JNCOLN ROOM UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY MEMORIAL the Class of 1901 founded by HARLAN HOYT HORNER and HENRIETTA CALHOUN HORNER ^Xt~*/ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/witwisdomofabrahOOIinc THE WIT AND WISDOM OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN The Wit and Wisdom of as Reflected in His Briefer Letters and Speeches EDITED DY H. JACK LANG CLEVELAND •- b=z « NEW YORK THE WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY Published by THE WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY 2231 WEST 110TH STREET ' CLEVELAND * OHIO TOWER BOOKS EDITION FIRST PRINTING SEPTEMBER 1942 SECOND PRINTING MARCH 1943 THIRD PRINTING AUGUST I943 FOURTH PRINTING MARCH 1944 FIFTH PRINTING NOVEMBER 1946 HC COPYRIGHT I94I BY THE WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA • ILfeB VVVV\\\U\\VV\VVVV\VVVVV\VVVV\VVVVVUVVVVWvVVVVVV\VVVVt\VWVVW /VWM Contents VVVVV\V\\VVVV\\VVVVVV\AM,\Vt\\VV\A.VXV\VVV\V\VVUVV\\\\VVVVVtVV^VVVVVV\VVVV\VVVV\\VU\\VUVVUVVWV\VVVVV'vVUU\\\\V Postmaster, Lawyer, Representative of the People (1832-1861) PAGE First Political Speech 1 To George Spears 2 To the Editor of the Sangamon Journal 3 To Robert Allen 5 To Mary Owens 7 To Mary Speed 10 To Joshua F. Speed 15 To William H. Herndon 16 To William H. Herndon 19 To Thomas Lincoln and John D . Johnston 21 To Judge Stephen T. Logan 25 To C. U. Schlater 26 To Abraham Bale 27 Notes For a Law Lecture 29 To John D. Johnston 33 To L. M. Hays 35 Fragment 36 To Joseph Gillespie 38 To W. H. Henderson 40 To Joshua F. Speed 42 To R. P. Morgan 5° To George P. Floyd 5 1 To Henry Walker Bishop 52 To Julian M. Sturtevant 53 To Stephen A. Douglas 55 To Stephen A. Douglas 56 [v] To N. B. Judd 57 To Henry Asbury 59 Lincoln Autograph 60 To H. L. Pierce and Others 61 To a New York Firm 65 To T. J. Pickett 66 To Dr. Theodore Canisius 68 To J. W. Fell 70 To O. P. Hall, J. R. Fullenwider and U. F. Correll 74 Reply to Chicago Convention Committee 77 To Charles C. Nott 79 To George Ashmun 82 To George Latham 83 To Professor Gardner 85 To William D.Kelly 86 To Grace Bedell 87 To William S. Speer 89 To Alexander H. Stephens 9 1 Address at Springfield 93 Address at Indianapolis 95 Address at Philadelphia 98 The President (1861-1865) To William H. Seward 101 To William H. Seward 102 To Leonard Swett 105 To Major Robert Anderson 106 To Gustavus V. Fox 108 To Colonel Ellsworth's Parents 110 To Major Ramsey 112 To Edwin M. Stanton 113 To Major-General Hunter 114 To Edwin M. Stanton 118 To George B. McClellan 120 [vi] To J ohn W. Crisfield 1 2 1 To William H. Seward 123 To Reverdy Johnson 1 2 5 To August Belmont 128 Note to Colonel Fielding 130 To Horace Greeley 1 3 1 Reply to Interdenominational Religious Committee . 134 To Hannibal Hamlin 141 Speech at Frederick, Maryland 143 Telegram to General George B. McClellan 144 Telegram to General George B. McClellan 145 To General Nathaniel P. Banks 147 Telegram to Governor John A. Andrew 149 To the Army of the Potomac 1 50 To Fanny McCullough 152 Final Emancipation Proclamation 154 To General Samuel R. Curtis 159 To "Fighting Joe" Hooker 162 To Governor Horatio Seymour 165 Telegram to "Fighting Joe" Hooker 167 Telegram to General Daniel Tyler 169 Speech Before the Treasury Building 1 70 To General John M. Schofield 1 7 1 Response to a Serenade 173 To Ulysses S. Grant 176 To General George G. Meade 1 78 To General Oliver O. Howard 181 To Postmaster-General Montgomery Blair 183 To James C. Conkling 1 85 To General William S. Rosecrans 193 Telegram to J. K. Dubois and O. M. Hatch 195 To O. M. Hatch and J. K. Dubois 196 To Thurlow Weed 197 [vii] To Montgomery Blair 198 Letter Quoted by the Washington Star 200 To James H. Hackett 201 To Secretary-of-War Edwin M. Stanton 203 Address at the Gettysburg National Cemetery 204 To Edward Everett 206 To General George G. Meade 208 Indorsement on Document to Edwin M. Stanton 210 To Salmon P. Chase 2 1 1 To A. G. Hodges 214 Address at Baltimore 220 To Ulysses S. Grant 225 To Edwin M. Stanton 227 To William Cullen Bryant 228 To Salmon P. Chase 231 To Edwin M. Stanton 232 Telegram to Ulysses S. Grant 234 Secret Memorandum 235 Address to the 148th Ohio Regiment 236 To Eliza P. Gurney 239 To Postmaster-General Montgomery Blair 241 Response to Serenade 243 To Mrs. Bixby 246 To John Phillips 248 Response to Serenade 250 To William Tecumseh Sherman 251 To Edwin M. Stanton 253 To Ulysses S. Grant 254 Reply to Congressional Committee 256 Second Inaugural Address 257 To Thurlo w Weed 2 6 1 Telegram to Ulysses S. Grant 263 The President's Last, Shortest, and Best Speech 264 [ viii ] *VVVVVVVVVVV\VIVVVVV\AVVVVVVVV\VVVVVVVVV\VVVVVVVVVVVM Introduction AVVV\VVV\\VVVVVVVVVV\\VVVVVVV\VVVVVVVVVVV\V\V\VVVV\V^^ I All art does but consist in the removal of surplusage. —Walter Pater "The artist," said Schiller, "may be known rather by what he omits; and in literature, too, the true artist may be best recognized by his tact of omission." Abra- ham Lincoln exercised this "tact of omission" to an amazing degree. In the following pages an attempt has been made to collect, for the first time, Lincoln's masterpieces of brevity; the brevity which was not only the soul of his wit, but the sinew of his strength and the heart of his compassion. Lincoln, said the London Spectator, could never tolerate the tyranny of mere words, but always pressed through them to the reality beyond. When Lincoln spoke he was an orator, never an elocutionist. Said Robert G. Ingersoll, in drawing this distinction: "The elocutionists believe in the virtue of voice, the sublimity of syntax, the majesty of long sentences, and the genius of gesture. "The orator loves the real, the simple, the na- tural. He places the thought above all. He knows that the greatest ideas should be expressed in the shortest words— that the greatest statues need the least drapery." Lincoln's lessons in brevity began early. Everyone is familiar with the picture of gangling, young Abe, book in hand, stretched full-length before the fire, in his rough-hewn log-cabin. His first efforts at composition were written in charcoal, on the small area he was able to scrape clean on the back of a wood shovel. Paper was a precious commodity in the Lincoln household, and when young Abe was able to find a small scrap, he was forced "to cut his words close." What formal education he had was picked up in "blab schools," where all writing and reading were done out loud. Lincoln never gave up this habit of reading out loud as he wrote, and as William E. Barton observed, "His verbal precision came in part from his weighing the word, both the sense and the sound, as he wrote it." The subjects of Lincoln's study, as well as the manner, pointed toward a lucidity and conciseness of style. He formed a pattern of logic and clarity from his studies [x] of Euclid and he drank deeply from the "Grand Sim- plicities of the Bible." His early legal training contributed, too. 'In law," wrote Lincoln to Usher F. Linder, "it is a good policy never to plead what you need not, lest you oblige your- self to prove what you cannot/' Linder was the lawyer young Abe had once "let down" in a criminal case, by making a brief appeal when he was expected to make a very long one. "I shall never be old enough," said Lin- coln on this and many later occasions, "to speak without embarrassment when I have nothing to say." Throughout his whole life we find that brevity had an important influence on Lincoln. We learn, too, that it frequently served him as an evaluation of the merit of others. After reading one of the speeches General Grant had made to his army, Lincoln declared, "The modesty and brevity of that address shows that the officer issuing it ... is the man to command." When Henry Clay died in 1852 Lincoln said in his Eulogy: "Mr. Clay's eloquence did not consist, as many fine specimens of eloquence do, of types and figures, of antithesis and elegant arrangement of words and sentences, but rather of that deeply earnest and im- passioned tone and manner which can proceed only from great sincerity, and a thorough conviction in the speaker of the justice and importance of his [xi] cause. This it is that truly touches the chords of sympathy; and those who heard Mr. Clay never failed to be moved by it, or ever afterward forgot the impression. All his efforts were made for prac- tical effect. He never spoke merely to be heard." Having little of the magniloquent in his own nature Lincoln had little patience when he found it in others. When he read an unnecessarily long and verbose brief a lawyer had prepared, Lincoln remarked,— "It's like the lazy preacher that used to write long sermons, and the explanation was, he got to writin' and was too lazy to stop." There are many incidents reminiscent of the great philosopher Pascal who once apologized to a friend for having written a twenty-page letter, saying that he had "no leisure to make it shorter." General Cameron, Lin- coln's first Secretary of War, wrote the President-Elect in 1860, "You may as well be getting your inaugural address ready, so as to have plenty of time to make it short." Even in formal state papers, Lincoln believed in saying what he had to say in the fewest possible words, without frills or ornamentation of any kind. "What a sharpshooter's bead he could draw in one sentence," said Carl Sandburg who related the story of one occa- sion when Secretary of State Seward suggested that Lin- coln's message to the British Prime Minister could be [xu] couched in more diplomatic terms, to befit that digni- tary's lofty station. Said Mr. Lincoln: ''Mr. Secretary, do you suppose Palmerston will understand our position from my letter, just as it is?" "Certainly, Mr. President." "Do you suppose the London Times will?" "Certainly." "Do you suppose the average Englishman of affairs will?" "Certainly. It cannot be mistaken in England." "Do you suppose that a hackman on his box will understand it?" "Very readily, Mr. President." "Very well, Mr. Secretary, I guess we'll let her slide just as she is." There is evidence after evidence that brevity of style was not only inborn in Abraham Lincoln but that it was an objective which he assiduously pursued. He con- cluded a terse note to John Bennett by saying, "This is not a long letter but it contains the whole story." Lincoln's Wit and Wisdom makes fascinating read- ing because he was a master of the art of economizing your— the reader's— time. There is no extraneous verbi- age to cloud the light of his shining truths. The Cam- bridge History of American Literature's seventeen-page tribute to Lincoln's writings testifies that they will for- [ x "i ] ever rank among the worlds models of brevity. Their greatness is best summed up by Harriet Beecher Stowe: "We say of Lincoln's writing, that for all true, manly purposes of writing, there are passages in his state papers that could not be better put— they are absolutely perfect. They are brief, condensed, intense, and with a power of insight and expression which make them worthy to be inscribed in letters of gold." II And when he fell in whirlwind, he went down As when a kingly cedar green with boughs, Goes down with a great shout upon the hills, And leaves a lonesome space against the sky. —Edwin Markham Abraham Lincoln left "a lonesome place against the sky," but his words live on because their ringing truths were not for the ears of his age alone. "I am little inclined to say anything unless I hope to produce some good by it," wrote Lincoln. It is be- cause of this determination that we find so much mean- ingful counsel compressed into every sentence he uttered or wrote. Em] Lincoln's words were words of wisdom whether he was advising a faltering general, a shiftless stepbrother, an influential newspaper editor, or a young man struggling to make his way in the world. Lincoln, the lawyer, the father, the leader of his country, asked himself the same questions we are asking ourselves today. "What is Democracy?" queried Lin- coln and then proceeded to give an admirable definition in two short sentences. "Shall the liberties of this country be preserved?" wondered Lincoln and then told the assembled citizens of Indianapolis, "When the people rise in mass in be- half of the liberties of this country, truly it may be said, 'The gates of hell cannot prevail against them.' ' "It has long been a grave question," observed Lin- coln on another occasion, "whether any government, not too strong for the liberties of its people, can be strong enough to maintain its existence in great emerg- encies." The answer Lincoln found not in material resources but in the resolute spirit of the American people. "Gold is good in its place, but living, brave, patriotic men are better than gold." So amazingly applicable to present conditions are the observations of Lincoln that we find it difficult to be- lieve they were uttered for any time but our own. Is it really Lincoln, and not a contemporary, who said that when the "Know-Nothings," who preached the doctrine [xv] of racial hatred, should come into control, "I shall pre- fer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty,— to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocrisy." Is Lincoln not speaking of our own fifth-columnists when he writes John W. Crisfield decrying the attitude of the courts in finding "a safe place for certain men to stand on the Constitution, whilst they should stab it in another place." Again, when a minister used his pulpit to preach un-American doctrines, Lincoln in- structed General Curtis: ''When an individual in a church or out of it becomes dangerous to the public interest, he must be checked; but let the churches, as such, take care of themselves. There is hardly a modern problem which Lincoln has not thought through for us with his great and good judgment. He recognized the "hard dilemma" which every conscientious objector and true pacifist faces, opposed as he is, "on principle and faith," to both war and oppression. In his inspired letter of September 4, 1864 he answers this perplexing question not only for Eliza P. Gurney of the Quaker Society of Friends but for all conscientious objectors to come. Lincoln's wisdom is not only revealed in his judg- ments on the great issues of the day but in his counsel on everyday affairs. Lincoln was always a keen student of [xvi] human psychology. His letters to his generals comprise a comprehensive study in the strategy of handling people. He knew just when to be firm and unyielding, when to praise or to censure, and when to be humbly apologetic to gain his end. In his famous letter to "Fighting Joe" Hooker, Lin- coln knew he could safely say, "I have heard, in such a way as to believe it, of your recently saying that both the army and the government needed a dictator. What I now ask of you is military success, and I will risk the dictatorship." To the complaining General Hunter he admonished, "He who does something at the head of one Regiment, will eclipse him who does nothing at the head of a hundred." In a gentler vein he could chide General McClellan for his over-cautiousness and inaction, or write letters of encouragement and grateful appreciation. Most remark- able of his expressions of gratitude were those written not in appreciation of successes gained, but in dark hours of defeat, when he knew that his generals had exerted their best efforts. His letters to Gustavus Fox, who failed in his attempt to provision Fort Sumter; to General Meade, who failed to pursue his advantage after Gettysburg; and to the Army of the Potomac after their crushing defeat at Fredericksburg, best show Lincoln's sympathetic understanding. Among Lincoln's earlier writings we find many ex- amples of his unfailing sense of humor— his "rat-hole" letter to a New York firm, his soap testimonial to Pro- fessor Gardner, his much-quoted letter to little Grace Bedell— to name just a few. It is a commentary on his greatness of spirit that in later years, even in times of most serious crises, his sense of humor never deserted him. Lincoln's instinctive faculty for finding the right word for every occasion makes his letters and speeches a source of inspiration and guidance for everyone. His letters of consolation are classic examples for all to fol- low—not only the famous note to Mrs. Bixby, but those to the parents of Colonel Ellsworth and to the daughter of Colonel McCullough. The same may be said of his letters of apology, acceptance, acknowledgment, and recommendation, for each is a perfect pattern of its type. [ xviii ^ *vv*vvvvvvtvvvvvvvvv\A*v^vvvv^\vlvv\\vvvvv^A\vvw^vvvvvv^ Acknowledgments MM/WMMAM/WWWWWWAMH^^ No collection of Lincoln's writings would be possible were it not for the "spade work" of those who ferreted out his precious documents from collectors' albums, dealers' shelves, newspaper morgues, and library and government archives. The first seven important works listed below— upon which this editor has drawn heavily —include virtually all of Lincoln's known writings. A debt of gratitude is due to: Dr. Louis A. Warren, Di- rector, and M. A. Cook, Librarian, of The Lincoln Na- tional Life Foundation, for supplying a number of items hitherto unpublished in any of these standard works; Paul M. Angle, Librarian of The Illinois State Library in Springfield, for rendering needed assistance in checking the authenticity of certain letters and speeches included in this selection; Carl W. Schaefer, Cleveland lawyer and trustee of The Lincoln Memorial University, for offering helpful suggestions. Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln (12 volumes). Edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay. Tandy- Gettysburg Edition. * [xix] Uncollected Letters of Abraham Lincoln. By Gilbert A. Tracy. Houghton Mifflin Company. Abraham Lincoln, A New Portrait, (2 volumes). By Emanuel Hertz. Horace Liveright, Inc. New Letters and Papers of Lincoln. Compiled by Paul M. Angle. Houghton Mifflin Company. Lincoln Letters, Hitherto Unpublished, In The Library of Brown University. The University Library. Abraham Lincoln, The Prairie Years (2 volumes). By Carl Sandburg. Harcourt, Brace & Company. Abraham Lincoln, The War Years (4 volumes). By Carl Sandburg. Harcourt, Brace & Company. The Real Lincoln. By Jesse W. Weik. Houghton Mifflin Company. Abraham Lincoln and The Hooker Letter. By William E. Barton. The Bowling Green Press. The Life and Writings of Abraham Lincoln. By Philip Van Doren Stern. Random House. [xx] ". . . short and sweet \i\e the old woman s dance.' JL/INCOLN'S first political speech, as later remembered by his friend A. Y. Ellis, was the very essence of brevity. It won respect for Young Abe but not the election— the only time he ever was defeated by popular vote. FIRST POLITICAL SPEECH AT PAPPSVILLE, ILL.-MARCH, 1832 FELLOW-CITIZENS: I presume you all know who I am. I am humble Abraham Lincoln. I have been solicited by many friends to become a candidate for the Legislature. My politics are short and sweet, like the old woman's dance. I am in favor of a national bank. I am in favor of the internal improvement system, and a high protective tariff. These are my sentiments and political principles. If elected, I shall be thankful; if not it will be all the same. ti] Lincoln — The Postmaster wwwvvwvvwwvwvwww I N 1833 Lincoln served as postmaster of the small town of New Salem. He accepted this federal post, which none of his fellow townsmen wanted, so that he could read the newspa- pers. These pointed words were addressed to a publisher who demanded a postage receipt. LETTER TO GEORGE SPEARS Circa 1833 MR. SPEARS: At your request I send you a receipt for the postage on your paper. I am somewhat sur- prised at your request. I will, however, comply with it. The law requires Newspaper postage to be paid in advance, and now that I have waited a full year you choose to wound my feelings by in- sinuating that unless you get a receipt I will prob- ably make you pay it again. Respectfully, A. Lincoln [2] Young Abe "Shows His Hand' 1 i N 1836 Lincoln again ran for the State Legislature and once more stated his platform in the fewest possible words. This time he was elected by a comfortable majority. LETTER TO THE EDITOR OF THE SANGAMON JOURNAL New Salem, June 13, 1836 TO THE EDITOR OF THE " JOURNAL": In your paper of last Saturday I see a communication, over the signature of "Many Vo- ters," in which the candidates who are announced in the "Journal" are called upon to "show their hands." Agreed. Here's mine. I go for all sharing the privileges of the govern- ment who assist in bearing its burdens. Conse- quently, I go for admitting all whites to the right of suffrage who pay taxes or bear arms (by no means excluding females). [3] If elected, I shall consider the whole people of Sangamon my constituents, as well those that op- pose as those that support me. While acting as their representative, I shall be governed by their will on all subjects upon which I have the means of knowing what their will is; and upon all others, I shall do what my own judg- ment teaches me will best advance their interests. Whether elected or not, I go for distributing the proceeds of the sales of the public lands to the several States, to enable our State, in common with others, to dig canals and construct railroads with- out borrowing money and paying the interest on it. If alive on the first Monday in November, I shall vote for Hugh L. White for President. Very respectfully, A. Lincoln [4] VVVWVVVVVWVWVVlVVVVVVVVM'tVWVl^^ ". . . let the worst come.' vvvvwvivwwvvivvvvvtvivvvvwvvv^ HEN Colonel Robert Allen, opposing candidate for the Illinois Legislature, hinted that he "knew unspeakable things" about Lincoln and his running-mate, Lincoln chal- lenged him to tell all. LETTER TO ROBERT ALLEN New Salem, June 21, 1836 D EAR COLONEL: I am told that during my absence last week you passed through this place, and stated publicly that you were in possession of a fact or facts which, if known to the public, would entirely destroy the prospects of N. W. Edwards and my- self at the ensuing election; but that, through favor to us, you should forbear to divulge them. No one has needed favors more than I, and, gen- erally, few have been less unwilling to accept them; but in this case favor to me would be in- [5] justice to the public, and therefore I must beg your pardon for declining it. That I once had the confidence of the people of Sangamon, is suffi- ciently evident; and if I have since done anything, either by design or misadventure, which if known would subject me to a forfeiture of that confi- dence, he that knows of that thing, and conceals it, is a traitor to his country's interest. I find myself wholly unable to form any con- jecture of what fact or facts, real or supposed, you spoke; but my opinion of your veracity will not permit me for a moment to doubt that you at least believed what you said. I am flattered with the personal regard you manifested for me; but I do hope that, on more mature reflection, you will view the public interest as a paramount considera- tion, and therefore determine to let the worst come. I here assure you that the candid statement of facts on your part, however low it may sink me, shall never break the tie of personal friendship between us. I wish an answer to this, and you are at liberty to publish both, if you choose. Very respectfully, A. Lincoln [6] vwvvvvvvvvvvvwvvw^uwiwtvvvvivvwvwvvvv^^ 'Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine. . . ." VWMAWVVVVVVVVVVlVlVVVVVVVtVVVVVVlVVVVVVVWM^ F, EW men have survived more bitter disappointments than did Abraham Lincoln. The one that nearly spelled his un- doing was the death of Ann Rutledge in 1835. This great loss resulted in Lincoln's hypochondria and many impulsive re- actions including his courting of Miss Mary Owens. We probably never shall know whether the realization that he was not truly in love or whether caution and a sense of fair- ness prompted this letter. LETTER TO MARY OWENS Springfield, May 7, 1837 FRIEND MARY: I have commenced two letters to send you before this, both of which displeased me be- fore I got half done, and so I tore them up. The first I thought was not serious enough, and the second was on the other extreme. I shall send this, turn out as it may. [7] This thing of living in Springfield is rather a dull business, after all; at least it is to me. I am quite as lonesome here as I ever was anywhere in my life. I have been spoken to by but one woman since I have been here, and should not have been by her if she could have avoided it. I've never been to church yet, and probably shall not be soon. I stay away because I am conscious I should not know how to behave myself. I am often thinking of what we said about your coming to live at Springfield. I am afraid you would not be satisfied. There is a great deal of flourishing about in carriages here, which it would be your doom to see without sharing it. You would have to be poor, without the means of hid- ing your poverty. Do you believe you could bear that patiently? Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine, should any ever do so, it is my inten- tion to do all in my power to make her happy and contented; and there is nothing I can imagine that would make me more unhappy than to fail in the effort. I know I should be much happier with you than the way I am, provided I saw no signs of discontent in you. What you have said to me may have been in the way of jest, or I may have misunderstood it. If so, then let it be for- gotten; if otherwise, I much wish you would think [8] seriously before you decide. What I have said 1 will most positively abide by, provided you wish it. My opinion is that you had better not do it. You have not been accustomed to hardship, and it may be more severe than you now imagine. I know you are capable of thinking correctly on any subject, and if you deliberate maturely upon this before you decide, then I am willing to abide your decision. You must write me a good long letter after you get this. You have nothing else to do, and though it might not seem interesting to you after you had written it, it would be a good deal of company to me in this "busy wilderness." Tell your sister I don't want to hear any more about selling out and moving. That gives me the "hypo" whenever I think of it. Yours, etc., Lincoln [9] **VVVVVVV\Vl\\VlVl\VVVl\VV\*VlVVWVVVVV\V\AVVVVV\\\VW^ ". . . \i\e so many fish upon a trotlme." \\VV\VVVWVVVVVV\VVVVV^V\VVVVVVV\V\\AA\V\V\\V\\VV\\\VVVU\V\\\\V\\\\\VVVVVV\\\\\AAVVVVWVVVV\VV\VVNVV\V\VVVV\V\VU ETURNING from a visit to Kentucky, Lincoln writes to the sister of his friend "Josh'* Speed, giving news of her brother's health and a vivid word picture of slaves being transported south. LETTER TO MARY SPEED Bloomington, 111., September 27, 1841 M Y FRIEND Having resolved to write to some of your mother's family, and not having the express permission of anyone of them to do so, I have had some little difficulty in determining on which to inflict the task of reading what I now feel must be a most dull and silly letter; but when I remem- bered that you and I were something of cronies while I was at Farmington, and that while there I was under the necessity of shutting you up in a [10] room to prevent your committing an assault and battery upon me, I instantly decided that you should be the devoted one. I assume that you have not heard from Joshua and myself since we left, because I think it doubtful whether he has writ- ten. You remember there was some uneasiness about Joshua's health when we left. That little indisposition of his turned out to be nothing seri- ous, and it was pretty nearly forgotten when we reached Springfield. We got on board the steam- boat Lebanon in the locks of the canal, about twelve o'clock M. of the day we left, and reached St. Louis the next Monday at 8 P. M. Nothing of interest happened during the passage, except the vexatious delays occasioned by the sand-bars be thought interesting. By the way, a fine example was presented on board the boat for contemplat- ing the effect of condition upon human happiness. A gentleman had purchased twelve negroes in dif- ferent parts of Kentucky, and was taking them to a farm in the South. They were chained six and six together. A small iron clevis was around the left wrist of each, and this was fastened to the main chain by a shorter one, at a convenient distance from the others, so that the negroes were strung together precisely like so many fish upon a trot- line. In this condition they were being separated [ii] forever from the scenes of their childhood, their friends, their fathers and mothers, and brothers and sisters, and many of them from their wives and children, and going into perpetual slavery, where the lash of the master is proverbially more ruthless and unrelenting than any other where; and yet amid all these distressing circumstances, as we would think them, they were the most cheer- ful and apparently happy creatures on board. One whose offense for which he had been sold was an over-fondness for his wife, played the fiddle almost continually, and the others danced, sang, cracked jokes, and played various games with cards from day to day. How true it is that "God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb," or in other words, that he renders the worst of human conditions toler- able, while he permits the best to be nothing bet- ter than tolerable. To return to the narrative. When we reached Springfield, I stayed but one day, when I started on this tedious circuit where I now am. Do you remember my going to the city, while I was in Kentucky, to have a tooth extracted, and making a failure of it? Well, that same old tooth got to paining me so much that about a week since I had it torn out, bringing with it a bit of the jaw-bone, the consequence of which is that [12] my mouth is now so sore that I can neither talk nor eat. I am literally "subsisting on savory remem- brances"— that is, being unable to eat, I am living upon the remembrance of the delicious dishes of peaches and cream we used to have at your house. When we left, Miss Fanny Henning was owing you a visit, as I understood. Has she paid it yet? If she has, are you not convinced that she is one of the sweetest girls in the world? There is but one thing about her, so far as I could perceive, that I would have otherwise than as it is— that is, something of a tendency to melancholy. This, let it be observed, is a misfortune, not a fault. Give her an assurance of my very highest regard when you see her. Is little Siss Eliza Davis at your house yet? If she is, kiss her "o'er and o'er again" for me. Tell your mother that I have not got her " pres- ent" (an "Oxford" Bible) with me, but I intend to read it regularly when I return home. I doubt not that it is really, as she says, the best cure for the blues, could one but take it according to the truth. Give my respects to all your sisters (includ- ing Aunt Emma) and brothers. Tell Mrs. Peay, of whose happy face I shall long retain a pleasant [131 remembrance, that I have been trying to think of a name for her homestead, but as yet cannot sat- isfy myself with one. I shall be very happy to re- ceive a line from you soon after you receive this, and in case you choose to favor me with one, ad- dress it to Charleston, Coles County, 111., as I shall be there about the time to receive it. Your sincere friend, A. Lincoln [141 ,vvvm\v\\vvvvvvv\\vvvv\vvv\vv\v\\\A*VVVVlVVV\VVVVVVVtVVVVVV\VlVVVVVVVVVl\Vl\^^ Definition of Democracy ^v\\\\\v\vvvvv\\\\v\vvvvvv\\v\vvvvv>*vv\\\vwv^^ T A HE essence of democracy, as Lincoln saw it, was succinctly expressed in his own handwriting in the form of an autograph. LINCOLN AUTOGRAPH AS I would not be a slave, so I would not be a L master. This expresses my idea of democ- racy. Whatever differs from this, to the extent of the difference, is no democracy. A. Lincoln [60] vvvmvvvvvv\v\vvv\vvvvvvvvvvu\\v\v\vw,vvv\vv\\v^^ "The principles of Jefferson. . . ." %VVVVVVVVVVV*VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVIVVVVVI/VWW^^ Bi 'ECAUSE of the simple majesty of its phrase, this is one of Lincoln's most distinguished letters. It was written to a committee who had invited him to attend a celebration of the birthday of Thomas Jefferson. LETTER TO H. L. PIERCE & OTHERS Springfield, 111., April 6, 1859 G ENTLEMEN: Your kind note inviting me to attend a festival in Boston, on the 28 th instant, in honor of the birthday of Thomas Jefferson, was duly re- ceived. My engagements are such that I cannot attend. Bearing in mind that about seventy years ago two great political parties were first formed in this country, that Thomas Jefferson was the head of one of them and Boston the headquarters of the [61] other, it is both curious and interesting that those supposed to descend politically from the party opposed to Jefferson should now be celebrating his birthday in their own original seat of empire, while those claiming political descent from him have nearly ceased to breathe his name every- where. Remembering, too, that the Jefferson party was formed upon its supposed superior devotion to the personal rights of men, holding the rights of property to be secondary only, and greatly in- ferior, and assuming that the so-called Democracy of to-day are the Jefferson, and their opponents the an ti- Jefferson, party, it will be equally interest- ing to note how completely the two have changed hands as to the principle upon which they were originally supposed to be divided. The Democracy of to-day hold the liberty of one man to be abso- lutely nothing, when in conflict with another man's right of property; Republicans, on the con- trary, are for both the man and the dollar, but in case of conflict the man before the dollar. I remember being once much amused at seeing two partially intoxicated men engaged in a fight with their great-coats on, which fight, after a long and rather harmless contest, ended in each having [62] fought himself out of his own coat and into that of the other. If the two leading parties of this day are really identical with the two in the days of Jefferson and Adams, they have performed the same feat as the two drunken men. But, soberly, it is now no child's play to save the principles of Jefferson from total overthrow in this nation. One would state with great confi- dence that he could convince any sane child that the simpler propositions of Euclid are true; but nevertheless he would fail, utterly, with one who should deny the definitions and axioms. The prin- ciples of Jefferson are the definitions and axioms of free society. And yet they are denied and evaded, with no small show of success. One dash- ingly calls them "glittering generalities/' Another bluntly calls them "self-evident lies." And others insidiously argue that they apply to "superior races." These expressions, differing in form, are identical in object and effect— the supplanting of the principles of free government, and restoring those of classification, caste, and legitimacy. They would delight a convocation of crowned heads plot- ting against the people. They are the vanguard, the miners and sappers of returning despotism. We must repulse them, or they will subjugate us. This [63] is a world of compensation; and he who would be no slave must consent to have no slave. Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for them- selves, and, under a just God, cannot long retain it. All honor to Jefferson— to the man, who, in the concrete pressure of a struggle for national inde- pendence by a single people, had the coolness, forecast, and capacity to introduce into a merely revolutionary document an abstract truth, applic- able to all men and all times, and so to embalm it there that to-day and in all coming days it shall be a rebuke and a stumbling-block to the very har- bingers of reappearing tyranny and oppression. Your obedient servant, A. Lincoln !«1 vvv \VVVVVVVVW\\VVVVVt\VWWWVVV\V\\VW\\^ '. . . a large rat'hole. •ELIEVING material possessions to be a poor measure of a man's true mettle, Lincoln had little patience with a New York firm that wrote inquiring about a man he knew in Springfield. LETTER TO NEW YORK FIRM YOURS OF THE 10TH RECEIVED. First of all, he has a wife and a baby; together they ought to be worth $500,000 to any man. Sec- ondly, he has an office in which there is a table worth $1.50 and three chairs worth, say, $1. Last of all, there is in one corner a large rat-hole, which will bear looking into. Respectfully, A. Lincoln I«5I I do not thin\ myself fit for the presidency." Tc O the editor of a Rock Island newspaper, who wished to start a "Lincoln for President" boom, "Humble Abe" ex- pressed his appreciation and, at the same time, his feeling of inadequacy. This was selected by John G. Nicolay as one of three letters most representative of Lincoln at his best. LETTER TO T. J. PICKETT Springfield, April 16, 1859 MY DEAR SIR: Yours of the 13th is just received. My engagements are such that I cannot at any very early day visit Rock Island to deliver a lecture, or for any other object. As to the other matter you kindly mention, I must in candor say I do not think myself fit for the presidency. I certainly am flattered and gratified that some partial friends think of me in that connection; but I really think [66] it best for our cause that no concerted effort, such as you suggest, should be made. Let this be con- sidered confidential. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln I«7] \vv\vvvv\v\^\\\vv\\\xv\\v\v\vvvvvvv\\vvv\\\\\vv\vvv\\v\vwvwv\vvvvv\\wvvvw\\vv\vv\\w\\vv^w\\wvw\\\w\\\vv\ '. . .in regard to naturalized citizens. . *MMMMMMMMW>MMMMMMMMM/^^ IL .EPLYING to the editor of one of the largest German newspapers, Lincoln declares himself upon the "anti-alien" issue in words that cannot be misunderstood. LETTER TO DR. THEODORE CANISIUS Springfield, May 17, 1859 DEAR SIR: Your note asking, in behalf of yourself and other German citizens, whether I am for or against the constitutional provision in regard to naturalized citizens, lately adopted by Massachu- setts, and whether I am for or against a fusion of the Republicans, and other opposition elements, for the canvass of 1860, is received. Massachusetts is a sovereign and independent State; and it is no privilege of mine to scold her for what she does. Still, if from what she has done an inference is sought to be drawn as to what I [68] would do, I may without impropriety speak out. I say, then, that, as I understand the Massachusetts provision, I am against its adoption in Illinois, or in any other place where I have a right to oppose it. Understanding the spirit of our institutions to aim at the elevation of men, I am opposed to what- ever tends to degrade them. I have some little no- toriety for commiserating the oppressed negro; and I should be strangely inconsistent if I could favor any project for curtailing the existing rights of white men, even though born in different lands, and speaking different languages from myself. As to the matter of fusion, I am for it, if it can be had on Republican grounds; and I am not for it on any other terms. A fusion on any other terms would be as foolish as unprincipled. It would lose the whole North, while the common enemy would still carry the whole South. The question of men is a different one. There are good patriotic men and able statesmen in the South whom I would cheer- fully support, if they would now place themselves on Republican ground, but I am against letting down the Republican standard a hairs-breadth. I have written this hastily, but I believe it an- swers your questions substantially. Yours truly, A. Lincoln [69] \VV\VVV\^V\\\V\VVV\V\VS\V\\VV\VVVVVVV\,VWVVVV\VVV\VVVV\\\\VV%^V\VV\\VWVV\VVVVVVV\AAVVVVVVVVVUV\VVVAUVVUVV\VVV Lincoln s S\etch of His Life \V.\\\\W\\V\VVVVV*VVV\V%\\V\\VW\Wl\\VVVVVW^ H, .IDING his modesty behind a screen of humor, Lincoln pens a two-page sketch of his life for his friend and ardent booster, J. W. Fell. LETTER TO J. W. FELL Springfield, December 20, 1859 MY DEAR SIR: Herewith is a little sketch, as you re- quested. There is not much of it, for the reason, I suppose, that there is not much of me. If any- thing be made out of it, I wish it to be modest, and not to go beyond the material. If it were thought necessary to incorporate anything from any of my speeches, I suppose there would be no objection. Of course it must not appear to have been written by myself. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln [70] I was born February 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. My parents were both born in Vir- ginia, of undistinguished families— second fam- ilies, perhaps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a family of the name of Hanks, some of whom now reside in Adams, and others in Macon County, Illinois. My paternal grandfather, Abraham Lincoln, emigrated from Rockingham County, Virginia, to Kentucky about 1781 or 1782, where a year or two later he was killed by the Indians, not in battle, but by stealth, when he was laboring to open a farm in the forest. His ancestors, who were Quakers, went to Virginia from Berks County, Pennsylvania. An effort to identify them with the New England family of the same name ended in nothing more definite than a similarity of Christian names in both fam- ilies, such as Enoch, Levi, Mordecai, Solomon, Abraham, and the like. My father, at the death of his father, was but six years of age, and he grew up literally without education. He removed from Kentucky to what is now Spencer County, Indiana, in my eighth year. We reached our new home about the time the State came into the Union. It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the [71] woods. There I grew up. There were some schools, so called, but no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond ' 'readin', writin', and cipher- in* " to the rule of three. If a straggler supposed to understand Latin happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he was looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite ambition for education. Of course, when I came of age I did not know much. Still, somehow, I could read, write, and cipher to the rule of three, but that was all. I have not been to school since. The little ad- vance Inow have upon this store of education, I have picked up from time to time under the pres- sure of necessity. I was raised to farm work, which I continued till I was twenty-two. At twenty-one I came to Illinois, Macon County. Then I got to New Salem, at that time in Sangamon, now in Menard County, where I remained a year as a sort of clerk in a store. Then came the Black Hawk war; and I was elected a captain of volunteers, a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since. I went the campaign, was elated, ran for the legislature the same year (1832), and was beaten— the only time I ever have been beaten by the people. The next and three succeeding biennial elections I was [72] elected to the legislature. I was not a candidate afterward. During this legislative period I had studied law, and removed to Springfield to prac- tise it. In 1846 I was once elected to the lower House of Congress. Was not a candidate for re- election. From 1849 to 1854, both inclusive, prac- tised law more assiduously than ever before. Al- ways a Whig in politics; and generally on the Whig electoral tickets, making active canvasses. I was losing interest in politics when the repeal of the Missouri compromise aroused me again. What I have done since then is pretty well known. If any personal description of me is thought de- sirable, it may be said I am, in height, six feet four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing on an aver- age one hundred and eighty pounds; dark com- plexion, with coarse black hair and gray eyes. No other marks or brands recollected. Yours truly, A. Lincoln [73T 'A house divided against itself cannot stand. L rINCOLN'S famous "House Divided Speech" placed him squarely in the middle of a raging national controversy. Many persons, including Douglas, sought to discredit him by placing upon his words interpretations which he had never intended. Lincoln replied to this heckling by plainly stating, "J meant all I said, and did not mean anything I did not say." LETTER TO O. P. HALL, J. R. FULLENWIDER & U. F. CORRELL Springfield, Feb. 14, 1860 MESSRS. O. P. HALL, J. R. FULLENWIDER & U. F. CORRELL GENTLEMEN: Your letter in which, among other things, you ask what I meant when I said this [74] "Union could not stand half slave and half free"; and also what I meant when I said "a house di- vided against itself could not stand" is received and I very cheerfully answer it as plainly as I may be able. You misquote, to some material extent, what I did say, which induces me to think you have not very carefully read the speech in which the expressions occur which puzzle you to under- stand. For this reason and because the language I used is as plain as I can make it, I now quote at length the whole paragraph in which the expres- sions which puzzle you occur. It is as follows: "We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was initiated with the avowed object and confident promise of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy that agitation has not only not ceased, but constantly augmented. I believe it will not cease until a crisis shall have been reached, and passed. A house divided against itself can not stand. I believe this government can not endure permanently , half slave, and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved: I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will avert the further spread of it and place it where [75] the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward till it will become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South." That is the whole paragraph; and it puzzles me to make my meaning plainer. Look over it care- fully, and conclude I meant all I said, and did not mean any thing I did not say, and you will have my meaning. Douglas attacked me upon this, say- ing it was a declaration of war between the slave and the free states. You will perceive, I said no such thing, and I assure you I thought of no such thing. If I had said I believe the Government can- not last always half slave and half free, would you understand it any better than you do? Endure permanently and last always have exactly the same meaning. If you, or [sic] if you will state to me some meaning which you suppose I had, I can and will instantly tell you whether that was my meaning. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln [76] ,VVWWVVVVV»A*IVVVVVVVVVVW»A\VVV^^ ". . . painfully sensible of the great responsibility. . . ." \VVVVVVVVMV\\\VV\\VU\\VVVVVUVWVW/VVVV^ F INDING it difficult to realize that he has been singled out for the highest position in the nation, Lincoln replies to the committee sent by the Chicago Convention notifying him of his nomination. REPLY TO CHICAGO CONVENTION COMMITTEE Springfield, Illinois, May 21, 1860 MR. CHAIRMAN AND GENTLEMEN OF THE COMMITTEE: I tender to you, and through you to the Republican National Convention, and all the people represented in it, my profoundest thanks for the high honor done me, which you now for- mally announce. Deeply and even painfully sensible of the great [77] responsibility which is inseparable from this high honor— a responsibility which I could almost wish had fallen upon some one of the far more eminent men and experienced statesmen whose distin- guished names were before the convention—I shall, by your leave, consider more fully the resolutions of the convention, denominated [in] the plat- form, and without any unnecessary or unreason- able delay respond to you, Mr. Chairman, in writ- ing, not doubting that the platform will be found satisfactory, and the nomination gratefully ac- cepted. And now I will not longer defer the pleasure of taking you, and each of you, by the hand. [781 Cooper Institute Speech c -HARLES NOTT, writing on behalf of The Young Men's Republican Union and wishing to publish Lincoln's already famous speech delivered at The Cooper Institute, suggested certain changes to make it "as nearly perfect as may be." Lin- coln's reply reveals many secrets of his style and lends proof to Nott's own observation that "like a good arch— moving one word tumbles a whole sentence down." LETTER TO CHARLES C. NOTT Springfield, Ills., May 31, 1860 CHARLES C. NOTT, ESQ. Y DEAR SIR: M Yours of the 23rd, accompanied by a copy of the speech delivered by me at the Cooper Institute, and upon which you have made some notes for emendations, was received some days ago. Of course I would not object to, but would be [79] pleased rather, with a more perfect edition of that speech. I did not preserve memoranda of my investiga- tions; and I could not now re-examine, and make notes, without an expenditure of time which I can not bestow upon it. Some of your notes I do not understand. So far as it is intended merely to improve in grammar and elegance of composition, I am quite agreed; but I do not wish the sense changed, or modified, to a hair's breadth. And you, not having studied the particular points so closely as I have, can not be quite sure that you do not change the sense when you do not intend it. For instance, in a note at bottom of first page, you propose to sub- stitute "Democrats" for "Douglas." But what I am saying there is true of Douglas, and is not true of "Democrats" generally; so that the proposed sub- stitution would be a very considerable blunder. Your proposed insertion of "residences" though it would do little or no harm, is not at all necessary to the sense I was trying to convey. On page 5 your proposed grammatical change would certainly do no harm. The "impudently absurd" I stick to. The striking out "he" and inserting "we" turns the sense exactly wrong. The striking out "upon it" leaves the sense too general and incomplete. The [80] sense is "act as they acted upon that question"— not as they acted generally. After considering your proposed changes on page 7, I do not think them material, but I am willing to defer to you in relation to them. On page 9, striking out "to us" is probably right. The word 'lawyer's" I wish retained. The word "Courts" struck out twice, I wish reduced to "Court" and retained. "Court" as a collective noun properly governs the plural "have" as I understand. "The" preceding "Court," in the lat- ter case, must also be retained. The words "quite," "as," and "or" on the same page, I wish retained. The italicising, and quotation marking, I have no objection to. As to the note at bottom, I do not think any too much is admitted. What you propose on page 11, is right. I return your copy of the speech, together with one printed here, under my own hasty super- vising. That at New York was printed without any supervision by me. If you conclude to publish a new edition, allow me to see the proof-sheets. And now thanking you for your very compli- mentary letter, and your interest for me generally, I subscribe myself. Your friend and servant, A. Lincoln [81] . "A ^\\vwvvvvuvvvvvvv\vv\vwr.7i,\UUU\vuvvvvu\vuuv* 'Abraham'' or "Abram *\UVVW\\VV\\\\\\\\\VVVVVVVVV\\V\VVVV\VV\\\VVV\VV\VVV\\VVVVV\\\\\\V\\VV\\\V\VVV\\\\\VV\\VVV\\VV\\VV\VVAVVVVVVVl'V\ I N this letter to the Republican Chairman, Lincoln concludes that the spelling of his first name really doesn't make much difference. LETTER TO GEORGE ASHMUN Springfield, Illinois, June 4, 1860 MY DEAR SIR: It seems as if the question whether my first name is "Abraham" or "Abram" will never be settled. It is "Abraham," and if the letter of acceptance is not yet in print, you may, if you think fit, have my signature thereto printed "Abraham Lincoln." Exercise your judgment about this. Yours as ever, A. Lincoln 182] 'Must" is the word.' ■VVV\VWMV1*V\\VWV\\\\\VVVVV\\VWW\A^ L> LINCOLN, who knew only too well the need for persever- ance, sends a few words of advice and encouragement to a friend of his son who failed to enter Harvard. LETTER TO GEORGE LATHAM Springfield, Ills., July 22, 1860 MY DEAR GEORGE: I have scarcely felt greater pain in my life than on learning yesterday from Bob's letter, that you had failed to enter Harvard University. And yet there is very little in it, if you will allow no feeling of discouragement to seize, and prey upon you. It is a certain truth, that you can enter, and graduate in, Harvard University; and having made the attempt, you must succeed in it. 'Must' is the word. I know not how to aid you, save in the assur- [83] ance of one of mature age, and much severe ex- perience, that you can not fail, if you resolutely determine that you will not. The President of the institution, can scarcely be other than a kind man; and doubtless he would grant you an interview, and point out the readiest way to remove, or overcome, the obstacles which have thwarted you. In your temporary failure there is no evidence that you may not yet be a better scholar, and a more successful man in the great struggle of life, than many others, who have entered College more easily. Again I say let no feeling of discouragement prey upon you, and in the end you are sure to succeed. With more than a common interest I subscribe myself Very truly your friend, A. Lincoln [84] I \W\VMVUVW\*UVVWVVVVVVVVU\VVVVVVIVWVI\W^ ". . . the ''soab question '. . . ." *VVW\\W\\VVVVVIVVV\M\VI\\VVWVVIVVWVI\VIVVV^^ HEN a Professor Gardner applied to the President-Elect for a soap testimonial, he good-humoredly complied, quoting his "superior officer" in domestic affairs. LETTER TO PROFESSOR GARDNER Springfield, 111., September 28, 1860 DEAR SIR: Some specimens of your Soap have been used at our house and Mrs. L. declares it is a superior article. She at the same time protests that / have never given sufficient attention to the "soap question* ' to be a competent judge. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln [85T I give the leave. . . m\v\vvvvvv\\vvvvvv\\\\\\v\\\vvvvv\\v\\\\\\\vvv^ Ti HOMAS MADIGAN, the famous dealer in Lincoln manu* scripts, considered this one of the sixteenth President's most characteristic letters, both in sentiment and phraseology. LETTER TO WILLIAM D. KELLY Private. Springfield, Ills., Oct, 13, 1860 HON. WILLIAM D. KELLY. MY DEAR SIR: Yours of the 6 th asking permission to inscribe your new legal work to me, is received. Gratefully accepting the proffered honor, I give the leave, begging only that the inscription may be in modest terms, not representing me as a man of great learning, or a very extraordinary one in any respect. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln [86] ^/UXs^/iuUv, Ui^, C$tU- /$. /foe //To* c/^v '4hL*i A characteristically modest letter, only recently brought to light, and not included in any of the standard Lincoln collections. dfu^ffi^, tie*. <$xz /f./pco d}}^ . T\Oy-^> O^O &L&**U>s£Z^ «/ 'Mam) ^Ha^sA <2~*/, <^ fl^ AcrC £&t*U, f2] Lincoln s Farewell Address wvuvtuvwvvvvvvvvvvvvvivwvvvvvvvv^ JLhERE was an unusual quiver on his lip, and a still more unusual tear on his furrowed cheek/' said Ward Lamon, who witnessed the sad parting when Lincoln, pausing on the rear platform of his train, addressed these few, unprepared words to his friends in Springfield. ADDRESS AT SPRINGFIELD FEB. 11, 1861 M Y FRIENDS: No one, not in my situation, can ap- preciate my feeling of sadness at this parting. To this place, and the kindness of these people, I owe everything. Here I have lived a quarter of a cen- tury, and have passed from a young to an old man. Here my children have been born, and one is buried. I now leave, not knowing when or whether ever I may return, with a task before me greater than that which rested upon Washington. With- [93] out the assistance of that Divine Being who ever attended him, I cannot succeed. With that as- sistance, I cannot fail. Trusting in Him who can go with me, and remain with you, and be every- where for good, let us confidently hope that all will yet be well. To His care commending you, as I hope in your prayers you will commend me, I bid you an affectionate farewell. [94J WlUUWVVVWWUUVVVlVVlUVmWWV^^ ", . . shall the liberties of this Country be preserved?" HEN the Presidential train stopped at Indianapolis on its way to Washington, Lincoln delivered this abbreviated ad- dress, reminding the people that the preservation of liberty was their business and not his. ADDRESS AT INDIANAPOLIS FEB. 11, 1861 GOVERNOR MORTON and Fellow-citi- zens of the State of Indiana: Most heartily do I thank you for this magnificent reception; and while I cannot take to myself any share of the compliment thus paid, more than that which pertains to a mere instrument— an ac- cidental instrument perhaps I should say— of a great cause, I yet must look upon it as a magnifi- cent reception, and as such most heartily do I thank you for it. You have been pleased to address [95] yourself to me chiefly in behalf of this glorious Union in which we live, in all of which you have my hearty sympathy, and, as far as may be within my power, will have, one and inseparably, my hearty cooperation. While I do not expect, upon this occasion, or until I get to Washington, to at- tempt any lengthy speech, I will only say that to the salvation of the Union there needs but one single thing, the hearts of a people like yours. When the people rise in mass in behalf of the Union and the liberties of this country, truly may it be said, "The gates of hell cannot prevail against them." In all trying positions in which I shall be placed, and doubtless I shall be placed in many such, my reliance will be upon you and the people of the United States; and I wish you to remember, now and forever, that it is your business, and not mine; that if the union of these States and the liberties of this people shall be lost, it is but little to any one man of fifty-two years of age, but a great deal to the thirty millions of people who in- habit these United States, and to their posterity in all coming time. It is your business to rise up and preserve the Union and liberty for yourselves, and not for me. I appeal to you again to constantly bear in mind that not with politicians, not with [96] Presidents, not with office-seekers, but with you, is the question: Shall the Union and shall the lib- erties of this country be preserved to the latest generations? [97] \vvvvv\v\\v\vvv\v\v\v\\vvvvvvvvvv\\v\v\vvvvvvwm\vivw\A^^ Speech at Independence Hall \Mw^M^^^MM^MMM^^^\MM^M\\^H\^^^ D: ETECTIVE Allan Pinkerton intercepted the Presidential party at Philadelphia to warn Lincoln of a plot for his assassi- nation. Speaking that evening at Independence Hall, Lincoln had proclaimed he would rather be assassinated on the spot than sacrifice the principles of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. ADDRESS AT PHILADELPHIA FEB. 22, 1861 MR. CUYLER: I am filled with deep emotion at find- ing myself standing in this place, where were collected together the wisdom, the patriotism, the devotion to principle, from which sprang the in- stitutions under which we live. You have kindly suggested to me that in my hands is the task of restoring peace to our distracted country. I can say in return, sir, that all the political sentiments [98] I entertain have been drawn, so far as I have been able to draw them, from the sentiments which originated in and were given to the world from this hall. I have never had a feeling, politically, that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. I have often pondered over the dangers which were incurred by the men who assembled here and framed and adopted that Declaration. I have pondered over the toils that were endured by the officers and sol- diers of the army who achieved that independence. I have often inquired of myself what great prin- ciple or idea it was that kept this Confederacy so long together. It was not the mere matter of sepa- ration of the colonies from the motherland, but that sentiment in the Declaration of Independence which gave liberty not alone to the people of this country, but hope to all the world, for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights would be lifted from the shoul- ders of all men, and that all should have an equal chance. This is the sentiment embodied in the Declaration of Independence. Now, my friends, can this country be saved on that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it cannot be [99] saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. But if this country cannot be saved without giving up that principle, I was about to say I would rather be assassinated on this spot than surrender it. Now, in my view of the present aspect of af- fairs, there is no need of bloodshed and war. There is no necessity for it. I am not in favor of such a course; and I may say in advance that there will be no bloodshed unless it is forced upon the gov- ernment. The government will not use force, un- less force is used against it. My friends, this is wholly an unprepared speech. I did not expect to be called on to say a word when I came here. I supposed I was merely to do some- thing toward raising a flag. I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet. But I have said nothing but what I am willing to live by, and, if it be the pleasure of Almighty God, to die by. tioo] vw\\vvvvvvvvv\vwvvvvvvvvvv\vvv\wvvvv\\\w*^ "I feel constrained to beg. W\W\M\\MMM/\MMHM HEN Lincoln refused to let Seward dictate the mem- bers of his Cabinet, the Secretary of State handed in his resig- nation. Saying, "I can't afford to let Seward take the first trick" the President immediately dispatched this note. LETTER TO WILLIAM H. SEWARD Executive Mansion, March 4, 1861 T Y DEAR SIR: M Your note of the 2d instant, asking to withdraw your acceptance of my invitation to take charge of the State Department, was duly received. It is the subject of the most painful solicitude with me, and I feel constrained to beg that you will countermand the withdrawal. The public interest, I think, demands that you should; and my personal feelings are deeply enlisted in the same direction. Please consider and answer by 9 A.M. to-morrow. Your obedient servant, A. Lincoln [ioi] ivvvvvvvv\vvvtvv\\vvvvvi\\\vmv\vw "Some Thoughts for the President's Consideration'' 'ELIEVING the President incompetent to run the affairs of State in times of crisis, Secretary Seward attempted to take over the reins by submitting a detailed plan of action. Said the noted Civil War journalist, Henry Watterson, in commenting on Lincoln's reply, "Not a word was omitted that was neces- sary, and not a hint or allusion is contained that could be dis- pensed with. It was conclusive." LETTER TO WILLIAM H. SEWARD Executive Mansion, April 1, 1861 M Y DEAR SIR: Since parting with you I have been considering your paper dated this day, and en- titled "Some Thoughts for the President's Con- sideration.' ' The first proposition in it is, "First, We are at the end of a month's administration, [102] and yet without a policy either domestic or for- eign." At the beginning of that month, in the inau- gural, I said: "The power confided in me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government, and to collect the duties and imposts." This had your distinct approval at the time; and, taken in con- nection with the order I immediately gave Gen- eral Scott, directing him to employ every means in his power to strengthen and hold the forts, com- prises the exact domestic policy you now urge, with the single exception that it does not propose to abandon Fort Sumter. Again, I do not perceive how the reinforcement of Fort Sumter would be done on a slavery or a party issue, while that of Fort Pickens would be on a more national and patriotic one. The news received yesterday in regard to St. Domingo certainly brings a new item within the range of our foreign policy; but up to that time we have been preparing circulars and instructions to ministers and the like, all in perfect harmony, without even a suggestion that we had no foreign policy. Upon your closing propositions— that "what- [103] ever policy we adopt, there must be an energetic prosecution of it. "For this purpose it must be somebody's busi- ness to pursue and direct it incessantly. "Either the President must do it himself, and be all the while active in it, or "Devolve it on some member of his cabinet. Once adopted, debates on it must end, and all agree and abide"— I remark that if this must be done, I must do it. When a general line of policy is adopted, I apprehend there is no danger of its being changed without good reason, or continuing to be a subject of unnecessary debate; still, upon points arising in its progress I wish, and suppose I am entitled to have, the advice of all the cabinet. Your obedient servant, A. Lincoln [104] pecuniarily responsible. ISHING neither to hurt the feelings of a man who re- quested a letter of recommendation nor to mislead his friend Swett, Lincoln carefully and shrewdly worded this note to serve both purposes. LETTER TO LEONARD SWETT HON. L. SWETT DEAR SIR: This introduces Mr. William Yates, who visits Bloomington on some business matter. He is pecuniarily responsible for anything he will say; and, in fact, for anything he will say on any subject. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln 1105 1 \w\\vvww\vvvv\vvv\\vwmvvvv\vwv\\v\\v\\\vv\\\vvv^ "You will hold out if possible. T* HIS letter was addressed to the besieged Union forces at Fort Sumter. Drafted by the President and signed by the Secretary of War, it bore an indorsement in Lincoln's handwriting read- ing, "This was sent by Captain Talbot on April 6, 1861, to be delivered to Major Anderson, if permitted. On reaching Charles- ton, he was refused permission to deliver it to Major Anderson." LETTER TO MAJOR ROBERT ANDERSON War Department, Washington, April 4, 1861 IR: S Your letter of the 1st instant occasions some anxiety to the President. On the information of Captain Fox, he had sup- posed you could hold out till the 15 th instant without any great inconvenience, and had pre- pared an expedition to relieve you before that period. [106] Hoping still that you will be able to sustain yourself till the 11th or 12 th instant, the expedi- tion will go forward, and, finding your flag flying, will attempt to provision you, and in case the ef- fort is resisted, will endeavor also to reinforce you. You will therefore hold out, if possible, till the arrival of the expedition. It is not, however, the intention of the Presi- dent to subject your command to any danger or hardship beyond what, in your judgment, would be usual in military life; and he has entire confi- dence that you will act as becomes a patriot and a soldier under all circumstances. Whenever, if at all, in your judgment, to save yourself and command, a capitulation becomes a necessity, you are authorized to make it. Respectfully, Simon Cameron [107 j V\wvwm\\v\v\\\vv\\\*\vvv\vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv\\*^ ''''For a daring and dangerous enterprise. . . ' vvvvvvvvvvwv\vtv\\\\v\v\v\\\\vvvvv\\\\\\vvv\\\vvv\vvvvvwi\v\^vvvv\\\v\rAvvvvvvvv\\v\vvvvvv\vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv^\ I T was such letters as this, written to Gustavus Fox after his failure to provision Fort Sumter, that won for Lincoln the loyal devotion and supreme efforts of his commanders. LETTER TO GUSTAVUS V. FOX Washington, May 1, 1861 MY DEAR SIR: I sincerely regret that the failure of the late attempt to provision Fort Sumter should be the source of any annoyance to you. The practicability of your plan was not, in fact, brought to a test. By reason of a gale, well known in advance to be possible and not improbable, the tugs, an essential part of the plan, never reached the ground; while, by an accident for which you were in no wise responsible, and possibly I to some extent was, you were deprived of a war vessel, with [108] her men, which you deemed of great importance to the enterprise. I most cheerfully and truly declare that the failure of the undertaking has not lowered you a particle, while the qualities you developed in the effort have greatly heightened you in my esti- mation. For a daring and dangerous enterprise of a similar character you would to-day be the man of all my acquaintances whom I would select. You and I both anticipated that the cause of the coun- try would be advanced by making the attempt to provision Fort Sumter, even if it should fail; and it is no small consolation now to feel that our anticipation is justified by the result. Very truly your friend, A. Lincoln [109] %wm*\vwwvvwvvvvvv\v\\vv\\v\\vvw\\v\\v\\vv^^ '. . . beyond all earthly power. «v\\v\^\vv\v\v\v\v\vnvv\vvvv\vv\\\vvvvvvvv\v\v\\\vv\vvvwvvv\\\\\\v\v\vvvvv\\vvvv%avvv^vvv\^vw^\v\\\v\v\\\\v\ L: 'INCOLN had a fatherly affection for Colonel Ellsworth, who, in the early days of the war, was fatally shot while lower- ing a Confederate flag from the roof of a house in Alexandria, Virginia. Lincoln's letter to the young officer's parents ranks with the famous Bixby letter as a masterpiece of compassion. LETTER TO COLONEL ELLSWORTH'S PARENTS Washington, D. C, May 25, 1861 MY DEAR SIR AND MADAM: In the untimely loss of your noble son, our affliction here is scarcely less than your own. So much of promised usefulness to one's country, and of bright hopes for one's self and friends, have rarely been so suddenly dashed as in his fall. In size, in years, and in youthful ap- pearance a boy only, his power to command men [no] was surpassingly great. This power, combined with a fine intellect, an indomitable energy, and a taste altogether military, constituted in him, as seemed to me, the best natural talent in that de- partment I ever knew. And yet he was singularly modest and defer- ential in social intercourse. My acquaintance with him began less than two years ago; yet through the latter half of the intervening period it was as intimate as the disparity of our ages and my en- grossing engagements would permit. To me he appeared to have no indulgences or pastimes; and I never heard him utter a profane or an intem- perate word. What was conclusive of his good heart, he never forgot his parents. The honors he labored for so laudably, and for which in the sad end he so gallantly gave his life, he meant for them no less than for himself. In the hope that it may be no intrusion upon the sacredness of your sorrow, I have ventured to address you this tribute to the memory of my young friend and your brave and early fallen child. May God give you that consolation which is beyond all earthly power. Sincerely your friend in a common affliction, A. Lincoln [in] MVVVVVlVl\VWVWVVVVVtVW\\\VVW\VV\VlVtWVVWrt^ 'Wanting to wor\ is so rare. . pVVWV*\VIVWVVWVIVVVM\VWVVVVVWVVV^^ Li 'INCOLN grants the request of a mother seeking employ- ment for her two sons. LETTER TO MAJOR RAMSEY Executive Mansion, October 17, 1861 M Y DEAR SIR: The lady bearer of this says she has two sons who want to work. Set them at it if pos- sible. Wanting to work is so rare a want that it should be encouraged. Yours truly, A. Lincoln [112] »WV\Vl\\VV\VVVV\\VV\A\WAWVVVVVVVVVVW\VVVVV\^ "Hadnt we better sjpan\ this drummer boy . . . ? n L, MNCOLN recommends a more appropriate punishment to fit the crime of 14-year old Daniel Winger who had been sentenced to be shot. LETTER TO EDWIN M. STANTON M Y DEAR SIR: Hadn't we better spank this drummer boy and send him back home to Leavenworth? • A. Lincoln [113] "He who does something at the head of one regiment. . . ." HEN Major-General Hunter was assigned the command of the Department of Kansas he considered the appointment far beneath his capacity and wrote the President saying so. On Lincoln's answering letter the General made this notation: "The President's reply to my 'ugly letter.' This lay on his table a month after it was written, and when finally sent was by a special conveyance, with the direction that it was only to be given to me when I was in good humor." LETTER TO MAJOR-GENERAL HUNTER Executive Mansion, Washington, December 31, 1861 DEAR SIR: Yours of the 23d is received, and I am constrained to say it is difficult to answer so ugly a letter in good temper. I am, as you intimate, losing much of the great confidence I placed in [114] you, not from any act or omission of yours touch- ing the public service, up to the time you were sent to Leavenworth, but from the flood of grum- bling despatches and letters I have seen from you since. I knew you were being ordered to Leaven- worth at the time it was done; and I aver that with as tender a regard for your honor and your sensibilities as I had for my own, it never oc- curred to me that you were being "humiliated, insulted and disgraced!" nor have I, up to this day, heard an intimation that you have been wronged, coming from any one but yourself. No one has blamed you for the retrograde movement from Springfield, nor for the information you gave General Cameron; and this you could readily understand, if it were not for your unwarranted assumption that the ordering you to Leavenworth must necessarily have been done as a punishment for some fault. I thought then, and think yet, the position assigned to you is as responsible, and as honorable, as that assigned to Buell— I know that General McClellan expected more important re- sults from it. My impression is that at the time you were assigned to the new Western Depart- ment, it had not been determined to replace Gen- eral Sherman in Kentucky; but of this I am not [H5 1 certain, because the idea that a command in Ken- tucky was very desirable, and one in the farther West undesirable, had never occurred to me. You constantly speak of being placed in command of only 3,000. Now tell me, is this not mere impa- tience? Have you not known all the while that you are to command four or five times that many? I have been, and am sincerely your friend; and if, as such, I dare to make a suggestion, I would say you are adopting the best possible way to ruin yourself. "Act well your part, there all the honor lies." He who does something at the head of one Regiment, will eclipse him who does nothing at the head of a hundred. Your friend, as ever, A. Lincoln [116] Qrfuu &la?*>2/^ £u*~*^ erf* fa— A^$ ^f^^T An excellent example of Lincoln's faculty for in- jecting wit and wisdom into routine correspond- ence. From the Oliver R. Barrett collection. vv\v\*\\*ivm>\*\\vvvvvv\v\\>\vv\vvvvvvvvvw*vvvvvvv\*vvvvmvvvv^ I wish to be free to go at once. • • • v\vv*\vvmvv\\*\v\vv\vvvvvvvwvvvvvvvvwvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv^^ L, 'INCOLN advises the Secretary of War that the precau- tions taken for the safety of the President are neither necessary nor convenient. LETTER TO EDWIN M. STANTON Executive Mansion, January 22, 1862 Y DEAR SIR: M On reflection I think it will not do, as a rule, for the adjutant-general to attend me wher- ever I go: not that I have any objection to his presence, but that it would be an uncompensating encumbrance both to him and me. When it shall occur to me to go anywhere, I wish to be free to go at once, and not to have to notify the adjutant- general and wait till he can get ready. It is better, too, for the public service that he shall give his time to the business of his office, and not to personal attendance on me. [118] While I thank you for the kindness of the sug- gestion, my view of the matter is as I have stated. Yours truly, A. Lincoln [1191 WW*WU*VVV*VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWM/V\M*WVVVVW^ ". . . the Commander'in'Chief may order what he pleases" VVMM*VWMVWWiW*WVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWV^ HEN he found it necessary to over-rule General Mc- Glellan, Lincoln was direct and firm, but careful not to offend his sensitive commander. LETTER TO GEORGE B. McCLELLAN Executive Mansion, March 21, 1862 M Y DEAR SIR: This morning I felt constrained to or- der Blenker's division to Fremont, and I write this to assure you that I did so with great pain, understanding that you would wish it otherwise. If you could know the full pressure of the case, I am confident you would justify it, even beyond a mere acknowledgment that the Commander-in- Chief may order what he pleases. Yours, very truly, Abraham Lincoln [120] tMMMVVVVWVVWVVVWVVVVVVlW/VWVVVWVVVV^ ". . . a safe place for certain men to stand on the Constitution. . . ." Li rINCOLN decries the acts of a judge who uses the protec- tion of the Constitution to shield certain men who would seek to destroy it. LETTER TO JOHN W. CRISFIELD Executive Mansion, Washington, June 26, 1862 M Y DEAR SIR: I have been considering the appeal made by yourself and Senator Pearce in behalf of Judge Carmichael. His charge to the Grand Jury was left with me by the senator, and on reading it I must confess I was not very favorably im- pressed toward the judge. The object of the charge, I understand, was to procure prosecution and punishment of some men for arresting or doing violence to some secessionists— that is, the judge was trying to help a little by giving the protection of law to those who were endeavoring to over- throw the supreme law— trying if he could find a safe place for certain men to stand on the Constitu- tion, whilst they should stab it in another place. But possibly I am mistaken. The Secretary of War and I have agreed that if the judge will take the oath of allegiance usually taken in such cases, he may be discharged. Please ascertain and inform me whether he will do it. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln [1221 *W\VVl*VVVW\*\Vl\VW\V\\Vl\\VVW%VVVVV\M\\VVW^ 'My view of the present condition of the war. . » . ^\v\vmvvN\\vv\\\v\\\%\vw\vv\vvvv\\\v\\\\\\\A.\vi\v\\v\vv\\vvvvw^ T* HIS letter is one of three selected by John G. Nicolay, the President's secretary and biographer, as being representa- tive of "Lincoln at his best" LETTER TO WILLIAM H. SEWARD Executive Mansion, June 28, 1862 M Y DEAR SIR: My view of the present condition of the war is about as follows: The evacuation of Corinth and our delay by the flood in the Chickahominy have enabled the enemy to concentrate too much force in Richmond for McClellan to successfully attack. In fact there soon will be no substantial rebel force anywhere else. But if we send all the force from here to Mc- Clellan, the enemy will, before we can know of it, send a force from Richmond and take Wash- [123] ington. Or if a large part of the western army be brought here to McClellan, they will let us have Richmond, and retake Tennessee, Kentucky, Mis- souri, etc. What should be done is to hold what we have in the West, open the Mississippi, and take Chattanooga and East Tennessee without more. A reasonable force should in every event be kept about Washington for its protection. Then let the country give us a hundred thousand new troops in the shortest possible time, which, added to McClellan directly or indirectly, will take Rich- mond without endangering any other place which we now hold, and will substantially end the war. I expect to maintain this contest until successful, or till I die, or am conquered, or my term expires, or Congress or the country forsake me; and I would publicly appeal to the country for this new force were it not that I fear a general panic and stampede would follow, so hard it is to have a thing understood as it really is. I think the new force should be all, or nearly all, infantry, prin- cipally because such can be raised most cheaply and quickly. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln [1241 WWVVWVVVVV*MM\*VVVVVVVVVVVW\\M*\VVVVVVIVIVVV^ U I am a patient man ' «AWVVMf\M/VVVVVVVWVVVVWVVVVVVVVVlVVWVV^ L, fINCOLN'S patience is sorely tried in answering Reverdy Johnson, Baltimore Unionist, who had joined the chorus of criticism of the Louisiana Military Authority. LETTER TO REVERDY JOHNSON (Private) Executive Mansion, Washington, July 26, 1862 M Y DEAR SIR: Yours of the 16th, by the hand of Governor Shepley, is received. It seems the Union feeling in Louisiana is being crushed out by the course of General Phelps. Please pardon me for believing that is a false pretense. The people of Louisiana— all intelligent people everywhere— know full well that I never had a wish to touch the foundations of their society, or any right of theirs. With perfect knowledge of this they forced [125] a necessity upon me to send armies among them, and it is their own fault, not mine, that they are annoyed by the presence of General Phelps. They also know the remedy— know how to be cured of General Phelps. Remove the necessity of his pres- ence. And might it not be well for them to con- sider whether they have not already had time enough to do this? If they can conceive of anything worse than General Phelps within my power, would they not better be looking out for it? They very well know the way to avert all this is simply to take their place in the Union upon the old terms. If they will not do this, should they not receive harder blows rather than lighter ones? You are ready to say I apply to friends what is due only to enemies. I distrust the wisdom if not the sin- cerity of friends who would hold my hands while my enemies stab me. This appeal of professed friends has paralyzed me more in this struggle than any other one thing. You remember telling me, the day after the Baltimore mob in April, 1861, that it would crush all Union feeling in Maryland for me to attempt bringing troops over Maryland soil to Washington. I brought the troops notwithstanding, and yet there was Union feeling enough left to elect a legislature the next autumn, [126] which in turn elected a very excellent Union United States senator! I am a patient man— always willing to forgive on the Christian terms of re- pentance, and also to give ample time for repent- ance. Still, I must save this government, if possible. What I cannot do, of course I will not do; but it may as well be understood, once for all, that I shall not surrender this game leaving any available card unplayed. Yours truly, A. Lincoln [1271 \\vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv\vv\vvvvvwvvtvvv\v\vvw Bro\en eggs cannot be mended. . . AV\*VVWtVVWVVVVVVVW\Vt\\VV*VVVVVVV\\VtV\VWVVV^ H. IS dander up, Lincoln replies vigorously to another critic of the government's Louisiana policy, through August Bel- mont, the New York financier. LETTER TO AUGUST BELMONT July 31, 1862 DEAR SIR: You send to Mr. W- — an extract from a letter written at New Orleans the 9th instant, which is shown to me. You do not give the writer's name; but plainly he is a man of ability, and probably of some note. He says: "The time has arrived when Mr. Lincoln must take a decisive course. Trying to please everybody, he will satisfy nobody. A vacillating policy in matters of im- portance is the very worst. Now is the time, if ever for honest men who love their country to rally to its support. Why will not the North say officially that it wishes for the restoration of the Union as it was?" (128 J And so, it seems, this is the point on which the writer thinks I have no policy. Why will he not read and understand what I have said? The substance of the very declaration he desires is in the inaugural, in each of the two regular mes- sages to Congress, and in many, if not all, the minor documents issued by the Executive since the inauguration. Broken eggs cannot be mended; but Louisiana has nothing to do now but to take her place in the Union as it was, barring the already broken eggs. The sooner she does so, the smaller will be the amount of that which will be past mending. This government cannot much longer play a game in which it stakes all, and its enemies stake nothing. Those enemies must understand that they cannot experiment for ten years trying to destroy the gov- ernment, and if they fail still come back into the Union unhurt. If they expect in any contingency to ever have the Union as it was, I join with the writer in saying, "Now is the time." How much better it would have been for the writer to have gone at this, under the protection of the army at New Orleans, than to have sat down in a closet writing complaining letters northward! Yours truly, A. Lincoln [129] A%*vm\\vvw\\\vv\vvvvvvv\\\*vv\\vvv\vvv*vw\\wmw^\\vvvwvwvw^^ 'Cant you give him a chance?" *MMMMW\*M*MMMWkM/\W\AWW\MMM/VV\MWWS^^ c. ARL SANDBURG, in his "War Years? tells of the time Lincoln met a man in the street and said, "You look like an able-bodied man— why don't you join the army?" When the man answered that he'd be glad to die for his country if only given a chance, Lincoln wrote out and sealed this note, ad- dressed to 714 Fifteenth Street, and instructed the man to take it there. NOTE TO COLONEL FIELDING C OL. FIELDING- The bearer is anxious to go to the front and die for his country. Can't you give him a chance? A. Lincoln [130] AW\\vw\\vvv\vmv\\\\vvv\vvvv\\vvvvvvvv\\vvwA*\vv\wvvm\vi*\\vvv^^ "I would save the Union. AWAVVVVVAAVV\VVV\VV\VVVVNV\\VVVV\W*VVV\VV*^^ Wh HEN the New York Tribune assailed the President edi- torially for not taking a more radical stand on the question of slavery, Lincoln sent to Horace Greeley this famous reply, which ranks near the top of his greatest State Papers. LETTER TO HORACE GREELEY Executive Mansion, Washington, August, 22, 1862 D EAR SIR: I have just read yours of the 19th, ad- dressed to myself through the New York "Trib- une." If there be in it any statements or assump- tions of fact which I may know to be erroneous, I do not now and here, controvert them. If there be in it any inferences which I may believe to be falsely drawn, I do not, now and here, argue against them. If there be perceptible in it an im- patient and dictatorial tone, I waive it in deference [131] to an old friend whose heart I have always sup- posed to be right. As to the policy I "seem to be pursuing," as you say, I have not meant to leave any one in doubt. I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored, the nearer the Union will be "the Union as it was." If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them. If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them. My para- mount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear be- cause I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more will [132] help the cause. I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors, and I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true views. I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free. Yours, A. Lincoln [133] A\\\VW*V*VVVVVV\\VV\\\V\VV\VV\\VV\VV*VVWA\**\\\V\\tt\\VV\\\^^ 'These are not the daysvof miracles. . . .' AV\VVmVV\\\VVVVVVV\V\VVVVVVVV\VVW\\\\VVVVVVVWAMAV\AAVVVVVVVVV\VVV^ XTHOUGH in this reply to a religious delegation Lin- coln explained why he should not issue an Emancipation Proclamation, he had at that very moment a draft of the Proclamation in his desk and was only holding it for the right occasion. Three days later the Battle of Antietam provided the long-awaited opportunity, and on September 24 Lincoln released the Proclamation to the press. REPLY TO INTERDENOMINATIONAL RELIGIOUS COMMITTEE September 13, 1862 THE subject presented in the memorial is one upon which I have thought much for weeks past, and I may even say for months. I am approached with the most opposite opinions and advice, and that by religious men who are equally certain that they represent the divine will. I am [134] sure that either the one or the other class is mis- taken in that belief, and perhaps in some respects both. I hope it will not be irreverent for me to say that if it is probable that God would reveal his will to others on a point so connected with my duty, it might be supposed he would reveal it directly to me; for, unless I am more deceived in myself than I often am, it is my earnest desire to know the will of Providence in this matter. And if I can learn what it is, I will do it. These are not, however, the days of miracles, and I suppose it will be granted that I am not to expect a direct revelation. I must study the plain physical facts of the case, ascertain what is possible, and learn what appears to be wise and right. The subject is difficult, and good men do not agree. For instance, the other day four gentlemen of standing and intelligence from New York called as a delegation on business connected with the war; but, before leaving, two of them earnestly beset me to proclaim general emancipation, upon which the other two at once attacked them. You know also that the last session of Congress had a decided majority of anti-slavery men, yet they could not unite on this policy. And the same is true of the religious people. Why, the rebel sol- [135] diers are praying with a great deal more earnest- ness, I fear, than our own troops, and expecting God to favor their side; for one of our soldiers who had been taken prisoner told Senator Wilson a few days since that he met with nothing so dis- couraging as the evident sincerity of those he was among in their prayers. But we will talk over the merits of the case. What good would a proclamation of emancipa- tion from me do, especially as we are now situated? I do not want to issue a document that the whole world will see must necessarily be inoperative, like the Pope's bull against the comet. Would my word free the slaves, when I cannot even enforce the Constitution in the rebel States? Is there a single court, or magistrate, or individual that would be influenced by it there? And what reason is there to think it would have any greater effect upon the slaves than the late law of Congress, which I approved, and which offers protection and freedom to the slaves of rebel masters who come within our lines? Yet I cannot learn that that law has caused a single slave to come over to us. And suppose they could be induced by a proc- lamation of freedom from me to throw themselves upon us, what should we do with them? How can [136] we feed and care for such a multitude? General Butler wrote me a few days since that he was issu- ing more rations to the slaves who have rushed to him than to all the white troops under his com- mand. They eat, and that is all; though it is true General Butler is feeding the whites also by the thousand, for it nearly amounts to a famine there. If, now, the pressure of the war should call off our forces from New Orleans to defend some other point, what is to prevent the masters from reduc- ing the blacks to slavery again? For I am told that whenever the rebels take any black prisoners, free or slave, they immediately auction them off. They did so with those they took from a boat that was aground in the Tennessee River a few days ago. And then I am very ungenerously attacked for it! For instance, when, after the late battles at and near Bull Run, an expedition went out from Washington under a flag of truce to bury the dead and bring in the wounded, and the rebels seized the blacks who went along to help, and sent them into slavery, Horace Greeley said in his paper that the government would probably do nothing about it. What could I do? Now, then, tell me, if you please, what possible result of good would follow the issuing of such a [137] proclamation as you desire? Understand, I raise no objections against it on legal or constitutional grounds; for, as commander-in-chief of the army and navy, in time of war I suppose I have a right to take any measure which may best subdue the enemy; nor do I urge objections of a moral na- ture, in view of possible consequences of insurrec- tion and massacre at the South. I view this matter as a practical war measure, to be decided on according to the advantages or dis- advantages it may offer to the suppression of the rebellion. I admit that slavery is the root of the rebellion, or at least its sine qua non. The ambition of poli- ticians may have instigated them to act, but they would have been impotent without slavery as their instrument. I will also concede that emancipation would help us in Europe, and convince them that we are incited by something more than ambition. I grant, further, that it would help somewhat at the North, though not so much, I fear, as you and those you represent imagine. Still some additional strength would be added in that way to the war, and then, unquestionably, it would weaken the rebels by drawing off their laborers, which is of great importance; but I am not so sure we could [138] do much with the blacks. If we were to arm them, I fear that in a few weeks the arms would be in the hands of the rebels; and, indeed, thus far we have not had arms enough to equip our white troops. I will mention another thing, though it meet only your scorn and contempt. There are fifty thousand bayonets in the Union armies from the border slave States. It would be a serious mat- ter if, in consequence of a proclamation such as you desire, they should go over to the rebels. I do not think they all would— not so many, indeed, as a year ago, or six months ago— not so many to-day as yesterday. Every day increases their Union feel- ing. They are also getting their pride enlisted, and want to beat the rebels. Let me say one thing more: I think you should admit that we already have an important principle to rally and unite the people, in the fact that con- stitutional government is at stake. This is a funda- mental idea going down about as deep as any- thing. Do not misunderstand me because I have men- tioned these objections. They indicate the diffi- culties that have thus far prevented my action in some such way as you desire. I have not decided against a proclamation of liberty to the slaves, but [139] hold the matter under advisement; and I can as- sure you that the subject is on my mind, by day and night, more than any other. Whatever shall appear to be God's will, I will do. I trust that in the freedom with which I have canvassed your views I have not in any respect injured your feelings. [140] ^VVVWVVVVVVVVVWVVVVVUflVVVVVV^^ ". . . breath done \ills no rebels" JL/INCOLN writes Vice-President Hamlin that he is flattered by the comments on his Proclamation, but sadly disappointed in its results. LETTER TO HANNIBAL HAMLIN (Strictly Private) Executive Mansion, Washington, September 28, 1862 M Y DEAR SIR: Your kind letter of the 25th is just re- ceived. It is known to some that while I hope something from the proclamation, my expectations are not as sanguine as are those of some friends. The time for its effect southward has not come; but northward the effect should be instantaneous. It is six days old, and while commendation in newspapers and by distinguished individuals is all that a vain man could wish, the stocks have de- [141] clined, and troops come forward more slowly than ever. This, looked soberly in the face, is not very satisfactory. We have fewer troops in the field at the end of six days than we had at the beginning— the attrition among the old outnumbering the ad- dition by the new. The North responds to the proclamation sufficiently in breath; but breath alone kills no rebels. I wish I could write more cheerfully; nor do I thank you the less for the kindness of your letter. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln [142] Wl\MUU\WW%UUW\M*WMMVW*M*UVVWW\*UUU^ ". . . hardly proper for me to ma\e speeches. vvvvv\\\vvvv\\vvvvvvvvv\v\\vvvvvmvvvvv\vvv\vvvmAAVVv\sA^ c. -ALLED upon for a speech at Frederick, Maryland, Lin- coln reiterates his great aversion to speaking when he has nothing to say. SPEECH AT FREDERICK, MARYLAND October 4, 1862 IN my present position it is hardly proper for me to make speeches. Every word is so closely noted that it will not do to make foolish ones, and I cannot be expected to be prepared to make sen- sible ones. If I were as I have been for most of my life, I might, perhaps, talk nonsense to you for half an hour, and it wouldn't hurt anybody. As it is, I can only return thanks for the compliment paid our cause. Please accept my sincere thanks for the compliment to our country. [143] 4\VlVMVVAVVVVWVVVVl\VV\VVVVVVVVVVVtVVV^^ ". . . sore'tongued and fatigued horses." V\VWW\\VVVVV\\VV\VVV\VV\\\\VVVVl\V\\\\VVVVW JL/INCOLN, despairing of ever getting McClellan to move against the enemy, chides his able but cautious commander in a terse telegraphic despatch. TELEGRAM TO GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN War Department, Washington City October 24 [25?], 1862 MAJOR-GENERAL McCLELLAN: I have just read your despatch about sore-tongued and fatigued horses. Will you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigues anything? A. Lincoln [144] ^*WVWWVVVWWlVvWVVWVVV\VW\U^ I intend no injustice.' y/W\MM/M\WW\MMMMMMWW^ L 'INCOLN attempts to smooth over the ruffled temper of McClellan but still pleads for action. TELEGRAM TO GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN Executive Mansion Washington, October 27, 1862. 12:10 P.M. MAJOR-GENERAL McCLELLAN: Yours of yesterday received. Most cer- tainly I intend no injustice to any, and if I have done any I deeply regret it. To be told, after more than five weeks' total inaction of the army, and during which period we sent to the army every fresh horse we possibly could, amounting in the whole to 7,918, that the cavalry horses were too much fatigued to move, presents a very cheerless, almost hopeless, prospect for the future, and it U45] may have forced something of impatience in my dispatch. If not recruited and rested then, when could they ever be? I suppose the river is rising, and I am glad to believe you are crossing. A. Lincoln fl46l 4vwvv\wvu\vvw.\vv\\\\\\\\v\\\vvvv\v\vvv\v\v^^ do not thin\ this is an ill-natured letter. D: ESPERATELY needing action, Lincoln pleads again and again with his Generals who seize every excuse for delay. LETTER TO GENERAL NATHANIEL P. BANKS Executive Mansion Washington, November 22, 1862 M Y DEAR GENERAL BANKS: Early last week you left me in high hope with your assurance that you would be off with your expedition at the end of that week, or early in this. It is now the end of this, and I have just been overwhelmed and confounded with the sight of a requisition made by you which, I am as- sured, cannot be filled and got off within an hour short of two months. I inclose you a copy of the requisition, in some hope that it is not genuine— that you have never seen it. My dear general, this expanding and piling up of impedimenta has [147] been, so far, almost our ruin, and will be our final ruin if it is not abandoned. If you had the articles of this requisition upon the wharf, with the necessary animals to make them of any use, and forage for the animals, you could not get ves- sels together in two weeks to carry the whole, to say nothing of your twenty thousand men; and having the vessels, you could not put the cargoes aboard in two weeks more. And, after all, where you are going you have no use for them. When you parted with me you had no such ideas in your mind. I know you had not, or you could not have expected to be off so soon as you said. You must get back to something like the plan you had then, or your expedition is a failure before you start. You must be off before Congress meets. You would be better off anywhere, and especially where you are going, for not having a thousand wagons doing nothing but hauling forage to feed the animals that draw them, and taking at least two thousand men to care for the wagons and animals, who otherwise might be two thousand good soldiers. Now, dear general, do not think this is an ill- natured letter; it is the very reverse. The simple publication of this requisition would ruin you. Very truly your friend, A. Lincoln [148] VVVV\AWAVVVVW. . AVVVV\\\\V\VV\\VVV\\VVVVmvV\VVVVVWVA\VVVV\VWVWV\W L, LINCOLN was having nothing but trouble with the Army of the Potomac. McClellan had been too wary; Burnside had been too rash. And now the President was to have thrust upon him, by the pressure of a disapproving Senate, a general of questionable merit. In one of his most remarkable letters, Lincoln warns his new general, without resentment but with amazing directness, of the faults he must surmount if he is to succeed. LETTER TO 'FIGHTING JOE" HOOKER Executive Mansion Washington, D. C., January 26, 1863 GENERAL: I have placed you at the head of the Army of the Potomac. Of course I have done this upon what appear to me to be sufficient reasons. And yet I think it best for you to know that there [162] are some things in regard to which, I am not quite satisfied with you. I believe you to be a brave and skilful soldier, which, of course, I like. I also be- lieve you do not mix politics with your profession, in which you are right. You have confidence in yourself, which is a valuable, if not an indispens- able quality. You are ambitious, which, within reasonable bounds, does good rather than harm. But I think that during Gen. Burnside's com- mand of the Army, you have taken counsel of your ambition, and thwarted him as much as you could, in which you did a great wrong to the country, and to a most meritorious and honorable brother officer. I have heard, in such a way as to believe it, of your recently saying that both the army and the government needed a dictator. Of course it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command. Only those generals who gain successes can set up dictators. What I now ask of you is military success, and I will risk the dictator- ship. The government will support you to the ut- most of its ability, which is neither more nor less than it has done and will do for all commanders. I much fear that the spirit which you have aided to infuse into the army, of criticising their com- mander and withholding confidence from him, [163] will now turn upon you. I shall assist you as far as I can to put it down. Neither you nor Napoleon, if he were alive again, could get any good out of an army while such a spirit prevails in it; and now beware of rashness. Beware of rashness, but with energy and sleepless vigilance go forward and give us victories. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln [164] "You and I are substantially strangers. AVIVVWWVVUWI\\\VVVW\VVUVVVWVW*VVVV\^^ Li 'INCOLN makes a friendly overture to one of the bitterest enemies of his administration, Governor Seymour of New York. LETTER TO GOVERNOR HORATIO SEYMOUR March, 1863 M Y DEAR SIR: You and I are substantially strangers, and I write this chiefly that we may become better acquainted. I, for the time being, am at the head of a nation which is in great peril, and you are at the head of the greatest State of that nation. As to maintaining the nation's life and integrity, I as- sume and believe there cannot be a difference of purpose between you and me. If we should differ as to the means, it is important that such differ- ence should be as small as possible; that it should not be enhanced by unjust suspicions on one side or the other. In the performance of my duty the [165 1 cooperation of your State, as that of others, is needed— in fact, is indispensable. This alone is a sufficient reason why I should wish to be at a good understanding with you. Please write me at least as long a letter as this, of course saying in it just what you think fit. A. Lincoln ri66i A\vvvv\vvvv\vvv\\^vvvv^\\\vvvvvv^vvvvvvvvvvvv^Avvv\v\\vvvvv\^vv^^^vvvvvvvv^^vvvvvvv\\\\vvvvvvvvvvvvv^vvvv^vvvv\vv« ". . . li\e an ox jumped half over the fence. A\v\v\AAV»,vvvvvvvvv\vmviv\vwvvvvvvvivvvvv^^ Ke> 1EPING an ever closer eye on the operations of his army, Lincoln warns General Hooker to be alert and not to jail into Lee's trap. TELEGRAM TO "FIGHTING JOE" HOOKER Washington, June 5, 1863. 4 P.M. MAJOR-GENERAL HOOKER: Yours of to-day was received an hour ago. So much of professional military skill is requi- site to answer it, that I have turned the task over to General Halleck. He promises to perform it with his utmost care. I have but one idea which I think worth suggesting to you, and that is, in case you find Lee coming to the north of the Rap- pahannock, I would by no means cross to the south of it. If he should leave a rear force at Fredericks- burg, tempting you to fall upon it, it would fight I 167 ] in intrenchments and have you at disadvantage, and so, man for man, worst you at that point, while his main force would in some way be getting an advantage of you northward. In one word, I would not take any risk of being entangled upon the river, like an ox jumped half over a fence and liable to be torn by dogs front and rear without a fair chance to gore one way or kick the other. If Lee would come to my side of the river, I would keep on the same side, and fight him or act on the defense, according as might be my estimate of his strength relatively to my own. But these are mere suggestions which I desire to be controlled by the judgment of yourself and General Halleck. A. Lincoln (168] AWWVVVlVVVVM/VVVVVWVVVVVVVtWVVVVVVVV^^ 'If you are besieged. ANWWSIWVVHMMMMMAMAM/W^^ .N urgent S.O.S. from General Tyler draws a pertinent, if not impertinent, response from his much harried Com- mander-in-Ch ief. TELEGRAM TO GENERAL DANIEL TYLER War Department, June 14, 1863 G ENERAL TYLER, MARTINSBURG: If you are besieged how do you despatch me? Why did you not leave before being besieged? A. Lincoln [1691 AWi\Vi\«Vwvivvvwv\vv\\vvmvvvv\\\vv\\\\\vv\\vm\i\v\vw^ Lincoln s Shortest Speech JLHIS one-sentence speech, delivered at the flag-raising be- fore the Treasury Building, is very likely the briefest address ever given upon a public occasion. SPEECH BEFORE THE TREASURY BUILDING THE part assigned to me is to raise the flag, which, if there be no fault in the ma- chinery, I will do, and when up, it will be for the people to keep it up. [170] AW^W*»w\%vvwvvvvvvvivvivv\ivmvi\vvvvwvwvvv\vv^ "Beware of being assailed by on? and praised by the other." L 'INCOLN tells his new Commander in Missouri how best to preserve peace among the quarrelsome factions in his terri- tory. LETTER TO GENERAL JOHN M. SCHOFIELD Executive Mansion, May 27, 1863 MY DEAR SIR: Having relieved General Curtis and assigned you to the command of the Department of the Missouri, I think it may be of some ad- vantage for me to state to you why I did it. I did not relieve General Curtis because of any full con- viction that he had done wrong by commission or omission. I did it because of a conviction in my mind that the Union men of Missouri, con- stituting, when united, a vast majority of the whole [m] people, have entered into a pestilent factional quarrel among themselves— General Curtis, per- haps not of choice, being the head of one faction and Governor Gamble that of the other. After months of labor to reconcile the difficulty, it seemed to grow worse and worse, until I felt it my duty to break it up somehow; and as I could not remove Governor Gamble, I had to remove Gen- eral Curtis. Now that you are in the position, I wish you to undo nothing merely because General Curtis or Governor Gamble did it, but to exercise your own judgment, and do right for the public interest. Let your military measures be strong enough to repel the invader and keep the peace, and not so strong as to unnecessarily harass and persecute the people. It is a difficult role, and so much greater will be the honor if you perform it well. If both factions, or neither, shall abuse you, you will probably be about right. Beware of being assailed by one and praised by the other. Yours truly, A. Lincoln tm] AVWW\VV\\VVVVV\VVVVVW*VVVVVVVAAAA/VVVWV^ . . this is a glorious theme. i N an impromptu speech Lincoln points to the many unique coincidences which occurred on the 4th of July, including the deaths of Presidents Jefferson, Adams, Monroe, and the vic- tories just gained at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. RESPONSE TO A SERENADE July 7, 1863 F ELLOW-CITIZENS: I am very glad indeed to see you to- night, and yet I will not say I thank you for this call; but I do most sincerely thank Almighty God for the occasion on which you have called. How long ago is it?— eighty-odd years since, on the Fourth of July, for the first time in the history of the world, a nation, by its representatives, assem- bled and declared, as a self-evident truth, "that all men are created equal/' That was the birthday [173] of the United States of America. Since then the Fourth of July has had several very peculiar rec- ognitions. The two men most distinguished in the framing and support of the Declaration were Thomas Jefferson and John Adams— the one hav- ing penned it, and the other sustained it the most forcibly in debate— the only two of the fifty-five who signed it that were elected Presidents of the United States. Precisely fifty years after they put their hands to the paper, it pleased Almighty God to take both from this stage of action. This was indeed an extraordinary and remarkable event in our history. Another President, five years after, was called from this stage of existence on the same day and month of the year; and now on this last Fourth of July just passed, when we have a gi- gantic rebellion, at the bottom of which is an effort to overthrow the principle that all men are created equal, we have the surrender of a most powerful position and army on that very day. And not only so, but in a succession of battles in Penn- sylvania, near to us, through three days, so rapidly fought that they might be called one great battle, on the first, second, and third of the month of July; and on the fourth the cohorts of those who opposed the Declaration that all men are created [174] equal "turned tail" and run. Gentlemen, this is a glorious theme, and the occasion for a speech, but I am not prepared to make one worthy of the occasion. I would like to speak in terms of praise due to the many brave officers and soldiers who have fought in the cause of the Union and liber- ties of their country from the beginning of the war. These are trying occasions, not only in suc- cess, but for the want of success. I dislike to men- tion the name of one single officer, lest I might do wrong to those I might forget. Recent events bring up glorious names, and particularly promi- nent ones; but these I will not mention. Having said this much, I will now take the music. H75T v\vuvv\vvvvmv\\vvvvvv\vv\vvvvv\vvmv\v\\vvwvvvvvvv^ you were right and I was wrong." ^. ^ * ■< + — fTXK^yCtr ^-^*-W ^^O /J^n^ /£*&C /?/>v-o -ty^Lrr ft^v^— ^c*^u- /ia*_^^ 7 A newly discovered letter, not included in any of the standard collections, in which Lincoln urges that Sherman keep the enemy ''going," while he is on the "down-hill." the wolfs dictionary has been repudiated." L LINCOLN frequently was entreated to speak at Sanitary Fairs, which resembled modern Red Cross Benefits. The speech he delivered at Baltimore was not, when considered as a whole, one of his best, but reflects in many passages the flash of his genius. ADDRESS AT BALTIMORE APRIL 18, 1864 IADIES AND GENTLEMEN: -A Calling to mind that we are in Balti- more, we cannot fail to note that the world moves. Looking upon these many people assembled here to serve, as they best may, the soldiers of the Union, it occurs at once that three years ago the same soldiers could not so much as pass through Baltimore. The change from then till now is both great and gratifying. Blessings on the brave men who have wrought the change, and the fair women who strive to reward them for it! 1 [ 220 ] .But Baltimore suggests more than could happen within Baltimore. The change within Baltimore is part only of a far wider change. When the war be- gan, three years ago, neither party, nor any man, expected it would last till now. Each looked for the end, in some way, long ere to-day. Neither did any anticipate that domestic slavery would be much affected by the war. But here we are; the war has not ended, and slavery has been much af- fected—how much needs not now to be recounted. So true is it that man proposes and God disposes. But we can see the past, though we may not claim to have directed it; and seeing it, in this case, we feel more hopeful and confident for the future. The world has never had a good definition of the word liberty, and the American people, just now, are much in want of one. We all declare for liberty; but in using the same word we do not all mean the same thing. With some the word liberty may mean for each man to do as he pleases with himself, and the product of his labor; while with others the same word may mean for some men to do as they please with other men, and the prod- uct of other men's labor. Here are two, not only different, but incompatible things, called by the same name, liberty. And it follows that each of the [221] things is, by the respective parties, called by two different and incompatible names— liberty and tyranny. The shepherd drives the wolf from the sheep's throat, for which the sheep thanks the shepherd as his liberator, while the wolf denounces him for the same act, as the destroyer of liberty, especially as the sheep was a black one. Plainly, the sheep and the wolf are not agreed upon a definition of the word liberty; and precisely the same difference prevails to-day among us human creatures, even in the North, and all professing to love liberty. Hence we behold the process by which thousands are daily passing from under the yoke of bondage hailed by some as the advance of liberty, and be- wailed by others as the destruction of all liberty. Recently, as it seems, the people of Maryland have been doing something to define liberty, and thanks to them that, in what they have done, the wolf's dictionary has been repudiated. It is not very becoming for one in my position to make speeches at great length; but there is an- other subject upon which I feel that I ought to say a word. A painful rumor— true, I fear— has reached us of the massacre by the rebel forces at Fort Pillow, [222] in the west end of Tennessee, on the Mississippi River, of some three hundred colored soldiers and white officers, who had just been overpowered by their assailants. There seems to be some anxiety in the public mind whether the government is do- ing its duty to the colored soldier, and to the serv- ice, at this point. At the beginning of the war, and for some time, the use of colored troops was not contemplated; and how the change of purpose was wrought I will not now take time to explain. Upon a clear conviction of duty I resolved to turn that element of strength to account; and I am responsi- ble for it to the American people, to the Christian world, to history, and in my final account to God. Having determined to use the negro as a soldier, there is no way but to give him all the protection given to any other soldier. The difficulty is not in stating the principle, but in practically applying it. It is a mistake to suppose the government is indif- ferent to this matter, or is not doing the best it can in regard to it. We do not to-day know that a col- ored soldier, or white officer commanding colored soldiers, has been massacred by the rebels when made a prisoner. We fear it,— believe it, I may say,— but we do not know it. To take the life of one of their prisoners on the assumption that they [223] murder ours, when it is short of certainty that they do murder ours, might be too serious, too cruel, a mistake. We are having the Fort Pillow affair thor- oughly investigated; and such investigation will probably show conclusively how the truth is. If after all that has been said it shall turn out that there has been no massacre at Fort Pillow, it will be almost safe to say there has been none, and will be none, elsewhere. If there has been the massacre of three hundred there, or even the tenth part of three hundred, it will be conclusively proved; and being so proved, the retribution shall as surely come. It will be matter of grave consideration in what exact course to apply the retribution; but in the supposed case it must come. [224] '. . . with a brave army and a just cause. mvv\v\v\vvvvvv\\vvv\vvvvvv\vviv\\vvi\Awi\vivvvvv^^ L> 1NCOLN, keenly understanding the psychology of his generals, knew just when to maintain a close surveillance and when, as in this case of General Grant, to invest them with complete authority. LETTER TO ULYSSES S. GRANT Executive Mansion Washington, April 30, 1864 IEUTENANT GENERAL GRANT: E Not expecting to see you again before the Spring campaign opens, I wish to express, in this way, my entire satisfaction with what you have done up to this time, so far as I understand it. The particulars of your plans I neither know, or seek to know. You are vigilant and self-reliant, and, pleased with this, I wish not to obtrude any con- straints or restraints upon you. While I am very 1225] anxious that any great disaster, or the capture of our men in great numbers, shall be avoided, I know these points are less likely to escape your at- tention than they would be mine— If there is any- thing wanting which is within my power to give, do not fail to let me know it. And now with a brave army, and a just cause, may God sustain you. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln [2261 V\V\VVVVI\VVVV\\\VWVVIW\VVVV*V\*W\VIVV*VVVVVVVM*^^ \nowing of your weakness for oddities. . . .' %W\MMMM/\MMMMMW\MMMW1AMMA^^ L, KITTLE suspecting that his own signature might some day prove to be of greater value, Lincoln sends along a "John Quincy Adams*' autograph to the Secretary of War. LETTER TO EDWIN M. STANTON June 14, 1864 Y DEAR STANTON: M Finding the above signature of Adams in an obscure place in the Mansion this morning and knowing of your weakness for oddities, I am sending it to you, hold on to it- It will no doubt be much more valuable some day. Yours, A. Lincoln 12271 WVVWVV\*Vl\*W*W\WWV\M/WM\VVV\VVVWVV\M/WM notwithstanding any newspaper assaults.^ i N the matter of granting pardons Lincoln was lenient to a degree that, it was feared, would affect the discipline of the army; but his firmness could not be shaken in cases where he felt no mercy was due. , LETTER TO WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT Executive Mansion, June 27, 1864 MY DEAR SIR: Yours of the twenty-fifth has just been handed me by the Secretary of the Navy. The tone of the letter, rather than any direct statement in it, impresses me as a complaint that Mr. Henderson should have been removed from office, and ar- rested; coupled with the single suggestion that he be restored if he shall establish his innocence. I know absolutely nothing of the case except as follows: Monday last, Mr. Welles came to me with [ 228 ] the letter of dismissal already written, saying he thought proper to show it to me before sending it. I asked him the charges, which he stated in a gen- eral way. With as much emphasis as I could, I said: "Are you entirely certain of his guilt?" He an- swered that he was, to which I replied: "Then send the letter." Whether Mr. Henderson was a supporter of my second nomination, I neither knew nor inquired, nor even thought of. I shall be very glad indeed if he shall, as you anticipate, establish his innocence; or, to state it more strongly and properly, "if the government shall fail to establish his guilt." I be- lieve, however, the man who made the affidavit was of as spotless reputation as Mr. Henderson, until he was arrested on what his friends insist was outrageously insufficient evidence. I know the en- tire city government of Washington, with many other respectable citizens, appealed to me in his be- half as a greatly injured gentleman. While the subject is up, may I ask whether the "Evening Post" has not assailed me for supposed too lenient dealing with persons charged with fraud and crime? And that in cases of which the "Post" could know but little of the facts? I shall certainly deal as leniently with Mr. Henderson as 12291 I have felt it my duty to deal with others, notwith- standing any newspaper assaults. Your obedient servant, A. Lincoln 12301 V«vwvivvvvv\vvvvv\v\\v\\vv\u\vvvwuvvvvvwvvv\^ . . . a point of mutual embarrassment. lvv\\v\v\vvvvv\\v\vvvvvvmvvvm\\vvvvvvvvvvv\vwvvv^^ Tf HREE times Salmon P. Chase had resigned as Secretary of the Treasury; three times a patient Lincoln had persuaded him to reconsider; but when Chase handed in his resignation for the fourth time, Lincoln decided it was time to "call quits." LETTER TO SALMON P. CHASE Executive Mansion, June 30, 1864 MY DEAR SIR: Your resignation of the office of Sec- retary of the Treasury sent me yesterday is ac- cepted. Of all I have said in commendation of your ability and fidelity I have nothing to unsay; and yet you and I have reached a point of mutual em- barrassment in our official relations which it seems cannot be overcome or longer sustained consist- ently with the public service. Your obedient servant, A. Lincoln t23l] vwtvvmwvwiwivvvvvvvvvxM/vvvvvwwvvwv^ "I propose continuing myself to be the judge. WV\V\\\VWWVVWVVVV\VVVVV\\\\\VWUV\VV\VV\A^VVU^ w f HEN General Halleck, Chief of Staff, virtually de- manded the dismissal of Postmaster-General Blair, Lincoln refused, saying, "I propose continuing myself to be the judge as to when a member of the Cabinet shall be dismissed/' Two months later, seeing that the breach between his Cabinet mem- bers could never be healed, Lincoln asked for Blair* s resig- nation. LETTER TO EDWIN M. STANTON Executive Mansion, July 14, 1864 R: S Your note of to-day inclosing General Halleck's letter of yesterday relative to offensive remarks supposed to have been made by the Post- master-General concerning the military officers on duty about Washington is received. The generals letter in substance demands of me that if I approve [2321 the remarks I shall strike the names of those of- ficers from the rolls; and that if I do not approve them the Postmaster-General shall be dismissed from the Cabinet. Whether the remarks were really made I do not know, nor do I suppose such knowledge is neces- sary to a correct response. If they were made, I do not approve them; and yet, under the circum- stances, I would not dismiss a member of the Cabi- net therefor. I do not consider what may have been hastily said in a moment of vexation at so severe a loss is sufficient ground for so grave a step. Be- sides this, truth is generally the best vindication against slander. I propose continuing to be myself the judge as to when a member of the Cabinet shall be dismissed. Yours truly, A. Lincoln 1233] V\V\VV\\\VV\VVVVVV\\VV\VVV^VVV\\VV\V\\\VV\\V\\\V%>^\\\\\\>VV^\\\\^V\\VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV\'VVVVVVV\VVV\VVVV\U\\VVW 'Hold on with a huWdog grip. WVVVWlVWmVVlWVVVWVVVVVIAVM^^ HEN a number of State Governors had appealed to Gen- eral Grant to release troops to suppress draft uprisings, Grant flatly refused to weaken his lines and was strongly backed in his decision by the Commander-in-Chief. TELEGRAM TO ULYSSES S. GRANT Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C. August 17, 1864, 10:30 A.M. IEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT, City Point, Va.: E I have seen your despatch expressing your unwillingness to break your hold where you are. Neither am I willing. Hold on with a bull- dog grip, and chew and choke as much as possible. A. Lincoln [234] vvv\vvvmvvvvvvvv\vuv\\v\vv\v\\\v«vv\\vvv\\vw,vvwvvvvw^ Secret Pledge WHMMMHVWVWHNHMMNSMWWAWSAMMMMMM^^ FTER his reelection Lincoln drew from his desk drawer this sealed memorandum, which he had asked his Cabinet members to sign, unseen, several months before. SECRET MEMORANDUM SIGNED BY CABINET MEMBERS Executive Mansion Washington, August 23, 1864 THIS morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this ad- ministration will not be reelected. Then it will be my duty to so cooperate with the President-elect as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground that he cannot possibly save it afterward. A. Lincoln [235] VVVVVVVVVVWVVVVVVWVMVVVVVWWVVWV^^ ". . . inflammatory appeals to your passions and your prejudices." L. INCOLN addresses a few words of caution to an Ohio regiment, returning home long after their original 3-months term of enlistment had expired. ADDRESS TO THE 148TH OHIO REGIMENT AUGUST 31, 1864 SOLDIERS OF THE 148TH OHIO: I am most happy to meet you on this oc- casion. I understand that it has been your honor- able privilege to stand, for a brief period, in the defense of your country, and that now you are on your way to your homes. I congratulate you, and those who are waiting to bid you welcome home from the war; and permit me in the name of the people to thank you for the part you have taken in this struggle for the life of the nation. You are soldiers of the republic, everywhere honored and [236] respected. Whenever I appear before a body of sol- diers I feel tempted to talk to them of the nature of the struggle in which we are engaged. I look upon it as an attempt on the one hand to over- whelm and destroy the national existence, while on our part we are striving to maintain the gov- ernment and institutions of our fathers, to enjoy them ourselves, and transmit them to our children and our children's children forever. To do this the constitutional administration of our government must be sustained, and I beg of you not to allow your minds or your hearts to be diverted from the support of all necessary meas- ures for that purpose, by any miserable picayune arguments addressed to your pockets, or inflamma- tory appeals made to your passions and your preju- dices. It is vain and foolish to arraign this man or that for the part he has taken or has not taken, and to hold the government responsible for his acts. In no administration can there be perfect equality of action and uniform satisfaction rendered by all. But this government must be preserved in spite of the acts of any man or set of men. It is worthy of your every effort. Nowhere in the world is pre- sented a government of so much liberty and [ 237 1 equality. To the humblest and poorest amongst us are held out the highest privileges and positions. The present moment finds me at the White House, yet there is as good a chance for your children as there was for my father's. Again I admonish you not to be turned from your stern purpose of defending our beloved coun- try and its free institutions by any arguments urged by ambitious and designing men, but to stand fast for the Union and the old flag. Soldiers, I bid you God-speed to your homes. [238] VVV*VV\VVVVVl\\\WVl\VVVVV\\VW\VVVVV\VlV\V\\VVV\VVVV^ ". . . opposed to both war and oppression. Vl\\\\\XVLV^V*\\Y*A\MWMMX%M\\MM^^ Ri .ECOGNIZING the "hard dilemma" which confronts the Quakers by reason of their faith, Lincoln points out that "they can only practically oppose oppression by war." LETTER TO ELIZA P. GURNEY Executive Mansion, September 4, 1864 MY ESTEEMED FRIEND: I have not forgotten— probably never shall forget— the very impressive occasion when yourself and friends visited me on a Sabbath fore- noon two years ago. Nor has your kind letter, writ- ten nearly a year later, ever been forgotten. In all it has been your purpose to strengthen my reliance on God. I am much indebted to the good Christian people of the country for their constant prayers and consolations; and to no one of them more than to yourself. The purposes of the Almighty are [239] perfect, and must prevail, though we erring mor- tals may fail to accurately perceive them in ad- vance. We hoped for a happy termination of this terrible war long before this; but God knows best, and has ruled otherwise. We shall yet acknowledge his wisdom, and our own error therein. Mean- while we must work earnestly in the best lights he gives us, trusting that so working still conduces to the great ends he ordains. Surely he intends some great good to follow this mighty convulsion, which no mortal could make, and no mortal could stay. Your people, the Friends, have had, and are having, a very great trial. On principle and faith opposed to both war and oppression, they can only practically oppose oppression by war. In this hard dilemma some have chosen one horn, and some the other. For those appealing to me on conscien- tious grounds, I have done, and shall do, the best I could and can, in my own conscience, under my oath to the law. That you believe this I doubt not; and, believing it, I shall still receive for our country and myself your earnest prayers to our Father in heaven. Your sincere friend, A. Lincoln [240] V\V\UVVVVVVVV\VVV\V\\\VU\V\\V\V^\VVV\VVVV%\V\VVVVVVVVVV\\V\VVVVVVVV\VVVVVVVVV\\VV\V\VV\V\^VVVV\VVVVVVV\VVVW\\V J VV 'The time has come.' H .AVING decided that a Cabinet-split can be avoided in no other way, Lincoln assumes the unpleasant task of asking for the resignation of his friend Montgomery Blair. LETTER TO POSTMASTER-GENERAL MONTGOMERY BLAIR Executive Mansion, September 23, 1864 MY DEAR SIR: You have generously said to me more than once that whenever your resignation could be a relief to me it was at my disposal. The time has come. You very well know that this proceeds from no dissatisfaction of mine with you person- ally or officially. Your uniform kindness has been unsurpassed by that of any friend; and while it is true that the war does not so greatly add to the difficulties of your department as to those of some [241] others, it is yet much to say, as I most truly can, that in the three years and a half during which you have administered the general post-office, I remember no single complaint against you in con- nection therewith. Yours, A. Lincoln 1242] VVWWWAWVVVVVWVVVVVVVVMMVV^^ ". . . whether any government not too strong for the liberties of its people. . . ." PEAKING to a cheering crowd after his victorious reelection, Lincoln put his finger on a principle which is both the strength and weakness of a Democracy. RESPONSE TO SERENADE NOVEMBER 10, 1864 IT has long been a grave question whether any government, not too strong for the liberties of its people, can be strong enough to maintain its existence in great emergencies. On this point the present rebellion brought our republic to a severe test, and a presidential election occurring in reg- ular course during the rebellion, added not a little to the strain. If the loyal people united were put to the ut- most of their strength by the rebellion, must they not fail when divided and partially paralyzed by a [243] political war among themselves? But the election was a necessity. We cannot have free government without elections; and if the rebellion could force us to forego or postpone a national election, it might fairly claim to have already conquered and ruined us. The strife of the election is but human nature practically applied to the facts of the case. What has occurred in this case must ever recur in similar cases. Human nature will not change. In any future great national trial, compared with the men of this, we shall have as weak and as strong, as silly and as wise, as bad and as good. Let us, therefore, study the incidents of this as philosophy to learn wisdom from, and none of them as wrongs to be revenged. But the election, along with its in- cidental and undesirable strife, has done good too. It has demonstrated that a people's government can sustain a national election in the midst of a great civil war. Until now, it has not been known to the world that this was a possibility. It shows, also, how sound and how strong we still are. It shows that, even among candidates of the same party, he who is most devoted to the Union and most opposed to treason can receive most of the people's votes. It shows, also, to the extent yet known, that we have more men now than we had [244] when the war began. Gold is good in its place, but living, brave, patriotic men are better than gold. But the rebellion continues, and now that the election is over, may not all having a common in- terest reunite in a common effort to save our com- mon country? For my own part, I have striven and shall strive to avoid placing any obstacle in the way. So long as I have been here I have not will- ingly planted a thorn in any man's bosom. While I am deeply sensible to the high compliment of a reelection, and duly grateful, as I trust, to Al- mighty God for having directed my countrymen to a right conclusion, as I think, for their own good, it adds nothing to my satisfaction that any other man may be disappointed or pained by the result. May I ask those who have not differed from me to join with me in this same spirit toward those who have? And now let me close by asking three hearty cheers for our brave soldiers and seamen and their gallant and skilful commanders. 1245! V\\\\\\\\\V\*\VV\V\\%WW\V\\\V\\VVV\\VU\\\\VVV\VV\VVVMA^VVVVVVV\\\V\VVVVV\\\^VVV\\V\VV\VVV^\VVVV\VV\.VVW\\VV'W Lincoln s Letter to Mrs. Bixby W\\\VV\%*VVV\V\\VVVV\VWVV*VVVVVVVVVmVVV\VWVV\V\V\\*VVV\^^ F. EW will disagree with George S. Boutwell, delegate to the Convention that nominated Lincoln, and Congressman in the most critical years of the war, who said, "All history and all literature may be searched and in vain, for a funeral tribute so touching, so comprehensive, so fortunate in expression as this." LETTER TO MRS. BIXBY Executive Mansion November 2 1,1864 D EAR MADAM: I have been shown in the files of the War Department a statement of the Adjutant- General of Massachusetts that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle. I feel how weak and fruitless must be any word of mine which should attempt to be- f 2461 guile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering you the conso- lation that may be found in the thanks of the Re- public they died to save. I pray that our heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereave- ment, and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost, and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom. Yours very sincerely and respectfully, Abraham Lincoln U47] vvvvvvvvv*vvv\\vv*vvvvv*vvvvv^^ ". . . the incident at the polls " VV\\VVWVVVVVVVl\V\\Vl\VtVW\VlVVVVl\VVVVV^ JlHE President thanks Deacon Phillips of Stur bridge, Massa- chusetts, not only for casting his vote for him, but for having exercised his right of suffrage at every Presidential election since the country was founded. LETTER TO JOHN PHILLIPS Executive Mansion, November 21, 1864 MY DEAR SIR: I have heard of the incident at the polls in your town, in which you acted so hon- orable a part, and I take the liberty of writing to you to express my personal gratitude for the com- pliment paid me by the suffrage of a citizen so venerable. The example of such devotion to civic duties in one whose days have already been extended an average lifetime beyond the Psalmist's limit, can- [248] not but be valuable and fruitful. It is not for myself only, but for the country which you have in your sphere served so long and so well, that I thank you. Your friend and servant, Abraham Lincoln (2491 u\mvm\\\\vvvvvvvvvvwv\\vm\\\vvvvvvvvvv\vv\vv\\vw^ ". . . when I have nothing to tal\ about, UM***VV\\\\V*VV\VV\\VVVV\VVV\VV\VV\*VVWVV\\VVVVVW*V\A\VV^^ JLy] 'INCOLN adheres to his lifelong principle of wasting neither his own words nor his listeners' time. RESPONSE TO SERENADE DECEMBER 6, 1864 FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS: I believe I shall never be old enough to speak without embarrassment when I have noth- ing to talk about. I have no good news to tell you, and yet I have no bad news to tell. We have talked of elections until there is nothing more to say about them. The most interesting news we now have is from Sherman. We all know where he went in, but I can't tell where he will come out. I will now close by proposing three cheers for General Sherman and his army. [250] i\\VVVVV\VVVV\VlV\\\\\\\\V^\\VV^\VV^\\\MVVVV\V\\VVV\V\\VV\VVV^\VVVVVVVVV\VVVVVVVVVVVAVVVVVVV\\^NVVVV\\VVVVVV\^' . than\s for your Christmas gift. . . .' v\vv\vvv\\vvvvvvv\vvvmvi*vwvv\w*vvMAvwvmvv\*vvvvvvvv^ L. INCOLN thanks General Sherman for his Christmas gift —the capture of Savannah— making sure to reserve none of the credit for himself. LETTER TO WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN Executive Mansion, December 26, 1864 MY DEAR GENERAL SHERMAN: Many, many thanks for your Christ- mas gift, the capture of Savannah. When you were about leaving Atlanta for the Atlantic coast, I was anxious, if not fearful; but feeling that you were the better judge, and re- membering that "nothing risked, nothing gained," I did not interfere. Now, the undertaking being a success, the honor is all yours; for I believe none of us went further than to acquiesce. And taking the work of General Thomas into [251] the count, as it should be taken, it is indeed a great success. Not only does it afford the obvious and immediate military advantages; but in show- ing to the world that your army could be divided, putting the stronger part to an important new service, and yet leaving enough to vanquish the old opposing force of the whole,— Hood's army,— it brings those who sat in darkness to see a great light. But what next? I suppose it will be safe if I leave General Grant and yourself to decide. Please make my grateful acknowledgments to your whole army— officers and men. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln *252jf %VVWMWlVWtWlVVV\\V\*t\\VVVVWVl\VVVlVVVlVVM^^ '. . . get a good ready. . . %WV*VVWl\V\*\\VV\VVl\\WVl\VlVl\\VVVVViV\\\\\Vl^ s EEING the end drawing near, Lincoln hopes that General Sherman will keep the enemy "going." LETTER TO EDWIN M. STANTON Executive Mansion Washington, Jan. 5, 1865 HON. SEC. OF WAR D EAR SIR: Since parting with you, it has occurred to me to say that while Gen. Sherman's ' 'get a good ready' 1 is appreciated, and is not to be over- looked, time, now that the enemy is wavering, is more important than ever before. Being on the down-hill, somewhat confirms keeping him going. Please say so much to Gen. S. Yours truly, A. Lincoln 1253] U\\V\\V\V\V\VVVV\VV\VVV%\\\V\V\\\VV\VV\V\\VVVVV\\VVVVVVVV\V\VVVVV\UVVV\\\V\V\VVVVVV\VVVVVV\V\VM,\V\VVVWVVVVWW* as though I was not President, lVVUV\\vtvivvvw\vvv\\\\v\\\v\vv\v\vvvvv>vvv\vw*\v\\vvv\vvvv^ T« .HIS letter to General Grant was written upon one of the extremely rare occasions when Lincoln sought a personal favor for himself. As was the case with so many of Lincoln's writings, it was flawless in sentiment, if not in syntax. LETTER TO ULYSSES S. GRANT Executive Mansion, January 19, 1865 1IEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT: J Please read and answer this letter as though I was not President, but only a friend. My son, now in his twenty-second year, having gradu- ated at Harvard, wishes to see something of the war before it ends. I do not wish to put him in the ranks, nor yet to give him a commission, to which those who have already served long are bet- ter entitled and better qualified to hold. Could he, without embarrassment to you or detriment to [254] the service, go into your military family with some nominal rank, I, and not the public, furnishing his necessary means? If no, say so without the least hesitation, because I am as anxious and as deeply interested that you shall not be encumbered as you can be yourself. Yours truly, A. Lincoln [255] vvvvvww\*\vvvvvivvvvvvvv*vvvvtvMW^ with a distrust of my own ability. . L, INCOLN responds, with his usual diffidence, to the Com- mittee informing him of the result of the Electoral count. REPLY TO CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE FEBRUARY 9, 1865* WITH deep gratitude to my countrymen for this mark of their confidence; with a distrust of my own ability to perform the duty required under the most favorable circumstances, and now rendered doubly difficult by existing na- tional perils; yet with a firm reliance on the strength of our free government, and the eventual loyalty of the people to the just principles, upon which it is founded, and above all with an un- shaken faith in the Supreme Ruler of nations, I accept this trust. Be pleased to signify this to the respective Houses of Congress. * Although the letter bears this date in many standard collections, Paul M. Angle has uncovered evidence which incontrovertibly establishes the date as February 26, 1861— at the time of Lincoln's first election. [256] ivvvvvvvv\vv\vvvvvvmvvvvmvvv\vv\/vvvvv\vvvvv\vvvvvvv^ With malice toward none. . . ." WVVVVVVWVVVWVVVVVIVVVVVVVVVVVVMWWVX^^ L. ORD CURZON, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, named as the "three supreme masterpieces of English Elo- quence" the Toast of William Pitt after the Victory of Trafal- gar, Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech, and Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address. Dr. Louis A. Warren interestingly observes that "One-third of the entire address, or to be exact, 267 of the 702 words were direct quotations from the Bible and words of application made to them." SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS MARCH 4, 1865 FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN : At this second appearing to take the oath of the presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of a course to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public [257] declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the ener- gies of the nation, little that is new could be pre- sented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to myself; and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfac- tory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ven- tured. On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it— all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war —seeking to dissolve the Union, and divide effects, by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came. One-eighth of the whole population were col- ored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful [258] interest. All knew that this interest was, somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union, even by war; while the government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlarge- ment of it. Neither party expected for the war the magni- tude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invokes his aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered— that of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has his own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offenses! for it must needs be that offenses come; but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses [259] which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through his ap- pointed time, he now wills to remove, and that he gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to him? Fondly do we hope- fervently do we pray— that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bond- man's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, ''The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether." With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan— to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. [260] MM/WVWVVWVVVVVlVM*VVVVVVV\iVVVVVVVVVV^ 'It is a truth which I thought needed to he told. R EW letters give a better insight into the mind and soul of Lincoln than this short classic, written to Thurlow Weed, who had complimented the President upon his Second Inaugural Address. LETTER TO THURLOW WEED Executive Mansion, March 15, 1865 DEAR MR. WEpD: Every one likes a compliment. Thank you for yours on my little notification speech and on the recent inaugural address. I expect the latter to wear as well as— perhaps better than— anything I have produced; but I believe it is not imme- diately popular. Men are not flattered by being shown that there has been a difference of purpose between the Almighty and them. To deny it, how- [261] ever, in this case, is to deny that there is a God governing the world. It is a truth which I thought needed to be told, and, as whatever of humiliation there is in it falls most directly on myself, I thought others might afford for me to tell it. Truly yours, A. Lincoln [2621 VVVVVVVVU\*Vl\VVV\Vl\\%MAVV\WA\W*V»^^ 'Let the thing be pressed.' v^\^/w\^M\\MN\^^^^\MA^^^MA^^^ I N a telegram that is almost epigrammatic, Lincoln urges General Grant to make "the final effort." TELEGRAM TO ULYSSES S. GRANT Headquarters Armies of the U. S., City Point, April 7, 1865, 11 A.M. IIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT: -i Gen. Sheridan says "If the thing is pressed I think that Lee will surrender." Let the thing be pressed. A. Lincoln [263] WMMMMMMMMMNHMMMMM/^^ 'The President's last, shortest, and best speech" WWMMMMMMMMMAMMMMMM/WSMMAMHM NE day in December of 1864 Lincoln handed a sheet of paper to newspaper correspondent Noah Brooks. On it was written the following message, with the heading heavily un- descored. The President's last, shortest, and best speech ON Thursday of last week two ladies from Tennessee came before the President ask- ing the release of their husbands held as prisoners of war at Johnson's Island— They were put off till Friday, when they came again; and were again put off to Saturday— At each of the interviews one of the ladies urged that her husband was a religious man— On Saturday the President or- dered the release of the prisoners, and then said to this lady "You say your husband is a religious man; tell him when you meet him, that I say I am not much of a judge of religion, but that, in my [2641 opinion, the religion that sets men to rebel and fight against their government, because, as they think, that government does not sufficiently help some men to eat their bread in the sweat of other men's faces, is not the sort of religion upon which people can get to heaven!" A. Lincoln [265]