THE LIBRARY OF W 
 
 AUG 2 7 1994 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 llj ' ifti iiMi ftlilii mm® 
 
 A Contribution Toward Economic Development 
 and Permanent Famine Relief 
 
TRUSTEES 
 
 Office, 156 Fifth Avenue , New York 
 
 Samuel Macauley Jackson, D.D., LL.D., President 
 Charles A. Stoddard, D.D., LL.D., Vice-President 
 W. Henry Grant, Secretary and Treasurer 
 Warren P. Laird, Sc.D. 
 
 L. B. Miller 
 Francis S. Phraner 
 
 David Eugene Smith, Ph.D., LL.D. 
 
 The President of the College, ex - officio . 
 
 FINANCIAL SECRETARY 
 
 Rev. Herbert E. House, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York; 1723 West 51st 
 Street, Los Angeles, California 
 
 ADVISORY BOARD 
 
 Hon. John W. Foster, LL.D., Washington, D.C. 
 
 Hon. Seth Low, LL.D., New York 
 
 Rev. W. A. P. Martin, D.D., LL D„ Peking, China 
 
 Rev. Charles R. Erdman, D.D., Princeton, N. J. 
 
 Frank Morton McMurry, Ph.D., Columbia University, New York 1 
 Edwin J. Gillies, New York 
 
 Rev. Harlan P. Beach, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Rev. Thomas W. Pearce, M.A., Hongkong, China 
 Rev. R. H. Graves, D.D., LL.D., Canton, China 
 Hon. Amos P. Wilder, Ph.D., Shanghai, China 
 
 FACULTY 
 
 College Address, Honglok, Canton , China 
 
 Charles X. Edmunds, President, Physics, Ph.D. John9 Hopkins 
 Andrew H. Woods. Vice-President, M.D. University of Pennsylvania 
 W. K. Chung, Dean, Department of Chinese, M.A. Chinese Government 
 Henry B. Graybill, Principal Preparatory School, A.B. Washington and Lee 
 
 M. A. Columbia 
 
 Clinton N. Laird, Chemistry, M.A. University of Pennsylvania 
 Chester G. Fuson, Geography and Drawing, B.A. Emporia 
 G. Weidman Groff, Agriculture, B.Sc. Pennsylvania State College 
 Arthur Russel Knipp, Physics and Engineering, BA. Johns Hopkins, B.S. 
 Massachusetts Institute Technology 
 
 Wilfred E. MacDonald, Mathematics, A.B. University of Tennesiee, M.A 
 . Havard 
 
 Henry C. Brownell, History and Bible, B.A. University of Vermont 
 On leave as Rhodes Scholar, Oxford. 
 
 Ernest Joseph Weeks, B.A., Hamilton 
 Charles Hall Wicks, B.A. Cornell 
 Kenneth Duncan, A.B. Wabash College 
 Frank Starr Williams, B.S. Millsaps College 
 
Agricultural Reciprocity 
 
 BETWEEN 
 
 America and China 
 
 Agricultural Reciprocity Promoted 
 through the Canton Christian College 
 Department of Agricultural 
 Investigation, Education and Practice 
 
 BULLETIN No. 5 
 
 AUG 2 7 1924 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 TRUSTEES OF THE 
 CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE 
 156 FIFTH AVENUE 
 NEW YORK 
 
PRESS OF 
 
 Sowers Printing Company 
 Lebanon, Pa. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 c 
 
 %s> 
 
 Cs 
 
 PA GE 
 
 Intensive Agriculture in America and China 
 
 Compared 5 
 
 Extensive Agriculture in America and China 
 
 Compared 13 
 
 The Opportunity for Mutual Helpfulness . ... 20 
 
 America Must Take the Initiative 23 
 
 The Canton Christian College: 23 
 
 Location 25 
 
 Climate *. 25 
 
 Agricultural Conditions 26 
 
 Field. 27 
 
 Opportunity.. 27 
 
 Needs 28 
 
 The University Medical School 28 
 
 The Agricultural Department in the Canton 
 
 Christian College 28 
 
 Suggested Fields for Service: 
 
 Dairy and Stock 32 
 
 Agronomy 33 
 
 Forestry 33 
 
 Horticulture 33 
 
 Agricultural Chemistry 33 
 
 Agricultural Extension 34 
 
 Irrigation and Drainage 34 
 
 Landscape Architecture 34 
 
 Agricultural Education 35 
 
 The Opinion of an Expert Agriculturist 35 
 
 The Pennsylvania State College Mission to 
 
 China 37 
 
 Letters from Chinese Students 39 
 
CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS ENGAGED IN SCHOOL GARDEN WORK. 
 
 Many of the students prefer this form of exercise and nearly all are lovers of plant life. They possess an intui- 
 tive knowledge of each individual need and characteristic of the growing plant, but they lack the scientific training that 
 will make progress in the agricultural development of their country possible. The Chinese are looking to the Canton 
 Christian College to provide this training. 
 
AGRICULTURAL RECIPROCITY 
 between 
 
 AMERICA AND CHINA 
 
 A New Era in Agricultural Development Has 
 Suddenly Appeared 
 
 America has what China lacks and needs — exten- 
 sive AGRICULTURE. 
 
 China has what America lacks and needs — inten- 
 sive AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The American farmer invariably thinks of his field. 
 
 The Chinese gardener is concerned about his plant. 
 
 In point of agricultural development each has some- 
 thing to get and something to give. 
 
 Intensive Agriculture in America and China 
 Compared. 
 
 An intensive system of cultivation and the strictest 
 economy of plant food make it possible for the Chinese 
 to sustain a large population on a comparatively small 
 area of cultivated land. The scantiness of the living 
 thus gained and the ever-present spectre of famine are 
 not due so much to the lack of intensive farm methods 
 as to the need of agricultural extension and means of 
 transportation. 
 
 A mere glimpse at the land under cultivation convin- 
 ces one of the success of the Chinese gardener, and gives 
 a vision of what can some day be done when scientific 
 knowledge and labor-saving machinery form part of his 
 equipment. 
 
INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE IN CHINA 
 
 Fields adjoining Canton Christian College property, which have been 
 ridged for leeks and other winter vegetables. The sides of each bed 
 have been carefully smeared with mud to prevent evaporation, and 
 water is always kept in the trenches. The jars in the foreground are 
 used for storing night soil, all 'Of which is carefully saved and fed to 
 plant life. Lychee trees and junks line the river banks. 
 
 An intuitive knowledge of each individual need and 
 characteristic of the growing plant has made possible 
 the Chinese gardener’s success. He has inherited this 
 through centuries of close, almost loving observation 
 of plant life. Encouraged by this natural perception, 
 he applies only the best practices in the economy of plant 
 growth. He cheerfully expends any amount of time 
 and energy, in order that the need of each plant may be 
 promptly met. Early and late, at all periods of the 
 plant’s growth, he is deeply concerned for its greatest 
 welfare. 
 
 In China seed-time and harvest are always accom- 
 panied by special diligence and rejoicing; but with the 
 Chinese these are not the periods that demand the most 
 careful thought and effort. 
 
 Each seedling plant, be it grain, vegetable, or fruit, is 
 
 0 
 
started in a nursery environment. The seed, whether 
 large or small, strong or weak, must germinate under 
 none but the most favorable conditions. The seed-bed 
 is therefore chosen with studious care for sunlight and 
 exposure. Its soil is specially prepared, and water in 
 sufficient quantity is provided. After the seed has been 
 sown, the soil, which is rarely rich in itself, is coated with 
 plant ashes, 
 which have been 
 carefully saved 
 from b ur ned 
 grass, the princi- 
 pal source of fuel. 
 
 Only after the bed 
 has been evenly 
 covered with a 
 mulch of rice 
 straw has the 
 work of providing 
 the little plant’s 
 start in life been 
 completed. 
 
 Meanwhile 
 fields beyond are 
 teeming with 
 plant life; for, to 
 secu re enough 
 food for so many, 
 sunshine and 
 space must be used to the utmost. When plants are 
 young, they are crowded in the nursery bed. The 
 harvesting of one crop is always followed by the imme- 
 diate planting of another. A person often sees three or 
 four crops growing in the same field or bed. The weed, 
 that universal enemy of our American farmer, is seldom 
 thought of in China: ages ago it was exterminated as a 
 useless space consumer. The closest economy of sun- 
 light and water is thus observed. The Chinese have un- 
 
 7 
 
 A CHINESE SCARE CROW 
 In this case it has been placed on top 
 of a bean trellis. 
 
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consciously applied a scientific truth that has but re- 
 cently been impressed upon the minds of the American 
 agriculturists by one of our foremost scientists, Dr. 
 Henry P. Armsby, who says: “The problem of food 
 supply is in essence a problem of energy supply.. .The 
 density of population which a country can support from 
 its own resources is practically limited by the amount of 
 solar energy 
 which the farmer 
 can recover in 
 food products.” 
 
 The Chinese 
 know that sun- 
 shine and water 
 are not enough, 
 that as surely as 
 men must be fed, 
 their plants must 
 be fed also. The 
 Chinese farmers 
 could not name 
 for you the essen- 
 tial plant foods, 
 nitrogen, phos- 
 phorus, and pot- 
 assium, but they 
 know the valua- 
 ble raw materials 
 which contain 
 these elements 
 and which feed the plants, and they also know in what 
 stage of the plant’s development each kind of food is 
 needed. During the days of soil preparation and seed- 
 sowing they are busily collecting and keeping under 
 the most favorable conditions the raw materials that 
 contain these elements. 
 
 They are adepts in processes of fermentation that 
 make the plant foods available for immediate assimila- 
 
 BEDS OF CANTON GINGER. 
 
 In America this product is marketed in 
 the preserved or sugared form. A crop 
 watcher’s hut is in the center of the scene 
 and bamboo trees are in the background. 
 In the spring of the year the young tender 
 shoots of this tree are marketed as “bam- 
 boo sprouts” which to the Chinese is as 
 much of a delicacy as asparagus is to us. 
 
 9 
 
tion by the plant. The large earthenware jar in which 
 human excrement is stored is conveniently located with 
 reference to road and field, and is deemed as important 
 to successful gardening as is the manure or plant com- 
 post pile. Sometimes this same jar is used for dissolving 
 the peanut or bean cake, which consists of the residue 
 
 This the Chinese 
 recognize to be 
 rich in plant food, 
 but it should not 
 be fed to the plant 
 before it is dis- 
 solved and made 
 ready for assimi- 
 lation. 
 
 The many 
 ponds scattered 
 here and there 
 over the land and 
 often used for 
 irrigation are pru- 
 d e n 1 1 y stocked 
 with fish; and 
 during the dry 
 season, when the 
 water is low, the 
 mud of the pond, 
 which is then rich 
 in fertilizing ma- 
 terials from the 
 by-product of fish life, is smeared over the gardens, or 
 dried and broken into small clods, and either scattered 
 over the field or used in potting. 
 
 To the mind of the Chinese the soil is therefore not a 
 mine of untold natural wealth. It is rather a machine 
 into which the raw materials should be fed, and from 
 which will then come the finished product of plant life. 
 The Chinese dignify their gardeners with the title “fa 
 
 1G 
 
 left after the oil has been extracted. 
 
 A VILLAGE POND 
 
 This is a most important feature of every 
 village community in that it is used for 
 irrigating and is the only source of sew- 
 age disposal. Yearly it is stocked with 
 fish and planted with lotus lilies, the seed 
 and roots of which are used as food. Sur- 
 rounded by bamboo trees, with pagoda in 
 the distance, this pond forms an attrac- 
 tive feature of the landscape. 
 
wong”, or “flower king”; with such dignity the worth of 
 expert gardeners should be universally recognized. 
 
 America is only now awakening to the necessity of 
 soil conservation and a more intensive agriculture. In 
 the past the wealth of her soil has been wasted; farms 
 that were once productive have been abandoned; and 
 enriching fertilizing materials have been thoughtlessly 
 
 MOUNTAIN-SIDE RICE PATCHES 
 These are built into steps for irrigating and to prevent the washing 
 away of the soil. 
 
 turned into the rivers, a practice that has starved plant 
 life, polluted the rivers, and poisoned the people. The 
 average American farmer has lacked the patience to 
 study the individual characteristics of his plants. But 
 the time has come when he must follow the example of 
 his brother across the seas and become more deeply con- 
 cerned about these things, converting many of his neg- 
 lected fields into veritable gardens. 
 
 In China, where such intensive methods of cultivation 
 are employed, it is natural that plant life should take on 
 its highest forms, and that certain districts should 
 be noted for the production of specially attractive 
 types. The Amoy pomelo or grape fruit, the Watlam 
 orange, and the Lau Chau plum are all illustrations of 
 
 11 
 
this fact. As one travels over the country, how interest- 
 ing it is to note distinct changes in variety. How 
 strange to find in one district a large, juicy, highly-flavored 
 pomelo, while in the district adjoining, where the soil and 
 climate are almost identical, a pomelo of very inferior 
 quality. The result is not surprising. In China there is 
 no end to varieties, but few of them have ever been 
 systematically brought together and propagated ; and yet 
 
 SOUTH CHINA FRUITS 
 
 The pear-shaped pomelo (grape fruit) in the background to the left 
 and the large persimmon in the foreground are especially worthy of 
 our study and introduction into the United States. On the right the 
 lychee and lung-ngaan (dragon-eye) are fruits no variety of which has 
 ever been successfully introduced into the United States. 
 
 many are worthy of the study of the various horticultural 
 agencies throughout the world. The practical agricul- 
 turist can well ponder over the words of Mr. David 
 Fairchild, agricultural explorer in charge of the foreign 
 exploration work of the United States Department of 
 Agriculture, when he says, “We have come to look upon 
 China as a ‘gold mine’ of plant possibilities and to realize 
 that an agricultural study of its crops and cropping 
 systems must be made much more extensive than any- 
 thing we have done heretofore. ...” 
 
 12 
 
The American farmer is fortunate in having a govern- 
 ment that maintains specialists whose business it is to 
 study plant types, and then to advise him as to those 
 which are best adapted to the conditions under which he 
 labors. He can well afford to purcha'se his seed from 
 seedsmen whose reputation is dependent upon the suc- 
 cess of their product. And his orchards are all planted 
 from nursery-grown stock. This custom in itself main- 
 tains the distribution of only the most carefully selected 
 and budded plants. 
 
 Contrast this with the practice in China, where seed 
 must be privately grown or purchased without any defi- 
 nite guarantee that it will produce a plant of a specified 
 type, and where the gardener cannot be certain that he 
 is planting a tree of first-class quality unless he himself 
 has done the budding or layering. The Chinese do not 
 have a knowledge of even the elementary principles of 
 Mendel’s Law of Heredity, and have accomplished little 
 in systematically developing new varieties, or even fix- 
 ing the old types. 
 
 In China there is therefore much to be done for agricul- 
 tural development by a study and fixation of the Chinese 
 types of plant life and by the organization of the seed 
 and nursery business. 
 
 Extensive Agriculture in America and China 
 Compared. 
 
 With an intensive agriculture that excels that of any 
 other nation, and with plant forms that indicate the de- 
 velopment of a high type of agriculture, China is never- 
 theless constantly confronted with scarcity and famine; 
 and the Christian people of America and other lands are 
 frequently called upon for relief. 
 
 While the immediate causes of these famines are 
 floods and droughts, both the result of deforestation, 
 permanent relief can be immediately effected by better 
 means of transportation, by more comprehensive 
 
 13 
 
OLD METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION IN CHINA 
 Passenger Traffic 
 
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OLD METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION^ CHINA 
 Freight Traffic 
 
 RIVER TRANSPORTATION 
 
 Boatmen rowing a load of wood up the Pearl river. A Chinese woman of Hawka class carry- 
 
 ing a load of grass to the village where it 
 is used for fuel. 
 
schemes of drainage, and by an agricultural expansion 
 leading to the development of vast tracts of uncultivated 
 land. A complete system of railway communication 
 for all parts of the Chinese Empire has already been 
 planned, and American and European capitalists are 
 ready to furnish the money. These railways will be 
 built as soon as the present upheaval in government 
 policies has subsided. Red Cross Society engineers have 
 been at work on specifications for a system of dykes that 
 will minimize the destructive force of devastating floods. 
 The more progressive Chinese are beginning to direct 
 their attention to outlying tracts of land, and a number 
 of companies, interested in agricultural development, 
 have been organized for the purpose of actually under- 
 taking the ranch business, or the growing of grains on an 
 extensive scale. 
 
 HARROWING A RICE FIELD 
 
 The water buffalo (caribou), and occasionally a little yellow cow, are 
 the only draft animals. No dairy breed of cattle has ever been pro- 
 duced, but foreigners sometimes use the milk of this caribou. 
 
 In China, at the present time, nearly all the work is 
 done by hand with crude and clumsy implements, and 
 on land frequently subject to severe flood and drought. 
 
 16 
 
The plowing is shallow, and the soil is often poorly 
 broken up. The cattle industry is only in an elementary 
 stage of development. Fertilizing materials are scarce; 
 the rock or manufactured fertilizers are rarely used. The 
 fight against insect pests and plant diseases is carried on 
 largely by hand. 
 
 TILLABLE LAND 
 
 not being cultivated because of the lack of transportation and the 
 knowledge of extensive agriculture. Large tracts of this land now 
 lie waste, awaiting the introduction of labor-saving machinery and 
 improved methods of agriculture. 
 
 There is a general belief that all the territory of China 
 is in an intensive state of cultivation. On the contrary, 
 vast stretches of land remain to be worked by new 
 methods. It is known that “there is enough wheat 
 land in northern China to make a second Minneapolis 
 out of Harbin. And if the by-products of the soy bean 
 were to be fed to cattle grazed on the wild grass lands of 
 Mongolia, Mukden would soon develop into a second 
 Chicago meat-packing center, and Manchuria would 
 stand in the front rank of meat-producing countries.” 
 
 What is true of the north is likewise true of the west 
 and the southwest. In this connection, a study of the 
 
 17 
 
comparative density of population in different parts of 
 the Empire is interesting. The coast provinces have an 
 average of 434 persons to the square mile; the Yang-tse 
 river provinces, 465; the southwest provinces, 89; Tibet, 
 14; Mongolia, 2; and Manchuria, 25. The average 
 population in the United States is about 26 persons to 
 the square mile. 
 
 Even though the Chinese follow so many good prac- 
 tices in the management of the soil actually under culti- 
 vation, the fact that large areas of Chinese territory 
 have been left untouched, in many cases to suffer the 
 ravages of flood and drought, is proof enough that 
 systematic effort in soil preservation has been lacking. 
 
 Probably no farm practice among the Chinese is more 
 harmful than that of cutting away, from their upland 
 areas, the grass that has grown during the wet summer 
 weather. This is carried to the village, where it is used 
 as fuel, and it is then returned to the soil in the form of 
 ash rather than in the decomposed state. Thus the soil 
 is yearly robbed of humus. Still more serious is the 
 harm that comes with the heavy rains of spring, because 
 there is no fully developed plant life to break their 
 force. In a few years torrential floods wash away the 
 soil which it has taken ages to form. 
 
 In China much of the soil a short distance below the 
 surface shows every indication of retaining valuable 
 plant food. This is due to the shallow plowing practiced 
 by the farmers, for which their primitive plows are 
 largely responsible. By plowing the soil deeper with 
 more modern plows, great quantities of plant food may 
 yet be obtained and utilized in the production of crops. 
 
 If China is to enter to-day upon an industrial develop- 
 ment which will draw large numbers of her agricultural 
 population from the villages to the industrial centers, 
 and which will therefore demand the introduction of 
 labor-saving farm methods, her industrial program must 
 include an agricultural expansion that will develop her 
 untouched regions and forever do away with want and 
 
 18 
 
famine. Such agricultural expansion will raise the stan- 
 dard of living and open the way to Christian civilization. 
 
 For scientific knowledge and expert direction in this 
 momentous movement China looks to America, whose 
 experience and skill in this type of agriculture are widely 
 known. The phenomenal agricultural development of 
 the North American Continent has resulted in methods 
 which aim mainly at the saving of labor. To the Chinese 
 of the past econo- 
 my in labor has 
 been thought un- 
 worthy of consid- 
 eration; to those 
 of the future it 
 will be of vital 
 consequence. 
 
 Inasmuch as 
 America has what 
 China needs for 
 this new period of 
 her development, 
 we s h o u 1 d be 
 unselfish in giving 
 immediately to 
 the peasantry of China the knowledge of more 
 modern agricultural methods. By actual demon- 
 stration they must be taught the inferiority of 
 their clumsy hoe. They must see with their own 
 eyes the value of the sub-soil plow and even 
 of the steam-plow. Their buffalo cow must give place 
 to a more modern draft animal, or yield entirely to the 
 work of machinery. The Chinese gardener can no 
 longer depend upon a hand warfare against insect pests 
 and plant diseases; he must resort to spraying. And 
 the increased production resulting from the use of com- 
 mercial fertilizers must be firmly impressed upon his 
 mind by actual demonstration. 
 
 By agricultural instruction and investigation American 
 
 19 
 
 HARVESTING RICE 
 As soon as the grain is cut it is flailed 
 by grasping the base of the sheaf and 
 beating the heads against a board fastened 
 to a tub-shaped receptacle, into which the 
 grain falls. The straw is used as fuel or 
 as a mulch for growing crops. 
 
A K WANG- SI FARMER, 
 
 his wife, son, and servant. His son is being educated in a modern 
 school. 
 
 farmers have been greatly blessed. They should be 
 willing to transmit their blessings to others. We 4ook 
 outward and forward to the peaceful agricultural con- 
 quest of other peoples. In the United States practical 
 labor-saving methods have been introduced and per- 
 fected until only 39 per cent of our working population, 
 according to the census of 1900, were engaged in the pro- 
 duction of crops; whereas it is estimated that in China 
 from 80 to 85 per cent are thus engaged. We are moving 
 forward with great irrigation and drainage projects, which 
 are developing large areas of our unused territory, and 
 which will make us capable of advising China as she ex- 
 pands in her agricultural development. 
 
 The Opportunity for Mutual Helpfulness 
 
 Today, as never before, America realizes the necessity 
 for conservation and concentration in agricultural de- 
 velopment. The farm machine will keep its place; but 
 man must still do his share in thought and effort if the 
 needs of the people are to be supplied. Scientific 
 knowledge is not enough; it must be applied. America 
 
 20 
 
can well afford to look to China for a study of the methods 
 there employed, and for a knowledge of the varieties of 
 plants that have been grown by the Chinese for many 
 centuries. A blessing will thus be ours in any effort 
 that we make to intermingle with the Chinese. Amer- 
 ican and Chinese farmers can each teach the other 
 some useful lessons. 
 
 China is a country chiefly of farmers and villagers, 
 whose lack of contact with the outside world and with 
 human progress has kept them from enjoying all the 
 possibilities and blessings of life that await them. In 
 China village life is probably more important and in- 
 fluential than in any other country in the world. The 
 rural population is therefore the best point of contact 
 for a lasting influence upon the people. 
 
 The integrity of China, which means peace in the Far 
 East, is dependent in a large measure upon her increase 
 in agricultural production at the very time that new 
 
 A TYPICAL CHINESE VILLAGE, 
 
 the center of farm life. The open court in front of the temple and 
 the pond, as in the lower left-hand corner of this picture, are promi- 
 nent features of almost every village. The houses are built of a mud 
 compost with tiled roofs, and the streets are narrow. 
 
 21 
 
industries are being introduced and developed. Such de- 
 velopment will be impossible without the introduction of 
 modern education and practice. The industrial centers 
 will draw large numbers of the rural population to the 
 cities and towns, which will necessitate the introduction 
 of machinery and of scientific knowledge of agriculture 
 in order to increase agricultural production. To do 
 away with the present constantly recurring famines and 
 
 at the same time 
 reduce the agri- 
 cultural popula- 
 tion, China must 
 adopt modern 
 methods of agri- 
 culture and de- 
 velop the large 
 areas of now un- 
 cultivated land. 
 
 In order to 
 carry on in China 
 any scientific 
 agricultural d e - 
 velopment, and 
 make its applica- 
 tion effectual, it 
 will be necessary 
 to train Chinese 
 agriculturists and 
 teachers. At the present time a thoroughly modern 
 scientific agricultural training cannot be obtained in 
 China. A few of the Chinese are studying the subject 
 abroad, but not under conditions well adapted to China. 
 The present need is therefore for a strong School of 
 Agriculture located within Chinese territory. The 
 Agricultural Mission to China is timely and important. 
 
 A VILLAGE MARKET SCENE 
 One of the most prominent features of 
 the village market is the cookery — a place 
 where the moving public buy their meals 
 and eat them squatting on the ground. 
 
America Must Take the Initiative 
 
 At this time of crisis in China, will America prove the 
 friend that China needs? In the past we have exerted a 
 beneficial influence upon the Chinese Empire. We have 
 not encroached upon her territory, but have stood for 
 her integrity as a nation. We have remitted the Boxer 
 indemnity for the education of her youth. Within her 
 own territory we have sought to help her through the 
 Christian chapel, school, and hospital; and in time of 
 flood and famine have sent generous supplies of food and 
 clothing. But at this time of China’s still greater need 
 of education and of agricultural and industrial develop- 
 ment, America should take the part of the big brother 
 and help China to her feet. 
 
 FIRST PERMANENT DORMITORY OF THE CANTON CHRISTIAN 
 
 COLLEGE 
 
 This building was built with funds subscribed by ‘the Chinese. 
 They have built another of this same type, and money has been sub- 
 scribed for still a third building. The grading and layout of walks is 
 preparatory to the planting of trees and shrubs and the development 
 of the college campus. The students are at evening drill. 
 
 The Canton Christian College 
 
 The Canton Christian College is an undenominational, 
 Christian, missionary institution, under a Board of 
 Trustees, incorporated under the Regents of New York 
 State, with assets of $200,000 and a yearly budget of 
 about $25,000. Its work is elementary, preparatory, 
 
 23 
 
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THE CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE SITE 
 
 These buildings were hastily built with walls one brick thick, and 
 are now being replaced by the permanent buildings. The grounds 
 await considerable grading before the campus can be developed. 
 
 collegiate, and technical, with about 200 students and 
 a faculty of 14 American and 18 Chinese professors and 
 instructors. There are six permanent buildings and a 
 campus of 48 acres located across the river from Canton. 
 
 “The proposed Agricultural Department in that noble in- 
 stitution, the Canton Christian College, may be of great service in 
 bringing about, between our agriculture and that of China, a bene- 
 ficial exchange of points of superiority. 
 
 “Such a Department will eventually be able to give practical aid 
 to Chinese farmers and to open a path of hope to educated young 
 men, eager to promote the economic regeneration of their country. 
 Nothing could be suggested more likely to convince the Chinese of 
 our good-will and to dispose them to listen to whatever we offer 
 them in the way of moral or religious ideas.” 
 
 From a letter by Professor Edward A. Ross, Professor of Sociology 
 in the University of Wisconsin. 
 
 Location. The Canton Christian College is located at 
 Canton, the commercial, literary, and official metro- 
 polis of South China, with a population of 1,500,000, 
 situated ninety miles up the Pearl river from Hongkong. 
 It is the nearest Chinese city to American territory in 
 the Philippines. 
 
 Climate. South China has the most advantageous 
 climate in all China for agricultural effort. The two 
 Kwang provinces are traversed by the line of the Tropic 
 of Cancer, and there is found and grown there a wide 
 
 25 
 
range ^of temperate and tropical plants. The climate 
 permits of the growth of plants throughout the entire 
 year, and live stock demands but little attention in the 
 way of protection from the weather. 
 
 Agricultural Conditions. Kwang Tung and Kwang Si 
 are primarily agricultural provinces. The former is 
 cultivated intensively, and the latter extensively. 
 Kwang Tung has an area of 100,000 square miles and a 
 
 SINKING AN ARTESIAN WELL ON COLLEGE 
 GROUNDS 
 
 dense population of 319 persons to the square mile. 
 Warm climate, abundant moisture in season, and fertile 
 soil in the lower areas, together with the plant-loving 
 and industrious habits of the people, make it the most 
 productive section in the Empire, if not in the world. 
 Here are produced rice, silk, sugar-cane, indigo, tea, 
 tobacco, and a wide variety of temperate and tropical 
 vegetables, grains, and fruits. 
 
 Kwang Si, with an area of 77,220 square miles, is the 
 most sparsely populated province of the country, esti- 
 mates showing only sixty-six persons to the square mile. 
 
The province is abundantly watered by three streams, 
 which comprise three water basins, each of which is only 
 very partially developed. Kwang Si is known as “the 
 granary of Kwang Tung”; here are grown paying crops 
 of wheat, rice, millet, maize, and buckwheat. This 
 province produces about the same fruits and vegetables 
 that are found in Kwang Tung, though they are often 
 of quite a different variety. 
 
 In both these provinces, though especially in the 
 latter, vast tracts of uncultivated land remain to be de- 
 veloped. When the proposed railroads are built, there 
 can be no doubt that these two provinces will be called 
 upon to largely supply the market needs of the north. 
 
 Field. The field is practically untouched in the work 
 of agricultural education and investigation. 
 
 Opportunity. There is a widespread desire for know- 
 ledge of western agricultural methods. Agricultural 
 investigation and development are possible because of 
 the progressive character of the Cantonese people. 
 “No single agency can compare with the superior 
 advantages offered by Christian education to mould the 
 new civilization of China’s millions.” 
 
 A SWIMMING CONTEST 
 
 No Canton Christian College student is permitted to row on the 
 riyer unless he can swim at least fifty yards. The trees in the back- 
 ground are those of the lychee, a fruit which the Chinese laundryman 
 of L America often presents to his patrons. They are often miscalled 
 “Chinese nuts.” 
 
 27 
 
MARTIN HA'LL. 
 
 with students and teachers assembled on verandas. This is 
 a reinforced concrete building. It is fire, ant and typhoon 
 proof. 
 
 Needs. The Agricultural Department of the Canton 
 Christian College needs the hearty cooperation of 
 American agricultural colleges and experiment sta- 
 tions, and of all friends of agricultural development in 
 its effort to establish a thorough course of Agricultural 
 Education and Extension, including buildings, equip- 
 ment, teachers, and funds for the running expenses of 
 the department. 
 
 The University Medical School. The University 
 Medical School is an institution closely affiliated with 
 the Canton Christian College, maintained by the Chris- 
 tian Association of the University of Pennsylvania, for 
 the purpose of graduating skilled Chinese physicians, 
 thoroughly trained in western scientific medicine. It 
 has assets to the amount of $23,500 and a yearly budget 
 of about $11,000. Its staff consists of six American and 
 two Chinese professors and instructors. 
 
 The Agricultural Department in the Canton 
 Christian College 
 
 For several years the Canton Christian College has 
 been endeavoring to establish an Agricultural Depart- 
 ment. It has received substantial assistance from the 
 
 28 
 
WALKING PARTY OF CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS 
 The Chinese are born students of nature, and these walks are made an occasion for observation. A number of 
 these students wish to pursue an agricultural course. Some are now in America completing their education, while still 
 others are teaching in China. 
 
Pennsylvania State College Young Men’s Christian 
 Association toward the support of a teacher of agricul- 
 ture. Elementary agricultural education has been in- 
 troduced in the preparatory school, and experimental 
 gardens for observation and practice have been estab- 
 lished on the College grounds. Investigations of the 
 agricultural needs and possibilities of the two Kwang 
 Provinces have been carried on, and some plants have 
 been introduced into China and others into America. 
 
 CULTIVATED LAND ADJOINING CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE 
 PROPERTY 
 
 which it proposes to purchase for agricultural purposes. This land Is 
 fertile and carefully graded off into beds, each at a level of from one 
 to three feet above the other so as to provide for irrigating. Note the 
 cement white-ant proof fence posts and barbwire fence at the base 
 of the photograph, which mark the boundary of the college property. 
 The trees in the upper right-hand corner hide 'the village of Sun Fung 
 Wong. Crop-watchers’ thatched huts are scattered here and there 
 over the land. 
 
 With this start the College is now in a position: — 
 
 1. To advance its agricultural investigations by in- 
 troducing American methods adaptable to China, by 
 showing what Chinese methods are adaptable to America, 
 by furnishing American plants and animals adaptable 
 to China, and by introducing into the United States 
 Chinese plants and animals adaptable to America. 
 
 30 
 
Photo, from U. S. Dept, of Agr. 
 
 ZIZANIA LATIFOLIA. 
 CHINESE WILD RICE OR “KAU SUN.” 
 
 Chinese Wild Rice. 
 
 This plant, photographed in the green-houses of the Department of 
 Agriculture at Washington, is one of a number brought into the United 
 States, under the supervision of the Canton Christian College, by one 
 of their former students, Mr. Chan Chow. 
 
 The American species of wild rice is strictly an annual, reproducing 
 itself only by seed. The Canton plant is a perennial, reproducing it- 
 self chiefly by rhizomes. This Canton species has never been observed 
 to produce seed under cultivation except in the Washington cultures, 
 where this one plant has grown several panicles, one of which is seen 
 at the top of the stem in the upper right hand corner of the photo- 
 graph. 
 
 “Kau Sun” — A Chinese Vegetable. 
 
 In China the solid base of the stem of this wild rice plant Is gath- 
 ered in early spring when it is still very tender, cut into pieces two to 
 three inches long, and marketed as a substitute for ‘‘bamboo sprouts.” 
 It is highly relished for its peculiar richness and delicacy of flavor. 
 Westerners boil it and serve it with melted butter or with a cream 
 dressing. The Chinese prefer it stewed with meat. 
 
2. To promote its agricultural education in its 
 Lower and Upper Schools, and to instruct the peasantry 
 of China through lectures and demonstrations; and, 
 through the circulation of pamphlets and bulletins, to 
 inform the agriculturists of other lands what China has 
 learned by ages of intensive cultivation. 
 
 3. To establish agricultural practice. Its own stu- 
 dents are working in the gardens. It is preparing to 
 establish nurseries and gardens for the fixing and pro- 
 pagation of the best varieties, and is lending aid to 
 Chinese agricultural development companies. 
 
 Suggested Fields for Service 
 
 Dairy and Stock. Agricultural development in China 
 has been chiefly lacking in the domestication of animals. 
 The use of milk would greatly improve living conditions 
 both among natives and foreigners. 
 
 A TRANSPORTABLE DUCK FARM 
 A flock of this size is cared for by one or two attendants, who daily 
 search for new feeding ground on submerged rice fields, canals, or 
 other places. In the evening by a peculiar call of the attendant the 
 ducks gather on the boat and are given a little grain. It is said that 
 as an incentive to have them hurry the last bird is given nothing 
 to eat. 
 
 32 
 
Agronomy. Famines in China can be overcome 
 and the standard of living greatly raised by developing 
 the extensive areas of uncultivated land, by the use of 
 farm machinery, and by discontinuing some of the bad 
 practices of soil management. 
 
 Forestry. Floods and drought in China are largely 
 due to the deforestation of the mountains. Much is 
 therefore to be done for China in the work of reforesta- 
 tion. 
 
 A FOG-OBSCURED SCENE IN THE CANTON DELTA. 
 
 Photographed from Loh Fail, the most renowned mountain of 
 South China (4,000 feet high). In the lower right-hand corner Wash 
 Au Toi is one of the many famous monasteries of this district. In 
 China the monks only are careful to preserve the forests, and one finds 
 many beautiful spots near their temples. Beyond this wooded spot 
 are the uncultivated foothills and watery rice fields. 
 
 Horticulture. This is the logical department with 
 which to begin agricultural educational work. Horti- 
 culture in China has reached a high stage of development 
 as far as the working of the soil is concerned. But the 
 propagation and fixation of varieties are in a chaotic 
 condition. 
 
 Agricultural Chemistry. This department is needed 
 to increase the knowledge and use of commercial ferti- 
 lizers, and of chemicals for the combating of insect 
 
 33 
 
enemies and plant diseases. A profitable investigation 
 of the present methods of soil management and ferti- 
 lizing materials now in use in China could also be carried 
 on. 
 
 Agricultural Extension. An unlimited field is open to 
 this department for most effectual and beneficent 
 Christian work among the peasantry. Its success is 
 largely dependent upon the work of the other depart- 
 ments. 
 
 A COMMON TYPE OF TREAD-POWER IRRIGATING PUMP 
 These men are pumping water from a canal and starting it on its 
 way down over a series of rice fields. 
 
 Irrigation and Drainage. The Chinese are born irri- 
 gators, wasting little water. They know nothing of 
 large irrigation projects and need to be taught how to 
 drain much of their land, which is now subject to excess 
 water supply. Much is therefore to be learned and much 
 to be taught concerning this subject. 
 
 Landscape Architecture. The Chinese type of land- 
 scape development ought to be studied before it becomes 
 too greatly influenced by that of the West. In many 
 respects it can be improved, but much is attractive and 
 
 34 
 
BANYAN TREES 
 
 of this type are often used in adorning temple grounds or as a setting 
 for a village entrance. Unlike the banyan of India, the aerial roots 
 never reach to the ground and it is therefore called “bastard ban- 
 yan.” It is propagated by cuttings. 
 
 worthy of consideration. The campus at the Canton 
 Christian College offers exceptional opportunity for the 
 working out of an attractive development. Such a de- 
 partment would be of great influence in the new planning 
 and laying out of cities and homes. Public parks are 
 almost unknown in China. 
 
 Agricultural Education. Upon this department will 
 rest the development of agricultural education, both 
 elementary and collegiate. 
 
 The Opinion of an Expert Agriculturist 
 
 “It could not be other than a matter of the highest 
 industrial, educational, and social importance to all 
 nations if there might be brought to them a full and ac- 
 curate account of all those conditions which have made 
 it possible for such dense populations to be maintained 
 so largely upon the products of Chinese, Korean, and 
 Japanese soils. Many of the steps, phases, and practices 
 
 35 
 
through which this evolution has passed are irrevocably 
 buried in the past, but such remarkable maintenance 
 efficiency attained centuries ago and projected into the 
 present with little apparent decadence, merits the most 
 profound study and the time is fully ripe when it should 
 be made. Living as we are in the morning of a century 
 of transition from isolated to cosmopolitan national life, 
 when profound readjustments, industrial, educational 
 and social, must result, such an investigation cannot be 
 made too soon. It is high time for each nation to study 
 the others and by mutual agreement and co-operative 
 effort, the results of such studies should become available 
 to all concerned, made so in the spirit that each should 
 become co-ordinate and mutually helpful component 
 factors in the world’s progress. 
 
 “One very appropriate and immensely helpful means 
 for attacking this problem, and which should prove 
 mutually helpful to citizen and state, would be for the 
 higher educational institutions of all nations, instead of 
 exchanging courtesies through their baseball teams, to 
 send select bodies of their best students under competent 
 leadership and by international agreement, both east 
 and west, organizing therefrom investigating bodies 
 each containing components of the eastern and western 
 civilization and whose purpose it should be to study 
 specifically set problems. Such a movement, well con- 
 ceived and directed, manned by the most capable young 
 men, should create an international acquaintance and 
 spread broadcast a body of important knowledge which 
 would develop as the young men mature and contribute 
 immensely toward world peace and world progress. If 
 some broad plan of international effort such as is here 
 suggested were organized, the expense of maintenance 
 might well be met by diverting so much as is needful 
 from the large sums set aside for the expansion of navies; 
 for such steps as these, taken in the interest of world up- 
 lift and world peace, could not fail to be more efficacious 
 and less expensive than increase in fighting equipment. 
 
GRADUATES OF THE CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE MIDDLE 
 SCHOOL, 
 
 The two on the left passed the government examinations and are 
 now at the University of Michigan under the Indemnity Scholarship 
 Fund. The third from the left is a medical student in the University 
 Medical School. The one on the right is Principal of a Model Primary 
 School, a work which has been organized and is fully supported by 
 the Canton Christian College Y. M. C. A. Many students of this type 
 are now awaiting the introduction of an Agricultural Course. 
 
 It would cultivate the spirit of pulling together and of a 
 square deal rather than one of holding aloof and of 
 striving to gain unneighborly advantage.”* 
 
 The Pennsylvania State College Mission to China 
 
 The Pennsylvania State College work has been defi- 
 nitely organized and the Horticultural Department in this 
 proposed School of Agriculture in the Canton Christian 
 College is under the supervision of a Directing Committee 
 of Pennsylvania State College men living at State College, 
 
 ♦From 'the introduction to “Farmers of Forty Centuries,” the last 
 work of F. H. King, Professor of Agricultural Physics in the University 
 of Wisconsin, and chief of the Division of Soil Management, United 
 States Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Those who are interested in Chinese agriculture and its message 
 to the Western world are recommended to read this most scholarly 
 work by Prof. King. The price of this book is $2.50. Through the 
 kindness of Mrs. King it can be purchased from the Directing Com- 
 mittee of the Pennsylvania State College Mission to China, the Agent’s 
 profits to be devoted to the work of the Mission. Orders should be 
 sent to Mr. Ralph I,. Watts, State College, Pa. 
 
 37 
 
Pa., and the^field and instructional work will be carried 
 on by men specially trained in the School of Agriculture 
 of the Pennsylvania State College. There is also an 
 Advisory Board consisting of alumni, trustees, members 
 of the faculty, and prominent agriculturists. 
 
 It is the purpose of this Mission, through the medium 
 
 0 f agricultural 
 
 1 n vestiga tion, 
 education, and 
 practice, to aid 
 Christian Mis- 
 sions at work in 
 China in promot- 
 ing industrial 
 self-su fficiency 
 and the growth 
 of Christian char- 
 acter, fellowship, 
 and work among 
 the Chinese. 
 
 Investigational. 
 To carry on in 
 China, especially 
 in the field of 
 horticulture, such 
 investigation as 
 will lead to a bet- 
 ter understanding 
 of Chinese methods of gardening and a fuller knowledge 
 of Chinese plant types. 
 
 Educational. To assist the Canton Christian College 
 in its work of agricultural education among the Chinese 
 by placing on its faculty men specially trained in agricul- 
 ture and capable of carrying on horticultural instruction 
 and demonstration. 
 
 Practical. To establish on the Canton Christian 
 College campus nurseries and gardens for the collection 
 and the propagation of the best plant types, both for 
 
 38 
 
 THE SHANTUNG ROSE 
 
 This rose Is propagated in the northern 
 province of Shantung and cuttings are 
 yearly brought to the southern provinces, 
 where they produce exceptional flowers. 
 
practical demonstration to the Chinese of the most 
 modern nursery and seed-growing methods, and for the 
 distribution of well-selected seeds and plants. 
 
 Co-operative. To establish a Department of Horti- 
 culture at the Canton Christian College in the hope that 
 other American colleges will found similar Missions at 
 the same College in other branches of Agriculture, and 
 thus help to give the Chinese Empire the benefit of an 
 efficient and well equipped School of Agriculture. 
 
 Letters from Chinese Students 
 “Dear Mr. Groff: — 
 
 “It is almost one semester while I am in school this year. As I am 
 studying the subject of Chemistry it seems very interesting to me. 
 I always asked myself, what shall I do and where shall I go next year? 
 The trouble is there are no good agricultural schools in my native 
 land. .Therefore the only way to get education in agriculture is to 
 go to the country which is well developed in this work. Two weeks 
 ago I and Mr. L. had a trip to Sam Shui. We saw a good deal of 
 land there is wasted. The people there pay no attention to improve 
 their farms and products. Some of them are getting enough just to 
 support their families. Others even get enough to support them- 
 selves. When the dry season comes, they suffer for water. When 
 the wet season comes, they do not know how to drain the water. 
 Many times they fail in their crops. They only say it is fortunate 
 or unfortunate. When I came to myself, nothing I can do besides 
 agricultural work, and there is no other work which is so important 
 as the condition of China now. The question of studying in foreign 
 country is not easy to answer. As far as I know it requires a large 
 amount of expenses for years. So if there will be no special chance I 
 am sure I cannot reach the point. The hope which I expected is 
 upon you. You know my condition better than anyone else. 
 Hoping you will send me informations whenever convenient. The 
 work of the garden is going on well. Each month there is a gain of 
 20 or 15 dollars.” Sincerely yours, 
 
 A student at the Canton Christian College. 
 
 Dear Mr. Groff: — 
 
 Yesterday I have sent you a copy of the constitution of our 
 agricultural company which was written in Chinese. ... I wish I 
 
 39 
 
would translate it into English if I had time enough. But one special 
 point I want to make more clear to you is that the purpose of our 
 company is to develop the agricultural work in China in order to 
 support the establishment of schools at the vicinity of our farms. 
 This is what we, members of the company, devote to do. Moreover 
 there is something more inportant which is to bring the Light of 
 Christ into the soul of our people whom we shall get a closer touch 
 with. You know when we can give them work to do on the farms 
 and when we can open schools for the boys and girls there will be 
 more opportunity for us to make friends with them; then if we 
 preach, the influence will be more effective than that if we simply 
 talk nicely without actually doing anything helpful to them.. .. 
 
 I realize ourselves as men of inexperience and that our work 
 seems to be a great task. It seems that we are unlikely to carry out 
 such a great work, but 1 want to tell you that we do it not depend- 
 ing on our own wisdom, or experience, but on God’s power. We be- 
 lieve that our purpose is right and that God will help us. Therefore 
 if we succeed we should not be proud; or if we fail we should not be 
 sorry. Give us advises whenever you can. If anything in the con- 
 stitution you don’t understand I will answer you at your request. . . . 
 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 : RECREATION PERIOD — STUDENTS OF THE CANTON CHRISTIAN 
 COLLEGE IN THEIR SCHOOL GARDEN. 
 
 40 
 
The Pennsylvania State College Mission 
 to China 
 
 DIRECTING COMMITTEE 
 State College, Pa. 
 
 A. Howry Espenshade, Chairman. 
 
 L. H. Dennis, Vice-Chairman 
 Ralph L. Watts, Secretary-Treasurer 
 H. S. Adams J. P. Jackson 
 
 F. N. D. Buchman Fred Lewis Pattee 
 
 E. B, Deeter A. L. Tobias 
 
 W. J. Wright 
 
 ADVISORY BOARD 
 
 Hon. Jas. A. Beaver, Bellefonte, Pa. 
 
 Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Hon. Wm. T. Creasy, Catawissa, Pa. 
 
 Hon. David Fairchild, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Mr. Orlando Harrison, Berlin, Md. 
 
 Dr. Thomas F. Hunt, State College, Pa. 
 
 Hon. Vance McCormick, Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Dr. Edwin Erle Sparks, State College, Pa. 
 
 Mr. Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale, Pa. 
 
 Col. John A. Woodward, Howard, Pa. 
 
 Representative on the Field 
 G. Weidman Groff, 1907. 
 
 The University Medical School 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 
 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 OFFICERS 
 
 Edward C. Wood, Chairman 
 
 Thomas S. Evans, Secretary Marshall S. Morgan, Treasurer 
 
 FOREIGN DIVISION 
 
 George Wharton Pepper, Chairman 
 Samuel F. Houston Charles J. Hatfield, M.D. 
 
 Charles H. Frazier, M.D. Frederick Fraley, M.D. 
 William Campbell Posey, M.D. Warren P. Laird 
 William Guggenheim Shippen Lewis 
 
 Henry Hill Collins, Jr. Horatio C. Wood, Jr., M.D. 
 James F. Magee, Jr. Rev. Floyd W. Tomkins, S.T.D. 
 
 Rufus B. Scarlett, M.D. Francis S. McIlhenny 
 
 FACULTY 
 
 J. C. McCracken, M.A., M.D., University of Pennsylvania 
 
 W. W. Cadbury, M.A., M.D., University of Pennsylvania 
 
 T. M. Li, M.D., University of Pennsylvania 
 
 H. J. Howard, M.D., University of Pennsylvania 
 
 Miss Mabel Strawbridge Macher, Bryn Mawr Hospital 
 
 Miss Marian R. Taylor, Secretary 
 
 Mrs. Mary Strawbridge Macher, Hospital Matron