The Hydrocarbons of Utah 
 
 
 
 By Carlos Bardwell, B, Arthur Berryman, Thomas B. 
 Brighton and Kenneth D. Kuhre 
 
* 
 
 a 
 
[Reprinted from the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 
 Vol. 5. No. 12. December, 1913.] 
 
 THE HYDROCARBONS OF UTAH 1 
 
 By Carlos Bardwell, B. Arthur Berryman, Thomas B. Brighton 
 and Kenneth D. Kuhre 
 Received September 20, 1913 
 
 About fifteen kinds of hydrocarbons occur in Utah; 
 the five of these occurring most abundantly — gilsonite, 
 tabbyite, wurtzilite, ozocerite and rock asphalt are 
 the ones selected for this investigation. 
 
 Gilsonite 2 (uintaite) was first described by Blake 
 in 1885. He gave it the name uintaite because of 
 its occurrence in the Uinta Mountains. Later the 
 name gilsonite was adopted because S. H. Gilson, 
 a prospector, brought it into prominence as an article 
 of commerce. The deposits of gilsonite are limited 
 to the Uncompahgre Indian Reservation in Uinta 
 County, being found in an area extending along the 
 40th parallel for about 60 miles. 
 
 Tabbyite receives its name from an Indian chieftain, 
 Tabby. The deposits are in Tabby Canyon, a branch 
 of the Duchesne, about 8 to 9 miles south and west 
 of Theodore, Uinta County. 
 
 Wurtzilite 3 (elaterite or mineral rubber) from Utah 
 was first described by Wurtz, who showed that it is 
 a distinct mineral. The name elaterite had been used 
 previously by Dana and other mineralogists to describe 
 three different minerals of specific gravities ranging 
 from 0.905 to 1.223. The region in which wurtzilite 
 is found covers an area of about 100 square miles be- 
 tween Indian Canyon and Sam’s Canyon, branches of 
 Strawberry Creek, about 30 miles due north of Price, 
 Utah. 
 
 Ozocerite (mineral wax) has been known for many 
 years on account of the economic value of the large 
 deposits in Galicia, Austria. The only other deposit 
 known to be of commercial value is that in Utah. 
 This deposit begins about two miles west of Colton, 
 Utah County, and extends to about four miles west of 
 Soldier Summit, a distance of 12 miles. The belt 
 is 2 miles wide. This area may be divided into three 
 parts: 4 (1) near Colton, on the north side of the 
 
 1 This work was done at the suggestion and under the direction of 
 Dr. W. C. Ebaugh, to whom the authors’ thanks are due. 
 
 2 Blake, Eng. Min. J ., 40 , 431 (1885). 
 
 * Wurtz, Ibid., 49 , 59 (1890). 
 
 * Taff and Smith, U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 285 , 369 (1905). 
 
 (I) 
 
Price River valley; (2) to the east of Soldier Summit 
 where the railroad crosses the crest of the plateau; 
 and (3) near Midway Station, on the north side of the 
 canyon, near the source of Soldier’s Creek. 
 
 Heretofore rock asphalt has usually been called 1 bi- 
 tuminous sandstone, but the former name is growing 
 in popularity, especially in Utah. The largest deposit 
 in the state lies south and east of Vernal, north of the 
 White River and between Ashley and Uinta valleys. 1 
 This deposit attains a thickness (in places) of twenty 
 feet, but at present it is too far from a railroad for 
 successful commercial exploitation. Another deposit 
 occurs in Spanish Fork Canyon, southeast of Thistle, 
 and still other immense deposits are found (1) in the 
 tributaries of Whitmore Canyon, near Sunnyside, 
 (2) at the head of Willow Creek, a tributary of the 
 Green River, in the Book Cliff Mountains, and (3) 
 in the Laramie sandstones near Jensen, on the Green 
 River. A deposit of bituminous limestone occurs 
 at the head of the right-hand branch of Tie Fork, 
 a canyon entering Spanish Fork Canyon, 2 miles 
 west of Clear Creek Station. An area underlaid by 
 bituminous limestone, about 50 miles long east and 
 west .by 10 miles wide north and south, lies just north 
 of Colton and south of Strawberry Creek, extending 
 from Antelope Creek on the east to Thistle on the west. 2 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 In reviewing the literature of these substances one 
 finds that a great deal has been published concerning 
 gilsonite and ozocerite, but not much about wurtzilite, 
 tabbyite and rock asphalt. Day, 3 working with gil- 
 sonite, attempted to isolate “such single hydrocarbons 
 or their derivatives as would give some information 
 as to the real nature of the mineral itself.” He gives 
 an outline of the physical characteristics, solubilities, 
 etc., of gilsonite, and describes the character of the 
 residue from each solvent as well as the nature of the 
 dissolved portion. Proximate and ultimate analyses 
 are given. From a study of the distillation products 
 of gilsonite he concludes that the oil obtained belongs 
 to the paraffin series of hydrocarbons, and is made up 
 of a number of distinct substances, just as is petro- 
 leum. He obtained from the distillate volatile with 
 steam, oils which seem to correspond to those described 
 
 1 Wigglesworth, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., 17, 115 (1888). 
 
 2 Eldridge, U. S. Geol. Survey. 17th Ann. Rept., 1896, 915, el seg.; 
 22nd. Ann. Rept., 1900-01, 332. 
 
 * Day, J. Frank. Inst., Sept., 1896, 221, et seq. 
 
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by Peckham 1 as obtained from California bitumens. 
 These had an odor similar to quinoline, and to him this 
 was an evidence of the relationship of California bit- 
 umen and of gilsonite and of their animal origin. 
 Day gives also the results of treatment with nitric acid 
 and descriptions of the products and their properties, 
 concluding that some members of the naphthalene 
 series are present. 
 
 Eldridge 2 described the location of the hydrocarbon 
 deposits and the geology of the district. He states 
 that the cracks in which gilsonite is found were formed 
 by the gentle folding that produced the Uinta Valley 
 syncline. He describes the properties of the gilsonite 
 coming from near the surface where, through atmos- 
 pheric agencies, it has lost its luster and become pencil- 
 lated in structure. From a study of conditions he 
 concludes that the gilsonite found its way into the 
 fissures as a plastic mass, coming from below under 
 pressure, and though of high viscosity, sufficiently 
 fluid to be pressed between the grains constituting 
 the wall rocks. He frankly confesses his lack of ability 
 to suggest the condition under which the gilsonite 
 existed prior to its flow into the cracks. An analysis 
 of gilsonite by Day is quoted as follows: 
 
 Percentages 
 
 Volatile matter 56.46 
 
 Fixed carbon 43.43 
 
 Ash 0.10 
 
 or 
 
 \ Carbon 88.30 
 
 Hydrogen 9.96 
 
 Sulfur 1.32 
 
 Ash 0.10 
 
 Oxygen and nitrogen (undetermined) 0.32 
 
 Locke , 3 Blake , 4 Raymond , 5 and Wurtz 6 describe the 
 * uses of gilsonite, its solubilities, methods for “fluxing” 
 
 it, etc. The earlier analyses of asphalts gave rather 
 large percentages of oxygen, but this was probably 
 « because the presence of sulfur had not been recognized 
 
 and the oxygen was supposed, with the carbon and the 
 hydrogen, to make up the ash-free bitumen. Never- 
 theless some analyses which report sulfur and nitrogen 
 also report small amounts of oxygen . 7 By some author- 
 ities, as Richardson and Peckham, oxygen is considered 
 as foreign to natural asphalts. 
 
 1 Peckham, Am. J. Sci., 48, III, 250. 
 
 2 Eldridge, U. S. Geol. Survey, 22nd Ann. Repi., 1900-01, 330. 
 
 * Eocke, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., 16, 162 (1887). 
 
 4 Blake, Eng. Min. J., 40, 431 (1885). 
 
 6 Raymond, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., 17, 113 (1888). 
 
 • Wurtz, Eng. Min. J., 48, 114 (1889). 
 
 7 Sadtler, This Journal, 6, 393 (1913). 
 
 ( 3 ) 
 
In the first reference to wurtzilite, Blake 1 describes 
 it from a physical standpoint, noting its occurrence, 
 hardness, color, specific gravity, fusibility, electrical 
 properties, etc. He explains the difference between 
 wurtzilite and gilsonite, 2 and shows that the Utah 
 wurtzilite is an entirely distinct mineral from the elater- 
 ite of Dana and other mineralogists. Wurtz 3 confirms 
 the conclusions of Blake. 
 
 Utah ozocerite is very similar in properties to that 
 from Galicia, but as it contains less oily material and 
 is firmer, it is more valuable. Many popular accounts 4 
 of its mode of preparation, uses, etc., are to be found, 
 but nothing concerning its chemical composition, 
 distillation products, etc. 
 
 With the exception of occasional references to the 
 location of bituminous sandstones in Utah, nothing 
 could be found about rock asphalt. 
 
 USES OF UTAH HYDROCARBONS 
 
 An investigation of the uses of Utah hydrocarbons 
 shows them to be surprisingly numerous and varied. 
 Many of our commonest articles are made from these 
 substances. Before the discovery of gilsonite in Utah, 
 European and Asiatic asphalts were shipped into the 
 United States; now, because of its abundance and purity 
 large quantities of Utah asphalt are shipped to foreign 
 countries. The production of gilsonite during the 
 last two years has increased rapidly, due to the greater 
 number of articles made from it. In 1910 5 the produc- 
 tion was 30,000 tons; in 1912, over 50,000 tons. It is 
 worth about $20.00 a ton, f. o. b. Utah. 
 
 Wurtzilite is little used because of its insolubility. 
 About 1,000 tons are produced annually. 
 
 Ozocerite is of greater value than gilsonite, the price 
 in New York being 15 to 28 cents per pound. 6 No 
 data could be found as to the production of ozocerite, 
 but at present the demand far exceeds the supply. 
 
 Perhaps the most extended use that has been made 
 of Utah asphalts is in the paving industry. Gilsonite 
 has been used in paving the streets of many important 
 cities, 5 e. g., Michigan Avenue, Chicago, where it is 
 said to be giving satisfaction under the most exacting 
 
 1 Blake Eng. Min. J., 48 , 542 (1889). 
 
 2 Blake. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., 18 , 497 (1889). 
 
 2 Wurtz, Eng. Min. J., 49 , 106 (1890). 
 
 4 Higgins, Salt Lake Mining Review, 14 , 11-5 (Oct., 1912). Culmer, 
 Salt Lake Tribune (Dec. 29, 1912); Taff and Smith, U. S. Geol. Survey, 
 Bull. 285 , 369 (1905). 
 
 6 Culmer, Address, Univ. of Utah, Nov. 15, 1912. 
 
 6 Higgins, Salt Lake Min. Rev., 14 , 11-5 (Oct. 15, 1912). 
 
 ( 4 ) 
 
requirements. Rock asphalt was used 5 in paving 
 Second South Street between West Temple and First 
 West Streets, Salt Lake City, and the surface is now 
 in fair condition, although it has had practically no 
 repairs during its 16 years of service. 
 
 Another important use for Utah hydrocarbons is 
 in the manufacture of varnishes and paints. 5 Only 
 the purest and best materials are used for these 
 purposes, the refined hydrocarbons being dissolved 
 in turpentine and linseed oils. Wurtzilite has been 
 used in the manufacture of a varnish in which the par- 
 ticles are simply held in suspension, but do not enter 
 into solution. 
 
 Some of the uses of the individual Utah hydrocarbons 
 are as follows: 
 
 Gilsonite. 1 — Paving industry, electrical insulators, 
 roofing papers and compounds, water-proofing wooden 
 and steel pipes and masonry aqueducts, preventing 
 electrolytic action on iron plates of ship bottoms, 
 coating barb wire fencing, coating sea walls of brick 
 or masonry, lining tanks for chemicals, coating poles, 
 posts and ties, toredo-proof pile coating, smokestack 
 paint, lubricant for heavy machinery, substitute 
 for rubber, as binder pitch for culm in making bri- 
 quettes and egette coal. 
 
 Tabbyite. — Compounds with Para rubber to manu- 
 facture floor mats, rubber paints and roofings; as a 
 filler for rubber in automobile tires, etc. 
 
 Wurtzilite. — Varnishes, roofing compound, etc. 
 
 Ozocerite . 2 — Electrical insulator (said to have about 
 four times the specific resistance of paraffin), altar 
 candles, substitute for beeswax, ointments, pomades, 
 salves, water-proofing, waxed paper, wax dolls and 
 figures, telephone receivers, phonograph records, elec- 
 troplating, water-proof crayons, shoe polish, buttons, 
 ceresine, floor polishes and waxes, water-proofing 
 cartridges, sealing wax, etc. 
 
 Rock Asphalt . — Paving industry. 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 
 
 The results of the first tests made upon eight samples 
 of hydrocarbons are given in Table I. 3 They are 
 
 1 Locke, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., 16 , 162 (1887); New Internatl, 
 Encyc. Article on “Asphalt;” Culmer. loc cit.\ Richardson and Parker. 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Min. Resources of V . S.. 1893 , 627-69; Taff and Smith, 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 285 , 369 (1905). 
 
 2 New Internatl. Encyc., Article on “Asphalt;” Higgins, Salt Lake Min. 
 Rev., 14 , 11-5 (Oct. 15, 1912). 
 
 3 For purposes of comparison determinations were carried out also 
 upon samples of refined Trinidad and Bermudez asphalt kindly supplied 
 by the New York Testing Laboratory. 
 
 ( 5 ) 
 
Table I 
 
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 ( 6 ) 
 
 Flows 0 F 266 181 377 275 l mercury / 140 
 
 Penetration at 78° F 0 30 0 0 0 0 30 
 
the standard tests recommended by Richardson 1 
 and are meant primarily to ^determine the fitness of 
 the materials for asphalt paving. No one of the ma- 
 terials as it occurs in nature comes up to the stand- 
 ards completely, but in the cases of Trinidad, Bermu- 
 dez, rock asphalt and gilsonite the bitumen could be 
 mixed with heavy petroleum oils and given the required 
 penetration and other physical properties. As our 
 work is concerned with the properties of the materials 
 as they occur in nature no compounding was done. 
 For the use of a standard machine for making the pene- 
 tration tests we are indebted to the office of the City 
 Engineer, Salt Lake City. 
 
 The bitumens in asphalts are divided into two general 
 classes, 2 viz., those soluble in 62° naphtha (malthenes) 
 and those insoluble in carbon tetrachloride but soluble 
 in carbon disulfide (carbenes). Our solubility tests 
 were made by allowing one-gram samples, finely ground, 
 to be in contact with excessive amounts of the solvents 
 for 12 to 18 hours, filtering upon ignited asbestos in 
 a Gooch crucible, washing with the pure solvent, 
 drying at 100 0 C. and reweighing. Great difficulty 
 was found in filtering some of the samples, especially 
 the Trinidad asphalt. 
 
 Table II gives the ultimate composition of the samples 
 
 Table II 
 
 Substance Trin. Ber. Gils. Tab. Wur. 1 Wur. 2 Ozok. R. A. 
 
 Carbon 51.06 77.52 85.25 81.32 76.90 79.40 85.35 9.55 
 
 Hydrogen... 5.84 8.90 10.55 10.40 11.20 10.55 13.86 1.10 
 
 Sulfur 4.22 4.70 0.52 1.24 4.00 4.34 0.29 0.78 
 
 Nitrogen.... 0.66 0.89 2.21 2.10 2.18 2.10 0.36 0.31 
 
 Ash 35.70 5.32 0.89 4.65 1.50 3.36 0.04 88.05 
 
 as determined by the ordinary combustion method, 
 with lead chromate and copper oxide in the combustion 
 tube. Great care must be taken in starting a combus- 
 tion to prevent the too rapid distillation of the volatile 
 components present in the samples. Nitrogen was 
 determined by a modified Kjeldahl method, with sub- 
 sequent distillation into an excess of standard sulfuric 
 acid. Sulfur was determined by a modification of 
 the Eschka method, 3 i. e., roasting a weighed sample 
 of material with zinc oxide and sodium carbonate, 
 leaching with water, filtering, acidulating with hydro- 
 chloric acid, and precipitating and weighing barium 
 sulfate as usual. Ash was determined by (i) re- 
 weighing the boat after a combustion, or (2) by burn- 
 
 1 Richardson, The Modern Asphalt Pavement, 1905, 168. 
 
 2 Richardson, loc. cit. 
 
 3 Ebaugh and Sprague, Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 29, 1475 (1907). 
 
 ( 7 ) 
 
ing a one-gram sample in a platinum dish. In two 
 cases the ash was analyzed. The results are given in 
 Table IIg. 
 
 Table II a 
 
 Ash analysis SiC >2 Ee20s AI2O3 CaO MgO 
 
 Rock asphalt 78.20 2.20 9.00 5.60 2.10 
 
 Tabbyite 35.35 2.50 9.80 29.50 9.45 
 
 Table III records the results of a series of solubility 
 tests. The treatment with solvent lasted for 18 hours, 
 and a motor-driven shaking device produced thorough 
 mixture of sample and solvent. The hot extractions 
 were made with boiling solvent in a flask fitted with a 
 reflux condenser. 
 
 Solvent 
 
 Trin. 
 
 Table III 
 
 Ber. Gils. 
 
 Tab. 
 
 Wur. 
 
 1 Ozok. 
 
 R. A. 
 
 Amyl alcohol 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Ini. 
 
 4 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Ethyl ether 
 
 109 
 
 145 
 
 00 
 
 46 
 
 Inso*l. 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Ethyl acetate 
 
 30 
 
 24 \ 
 
 r *5 
 
 1 3 
 
 *7 
 
 3 
 
 Insol. 
 
 ‘ { 
 
 *7 
 
 4 
 
 Amyl nitrate 
 
 84 
 
 39 
 
 51 
 
 Insol. 
 
 *5 
 
 Insol. 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 Amyl acetate 
 
 132 
 
 37 
 
 86 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 1 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Benzol 
 
 48 
 
 36 
 
 71 
 
 35 
 
 Insol. 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 Toluol 
 
 39 
 
 33 
 
 72 
 
 57 
 
 0.09 Very sol. 
 
 14 
 
 Turpentine 
 
 115 
 
 116 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 45 
 
 Very sol. 
 
 29 
 
 Nitrobenzene 
 
 39 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 14 * 
 
 f *12 
 
 f Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 3 
 
 Aniline 
 
 3 
 
 Insol. ^ 
 
 *33 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 f *2 
 
 t Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Chloroform . 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 54 
 
 33 "j 
 
 f *1 .5 
 l 0.96 
 
 00 
 
 83 
 
 Carbon disulfide 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 55 
 
 13.45 
 
 00 Very sol. 
 
 Carbon tetrachloride 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 44.30 
 
 36.00 
 
 1.8 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 62° Naphtha 
 
 Very sol. 63 
 
 5 
 
 6.80 
 
 2.8 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 Ethyl alcohol 
 
 Insol. 
 
 lnsol 'Insol. \ 
 
 *1 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Propyl alcohol .... . 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. ^ 
 
 f *1 
 
 f Insol. 
 
 *11 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Insol. 
 
 Numbers refer to grams soluble in 100 grams cold solvent. 
 
 * Grams soluble in 100 grams boiling solvent. 
 
 Table IV gives the results of the fractional distilla- 
 tions of the hydrocarbons. A number of distillations 
 at reduced pressure were tried, but the results were 
 not satisfactory, and work along this line was dis- 
 continued for lack of time. It was noticed, however, 
 that (1) gilsonite is soluble in its own distillate and 
 in those from wurtzilite and tabbyite, (2) tabbyite 
 is soluble in the distillates from gilsonite and wurtzilite, 
 but (3) wurtzilite is insoluble in its own distillate and 
 in the distillates from gilsonite and tabbyite. Gilson- 
 ite is soluble in stearin and hot paraffin, but wurtzilite 
 is insoluble in both of these materials. 
 
Table^IV 
 
 Substance 
 
 Trin. 
 
 Ber. 
 
 Gils. 
 
 Tab. 
 
 Wur. 1 
 
 Ozok. 
 
 R. A. 
 
 0-150° C 
 
 . 14.93 
 
 9.89 
 
 9.34 
 
 3.12 
 
 16.15 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.91 
 
 150-200° C 
 
 10.42 
 
 7.99 
 
 5.34 
 
 11.93 
 
 21.70 
 
 8.91 
 
 3.22 
 
 200-250° C 
 
 2.26 
 
 16.08 
 
 12.84 
 
 24.87 
 
 22.82 
 
 8.38 
 
 0.29 
 
 250-300° C 
 
 
 21.12 
 
 28.99 
 
 13.21 
 
 0.91 
 
 17.69 
 
 
 300-350° C 
 
 
 
 
 4.77 
 
 
 25.89 
 
 
 350-400° C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26.85 
 
 
 Total volatile 
 
 . . 27.61 
 
 55.08 
 
 56.51 
 
 57.90 
 
 61.58 
 
 87.93 
 
 4.42 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 , . 36.69 
 
 39.60 
 
 43.13 
 
 37.45 
 
 36.92 
 
 10.03 
 
 7.53 
 
 Ash 
 
 35.70 
 
 5.32 
 
 0.36 
 
 4.65 
 
 1.50 
 
 0.04 
 
 88.05 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 CONCLUSIONS 
 
 The marked differences in the physical and chemical 
 properties and in the compositions of the five hydro- 
 carbons are established. Tabbyite is shown to be a 
 distinct substance. The reported insolubility of wurt- 
 zilite is amply confirmed. 
 
 University op Utah 
 Salt Lake City 
 
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