lent by Philip H. Hammer slough 343. PORRINGER, engraved with initials F and S under K for Francis and Sarah Knowles, married in 1715, and AG to AO for Ann Garrett, niece of Francis Knowles, and her niece, Ann Oborn, daughter of Elizabeth Knowles Oborn. o Lent by the Philadelphia Museum of Art 344. SUCKET FORK AND SPOON, en- graved with initials H and A I under H for Hugh and Martha Fluddy of Bur- lington, New Jersey, married in 1701. Lent by the Philadelphia Museum of Art SIMEON SOUMAIN. London, England, 1685; New York, about 1750. Born in London of French Huguenot stock, he was in New York bv 1690, married there about 1705, and served as a vestryman of Trinity Church from 1712 until his death. As an active silversmith, he trained many apprentices, including Elias Boudinot and Elias Pelletreau, both from French Huguenot families. 345. TANKARD, with a coin of Hamburg, Germany, dated 1674, set in the cover. Lent by Mrs. Edsel B. Ford 346. SPICE OR PEPPER CASTER, en- graved with initials C T in script, prob- ably for Charles Thomson (1729-1824), Secretarv of the Continental Congress and succeeding legislative bodies, 1775- 1789. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York 347. BASTING SPOON, engraved with in- itials R and N under R. This piece resembles in form the serving spoon or cuiller a ragoiit of France and Canada. Lent by the Yale University Art Gal- lery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection CHARLES LE ROUX. New York, 1689- 1745. Son of Bartholomew, the silversmith, he was active as a silversmith bv 1710. He be- came a Freeman in 1725 and Assistant Alder- man of the East Ward, 1735-1738. He was several times commissioned by the Common Council of New York City to make freedom boxes and other official presentation pieces., 348. TWO-HANDLED COVERED CUP, engraved with initials F D P in cipher,, for Frederic de Peyster of New York,; baptised April 19. 1731, son of Abra- ham de Pevster and Margaret Van Cort-' landt, to whom it was probably given as' a christening gift. Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection 349. PAIR OF CANDLESTICKS, engraved with initials S S and an unidentified' familv crest. Lent by Mrs. Edsel B.\ Ford ' 350. MARROW SCOOP, engraved with the crest of the Philipse family of New York, and initials P and M under P for Philip Philipse and Margaret Mars- ton, married in 1749. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York JOHN HASTIER. New York, 1691-1791. His name appears in the records of the French Huguenot Church of New York. In 1726 he became a Freeman. He was a skilled engraver as well as a sound silversmith. Ac- cording to The New York Gazette of March 6, 1739, he was asked by a counterfeiter to engrave plates for spurious New Hampshire and Rhode Island currency, but he refused and reported the matter to the magistrates. 351. TEAPOT, engraved on bottom with Page J 38 : Two Handled Bowl, by Bartholomew Le (active 1687-1713). Below: Two-Handled ied Cup, by Charles Le Roux (1689-1745). 340 and 348]. Lent by the Yale University allery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection initials H and S under E, on top of earlier initials. Lent by the Yale Uni- versity Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Gar- van Collection DANIEL DESHON. Norwich, Connecticut, 1697; New London, Connecticut, 1781. Born in Norwich and there apprenticed to Rene Grignon, who died in 1715 and willed to Deshon his silversmithing tools. He com- pleted his apprenticeship under John Gray in New London and settled there. 352. CREAM PITCHER, engraved with in- itials W and A under S. Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection PETER QUINTARD. New York, 1699; Norwalk, Connecticut, 1762. The son of French Huguenots from Bristol, England, he was baptized in the French Church of New York. He was registered as a Freeman of New York City in 1731. In 1737 he removed to Norwalk, Connecticut, where he died. 353. TANKARD, engraved with the arms of the Dunscombe family, initials J D in cipher, and initials I D. Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection PETER VERGEREAU. New York, 1700- 1755. His name appears in the records of the French Church of New York and as a Free- man of the City in 1721. In 1737 he married Susanna Boudinot, sister of Elias Boudinot, the silversmith. Page J 39 354. PORRINGER, engraved with initials W and C under \ 7 Z for Wynant Van Zandt and Catharina Ten Evck, mar- ried in 1710. Lent by the Museum of tiie City of New York PAUL REVERE, SENIOR. Riaucaud, France, 1702; Boston, 1754. A Frenchman of Huguenot family bv the name of Apollos Rivoire came to Boston about 1716 mu\ served a partial apprenticeship under the noted silversmith |ohn Coney. Alter a \isit to France, he established him- self as a silversmith in Boston in 1725 and used the name Paul Revere. In 1729 he married Deborah Hitchbourn, of a well established Boston family. He died before his famous son, Paul Revere, Junior, born in 1735, whom he trained, was fully established as a silversmith. ^55. COVERED CREAM OR SYRUP JUG. Lent by tlie Museum of line Arts, Boston 356. PORRINGER, engraved with initials A I P. Lent by Mrs. Edsel B. Ford ELI AS BOUDINOT. New York, 1706; Elizabeth town. New Jersey, 1770. The son of a French family established for some years in New York, Elias Boudinot was baptized in 1706 in the Huguenot Church. He was apprenticed in New York to Simeon Soumain (1721), but after a visit to Antigua in the British West Indies, where he married twice, he settled in Philadelphia, with which he is chiefly associated as a silversmith. Bv 1753 he was residing in Princeton, New Jer- sey (where he served for a time as post- master), and after 1762 until his death, he lived in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, the home of his illustrious son, Elias Boudinot (1740- 1821), distinguished patriot and public ser- vant in the earlv days ol the American republic. -557. IRA, ON THREE FEEL, engraved with initials J T \V for a member of the Wallace family of Philadelphia. / eni by Mrs. Arthur K. Peck I le is mentioned in the New York French , Church records. He became a Freeman in) 1727. His mark, a crowned letter B, reflects his French background. -558. PORRINGER, engraved with initials I and C under the name Dyer for] John and Christina Dyer, married in 1719. A modern inscription engraved on the bottom records the descent ol the porringer in the Robert, Rhine- lander, King, and Davis families. / ent by tlte Museum of the City of New York BARTHOLOMEW LE ROUX II. New York, 1717-1763. He followed the craft of his father, Charles, and his grandfather, Bartholomew, silver-' smiths of New York. He became a Freeman in 1739. 359. TANKARD, once belonged to Abra- ham Bussing and Elizabeth Mesier of, New York, married in 1749. Modern engraved inscriptions record owners in' the Bussing family. Lent by the Mu. seum of the City of New York 360. SET OF THREE CASTERS, engraved with an unidentified family crest. Col-' lection of The Detroii Institute of Arts- DANIEL DUPUY. New York, 1719; Phila-( delphia, 1807. Born of a French family in New York, he< was apprenticed to his brother-in-law, Peter- David, also of French descent, originally of, New York and later of Philadelphia. From about 1740 until his death, he was active in Philadelphia. His sons, John and Daniel, were also silversmiths. 361. SUGAR BOWL WITH COVER, en- graved with initials G B in script monogram. Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Col lection 362. CREAM PITCHER, engraved with in- itials R H for Rebecca Hunter who married Peter Peachan. Lent by t)ie Philadelphia Museum of Art IHAUYFl BESL1 V New Wk, active 1727-1757. DANIEL BOYER. Boston, 1726-1779. Son of James Boyer, a Huguenot silver- fage HO smith, from La Rochelle, France, who married the daughter of the Huguenot, Daniel Johon- not. Daniel Boyer was established as a silver- smith in Boston by 1750. He married Eliza- beth Bulfinch and two of his daughters mar- ried Joseph Coolidge, the Boston silversmith. 363. COMMUNION BEAKER, engraved with the inscription: The Gift of Dea- con Samuel Newman to the Church in Rehobeth 1748. It was part of the com- munion service of the Newman Con- gregational Church, East Providence, Rhode Island. Lent by the Yale Uni- versity Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Gar- van Collection 364. SERVING SPOON, engraved with a scallop shell and initials A M to C M in script. Lent by the Museum of fine Arts, Boston ELIAS PELLETREAU. York, 1726-1810. South; ipton, \< Born of French Huguenot stock in South ampton, Long Island, where he lived the lat- ter part of his life, he was trained as a si her smith from 1741 to 1748 by Simeon Soumain in New York. He became a Freeman in 1750. In Southampton, he continued to make silver, conducted a large farm, and served in the militia. His son, John Pelletreau, and grand- son, William Smith Pelletreau, were also silversmiths. 365. TANKARD, engraved with the aims of the Dunscomb family and initials M D for Mumford Dunscomb. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York 366. 367. PEPPER POT WITH HANDLE, en graved with initials S and E under H. Lent by the Museum of Vine Arts, Boston CREAM PITCHER, engraved with initials I) and C under I), and E D S and S F S in script. Lent by the Yale 'Hit/* V Left: Communion Beaker, by Daniel Boyer (1726-1779). Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection [No. 363]. Right: Tankard, by Elias Pelletreau (1726- 1810). Lent by the Museum of the City of New York [No. 365] Pave 141 University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection WILLIAM GHISELIN. Philadelphia, active 1751-1762. The son of Nicholas and grandson of Cesar Ghiselin, he carried on the craft of his grand- father, who was a French Huguenot natural- ized in London and active as one of Phila- delphia's earliest silversmiths in the late sev- enteenth century. 368. CREAM PITCHER, engraved with an unidentified family coat of arms. Lent by the Philadelphia Museum of Art PAUL REVERE, JUNIOR. Boston, 1735- 1818. The son of a French silversmith, Apollos Rivoire, settled in Boston, Paul Revere, Junior, and his family maintained some contacts with the Rivoire family in France. Paul Revere is remembered first as an American patriot, sec- ond as a Boston silversmith, third as an en- graver and recorder of political opinions and historical events, and finally as a manufacturer of metals, such as copper plates for the dome of the Massachusetts State Capitol and bells for many churches. He did military service for the colonies, and served his fellow citizens in many special capacities. He was a prominent Mason. He was ever ready to side with patriots as shown by the great silver punch bowl (now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), made in 1768 to commemorate those Massachusetts legislators who refused to bow before the tyrannical demands of the British govern- ment, and bv his famous midnight ride of April 18-19, 1775 to warn patriot leaders in Lexington (actually only one of several such horseback trips made by him for the benefit of the colonies). While maintaining other interests, Paul Revere produced fine silver for over fifty years. Stylistically his work may be divided into three major categories, all represented in this exhibition: pieces in an ornate Rococo style, using curvilinear mouldings and repousse and flat-chased decoration; pieces in simple styles reminiscent of early eighteenth century Eng- lish silver or the forms of Chinese porcelain; and pieces in a classical style, reflecting th? Page 142 influence of the archaeological discoveries of I the ancient world (such as Athens and Pom- I peii) and of the decorative style of the I Brothers Adam and their contemporaries in I England. In his art as in his life, Paul 1 Revere shows himself to be one of the most I versatile men of his generation. 369. TRAY ON THREE FEET, engraved! with the arms of the Chandler family I and the name L. Chandler in script, for I Lucretia Chandler who married John I Murray in 1761. Lent by the Museum I of Fine Arts, Boston 370. SUGAR BOWL WITH COVER, en- graved with the arms of the Chandler I family and the inscription B. Greene I to L. Chandler. Lucretia Chandler mar- 1 ried John Murray in 1761. Lent by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 371. TANKARD. The engraved initial L surviving on the handle and the weight indicate this is the tankard Paul Revere charged in his account book to Mrs. Sarah Lord in 1765. Lent by the Mu-\ seum of Fine Arts, Boston 372. CANN, engraved with initials Z and E under I for Zachariah Johonnot and Elizabeth Waldron, married in 1759. One of a pair which Revere charged in, 1766, according to his account book, to; Zachariah Johonnot, prominent Boston businessman of Huguenot descent. Lent by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 373. COFFEE POT. Lent by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 374. PUNCH BOWL, engraved with initials W S and the inscription: To General W 7 illiam Shepard presented by the mil- itia of Springfield as a memorial of his ability and zeal in quelling Shay's Re- bellion at Springfield Arsenal, January 25th, 1787. Lent by the Yale Uni- versity Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Gar- van Collection 375. SUGAR BOWL WITH COVER, en- graved with initials T J and M under G, and ABF in script. Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection 376. TEA POT, with modern engraved in- scriptions recording ownership in the Coombs, Wheelwright, and Codman families. Collection of The Detroit In stitute of Arts 377. SUGAR URN WITH COVER, en- graved with initials H H in script. Lent by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 378. WASTE BOWL, engraved with initials T B in script. Lent hy Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius D. Lowell 379. CREAM PITCHER, engraved with in- itial H in script. Collection of The De- troit Institute of Arts 380. LADLE, engraved with the crest of the Dexter family of Boston. Lent hy Philip H. Hammer slough 381. FOUR TABLESPOONS from a set of ten, engraved with the crest of the Dex- ter family of Boston. Lent hy Philip H. Hammer slough JOHN DAVID, SENIOR. Philadelphia, 1736-1794. Son of the silversmith, Peter David, by whom he was trained, and grandson of John David, a French Huguenot refugee, he was active as a silversmith in Philadelphia by 1763. 382. TANKARD, engraved later with an Above: Punch Bowl, by Paul Revere, Junior (1735-1818). Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection [No. 374]. Below: Sugar Bowl with Cover, by Paul Revere, Junior. Lent by the Museum of Fine Arts., Boston [No. 370] >Tv «*£#§&■* &i unidentified family coat of arms. Lent by Mrs. Edsel B. Ford Page 143 383. PUNCH LADLE, engraved with in- itials BEY in a script monogram. I. cut by the Philadelphia Museum of Art ABRAHAM DUBOIS. Philadelphia, active 1777-1807. I le passed his knowledge of the silver- smith's art on to his sons who were admitted to business with him in 1805. 384. SCISSORS SUGAR TONGS, en- graved with initials T A M. Lent by Philip II. Hammerslough JOHN DAVID, JUNIOR. Philadelphia, ac- tive 1785-1805. Continuing the family tradition of the French line of Peter and John David of New York and Philadelphia, he was from 1792 to 1805 in partnership in Philadelphia with an- other craftsman of French descent, Daniel Dupuy. 385. SUGAR URN WITH COVER, en- graved with initials N S S for the Reverend Nathaniel Randolph Snow- den (1770-1850) and Sarah Gustine, married in 1792. Lent by the Phila- delphia Museum of Art PETER LERET. Baltimore, active 1787- 1802. Peter Leret (or Pierre Le Ret) was a Frenchman who appeared for a time in Phil- adelphia and Carlisle, Pennsylvania, before joining in 1787 the large French colony in Baltimore, Maryland. Here were Huguenots and Catholics enjoying the religious freedom and business prosperity of the Maryland col- ony and the seaport of Baltimore; hither came French expelled bv the British from Acadia, refugees from the French Revolution, and those who fled from Santo Domingo on ac- count of the Negro uprisings. Many became silversmiths and craftsmen in related fields, but the name of Peter Leret is one of the few which has yet been found on Baltimore silver. After 1802, Leret is said to have left Balti- more for Havana, Cuba. 386. TWO-HANDLED SUGAR URN WITH COVER, engraved with initials M M D in script monogram. / enl hy Mrs. Edsel B. Ford 387. BEAKER, engraved with initials E S for a member of the Salmon family of Baltimore. Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Col- lection JOHN TARGEE. New York, active about 1797-1820. He belonged to the old French family long established in New York, where the name is often spelled Targe or Targer in the French" Huguenot Church records. Earlier ancestors of the family were probably among the Hu- guenot refugees to New England in the late seventeenth century. John, Peter, and Wil- liam Targee are listed among the New York silversmiths of the early nineteenth century. 388. LADLE, engraved with initials M B W for Maria Bogart Wright, who married I James Seaman about 1820. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York Two-Handled Sugar Urn with Cover, by Peter Leret (active 1787-1802). Lent by Mrs. Edsel B. Ford [No. 3861 Paul Revere, Junior, by Charles Fevret de Saint-Memin. Lent by the Museum of Vine Arts, Boston [No. 336] Page 145 Constantin Francois Volney, by Gilbert Stuart. Lent by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts [No. 412] Page 146 IX The French in America 1790-1880 1. SOME EXPERIMENTS IN COLONIZATION, 1790-1825 The Scioto Company After the War of Independence, Washington wrote to Lafayette: "We have opened the fertile plains of Ohio to the poor, unfortunate, the oppressed of the earth. All those who are overladen, broken down, seeking a soil to cultivate, may come and find the promised land flowing with milk and honey.'' Soon land companies were formed, with offices in Europe, such as the Scioto Company, with which Joel Barlow was connected. Attracted by the hope of new lands, a number of French emigrants arrived in the early 1790's to settle in Ohio. Theirs was an ill-fated and extremely complicated enterprise, poorly prepared and financially unsound (the emigrants had been sold only preemption rights on the lands), with idealists and dreamers such as Lezay-Marnezia as prospective settlers. The "folie de Scioto,'' as it was known later, lasted only a few years, the great majority of the six hundred emigrants who had believed in the experi- ment eventually returning abroad. 389. iMAP OF THE SCIOTO COMPANY. (PLAN DES ACHATS DES COMPAGNIES DE L'OHIO ET DU SCIOTO). Engraved by P. R. Tardieu (1789 ? ). Lent by the Burton Historical Collection This is one of the maps made for Joel Barlow, one of the organizers (with the Scotch scientist Playfair) of the Scioto Company, when he was in Paris, where he opened a land office for the Company. 390. ALEXANDER HAMILTON. AUTOGRAPH LETTER to Governor Arthur St. Clair. New York, May 19, 1790. Lent by the Rosenbach Company In this letter Hamilton recommends recently arrived emigrants to Governor St. Clair, and adds an important general statement about the settlement of the West. "The truth is," he says, "humanity and policy both demand our best efforts to countenance and protect them. There is a Western Country. It will be settled. It is in every view best that it should be settled from abroad rather than at the entire expense of the Atlantic population. And it is certainly wise by kind treatment to lay hold of the affections of the settlers and attach them from the beginning to the Government of the Nation. If these emigrants render a favour able account of their situation to the country from which they came, there is no saying in what numbers they may be followed. The leaders of these emigrants and their associates are persons of considerable consequence who on that account Page 147 are intitled to regard and from their misfortunes to tenderness." Hamilton was then Secretary of the Treasury, St. Clair Governor of the Northwestern Territory. 391. HENRY KNOX. LETTER SIGNED to Governor Arthur St. Clair. [Phila- delphia], 19 May 1790. Lent by the Rosenbach Company The Secretary of War announces the impending arrival of French settlers, "Gentlemen of respectable characters," to the Governor of the Territory and informs him that he will trv to afford protection for them against the Indians in their new settlement at Gallipolis. These settlers, Knox adds, "propose at present to form two settlements, one opposite the mouth of the great Kenhawa and the other not far from the Scioto." 392. CLAUDE-FRANCOIS DE LEZAY MARN£ZIA. LETTRES fiCRITES DES RIVES DE L'OHIO . . . Au Fort Pitt et se trouve a Paris. An IX de la Repuhlique [1801]. Lent by the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio The Marquis de Lezay-Marnezia was one of the French gentlemen immi- grants to the Ohio. He is described bv Jones as "a curious figure . . ., a dreaming deputy of the National Assembly" . . . "who sought an environment in which his peculiar moral, religious, and social theories could be worked out; he was the enthusiast of the movement." (Jones, op. cit., pp. 148-149). Appropriately the Marquis was also the author of Le Bonheur dans Jes campagnes. These Lettres were written to the Chevalier de Bou friers, to Bernardin de Saint-Pierre and to the Marquis' son. Azilum Azilum (or Asylum) was an experimental colony planned on the Susquehanna by prominent French exiles and refugees from Santo Domingo, such as the Vicomte Louis de Noailles (Lafayette's brother-in-law who, as deputy from Nemours at the National Assembly, was the author of the measure to abolish feudal rights) and Antoine Omer Talon, a former royal governor of the Chatelet prison in Paris. The Asylum Com- pany was backed financially bv Robert Morris, the Philadelphia banker and political figure, who was president of the Company, and John Nicholson, Comptroller General of Pennsylvania. A strong tradition exists that one of the houses in the colony was destined to become Queen Marie-Antoinette's refuge if she escaped from France. The colony, which included among its members a large number of educated or distinguished Frenchmen, was rather more successful than similar colonies, and lasted about ten years; yet alter the French Revolution most of the colonists returned to France or Santo Domingo. An excellent account of the Azilum experiment is found in Elsie Murray, Azilum, French Refugee Colony of 1793, 1950. 393. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT AND ASSOCIATION OF THE ASYLUM COMPANY, [n. p.], 1801. Lent by The Tioga Point Museum Page 148 * »* stintf fA '/*■ O' *£s*y* S'** '***> Le Champ d'Asile (detail), by Horace Vernet. Lent by Albert Louis Lieutaiid [No. 398] Champ d'Asile Many Bonapartists took refuge in America after Napoleon's fall— Joseph Bona- parte, Grouchy, Regnault de Saint-Jean d' Angel v, Lakanal, among others. A group of exiles attempted the cultivation of the vine in Alabama at "Demopolis." A hardly more successful, but more famous, attempt at colonization took place in 1818. Under the leadership of General Rigaud and General Charles Lallemand (1774M839), several hundred French exiles landed at Galveston, Texas. Following a proclamation by Lallemand in the anti-Bourbon Minerve Francaise, a subscription was raised for the refugees. Lallemand's attempt attracted a great deal of attention in France, where Bonapartists were still powerful and respected Lallemand, who had been aide de-camp of Junot, had fought at Waterloo and had been condemned to death by the Restaura- tion Government. Beranger composed at least one song praising the refugees, Horace Vernet executed the rare lithograph exhibited here and Gericault depicted the "Champ d'Azyle ' in a drawing formerly in the Trevise collection. However, the experiment lasted only a few years, ending in disaster alter it had aroused the suspicions of the officials of the United States and Spain, as the territory was claimed by both countries. For an account of some ol the attempts at colonization in the American continent at that period, see Jesse S. Reeves, The Napoleonic Exiles in America . . . 1815 1819, in Johns Flopkins University Studies, Baltimore, 1905. 394. HARTMANN and MILLARD. LE TLXAS, OU NOTICE HISTORIQUE SUR LE CHAMP D'ASILE . . . Paris . . . Juin 1819. Lent by Ldwurd Eberstadi and Sons Hartmann and Millard were "Membres du Champ d'Asile, nouvellemenl de retour en France.'' The frontispiece represents the settlement. Page 149 395. [CHAMP D'ASILE]. ENGRAVED CARICATURE, about 1818. Lent by W. A. Phil pott, Jr. The Champ d'Asile undertaking was not free from scandals. This rare cartoon represents four individuals greedily getting away with the revenues which had been subscribed to establish the asylum. 396. [CHAMP D'ASILE]. AUTOGRAPH DOCUMENT, dated Paris, October 8, 1819. Lent by W. A. Phil pott, Jr. The note concerns the "Sieur Hebert," of Bordeaux, "one of the founders of the establishment [the Champ d'Asile]," who left America without resources and therefore "deserved" a share in the product of the subscription raised bv the Mi nerve Frangaise. 397. [CHAMP D'ASILE]. ALLEGORY. Anonymous line engraving. Lent by W. A. Phil pott, Jr. It has been suggested that this rare engraving may be a certificate which was awarded to the refugees who made the trip. 398. LE CHAMP D'ASILE, by Horace Vernet (1789 1863). Lithograph. Lent by Albert Louis Lieutaud This is the cover of a piece of sheet music; words (bv Naudet) and music (bv Romagnesi) of Champ d'Asile are on pages 2 and 3. The words indicate: that this romance is contemporary with the establishment of the Champ d'Asile. Allegorical Subject ("Le Champ d'Asile"). Lent by W. A. Philpott, Jr. [No. 397] Page ISO Cape Vincent After the fall of Napoleon, a number of Bonapartist emigres settled at Cape Vin- cent, near Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. It is said that the house that they built there was to serve as Napoleon's home in case the Emperor would escape from St. Helena. According to T. Wood Clark, in Emigres in the Wilderness (New York, 1941), the leader of the colony was Count Real. He was accompanied by Pro- fessor Pigeon, an astronomer of talent, whose instruments for astronomical observation were perhaps unsurpassed on the continent. Marshal Grouchy, of Waterloo fame, was also a member of the colonv at Cape Vincent, where he wrote a defense of his actions at Waterloo, published in Philadelphia in 1818. 399. COUNT PIERRE-FRANCOIS REAL, by Rembrandt Pealc. Oil on canvas, 24 by 20 inches. Lent by the Independence Hall Collection Pierre-Francois Real (1757?-1834), a sympathiser of the French Revolution and a partisan of Napoleon, became a member of the Conseil d'fitat under the Empire. lie was appointed prefect of police during the Hundred Days. 2. SOME FRENCHMEN IN AMERICA 400. PETER DU PONCEAU. A DISCOURSE on the early history of Pennsyl- vania . . . Philadelphia, 1821. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection Born in France, Pierre-Etienne du Ponceau (1760-1844) became in 1777 secretary to Baron von Steuben, with whom he left for America. 1 ie was then appointed captain in the Continental Army and became Steuben's aide-de-camp. He stayed in the United States after the American Revolution. Brilliant, a\u\ with a good knowledge of the English language, he was appointed Robert Liv- ingston's under-secretary. I le is best known, however, as an attorney. A prolific writer on linguistic, historical and legal subjects, he was one of the foremost scholars of the early 19th century in the United States. I le was elected Presi dent of the American Philosophical Society in 1828. 401. [AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY]. COMTE DE BUFFON, by Jean-Antoine Iloudon. Plaster, painted terracotta. Height, 23'/2 inches includ- ing base. Lent by The California Palace of the Legion of Honor, Collis Porter Huntington Memorial Collection Ceorgcs-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788), is best known as the author of the forty-four volumes of the Histoire Naturelle, generate el particuliere. This important bust of Buffon was chosen to emphasize in the exhibition the fact that a large number of French scientists belonged to the American Philosophical Society, founded in 1744 by Franklin and other distinguished Americans, Thomas I lopkinson, David Rittenhouse, Benjamin Bush. Among Page 1^1 French members may be mentioned Condorcet (whose marble bust by Houdon is preserved in the Society's museum), Daubenton, Lavoisier, Charles the aero- naut, Volney, Dupont de Nemours. Other Frenchmen elected to the Society included in the 18th century Vergennes, Cabanis, Crevecoeur, Moreau de Saint- Mery, Brissot de Warville, La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Talleyrand. Buffon was elected a member of the Society on October 18, 1768. The story of the relations between French scholars and the Philosophical Society is a fascinating episode of eighteenth century life in America, and the Society is rich in important documents and works of art pertaining to its French members. Nos. 213 and 230 have been lent to this exhibition bv the Society. 402. BERNARD DE LAGOURGUE, by Francois Dumont. Miniature, 2% by 1% inches. Lent by The Isaac Delgado Museum of Art Inscribed on back: "Portrait of Bernard de Lagourgue— left France for St. Domingo, 1794." Another miniature of the same sitter is in the Delgado Museum, also by Dumont (1751-1831). Presumably Lagourgue belonged to a Santo Domingo family, members of which took refuge in New Orleans at the time of the rebellions. It has been estimated that at least 10,000 refugees from Santo Domingo escaped to the United States. Most of them lived precariously in the South; however, a large number went north to Baltimore, Phiadelphia or New York, j such as Jean Thomas Carre who later founded, with his brother, the Clermont i Seminary near Philadelphia, or like Palisot de Beauvois, the naturalist, who catalogued part of Charles Willson Peale's collections. Pertinent information and bibliography on these refugees are given in Frances Sergeant Childs' Trench : Refugee Life in the United States. 1 403. CAPTAIN ADRIAN PROVEAUX. Miniature on ivory, l ll A a by VA inches, j Lent hy the Maryland Historical Society Dr. J. Hall Pleasants kindly communicated the following biography of Captain Proveaux: "Captain Proveaux of South Carolina was born about 1753 at Cape Francois, San Domingo, and died at Charleston, South Carolina, December 29, 1804. He came to Charleston from San Domingo about the time of the outbreak of the American Revolution. I Ie joined the Second South Carolina Regiment under Col. William Moultrie as a cadet; he was made a Lieutenant in the Continental Army, Oct. 22, 1776; and a Captain, April 27, 1778, serving until the close of the War. He was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati." 404. MLLE. ADELE SIGOIGNE, by Thomas Sully. Oil on canvas, 30 by 25 inches. Lent hy the Juilliard School of Music Mils. Sigoigne, whose parents had been refugees from the West Indies at the time of the French Revolution, was a musician. She conducted a famous Page 152 Louis Moreau de Saint- Mery, by James Sharpies. Lent bv the Metropolitan Museum [No. 406] girls' school in Philadelphia. This portrait by Thomas Sully (1783-1872) was painted in 1829. 405. [PIERRE TOUSSAINT]. PAINTED WOOD BOX owned by Pierre Tons saint. Lent by the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration Pierre Toussaint (ca. 1766-1853) was a slave of the Berards de Pithou, wealthy Santo Domingo planters who, ruined by the revolution, found refuge in the United States. Mme. Berard, "a delicate Creole lady/' was cared for until her death bv Toussaint, who had become a fashionable hairdresser in New York. Toussaint, a "Catholic Uncle Tom," "God's Image Carved in Ebony,'' was a popular figure in New York, well known for his charities and tact (ef. Frances Sergeant Childs, op. cit., pp. 56-59). 406. LOUIS MOREAU DE SAINT-MERY, by James Sharpies (1751-181 1). Pastel on paper, 9% by SVi inches. Lent by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bequest of Charles Allen Munn Moreau de Saint-Mery (17501819) was born at Fort-Royal, Martinique. After studying law in Paris, he returned to Martinique and later practiced law in Santo Domingo, at the same time collecting material for his excellent works on the laws and constitutions of the French colonies in America. Back in I ranee at the time of the Revolution he played an intelligent part in the government Page 153 of Paris. An enemy of Robespierre's he fled to America in 1794, soon settling in Philadelphia as bookseller and printer. As an influential member of the French colony in Philadelphia and a member of the American Philosophical Society, he made many friends in Philadelphia, and his shop became the meeting-place of the French emigres. Strangely enough Saiht-Merv was closest to Talleyrand. During his stay in Philadelphia he published a number of well-printed, mature books and took notes for his Journal, an excellent edition and translation of which has been published by Kenneth Roberts. Moreau de Saint-Merv left America in 1798, when many French people were suspected of political agitation. "He is too French," John Adams said of him. Back in Paris he occupied positions of importance in the Napoleonic government. 407. JEAN-PIERRE BLANCHARD. JOURNAL OF MY 45TH ASCENSION, being the first performed in America, on the ninth of January, 1793 . . . Philadelphia . . . 1793. Lent by the New York Public Library "The author was a Frenchman who had made many successful ascensions in various European cities and who was the first to cross the English Channel by air from France to England. In his ascension from Philadelphia he flew a dis- tance of about fifteen miles in little more than 40 minutes. It is worthy of note that the first person to accomplish an aerial flight in America was equipped with a passport from President Washington, who displayed great interest in the experiment" (Monaghan, op cit., p. 14). 408. STEPHEN GIRARD, by Bass Otis (1784-1861). Oil on canvas, 20 by 26 inches. Lent by Girard College Born in Bordeaux, Stephen Girard (1750-1831) left France a young man,, eventually becoming captain and pilot of a boat sailing from Bordeaux to Port-: au-Prince. He settled down in 1777 in the United States, in Philadelphia and^ New Jersey. A large ship owner (he named his ships Montesquieu, Rousseau! Voltaire^) and shrewd businessman, he was also interested in banking and became extremely wealthy. Fie was instrumental in launching the vital government loan at the beginning of the War of 1812, thus averting a dangerous financial crisis. A leading citizen of Philadelphia, in spite of certain idiosyncrasies, at his death he left to his adopted citv a sum of S6, 000,000 in trust for educating orphan boys. 409. EDMOND-CHARLES GEN£T, by Ezra Ames (1768-1836). Oil on panel, 29Vi by 22M inches. Lent by the Albany Institute of History and Art Genet (1763-1834) was the first minister of the French Republic to the United States. A precocious child and the son of an influential premier commit at Versailles, he was made at fourteen a secretary in the foreign affairs bureau, where he translated many of the documents concerning the American Revolu- tion. When still a very young man he traveled to Germany, Austria, England, and also Russia, where he was Charge d'affaires from 1789 to 1792. That year Page 154 Stephen Girard, by Bass Otis. Lent by Girard College [No. 408] he was appointed minister to the United States where, it was hoped by some, he would accompany the royal family. After the king's execution, Genet left for the United States. There his position as the minister of the new Republic was a difficult one, as was to be expected, and he was unable to rally Washington to the cause of the French Revolution. Annoved by Genet's lack of tact and un- fortunate political manceuvers (Genet's contention was that the United States was still bound by the treaties of alliance of 1778), Washington asked for his recall in 1794, hardly two years after Genet's arrival. Later Genet, who married a daughter of Governor Clinton, became an American citizen and lived for more than thirty years in New York State, where he took great interest in promoting improvements in agriculture and the sciences. 410a. CHARLES MAURICE DE TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD, by A. Boucher Desnoyers after Francois Gerard. Line engraving. Lent anonymously Talleyrand (1754-1838), former bishop of Autun, lived for more than two years in exile in America (1794-1796). Part of that time he spent in Philadel- phia, where he was especiallv close to Moreau de Saint-Merv and Alexander Hamilton, whom he admired greatly and whose portrait hung in later years in his palace in Paris. While in America Tallevrand became a partner in im- Page 155 portant financial speculations (cf. Hans Huth and Wilma Pugh, Talleyrand in America as a financial promoter, 1794-96) and was apparently successful. ("1/ ne faut jamais etre fauvre diable," was one of his principles). It is probable that he also hoped to see the establishment of a new French empire in America. While in the United States, Talleyrand surveyed with great care European and American business relations, which permitted him later to publish a Memoir concerning the commercial relations of the United States with England . . . London, 1806 (French edition, 410b. PART OF THE HOUSE in which Talleyrand lived. Chromo-Lithograph. (Lith. of Saronv, Major and Knapp for D. T. Valentine's Manual, 1863). Lent by the Museum of the City of New York The house was at Bloomingdale Road, near the Hudson River and 75th Street. 411a. LOUIS PHILIPPE DORLLANS, by F. Lignon after Francois Gerard, 1814. Line engraving. Lent anonymously Louis-Philippe d'Orleans (1773-1850), the future king of France, arrived in 1796 in the United States, his brothers joining him the following year. He ' stayed in Philadelphia, where he fell in love with one of William Bingham's daughters; but he was refused her hand by her father. While in the LInited States Louis-Philippe travelled as far as Lake Ontario. He returned to Europe in 1800. Probably the best account of Louis-Philippe's stay in the United States is that given bv Lewis Cass in his France, its King, Court, and Government, 1840, pp. 53-73. 411b. INTERIOR OF SOMERINDYKE HOUSE in which Louis-Philippe taught] school. Chromo-Lithograph. (Lith. of Saronv, Major and Knapp, for D. T. Val- entine's Manual, 1863). Lent by the Museum of the City of New York 412. CONSTANTIN FRAN£OIS VOLNEY, by Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828). Oil on canvas, 29 by 23 inches. Lent by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Count Volney (1757-1820) is perhaps best known as the author of the Ruines, ou Meditations sur les Revolutions des Empires (1791), one of the significant poems of the late 18th century, which was translated, in part, by Thomas Jefferson, and also by Joel Barlow. A great traveler, Volney visited Egypt and Syria. He came to the United States in 1795 and visited a large part of the country, travelling as far as Detroit. One result of his trip was his im- portant Tableau du climat et du sol des FLtats-Unis (see No. 329) . He was also instrumental in the cession of Louisiana to the LInited States. He has been described by Chinard as "un FranQais curieux de faits, depourvu de sensibilite, mais nnn sans une certaine originalite de pensee." Page 156 Edmond-Charles Genet, by Ezra Ames. Lent by the Albany Institute of History and Art [No. 409] 413. LOUIS DE TOUSARD. AMERICAN ARTILLERISTS COMPANION . . ., 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1809. Lent by the United States Military Academy The son of General Charles de Tousard, Louis de Tousard (1749-1817) was commissioned in the Royal Artillery in 1760. 1 lighlv recommended by Franklin to Washington, he entered the service of the Continental Congress, lost an arm at the battle of Rhode Island, eventually becoming Lieutenant Colonel in the U. S. Army. As Tousard stated in his excellent American Artillerist's Com f anion, this book was started in 1795 at Washington's request. Tousard was later (1811-1816) Consul at New Orleans. 414. [LOUIS DE TOUSARD1. TRAVELING COMPASS AND SUNDIAL. Lent by Harford W. Hare Powel, jr. This compass was executed for Tousard by Butterfield, an English instrument maker working in Paris during the second half of the Itttli century. 415. [LOUIS DE TOUSARD]. AUTOGRAPH LETTER, dated January 9, 1815. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher Page 157 This is an autograph letter, written by Tousard and concluded by his daugh- ter, but not signed by either. In it is described the Battle of New Orleans, imme- diately after the event, Jan. 8, 1815. Tousard writes: "Yesterday the british ex- perienced the most blood v butchery ever recorded in American history in an attack which they made against the Strong lines of Genl. Jackson, where they were entirely Slaughtered from the heavy fire of 18 or 20 pieces of artillery playing upon them with round balls & grape shot . . . The british attacked the lines with undaunted bravery . . . You know that they [the British] are as audacious as persevering, and think unless the General can compell them to take to their shipping, the fate of Louisiana is hanging upon a thread . . ." 416. PIERRE DU PONT DE NEMOURS. Line engraving by Courbe after Gros. Lent anonym on sir Pierre-Samuel du Pont de Nemours (1739-1817), a friend of physiocrats and philosophers such as Turgot, Quesnay, Condorcet, is one of the significant political economists of the late 18th century. He was employed by Vergennes to prepare both the treaty of recognition of the independence of the LInited States' and the treaty of commerce with England drawn after the American Revolution. Du Pont de Nemours first visited the United States in 1799, staying until 1802. A friend of Jefferson, he wrote for him a treatise on education in the United States. After the fall of Napoleon, he returned to the United States, where his son Eleuthere-Irenee (177 1-1 834) had established in Delaware the famous powder manufacture which was the origin of the prominence of the family in America. 417. JEAN-LOUIS LEFEBVRE DE CHEVERUS, First Catholic Bishop of Boston, by Gilbert Stuart. Photograph. Born in France in 1768, Lefebvre de Cheverus was ordained to the priest- hood in 1790. In 1796 he arrived in New England, where he first acted as mis- sionary priest to the Penobscot and Passemaquoddv tribes in Maine, learning their dialects and living among them. Three years later Father Cheverus was appointed assistant to Father Matignon in Boston. A successful administrator, "so winning and lovable in personality that he has always aroused the admiration and affection of Catholics and Protestants alike," he was appointed Bishop of Boston in 1808. Cheverus was to hold that office until 1823. After his return to France he was successively bishop of Montauban and archbishop of Bordeaux, and elevated to the College of Cardinals. He died in 1836. A saintly and much loved man, he has been described by Walter Muir Whitehill (A Memorial to Bishop Cheverus . . . Boston, 1951) as "France's greatest gift to the spiritual life of Boston." 418. GENERAL LAFAYETTE, by Samuel Finley Breeze Morse (1791-1872). Canvas, 31 by 24 1 /2 inches. Inscribed: MORSE pinx. the original sketch. Lent by the New York Public Library Page 158 Lafayette revisited the United States in 1824-25. After landing in New York he traveled throughout the country, from Portsmouth, New I lampshire to New Orleans. His triumphal progress was a form of apotheosis of the old statesman. Numberless mementoes of his trip exist, from the ribbons and gloves General Lafayette, by Samuel F. B. Morse. Lent by the New York Public Library [No. 418] Page 159 worn at the balls given in his honor to state portraits such as that bv Morse pres- ently in the New York City Hall. This bust portrait was executed from life in February, 1825, while Lafavette was in Washington. It is the preparatory sketch for the City Hall full-length portrait. To this portrait may be applied the striking description of Lafavette made by Stendhal a few years (1832) later: "Line haute taille, et en haut de ce grand corps, une figure imperturbable, froide, insignifiante, comme un vieux tableau de famille, cette tete couverte dune perruque a cheveux courts, mal laite; cet homme vetu de quelque habit gris mal fait, et entrant, en boitant un peu et s'appuvant sur son baton dans le salon de Madame de Tracy qui Fappelait 'Mon Cher Monsieur", avec un son de voix enchanteur, etait le general de Lafayette en 1831 . . . M. de Lafayette etait tout simplement un heros de Plutarque. II vivait au jour le jour, sans trop d'esprit, faisant, comme Epami- nondas, la grande action qui se presentait." 419. [ALEXANDRE VATTEMARE]. MEMOIRS AND ANECDOTES OF MONSIEUR ALEXANDRE, London, 1822. Lent by the Boston Public Library Nicolas Marie Alexandre, born in Paris in 1797, was a ventriloquist bv profession who became deeply interested in libraries and museums. He was the founder of a system of international exchanges of books, documents and works of art, which shows vision and ingeniosity, and was used for a time in this country and abroad. Vattemare, who came to America in 1839, was also respon- sible in large part for the founding of the Boston Public Library. 420. ELEAZAR WILLIAMS, "THE LOST DAUPHIN:' by George Catlin (1790- 1872). Oil on panel, 23 by \7Vi inches. Leu\ by the State Historical Society. Madison, Wisconsin The claims of Eleazar Williams (a?. 1792-1858) to be the "lost Dauphin' form a picturesque episode of the storv of "The French in America.'' There is little doubt that if it had not been for Williams' shrewdness and the success of John H. Hanson's articles in Putnam's Magazine (1853) and Hanson's The Lost Dauphin (New York, 1854), this missionary to the Indians would be for- gotten today. But, as the prototype of the nobleman-impostor, Williams may deserve a place, a small one, in this exhibition. It may be of interest here that John James Audubon, the naturalist, and William Rimmer, the sculptor-painter of the 50"s-60's, have also been said to be "the lost Dauphin.'" This excellent portrait is one of the most striking works of George Catlin, who is best known for his Indian portraits and scenes, and whose works were praised by Baudelaire when they were shown in Paris (Salon of 1846). Page 160 3. THE BONAPARTES IN AMERICA 421. JOSEPH BONAPARTE. Attributed to Charles Willson Peale. Oil on canvas, 30 by 24 inches. Lent by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844), king of Naples and king of Spain, was the elder brother of Napoleon I. He came to America in 1815, after the fall of Napoleon, and assumed the name of Count de Survilliers. He lived near Borden town, New Jersey, until 1841. His daughter Charlotte, and later her elder sister, Zenai'de, married to Charles Lucien Bonaparte, the ornithologist, lived with him in the 1820s. During the period of the Counts occupancy, Point Breeze, Jo- seph's estate, was one of the centers of culture in America. a. JOSEPH BONAPARTE'S ESTATE NEAR BORDENTOWN, NEW JERSEY. Oil on canvas, 27Vi by 36 inches. Lent by Kennedy and Company This view of Bonaparte's large estate by an anonvmous painter is very closely related to a small view of "Bonaparte's Park" by A. Lawrence, engraved for the Philadelphia Port Folio, about 1840. The first house in which Joseph had lived burnt in 1820. This view represents the second mansion, where Joseph gathered one of the earliest collections of works of art, mostlv paintings, owned in this country. 423. AN EVENINC PARTY AT KING JOSEPH'S. Anonymous pen and color drawing on blue paper; IVi by 11 inches. Lent by Victor Spark This charming genre scene, the work of a rather naive artist (could it be Charlotte Bonaparte?), is entitled "Salon de Point-Breeze, Etats-Unis d'Amer- ique, terre d'exil." According to a key of the drawing, the persons depicted are (left to right): Mr. Orsi; Mr. Sari; Mr. Hopkinson, "Magistrat de Philadelphie"; King Joseph; Mme. Sari; Duke de Montebello. 424. CHARLOTTE BONAPARTE. VUES PITTORESQUES DE L'AM£- lUOUE (1834). Set of twelve lithographs. Lent anonymously Charlotte Bonaparte (1802-1839) was the youngest daughter of Joseph Bona- parte. In 1824 she returned to Europe where she married the eldest son of the Joseph Bonaparte's Estate near bordentown, new Jersey. Lent by Kennedy and Company [No. 4221 Page /6/ Former king of I [olland. She is known to have exhibited at the Philadelphia Academy ol Fine Arts. The views exhibited here represent: the Falls of 1 renton; Point Breeze; the River ol the North; Goat Island (Niagara); Lake George; Lake Erie from Buffalo; Passaic Falls; Lake Diana; Niagara River entering Lake Ontario; Rivei of the North at Clermont; View of Lebanon; and a view of a mansion, probably depicting Point Breeze, dedicated: a Joseph. The Vues Pittoresques were printed in Florenee, after Charlotte's return to Europe. According to a contemporary penciled note this set was presented by Charles Lueien Bonaparte to Alexander Lawson, the engraver of Alexander Wilsons Ornithology. (Charles Lueien Bonaparte is best known for having added four volumes to Wilsons famous work.) 425. MADAME J£ROME BONAPARTE (Elizabeth Patterson! by George D'Al- maine, after Gilbert Stuarts triple portrait. Signed: D'Almaine 1856. Pastel, \7 l /i by 23V4 inches, oval. Lent by the Maryland Historical Society Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte (1785-1879) was the daughter of a rich mer- chant of Baltimore, William Patterson. In 1803 she married Jerome Bonaparte, Napoleon s younger brother, whom she met when he came to Baltimore in com- mand of a French warship. The union was later annulled by the French Council ol State upon Napoleons orders, after Jerome had returned to France. That same year (1805) Elizabeth Patterson gave birth to their son in England, where she had gone after Napoleon forbade her to land on the continent. After Napoleon's fall she lived until 1840 in Europe, where she was considered one of the great beauties of the time. 426. J£ROME BONAPARTE. MfiMOIRES et Correspondance du Roi Jerome et dc la Reine Catherine, Paris, 1861. lent by the Maryland Historical Society This pathetic copy is heavily annotated by Elizabeth Patterson with unflatter- ing comments on Jerome's veracity. I he half title, as changed by Elizabeth Patterson, reads now: "MLMOIRES (containing some truths and many fals- hoods [sic]) DU ROI JEROME (in which there is no foundation whatever for the greater part of the Statements, altho there are some few truths. E. P.) 427. NAPOLEON ACHILLE MURAT. ESOU1SSE MORALE ET POLIT- IQUE DES ETATS-UNIS DE L'AM€RIOUE DU NORD. Paris, 1832. Lent anonymously Napoleon Achille Murat (1801-1847) was the eldest son of Joachim Murat, king of Naples, lie came to the United States in 1823. While in America he spent most of his time at his plantation, "Lipona" (Napoli), near Tallahassee, Florida. His wife, to whom he was in trod need by Lafayette, was a grandniece of George Washington. The Esqaisse Morale, a pleasant work with a liberal flavor, formed originally a series of letters addressed to a friend of Murat, Count Thibeaudau. Page 162 Indians on Horseback, by Ernest Narjot. Lent by Edward Eberstadt and Sons \ No. 430] Murat's brother, Prince Lucien Charles (1803-1878), lived also in the United States, at first in Boston, and later on his uncle's estate al Bordentown. His later life was spent in France, where Napoleon III considered him a member of the Imperial family. 4. THE GOLD RUSH 428. CHARLES MERYON (1821-1868). SAN FRANCISCO, 1856. Etching and drypoint. Lent by the Art Institute of Chicago Meryon never visited the United States, and this San Francisco was executed from five daguerreotypes. The plate was ordered by two French bankers from San Francisco. 429. ERNEST NARJOT. MINING SCENE. Oil on canvas, UVi by Signed and dated, 1851. Lent by Edward Eberstadt and Sons 3 ! /2 inches. ERNEST NARJOT. INDIANS ON HORSEBACK. Oil on canvas, 10 by 18 inches. Signed. Lent by Edward Eberstadt and Sons Ernest de Francheville Narjot (1827M898), who left France at the time of the Gold Rush, is one of the few good artists who depicted California in the second half of the 19th century. He deserves to be better known than he is for his scenes of California, of which the two shown here arc excellent examples. TR£NY. LA CALIFORNIE MVOILfiE . . . Paris, 1850. Lent by Edward Eberstadt and Sons One of the many pamphlets published to entice French emigrants to Cali- fornia. At the end are the Statutes of the Calij vrnienne, a society \\ hich financed Page J 63 emigration, and a glowing description of the departure of French "travailleurs" on their way to California. Cf. Gilbert Chinard, When the French Came to California, 1949. 432. [MME. P. C. DE SAINT-AM ANT]. VOYAGE EN CALIFORNIE, 1850-51. Paris, 1851. Lent by Edward Eberstadt and Sons Saint-Amant, the author of Route de la Californie, 1853, was appointed "Commandant Superieur du Palais des Tuileries" at the time of the 1848 Revolu- tion. Sent to California and Oregon by the French Government, he was accom- panied bv his wife, the author of this rather conventional scries of notes. 433. C. DE SAINT ESTLVE. M. DE SIMILOR EN CAEIFORNIE. Paris, n. d. (en. 1855?). Lent hy Edward Eberstadt and Sons A charming and scarce children's book with colored lithographs. 434. ACTIONNAIRES CALIFORN1ENS, by I lonore Daumier (1808-1879). Lith- ograph. Lent anonymously As was to be expected French humorists realized quickly the actuality value of the Gold Rush. Several lithographs bv Daumier exist on the subject of California. In this caricature, published in the Charivari for September 27, 1850 (Delteil catalogue, No. 2028), two rentiers discuss new financial societies which came into existence at the time of the Gold Rush; one favors the Societe • des Jaunets Californiens, the other the Societe de la Carotte dor. 5. SOME FRENCH ARTISTS IN THE UNITED STATES 435. PIERRE-CHARLES L'ENFANT. A VIEW OF WEST POINT ON HUD- SON RIVER. Water color, 1 1 by 56 inches. Lent hy the Collection of the Manuscripts Division, Library of Conoress Pierre-Charles L'Enfant (1754-1825), soldier, engineer, city planner, was born in Paris, the son of a painter employed at the Gobelins factory. He had studied architecture and engineering before the age of 23 when he volunteered his services (through Silas Deane) to fight in the United States. He arrived in the United States in 1777 and spent the following winter at Valley Forge. He was attached first to General von Steuben, later to General Laurens in the Southern Army. He was wounded in the assault on Savannah and taken pris- oner. LIpon his return to Philadelphia he was promoted to Major on May 2, 1783. After the American Revolution L'Enfant was appointed by Washington to design and lay out the capital at Washington, the plan of which is reminiscent of Versailles. For Robert Morris, the financier, he built in Philadelphia a large house, "Morris's folly," influenced by the Hotel Biron in Paris. An engineer of vision, L'Enfant has been described by Fiske Kimball as being "a hundred years ahead of his time." Page 164 i*. A View of West Point on Hudson River (detail), by Pierre-Charles L'Enfant. Lent by the Library of Congress I No. 4351 Although the West Point view was dated 1780 by General Knox, according to the frontispiece of Boynton's History of West Point (see No. 439), there is a likelihood that L'Enfant could not have drawn it before his return to the North in 1782. The most recent account of L'Enfant's activities is Elizabeth S. Kites "Pierre- Charles L'Enfant . . .," The French American Review, April-September, 1950. 436. [L'ENFANT]. A PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE CITY FIALL in New York taken from Wall Street, by and after C. Tiebout. Line engraving. Lent by the New York Public Library As Stokes states in his American Historical Prints, this is one of the very few known impressions. Seen at the right is Federal 1 lall as remodelled by L'Enfant in 1788-1789 for the accommodation of Congress. 437. PIERRE CHARLES L'ENFANT. AUTOGRAPFI LETTER written in French to his parents, New York, February 13, 1787. Lent by Dr. Otto O. Fisher This is a deeply apologetic letter, in which L'Enfant asks for help from his parents. His embarrassment, he says, is acute due to the fact that the United States government could not pay him a large sum of money due him. 438. PORTRAIT OF MAJOR L'ENFANT, by "Sally" de Hart. Silhouette. Lent by Mr. and Mrs. James Keene Sally de Hart was a prolific silhouettist whose most famous work is the silhou- ette, executed in 1783, used as a frontispiece in Washington lrving's Life of Washington. 439. [MAJOR VILLEFRANCI IE]. 1 IISTORY OF WEST POINT . . . by Captain Edward C. Boynton. New York, 1863. Lent by the United States Military Academy Page 165 I he hook contains a well-known map of West Point bv Major Villefranche, "an ingenious French engineer" who arrived in America at the beginning of the War of Independence. I his History of West Point is lent to the exhibition by the United States Military Academy, where a strong French influence existed from Revolutionary nine's to the middle of the 19th century. As Lt. Colonel Morton points out, a number of earh professors of the Military Academy were born in France: Claude Crozet, Florimond Masson, Berard, Pvochefontaine (Commandant of West Point in 1796), Thomas Gimbrede among others. 440. CHARLES F£VRET DE SAINT-MfiMIN. SELF PORTRAIT. Miniature on ivory, 2\s by 1% inches. Lent by the Carnegie Institute Saint Memin was horn in 1770 in Dijon, of a family belonging to the petite noblesse, A refugee from the French Revolution, he earned a living in New York by making aquatints of landscapes and perhaps working on architectural de- signs for Azylum. lame, however, came to him through his little mezzotint medallions and his life-size crayons on pink tinted paper. These aspects of. Saint Memin's talent are represented in the exhibition by important examples. The most complete collection of his engraved work is that in the Corcoran; Gallery, made of excellent proofs of the engravings. Less familiar are Saint- '. Memin's small water color profiles, a number of which, catalogued bv Dr. J. Hall Pleasants, have been exhibited recently at the Marvland Historical Societv. ' Saint Memin lived in the United States from 1793 to 1814. Soon after his' return to France he was made director of the Dijon Museum, a post which he; occupied until his death in 18S2. Sim Portrait, bv Charles Fevret de Saint-Memin. Lent by the Carnegie Institute [No. 440] Page 166 441. CHARLES FEVRET DE SAINT-MEMIN. THOMAS JEFFERSON. Black chalk on pink paper, 23 13 ' / ia bv 17 inches. Inscribed lower right in pencil Th.° Jefferson. Lent by the Worcester Art Museum 442. CHARLES FEVRET DE SAINT-MEM IN. PIERRE-MICHEL GRAIN. Black chalk on pink paper, W/i bv KM inches (oval). Lent by Andrew V. Stout Pierre-Michel Grain was an artist whose parents, refugees from France, went to Santo Domingo at the time of the French Revolution. Grain went to Balti- more where he met Saint-Memin about 1800. The portrait exhibited here was stated in the catalogue of the 1 laskell collection (No. 654) to have been executed about 1807. 443. CHARLES FEVRET DE SAINT MeMIN. MERIWETHER LEWIS. Black chalk on pink paper, 1934 by 1 3 1 2 inches Lent by the Missouri Historical Society Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809), a lieutenant in the LI. S. Infantry, was private secretarv to Jefferson from 1801 to 1803. His main title to fame is his exploration of the Northwest with William Clark. The expedition lasted two vears, from 1804 to 1806, with important political and geographical results, Lewis and Clark being the first explorers to reach the Pacific Ocean bv crossing the Rockies. In 1807 Lewis was appointed governor of the Louisiana Territorv. Meriwether Lewis, bv Charles revret de Saint-Memin. / eni by the Missouri Historical Society [No. 443 1 PlERRE-MlCHE] ( JrAIN. I evict de Saint-Memin. drew V. Stout b\ Charles / eni by An [No. 442] Page 167 The portrait exhibited here may have been made about the time of his appoint- ment (cf. Fillmore Norfleet, Saint- Mem in, 1942, p. 183). However, a type- written note attached to the back of the picture states that "this portrait of Meri- wether Lewis was sent to his mother at 'Locust Hill,' Albermarle County, pre- sumablv when the young explorer was about to start on his western expedition." An engraving of Meriwether Lewis bv Saint-Memin is listed in Dexter's The St. Memin Collection of Portraits, under No. 420; two other pastel portraits of Lewis bv Saint-Memin are known. 444. CHARLES FLVRET DE SAINT-MEMIN. CROUP of fifteen portrait engravings. Lent by the Corcoran Gallery Saint-Memin s well known profile portraits executed with the phvsionotrace, a device for tracing silhouettes, differ greatly in qualitv. The engravings shown here are "proofs'* from the celebrated collection in the Corcoran Gallery. They include some of the most characteristic and rarest of Saint-Memin's portraits, such as his own portrait (upper right), the portraits of members of his family and, rarer still, two miniature portraits of George Washington. 445-446. CHARLES FEVRET DE SAINT-MfiMIN. CAPTAIN HENRY BUR- BECK; CAPTAIN THOMAS TURNER. Engravings. Lent hy the Society of the Cincinnati Both officers were original members of the Society of the Cincinnati. Mrs. Elizabeth Marius Kemper, by Valdenuit. Lent by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin [No. 448] Page 168 Thomas Jefferson, by Charles Fevret de Saint-Memin. Lent by the Worcester Art Museum [No. 441] 447. CHARLES FEVRET DE SAINT-MeMIN. A VIEW OF WEST POINT ON THE RIVER HUDSON, WITH THE STEAMBOAT, INVENTED BY M. FULTON, THE CLERMONT, GOING LIP FROM NEW YORK TO ALBANY . . . Lithograph. Signed S. M. Lent by the Metropolitan Museum This very rare lithograph, shown here in a state before letters, is signed bv Saint-Memin with his initials. It was printed in Dijon, where Saint-Memin returned in 1814. Stokes states that this is the onlv known contemporary view of the Clermont, Robert Fulton's steamboat. 448. VALDENUIT. MRS. ELIZABETH MARIUS KEMPER. Crayon height- ened in white on pink paper, I6V2 by 21^2 inches (oval). Signed: Valdenuit, 1797. Lent by the State Historical Society, Madison, Wisconsin Elizabeth Kemper (1753-1830) was the mother of Bishop Jackson Kemper, first missionary bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The portrait of her husband, Col. Daniel Kemper, also belongs to the Wisconsin State Historical Society. Very little is known of Valdenuit, except that he joined Saint-Memin, ap- parently as a partner, when Saint-Memin started making portraits in the United States. Saint-Memin's first engraved portraits are inscribed with the names of both artists. Apparently nothing is known of Valdenuit after 1797 when, accord- ing to Dexter (The St. Memin Collection of Portraits . . . 1862, p. 4), he left for Europe. In 1795, according to an advertisement in the Maryland journal, he proposed to open with a Mr. Bouche a drawing school in Baltimore. 449. JEAN FRANCOIS DE LA VALLEE. "THE DEAD BRIDE." Miniature, water color on ivory, 2 2 /2 by 2 inches (oval). Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery, The Mabel Brady Garvan Collection This miniature is a portrait of Harriet Mackie (1788-1804) of Charleston, South Carolina, painted after death, supposedlv in her bridal clothes. Miss Anna Rutledge (Artists in the Life of Charleston . . . 1949) states that de la Vallee worked in Charleston from 1803 to 1807. 450. MAXIMILIEN GODEFROY, by Rembrandt Peale. Oil on canvas, 23V§ bv 19V8 inches. Lent by the Peabody Institute, Baltimore, through the courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society Maximilien Godefroy (ca. 1770-after 1847) was a French officer who fought on the Royalist side in the Revolution. Banished bv Napoleon he was allowed to go to the United States and arrived in Philadelphia in 1805. 1 le soon left for Baltimore where he became an instructor in architecture and the line arts at St. Mary's College. Among the buildings designed bv him in Baltimore are the Gothic Chapel at St. Mary's College (see no. 451): the Battle Monument; the Unitarian Church; and the Exchange Building, later the Baltimore Custom House. Godefroy exhibited some of his designs in Philadelphia in 1811-18H. Page 169 Maximilien Godefroy, by Rembrandt Peale. Lent by the Peabody Institute. Baltimore [No. 4S01 He returned to Europe in 1819. After a stay in London he removed to Britanny, in Rennes and Laval. His Memoirs were published in the Maryland Historical Magazine for September, 1934. 451. MAXIMILIEN GODEEROY-ST. MARY'S CHAPEL. Architect's design in water color, 25% by \7Vi inches. Lent by the Maryland Historical Society The chapel of St. Mary and St. Joseph was designed (1807) by Godefroy for the Sulpician Order, which had founded St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore in the last decade of the 18th century. It has been called the first Gothic Revival Church built in the United States. 452. MARQUISE DE BREHAN. VIEW OF PAULUS HOOK from the apart- ment of the Marquise in New York. Water color, 4% by 20 7 /h inches. Lent by The New York Public Library Many French visitors to the LInited States have left pleasant mementoes of their travels. Mme. de Brehan, who is one of the best of these amateur artists, was the sister of the French minister to the LInited States, Count de Moustiers. Page 170 St. Mary's Chapel, by Maximilien Godefroy. Lent by the Maryland Historical Society [No. 451] V. :^ ?;*?..: She made several portraits of Washington, one of which is exhibited under No. 232. According to Stokes the vessel in the foreground is probably the French frigate L' Active, which was in New York in October, 1789. 453. BARONESS HYDE DE NEUVILLE. "MORICE VILLE, Juillet 1809." Water color, 7 by 12% inches. Lent by Kennedy and Company Madame de Neuville arrived in this country in 1807 with her husband, who had been implicated in the plot of the "machine infernale" against Napoleon. The Baron became one of the active members of the French colony in New York and was one of the founders of the Economical School, an institution for educating the children of the French emigres. After the Emperor's abdication. the de Neuyilles went back to France, returning to the United States sometime later when the Baron was appointed Minister to Washington. About eighty drawings of various merit by the Baroness are known, forming a delightful record of her impressions of the United States. Morice Ville was the estate of Mr. and Mrs. Moreau. It was adjacent to the New Brunswick estate of Hyde de Neuville. 454. BARONESS HYDE DE NEUVILLE. CORNER OF GREENWICH STREET, January 1810. Water color, 6 by HVi inches. Lent by The New York Public Library 455. BARONESS HYDE DE NEUVILLE. HUDSON RIVER, DEY STREET Page 171 "July 4, New Haven," b\ the Baroness I lyde de Neuville. Lent by Kennedy and Company [No. 457] (New York), April 1810. Water color, 6 by %i inches. Lent by Harold K. Hochschild 456. BARONESS HYDE DE NEUVILLE. LA BERGERIE, ANGELICA, NEW YORK, IN WINTER, 1814. Water color, 6Ys by 9 3 /s inches. Lent by Harold K. Hochschild 457. BARONESS HYDE DE NEUVILLE. "JULY 4, NEW HAVEN." Water color, 6 ] 4 bv 5Vi inches. Inscribed: New. haven Drawn during my Prison in fully 4 to Jidly 8 . . . 1815. Lent by Kennedy and Company 458. BARONESS HYDE DE NEUVILLE. F STREET IN WASHINGTON, j 1817. Water color, 7 by 9 inches. Lent by The New York Public Library 459. THOMAS GIMBREDE-jOHN Q. ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Stipple engraving, bv and after Thomas Gimbrede, 1826. Lent anonymously Thomas Gimbrede (1781-1832), a professor of drawing at West Point, was a miniature painter and an engraver of more than ordinary talent. Lie is known to have worked for the Analectic Magazine. 460. MOU TARDIER DU HAVRE. NAVAL ACTION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE MACEDONIAN. Water color, 14 by 18 inches. Lent by Kennedy and Company Nothing is known of the artist, who signed this work "Moutardier du Havre de Grace, 1816." judging from the style of this water color, he may have been a self trained artist, with great ingenuity and charm. 461. THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. Aquatint by Debucourt after Hva Page 172 cinthe Laclotte. Lent by the Yale University Art Gallery,. The Mabel Brady Garvan Collection Louis Philibert Debucourt (1755-1832) is best known for his 18th century subjects. This curious engraving, so different from those, is one of his later works. Laclotte of New Orleans was an engineer with the Louisiana Army. There exists a rare lithographic copy of this engraving, executed by the Case and Green Lithographic Company, Hartford, after Ladotte (sic). 462. . Another copy. Lent by the Chicago Historical Society This copy is framed with the rare Key of the battle. 463. ANTHONY IMBERT. GRAND CANAL CELEBRATION. Lithograph, hand colored. Lent anonymously From the Memoir . . . at the Celebration of the Completion of the New York Canals, by Cadwallader D. Colden. In this Memoir, Imbert, who founded the first lithographic establishment in New York, is mentioned as "professionally a Marine Artist . . . originally a French Naval Officer, but long a prisoner in England, where he devoted his time of leisure, to the improvement of his talents, in the study of drawing" (cf. Stokes, Iconography of Manhattan Island, Vol. 3). In this lithograph, Imbert was helped by another artist, Felix Duponchcl. 464. ANTHONY IMBERT. LANDING OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE, 1824. Line engraving. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York This engraving, by Samuel Maverick after Imbert, is an illustration from A Complete History of the Marquis de Lafayette . . . by An Officer of the Late Army . . . New York, 1 826. 465. ANTHONY IMBERT. THE ERIE CELEBRATION, NEW YORK, 1825. Oil on canvas, 2314 by 45^8 inches. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York 466. AMBROISE-LOUIS GARNERAY. THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE, The Erie Celebration, by Anthony Imbert. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York [No. 465] The Battle of Lake Erie, by Ambroise-Louis Garneray. Lent by the Chicago Historical Society [No. 466] September 10, 1813. Painted in 1822. Oil on canvas, 23 V6 by 34V2 inches. Lent by the Chicago Historical Society For Garneray see No. 186. 467. AMBROISE-LOUIS GARNERAY. VUE de New York Prise de Weahawk, VLIE du Port de Philadelphia VUE de Boston. VUE de Baltimore. Set of four aquatints by Sigmund Himley after A. L, Garneray, published at Paris by Basset Qca. 1834). Signed artist's proofs before all letters. Lent hy The Rosen- bach Company 468. JACQUES MILBERT (attributed to). NIAGARA FALLS. Water color, lOVs by \6 l A inches. Lent by The Old Print Shop Jacques Milbert (1766-1840) arrived in New York in 1815 where he made at first drawings of the mechanism of steamboats. Lie is said to have been primarily a portrait painter; but, upon his return to France in 1823, he published his most important work, the Series of Picturesque Views in North America, 1825. He is also, at least in part, the author of Itineraire Pittoresque du Fleuve Hudson (1828-1829), lithographed by Victor Adam and other artists. 469-470. JACQUES MILBERT. GENERAL VIEW OF THE MILITARY SCHOOL AT WEST POINT. Colored lithograph by Derov after Jacques Milbert. PLAIN OF WEST POINT AT THE MOMENT OF EXERCISE. Colored lithograph by L. Sabatier and V. Adam after Jacques Milbert. Lent by George Heckroth Page 174 These two lithographs are the best ki Itineraire Piitoresque. of the set which forms the 471. WEST POINT. Wall paper panel printed in color by Zurber, 1834. Lent by Carlhian of Paris This is part of a rare series, "Scenic America/' which includes views of New York, Boston Harbor, etc. According to Mrs. McLelland, 1674 colors were used in printing this wall paper. 472. JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, by John Woodhouse Audubon (1812-1862) and Victor Clifford Audubon (1809-1860). Oil on canvas, 48 by 63 inches. Lent by the American Museum of Natural History John James Audubon (1785-1851), the famous naturalist, was born in Santo Domingo and brought up in France. He first visited the United States in 1803, returning soon to France where, according to his Journal, he spent a few months in Davids studio. He was back in America in 1807. After attempting to make a living as a store-keeper in Louisville, Kentucky, where there was a small French colony, and Stc. Genevieve, among other cities, he decided to make a complete pictorial record of all the birds of America. Fie travelled throughout the known United States from Albany to Feliciana in Louisiana, painting birds, portraits and landscapes. In his work as an artist he was encouraged by Thomas Sully and by Charles Lucien Bonaparte. After publishing in England his greatest work, The Birds of America, Audubon started work on The Quadrupeds of America, only one volume being actually completed before he died in 1851. General Jean Baimiste Bossier, by John James Audubon. Lent by Bar at A. Guignon [No. 473] This portrait shows the famous naturalist at the age of 56. The dog belonged to Tom Lincoln who accompanied Audubon to Labrador. In a letter dated February 11, 1841 John James Audubon apparently refers to this portrait: "J onn has painted one (portrait) of Trudeau in an Indian dress, as well as his old dad' sitting in the Wilds of America admiring Nature around him, with a Dog companion at his feet." 473. JOHN JAMES AUDUBON. GENERAL JEAN-BAPTISTE BOSSIER. Black chalk and crayon, 13 bv 9 inches (sight). Signed lower left: Audubon 1821. Lent by Barat A. Guignon Jean-Baptiste Bossier, who died in 1842, and was buried in Fredericktown near Ste. Genevieve, was listed in 1814 as captain of the 2nd Company of the 2nd (or Ste. Genevieve) Regiment. According to information received by Mr. Guignon, this drawing was made in 1821 in New Orleans, when General Bossier arrived "from upriver." Audubon, who had known General Bossier previously, drew his likeness, and set down in his Journal that "he made it good." Audubon's portraits are little known. The first comprehensive exhibi- tion of these portraits took place in the spring of 1951 at the National Audubon Society, New York City. 474. JOHN JAMES AUDUBON. RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. Oil on canvas, 26 by 21 14 inches. Lent by the American Museum of Natural History The same subject appears in the elephant folio edition of the Birds of America. It differs from the folio water color by having a distant landscape with , a river flowing across the scene. From original field studies made at Beech Black-Tailed Hare, bv John James Audubon. Le/?t fry the Art Museum of St. Louis [No. 477] Cooper Hawks, bv John James Audubon. Lent by James Graham avid Sons [No. 476] Woods, West Feliciana, Louisiana, 1825. Along with Nos. 472, 475 and 478, the Ruby-throated Hummingbird was presented to the American Museum of Nat- ural History in 1925 bv the Misses Florence and Maria Audubon. 475. JOHN JAMES AUDUBON. TWO GRAY SQUIRRELS IN TREE. Oil on canvas, 33V2 by 2714 inches. Lent by the American Museum of Natural History 476. JOHN JAMES AUDUBON. COOPER FIAWKS. Canvas mounted on cardboard, 36 bv 26 inches. Lent by James Graham and Sons Cf. Audubon's print of the Red- shouldered Hawks, in the elephant folio edition. Cooler Hawks was previously in the collections of Mrs. Morris M. Tyler, granddaughter of John James Audubon; Victor Morris Tyler, her son; the I Ion. Frederic C. Walcott. According to Victor Morris Tyler, it was executed after 1830 and prior to 1836. 477. JOHN JAMES AUDUBON. BLACK-TAILED HARE. Pencil and water color on buff paper, WA by 19 3 4 inches. Inscribed: New York Sept. 20, 1841; signed lower left: J. J. A. The mat is inscribed "Lepus Texas 1841." / eni h) the Art Museum of St. Louis Page 177 Two Gray Squirrels, by John James Audubon. Lent by the American Museum of Natural History [No. 475] wy 478. JOHN WOODHOUSE AUDUBON. LONG-TAILED OR PRAIRIE DEER RUNNING. Oil on canvas, 21 by 25Vi inches. Lent by the American Museum of Natural History 479-480. AUGUSTE HERVIEU. CUPID AT A ROUT AT CINCINNATI. Water color, 9Vi bv 1 1 V x . inches. Signed: Auguste Hervieu 1830. CUPID AT A QUAKER COURTSHIP. Water color, 8^2 by 10% inches. Signed: Auguste Hervieu 1830. Lent by the Cincinnati Art Museum Born in Paris in 1794, Auguste Hervieu studied under Girodet until he was exiled by the Restauration government. I Ic then studied in England under Lawrence and exhibited at the Royal Academy. With Mrs. Frances Trollope, the author of the well known Domestic Manners of the Americans, he came to the United States in 1827, presumably to be the drawing master of an Utopian colony recently organized b\ Miss Fanny Wright at Nashoba (not far from Memphis, Tennessee). After a few months spent in Memphis, however, Hervieu settled in Cincinnati with the Trollope family (mother and children). In Cincinnati the painter collaborated with the sculptor, Hiram Powers, in a show ("The Infernal Regions," with transparencies by Hervieu and life-size figures bv the sculptor) at the Western Museum, painted a "large and elegant" picture of The Landing of Lafayette at Cincinnati, decorated Mrs. Trollope's ill-fated Bazaar, and sketched the 24 excellent illustrations for Domestic Manners, first published in 1832 in London and New York. Hervieu returned to Europe in 1831, dying in 1858. 481. AUGUSTE HERVIEU. ALLEGORICAL SUBJECT: KNOWLEDGE VERSUS ORTHODOX RELIGION. Water color, 12V 8 by 9Vz inches. Lent by the Cincinnati Art Museum "The Allegorical Subject: Knowledge Versus Orthodox Religion represents Page 178 Cupid at a Rout at On cinnati, by Auguste Hervieu. Lent by the Cincinnati Art Museum [No. 479] a rider on a winged horse carrying two children, a banner bearing the inscrip- tion just Knowledge, and a shield with the letters R. D. O. On the ground to the left of the rider is a haggard woman with four children sprawled about her, beside them a man waving a hat bearing a quill pen and cheering the rider on. In the background is a huge fortress filled with people carrying banners bearing inscriptions, such as Episcopalian, Methodist, Baptist, Quaker, Catholicism, Social Order, Marriage, Natural Philosophy, Moral Institutions, and above all in dramatically lighted clouds is a large cross. This allegory was probably in- spired by Miss Wright or possibly Mrs. Trollope, both of whom were for a time influenced by the teachings of Robert Owen and his son. Robert Dale Owen. The R. D. O. on the shield of the rider is undoubtedly in honor of Robert Dale Owen" (from Walter H. Siple, "A Romantic Episode in Cincinnati," Bulletin of the Cincinnati Art Museum, XI, p. 51). 482-483. AUGUSTE HERVIEU. THE TOILET; BOX AT THE THEATRE. Lithographs. Lent anonymously Two illustrations from Mrs. Trollope's Domestic Manners of the Americans, 1832. 484. AUGUSTIN £DOUART. SELF PORTRAIT. Silhouette, \0V 2 by 7 3 4 inches. Signed: Aug". Edouart fecit/ 1840 and Aug". Edouart. Lent by the Maryland Historical Society, Eleanor S. Cohen Collection Born in Dunkerque, Augustin Edouart (1789-1861) lived in England, where he exhibited portraits (in wax?) at the Royal Academy and made a living with his pictures in human hair. He came to America about 1838-1839, remaining until 1849. Traveling widely in this country he made silhouettes of all the famous Americans of his day. On his way back to France he was shipwrecked, and his collection of some 20,000 duplicate silhouette portraits was in great part lost. Page 179 (Left) "Knowledge versus Orthodox Religion," bv Auguste Hervieu. Lent by the Cincinnati Art Museum [No. 481]. (Right) Self-Portrait, by Augustin Edouart. Lent by the Maryland Historical Society [No. 484] 485. AUGUSTIN EDOUART. PORTRAIT GROUP OF THE JOSIAH QUINCY FAMILY. Silhouette, W/i by 28% inches (sight). Signed: Aug" Edouart, fecit 1842 Boston U. S. Lent anonymously Josiah Ouincv (1 772-1864) is best known for the municipal reforms he effected when mavor of Boston, and which were highly praised bv de Tocque- ville, and for his History of Harvard University (1840), written when he was president of the University. 486. HIPPOLYTE SEBRON. BROADWAY, LOOKING SOUTH, from near Barclay Street, 1851. Oil on board, MVs bv 17 inches. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York Hippolvte Sebron (1 801-1879) was a pupil and assistant of Daguerre, well known for his Dioramas. He spent almost six years in the United States, mostly in New York. Flere he is said to have executed a large number of portraits in pastel, and exhibited a Great Mosque of Cordova, Spain, at the National Academy in 1854. 487-493. JULES-EMILE SAINTIN. Group of drawings. VIEW OF SANDY HOOK. Pencil, 4? 7 s by 12^2 inches. Signed E. Saintin 1859. NEW YORK- ERS. Pencil. On two sheets; 7¥z bv 9 inches and IVi bv 5 3 /4 inches. Dated: New York 1857. STUDY. INDIAN ON HORSEBACK. Red chalk Page 180 "George Washington Watching Over His Mother," bv Jules-Emile Saintin. Lent by the Musee \ational de la Cooperation Franco- Americaine [No. 493] i with touches of white; 13 3 4 by \0V\ inches. TWO STUDIES: Head and Indian with gun. Pencil with touches of white; 13M by 10V4 inches. SEVEN SHEETS OF SKETCHES. Indian portraits. Pencil; Vh and 3 3 /4 by 2% inches. PAWNEE CHIEF. Water color, 7Vi bv 5*4 inches. Dated: Washing- ton D. C. January 1st, 1858. "GEORGE WASHINGTON WATCHING OVER HIS MOTHER." Study for a painting. Wash drawing, 10 by 13 inches. Lent by the Musee National de la Cooperation Franco- Americaine de Bleran- court Saintin (1829-1894) studied in Paris under Drolling, and was best known during his life for the sentimental or conventional subjects he exhibited at the Paris Salon (The Last Ornament, The Thoughtless Soubrette. etc.). Yet his best work was probably done during the ten years he spent in the United States. It is composed of mildly caricatural street scenes in the larger cities of the United States and, more significant, of careful depictions of Indians. Saintin was apparently a prolific artist in several media — pastel, crayon, oil. An associate member of the American Academv of Design, in three years (1857- 1859) he exhibited some forty works, portraits in pastel, sketches of "mural pictures" for Mr. Belmont's Gallery, religious scenes. The pastel copy by Saintin of Faed's Evangeline is exhibited here (No. 69). 494. JULES EMILE SAINTIN. AN INDIAN WARRIOR. Pencil and sanguine, with touches of Chinese white, 13 by 7 inches. Collection of The Detroit In- stitute of Arts 495-500. JULES-EMILE SAINTIN. SIX PORTRAIT DRAWINGS. Pencil. Heights, 3% to 6 inches; widths, 3% to 4?4 inches (oval). I he sketches represent Millard Fillmore; Washington Irving; John C. Fremont: Stephen \. Douglas; Abraham Lincoln; John Brown. / cut by E. Maurice llloch Page 1SI ■j#* An Indian Warrior, by |ules-£mile Saintin. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts [No. 494] 501. FReDeRIC-AUGUSTE BARTHOLDI. The "STATUE OF LIBERTY: 1 Terracotta bozzetto, \9Vi inches. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York Bartholdi (1834-1904) is best known in France for his monumental sculp- ture, often of a patriotic nature. He executed a number of works with American connections, a Lafayette Landing in America (Union Square, New York), and the models of four reliefs for the decoration of Richardson's Brattle Street Church in Boston. "Liberty lighting the World" was originally to commemorate the centennial of American Independence. A reduction was shown at the 1878 Salon; the actual statue, built on an iron frame designed by Eiffel, was not dedicated until in 1886. Opposite page: "The Statue of Liberty," by Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. Lent by the Museum of the City of New York [No. 501] Page 182 Father Gabriel Richard, Pastor of Saint Anne's Church, Detroit, by James Otto Lewis. Lent by Saint Anne's Church, Detroit [No. 524] Page 184 X Detroit, 1701-1840* In commemoration of the anniversary of the founding of Detroit, the fur-trading post established in 1701 by Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac in a country "so temperate, so fertile and so beautiful that it may justly be called the earthly paradise," a special section of the exhibition is devoted to "Detroit 1701-1840." During these years Detroit was successively under the French, the British and the American flag. It ceased to be a French possession in 1763; yet for many years afterward the French flavor of the small town remained. French was spoken currently and official documents were still written in French; most of the early books were printed in French rather than in English; and in the first part of the 19th century the principal personage of the town was Father Gabriel Richard. Mementoes of that period are rare, in particular those concerned with the French occupation. The documents and works of art exhibited here represent a fair share of what is available today. A complete pictorial record of Detroit will be found in M. M. Quaife's timely This is Detroit (Detroit, 1951). ANTOINE DE LAMOTHE CADILLAC Cadillac (1656-1730), the founder of Detroit on July 24, 1701, entered the army still young and became a lieutenant at the age of 21. He arrived in America in 1683, living for a time in Port Royal and in what is now Maine. In 1694, Frontenac gave him the command of the important post at Mackinac. When that post was abandoned in 1697 Cadillac returned to Canada, then to France, where he presented to the ministry his plans for the establishment of a post on the Detroit River. He arrived in Detroit in 1701 with a large company and was followed by many colonists. He created many enemies by his actions and, in 1704, was arrested, tried for high-handed procedure, and acquitted. He was appointed governor of Louisiana in 1711, but there again incurred the dislike of the colonials and, in particular, of Bienville, the former governor. He has been described thus by the foremost historian of the Middle West, Louise P. Kellogg, in the Dictionary of American Biography: "Cadillac had a wide vision of the French situation in the West, and brilliant plans for expanding French power; but he was covetous and grasping, unable to lend himself unselfishly to broad enterprises." The most complete and recent study of Cadillac is that made by Jean Delanglez and published in Mid-America, volumes 26, 27, 30, 32, and 33. This section of the catalogue is in large part the work of Francis Waring Robinson who is, in addition, the author of subsection on Detroit silver (pp. 198-203). Page 185 502. [CADILLAC). AGREEMENT concerning the "Societte pour le Detroit" be- tween the directors general of the company and "Monsieur Delamotte Cadillac." Manuscript. Dated September 13 and 22, 1702, and signed twice by Lamothe Cadillac. Lent by the Archives de la Province de Quebec When Cadillac received his appointment from the French Minister of Col- onies with the approval of King Louis XIV to establish Fort Pontchartrain. a move was already on foot to form the Company of the Colony (organized Feb- ruary 9, 1700) with the sole right of trade at Detroit, but this organization was not ratified by the colonials until October 8, 1701. Meanwhile Cadillac had proceeded with the founding of the post at Detroit, and had written to Pontchar train, Minister of Colonies, urging that the region between Detroit and Niagara be made an independent province with him as governor. To his chagrin, official word arrived on July 18, 1702, notifying him that Detroit would be the property of the Company of the Colony rather than of Cadillac. Three days later he left for Quebec where he finally signed the contract of the Company (called here Societte pour le Detroit) for an annual salary of 2,000 livres and keep for himself and family. Cadillac left Quebec at the end of September and reached Detroit again on November 6, 1702. 503. [CADILLACJ. CONCESSION of land "au Detroit" by Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac to Jacob Marsac. Manuscript. Dated March 10, 1707 and signed by Cadillac. Lent by the Archives de la Province de Quebec Cadillac made numerous grants or conveyances of lands in and near the fort at Detroit on condition of occupancy and the payment of an annual sum for public revenue, and one of these, recorded in this document of 1707, was to Jacob Marsac dit Desrochers, Sieur de Lobtron, sergeant of the first garrison of Fort Pontchartrain. Marsac married Therese David, and some of their descendants live in Detroit today. 504. [CADILLAC]. MfcMOIRE SUR LE DETROIT des deux lacs Erier [sic] et Ste. claire. About 1710. Manuscript. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection An extremely important document for the history of early Detroit, this anonymous Memoire comes from the archives of Michel Begon, who was In- tendant of Canada from 1710 to 1726. It is an account of Cadillac's movements in connection with the foundation of Detroit, written by one of his many enemies, possibly a jealous official or merchant from Montreal or Quebec. Cad- illac is accused of fraud and dishonesty in his undertaking, and the danger of antagonizing the British is emphasized, since, according to the writer, 'This country (the Detroit region) does not belong to us any more than to them, and perhaps, if we cared to study their claims carefully, I am not sure that it would not belong more rightly to them than to us." 505. [CADILLAC]. DEED. Manuscript on printed form. Dated March 28, 1792. Lent by the United States Department of the Interior (Acadia National Park) Page 186 This transfer of land in the town of Mount Desert, Massachusetts, now within the state of Maine, was to John Handlev from Barthelemy de Gregoire and his wife, Marie-Therese de Lamothe Cadillac. She was the granddaughter of Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac. The land was part of one hundred thousand acres in Acadia granted to Cadillac in 1688 bv the Governor of New France and confirmed by Louis XIV in 1689. CARTE DU CANADA . . . Paris, 1703, by Guillaume Delisle. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection In One Hundred Michigan Rarities (1950) the late Randolph G. Adams wrote of this map: "In 1702 Delisle drew his manuscript 'Carte du Canada et du Mississippi', upon which in the proper place is the conventional mark for a town, and immediately above it the words 'le Detroit.' These words are entirely within the area of the present state of Michigan and probably refer to the settlement and not the strait.'' The map was engraved and published in 1703. This is the first appearance on a printed map of the settlement of Fort Pontchartrain du Detroit. <=>&» •■-!- «=it» 507. FIRST VOLUME OF TLIE REGISTER OF SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, DETROIT, FOR 1704-1744. Manuscript. Lent by the Archdiocese of Detroit, Chancery Archives A church, soon to be known as Saint Anne's, was founded at Fort Pontchar- train du Detroit immediately after the establishment of the settlement on July 24, 1701. After occupying several buildings on different sites, this church exists in Detroit today at the corner of Saint Anne (formerly 19th) and Howard Streets. The earliest records were lost in a fire but from 1704 the parish registers of Saint Anne's are intact, the second oldest continuous Catholic church records in the United States. This first volume contains certificates of authenti city signed by Cadillac and the first surviving baptismal record is that of his daughter, Marie-Therese, on February 2, 1704. This volume, covering the years 1704 to 1744, contains registers of baptisms, marriages, and a few burials of the earliest settlers in Detroit, as well as some records of baptisms of Indians, listed as "sauvages." 508. PLAN DE MISSILIMAKINAK avec la description de la route du Mississippi, about 1717. Manuscript colored map, 19 3 /4 by 13 3 4 inches. Lent by the New- berry Library, Ayer Collection This official French map shows not only the new fort on the south shore of the Strait of Mackinac (present Mackinaw City), but also the old fort, the Jesuit mission, and the village of St. Ignace. In the title is given much informa- tion intended to be of value to the authorities in France, such as: "The Wiscon- Page 187 sin River is as large as the Seine at the Pont Royal"; "At Missilimakinak in 1716, during trading time, one would find there about 600 Frenchmen, coureurs de hois." Below this map are two others containing the plans of Fort Chamblv, on the Richelieu River, south of Montreal, and of Fort Frontenac, at present Kingston, Ontario. This map belongs to the series of Cartes Marines described under No. 65. 509. PIERRE POTIER (1708-1781). LIVRE DE COMPTE de la Mission des Hurons du Detroit, 1 733-175 1. Manuscript, book. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection Written in the almost microscopic hand of Father Pierre Potier, Jesuit mis- sionary to the Huron Indians at Bois Blanc Island and Sandwich for the last forty years of his life, this little account book, which records business transac- tions between the mission and the colonists at Detroit, includes the names of nearly all of the founders of the French colony. In the accounts we find also the price of nails, the use of wampum, records of petty disputes and lists of small debts to be paid in furs or coin. Bound with the account book are bap- tismal records for 1748-1751 and 1789-1791. 510. LEDGER listing Crown Subsidies to the French Settlers of Detroit, 1749-1752. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection In this volume, which probably is in the handwriting of the royal notarv at Fort Pontchartrain, are recorded the rations, or donations, of cattle, grain, seed and tools from the French government to pioneer French settlers in Detroit. 511. DOCUMENTS relating to the granting of a seigniorv at Sault Ste. Marie to Louis le Gardeur de Repentignv, 1750. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection These papers, concerning the onlv seigniorv ever granted in Michigan, are from a group ranging in date from 1690 to 1850, offered in the courts of the Linked States by the Repentignv family in an unsuccessful attempt to recover ownership of the properties, which had passed from French to British and then to American sovereigntv. Among the documents are such items as a copy of the original concession, 1750; a commission for a lieutenancy in the French army, 1693, signed by Louis XIV and Phelypeaux, Count de Pontchartrain; and the death certificate of the grantee, Louis le Gardeur de Repentignv, 1786. 512. CARTE DE LA RIVIERE DU DETROIT. Adapted by C. E. Hickman after the map executed by de Lery fils, 1752. Manuscript colored map, 2\Vi by I8V2 inches. Lent by Mrs. Elleine H. Stones The most important French cartographer of Detroit in the middle of the eighteenth century was Joseph Gaspard Chaussegros de Lery, known as de Lery pis. A feature of his map of the Detroit River in 1752 is the indication of the location of property owners, the early French habitants of the present Detroit area. The C. E. Hickman adaptation from the de Lerv original in the French 'age 188 B» lll lWiW^J8ti iBl" ' »l»JLi4 '' -fe* . ^..j-jr^ggg 7\ ~x HA Plan of Detroit with its Environs, bv John Montresor. Lent by the William L. Clements Library [No. 516] Archives was made to achieve greater legibility. St. Aubin, Chesne, Campault, Beaubien, Reaume and Navarre are among the familiar names to be read among the owners of the French ribbon farms of that day. 513. GRANT OF LAND, signed by Robert Rogers and four principal Chippewa Indian Chiefs, 1760. Manuscript and Wampum Belt. Lent by the Detroit His- torical Society through the courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection This deed is perhaps the first Indian grant made to a native American for land in the Upper Peninsula. It was signed at Detroit on December 23, 1760, and refers to copper deposits on Lake Superior's south shore, which Champlain had already mentioned in his first book, Des Sauvages (1603). Robert Rogers of Methuen, Massachusetts, was sent bv the British soon after the fall of Quebec, to take over the command of Detroit from the French. Attached to this grant is a wampum belt to which the following memor- andum, appended to the grant, refers: "The four principal Chiefs have signed or made their marks. The head Warriors & Young Chiefs with all their Village presented the above Belt which They ever will acknowledge. The Belt must always be Shown when the deed is presented to them. The three white marks in the belt express the three Rivers Viz Copper River on the West, Ontonowagon Paoc 189 on the East and Little River in the Center. The three rows of black wampum on each end represent three miles to the west; land for three miles to the west of Copper River to be included in the above deed & three miles to the East of Ontonowagon. The Black between the White includes the land between the Rivers. R. Rogers" 514. JACQUES NICOLAS BELLIN. LE PETIT ATLAS MARITIME, Paris, 1764. 5 vols. Lent by Dr. O. O. Fisher In volume I, plate 12 is entitled "La Riviere du Detroit depuis le Lac Sainte Claire jusqu'au Lac Erie." It is based upon Chaussegros de Lery's map of the Detroit River in 1752, with his "Plan du Port du Detroit" of 1749 as an inset. This is the first printed plan of the City of Detroit. 515. COLONEL JOHN MONTRESOR, by John Singleton Copley (1738-1815). Oil on canvas, 30 by 25 inches. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts John Montresor (1736-1799), Lieutenant, later Colonel, of Engineers in the British Army, came to America with Braddock. In 1763 he relieved Major Glad- win, besieged in Fort Detroit bv Pontiac, and in 1764 he constructed a citadel on the west side of the town. He has been called the ablest cartographer with the British forces in America. 516. PLAN OF DETROIT WITH ITS ENVIRONS, bv John Montresor. Manu- script map, 1 3V4 by 23 V4 inches. Lent by the William L. Clements Library Pierre Berthelet, by Louis Dulongpre. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts [No. 517] Marguerite Viger, Wife of Pierre Berthelet, by Louis Dulongpre. Col- lection of The Detroit Institute of Arts [No. 518] Page 190 Montresor drew this map in 1763 during the siege of Detroit by Pontiac and inscribed it to Sir Jeffrey Amherst. Note "Pondiacs Encampments" on the river above Detroit. The sketch of' the fort itself, though very tiny, appears to be accurate. On October 29, 1763, Montresor notes in his Journal: "Began my survey of the Fort and environs." In 1763 and on a return visit in 1764, he gave valuable help in the strengthening and enlargement of the fort at Detroit. This map shows the fort, the town, and the countryside along the Detroit river which the French surrendered to the English in 1760. PIERRE BERTHELET, by Louis Dulongpre (1754-1843). Pastel, \1V\ by 15% inches. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts Pierre Berthelet (1746-1830), of Montreal, practiced medicine and engaged in fur-trading in Detroit. A wealthy land-owner, he also operated the town pump, a flour mill and a brewery. Me returned to Montreal in 1777 or 1778, but left a son, Henri Berthelet, to grow up in Detroit and manage his business and real estate affairs. His first wife was a Detroiter; his second was Marguerite Viger of Boucherville, Quebec, whose portrait, also painted by Dulongpre, is preserved with that of her husband. The artist, born in Paris, was a musician, topographer, stage manager, and portrait painter. After fighting on the side of the Colonies in the War of Inde pendence, he came to Montreal and was noted for his pastel portraits. MARGUERITE VIGER, WIFE OF PIERRE BERTHELET, by Louis Du- longpre (1754-1843). Pastel, 17-^4 by 15% inches. Collection of The Detroit In- stitute of Arts Marguerite Viger of Boucherville, Quebec, was the second wife of Pierre Berthelet, whose portrait is also in this exhibition. A VIEW IN DETROIT, about 1790. Wash drawing, 6% by 814 inches. / enl hy the Burton Historical Collection From the first ninety years or so of the existence of the settlement at Detroit, no view of the town, other than suggested in maps or plans, has survived. It is possible that the first view of Detroit is this drawing found among the John Askin papers in the Burton Historical Collection. It has been attributed to Captain David Meredith of the Royal Artillery, son-in-law of John Askin, merchant of Detroit. VIEW OF DETROIT IN 1794. By E. H., an unidentified artist. Wash draw ing, 11!4 by 18 inches. Lent hy the Burton Historical Collection This view probably was executed by one of the British officers resident in Fort Lernoult while Detroit was still in the hands of the British awaiting its transfer to the American government, which took place on July 1 1, 1796. This is the earliest authenticated view of the fortifications and settlement of Detroit. Page 191 View of Detroit in 1794, bv E. H. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection [No. 520] It shows the southwest corner of the Citadel and the town south of Fort Lernoult, with a sweep of the Detroit River. 521. MAP SHOWING THE SETTLEMENT AT DETROIT AND FORT LERNOULT, 1799, by John Jacob Ulrich Rivardi (died 1808). Water color manuscript map, 22Vs by 18*4 inches. Lent by the William L. Clements Library This map shows the old fort and settlement of Detroit near the river, and also the more recent Fort Lernoult, built in 1778 on the site now occupied bv the Federal Building and the Detroit Trust Company. It is signed and dated "By J. J. U. Rivardi, Niagara, March 29, 99." Rivardi was a Major in the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers, LI. S. Army, stationed in Detroit in 1797. 522. EDWARD WALSH (1756-1832). A VIEW OF DETROIT AND THE STRAITS, taken from the Huron Church June 22nd, 1804. Water color, 19% by 14 5/ ie inches. Lent by the William L. Clements Library Edward Walsh was Surgeon of the 49th (or Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot. During 1803-04-05, he kept a water color sketch book in which he recorded scenes visited in Canada. The old French town of Detroit, as shown by Walsh in his view of 1804, was almost wholly destroyed bv fire in the next year. 523. ABIJAH HULL. PLAN OF DETROIT, 1807. Pen and ink, 17 by 26 inches. Lent by the Detroit Historical Society through the courtesy of the Burton His- torical Collection This, the first official plan made of Detroit after the Great Fire of 1805, was drawn in January, 1807, by Abijah Hull. Largely through the efforts of Judge Augustus B. Woodward, this plan of Detroit, known as the "Governor and Page 192 Judges Plan/' was adopted bv Congress. It was, however, never carried out in its entirety, although Grand Circus Park and the streets radiating from it, as well as Woodward Avenue, are the result of this early American effort at city plan- ning. It is very probable that the Woodward plan was influenced in part by Major L'Enfant's plan of the new capital city at Washington Qcf- Buford L. Pickens, Art Quarterly, VI, 1943, p. 45). It is known that when Woodward worked on the plan here in Detroit, he had in his possession a copy of L'Enfant's plan of Washington. 524. FATHER GABRIEL RICHARD, PASTOR OF SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, DETROIT, 1802-1832, by James Otto Lewis (1790-1858). Oil on canvas, 28 by 24 inches. Lent by Saint Anne's Church, Detroit Father Gabriel Richard (1767-1832), born in Saintes, left France at the time of the French Revolution. Arriving in America in June 1792, he did missionary work in the Illinois country until 1798, when he came to Detroit. He lived in Detroit until his death, thirty-four years later. Here he restored St. Anne's Church, opened schools for bovs and girls, established a printing press (1809), was appointed Vice-President and Director of the University of Michigan (1817), elected Delegate from the Michigan Territory to Congress (1823). He is one of Detroit's great citizens. Perhaps the best literary portrait of Father Richard is that given by Monseigneur Plessis, Bishop of Quebec, who visited Detroit in 1818. "This ecclesiastic,'' wrote the Bishop, "is, in short, completely worthy of esteem by reason of his orderly life, the variety of his knowledge, and above all by an activity of which it is difficult to form an idea. He has a talent of doing, almost at the same time, ten things entirely different. In charge of the news- paper, aware of all political news, always ready to discuss religion when the opportunity offers and very well equipped in theology, he makes hay, gathers the fruits of his garden, picks up a peach on the ground before him, teaches one young fellow mathematics, shows another how to read, says a prayer, estab- lishes a printing press, confesses everybody, brings over carding machines, a spinning jenny and looms to teach his parishioners how to work them, keeps his records up-to-date, demonstrates an electrical machine, visits the sick at a great distance, writes and receives letters from everywhere, preaches every Sun- day and feast day, at length and wisely, adds to his library, spends the nights without sleep, is on the go all dav, loves to talk, sees company, catechises his young parishioners, looks after a school for girls, under teachers of his choice, which he directs as a community at the same time that he teaches plain chant to young boys in a school founded by him, lives frugally, carries himself well, as well physically at the age of fifty as most men are at thirty . . ." (quoted from Stanley Pargellis, Father Gabriel Richard, Detroit, 1950.) 525a-i. PUBLICATIONS FROM THE PRESS OF FATHER GABRIEL RICH- ARD, DETROIT, 1809-1812. In 1809 Father Richard brought to Detroit a •&- Page 193 printing press which, under his guidance, established the printing of books, leaflets, broadsides, and newspapers on a firm basis for the first time in the Mich- igan territory. The printers whose names appear on these publications are James M. Miller (1809-10), Aaron Coxshaw (1810-12), and Theophilus Mettez (1812- 1816). About this last date other printers appear and the first newspaper of any permanence in Michigan, the Detroit Gazette, was founded by Sheldon and Reed in 1817 and continued until 1830. In 1832, when he died, Father Richard still had his "printing press with 800 pounds of types and letters." The full history and final fate of this press is not known but, under the inspiration of Father Richard, in its early days it held a place of first importance in Detroit's cultural history, in the service of religion, education, public informa- tion, and literary inspiration. The products of the Richard press, on none of which his name ever appeared, stand today as svmbols of the educational zeal of this scholarly and humanitarian French prelate in Detroit. Several of the publications exhibited are of prime importance in local art history because they contain Detroit's first book illustrations, impressions from primitive but expressive copperplate engravings that mav well have been made by local craftsmen, perhaps a silversmith accustomed to incising designs on metals. (a) THE CHILD'S SPELLING BOOK; OR MICHIGAN INSTRUCTOR . . . Detroit, James M. Miller, 1809. (McMurtie, Early Printing in Mich- igan, no. 21). Lent by the Burton Historical Collection The preface is dated August 1, 1809. This was probably the first book printed on the Richard press in Detroit. It was advertised as "Just Pub- lished" in the onlv known issue of Detroit's first newspaper, the Michigan Essay of August 31, 1809, which was also a product of the Richard press. (b) LAME PENITENTE OU LE NOUVEAU PENSEZ-Y-BIEN; CON- SIDERATION SUR LES VE'RITE'S ETERNELLES . . . Detroit, Jacques M. Miller, MDCCCIX [1809]. (McMurtie, no. 25.) Lent hy the Burton Historical Collection Bound with three other publications of the Richard press (McMurtrie, nos. 36, 30, and 35, described below). (c) PRIERES AU SACRE COELIR DE JESUS [cover title]. [Detroit, A. Coxshaw, about 1810]. (McMurtrie, no. 32). Lent by the Archdiocese of Detroit, Chancery Archives Impression of copperplate engraving on top of page 1 : Sacred heart sur- rounded bv circular inscription, O Fournaise du Divin Amour!, angels and grapevines. (d) TABLE GENERALE DES FETES DOBLIGATION . . . Detroit, A. Page 194 V +/* :^ ^^ > i \ -if... 1 J | i ^J 7 i ^ 1 ! i Map Showing the Settle- ment at Detroit and Fort Lernoult, by John Jacob Ulrich Rivardi. Lent by the William J,. Clements Library [No. 521] Coxshaw, 1811 (McMurtrie, no. 36). Lent by the Archdiocese of Detroit, Chancery Archives (see illustration v. 204) Impression of copperplate engraving of Saint Francis Xavier, as frontis- piece facing title page, with legend, Saint Francois Xavier Priez pour Nous. Bound with NEUVAINE A L'HONNEUR DE ST. FRANCOIS XAVIER, Detroit, A. Coxshaw, 1810 (McMurtrie, no. 30); PRIERES PENDANT LA STE. MESSE [Detroit, A. Coxshaw, about 1810] (Mc- Murtrie, no. 35); LAME PENITENTE, Detroit, Jacques M. Miller, 1809 (McMurtrie, no. 25, described above). (e) RECUEIL DES PRIERES DEVOTES All SAINT SACREMENT, AU SACRE COEUR DE JESUS, A LA SAINTE VIERGE, A SAINT JOSEPH, &c [cover title], [Detroit, A. Coxshaw, about 1810]. Lent by the Archdiocese of Detroit, Chancery Archives Bound together in this volume are the following titles: PRIERE DE- VANT LE ST. SACREMENT. Impression of copperplate at top of page 1: Two angels adoring I lost in monstrance, encircled by inscription, Lowe soit et adore le tres St. Sacrement de Vautel, surrounded by vines and light Pane 195 rays (McMurtrie, no. 31); [PRIERES AU SACR£ COEUR DE JESUS], (McMurtrie, no. 32, described above); CHAPELET DU SACRE COEUR DE |ESUS (cf. McMurtrie, no. 32, perhaps not a separate title); MARIE! O NOM SOUS LEOUEL PERSONNE NE DOIT DESESPERER, ST. AUGUSTIN. Impression of copperplate engraving at top of page 1: Virgin Mary encircled by inscription, A I'honneur de I'immacule conception de la Ste. Vierge, surrounded by leaf scrolls and light rays (McMurtrie, no. 33); COURONNE DE ST. JOSEPH. Impression of copperplate engrav- ing, on page 1 : St. Joseph standing within oval beaded border (McMurtrie, no. 34). (f) LES ORNEMENS DE LA MEMOIRE: OU LES TRAITS BRILLANS DES POETES FRANCOIS LES PLUS CELEBRES . . . pour perfec- tionner 1 education de la jeunesse. Detroit, A. Coxshaw, 1811. (McMurtrie, no. 40). Lent by the William L. Clements Library (g) PETIT CATECHISME HISTORIOUE ... A SHORT HISTORICAL CATECHISM, CONTAINING A SUMMARY OF SACRED HIS- TORY AND CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. Detroit, Theophilus Mettez, 1812. (McMurtrie no. 48). Lent by the Archdiocese of Detroit, Chancery Archives Indicative of the Detroit reading public of Father Richards day is the printing of French and English texts on opposite pages. (h,i) TERMS OF GENERAL HULL'S SURRENDER OF DETROIT IN THE WAR OF 1812. Two broadsides with text in English and French, printed in Detroit by Theophilus Mettez, 1812. (McMurtrie, nos. 42 and 43). Lent by the Burton Historical Collection Again the two languages, French and English, were needed to reach the people of the Detroit area. The English text begins: "Camp at Detroit 16 August 1812. Capitulation for the Surrender of Fort Detroit, entered into between Major General Brock, commanding His Britannic Majesty's forces, on the one part; and Brigadier General Hull, commanding the North-Western Army of the Llnited States on the other part . . ." 526. THE JOSEPH CAMPAU FIOUSE IN DETROIT, by Frederick E. Cohen (died 1858). Oil on canvas, \9Vi by 24% inches. Signed lower right: F. E. Cohen. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection This building shows the style of architecture of many of the houses of Detroit before 1820, all of which have disappeared now. This was the home of Joseph Campau (1769-1863), descendant of a French settler who came to Detroit from Montreal in the days of Cadillac. In his time Joseph Campau was the wealthiest citizen and largest landowner in Detroit. Joseph Campau Street was named for him. This house, built shortly after the Fire of 1805 which destroyed most of Page 196 View of Detroit in 1836, by William James Bennett. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts [No. 527] the town of Detroit, stood on the south side of West Jefferson Avenue (formerly St. Anne Street) between Griswold and Shelby Streets. It was demolished in 1880. 527. VIEW OF DETROIT IN 1836, by William James Bennett (1787-1844). Oil on canvas, 17 ! /2 by 25 inches. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts The city of Detroit is seen from the Windsor shore. The spires on the skyline, from right to left, are the two cupolas of St. Anne's Roman Catholic Cathedral, the First Presbyterian Church, the square pinnacled tower of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church, the First Baptist Church, and the State Capitol. This painting has been engraved for the famous Bennett series of views of American cities. The aquatint engraving, issued in 1837, is inscribed: Painted by W. J. Bennett from a sketch by Frederick Grain. Grain made his sketch in Detroit in 1836 (Detroit Free Press, August 24, 1836). 528. ST. ANNE'S CHURCH OF DETROIT. Engraving by W. Harrison, George- town, D. G, 1837. Lent by the Burton Historical Collection Proof impression of the print used as the frontispiece for Julius P. Bolivar McCabe's Directory of the City of Detroit, (Detroit, 1837), the city's first printed directory. This is a view of the Church of Saint Anne's first building after the Fire of 1805. It was begun in 1818 through the efforts of Father Gabriel Richard, and dedicated in 1828. It stood on Larned Street, between Bates and Randolph, until demolished in 1886. Page 197 529. PEWTER CHALICE AND PATEN, early nineteenth century. Lent by the University of Notre Dame A crudely scratched inscription on the bottom of the chalice reads "From Old St. Ann's, Detroit." SILVER IN DETROIT AND MICHIGAN BY MAKERS OF FRENCH DESCENT There may have been in Michigan in the late seventeenth century a Jesuit mis- sionary who had once been a silversmith. An inventory of Cadillac's Detroit property, drawn up in 1712, shows that he owned the church building of his settlement and its furnishings, including "a chalice with its paten of silver, gilt inside, a monstrance of silver,"' and other pieces of ecclesiastical use. Nothing, however, is known today of Detroit silver of the French period (1701- 1760). It must have come largely from France or Canada and have resembled the pieces associated with Fort Saint-Joseph and Mackinac, shown here, or other con- temporary examples owned in New France. There are traces of silversmiths, or ar- morers and metalworkers, who might occasionally work in silver, in Detroit in the mid-eighteenth century. A number of personalities emerge in the English period (1760-1796) but their surviving works are rare and not found in Detroit. Of the in- creasing number of makers of silverware (much of it for the Indian trade) in the last quarter of the eighteenth century and first half of the nineteenth century, only a few are introduced here, and those few are chosen because their names, origin, and training were French or French Canadian. The contribution of the French to the story of early Detroit silver was important but is only part of a larger story of the making and use of silver in a western trading post, such as Detroit, which has still to be written. PAUL LAMBERT dit SAINT-PAUL. Arras, France, 1691; Quebec, 1749. 530. TWO-HANDLED PORRINGER (eciielle), bearing the arms of Nicolas Antoine Coulon de Villiers ( 1 708- 1750), son of Nicolas Antoine Coulon de Vil- liers who came from France to Canada by 1700. The father, from 1724 to 1730, was Commandant of the French Fort Saint-Joseph des Illinois (near present- day Niles, Michigan) and in 1733 was killed near the military post at La Baye des Puans (Green Bay, Wisconsin), where he was then Commandant. The son, born in Montreal, appears at Fort Saint-Joseph in 1725 as a god- father in the baptismal records of the Jesuit mission there. On the death of his father, he assumed command at La Baye, and from 1 740 to 1 742 was Com- mandant at Fort Saint-Joseph. He married in Quebec in 1743 and died in Montreal in 1750. Fort Saint- Joseph was established bv the French as early as 1693 near an earlier Jesuit mission and trading post. In relation to the Illi- nois country and the southwestern In- dians it held the same place of import- ance as Michilimackinac in the regions of Lake Superior, Wisconsin, and the West. It was taken over by the British in 1761, and for a brief moment in 1781 was under the Spanish flag. The fort was destroyed by the Spanish in 1781 and was never rebuilt. The fam- ily of Coulon de Villiers, in the person of the father, Nicolas Antoine Coulon Page 198 de Villiers, and his sons, notably Nicolas Antoine, Louis, Francois, and Joseph dit Jumonville, played an important role in the early history of Michigan and the Middle West, and in military affairs between New France and the English colonies during the French and Indian War. Lent by Louis Carrier FRANCOIS DE LIQUE. active about 1754. Paris?; Montreal, 531. CUP (gobelet de roquille), engraved with the surname and Indian emblem (a tortoise) of Louis- Toussaint Pothier (born 1740, married 1767), a prominent businessman of Montreal, a fur trader at Mackinac and one of the founders of the North W T est Company which brought furs out of the regions west and northwest of Lake Michigan for ship- ment to Montreal and to England. Lent by Louis Carrier JONAS or JOSEPH SCHINDLER. Quebec, Mackinac, Detroit and Montreal, active 1763-1792. Cup, by Francois de Lique. Lent by Louis Carrier [No. 531] First heard of in Quebec in 1763 as an "engineer of mathematical instruments," he was called a silversmith when he married Marie- Genevieve Maranda in 1764. Thereafter he combined trading with the making of silver, especially "silver works" for the Indian trade. In the spring of 1775 he joined Guillaume Monforton in equipping a trading expedition to Mackinac. In 1777, having come down from Mackinac to Detroit, he was tried before the Justice of the Peace, Philippe De Jean, disliked agent of Lieutenant Governor Henry Hamilton, for making silver below standard. In his defense, he stated that he had never served an apprenticeship to a silversmith and was not a good judge of the quality of silver, merely using old silver brought to him. His apprentice, Michel Forton, testified in his be- half. Schindler was acquitted by the jury, but Hamilton and De Jean, nevertheless, ordered him drummed out of town. After his humiliating forced departure from Detroit, Schindler settled in Montreal. Following his death in 1792, his widow continued the shop until she died in 1803. 532. SOUP LADLE, from a branch of the Baby family in Lachine, near Montreal, related to the Baby family of Detroit and Sandwich. Collection of The De- troit Institute of Arts 533. THIMBLE CUP Qgobelet a eau de vie), enoraved with initials I D. Lent by Louis Carrier FRANCOIS-PAUL MALCHER. Paris, about 1751; Detroit, 1810. Born in France and probably trained there as a silversmith, he was among the French who came to Gallipolis in Ohio in 1790. He was captured by the Indians and redeemed by the French of Detroit, where he was living at Springwells, west of the Fort, in 1796. There he was found by his former colleague at Gallipolis and fellow silversmith, the Paris- born Pierre-Jean Desnoyers, who came to De- troit in that year. In Detroit Malcher is re- corded as a silversmith as early as 1792. In 1802 he acquired the Saint-Bernard farm. lying east of the Fort of Detroit. In 1808 he gave this farm to the Catholic Church in Detroit, and the ownership of the property, variously called the Malcher Farm or the Page 199 Soup Ladle, by Jonas (or Joseph) Schindler. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts [No. 532] Church Farm, became the subject of litiga- tion into the twentieth century. Malcher died in Detroit, October 16, 1810. The inventory of his personal property indicates he was a watch and clock repairer, a jeweler, and a dealer in Indian trade silver. Among other things, he had 1220 earbobs, 30 concave brooches, 138 earwheels, and 4 snuff boxes containing trinkets claimed by the Indian chief, Walk-in- the- Water. 534. SPOON, with the maker's mark: the initials P. M. in a rectangle, and the name DETROIT in a rectangle. 1 his is one of two known pieces of early Detroit silver (about 1800) bearing the name of the place; the other is an In- dian trade silver cross by Antoine Oneal, also in this exhibition. Lent by Louis Carrier MICHEL FORTON. Quebec, 1754-about 1816; active in Detroit about 1777. Born in Quebec, Forton was apprenticed to Jonas Schindler and apparently accom- panied his master to the West. He was in Detroit in 1777 when he testified in favor of Schindler who was being tried for selling silver of bad quality. When Schindler settled in Montreal, Forton returned to Quebec where he died about 1816. 535. SPOON, from the Routier family of Sainte-Foye, near Quebec. Lent by Louis Carrier 536. SPOON. Lent by John E. Langdon PIERRE-JEAN DESNOYERS. Paris, France, 1772; Detroit, 1846. The son of a Parisian silversmith, Jean- Charles Roquillet-Desnoyers, and probably trained by him, Pierre-Jean Desnoyers came to America in 1790 to settle at Gallipolis, Ohio, but finding worthless the land titles sold by the Scioto Land Companv in France, he went first to Pittsburgh and then, in 1796, to Detroit. There he became an armorer in the army of General Anthony Wayne on the taking over of Detroit by the Americans. In 1803 he resumed the business of silversmith, joining with Jean-Baptiste Piquette in a part- nership which was dissolved bv the Great Fire of 1805. After that, Desnoyers conducted a general store and a silversmithing shop, making domestic silver and Indian trade silver. He retired from business in 1835 but con- tinued to play an important role in civic and church affairs until his death. 537-538. TWO SPOONS. Lent by Miss Elizabeth Van Dyke Broxvnson ANTOINE ONEAL (ONEL, ONELLE, ONEIL, ONEILLE). Quebec, about 1770; Missouri Territory, about 1820. A native of Quebec, Antoine Oneal first appears in Detroit when he marries Catherine Cicotte at Saint Anne's, February 13, 1797. In that year he was making "silverworks" for John Askin, prominent merchant and Indian trader of Detroit and Sandwich. In 1798 he was described as "marchand orfevre" when he purchased a house and lot from another De- troit silversmith, Israel Ruland. By 1803 he had removed to Vincennes, Indiana, where he made silver for the government trading pjst at Fort Wayne. In 1820 he was called "of St. Genevieve in the Missouri Territory." He is also mentioned as beino of St. Louis, so Page 200 it may be assumed that he died in the Missouri region. 539. PENDANT CROSS FOR THE IN- DIAN TRADE, marked A O in a rec- tangular punch and Detroit in italic script in a rectangle. This cross and a spoon by Francois-Paul Malcher in this exhibition are the only two known pieces of early Detroit silver, dating from before 1820, with the name of the place stamped on by the maker. The cross was found in an Indian burial ground on the bank of the Detroit River, below Amherstburg, Ontario, in 1891. Lent by George F. Macdonald JEAN-BAPTISTE PIQUETTE. Montreal, 1781; Detroit, 1813. From 1803 to 1805 Jean-Baptiste Piquette was a silversmith in partnership with Pierre- Jean Desnoyers. This business connection was terminated bv the Great Fire of 1805 but Piquette continued to make silver, much of it for the Indian trade, until his death in 1813. Two of his sons, Jean-Baptiste (1809- 1851) and Charles (1813-1859), too young at their father's death to have been trained by hirn. continued his trade as silversmiths and jewelers. 540. SPOON, engraved C C in script for Christian Clemens (1768-1844), found- er of Mount Clemens, Michigan. Lent by Miss Rebecca L. Crittenden DOMINIQUE RIOPELLE. Detroit, 1787- 1859. The Pierre Riopelle who appears in Detroit business records about 1810 as a silversmith and maker of Indian silverworks, was probably the son (1772-1811) of Ambroise Riopelle, who came to Detroit from L'Ange Gardien in Quebec. Pierre's younger brother, Dom- inique (1787-1859), may be identified with the silversmith who marked his wares D. REOPELLE in Roman capitals in an en- grailed cartouche and D R in script in an oval punch. 541-542. TWO SPOONS, engraved with initials A G in script and stamped L. L. T. (perhaps for Louis La Touche of Pvepentigny in Quebec). Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts 543. Chalice, by Victor Rouquette. Lent by the Archdiocese of Detroit, Chancery Archives [No. 544] GORGET FOR THE INDIAN TRADE, engraved with a tortoise, probably the emblem of the Tortoise tribe of Fluron Indians. Lent by / ouis Carrier Page 201 VICTOR ROUQUETTE. Detroit, active 1818-1824. Of unknown origin and training, though presumably French or Canadian, Victor Rou- quette appears many times in the records of Saint Anne's Church at Detroit between the years 1818 and 1824. Nothing is known of him before or after this period. In the Detroit Gazette for October 16, 1818, "Mr. Rouquette, goldsmith and jeweller, gives no- tice that he has established himself at the house of Mr. La Douceur, . . . where he will do all kinds of gold and silver work." In 1818 he engraved on a copper plate the commem- orative inscription placed in the cornerstone of the new building of Saint Anne's Church, begun by Father Gabriel Richard. In 1821 he made the silver tankard presented by citi- zens of Detroit to General Alexander Macomb on his leaving Detroit for Washington. 544. CFIALICE, silver gilt, engraved around the foot: FAIT • ET • DONNE • PAR • VICTOR • ROUQUETTE • A • L' EGLISE • DE ■ STE • ANNE • DU • DETROIT • A • L'HONNEUR • DE • LA • TRES • SAINTE • VIERGE • MARIE • EN • AVRIL • 1819 • This was a donation by Rouquette to the new church of Saint Anne, begun in 1818, dedicated in 1828, and in use until demolished in 1886. The parish and church possessions were then di- vided and this chalice fell to the Church of Saint Joachim whence it came into the custody of the Chancerv. Lent hy the Archdiocese of Detroit, Chancery Archives 545-547. THREE SPOONS, engraved with the initials J B V in script, for Jean- Baptiste Vernier dit La Douceur (1763- 1834) of Detroit and Grosse Pointe. Rouquette lived in his house in 1818 and was apparently a close friend of the family. Lent hy Mrs. James J. Hayes, Jr., Mrs. Albert Jarrett, and Mrs. Ed- ward W. Treanore Genevieve Borgia Levasseur, born in the Dio- cese of Quebec and residing in Detroit by 1817, Jean-Baptiste Bequette was married at Saint Anne's in Detroit, July 2, 1824, to Therese Durette (or Duret) in the presence of Victor Rouquette, the silversmith. After his marriage, Bequette seems to have removed to Fort Wayne, Indiana, at that time a more advanced post for trading with the Indians. As earlv as 1826 and as late as 1843 he was making "silverworks" for William G. and George W. Ewing, traders at Fort Wayne and Logansport, Indiana. 548. SPOON, engraved J C in script, for Joseph Carrier of Quebec and Beau- mont, Province of Quebec. Lent hy Louis Carrier CHARLES PIQUETTE. Detroit, 1813-1859. Onlv eleven weeks old when his father, Jean-Baptiste Piquette, died, Charles Piquette later followed his father's profession. His ac- tivity falls in the period of transition when the personal handwork of the master silversmith was giving way to factory-made, often machine-made, silverware. At times in part- nership with his elder brother, Jean-Baptiste Piquette (1809-1851), Charles Piquette was a prominent manufacturing silversmith and jeweler in Detroit from the 1830's to the 1850's. In the Detroit Tree Press for Septem- ber 23, 1850 appears this notice: "Charles Piquette has removed his gold pen manu- factory and jewelry establishment to the new slate-colored front, 117 Jefferson Avenue, be- tween Woodward Avenue and Griswold Street, where experienced workmen are em- ployed in the branches of watch repairing and manufacturing of gold pens, jewelry and silverware." 549. SPOON, engraved F R K in script for Fanny R. Granger Kanter (Mrs. Edward Kanter) of New York and Michigan. Collection of The Detroit Institute of Arts JEAN-BAPTISTE BEQUETTE. Quebec, Detroit, Indiana, active 1817-43. Son of Michel Bequette (or Becquet) and 550-551. TWO SPOONS, engraved E P in script for Elizabeth Payne of Detroit and Sandwich, Ontario. Lent hy Miss Eleanor Crnickshank Page 202 Pendant Cross for the Indian Trade, by Antoinc Oneal. Lent by George F. Macdonald [No. 539] Page 203 Frontispiece and Title Page of Table Geneeale . . ., Detroit, 1811. Lent by the Archdiocese of Detroit, Chancery Archives [No. 525d] Selected Bibliography America)! Processional, 1492-1900. The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. 1950. Band, Charles W., History of the Huguenot Emigration to America. Two volumes. New York, 1885. Balch, Thomas, The French in America during the War of Independence of the United States, 1777-1783. A translation bv Thomas Willing Balch, etc. Phila- delphia, 1891. Baldensperger, Fernand, Le Mouvement des Idees dans Immigration francaise, 1789- 1815. Two volumes. Paris, 1924. Barbeau, Alarius, Quebec where Ancient France Lingers. Quebec [1936]. 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Fay, Bernard, L' esprit revolutionnaire en France et aux Etats-Unis a la fin du at///' siecle. Paris, 1925. Fosdick, Lucian J., The French Blood in America. New York, 1906. France and New England. Boston, State Street Trust Company, 1925-1938. The French American Review, A Quarterly Published bv the Institut Francais de Washington. Habert, Jacques, When New York was called Angouleme. New York, 1949. James, J. A., "French Diplomacy and American Politics, 1794-5," Annual Report of the American Historical Association, I, 1911, pp. 151-164. Page 205 Jones, H. 3VL, America and French Culture. Chapel Hill, 1927. Kite, Elizabeth S., Beaumarcliais and the War of American Independence. Two volumes. Boston, 1918. McDermott, John Francis, Private Libraries in Creole St. Louis. Baltimore, 1938. Michaux, Andre, "Journal d'Andre Michaux," Proceedings of the American Philo- sophical Society, XXVI, October 19, 1888, pp. 8-145. (Edited by C. S. Sargent.) Minnegerode, M., Jefferson, Friend of France. 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C, American Llistorical Prints . . . New York, 1933. Three Centuries of American History, 1493T793. An exhibition held at the Free Library of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 1944. Thwaites, R. C, The Jesuit Relations . . . New York, 1925. Traquair, Ramsay, The Old Silver of Quebec. Toronto, 1940. Two Hundred and Fifty Years of Painting in Maryland. Baltimore Museum of Art, 1945. Wallace, Joseph, The History of Illinois and Louisiana . . . Cincinnati, 1893. [Zigrosser, Carl], "Franklin Portraits in The Rockefeller Collection," The Philadelphia Museum Bulletin, Winter 1948, pp. 17-31. Page 206 A c know led gments The Exhibition, The French in America, 1 520-1880, and the publica- tion of this catalog were made possible through the generous assistance of the City of Detroit and Detroit's 250th Birthday Festival Committee. The Detroit Institute of Arts acknowledges gratefully the loan of photographs from most of the lenders. The majority of the illustrations reproduced in this catalog, however, are from photographs taken by Mr. Sylvester Lucas. Thanks are due also to the Trick Art Reference Library for the loan of photographs of Mme. Hyde de Neuville's water colors, and to the National Audubon Society which photographed the portrait of General Bossier by John James Audubon. The organizers of the exhibition also wish to express their thanks to the staff of the Printing Division of the City of Detroit, which was responsible for the printing of this catalog. Pane 207 708.1D481F UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA C001 THE FRENCH IN AMERICA, 1520-1880 DETROIT 3 0112 025317527 mm Warn flu m «■ tsm 111118 ni nr --JSBBH BHB8