EMERGENCY HOUSING 
 
 BY 
 
 RALPH STANLEE FANNING 
 
 B. Arch., Cornell University, 1912. 
 M. S., University of Illinois, 1917. 
 
 THESIS 
 
 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAl FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS 
 FOR THE PROFESSIONAL DEGREE OF 
 
 MASTER IN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 IN 
 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
 IN 
 
 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1921 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/emergencyhousingOOfann 
 
\*>z\ 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 
 
 APRIL 3, l921_ 
 
 o 
 
 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED BY 
 
 RALPH STANLEE FAM ING 
 
 ENTITLED EMER GE NCY HOUSING 
 
 BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 
 
 PROFESSIONAL DEGREE OF 
 
 MASTER IN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 Head of Department of ARCHI TE CTURE 
 
 Recommendation concurred in: 
 
 .45 O.Q 
 
 Committee 
 
EMERGENCY HOUSING. 
 
 Outline of Thesis on Emergency Housing presented 
 at the University of Illinois for the professional 
 degree of Master of Architecture, 1921. 
 
 Introduction . 
 
 I. Introduction general: The homes of a people." 
 
 The historical development of the home and its 
 relation to society. - The home as a concrete 
 record of the community life of its age. - Some 
 aspects of the present home problem as a resul- 
 tant of our own age." Plow this age has produced 
 the vital problems called "Emergency Housing". 
 
 II. Some problematic agenda. 
 
 1. Housing ever a difficult problem. 
 
 2. "The urban disease". 
 
 III. Causes producing an unnatural demand for new 
 
 or revised housing conditions. 
 
 1. Natural disasters. 
 
 2. Social and industrial changes. 
 
 3. War devastation. 
 
 Body . 
 
 I. The world wide problem of Emergency Housing, 
 
 II. The solution of emergency hQusing problems after 
 great natural disasters. 
 
 1. Fire. 
 
 a. Rome, London, Hamburg, Paris, Moscow, 
 Boston, Chicago and other examples. 
 
 2. Flood, 
 
 a. Dayton, Ohio, 
 
 3. Earthquake. 
 
 a. San Francisco, California. 
 
 4. Cyclone. 
 
 a. Mattoon, Illinois. 
 
 1 . 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
III. America's attempt to solve the emergency housing 
 problem through governmental patronage. 
 
 1. The American standards of "Rights of Home" as 
 formulized by housing surveys. 
 
 a. Summation of fourteen requirements for 
 every family. 
 
 2. Ordnance Department housing. 
 
 a. .Discussion of methods. 
 
 b. Sixteen examples. 
 
 3. Emergency Fleet Corporation housing projects. 
 
 a. Discussion of methods. 
 
 b. Twenty-one examples with problems, archi- 
 tects, etc. 
 
 c. Chester, Pennsylvania , examined in detail 
 as a typical example. 
 
 (l) Problem. 
 
 (3) Solution. 
 
 (3) Details, 
 
 4. Specific architectural lessons taught. 
 
 a. Elements of village planning. 
 
 b. Type plans of minimum size houses. 
 
 IV. The attempted solution of the emergency housing 
 problem in the war-devastated regions of northern 
 France and Belgium. 
 
 1. The problem in the devastated regions. 
 
 3 . Communal ho s tel s . 
 
 3. The problem in the Marne and Meuse (France). 
 
 a. First necessities. 
 
 b. The building of homes. 
 
 4. The solution by the Anglo-American Society of 
 Friends of the housing problem of the Verdun section. 
 
 a. The re-establishment of homes. 
 
 (1) New 'barrack "cites".. 
 
 (2) Repair work. 
 
 5. Features of relief emergency housing. 
 
 a. Materials essential for repair work and 
 housing relief. 
 
 b. Demountable houses. 
 
 (1) Discussion and details of type. 
 
 1 1 . 
 

 
 
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Conclusion. 
 
 Summary . 
 
 1 . General . 
 
 a* Four points of summation. 
 
 2. Results from natural disasters. 
 
 3* Conclusions from govermental patronage, 
 a. Chester, Pa. 
 
 4. Evidence from devastated France, 
 a. The Verdun accomplishment. 
 
 5* Prophetic finale 
 
List of Illustrations. 
 
 Page 
 
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 23 1 .The rising water, Dayton, Ohio, 1913* 
 
 2. Relief housing in Tent City, Dayton, Ohio, 1 913 
 
 24 1 . The flood, Dayton, Ohio. 
 
 2 . Gleaning away the debris after the flood. 
 
 28 1. After the cyclone, Mattoon, 111. 
 
 2 . The wreckage, Mattoon, 111. 
 
 41 Store group, Buckman Village, Chester, Pa. 
 
 42 semi-detached houses " " 
 
 43 Four-family apartment house " " . 
 
 44 Seven-family row houses " " " . 
 
 45 Four- family row houses " " • 
 
 50 Plan, Union Park Gardens, Wilmington, Del. 
 
 51 Perspective, " " " " . 
 
 52 Plan of industrial village, Marcus Hook, Pa. 
 
 53 Plan of six-room house for industrial village. 
 
 n / ti 11 n it tt tt tt 
 
 
 
 53 Block plan, Newburgh, II. Y. 
 
 5 6 Detached, four-room house, Savannah, Ga. 
 
 59 Rheims (devastated), France. 
 
 a. Hotel de Vi lie. 
 
 b. Street. 
 
 c . Cathedral nave . 
 
 d . C a the dr a 1 ch o i r . 
 
 60 Destro 3 red churches of the Meuse. 
 
 a. Clermont en Argonne. 
 
 b. Brize aux. 
 
 c. Neuvilley. 
 
 d. Dun sur Meuse. 
 
 66 Refugee hostel, Clermont en Argonne, Meuse. 
 
 69 4-rHospital barracks at Brizeaux, Meuse . 
 
 2. Shelter in the Argonne forest, Meuse. 
 
 3* Temporary quarters at Grange le Comte, Meuse. 
 
 1 v. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
List of Illustrations, Cont'd. 
 
 Page 71. Map of the Verdun region. 
 
 " 77 Working plans of demountable houses. 
 
 " 78--' Elevation and details of demountable houses. 
 
 " 79 Details of demountable houses. 
 
 " -Stages of demountable house erection- 
 
 » go The rehousing of Sermaize les Bains, Marne. 
 
 1. The village pump. 
 
 2- The main street. 
 
 3. House of the village carpenter. 
 
EMERGENCY HOUSING 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION, GENERAL. 
 
 The. robin building its nest in Spring, the fox seeking 
 out some secluded spot in which to burrow, the beaver with tire- 
 less energy damming up a stream, - all proclaim the natural in- 
 stinct for animals to house themselves as safely and snugly as 
 possible, to provide the best conditions in which they may live 
 and rear their young, unmolested by the elements and their natural 
 enemies. Man, in his primitive state, must have been forced by 
 similar instincts to select for himself a safe cave or a protec- 
 tion of forest to guard him and his from raging storm and savage 
 beast. With an awakening intellect and developing reasoning 
 power to supplement a natural instinct, man early began to con- 
 struct for himself, to utilize the gifts that Nature provided and 
 to plan his domicile according to his ever multiplying wants and 
 needs . 
 
 To study the development of man's dwelling places is to 
 study the history of man himself, so accurate a material record 
 of his life and his state of civilization is the house in which he 
 has lived. The climate and country, the occupation and social 
 habits, the state of governments and the process of arts are all 
 recorded in the habitations of men. The climate compelled him to 
 build for protection from heat or cold, from rain or snow; the 
 country furnished him the material which his awakening talents 
 
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2 . 
 
 must needs utilize; his occupation and social life determined 
 the shape, size and plan of his dwelling place; and from these we 
 are able to determine whether his laws allowed him to dwell in 
 peace or in warfare, or permitted him to devote his days to the 
 perfection of his arts, to make permanent records of his ability 
 as decorator, painter or sculptor. 
 
 It takes but a casual student of history to comprehend 
 how great a part the homes of a people have played in their nation- 
 al development; of what a direct result they are of the life that 
 has inspired their building. Go back to the dawn of human history, 
 to the first known inhabitants of the valley of the Tigris-Euph- 
 rates, building with mud and reeds, to the early Egyptians build- 
 ing with the natural granite and with bricks made from the mud of 
 the Nile. All people v/ere building their homes and their temples 
 with the material that Nature provided and in a form that Nature 
 suggested. No less v/ere the marble temples of the Greeks, the 
 massively vaulted palaces and baths of the Romans, the secluded 
 catacombs of the early Christians, the irregular structures of the 
 Romanesque, the lofty cathedrals of the Gothic and the studied re- 
 finements of the Renaissance building, - all an apt portrayal of 
 their times and thoughts. 
 
 Today, we live in an age when modern inventions have to 
 a great degree broken down the barriers of distance, of race and 
 of language. The home builder of today may, if he so desires, im- 
 port the materials which he is to use for his building from the 
 other side of the globe, or build in a form and style as foreign 
 to his natural elements as a wide experience and diverse education 
 
. 3 . 
 
 may inspire. The masses, however, are still largely controlled 
 by their environment and limited’ in their building by the materials 
 and arts near at hand. This fact alone makes the study of the 
 hemes of a people one of the greatest importance, both from the 
 interest and knowledge gleaned from historical research, and from 
 the standpoint of the future development of a people along the 
 paths that will lead to their highest uplift and produce a higher 
 state of social order than any yet achieved. 
 
 It is an essential fact that even the most Utopian 
 of social reformers will admit that vigor, health and consequent 
 industry, and thus the morals of a people, are ever largely de- 
 pendent upon the material conditions that surround them. While 
 saints may grow up in sewers, - fair lilies from dung heaps, - 
 such are the exceptions in this world where too large a proportion 
 of the inhabitants are forced to live their lives in dusty fac- 
 tories, crowded homes and dingy slums, surrounded by cold and 
 damp walls without sufficient air and sunlight, without proper 
 sanitation, without beauty, without order. It is man’s heritage 
 
 that he be allowed to breatie the untainted air, drink the pure 
 
 ■ 
 
 waters, and enjoy the fruits of his own labors. There may be but 
 a modest amount of food, clothing and comfort, but enough so that 
 he may have all the chances of perserving his good health and of 
 providing for his children an even larger amount of the good thing: 
 of this world which his labors have helped to provide. 
 
 The ever increasing growth of cities and the era of 
 factory rule are said to be the causes of the wretched homes 
 that are all too common a feature of nearly all nations. As the 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
4 . 
 
 population of the world increases and as that population seems 
 to call for machine made articles, the people flock to work in 
 the factories where these articles are made and which, for obvious 
 reasons, are crowded in close to the city. Thus the housing prob- 
 lem ever becomes a more acute one. This is specially felt in the 
 great eras of social unrest when the rising voice of Labor demands 
 ever louder and louder to be heard. This voice of Labor cries for 
 higher wages which it can usually summon, only to send the cost 
 of production and the cost of living up to a point where the in- 
 creased income is of no greater value than was the wage before 
 the "strike" or "walkout" or whatever it may have been. Great 
 manufacturing and industrial concerns have been forced to observe 
 that it is not primarily the dollar that the worker is demanding, 
 but better conditions under which he may work and live. To meet 
 these conditions is a problem which must concern every law maker, 
 social worker, architect and industrial organiser. 
 
 Ever and anon the cry has been raised to break up exist- 
 ing government or established industries when the emergency of 
 the home question becomes too oppressive. Such are the cries of 
 Maximalists, of Bolsheviks, of radical Reds, - whatever the age 
 may call them. The cries are often justified and the calls answer- 
 ed, but the aid must be constructive, not destructive. It is 
 often true that under better political organization, better home 
 conditions might prevail; that under different industrial systems, 
 different living might be enjoyed. So, as truly, if there were 
 better homes , they themselves might be productive of the greater 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 . 
 
 ' 
 
 politics-; with better sanitation and brighter living conditions, 
 industries might flourish with an unknown prosperity. Man's moral 
 and political life goes hand in hand with his more material being. 
 The two cannot be separated. He must think of building homes more 
 soundly, more beautifully, so that his law-makers may be better 
 trained. He must work for better laws so that his homes may be 
 better built. Hand in hand, not pulling adversely, but' together 
 strengthened and guided one by another, social uplift must go with 
 the art of living which is primarily the art of homemaking. 
 
 Now, there comes a time when forces of circumstance make 
 conditions such that the more natural course of home making is sud- 
 denly interrupted. Construction comes to a sudden halt, and society 
 is tossed pell-mell by the very laws of inertia ; Again some un- 
 heralded or unforeseen force of the elements wipes out the accumu- 
 lated sum of man's effort, leaving him to start anew on a clean 
 slate, as it were, the problem of his habitation. Such catastroph- 
 ies, as lamentable and disasterous as they may be to the immediate 
 victims, offer a chance to study the redevelopment of the homes of 
 a people in oftentimes more ideal directions and in far shorter 
 spaces of time than normal conditions would ever permit. Recent 
 years have offered many such examples and in offering them, have 
 led men to a more serious, more comprehensive study of the housing 
 problems as a whole, of industrial housing, garden cities and, more 
 important , the emergency of the whole problem. 
 
 In taking up the subject of EMERGENCY HOUSING as it has 
 confronted the people of the world at large and considering how 
 the problem has been dealt with in some specific cases, it may be 
 

 
 
 
 
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6 . 
 
 well, briefly to consider first some agenda whose very existence 
 causes the problem ever to confront the world in normal as well 
 as abnormal times. 
 
 II. SOME PROBLEMATIC AGENDA 
 
 1# Difficulties of Housing. 
 
 From the very beginning, housing must have been one of 
 man’s most difficult problems. The cave of primitive man was 
 dark, unsanitary and ill-fitted. In mediaeval times, families 
 were crowded together within fortified sites which were from the 
 necessity of feudal warfare, close, cramped and unhealthful. The 
 housing problem as it is known in the modern world, especially 
 in Great Britain and America, originated as a feature of the in- 
 dustrial revolution and the rapid crowding of the population into 
 to. ms, making a problem that has seldom, if ever, been prooerly 
 approached and solved. Even with the many ideas advanced in sani- 
 tary science, public health and housing legislation during the 
 nineteenth century, there has seldom been any very marked success 
 in the remedy or in the thorough realization of housing evils. 
 
 The opening of the twentieth century displayed the problem still 
 m^re intensely, out only with the almost tragic conditions result— 
 ing from the urgent demands of the Great War was any drastic 
 action taken. Then, as never before, was felt the true strength 
 cr weakness of the main fibre of the social fabric. It was found 
 t^ a t without decent homes, sanitary living conditions and some 
 color in ohe surroundings, men will strike, social unrest will 
 prevail to a disusterous degree, no matter how many times wages 
 

7 . 
 
 are increased. War measures at their best are never ideal. A 
 regime that aids construction only to promote destruction, can 
 scarcely be expected to propitiate extensive prosperity or wide- 
 spread economic welfare. With all that has been done, there are 
 
 of them 
 
 seldom enough houses to go around and the majority are incompetent- 
 
 are 
 
 ly designed, unsoundly built, and, in various ways , /destructive to 
 the health and comfort of their occupants. 
 
 For the most part the provision of houses has been in 
 
 a 
 
 the hands of speculative builders the world ever. There are few 
 exceptions, as in America where the government , through the Emer- 
 gency Fleet Corporation, has undertaken to house their workers; in 
 England where landlords have built houses on some great town or 
 country estate. In both countries, there was prior to the war 
 increasing interest in town-planning with garden suburbs and 
 cooperative building by groups of employees or by societies. In 
 Germany, considerable success has been attained in the abolition 
 of slums and the development of the ideal dwelling. For almost 
 ten years before the war, however, there was no great progress in 
 any residential building, due to the upward trend of prices and the 
 inability of workers to pay an economic rent. The deficiency of 
 houses and the resultant overcrowding rapidly increased. Then 
 the war brought a dead stop to production in many lands and great 
 material waste and destruction in others. 
 
 A difficulty, then, which first suggests the theme of 
 'Emergency Housing', is the fact that the number of dwelling houses 
 in most of the world is grossly inadequate for the number of people 
 who occupy them. This may partly be due to the fact that many of 
 
e. 
 
 the dwellings that now encumber the earth are in the wrong places. 
 Houses are apt to be disagreeably permanent objects in a world of 
 quickly changing ideas and wants. Old houses may be replaced by 
 new properties, as is so rapidly taking place in most of our great 
 growing cities, but this calls for great expenditures of time and 
 labor and the sacrifice of tangible property and sentimental 
 associations. Such changes come almost in the nature of revolu- 
 tions, and revolutions are always late. Providing undesirable 
 houses could be dispensed with, it is seldom possible to revert 
 land, once it has been "developed^ back into productive agricul- 
 tural land. 
 
 An English land reformer* well sums up the matter of mis- 
 applied housing energy in this manner: 
 
 "Our great towns seem to be imperishable memor- 
 ials to our ancestors' lack of foresight. Many streets 
 are too narrow; houses, factories and shops are crowded 
 together in an inconvenient and unhealthy jumble; and 
 yet in ninty-nine cases out of a hundred, when the build- 
 ings wear out, we replace them by loftier buildings oc- 
 cupying much the same area and perpetuating the old plan 
 which everyone will admit is indefensible." 
 
 The truth of this statement is brought home when one con- 
 siders the rapid growth in most any one of our great American 
 cities. Even with all possible foresight and imagination brought 
 to play upon the selection of Sites for homes, a few years time 
 may show a great error; but with the present haphazard system, 
 or want of system, under which our towns develop under the control 
 of real estate agents, speculative builders and selfish private in- 
 
 *"New Towns, an argument for Garden Cities", J. M. Dent and Sons, 
 Aldine House, Bedford St., Convent Gardens, London, W.C.2. 
 

 
 • J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ! . i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. 
 
 terests, nearly every phase of the housing question bids fair to 
 come under the title of EMERGENCY HOUSING or REHOUSING. 
 
 2. The Urban Disease. 
 
 There is usually some geographic cause for the founding 
 of a city in any definite place, although fate or chance seems 
 often to have had a hand in it. Why the city once started should 
 continue to grow to such unwieldy and vitally dangerous propor- 
 tions seems to be due to the animal instinct of the human to herd, 
 and to lack the initiative to seek more original modes of living. 
 
 One industry promotes another. All increase the number 
 of the populace living in a limited district. The city’s growth 
 demands expansion. Without common interest and foresight, fac- 
 tories spring up in the midst of homes. The sites of natural 
 beauty and sources of natural health are sacrificed to commercial 
 interest. The city grows, but does not develop. It offers up its 
 homes and gardens on the smoking altar of industry. The suburban 
 residences make inroads upon the productive country side, making 
 fresh food supply ever more dear and scarce to the needy urban 
 consumer. He, shut off from his due supplies of sun and air and 
 food, develops the first symptoms of the urban disease. His chil- 
 dren are not apt to have much chance of escaping the microbe, and 
 soon there is a great populace afflicted with the malady which 
 may be called n Urbanitis” . Yet, there are seldom enough homes for 
 those who seem all too willing to risk an infection of the disease 
 whose Ultimate symptoms show crime and physical degeneracy. 
 

10 . 
 
 The rival disease of the country is not absent from the 
 rural communities for somewhat the same reason of improper housing. 
 " Compagnitis" seems usually to inflict its victim with more energy 
 as he is apt to seek a remedy by moving to the city, there only 
 to be exposed to the worse plague of "Urbanitis" . The causes of 
 the rural disease are not difficult to find. There is so often 
 in the country districts or small towns the lack of vitality 
 promoted by new things, popular excitements and the sense of pro- 
 gress which seems to center in the cities where the streets are 
 full of people and there is stirring activity on all sides. Com- 
 pare with this the dullness of the country village whose smallness 
 and isolation makes social tyranny almost inevitable. So many of 
 our rural dwellers' lives have little diversity. There is but one 
 house in which the rural dweller may live, only one school to 
 which he may send his children, only on© employer for whom he may 
 work. In such cases there can be little sense of freedom. Ambi- 
 tions are easily squelched; independence and security are hard to 
 obtain. All of these elements tend to breed the germs of "Ccm- 
 pagnitis" , germs which the more progressive man tries to destroy 
 by crowding into the city where, at first glance, cooperation, 
 politics, gayety, - all seem so noisily emphatic. 
 
 The city is striving to solve the problem with all the 
 building laws, park commissions, city planning and regulations. 
 
 Many of the attempts are most commendable, but, as flexible and 
 young as most of our American cities still are, even these good 
 and necessary reforms have usually been found to be most difficult 
 and expensive. All the admirable tendencies toward suburban 
 
 =?«■■' 1 ■j"- 1 " — ■ — — 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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11 . 
 
 development and slum clearance only tend to make bigger the al- 
 ready oversized city, enlarging the difficulties of transfer to 
 and from work - at best a grievous waste of man’s time and energy, - 
 and the distancing of fresh supplies of milk and food with added 
 transport difficulties. Then with the city's growing so large, it 
 loses the community spirit and becomes too cumbersome and unwieldy 
 for the cooperation and spirit that originally prompted its growth. 
 Thus it seems that the present tendency is to endeavor to cool the 
 irritation by applying external remedies without doctoring the 
 vital inner nature of the diseases, either "Urban it is" or "Compagnitis ". 
 
 Thus our civilization goes on building up by battling 
 down such handicaps, striving ever for the Millennium, but so 
 often forced back by the adversities of our social order that pro- 
 gress seems inexcusably impeded' and, because of. this, thousands 
 must fall crushed by the wayside. From the home builders view- 
 point, it seems essential that something be done to ease the fate 
 of these fallen, to provide "The house by -the side of the road" of 
 which the ancient Greek poet sang* This must be done in response 
 to ai imperative need that makes the homing problem, whose solution 
 is to relieve the sufferings of mankind, "EMERGENCY HOUSING". 
 
 III. CAUSES PRODUCING AN UNNATURAL DEMAND FOR NEW OR REVISED 
 
 HOUSING CONDITIONS. 
 
 1. Natural Disasters. 
 
 If we lived in the age of believers in jealous Gods and 
 resorts of a harsh Providence, it would sometimes seem that Fate, 
 herself, took up the problem and tried to straighten out the tangles 
 
13 . 
 
 of man and his foolish ways by sweeping out his looms and giving 
 him a chance to commence his fabric anew. Natural disasters such 
 as sweep over certain areas from time to time as they have through- 
 out the ages, offer us critical examples of calls f or Emergency 
 Housing, not only in the immediate shelter of the destitute sur- 
 vivors, but also in the re-establishment of their homes and insti- 
 tutions in the quickest possible time. In such cases, emergency 
 housing has two aspects. First, there is the immediate need of 
 shelter for the stricken inhabitants, a problem usually falling 
 upon the usually overburdened shoulders of such relief organization; 
 as the Red Cross, or upon the generosity and hospitality of neigh- 
 boring cities, if such be in a position to respond. The second 
 
 problem is the re-establishment of the old order or of an improved 
 
 of 
 
 order by the rapid rebuilding of the homes and/ business and social 
 edifices, so that interrupted livelihood may again assume its normal 
 course. 
 
 History offers notable examples of the revision of cities 
 because of natural disasters. The burning of Rome in the time of 
 Nero was the cause of a greatly changed capitol in a material as 
 well as in a political sense. The classic oblivion of the cities 
 at the base of erupting Vesuvius , while not pertinent to the sub- 
 ject of emergency housing, reminds one of what natural phenomena 
 have done to man's work, and of what a disaster Nature brought 
 upon these people, even though She did thus preserve for future 
 generations most remarkable records of classic life and art by 
 burying Pompeii until modern archaeologists could lift the shroud 
 after twenty centuries of oblivion. European history offers many 
 

13. 
 
 examples where fire alone has wiped out towns and cities, the 
 homes of the people being thus destroyed by thousands. Earth- 
 quakes and floods have claimed their fatal toll. Realizing the 
 
 suffering and terrible hardships that such calamities can cause 
 
 coming 
 
 even in our present day of quick response#, from sympathetic generos- 
 
 -ation 
 
 ity and with rapid tr^nsport/^ s orne appreciation can be had of 
 what dreadful suffering must have been experienced because of the 
 lack of efficient emergency housing in past times. The only cheer- 
 ing prospect cf such disasters is the fact that Time has usually 
 healed the wounds and seen the destroyed town or city revive upon 
 a higher plane and with houses more adequate for the homes of a 
 people , 
 
 2. Social and Industrial Changes. 
 
 Quite as important an element in the study of emergency 
 housing as that cf the healing of natural ravages, is the prompt 
 provision of the homes of a people when the critical demand is 
 brought about by some great social or industrial changes, - 
 changes which for economic and geographical reasons must ever occur 
 The field and forest storehouses of uncounted wealth in America 
 have afforded an easy solution in this sudden need of homes. Until 
 early 1917, when the inevitable participation in a World War 
 called thousands away from their accustomed habitations to take 
 up new abodes in congested centers of production or trade, the 
 problem of providing such homes did not specially harass American 
 life. Previously, America had been used to mushroon growth of 
 the more westerly cities, but with immense natural wealth in un- 
 
 1 
 
14 . 
 
 tried, territories, the housing problems of the more congested 
 
 eastern cities had not been of special concern. When the demand 
 
 came for intensified production in the great manufacturing plants 
 
 or snipyards, naturally there had to be collected about these 
 
 a circumstance 
 
 centers armies of men/which soon meant the proportional increase 
 in families and the manifold accompaniments of family life • Then 
 v;as the necessity of confronting the housing problems that had 
 been faced by England, France, and no doubt all the warring nations 
 to a more or less great degree. Such demands for emergency hous- 
 ing have continued to increase even with the cessation of hostili- 
 ties, for in all countries the war and its accompanying shortage 
 of men and materials for normal production, stopped building while 
 the home demanding population went on increasing, even though at 
 a somewhat lesser rate. This phase of Emergency housing will be 
 needed as long as social and economic conditions change. 
 
 V 
 
 3. War Victims. 
 
 A still more urgent demand and more vital problem of 
 emergency housing is that of sheltering and rehabitating the 
 civilians from a war stricken territory, - such problems as have 
 confronted Belgium and Northern Francs in an enormity probably 
 never before equaled. In these cases a people were suddenly forc- 
 ed to free from the homes of their lifetime and of their fathers 
 before them, in front of an enemies’ shell-fire. After four years 
 of exile, they returned to start anew their lives on the after- 
 math of pitifully thorough armies, reapers of all that made for 
 o.ie charms and comforts of their old homes. The enormity of this 
 
“I 
 
 15. 
 
 social tradegy as it presented itself immediately after the Armis- 
 tice of 1918, and as it still exists in hundreds of villages of 
 Northern France, makes as appealing a call as could v/ell stir the 
 hearts of all who respect social laws and traditions, loyality 
 and devotion to home and hearth-side, and humanity at large. 
 
 First aid remedies and soothing salves for the binding 
 of the wounds and cooling of the fever of these economic and 
 social injuries are stored within the kit-bags of architects, had 
 they the training and spirit of public service that would prompt 
 them to apply the remedies which, combined with other agencies, 
 might make for permanent cure. It is then the purpose of this 
 brief work to present some phases of the so-called"Emergency Hous- 
 
 ii 
 
 mg work that have come under the author’s observation, hoping 
 that even such an incomplete presentation may at least incite 
 some thought and consideration of the homing problem that is a 
 universally vital one. 
 
16 . 
 
 BODY 
 
 I. THE WORLD WIDE PROBLEM OF EMERGENCY HOUSING. 
 
 The housing problem is world wide in its scope. The 
 tragic fate of the destroyed villages of Belgium and Northern 
 France, the wretched conditions in Poland, Serbia and Russia, the 
 less familiar but no less terrible, living accommodations in the 
 various parts of the Near East and in all the land affected by the 
 grim hands of war, are perhaps, in spite of all their urgency, no 
 less vigorously calling for attention than the problems of our 
 own so rapidly growing America. Approaching then the problem in 
 the United States where growth of towns has been phenomenal and 
 often as illogical as phenomenal when matters of permanent welfare 
 and beautiful stability are concerned, there is still the advantage 
 of an easy conversion to better habits and not the often hindering 
 handicaps of age and tradition. There is also the artistic wealth 
 of the old world by which America may prcfit,and especially the 
 experiments and activities of Great Britain to offer advice in the 
 solution of a similar problem. 
 
 The problem is that every man, woman and child may have 
 a habitation affording fresh air and sunlight, sufficient warmth 
 and shelter, in reasonable access to plentiful food and pure water, 
 with necessary facilities for profitable work, clean play and sound 
 education. The requirements do not seem unreasonable and to some 
 may seem already attained. Such, however, cannot be "au courant” 
 with easily accessible statistics on infant mortality, tubercu- 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 1 ; 
 
 
 
17 . 
 
 losis, poverty from unemployment or even employment under normal 
 conditions, and illiteracy. 
 
 II. THE SOLUTION OF EMERGENCY HOUSING PROBLEMS AFTER GREAT 
 NATURAL DISASTERS. 
 
 Conscious of the need and importance of Emergency Housing, 
 there is an opportunity of turning back over the pages of histori- 
 cal records and gleaning some interesting facts from the critical 
 times when the problems of homing have most urgently confronted a 
 people, and of studying what has there been the attempted solu- 
 tion of the problem and the ultimate outcome. Most of the notable 
 examples of what may be called 1 ' Emergency Housing" although perhaps 
 the term is here used in an unprecedented way, have been caused 
 by great disasters such as fires, floods and earthquakes. Fire 
 was the greatest and most common scourge, playing as it did its 
 part in warfare and the other disasters that befell cities. Except 
 for the burnings, warfare did not in the days before the modern • 
 technique of high explosives and low ethics play such a disaster- 
 cus a part in the destruction of cities. 
 
 1. Fires. 
 
 The pages of history record accounts of devastation by 
 fire in nearly every country in the civilized world, especially 
 before the days of fire prevention laws and the organization of 
 adequate fire-extinguishing establishments. Since the annual fire 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18 . 
 
 wastage of the world has been stated* 1 still to average some 
 twenty-five million dollars, this one item alone bears an impor- 
 tant relation to Emergency Housing. Ancient history records the 
 burning of Athens during the Persian Wars and the more notorious 
 "Great Fire" (A.D. 64) that left ten of the fourteen wards of 
 ancient Rome in ashes after eight days of conflagration. As great 
 as this disaster must have been to the Imperial City, Meyers calls 
 it a blessing in disguise, as a new city of marble, with narrow, 
 crooked streets made into bread beautiful avenues, rose from the 
 charred remains.*** During the middle ages and notably during the 
 17th and 18th centuries, there were disastrous conflagrations of 
 which thirty-five disasters of the first order are listed for 
 Great Britain and Ireland, eight for France, twenty-seven for 
 Central and Southern Europe, fifteen for Northern Europe, thirteen 
 for Russia and thirty for the United States, the latter number 
 being between the dates of 1679-1871. In more- recent times, 
 there have been many more notable fires, particularly in North 
 America, - Chicago in 1871, Baltimore in 1304, San Francisco in 
 1906, each being a memorable example. 
 
 * 1 Encyclopaedia Britannica: Eleventh Edition, Vol • 10. Pages 401-1 1* 
 
 * ( "A great part of the burnt region was appropriated by Nero for 
 the buildings and ground of an immense palace called the Golden 
 House of which Nero is said to have remarked, 'Now I am housed 
 as a man ought to be'.") Meyer's Ancient History* P a S e • * 
 
 Encyclopaedia Britanni cal Eleventh Edition, Vol. tOjPage 402. X. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . A 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 4 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . • • 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19 . 
 
 Of special interest from an architectural standpoint of 
 results in rehousing, "The Great Fire" of London (September 2-5, 
 1665) stands out with special conspicuousness as the setting for 
 the great accomplishment of Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723), who 
 was thus given an opportunity to remake the plans for the world’s 
 metropolis . 
 
 Due to the crowded and unsanitary conditions of the hous- 
 ing, London of the middle ages and even up into the late years of 
 the 17th century, was often the seat of ravaging plagues. One 
 that is best known to history as the "great plague" broke out in 
 December, 1664. An account from the Diary of Samuel Pepys tells 
 of how, 
 
 "I have stayed in the city till about 74,000 
 died in one week, and of them about 60,000 of the 
 plague and little noise is heard day or night, but 
 the tolling of bells.-" September 4, 1&G5; Samuel 
 Pepys to Lady Carteret from Woolwich. 
 
 It was on the trail of this plague that the "Great Fire" 
 cf London broke out. In the rescue and emergency shelter work, 
 
 >ve find descriptions of how the Thames swarmed with vessels trying 
 to carry away the people and their rescued goods. Many people 
 fled to erect such shelter as they could in the hills of old Hamp- 
 sted and Highgate, and the swampy places of Moorsfield became a 
 popular resort. The people bore their disaster heroically for 
 Henry Oldenburg writing to the Hon. Robert Boyle, September 10, 
 1666, says: 
 
 "The citizens, instead of complaining, discoursed 
 almost of nothing but of a survey for rebuilding the city 
 with bricks and with large streets." *1 
 
 + 1 Ency. Brit ..Eleventh Edition, Vol. 16, Page 963 . 
 

 
 
 ■> 
 
 f 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
20 . 
 
 Christopher Wren, as well as other architects, presented 
 the king with plans for rebuilding the city. Wren's plans called 
 for - 
 
 "main thoroughfares north and south, and east and 
 west, to insulate all the churches in conspicuous 
 positions, to form the most public places into large 
 piazzas, to unite the halls of the twelve chief com- 
 panies into one regular square annexed to Guildhall 
 and to make a fine quay on the bank of the river 
 from Blackfriars to the Tower. The streets were to 
 be of three magnitudes - 90 feet, 60 feet and 30 feet 
 wide respectively. In spite of the best advice, how- 
 ever, the jealousies of the citizens prevented any 
 systematic design from being carried out; and in con- 
 sequence, the old lines were in almost every case re- 
 tained." 
 
 In spite of this quotation, we know that the influence of 
 Viren, combined with that of Evelyn, was great in determining the 
 plans of a new and greater London, for to Wren's personal art, we 
 are indebted for the creation of the cathedral of St. Paul and the 
 lesser, though even more charming, London churches that play so impor- 
 tant a part in the plan of the great city. To an architect by the 
 name of Hooke fell the tasks of city-surveyor and housing expert. 
 His tasks must have been the humble and urgent, if less monumental, 
 ones, for Evelyn records that the town grew almost as large again 
 after the Great Fire which caused a total loss of property at that 
 time estimated to be 10,730,500. pounds. 
 
 Other great European fires that have terribly forced upon 
 nations the necessity of emergency housing have been many: the 
 
 fire at Hamburg (May 5-7, 1842) made homeless one-fifth of the 
 population, destroying nearly 5000 buildings at a property loss of 
 about 30,000,000 marks: the Communist devastation of Paris in 1871 
 
 Henry Wheatley, F.S.A., History of London / medieval Towns), Pub* 
 
 3 London 1904.p. 1 16- 
 

 
31. 
 
 1 
 
 caused a property loss of about 160,000,000 francs: the firing of 
 
 Moscow on September IS, 1812, to drive out the army of Napoleon, 
 destroyed all but a tenth of the city and swept out 30,800 homes 
 at a loss, estimated by an English authority, +1 of 30,000,000 
 pounds . 
 
 In America, the Great Fire of Boston (November 9-10, 
 
 1872) destroyed the richest quarter of the city. Starting at the 
 corner of Summer and Kingston streets, it burned over an area of 
 sixty-five acres, destroying 776 buildings estimated at a value of 
 $75,000,000 at that time. In less than four years this burned dis- 
 trict had been rebuilt more substantially than ever. New York in 
 1835 and 1845, Philadelphia in 1850, Washington during the war of 
 1812, and Baltimore, Salem and San Francisco in recent years have 
 suffered great fire losses. The conflagration that stands out as 
 "The Greatest Fire of Modern Times 1 ' is that of Chicago in 1871. On 
 the evening of the eighth of October, it is supposed to have start- 
 ed from an oil lamp kicked over in a cow-barn. Three and one-half 
 square miles (2124 acres) in the heart of the city were laid waste. 
 Reports nave it that 25C lives were lost, 38,500 persons were mads 
 homeless and 17,500 buildings were consumed with an estimated loss 
 oi Vl 135, 000,000. Again, within a space not exceeding four years, 
 all the ourned area was practically rebuilt, — not along lines 
 tnat can make it otner than one of the most uninteresting, artisti- 
 cally, of American cities for years to come, - but with a speed 
 and material efficiency that shows how great would have been the 
 possioili Gies had there been a public trained in the appreciation 
 
 * ^ \ Ency .Brit . 1 1 th. E • V.16, p.963-) 
 
22 . 
 
 of architectural values and. men capable of advancing the tastes 
 while catering to public demands. 
 
 2. Floods. 
 
 The emergency housing problems after floods and earth- 
 quakes have been much less frequent than those after fire. The 
 marked feature of all such disasters is the suddenness and un- 
 expectancy of the catastrophe which paralyzes certain types of 
 human beings, brings out the fierce animal in others and disorgan- 
 izes society in the sudden claims for self-preservation. Noah 
 with his ark is the unique traditional instance where the emergency 
 housing problem could be materialized in advance of a flood. 
 
 One of the great European disasters resulting from earth- 
 quake, fire and flood, was that which overcame the cit}* - of Lisbon 
 on November 1, 1775. The city was destroyed almost instantly. 
 Between thirty and- forty thousand people lost their lives and 
 20,000,000 pounds worth of property was the estimated loss at that 
 time . 
 
 in America, the destruction of the Pennsylvanian city of 
 Johnstown in 1889 by the breaking of the dam confining an artifi- 
 cial lake, caused the loss of more than two thousand lives as a 
 mass of water twenty feet high swept down the valley at a terrific 
 speed, very nearly completely destroying the city. The city was 
 quickly rebuilt after a relief fund of nearly $3,000,000 had been 
 raised by popular subscription. Neither the Johnstown nc ,r the later 
 Galveston flood introduced much lasting thought upon the possibili- 
 ties of emergency bousing, and architecturally, these disasters 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . V.' 
 
 
 
 
 "4 
 
 
 
 
 
 : * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 Relief Housing in the Tent 
 Dayton, Ohio, 1913* 
 
 See text, page 25. 
 
 City . 
 
 - - 
 
24 . 
 
 Clearing away the debris after 
 the subsidence of the flood- 
 Dayton, Ohio, 1913- 
 
 See text, page 25. 
 
 The Flood in Dayton, Ohio, March, 1913» 
 

25. 
 
 offer no interest. 
 
 The f lood*that inundated Dayton, Ohio, in the early spring 
 of 1913 was remarkable for the small loss of life from such a 
 great disaster and the promptness with which the people recovered 
 with a slogan for "A greater, bigger Dayton". The disaster led to 
 serious study of the "Flood Prevention of the Mississippi Valley" *1 
 which will eventually lead to the protection of hundreds of middle 
 western towns and their wealth of human lives and material property, 
 Even though a large area including the most highly developed part 
 of the city was inundated with rushing river water that upon its 
 subsidence left a reeking mass of mud and slimy detritus, the super! 
 response of the people to cooperate in the cleaning of the city 
 and the capable direction of relief by public minded citizens made 
 a sanitary city flourish again within the year and gave an impetus 
 for better designed homes, improved municipal buildings and water- 
 fronts . 
 
 The immediate problem of housing the people of Dayton 
 
 after the flood was cared for with such a spirit of cooperation 
 
 from neighboring towns that it did not demand other consideration 
 
 beyond the tent cit/^that was erected on the grounds of the 
 
 National Cash Registrer Company, and which serves as an admirable 
 
 example of the solution of the emergency shelter problem. While 
 
 the emergency housing was rapidly solved in Dayton, Hamilton and 
 
 » 
 
 other towns, the people were determined that the disaster should 
 
 not occur again. The Miami Conservancy District is the result. 
 
 •H-See illustrations, pages 23, 24* See page 23* 
 
 Miami Valley Flood Prevention Work,Alvord, U.of 111 . (q .624 .4, Oh . 3 ^ 
 *1.,'. organ, Arthur E., Chief Engineer, Miami Conservancy District 
 See Publication of S .P -.Association, New Orleans . , "Homes for 
 Working-men" , page 149. 
 
26 . 
 
 
 Here the building of five great dams across the Miami Valley and 
 its tributary streams has introduced another Emergency Housing 
 problem on account of the several thousand men employed on the 
 building of these dams. Camps have been built that are almost 
 like suburban villages, picturesquely and properly located and 
 made up of broad-roofed cottages of five different types, - all 
 simple in design and inexpensive in construction, but combined to 
 make attractive and livable homes, models for many a great enter- 
 prise that claims the exacting attention of men over a long period 
 of time. 
 
 3. Earthquakes. 
 
 Of the great emergency housing problems resulting from 
 earthquakes, perhaps that of San Francisco in 1906 is the catas- 
 trophe of greatest import of that nature in modern times. While 
 earthquakes had not been uncommon in California, they had not 
 caused any very serious trouble until the morning of the 18th of. 
 April , 1906. The damage to buildings in San Francisco was, how- 
 ever, small in comparison with the damage wrought by the fire 
 which started soon after the first shock and which, due to the 
 breaking of the water mains, was beyond control for nearly three 
 days. About half of the population was turned out of doors. An 
 estimated numoer of two hundred thousand people were camped in 
 u-olden Gate Park; fifty thousand in the military reservation. A 
 committee of safety and emergency control was organized by the 
 city authorities acting in conjunction with General Funston. This 
 

 
27. 
 
 body took irarnediate measures for the prevention of famine and 
 disease. Permanent camps were established for the homeless and 
 those who could not be removed to other cities. Within a week 
 about $10,000,000 had been subscribed by the people of the United 
 States. Congress appropriated $2,500,000 from the National Treas- 
 ury for relief shelter, and foreign countries sent money and sup- 
 plies. A committee of the Red Cross Society was put in charge of 
 the relief work and their reports of 1908 show that $9,225,000 had 
 been expended for the relief of the hungry, for the sick and in- 
 jured and for housing and rehabitation of individuals and families. 
 
 In spite of the fact that there was an estimated loss of 
 $105,000,000 in buildings alone, reconstruction of the burned area 
 began at once. The great difficulties that confronted the re- 
 builders was the usual lack of cooperation that would permit of 
 benefit from the unique opportunity for an improved city plan. 
 
 Due to the great demand and scarcity of labor, as well as the ac- 
 tion of the labor unions, wages rose to enormous rates. Prices 
 of materials and terrific transport rates added to the difficul- 
 ties. In spite of all, within three years San Francisco was again 
 a restored city, and in 1915, she was prepared to welcome the world 
 as her guests at one of the largest and, architecturally at least, 
 
 one of the most magnificent expositions that modern times have been 
 permitted tc witness. 
 
 As a permanent restoration and as an ideal city plan, the 
 emergency housing and rebuilding of San Francisco must, however, 
 appeal to one only as a regretable loss of great opportunities. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • < ■ ■ ■ . r • . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ '• : 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. ;n: .. 
 
 ■ ■ * 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28. 
 
 Cyclone destruction, Mattoon, 111 
 See text, page 29- 
 
29. 
 
 “I 
 
 not only for a beautiful but for a healthfully progressing city. 
 
 To quote from a report of'The Housing of the Unskilled Y/age Earner." 
 
 “If there had been a national or state system 
 of supplying credit for housing purposes, the San Fran- 
 cisco disaster would have afforded a wonderful oppor- 
 tunity to rebuild the congested districts on model lines. 
 
 As it was, the need of immediate shelter was so great, a-nd 
 private capital had been rendered so timid by the earth- 
 quake, that all bars were let down, and even the inade- 
 quate restrictions of the old building code were suspended. 
 
 The result was that tenements were built in great numbers, 
 covering one hundred per cent of their lots and dark-room 
 problems were created which will effect San Francisco 
 for many a long year." *1 
 
 4. Cyclone. 
 
 In May, 1917, an unusual devastation occured in central 
 Illinois when a cyclone swept a quick and irregular course across 
 the level prairie, rendering the buildings of a small section into 
 splinters and doing odd tricks to whatever came within its course. 
 
 A portion of the small town of Mattoon was destroyed'.! An attempt 
 
 was made by the Architectural Department of the University of Illi- 
 
 ■ 
 
 nois to lend suggestions in rehousing plans and designs for the 
 
 1 i 
 
 rapid rebuilding of the stricken areas. The schemes were not exe- j 
 cuted as the inhabitants were able to find other homes in the larger 
 part of the town which escaped, or were called to other localities 
 
 I 
 
 by the great war activities which were then beginning to engage 
 the efforts of American industries. 
 
 1 "The Housing of the Unskilled Wage Earner" - , by E. ; E. Wood, 
 Pages 20 - 21; Maqmillan Company, Publishers, 1919- 
 *2 See illustrations, page 28. 
 
 
30. 
 
 
 “Tl 
 
 III. AMERICA'S ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THE EMERGENCY HOUSING PROBLEMS 
 THROUGH GOVERNMENTAL PATRONAGE. 
 
 1. The American Standards of "Rights of Home" as Formulized 
 by Housing Surveys. 
 
 It was during 1917 and 1918 that abnormal activities* in- 
 troduced by America's participation in the World War, produced 
 the greatest emergency housing problems in this country. During 
 this period, millions of American workmen left their former homes 
 and moved to the neighborhoods of new or greatly enlarged manufact- 
 uring plants, shipyards or army camps, there to work directly or 
 indirectly on the solution of the gigantic supply demands of the 
 great war problem. They quickly overtaxed the former, oftentimes 
 barely adequate, housing facilities. Beds were crowded thickly into 
 small, poorly ventilated rooms, there to be used for three shifts 
 in each twenty-four hours. Men became predominately animal as 
 they crowded one another for sleeping space. Profiteering land- 
 lords grew rich. Speculative builders, even with a sense of 
 social obligation, could not cope with the problem which so soon 
 became far beyond their organization and powers of credit. 
 
 As poorly prepared as America was to offer a solution of 
 the problem of emergency housing, she had the experiences of Great 
 Britain by which to profit. She had some few men trained to a 
 comprehension and appreciation of the problem, and, above all, she 
 possessed a civic sense that recognized the importance of coopera- 
 tion and spontaneity of effort. Housing committees had been or- 
 
31. 
 
 ganized to study the problem in many American cities. Delegates 
 had been abroad to study the English Garden Cities and the German 
 tenement solution. Health commissions and Social service boards 
 had been active in local and disconnected fields. Such were bear- 
 ing fruit as may be seen by quoting from one of many excellent 
 reports . 
 
 The Housing Committee of the Minneapolis Civic and Com- 
 merce Association in September, 1914, ended a report on housing 
 problems in Minneapolis with these words: - 
 
 "A new spirit is developing in industry, a 
 spirit born of the realization that all industry suf- 
 fers through the misfortune of any factor. The employ- 
 er fails to prosper as his men fail to prosper. Bad 
 housing for the workman means bad business for the one 
 who hires. In the light of this spirit, the primary 
 question is not 'What can the tenant afford?' It is 
 'What can Minneapolis afford?' If we are to develop 
 in the highest type of civilization, if industry is to 
 thrive permanently, we must first recognize as an es- 
 sential prerequisite to the realization of these high 
 ideals, the providing of home life for every family, 
 rich or poor, that shall insure to them their inalien- 
 able rights of sanitation, safety, ventilation, privacy, 
 sunlight, space and beauty." 
 
 There have been other admirable housing surveys well 
 worth quoting if space permitted, such as the reports of the 
 "New York Tenement House Commission", "Housing Conditions in 
 Chicago" by the School of Civics and Philantrophy , "Reports of 
 the Cctlifornian Commission of Immigration ahd Housing", while the 
 report*! of John Nolen to the Bridgeport Chamber of Commerce is a 
 valuable contribution. Reference should also be made to the ef- 
 forts of Charles Harris Whitaker, Editor of the Journal of the 
 
 *1 Nolen, "More Houses for Bridgeport", August, 1916, p. 28. 
 
 I 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
32 . 
 
 American Institute of Architects, Frederick L. Ackerman, Architect, 
 Richard S. Childs, Secretary of the Committee on Industrial Towns, 
 N.Y.C., and Edith Elmer Wood, Expert in Housing Legislation, 
 Philadelphia, - all of whom have done valiant work in putting the 
 Emergency Housing problem before the American public in its proper 
 light and proportions. 
 
 Some notable prewar foreign housing projects that were 
 valuable examples for America's Emergency Housing problem, may not 
 well be neglected in citing determining influences. Of these. Port 
 Sunlight on the outskirts of Liverpool, created by Sir William 
 Lever, and Bournville, started by George Cadbury, the cocoa manu- 
 facturer of Birmingham, are perhaps most notable examples. In 
 Germany, Alfred Krupp began in 1861 to build model homes for his 
 employees and Margarethenhohe, on the outskirts of Essen, developed 
 into a very beautiful housing scheme where, before the war, nearly 
 50,000 people were housed by the Krupp undertaking. 
 
 Successful examples of industrial housing in this country 
 that helped to pave the way for the War Emergency Housing problem 
 had been established in many, though far too few,, places under pri- 
 vate initiative, previous to 1917. These were administered either 
 through Philanthropic Trust Funds, Limited Dividend Companies, 
 Cooperative Building Companies, etc. Mention may well be made of 
 such initial attempts to better housing conditions as, - 
 
 Billercia, Massachusetts, Boston and Main R.R. Shops. 
 
 Eclipse Park, Beloit, Wisconsin, Fairbank Morse Company. 
 
 Forest Hills, Long Island, N.Y. (Russel Sage Foundation). 
 
 Goodyear Heights, Akron, Ohio, Goodyear Rubber Company. 
 
 Hauto, Pennsylvania, Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company. 
 
 — _J 
 
33. 
 
 Hopedale, Massachusetts, Draper Company. 
 
 Indian Hill, Massachusetts, Norton Grindling Company of 
 Worcester . 
 
 Kistler, Pennsylvania 
 
 Leclairs, Illinois, near St. Louis. 
 
 Marcus Hook, near Chester, Pennsylvania, Viscose Company 
 
 Morgan Park, Duluth, Minnesota, Minnesota Steel Corporatior 
 
 Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Lackawanna 
 Coal Company. 
 
 Octavia Hill Association of Philadelphia. 
 
 Pullman (1881) Illinois, now incorporated in the city of 
 Chicago. 
 
 Roebling, New Jersey, near Trenton. 
 
 Titus Town, Virginia. 
 
 Torrance, California. 
 
 It was in August, 1917, that, largely through the efforts 
 of Samuel Gompers, a subcommittee on Labor of the Advisory Com- 
 mission of the Council of National Defense was appointed to form 
 a housing section with Philip Hess as chairman. The investigation 
 reported a very serious situation rapidly increasing in serious- 
 ness as discontent, strikes, and consequental delay in the comple- 
 tion of ships and war materials was more than threatened. On 
 October 9, 1917, the Council of National Defense appointed a hous- 
 ing committee with Otto M. Eidletz of New York, chairman. From 
 its report on November 2, we read, - 
 
 "It is the opinion of the committee on housing 
 that the existing emergency demands immediate action 
 and it is convinced that under proper safeguards the 
 Government shall give quick financial aid to such indus- 
 tires or communities as can clearly demonstrate their 
 right to relief." 
 
 Thus in a short time, although due credit should be given 
 to the workers who had paved the way, there was established govern- 
 mental recognition of the necessity of aid in the solution of the 
 
 housing problem, - a recognition which under more normal circum- 
 
34. 
 
 stances would have required years of patient educational work. 
 
 In February, 1918, Congress appropriated $50,000,000 for 
 housing under the Shipping Board, and in May came an appropriation 
 of $60,000,000 (of which $10,000,000 was reserved by the act for 
 Washington, D.C.) for the Labor Department to use for other war 
 workers' homes. This branch of the work of the Labor Department 
 came under the direction of Otto M. Eidlitz. Later a second ap- 
 propriation of $40,000,000 was made, although Mr. Eidlitz had 
 asked that it be $100,000,000. By September, 1918, all this seem- 
 ingly huge sum had been allotted among about sixty-five localities 
 for the housing of the army of civilian producers for the army and 
 navy. 
 
 Summing up the many and varied requirements from a rather 
 large amount of literature upon the needs and ideals which the 
 industrial housing projets sought to gratify, it would seem that 
 they may be condensed into another less famous, though one may 
 trust less alterable, "fourteen points". It is concluded that the 
 requirements of "Rights of Home" as formulized by housing surveys 
 would grant to every normal family as their just inheritance and 
 return for normal talent and industry the following! 
 
 1. A safe and sanitary home. 
 
 2. Healthful and beneficial surroudings. 
 
 3. Rooms of sufficient size and number to decently 
 house the members of the family. 
 
 4. Adequate sunlight and ventilation. 
 
 5. Ample and pure running water inside the house. 
 
 6. Modern and sanitary toilet conveniences for its 
 exclusive use, located inside the building. 
 
 7. Privacy. 
 
 8. Freedom from dampness. 
 
 9. Conveniency to work and schools. 
 
35. 
 
 10. Conveniency in the arrangement of the house. 
 
 11. Prompt, adequate collection of all waste material. 
 
 12. Reasonable fire protection. 
 
 13* Colorful surroundings. 
 
 14* Rental not to exceed 20 % of family income. 
 
 2. Ordnance Department Housing. 
 
 The first and most urgent problem to confront the in- 
 dustrial housing commission was the accomodation of the temporary 
 workmen, men who in large armies left their families in order to 
 work as unskilled laborers or as tradesmen in some center of act- 
 ivity. The boarding-house has ever been too often a disruptable 
 apology of a home for this type of worker, but even the boarding- 
 house could no longer attempt to accommodate the hordes of workers 
 necessary to the progress of war production. First, to satisfy 
 this want, the housing commission approved of the erection in 
 various centers of congested communities, dormitory barracks with 
 the necessary dining-rooms, kitchens, stores, hospitals, etc. 
 Erected in the quickest possible time under forced circumstances, 
 this type of housing can be thought of as having no lasting 
 value. Architecturally, only the matter of highest conveniency 
 called for the skill of the designer in the matter of plan 
 arrangement and disposition of units. Ordnance Department Hous- 
 ing, as this type of building was classified, was near akin to 
 the planning of military camps themselves and hardly more perma- 
 nent, either in its need or construction. 
 
 Notable examples where Ordnance Department Housing 
 came to play a. most important part in the war's industrial work 
 
36. 
 
 are cited in the following list. 
 
 ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT HOUSING 
 
 Pla ce 
 
 Composition 
 
 Man Capa 
 
 
 
 citv 
 
 Bethlehem, Pa. 
 
 16 dorm., dining hall 
 
 960 
 
 Brunswick, Ga. 
 
 636 ds., 12 dorm8.,cafe, etc. 
 
 1600 
 
 Edgewood, N.J. 
 
 Dorms., barracks 
 
 5000 
 
 Erie, Pa. 
 
 738 ds. , apts. , dorms. , etc. 
 
 2200 
 
 Hammondton, N.J. 
 
 Dorms . , barracks 
 
 1550 
 
 Mays Landing, N.J. 
 
 193 ds.,46 dorms., sch., etc. 
 
 2776 
 
 Morgan, N.J. 
 
 Ds. ,apts. , dorms. , com. bldg. ,etc. 
 
 1500 
 
 Muscle Shoals, Ala. 
 
 1300 ds.,sch., stores, etc. 
 
 2600 
 
 Neville Island, Pa. 
 
 12 dorms., stores, etc. 
 
 3072 
 
 Nitro, W. Va. 
 
 1850 ds.,33 dorms., schs., etc. 
 
 5400 
 
 Old Hickory, Tenn. 
 
 1703 ds.,33 dorms., etc. 
 
 10302 
 
 Penniman, Va. 
 
 448 ds. and apts., 11 dorms., etc. 
 
 5918 
 
 Perryville, Md. 
 
 87 ds., 3 com. bldgs., etc. 
 
 220 
 
 Sheffield, Ala. 
 
 300 ds., 2 dorms., hospital 
 
 650 
 
 Tullytown, Pa. 
 
 14 ds., 8 dorms., hospital 
 
 230 
 
 Woodbury, N.J, 
 
 12 dorms., 12 converted houses 
 
 850 
 
 3. Emergency Fleet Corporation Housing Program. 
 
 It was toward the attainment of the fourteen points of 
 "Rights of Home" that the Emergency Fleet Corporation housing pro- 
 jects strove. Many of the schemes had already been begun for in- 
 dependent companies of ship-builders or manufacturers by architec- 
 tural firms that were prepared to give their best services to the 
 important work. The governmental support and cooperation enabled 
 them to promote their schemes at a more rapid pace than could 
 otherwise have been done. While the necessary speed in the design 
 and haste in the construction upon a "cost plus" basis, made con- 
 ditions far from ideal toward producing the best of industrial 
 town-plans, yet the results at the time of the armistice, after 
 which further governmental support was curtailed, shewed that a, de- 
 * ds . -dwellings : apts . -apartment houses : dorms • -dormitories . 
 
37 . 
 
 cided advance had been made in the art of industrial housing under 
 emergency conditions, an advance beyond anything that had previous- 
 ly been seen in this country. 
 
 The list of developments undertaken by the Industrial 
 Housing Board of the Emergency Fleet Corporation are here given 
 alpnabet ically under the name of the place where the houses were 
 built, together with the names of the architects in immediate 
 charge of the separate projects and a brief summary of the problem. 
 

 • 
 
 00 
 
 to 
 
 ' \\ 
 
 | 
 
 EMERGENCY FLEET 
 
 CORPORATION HOUSING PROJECTS 
 
 Place 
 
 Architect 
 
 Broblem 
 
 Bath, Maine- 
 
 R. Clipston Sturgis, 
 Boston. 
 
 •ft 
 
 90 ds . ,6 dorms, 
 with mess-hall to 
 accommodate 288 
 men . 
 
 x Bristol, Pa. 
 
 Carrol H. Pratt, 
 New York City- 
 
 t 
 
 42 bachelor quar- 
 ters for 840 men; 
 14 boarding houses 
 for 840 men; 20 
 apts. for 250; 258 
 dwellings; one 
 school . 
 
 Candem , N . J . 
 
 Electus Litchfield, 
 New York City- 
 
 2,107 ds. 
 
 Chester, Pa. 
 
 Simon and Bassett 
 Ed. Brumbaugh, 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 227 ds . . ,1 board- 
 ing house for 25; 
 25 apts. for 219; 
 1 hotel. 
 
 Chester, Pa. 
 
 Earnest Flagg, 
 New York City- 
 
 548 ds . 
 
 Essington, Pa. 
 
 C. W. Braser, 
 New York City. 
 
 200 ds. , 1 apt. 
 
 Essington, Pa. 
 
 Burling, Okie & Ziegler, 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 6 dorms, for 500; 
 Mess-hall & re- 
 creation rooms. 
 
 Glouster, N. J. 
 
 Bissell & Sinkler, 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 500 £s. 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla. 
 
 H. T. Klutho, 
 
 165 ds. j 3 hoard- 
 ing houses for 86 
 
 Lorain, Ohio 
 
 Abram Garfield 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 244 ds . 9 2 a pts. 
 
 1 school. 
 
 -::-ds • -dwellings : apts • - 
 
 apartment houses : -dorms - - 
 
 dormitories . 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ‘a. 
 
 
 n' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 39. 
 
 
 Place 
 
 Manitowoc, Wis. 
 
 Architect 
 
 Earle Frank Miller, 
 Manitowoc, Wisconsin. 
 
 Problem 
 
 100 d s •. , 1 dorm, 
 for 300. 
 
 Newport News, Va. 
 
 F. Y. Joannes, 
 New York City. 
 
 50 ds . , 4 apts . 
 for 372. 
 
 Pensacola, Fla. 
 
 
 200 ds . . 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 George M. Barlett, 
 New York, New York, 
 
 960 ds . , 16 dormi 
 for 800. 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H. 
 
 Kilham & Hopkins, 
 Boston. 
 
 300 ds . . ,8 dorms 
 for 400; 1 school 
 
 Port Jefferson, N. Y. 
 
 A. C. Bossom, 
 New York City- 
 
 9 ds.., 1 dorm, 
 for 400. 
 
 Savannah, Ga. 
 
 
 200 ds . , , 1 hotel 
 for 180; boarding 
 house for 255. 
 
 Sparrows Point, Md. 
 
 E. L. Palmer, Jr., 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 827 ds . . , school, 
 stores, etc. 
 
 Vancouver, Wash. 
 
 
 100 ds * and * 
 hotel . 
 
 Wilmington, Del. 
 
 Ballinger & Perrot, 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 506 ds . > 3 apts . 
 for 51, community 
 bldg., school. 
 
 Wyandotte, Michigan 
 
 
 200 ds- . 
 
 * ds. - dwellings;, apt 
 
 s*~ apartment houses’* 
 
 dorm. - dormitory. 
 
) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40. 
 
 Naturally each project offered a separate problem due to 
 the requirements of housing, the class of people who were to oocupy 
 them, the available site with all its numerous and diverse elements 
 of soil, contours, natural and economic setting, climate, tradi- 
 tions of style and all the many other conditions that enter into 
 architectural design in such a diversity of places. 
 
 In spite of this diversity to be found in each of the 
 twenty odd projects of the larger order which were undertaken under 
 the supervision of the Housing Board of the Emergency Fleet Corpora- 
 tion, a detailed description of one will suffice to explain some 
 of the chief characteristics and common problems of all. The prob- 
 lem that confronted the Chester Shipbuilding Company of Chester, 
 Pennsylvania, may be taken as a typical example, not that its 
 solution, though apparently successful, was superior or more worthy 
 of notice than many others, but because of the writer's larger 
 responsibility and interest in the solution of this design. 
 
 Early in 1217, a rough census of the town of Chester gave 
 an estimate of comfortable living accommodations for about 40,000 
 persons. Within six months of that time, it was estimated that 
 nearly twice that number of people were trying to live in these 
 same quarters. The simple cause of this congestion was the fact 
 that the Chester Shipbuilding Company, the Sun Shipbuilding Company., 
 and other great companies producing urgently needed war materials, 
 were bringing people to the already thickly settled Delaware river 
 valley, and that this same demand for laborers of all kinds had in- 
 terrupted even the inadequate growth of housing facilities. The 
 
41 
 
 FIR.ST FLOOIC PLAN 
 
 BUCKMAN VILLAGE ^HESTEK PA 
 
 UNITED STATES s H 1 £ A° T A 
 
 EMF REGENCY FLEET COLPOKAT R 
 
 ™AUm SIMON ^ BASSETT RETAINED ARCHITECTS PHI LA PA_ 
 
 See text, page 46. 
 

 43 . 
 
 FIBCST FLOOR- PLAN SECOND FLOOR- PLAN 
 
 BUCKMAN VILLAGE CHESTER. PA 
 UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOAKD 
 EMERGENCY FLEET CORPOICAT ION 
 
 BRUMBAUGH ' SIMON S' BASSETT RETAINED ARCHITECTS PHILA PA 
 
 See text, page 46 
 
43 
 
 
 T OUR,' PAMILY APARTMENT 'HOUSE 
 
 Scale t — i i — i i — 1 )■ i i | i r i i I i i .i i. ~^_ Tee i- 
 
 FIBlST fLOOB. PLAN 
 
 5ECOND FLOOB- PLAN 
 
 BUCKMAN VILLAGE CHESTER PA 
 UNITED STATES SHIPPING B OAKD 
 EMERGENCY FLEET CORPORATION 
 
 BRUMBAUGH ~ SIMON Cr BASSETT RETAINED ARCHITECTS PHILA I'A 
 
 See text, page 46 
 
 l 
 
44 
 
 SEVEN FAMILY ROW HOUSES 
 
 
 J 
 
 T-'j ~ 
 
 
 •/U 
 
 
 
 nT \\ 
 
 
 ! i 
 
 
 i! 
 
 it 
 
 
 FIB.ST riOOJ. PLAN 
 
 BUCKMAN VILLAGE CHESTER. PA 
 UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOABJD 
 EMERGENCY FLEET CORPORATION 
 
 BRJJMBAUGU ' SIMON Cr BASSETT RETAINED ARCHITECTS PHILA PA 
 
 See text, page 46. 
 
45 
 
 PIKAT TLOOB-. PLAN SSCOKD HiOOK_PI.AN 
 
 THE EMERGENCY TIEET CORPORATION U-S-S-B 
 HOUSING AT CHESTER. PA 
 
 B KU UBAUGH ' SIMON AND BASSIIT AB.CHITICTS PHILADIIPHIA PA 
 
 See text, 
 
 page 
 
 46 
 
46 . 
 
 crowded and sickening conditions under which men and even families 
 were forced to live was fast breeding social disease manifest in 
 strikes, walk-outs, inefficient labor and crime, especially among 
 the lower class of unskilled laborers. 
 
 A farm site of some forty acres situated just outside 
 the city limits, but easily accessible to town, river and ship- 
 yards, seemed to suggest a partial solution for building area. 
 
 Upon this plot it was decided to erect houses that would tend to 
 ease the congestion to some degree in the shortest time consistent 
 with studied design and permanent building. The site was an ir- 
 regular , rolling, partially wooded farm whose contours immediately 
 suggested curved streets to accommodate the houses and the traffic. 
 
 The problem was to house comfortably as many families as possible 
 
 roomed 
 
 in four-room apartments, fiveMir six-roomed semi-detached or group- 
 ed houses, with boarding house, dining room and club house for 
 single men. With two^type plans, one for five-room and one for 
 six-room houses, by means of combinations of two, four, five, six 
 and seven houses in attached groups, interesting combinations of 
 units were formed and placed in such a way as to give great variety 
 throughout the whole village. The Pennsylvania farm house, colonial 
 style of architecture was chosen for the design. A variation in 
 the use ox brick, stucco and frame, with painted shutters and trim, 
 permitted further interest, while gently curving streets and a 
 studied irregularity of house line, though perhaps unnatural and 
 thus forced in a factory made village, did prevent the monotony so 
 
 common to many housing projects. 
 
 * See illustrations, pages 41-45, inclusive. 
 
 ' *"**" "*" • i i . m i i. — | 
 
47. 
 
 1 
 
 Careful study produced an arrangement of 237 dwellings, 
 one boarding-house for twenty-five, twenty-three apartment for 
 319, one hotel and a club house, all with ample streets and pri- 
 vate yards, wooded playground area on the lowland and a general 
 preservation of the rather numerous fine specimens of forest trees 
 The streets were of two widths (40 ' and 60' in relation to impor- 
 tance) with no grades exceeding ten per cent. The streets gave 
 direct access to the front of every house while 12* paved service 
 alleys connected the rear yards of each attached house with the 
 main thoroughfares. "Buckman Village" was the name given to the 
 development « 
 
 4. Specific Architectural Lessons Learned. 
 
 Judging from the experience of the Chester development 
 and a survey of other big undertakings of similar nature, a series 
 of general deductions may well be made relative to nearly any or 
 all emergency housing schemes that are to have permanent results 
 of any long duration. 
 
 1. Selection of land should be made in secret 
 to prevent speculation. 
 
 2. The site, usually suburban or open country, 
 should be within walking distance, ( 1 5 minutes) , from the 
 factory or center of employment • Cheap and rapid transfer 
 facilities should be provided from greater distances, al- 
 though easy walking distance is preferable. 
 
 3. The land value should be low, ($500 or less 
 or unskilled workers, $1,000 an acre for skilled workers.) 
 The cost of public utilities, sewers, sidewalks, water, 
 curbing and rough _ grading amount to about $3,000 per 
 acre at prewar prices. Landscaping to the extent of 
 iimshed grading, turfing, seeding and planting may be 
 done conservatively for less than $4,000" : s The house con- 
 
 * Estimate, Philadelphia, 1918. 
 
 ~ — 111 ■■■■■■■■ ■■■. ■ B ggaaaggg a 1 1 — — — — — — — « 
 

 
 
 
 
48. 
 
 struction under normal conditions ought to come to 
 about .30 j 6 per cubic foot, which would make the aver- 
 age development per acre cost about $30,000. Any such 
 figures must at best be far from definite in their 
 generality. 
 
 4. Large tracts (100 - 200 acres) give better 
 opportunities for providing a complete local community 
 with open spaces, shops, amusements, public buildings, 
 etc., and reduce the average cost of public utilities 
 such as water, sewerage disposal, etc. 
 
 5. The contours of a site should be respected. 
 With sharp topography, the development is apt to be in- 
 convenient and costly; with flat topography the result 
 is in danger of being monotonous and ill drained; a 
 medium condition of contour becomes most satisfactory. 
 Reserve flat areas for factory sites, broken or marsh 
 lands for parks and public reservations. 
 
 6. Thoroughfares:- The location of streets 
 and roads becomes one of the first considerations of 
 a town layout, influenced as they usually are by pre- 
 existing streets and topography. Upon the roads depend 
 the profitable use and development of the property. The 
 main. streets should be broader, more directly connect- 
 ing important points , than the local streets which are 
 secondary, forty feet from property. line to property 
 line being sufficient for the later. Group houses 
 usually necessitate service alleys which in all other 
 cases should be avoided. 1 (See pages 50, 52.) 
 
 ? • Shape and size of blocks: - The streets di- 
 vine the whole plot into blocks which may well be vary- 
 ing in shape and size, although rectangular shapes work 
 out to better advantage. A block 700 feet long by 200 
 feet deep may be given as an average size. (See pages 50,52) 
 
 8* Shape and sizes of lots: - The proportions 
 naturally depend upon the blocks. A minimum of 
 lot widtns ought to be 15 - 16 feet for group buildings 
 ' as no P lan has yet been devised where convenient living 
 space can be arranged in less), 25 - 30 feet for semi- 
 detacned houses, 40-50 feet for detached dwellings. (Page55) 
 
 . 9 . Number of houses per acre: - This naturally 
 
 depends much upon the type of the house. For houses 
 ouilt in rows or groups, 18 houses per acre ought to be 
 
 *m! U ' ^ ous ing Ordnance Data. Journal A. I. A. , Vols. 6, 7 >8* 1918 
 Tnese^data noted from directions issued by Housing- board. 
 
49. 
 
 the limit; while for detached houses, 5-7 per acre 
 would be the maximum. Minimum space between buildings 
 ought to be 16 feet, - between backs of houses 50 feet. 
 
 10. Types of houses: - Many conditions of cos^, 
 standards, locality, customs and traditions enter into 
 the house types, but it is agreed that American standards 
 of family life ought to demand as a minimum for a home 
 4 rooms,— -parlor, kitchen, 2 bedrooms and bath, though a 
 five-room house is preferable with three bedrooms, allow- 
 ing separate rooms for older children of different sexes. 
 ^See pages 41-45, 53,54,56.) 
 
 With this brief consideration of some of the more essen- 
 tial features for the solution of the emergency bousing problem 
 provoked by the industrial changes within our civil life, there 
 comes the hope that the work has but begun. May the future be 
 prepared to meet the emergency and in that preparedness produce 
 a stronger, more durable, more beautiful fibre for our national 
 fabric. For, to quote the words of the late Secretary of Labor, 
 the vital aspect of the whole problem is plainly given in Mr. 
 Wilson's words: - 
 
 "The man who owns his home is the least suscept- 
 abie to the so-called Bolshevist doctrines and is about 
 the last man to join in the industrial disturbances fo- 
 mented by the radical agitators. Owning a home gives a 
 man an added sense of responsibility to the national 
 and local government that makes for the best type of 
 citizenship." 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50 
 
 The solution of an 
 Industrial Housing pro- 
 blem, typical of the 
 Emergency Housing 
 brought about oy tne 
 economic conditions 
 of war production. 
 
 Ballinger and Perrot, 
 Architects and 
 Engineers . 
 
 Phil * a and New York. 
 (See 6 and 7, page 48) 
 
51 
 
 Elevation of preceeding plan, 
 used as illustration of t e 
 Emergency Housing of Indust- 
 rial Armies. Used by kind 
 permission of Ballinger and 
 Perrot, Architects and Engi- 
 neers, Phila. and New York. 
 
 (See text, page 48) 
 

 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ■ 
 
 
 
 
52. 
 
 2nd type of Industrial village to solve the Emergency Housing 
 Problem produced by abnormal growth of industry. 
 
 American Viscose Go., Marcus Hook, Pa. 
 
 Ballinger and Perrot, Architects and Engineers, Phila. and N.Y. 
 
 (See text, items 6,7,8, page 48.) 
 

 r 
 
 
 
53 
 
 H(X'J) 
 
 HOOP 
 
 ROOM 
 
 DOWN 
 
 HALL 
 
 C LOS 
 
 CLO.3 
 
 I) UVN 
 
 HALL 
 
 BED ROOM 
 iGo'miV 
 
 BED, R 0.0 AY 
 i h'o**ik.' 
 
 B E D ROOM 
 n-fc » ii ; o’ 
 
 KITCHEN 
 — srA i i-o' 
 
 LIVING 'ROOM - 
 
 DOWN 
 
 DIKING ROOM 
 
 D INI NIL LOOM 
 
 PORCH 
 
 e’-oVn-o’ 
 
 PORCH 
 
 e'o"«ii'o' 
 
 Plan of six~room^ serai “detached house, a type 
 largely used in Industrial Housing groups . 
 
 (See text, page 49.) 
 
 SECOND FLOOR. PLAN 
 
 
54 
 
 J i 
 
 At 
 
 SLCOXD FLOOR PLAX 
 
 2nd. type, 6- roomed., semi-detached, house used 
 in Industrial Housing scheme . 
 
 (See text, item 10 , page49- ) 
 
55 
 
 BLOCK 
 
 Scale I f in i t - - 
 
 PLAN 
 
 E =3" Feet 
 
 NEWBURGH N*Y 
 
 JNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD 
 :me regency fleet corporation 
 
 Plan of typical smaller Emergency Village. 
 (See text, item 8, page 48) 
 
56 
 
 DETACHED HOUSE 
 
 Scale tnu.l. t ■ 1 - 1- Feel 
 
 SAVANNAH 
 UNITED STATES S 
 EMERGENCY FLEE 
 
 GEO KG I A 
 hipping BOARD 
 T CORPORATION 
 
 Type of four-room detached house, found 
 to be best adapted to quick construction 
 in better type of Industrial Emergency 
 Housing . 
 
 (See text, 
 
 item 10, page 49.) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
57. 
 
 IV. AN ATTEMPT AT THE SOLUTION OF THE EMERGENCY HOUSING PROBLEM 
 IN THE WAR DEVASTATED REGIONS OF NORTHERN FRANCE AND BELGIUM. 
 
 Leaving the American problem of Emergency Housing, caus- 
 ed as it has been either by natural disaster or economic and 
 social revolution, there will next be considered a more dramatic 
 aspect of the housing problem as brought about by the devastation 
 of war. Probably never before in history has so vast an area 
 with so many thickly populated towns been so ruthfully and thor- 
 oughly devastated by man's heartless ingenuity as may be witness- 
 ed in the areas of Northern France and Belgium as a result of the 
 World War of 1914-18, This is not the time, nor is there space, 
 even to refer to the many authorities who have cited the causes 
 and effects of the great war. Only will it be stated that at 
 the signing of the Armistice on November 11, 1918, in the after- 
 math that awaited the exhausted gleaners of France and Belgium, 
 there was, as a rough estimate, 200,000 totally wrecked houses, 
 
 _v. i 
 
 about 1,000 parish churches wrecked beyond repair, 1,800 schools 
 and public buildings battered beyond recognition, 8/300 square 
 miles of land that had to be cleared of war refuse, barbed wire, 
 
 unexploded shells, uncontrolled weeds, and reclaimed from trench- 
 
 2 
 
 es and shell holes into the fertile fields of old.* 
 
 (See illustrations, pages 59>60.) 
 
 2 
 
 "Annuaire Statist ique de la France, 1917, values the entire 
 house property of France at $11,900,000,000 (dollars). 
 $600,000,000 at prewar prices or say $1,250,000,000 at the 
 present time is Keynes estimate for the value of destroyed 
 house property of France." 
 
58. 
 
 With landmarks lost, traditions unhallowed, trades and occupations 
 dispelled, families killed, lost or scattered to the four winds, 
 the houses and villages literally shot off the face of the earth, - 
 here was an emergency housing problem to be written with EMERGENCY 
 in the boldest type, > *% • 
 
 *1 (Belgium wealth. 1913 Report of Finance Ministry of Belgium, - 
 Building wealth - $1,175,000,000. 
 
 Building loss - $ 750,000,000. 
 
 John Maynard Keynes, Fellow of Kings College, Cambridge ; - 
 Deputy for the Chancellor of the Exchequer on Supreme Economic 
 Council . ) 
 
 * 2 ("The total property losses inflicted upon Belgium have been 
 
 estimated at between $6,755,000,000 and $7,600,000,000. 
 
 Equally systematic was the destruction in the invaded dis- 
 tricts of France which comprised eleven of the most prosper- 
 ous departments. There fell into the hands of the Germans 
 2,554 communes with a population of nearly 4,000,000. About 
 8,000 square miles of the agricultural lands were laid waste, 
 and 500,000 buildings damaged, of which 350,000 were complete- 
 ly destroyed. In over 500 of these communes the ruins will 
 have to be razed to the ground to permit of reconstruction. 
 This is true of Arras, Albert, Compeigne, Rheims, Hazebrouck 
 
 and Bethume . It is reported that nearly 1,500 
 
 schools, 1^00 churches, 337 public buildings and over 1,000 
 industrial plants were completely destroyed. Railroads, 
 bridges, power-plants and other public utilities were system- 
 atically put out of business." 
 
 Ernest L. Bogart, -"Direct and Indirect Costs of the Great 
 War!,' Oxford University Press, 35 West Thirty-second Street, 
 N.Y.C.) 
 
It , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
59 
 
 * Typical street scene after 
 the refuse had been removed. 
 
 a. Hotel de Ville. 
 
 Hheimis , typical of the larger destroyed 
 cities of Northern France. 
 
 (See text, page 57 ) 
 
 c The cathedral from the choir 
 
 from the nave . a 
 
60 . 
 
 d. Dun sur Meuse. 
 
 I 
 
 
 Photographs of destroyed churches in the Meuse, Northern France 
 (See text, pap;e 57-) 
 

 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
61 . 
 
 
 The housing problem in France and Belgium became a dif- 
 ficult one immediately after the German forces advanced, forcing 
 the civilian populace to flee in front of their shell fire. The 
 terrified inhabitants, evacuating, often within a few hours notice 
 in front of advancing armies, the homes and villages that had been 
 the orbit of their little universe for a lifetime, taking with 
 them only the least bit of their goods and chattels, oftentimes 
 leaving their beloved ones dying or freshly buried, - they were 
 the subjects for themes of great tragedies, the most intense per- 
 haps that human experience can afford. Once beyond the danger 
 line, it was the problem of the plucky refugee to adapt himself, 
 or more usually herself, to the new environment of an already 
 overtaxed neighborhood, to a foreign people as the Belgians in 
 Holland, Normandy or England, or to almost as new conditions as 
 the French of the North found in other parts of their own coun- 
 try. Huddled into the crowded cities and villages, - especially 
 those near the war areas, - the refugees made living conditions 
 far from ideal for their hosts or for their miserable selves. 
 
 Labor disorganization, poverty, sickness, discouragement and loss 
 of morale were the natural outcome. The problem was forced upon 
 the municipal and welfare organizations in drastic terms. At- 
 tempts were made to find temporary quarters for civilians, al- 
 though in war the army must come first, the rights of civilians 
 being a distant second. Most of the available funds and building 
 material had to go to the all too poorly equipped and sheltered 
 soldiery . 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 . . ! 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 . , ; 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . • ... • 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 • ‘ ' • ' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . ' . .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
To house the refugee colonies after every available 
 house in the city or village had been filled, schools, churches, 
 "aziles" and other public buildings were converted as well as pos- 
 sible into "abris" or hotels. Next, large barracks of the quickly 
 mountable type were erected to serve as shelter, home or hospital. 
 These necessitated strict organization and control, for society at 
 large is seldom ready for communal existence in too close quarters; 
 and it takes a rare and tried set of individuals who can live 
 peacefully and prosperously in a cramped and common home. A re- 
 fugee populace, of all ranks and interests and ages, of both 
 sexes, heart-broken, discouraged, disconsolate, are hardly the 
 most ideal material for such a socialistic experiment. While 
 communal huts are a first emergency means of relief, they ought 
 always to be conducted as organized hostels, no matter how poor 
 the accommodation, and put under a responsible manager who can 
 enforce daily cleaning and rigid rules of order. 
 
 2. Communal Hostels. 
 
 The communal hostel became a common feature in the lives 
 of refugees and relief workers during the four years of war and 
 even after the armistice when there was an even greater migratory 
 population, especially in France. All the larger railway stations 
 became centers of an ever moving, ever wretched mass of humanity 
 that fear or hunger or the military regulations had forced on, 
 whither they scarcely knew and often little cared, were there 
 but some relief workers on hand to steer them toward some steaming 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' .■ IA . : 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 ' ' . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
63. 
 
 I 
 
 soup and a place to lay their aching bodies. Every "gare" wait- 
 
 their 
 
 ing room became filled with masses of disorganized humanity and/ 
 baggage and babies. Barracks must need be quickly provided where 
 food could be administered to the faint and hungry, medical re- 
 lief to the ill and injured, and some place where straw pallets 
 might be placed, or blankets distributed to ease the aching bones 
 and sooth the dreadful dreams of old men, heart-broken women and 
 tender children who had borne for days the horrors of forced 
 marches or crowded box cars. 
 
 3. The Problem in the Marne and Meuse. 
 
 (The accounts compiled from the author's personal diary 
 and notes of personal experiences in the Marne and Meuse may have 
 some value in throwing light upon the emergency housing of the 
 war stricken civilians, - the first showing a solution without 
 preparation, the later a case where^prcf i ting by the former, 
 the problem was more successfully met by studied preparation.) 
 
 Early in November, 1918, the civilian population of a 
 large section of the department of the Meuse that had been within 
 the German lines during a greater part of the war, was left 
 stranded by the sudden retreat of the German forces 
 and the advance of the French and American armies. Winter with 
 its continual rains was well along. The region, torn and retorn by 
 the fire of advancing and retreating armies, of fered scarcely 
 shelter or food for much but the flocks of scavanger "corbeaux". 
 
 i 
 
64 . 
 
 The armies needed the shelter that the few unshattered villages 
 could provide. The French military undertook to evacuate the 
 civilians, herding up the wretched people like animals into box 
 cars which, after a couple of days of hesitating and bumping 
 itinerary, deposited them near the "prefecture" of the Meuse, 
 there to be sorted out, classified, and disposed of as a kind 
 Providence might decree. 
 
 As the military deposited them at the rate of from fifty 
 to eight hundred per day for a space of several weeks, and with 
 the exception of the provision of a ration of carrots, meat and 
 bread, considered their responsibility complete, it remained with 
 a few civilian volunteers to cope with the housing situation as 
 well as possible. Fortunately, a large insane asylum located but 
 
 three kilometers from Bar le Due, the prefecture of the Meuse, had 
 
 remained 
 
 been vacated upon the German advance, but/' undestroyed. By placing 
 straw ticks closely together upon the floors of the great empty 
 halls, as many as three thousand people could be accommodated per 
 night, while the great kitchen and refectory did service as a 
 feeding station. Other wards with beds were converted into hospi- 
 tals for men and women. Daily medical clinics for dressing wounds, 
 c 
 
 absjpsses, sores and dispensing drugs and clothes were established in 
 the crowded quarters. Thus a sort of community existence for a 
 continually changing population was established to maintain life 
 with just a small degree of comfort, at least, for a mass of people 
 afflicted with mal-nuitition, abuse, disease and all the loss of 
 morale that so quickly accompanies physical disabilities among 
 
 f 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 • •- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 .. .. 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 . i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 ' . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
65 . 
 
 young and old. In such a regime, disinfectants needed to play 
 an important part. The halls needed to be cleaned out daily, - 
 a difficult task with great numbers of old and partially sick 
 people wearied with long trips, - the straw mats collected, and the 
 floors and walls washed out with carbolic water; sulphur burned 
 where rooms could be emptied of people and sealed; surplus bag- 
 gage, of which refugees always seem to have an unwholesome and di- 
 versified assortment , kept out of the buildings. In spite of all 
 that could be done for order and sanitation with limited help and 
 supplies, disease broke out and much suffering and many deaths 
 from influenza and tuberculosis resulted before the people could 
 be assorted, families connected and distributed to more comfort- 
 able quarters in undamaged villages. 
 
 Next came the task of re-establishing the homes in the 
 devastated regions as the military released its control. As 
 the Meuse refugees were none too welcome visitors among the 
 people who were their official hosts, and as the ambition of all 
 the better class of the people was to get back and reclaim their 
 former homes at the first possible moment, the urgent problem was 
 to have some housing accommodation ready for the people as they 
 made their way back in time to get even a bit of spring planting 
 done as a start toward the possibilities of rehabitation. Profit- 
 ing by the experience of evacuation days, the first necessity was 
 the establishment of so-called !: hotel barracks' that would be running 
 with canteen and sleeping accommodations at the chief centers for 
 -*(See illustration, page 66.) 
 

 
 
 
 •- s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 t - . i: . ■ • 
 
 
 
 
 - — • • • . 
 
 -■ i ■ 
 . 
 
 
 
 „ .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . ii 
 
 • _ > t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . .. J "■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
66 
 
 "La Maison des Etoiles", -first hostel to he erected at 
 Clermont en Argonne h3 r the Society of Friends, for the 
 purpose of giving accommodations to the returning refugees 
 in the devastated regions of the Meuse. 
 
 (See text, page 65.) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
67. 
 
 those who came back to find their former homes but unrecognizable 
 piles of crumbling stone or shattered masses of shelled debris 
 and charred ruins. Such places as these barracks afforded a center 
 for family reunions, for information and advice, material aid and 
 spiritual comfort. Architecturally, these hotels were lacking in 
 all but economical planning, the elements being convenient kitchen 
 and dining room, store-room for relief supplies, separate dormi- 
 tories, with camp cots and clean blankets, for men and women, or, 
 more preferable, separate cubicals with wood or merely muslin 
 partitions to give some privacy to grief or illness. Such were 
 among the first new establishments at Clermont en Argonne, Dom- 
 basle, Varennes, Rheiras and other places where the Societe des 
 Amis*l undertook the manifold problems of reconstruction and relief 
 of war victims. 
 
 The most feasible type of barrack used for these refugee 
 hotels was the one of demountable sections such as the Adrian type 
 used in the French, British and later American camp construction. 
 Floor, walls and roofs, all being made in sections, such a "hut" 
 could readily be thrown together. Being of uniform plan, it could 
 be of a length such as the need might be or the site permitted. 
 
 As the need of such buildings was but temporary, the sectional 
 barracks had the further advantage of permitting rapid demounting 
 and transfer to new areas as occasion demanded. Even in large 
 barracks with walls of but a single board in thickness, consider- 
 able warmth and comfort could be obtained by tar-paper lining which 
 could be whitewashed on the interior. The roofs were covered with 
 
 *1 English and American Society of Friends (Quakers.). 
 
68 . 
 
 tar-paper or tile- -Many such barracks offered the first shelter 
 and encouragement to the returning victims, and, even after separ- 
 ate houses had been erected and damaged houses had been repaired, 
 still continued to serve the community as school, church, hospital 
 or municipal center. 
 
 The next step in the process of emergency housing 
 was, once the returned citizen had been given a welcome of food 
 and temporary shelter, to make possible the re-establishment of 
 his old occupation and means of livelihood for himself and family. 
 
 As the land was the natural source of income in most of this region, 
 shelter for man and the live stock that he often brought back from 
 his exile with him, was essential. Horses, cows and small animals, 
 agricultural implements, seeds, live stock, household furnishings, 
 clothes and food had to be provided, so stores where such commodi- 
 ties could be obtained were early essential. Above all was the 
 need of every family to have a household as the motif around which 
 all the new life might center, as well as for the necessity of hav- 
 ing protection from the elements. Left-over army barracksy " ele- 
 
 ■ 
 
 phant irons" (sheet metal sections used for shell proof protection 
 of men, supplies and ammunition), the wrecks of former buildings, 
 abandoned freight cars could be ? and often were, converted into farm 
 buildings. Cooperative stores established in quickly erected 
 huts, and supplied by generous material contributions of the Ameri- 
 can Red Cross, liquidated army supplies or gifts, all judicially 
 controlled and administered, solved the problem for the supply of 
 
 necessary provisions. These needs having been met, the building 
 
 -*(See illustrations, page 69 .) 
 
 . J 
 
69 . 
 
 t Group of Emergency Hospital barracks at Brizeaux, 
 Meuse. Adrian barrack on the right. Mission and 
 French huts on left of court. 
 
 Emergency housing in the Argonne forest. 
 
 3 "Apartment House made from Army 
 Barracks. Camouflaged boards add 
 a bit of interest * i10l novelty. 
 
 (See text, page oo . ) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
of the homes could be attempted. 
 
 It would have been a rather Hercul&h task for any one 
 man or even group of men, without a large amount of political, 
 financial and physical backing, to have attempted the problems 
 of rehabitation in any of the more seriously devastated regions- 
 
 The barren wastes of Northern France which one still encounters 
 
 h 
 
 en route from Paris to Brussels, from Rpims to Lille, testify to 
 this fact. Gigantic enough was the task that awaited, and still to 
 a large degree confronts, the returned inhabitants of the regions 
 where organized aid in re an struct ion has been generously given by 
 private and governmental assistance. 
 
 As an example of the emergency housing and rehabitation 
 as promoted by foreign aid, there may be given a survey with some 
 of the details that became the special problem of the Anglo-Ameri- 
 caine Society des Amis (English-American Society of Friends or 
 "Quakers" ) . With a reputation for relief work among war victims 
 dating back to the Franco-Prussian war of 1870,. and with four 
 years of special experience in relief work during the Great War, 
 they were on the field to offer well formulated plans for recon- 
 struction the moment hostilities ceased. Backed by their records 
 of war work in the Marne and lower part of the Meuse, the organiza- 
 tion was encouraged to undertake the greater problems of reconstruc- 
 tion that, late in 1918 , opened up in the greater part of the 
 Department of the Meuse of which Bar le Due is the prefecture. 
 
 ■K 
 
 Forty-four villages, some unoccupied since the Germans burned them 
 
 in 1914 , some levelled in the great battle for Verdun in 1916 , some 
 
 * ( See map , page 7 1 • ) 
 

71 
 
 May showing the location of the forty-four villages of 
 
 the Verdun area, whose reconstruction was undertaken by the 
 Society of Friends in 1918-19. 
 
 (See text, page 70.) 
 
 j 
 
72 . 
 
 • 
 
 intact until the last weeks or days of the war when the rapid 
 advance of the American army and the destructive retreat of the 
 Germans left them in ruins, a few scarcely injured except by the 
 occupation or neglect of four years of war, were included in the 
 area known as the "Verdun region” which the Society of Friends, 
 at the request of the French government, undertook to reconstruct 
 and rehabilitate. Probably no corner of France had suffered more 
 from the war, for within its area was included the famous "Mort 
 Homme", Voquois Hill, Varennes en Argonne, Four de Paris, the 
 forest villages of Very and Cheppy, while later Monfaucon, Grand 
 Pre and Attigny in the Ardennes, were included in the housing 
 program. 
 
 The problem was one which to be solved effectively tad 
 to be solved most promptly. The organization was well establish- 
 ed with home offices in London and Philadelphia, to manage funds, 
 determine general policies and select personnel . The central 
 administration bureau was well established in Paris. Many volun- 
 teer English and American relief workers were in the field, oc- 
 cupied with work among the refugees. With the signing of the 
 armistice, the general desire of the refugees was to get back into 
 the devastated regions* and so the problem was to have a rehousing 
 scheme organized and work started in the field to meet the return- 
 ing inhabitants. Contact had been made with many of the Meusene 
 peasants during their sad days of flight and exile, by various re- 
 lief workers of the organization. Through the mayors, cures 
 
 - - ____ 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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73 . 
 
 and. responsible representatives of the destroyed villages, the 
 
 plans were made known and encouragement and cooperation given. 
 
 Preparation had been made by a listing of names and property own- 
 the 
 
 ere and /securing of maps and village records from the fortunately 
 undestroyed files of the departmental offices at Bar le Due. 
 
 Most important, there wasa large supply of demounted sectional 
 houses that had been manufactured during the last years of the 
 war in factories run by the organization at Dole and Ornans in 
 the Jura. These specially designed houses had been well and 
 economically manufactured from Swiss lumber in prospects of the 
 unknown time when the demand for such would be sudden and intense. 
 Time justified the forethought, for almost as soon as the re- 
 fugees began to arrive back into the devastated regions, carloads 
 of these houses were being piled near the sites of their wrecked 
 villages. Previous housing schemes executed earlier at Sermaize 
 
 les Bains in the Marne had made "cites” of brick walled houses, 
 
 the 
 
 but the difficulty of the transport of brick, /time and expense 
 
 the 
 
 of labor required, and /lack of proper sand for mortar, made other 
 than the demountable houses impractical for that time. 
 
 In general, the method of procedure in the re-establish- 
 ment of the home life of a village could be divided into two 
 types, although each village offered a unique problem or a com- 
 posite of distinct problems. The simplier of the two was where 
 the entire village or a part of the village had been so entirely 
 destroyed that any attempt at restoration seemed futile. In such 
 a case, it was better to erect on a clear space as convenient to 
 

 
 
 
 
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the old village site as the nature of the land would permit, the 
 nucleus of a new village. As most villages owned good communal 
 land, the site could usually quickly be determined by the sanc- 
 tion of the mayor, and, unhampered by property lines and petty 
 personal ambitions, some attempts could be made toward improved 
 schemes of village planning with regards for convenience, sanita- 
 tion and even an attempt at an artistic setting. Such schemes 
 were effected at the previously mentioned village of Sermaize les 
 Bains and at Pargny in the Marne, at Aubreville, Neuvilley and 
 Lacfi/Lade in the Argonne, and at Montfaucon. 
 
 The more common problem was caused by the partial de- 
 struction of many of the villages, that is, by the survival of 
 enough buildings, even in a badly destroyed state, to enable a 
 village to retain its old character. Here, property lines played 
 an important role, and each petition for a new house meant the 
 clearing away of debris, the utilization of often existing cellars 
 and a regard for garden sites and landmarks. Once the house was 
 erected to the attempted satisfaction of owner, officials and 
 neighbors, the result was apt to be anything but a homogeneous 
 effort at village planning, but much in the way of permanent 
 beauty could not be expected in the practical utilitarism of 
 emergency bousing. 
 
 The partially destroyed villages, as well as practically 
 all the villages within the warring districts or wherever normal 
 life had been interrupted by the army occupation, offered a great 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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75. 
 
 field for repair work in connection with the rehousing problem. 
 
 With building materials very scarce and correspondingly expensive, 
 with lack of craftsmen and man power, due to the losses and de- 
 layed demobilization, with the rapid decay of buildings once dis- 
 integration started, the task of making repairs wherever possible 
 was a most essential and urgent one. Working tools and temporary 
 repair materials such as tarred paper roofing and lining mater- 
 ials with special fastening devices, raw tar for sealing and 
 sanitation, quick lime and whitewashing materials and various 
 other disinfectants, oiled cloth or paper (papier d'huile) to take 
 the place of broken glass, and rough cement fo r stopping holes 
 with broken stone, were on the list of first essentials. Later 
 came stock windows, roof tile, lumber, lime plaster, more cement, 
 putty, glass and all kinds of hardware, tools and fixtures, 
 paints and wall-paper. Where restoration could be made, it was 
 the greatest satisfaction to perserve the fine proportions and 
 graceful outlines of the charming stone and tile and half-timber- 
 ed structures of former times when the French built with such re- 
 finement of form and solidity of construction. 
 
 In spite of the possibilities of the repair and restora- j 
 tion work, the demountable section houses, or "baraques", were 
 perhaps the most important feature of the reconstruction work. 
 
 After the supply of so-called "Mission Houses", those manufactured 
 by the " Societe des Amis" at Dole and Ornans, had been exhausted ' 
 by the early summer of 1918, other types were imported from 
 
76. 
 
 
 
 Switzerland or provided from the stock houses of the French govern- 
 ment. Design and plans for what experience has shown to be the 
 most feasible and durable house for similar purposes are here 
 shown (plates 7? -79 ) , the characteristics emphasized being ease 
 and simplicity of erection by small groups of none too skilled 
 labor, stability, warmth, convenience, durability and general ap- 
 pearance . 
 
 The type of demountable house here shown was made up 
 of typical sections, simple and economical to manufacture even 
 with unskilled labor and no very high power machinery. As the 
 
 /t 
 
 four types of houses, classified as to size (plate 77), contain 
 many similar sections, the possibility of adding variety and 
 adaptability without complications was afforded. This type of 
 house with tiled roof ought to offer comfortable shelter for from 
 twenty to twenty-five years, during Tirhich time the people of 
 thrift and industry would no doubt be able to build for themselves 
 new homes and public buildings, as was found to be the case in 
 several Marne towns in a much shorter space of time. 
 
 The process of construction was simple. Petition having- 
 been made for a house, land records and rights of claim having 
 been promptly decided by the cure or mayor working with the build- 
 ing representative ”au courant" with local affairs, the site was 
 jointly agreed upon and the sections delivered. Foundation stones 
 were usually easily available from destroyed stone buildings, or 
 the heavy concrete anchor blocks that the American army had 
 
77 . 
 
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 Type, A 2. Boom- 
 
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80. 
 
 brought into the region preparatory for the coming of fensive, were 
 utilized. The floor beams and joists,"' trimmed and cut to exact 
 size, were quickly laid in place and spiked. Upon these the 
 ready made floor sections were laid. This formed a solid plat- 
 form upon which the wall sections could be stood, their lower 
 ends fitting into the groove made by the floor slabs and the 
 girder plates. The clearly numbered sections were fitted and 
 bolted together with "cover- joints” similar to the ones used on 
 the exterior face to obscure the place of union. A plate fitted 
 into the tops of the sections , further secured them and gave 
 bearing for the roof joists or rafters upon which the sheathing 
 sections of the roof and ceiling could be placed. The interior 
 partitions were of sections of similar construction to that of 
 the exterior walls except that both faces were of the same in- 
 terior finish of matched and beaded "sapin" (pine). Doors and 
 window frames for casements came in special sections. The over- 
 hang of the eaves was sufficient to throw off the excessive rain- 
 fall of Northern France and added much to the appearance of the 
 rather neat cottage after the red interlocking French tiles, - 
 manufactured in the neighboring Marne valley, - were added with 
 chimney caps of the same material. Brown creosote painted on 
 the exterior perserved the wood and gave an attractive combination 
 with the dull red roofs which quickly gathered moss to enrich the 
 tonation, A group of six workmen have the record of erecting one 
 such house daily in the spring of 1919 at Neuvilley en Argonne. 
 
 ( See illustrations, page 81.) 
 
81 
 
 The first stage of construction 
 showing arrangement of beams 
 and floor construction. 
 
 Erecting the walls . 
 
 Cutting on the roof 
 sections prepara- 
 tory to "throwing" 
 on the tile. 
 
 "Mission Houses" in different 
 stages of erection in the 
 reconstruction of the devas- 
 tated regions of Northern 
 France . 
 
 (See text, page 80 . ) 
 
 The completed 2~room house. 
 
82 
 
 (See text, 
 page 63 . ) 
 
 The rehousing scheme at Serrnaize les Bains, Marne,- destroyed 'W 
 
 Looking down the Main Street. 
 
 House of M. Brochereau, village ca.rpenter. 
 
 The village pump, “Serrnaize les Bains. 
 

83. 
 
 The accompanying map ( page 71 ) shows the villages and area where 
 similar housing work was attempted during 1918-20, while the il- 
 lustrated cite of Sermaize les Bains^in the Marne was completed 
 in 1916. 
 
 By the beginning of the year 1920, all the requests for 
 homes that had been received from the people who wished again to 
 take up their residence in the devastated district of the Meuse, 
 
 had been met by the erection of the desired barrack, or building 
 
 sales at 
 
 material and labor had been offered at cooperative/and/cost prices 
 for repair work upon former homes where such was feasible. Taken 
 as a whole, the experience stands out as unique in the solution 
 of the .emergency housing problems for destitute and homeless 
 people. Naturally, this region must for years bear the scars of 
 cruel wounds. In but few cases, (notably the Hospital Ste. Marie 
 at Clermont en Argonne, restored and remodeled for the work of the 
 Sisters St. Vincent de Paul, by the Friends* Unit), could restora- 
 tions or permanent reconstruction be attempted during the first 
 years after the war. Most essentially an emergency housing prob- 
 lem, uhe first attempt was to get the returned people housed so 
 that they could again take up the work of normal life and by their 
 own sturdy industry make the rolling hectares of the Meuse flour- 
 ish and bloom under the care of their own sturdy sons and daughters 
 who, the bulwarks of the French nation, made possible the renowned 
 motto of their own memorial Verdun, "On ne passe pas!" 
 
 # (See illustrations, page 82.) 
 
84 . 
 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 The conclusions that may he dram from this resumd and 
 analysis of the emergency housing problem are generally obvious. 
 The observations and experiences all point to the vital import- 
 ance that housing a people plays in the moral, social and eco- 
 nomic welfare of every race and every people of all times and 
 climes. Firstly, there must be deduced the emphatic necessity 
 or a wide recognition of the emergency of the housing problem 
 and the importance of a serious striving toward its solution 
 for future welfare. Secondly, there must be realized the fact 
 that, especially in recent years, the preparation of adequate 
 housing has, only in a small measure, kept pace with the in- 
 crease in population and the higher standards of living for the 
 masses of the people, which must ever be the aspiration of a 
 rising civilization. Thirdly, it is apparent that delay on the 
 road of steady progress, and the inability to rise to the occas- 
 ion and take advantage of unexpected circumstances, may mark a 
 cross-road leading to disaster. Fourthly, modern social tenden- 
 cies sho?/ that the virus of small town decay, as well as many 
 of the ills that infect the great towns, can well be fought by 
 means of providing opportunely and promptly the proper homes in 
 the proper environment. In all aspects, the vital importance 
 of providing homes for a people makes it a problem of "Emergency 
 Housing" . 
 

 
 “ ' ■’ ' ' '■ * "'I - • . ,/j , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
85 - 
 
 Some of the housing problems that have confronted 
 other people at various times give evidence of the opportunities 
 for which the architects of to-day must be prepared if they are 
 to play the major parts in the masterly rendering of a mighty 
 drama. Perhaps more than for any other profession, it is for 
 them to solve the materialistic, economic problem that 7/ill 
 raise the standards of living and bring system, order, simplic- 
 ity and beauty out of the chaos toward which our ever more in- 
 volved and complicated civilization seems pushing. 
 
 The consideration of the emergency housing problems 
 brought about by great natural disasters, shows how suddenly 
 and unexpectedly the needs of homes for the comfort and even 
 life of a great mass of people may come. It is concluded, fur- 
 thermore, that only rarely has there been a trained profession 
 capable of coping with such situations that demand the highest 
 type of co" operation, trained architectural and executive skill 
 and devotion to exacting social service. In spite of the suf- 
 ferings and misfortune that natural disasters inflict upon in- 
 dividuals, unusual opportunities are thus opened for the arch- 
 itect to create more ideal conditions. 
 
 A resumd of the work which the United States govern- 
 ment promoted as a measure for gaining necessary war production, 
 gives evidence of the importance of the rapid provision of com- 
 fortable housing for industrial workers. While suitable houses 
 for all classes of people are essential to the welfare of < 3 . 
 nation in normal times. the provision of them becomes an emerg- 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
86 . 
 
 ency problem in times of national stress. 
 
 The presentation of the problem of Buckman Village, 
 Chester, Pa., one of the housing projects of the Emergency 
 Fleet Corporation, shows an example of an efficient solution 
 of the problem of making an attractive village of groups of 
 economically planned small houses. Resultant of the extensive 
 study leading to the solution of this problem, are concluded 
 the ultimate schemes of the small, attached house plan and its 
 environs that fulfill the just requirements of American home 
 rights, even under stressed conditions. 
 
 Finally, experiences in the region where war devastation 
 made emergency housing problems of the first magnitude, give- 
 conclusive evidence of the importance of prompt housing facil- 
 ities to enable the reorganization of social and industrial- 
 routine, to heal the wounds of war, and even to protect human 
 lives from death or worse depths of living degradation. While 
 no two cases of war devastation would ever impose very similiar 
 conditions as far as the details of rehousing are concerned, 
 all experiences in rising to emergencies, in the provision of 
 houses as in anything else, have a potent value. In the French 
 problem, the need for the prompt provision of necessary repair 
 materials and quickly mountable houses, was perhaps only equaled 
 by the need for encouragement and organization, for prompt 
 action and unselfish service in the promotion of reconstruction 
 of which housing is the most concrete evidence. The rehabitat- 
 ion and restoration, social and material, of forts' - - four Meusene 
 villages of the "Verdun region” of war-torn France , give 
 
87 . 
 
 =*1 
 
 visible proof of what may be done by rehousing a people even 
 in the brief period of less than two years after the most waste- 
 ful and chaotic destruction and disorganization. 
 
 From a psychological viewpoint, the aesthetic, and con- 
 sequently spiritual, part that emergency housing may play in the 
 rescue of a stricken people or in the elevation of their more 
 normal existance, can not be neglected in this summation. The 
 part that beauty, color, harmony and order play in society, must 
 be recognized whether it be in a great, bustling, industrial city 
 of America or in a small, obscure, rural, crumbling village of 
 Europe. Minus the existance of beauty, itself, there is an 
 emergency housing problem if the inhabitants of either place 
 arc to live soundly and prosper. 
 
 Finally, in summation of all, may it be hoped that 
 the future is not far distant when Architecture, having won its 
 true position as the most useful of the Fine Arts, the finest of 
 the Useful Arts, may more promptly fulfill Her mission, in 
 emergencies as efficient healer of social ruptures, in leisure 
 as inspiring teacher of a higher culture, while She records in 
 lasting stone and steel, the progress of a greater civilization 
 than has yet been written on the pages of history. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 AUTHORS 
 
 Baxter, Sylvester, - The Future of Industrial Housing. 
 
 Brown, F.C., - Workmen's Housing at Hopedale, Massachusetts. 
 
 Childs, R, S., - The First War Emergency Government Towns 
 For Ship-yard Workers. 
 
 Frothingham, Paul R. , - Copartnership in Housing: Social 
 
 Service Series. - Bulletin No. 31. 
 
 Comstock, Wrn. Phillips, - The Housing Book. 
 
 Southern Pine Association, - Homes for Workmen. 
 
 Viollet-le-Duc , - Histoire du Fort , Paris 1877. 
 
 Wuttke, Robert, - Die Deutschen Stadte, Leipzig, 1904, 
 
 2 Vol . 
 
 Pepys, Samuel, - Diary. 
 
 Wheatley, Henry, F.S.A., - History of London. 
 
 Watrous, R. B., - Personal Observations of Some Develop- 
 ments in Housing in Europe., Vol. 2, 332-343. 
 
 v 1 . 
 

 
 
 . i. 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 V. ; 
 
 
 . ... 
 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont'd.) 
 
 JOURNALS 
 
 American Architect. 
 
 Greeley, W.R. - Portsmouth and the War. 16 Oct., 1918. 
 Herding, F. J. - Workingmen 1 s Colony, Youngstown, 10/2/18. 
 Schuchardt, W.H. - The Fibre of the Nation, 3/12; 6/18; 
 7/23; 1913. 
 
 Some Observations on the Housing Problems, 
 
 Vol . 103, 104, 105. 
 
 Smith, H.A. - War and Industrial Housing, 1/9/18; 3/27/18. 
 
 American Institute Architectural Journal. 
 
 1918 (July- February) 1915 (January-February ) . 
 
 Plans for Rehousing the Workers of England. 7/18. 
 Gretna, the British Government Munition Town. 2/18. 
 Industrial Housing in England and France. 1/2/15. 
 Notes on Rebuilding in France and Belgium. 4/18. 
 Reconstruction in France. 10/18. 
 
 Small House Reconstruction in France. 3/18. 
 
 Architecture 
 
 Eidlitz, 0. M. - Industrial Housing Fighters. Vol. 37, 4/16 
 May, Chas. C. - Industrial Housing, Vol. 35, 4/17. 
 
 Architectural Forum 
 
 Industrial Housing. 4/18. 
 
 Bossom, A.C. - The Housing of Employees. 8/17. 
 
 Crawford, A. W. - Y/artime Housing. 4/18. 
 
 Flagg, M.I. - State Aid for Home Builders. 11/17. 
 
 Howe, F. R. - Federal Aid to Home Builders. 5/19. 
 
 Kilham, W. H. - Housing the Single Worker. 5/18. 
 
 Kilham and Hopkins, - Housing the Low Paid Workman. 5/18. 
 Litchfield, E.D. - Yorkship Villages. 6/18. 
 
 MacNeille, P. R. - The Architects' Relationship to An 
 Industrial Housing Development. 4/18. 
 Marlowe, G. F. - House Types in Industrial Communities. 
 4/18. 
 
 May, C. C. - Housing Types for Workmen in America. 4/18. 
 Nolen, John - The Essential Principles of Industrial 
 Development. 4/18. 
 
 Randal, Robert - Copartnership Housing in England. 
 
 V. 25, 12/16. 
 
 vl 1 . 
 

 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Cont ' d . ) 
 
 Architectural Record. 
 
 Bossom, A. C. - Homes for War-time Worders. Vol. 44, 
 p. 214 - 224. 
 
 Hamlin, A. D. F. - The Workingman and His House, 
 
 Vol. 44, p. 302 - 325. 
 
 The U.S. Housing Corporation Pro jet No. 59, Bath, Maine, 
 
 1/19. 
 
 Veiller, Lawrence, - Industrial Housing Developments 
 in America, Vol. 44, p. 49 - 58, 140-151. 
 
 Architectural Review. 
 
 Housing Development at Watertown., Vol. 24, 12/18. 
 
 Davison, R. L. - The Problem of Low Cost Housing, 
 Vol. 21, May, 1916. 
 
 Ihlder, John - The Housing of Wage Earners, Vol. 25, 
 January, 1919. 
 
 Macartney, Mewyn - The Working Class Housing Problem 
 and Its Solution, London, September, 1917. 
 Mann and MacNeille - The Town of Perry Point, 
 
 Vol. 25, 2/19. 
 
 Warner, Ralph - Marble Shoals, Vol. 25, 1/19. 
 
 vi-ii .