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 MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF HISTORY 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, PAINTING, SCULPTURE 
 AND THE DERIVATIVE ARTS 
 
 In the Synopsis Europe and America are grouped under the 
 title “Europe”; Egypt, Byzantium (Constantinople), and Arabia 
 under the title “The Levant”; Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Persia, 
 and Turkestan under the title “Western Asia.” 
 
 19 2 2 
 
 Price, Twenty-five Cents 
 
 Per dozen, $2.50 Per hundred, $15 
 
 Copyright, 1922, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. 
 
3 0112 098216135 
 
 PARTIAL GLOSSARY OF NAMES AND TERMS 
 
 AHMED ARABI PASHA. Officer in the 
 Egyptian army who led a strike of native 
 Egyptian officers in 1881. Resulted in so- 
 called Arabi Rebellion and armed interven¬ 
 tion of England. 
 
 AHMED IBN TULUN. Founder of the 
 Tulanite Dynasty in Egypt; builder of the 
 Cairene mosque that bears his name. 
 
 AIYUBIDE DYNASTY. The descendants 
 of Aiyub, of which the most distinguished 
 was Saladin. 
 
 AJANTA. A village in western India, the 
 northwestern corner of Haidar ab ad, Deccan, 
 where there are excavated temples decorated 
 with Buddhist paintings. 
 
 ALHAMBRA. Palace at Granada, the 
 finest example of Moorish architec¬ 
 ture (’'Arabesque” decoration in wood 
 and plaster). The pottery (tiles) of the 
 Moors, inspired by the porcelain of China 
 and later referred to the Island of 
 Majorca, gave its name to Italian ma¬ 
 jolica. 
 
 AMON — AMON-RA. The great Egyp¬ 
 tian Sun-God especially prominent in the 
 New Empire, with his cult centre at Thebes. 
 In the decadent period, XX and XXI 
 Dynasties, 1200-945 B. C., the priests of 
 Amon were the virtual rulers of Egypt. 
 
 AMR IBU-EL-'AS. General of the Caliph 
 Omar; conqueror of Egypt, 639-642. 
 
 ANGKOR WAT. Best known and latest of 
 the great Hindu temples or palaces of Cam¬ 
 bodia. 
 
 ANURADHAPURA, an ancient Buddhist city 
 of Ceylon, containing ruins of important 
 early architecture and sculpture. 
 
 ARYA. The word means “noble,” and is 
 applied to the earliest known invaders of 
 India. As distinguished from the short, 
 
 dark aborigines, the Aryans were tall and 
 fair. They entered India from the north¬ 
 west, bringing with them the elements of a 
 culture which has given to the country as a 
 whole its distinctive character. Their 
 language, known in a later literary form as 
 Sanskrit, belonged to the same family as 
 Persian, Latin, Greek, English and other 
 
 European and Asiatic languages; from it 
 have been evolved Marathi, Hindi, Bengali 
 and other Indian languages; and the term 
 
 Aryan is sometimes applied to the whole 
 family. 
 
 ARYA SURA, a Mahayana Buddhist poet. 
 
 ASANGA. A famous Buddhist philosopher 
 and exponent of the Mahayana; founder of 
 the Yogacara school, differing from the 
 Madhyamikas in admitting the reality of 
 consciousness. 
 
 ASHIKAGA. A powerful Japanese family 
 which contributed fifteen successive Shoguns, 
 some of whom were great patrons of art. 
 
 r r\ 
 
 ASOKA. A Maurya king of nearly all 
 India. The country is dotted with his 
 edicts graven in stone. He was a devout 
 Buddhist, and did more than any other man 
 to spread that religion. 
 
 r 
 
 ASVAGHOSHA, a famous Mahayana Bud¬ 
 dhist teacher, poet, musician and scholar. 
 
 AVICENNA. Arabian physician and phil¬ 
 osopher. 
 
 BACON, ROGER. Philosopher; twice 
 imprisoned for heresy; anticipated the 
 Renaissance spirit of independent in¬ 
 quiry. 
 
 BAROQUE. Extravagant style of decora¬ 
 tion characteristic of the seventeenth 
 century. (Portuguese, barrueco, an ir¬ 
 regular pearl.) 
 
 BAYEUX TAPESTRY. A strip of linen 
 231 feet long and 20 inches wide, em¬ 
 broidered by Matilda, queen of William 
 the Conqueror, with scenes from the 
 Norman Conquest; preserved at Bayeux, 
 France. 
 
 BHUVANESVARA, in Orissa, where there are 
 hundreds of Hindu temples dating from the 
 9th to the 13th century. 
 
 BIHZAD, the most renowned of Persian paint¬ 
 ers and illuminators. 
 
 BODHIDHARMA. The 28th Indian and 1st 
 Chinese Buddhist patriarch. He founded 
 the Dhydna ( Ch'an , Zen) sect. 
 
BRAHMAGUPTA, an Indian mathematician 
 and astronomer. 
 
 BUDDHISM, (a) Hlnayana, the monastic 
 system and intellectual discipline of Gautama 
 Buddha; (b) Mahay ana, the later theistic 
 and mystical development. In India, extinct 
 or assimilated to Hinduism by the twelfth 
 century A. D. Survives in Ceylon, Burma, 
 Nepal, Tibet, China, Mongolia and Japan. 
 
 BURGUNDY. The patronage of the 
 Dukes developed weaving at Arras 
 (whence tapestries are called arras, or 
 arazzi ); painting through van Eyck at 
 Ghent; and sculpture through Claus 
 Sluter at Dijon. 
 
 BYZANTINE. The art of the Empire found¬ 
 ed by Constantine the Great at Byzantium 
 (Constantinople). Byzantine (Coptic) Pe¬ 
 riod; Christian period in Egypt, from the 
 Emperor Arcadius to the Mohammedan 
 conquest. 
 
 CASSITES, who ruled Babylonia for nearly 
 600 years, came from the region to the north¬ 
 east. 
 
 CHAITANYA, a Vaishnava mystical poet and 
 singer of Bengal. 
 
 CHARLEMAGNE recreated the Western 
 Roman Empire, began the expulsion of 
 the Moors from Spain, protected letters, 
 designed the Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle 
 where he is buried. 
 
 CHARLES VIII. The French king whose 
 entry into Italy to claim the throne of 
 Naples began the period of foreign 
 domination which lasted until Victor 
 Emmanuel became King in 1861 and 
 during which Italy passed on its in¬ 
 tellectual predominance in Europe to 
 Northern nations. 
 
 CHEOPS (Khufu). Second king of Dynasty 
 IV; buried in the First Pyramid at Giza; 
 about 2850 B. C. 
 
 CHEPHREN (KHAFRA). Third king of 
 Dynasty IV; buried in the Second Pyramid 
 at Giza; about 2800 B. C. 
 
 CH’IN DYNASTY. Notable for including 
 among its rulers the famous soldier, ad¬ 
 ministrator and builder of the Great Wall, 
 Shih Huang Ti, who called himself First 
 Emperor, and decreed that Chinese history 
 should begin with his reign. He therefore 
 ordered the destruction of nearly all books 
 then existing. 
 
 CHINGIZ KHAN. A famous ruler of the 
 Mongols. He conquered Northern China, 
 then controlled by the Nii-chen Tartars, 
 Korea and Central Asia. 
 
 CHUANG-TZU, the principal disciple of 
 Lao-tzu. 
 
 CLASSICAL REVIVAL. An enthusiasm 
 for classical simplicity which after the 
 French Revolution displaced the Rococo 
 style identified with old France (“Di- 
 reetoire” 1795-99; “Empire,” 1804- 
 1815). 
 
 CONFUCIUS. Compiler of ancient records 
 from which he formulated a system of social 
 ethics on which the Chinese conduct of life 
 in all its relations has since been chiefly 
 founded. 
 
 CROMAGNON. The name of a cave in 
 southwest France where were first found 
 skeletons of an early race whose remarkable 
 paintings of animals have been found also in 
 caves situated in northwestern Spain. 
 
 CRUSADES. Campaigns of western 
 Europeans in the twelfth and thirteenth 
 centuries to recapture Jerusalem from the 
 Turks and Arabs. 
 
 EGYPTIAN RENAISSANCE. Period of 
 renewed prosperity and power, in Dynasty 
 XXVI, marked by a revival of the ancient 
 styles in art, religion and literature. An 
 archaistic age. The center of culture at 
 Sais, a town in the Delta. 
 
 ELEPHANTA. An island in the harbor 
 of Bombay, where there are caves con¬ 
 taining important Hindu sculptures. 
 
 EL-HAKIM. A fanatic follower of the Per¬ 
 sian Ed-Darazi; claimed to be an incarna¬ 
 tion of God; founder of the Druse sect. 
 
 ELURA. A town in western India, not far 
 from Bombay, where there are many im¬ 
 portant remains of Hindu and Buddhist 
 sculpture and architecture. 
 
 ETHIOPIA. The Nile valley south of 
 Egypt, from the Second Cataract to Khar¬ 
 toum. About 720 B. C. the kings of 
 Ethiopia conquered Egypt and ruled it 
 until expelled by the Assyrians, 661 B. C. 
 
 FA-HSIEN, a Chinese Buddhist priest who 
 wrote an account of his travels through Cen¬ 
 tral Asia, India and Indonesia. 
 
FRANCIS OF ASSISI. The saintly 
 founder of the mendicant order of Fran¬ 
 ciscan monks. 
 
 FRENCH ACADEMY. A self perpetuat¬ 
 ing association of forty members founded 
 by Richelieu to be the arbiter of French 
 speech and literature. 
 
 FUJIWARA. A powerful Japanese clan which 
 for more than two centuries held the reins 
 
 - of government and provided eleven regents. 
 
 GANDHARA. The Hindu name of a 
 region in the far northwest of India; a 
 focus of Buddhism and of Buddhist art 
 executed in a degenerate Greek style. 
 
 GENROKU. The name of that part of the 
 reign of the Emperor Higashiyama of Japan 
 during which, under the rule of the fifth 
 Tokugawa Shogun, the country in general 
 and the common people in particular enjoyed 
 unparalleled peace and luxury. 
 
 GIOTTO. Earliest Italian painter and 
 architect to attain first rank. 
 
 GOLDEN GATE, Freiberg Cathedral, con¬ 
 tains the finest sculptured figures of their 
 time in Germany; others similar at 
 Naumberg, Bamberg, Strassburg and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 GOTHIC ART. The architecture and 
 decoration that grew out of the use of the 
 pointed arch in ribbed vaulting; and 
 acute angles in ornament. Originally a 
 term of contempt used by Renaissance 
 architects for the preceding non-classical 
 style. 
 
 GOTHS. A Teutonic race from the lower 
 Danube which invaded the Roman Em¬ 
 pire in the third and fourth centuries. 
 
 GRANADA. The last stronghold of Sara¬ 
 cen dominion in Spain, taken after a 
 year’s siege by Ferdinand of Aragon and 
 Isabella of Castile. 
 
 GREGORY VII. The Pope who wrote to 
 William the Conqueror comparing the 
 papal and kingly powers to the sun and 
 the moon, and in whose castle courtyard 
 at Canossa Henry II, Emperor of Ger¬ 
 many, waited three wintry days in sack¬ 
 cloth for the Pope’s forgiveness. 
 
 GURU NANAK followed, in general, the 
 teachings of Kablr and founded the Sikh 
 sect. 
 
 HAKUHO. Though the name of the reign of 
 the Emperor Temmu (672-685), it is applied 
 in Japanese art history to the period from 
 about 645 to 709, during which time Japan 
 began to have direct and close intercourse 
 with China. 
 
 HALLSTATT PERIOD. The knowledge of 
 iron reached the Upper Danube basin and a 
 series of movements southward, southeast 
 and westward from this region began. The 
 invaders were mixed Nordics and Alpines 
 armed with iron swords. Hallstatt, Upper 
 Austria, is the type site of the period. 
 
 HAMMURABI. Founder of the old Baby¬ 
 lonian Empire. 
 
 HEIDELBERG. The castle is the most 
 sumptuous example of German Renais¬ 
 sance architecture. 
 
 HIJRA. The flight of Muhammad from 
 Mecca to Medina, with which the Muham¬ 
 madan calendar begins. 
 
 HINDUISM. Indian theism, the worship of 
 
 a personal god (usually Vishnu or Siva, or 
 some form of Devi); together with its philo¬ 
 sophic background. In English and Indian 
 usage, the term “Hindu” cannot include Mu¬ 
 hammadans; in American and French usage 
 it signifies any native of India. 
 
 HITTITES. Nations occupying North Syria 
 and neighboring Asia Minor. 
 
 HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. The realm of 
 the German Emperors, interdependent 
 with the Papacy, and claiming authority 
 from the Caesars. The last claimant, 
 Francis I of Austria, abdicated 1806. 
 
 HSUAN-TSANG, a Chinese Buddhist pil¬ 
 grim who wrote an account of his travelj 
 through Central Asia and India. 
 
 HUMANISM. The devotion of Italian 
 scholars of the fifteenth century, first to 
 Latin, and later to Greek literature. 
 
 HUNS. Invaders of Europe from Central 
 Asia in the fourth and fifth centuries. 
 
 HYKSOS. A group of Asiatic invaders who 
 conquered and ruled Egypt, about 1700-1580 
 B.C. 
 
 I-CHING, a Chinese Buddhist priest who 
 wrote an account of his travels in Indonesia 
 and India. 
 
IKHENATON (Amenophis IV). A king of 
 Dynasty XVIII in Egypt. He under¬ 
 took a religious reform under the name of 
 Ikhenaton in an attempt to break the grow¬ 
 ing power of the Amon priesthood. The 
 attempt was successful only for the period of 
 his short life. 
 
 IMPRESSIONISM. The tendency to lay 
 chief stress on reproducing the actual 
 visual impression of a scene, particularly 
 that of light. 
 
 INDO-IRANIAN CULTURE: the common 
 basis in Central Asia of Aryan culture in 
 Persia (Zend Avesta, etc.) and in India 
 (Vedas), before the migrations into Persia 
 and India. 
 
 INDONESIA. Sumatra, Java, etc. 
 
 JAYADEVA, a poet, native of Bengal, author 
 of the Gita Govinda, a kind of lyric drama 
 dealing with the love story of Krishna and 
 Radha. 
 
 JOGAN. The name of the reign of the Japan¬ 
 ese Emperor Seiwa (859-876), but in art 
 history applied to the period from 794 to 
 899 during which time esoteric Buddhism 
 exerted a powerful influence over art. 
 
 KABIR, mystical poet; a weaver; disciple of 
 Ramananda. The Kablrpanthis, or “travel¬ 
 lers on the w T ay of Kabir,” include both 
 Hindus and Musalmans. 
 
 KALIDASA, the chief Sanskrit dramatist and 
 * 
 
 poet; author of Sakuntala. 
 
 KAMAKURA. The first seat of the Shdgun- 
 ate; was once the populous capital of eastern 
 Japan. Among the few important remains, 
 the thirteenth century bronze figure of 
 Amida, nearly fifty feet high, is well-known. 
 
 KANO ACADEMY. A Japanese family 
 of painters founded by Kano Masanobu 
 and his son Motonobu. 
 
 KONARAK, in Orissa, where there is an 
 important temple of the Sun, with splendid 
 sculptures. 
 
 KORAI. A dynasty under which Korea be¬ 
 came unified and made notable contributions 
 to art. 
 
 KUNIKA AJATASATRU. A king of the 
 
 Saisunaga dynasty, whose name is inscribed 
 on the “Parkham statue,” probably the 
 earliest Indian sculpture extant. 
 
 LAMAISM. A type of Buddhism character¬ 
 istic of Tibet, but recognized also by Nepal¬ 
 ese, Mongol, Tartar and many Chinese, 
 Buddhists. 
 
 LAO-TZU. One of China’s greatest phil¬ 
 osophers. His interpretation of the Tao 
 or “Way” formulates a universal law of 
 conduct. 
 
 LEGNANO. Scene of the victory of Milan 
 and other Lombard cities, aided by the 
 Pope, over Frederick I., Barbarossa, 
 which established the independence of the 
 North Italian cities. 
 
 LEPANTO. Naval battle against the 
 Turks, in which Cervantes, author of 
 Don Quixote, though stricken with fever, 
 fought and was wounded, losing the use 
 of his left hand “for the greater glory of 
 the right.” 
 
 LOUIS XIV. “The grand monarch”; the 
 most magnificent and arbitrary of the 
 French kings; patron of art, creator of 
 Versailles. 
 
 MAHABHARATA. One of the two great 
 Sanskrit epic poems. It tells of the war 
 between the Kauravas and the Pandavas. 
 An important, though later, insertion is the 
 BhagavadgUa, a philosophical poem in the 
 form of a dialogue between the avatar 
 Krishna and Arjuna Pandava. One of the 
 best known episodes is the story of Nala 
 and Damayanti. See Ramayana. 
 
 MAHAVIRA. The common appellation of 
 Vardhamana, founder of Jainism. 
 
 MAMALLAPURAM, in Southern India, near 
 Madras, was a focus of Pallava art, including 
 the “Seven Pagodas,” temples and reliefs cut 
 in the living rock. 
 
 MAMLUK BEYS. The twenty-four provin¬ 
 cial princes of Egypt who governed the 
 country from 1520 to the time of Muhammad 
 Ali; nominally subject to the Ottoman 
 Sultan; the last prince massacred in 1803 by 
 Muhammad Ali. 
 
 MANCHU. The name of a Tartar people 
 inhabiting a region northeast of China. 
 
 MARCO POLO. The first European trav¬ 
 eler in China and Japan to write an ac¬ 
 count of his journey. 
 
 MARTEL, CHARLES. Began the ex¬ 
 pulsion of the Moors from Europe, which 
 was carried on by his grandson, Charle¬ 
 magne in Spain, and was completed in 
 the conquest of Granada. 
 
MEIJI. The name of the reign of the late 
 Emperor Meiji of Japan. 
 
 MENCIUS, the principal exponent of Con- 
 fucian teachings. 
 
 MENES. The founder of Dynasty I of 
 Egyptian kings. His date is variously given 
 by Egyptologists, but the most conservative 
 estimates place him at about 3300 B. C., plus 
 or minus 100 years. 
 
 MEROITIC. The Meroitic Kingdom was 
 the successor of the Ethiopian on the 
 upper Nile, with its capital at Meroe. 
 Meroitic Art is the result of Greek influence 
 on the local decadent Egyptian culture 
 originated in the Ethiopian Kingdom. 
 
 MINOAN. A term widely used to designate 
 the bronze-age civilization in the Aegean, 
 the most important center of which was in 
 Crete. Minos, a semi-legendary king of 
 Crete, reigned over the islands of the Aegean 
 three generations before the Trojan War. 
 
 MOMOYAMA. The name of a hill between 
 Kyoto and Nara on which stood the palace of 
 the great soldier Hideyoshi, who, in 1582, 
 succeeded in making himself virtually ruler 
 of Japan, a position which he maintained 
 until his death. 
 
 MUGHAL, or Mogul, and Mongol are different 
 forms of the same word. Mughal is com¬ 
 monly applied to the Muhammadan Turks 
 represented by Babur and his successors in 
 India, while the term Mongol is reserved for 
 the “narrow eyed hordes” led by Chingiz 
 Khan. 
 
 MUSLIM (SARACEN) PERIOD. From 
 the conquest of Egypt by the Arabian Mu¬ 
 hammadans to the present day. Egypt be¬ 
 comes a Muslim (Moslem), i. e., Muham¬ 
 madan, country. 
 
 MYCENAE. The legendary capital of 
 Agamemnon, a focus of prehistoric 
 Aegean civilization. 
 
 MYCERINUS (Mcnkauwra). Fifth king of 
 Dynasty IV; buried in the Third Pyramid 
 at Giza about 2750 B. C. 
 
 NAGARJUNA, a famous Buddhist patriarch; 
 exponent of the Mahayana or Great Vehicle 
 of salvation; founder of the Madhyamika 
 school, the Buddhist counterpart or rather 
 adaptation of the Vedanta, maintaining the 
 entire unreality of the phenomenal world. 
 
 NALANDA UNIVERSITY. The principal 
 seat of Buddhist learning in Northern India. 
 
 NAUCRATIS. A city in the western Delta 
 built by King Amasis about 560 B. C. for 
 the Greek merchants and colonists in Egypt. 
 Essentially a Greek community where Greek 
 art and religion flourished. 
 
 NEO-CONFUCIANISM, so-called, was the 
 important intellectual outcome of combined 
 Taoist, Confucian and Buddhist influences. 
 
 NICCOLO PISANO (Nicholas of Pisa). 
 Earliest Italian sculptor to attain first 
 rank. 
 
 NISIN, in Northern Babylonia, was the capital 
 of the Amorites who ruled the country. 
 
 OTTOMANS. The race of central Asiatics 
 (Turks) that founded and have ruled the 
 Turkish Empire. 
 
 PANINI, the famous grammarian, author of 
 the oldest extant Sanskrit grammar, written 
 to insure accurate interpretation of the 
 sacred texts. 
 
 PATANJALI, a famous grammarian and com¬ 
 mentator on Vedic literature. 
 
 PERICLES. Ruler of Athens during its 
 most brilliant period. 
 
 PETRARCH. “The first modern man.” 
 Devotee of outdoor beauty and of pagan 
 literature instead of scholastic learning; 
 writer of Sonnets to Laura in the vernac¬ 
 ular. 
 
 PISISTRATUS. Tyrant of Athens. 
 
 PRAGUE. The earliest German university. 
 
 PREDYNASTIC PERIOD. The earliest 
 period of Egyptian History, before the 
 country was united under a single ruler. 
 Neolithic and Bronze Age culture. The 
 beginnings of art, handicrafts, and hiero¬ 
 glyphic writing. 
 
 PTOLEMAIC. The period following the 
 Conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great 
 in 332 B. C. A series of rulers named 
 Ptolemy reigned in Egypt, and Greek cul¬ 
 ture was spread throughout the country, 
 bringing the Hellenizing of Egyptian art. 
 The period was ended by the Roman Con¬ 
 quest, 30 B. C. 
 
 PYRAMIDS. The tombs of the kings of 
 Egypt in the Old Kingdom, 3000-2400 
 B. C. The “Great Pyramids” were built 
 by three kings of Dynasty IV. They are 
 rectangular masonry structures with inclined 
 sides rising to a point. The royal mummy 
 was buried in a small chamber reached by a 
 complicated series of passages. 
 
RABELAIS. His books entitled “ Gargan- 
 tua” and “Pantagruel” represent an en¬ 
 lightened paganism and satirize Mediaeval 
 asceticism. 
 
 RAJPUTS. The inhabitants of Rajputana, 
 Central India. 
 
 RAMANANDA, a northern follower of the 
 teachings of Ramanuja; preached in the 
 vernacular. 
 
 RAMANUJA. Tho greatest philosopher and 
 teacher of the Vaishnava cult; exponent of 
 the Upanishads as Visishtadvaita or “modi¬ 
 fied monism.” 
 
 RAM A YANA. One of the two great San¬ 
 skrit epic poems. It is essentially the 
 work of a single author, Valmlki, and 
 tells the story of Prince Rama and his 
 wife Sit a. See Mahdbharata. 
 
 RAVENNA. On the Adriatic, south of 
 Venice; seat of Gothic (fifth century) 
 and Byzantine (sixth century) power in 
 Italy. 
 
 RENAISSANCE. The impulse to ob¬ 
 servation that replaced reliance upon 
 tradition first in Italy (Dante, Petrarch), 
 later throughout Europe (Printing, Co¬ 
 lumbus, Copernicus). 
 
 RHAGES POTTERY. Pottery found in 
 Persia decorated with an iridescent metallic 
 film. 
 
 RIGVEDA. A collection of hymns in 
 praise of the powers of nature worshipped 
 as gods. The oldest of the Vedic com¬ 
 positions. 
 
 ROCOCO. Extravagant style of decora¬ 
 tion characteristic of the eighteenth cen¬ 
 tury; so called from the rock work it 
 frequently contained. 
 
 ROMANESQUE. At first a continuation 
 of the basilican architecture of Rome; in 
 the eleventh and twelfth centuries de¬ 
 veloped by vaulting and otherwise. 
 
 ROMANTICISM. The tendency to en¬ 
 joy one’s own emotions over things as 
 opposed to classicism, the tendency to 
 enjoy things themselves. 
 
 RUMI (Jalalu-d-Din). The great mystic poet 
 of Persia. 
 
 ST. PAUL OUTSIDE THE WALLS, 
 ROME. Chief monument of early 
 Christian architecture. Burned 1823; 
 since restored. 
 
 SAIVA CULT. A form of Hinduism in which 
 greatest veneration is paid to Siva. 
 
 SALAMIS. Naval defeat of Persians by 
 Greeks off Athens. 
 
 SANKARACHARYA. A Brahman of Mala¬ 
 bar, who taught the Vedanta philosophy; 
 exponent of the Upanishads as Advaita, or 
 pure monism. 
 
 SANTI JDEVA. A Mahay ana Buddhist poet. 
 
 SARACENS. Arab followers of Muham¬ 
 mad; conquered the Levant in the 
 seventh century, North Africa and Spain 
 in the eighth, and checked at Tours in 
 732. 
 
 SEA ROUTE TO INDIA. The discovery 
 of Vasco da Gama, who was led, like 
 Columbus and other contemporary ex¬ 
 plorers, by the desire to obtain, otherwise 
 than over land, the spices then used in¬ 
 stead of ice to preserve food. 
 
 SHINTO. The indigenous religion of Japan. 
 Its gods have been absorbed into the Bud¬ 
 dhist pantheon, but it is still practised apart 
 from Buddhism as well as in conjunction 
 with it. 
 
 SHOGUNATE. The Shogun, the highest 
 military officer under the Emperor, was, 
 from 1192 until 1868, the actual ruler of 
 Japan. The first great Shogun was Yori- 
 tomo. 
 
 SHOTOKU TAISHI, prince regent under the 
 Empress Suiko, was the first important pa¬ 
 tron of Buddhism in Japan. He carried out 
 also important governmental and other re¬ 
 forms based on Chinese ideas. 
 
 SIX DYNASTIES. Those in the North were 
 Tartar, and under them the earliest extant 
 Buddhist art in China was produced; those 
 in the South were Chinese. 
 
 SLUTER, CLAUS. Flemish sculptor who 
 produced at Dijon between 1390 and 1405 
 sculpture equalling contemporary work 
 in Italy. 
 
 SNEFERUW First king of Dynasty IV or 
 last king of Dynasty III; builder of a pyramid 
 at Dashur and of step-pyramid at Medum. 
 
 SSU-MA CH'IEN, the greatest of Chinese 
 historians. 
 
 SUI DYNASTY. This dynasty united the 
 Empire again under Chinese rule. 
 
SUIKO. The name of a Japanese empress 
 during whose reign great reforms were car¬ 
 ried out, under the supervision of her regent, 
 Shotoku Taishi (q. v.). 
 
 SUMER AND AKKAD. South and North 
 Babylonia in pre-Babylonian times. 
 
 TAISHO. The name of the reign of the pres¬ 
 ent Emperor of Japan. 
 
 TAOIST PHILOSOPHY, founded on the 
 teachings attributed to Lao-tzu; its greatest 
 exponent was Chuang-tzu. The Taoist 
 church, however, is little more than a mixture 
 of pure magic with Buddhist ritual. 
 
 TEMPYO. Though strictly speaking the 
 name of that part of the reign of the Japan¬ 
 ese Emperor Shomu from 729 to 748, it is 
 applied in art history to the period from 
 about 710 to 793, which is considered the 
 golden period of Japanese Buddhist art. 
 
 LA TENE PERIOD. Named from a Swiss 
 lake-dwelling site. In this second period of 
 the Early Iron age, the knowledge of this 
 metal reached Britain and Scandinavia. 
 Urban life began in Central and Western 
 Europe. Extensive movements of Celtic 
 speaking tribes occurred. 
 
 THINITE DYNASTIES. Egyptian Dy¬ 
 nasties I and II (about 3500-3000 B. C.), 
 which ruled at the city of This, just north of 
 Abydos. 
 
 TIMUR-I-LANG, commonly known as Tamer¬ 
 lane. A Muhammadan from Central Asia 
 (Samarkand), who raided and pillaged India 
 as far south as Delhi. 
 
 TOKUGAWA. A powerful Japanese family 
 which contributed fifteen successive Shoguns. 
 
 TREATY OF VERDUN. Division of 
 Charlemagne’s kingdom among three 
 grandsons: Charles obtaining what is 
 now France; Louis what is now Ger¬ 
 many; and Lothaire the strip between, 
 from Rome to the North Sea, called 
 Lotharii-Regnum, whence Lorraine. 
 
 TULSI DAS. Composed the Ramcharit- 
 mdnas, a Hindi version of the Ram ay ana. 
 
 UIGUR ECLECTIC ART. The Uigurs were 
 a Turkish tribe from China who ruled Kash- 
 garia, in Eastern Turkestan, from the 10th 
 to the 12th century. 
 
 UKIYO-E. “Pictures of the fleeting world.” 
 The popular art, — prints, paintings, etc., 
 — of old Japan. 
 
 UNIVERSITIES. Bodies of students and 
 teachers of theology (Paris), law (Bo¬ 
 logna), medicine (Salerno) in the eleventh 
 and twelfth centuries; founded in Eng¬ 
 land in the twelfth and thirteenth cen¬ 
 turies, in Germany in the fourteenth cen¬ 
 tury; philosophy, etc. (India), seventh cen¬ 
 tury and earlier. 
 
 UPANISHADS. Latest books of the Vedas , 
 teaching the identity of the ultimate self in 
 the individual with the Supreme Self, the 
 unconditioned Brahman—“That art thou.” 
 Systematized later as the Vedanta by 
 Sankaracharya and Ramanuja. 
 
 UR-ENGUR was a great builder of Babylonian 
 temples and towers. 
 
 VAISHNAVA CULT. A form of Hinduism 
 in which greatest veneration is paid to Vish¬ 
 nu. 
 
 VANDALS. Teutonic ravagers of Gaul, 
 Spain, Italy and North Africa in the 
 fifth century. 
 
 VAN EYCK, H. Flemish painter, the 
 earliest to use oils and to introduce land¬ 
 scape into his pictures. 
 
 VEDA means “knowledge.” The four Vedas 
 are compositions in prose and verse setting 
 forth the philosophical and religious ideas 
 
 of the Aryans. They are the text-books 
 of the Brahmans and are regarded by Hindus 
 as the foundation of their system of life. 
 
 VEDIC ORTHODOXY. Thought and be¬ 
 havior based on the teachings of the Vedas. 
 
 VIJAYANAGAR. A large Hindu capital near 
 Madras, destroyed by its Muhammadan 
 conquerors. There remain important ruins. 
 
 S. VITALE. Byzantine church at Ravenna. 
 Italy. Begun about A. D. 500. 
 
 WICLIF, JOHN; called “the morning star 
 of the Reformation.” First translator of 
 the Bible into English. 
 
 YORITOMO, of the Minamoto clan, was 
 founder of the Shogunate in Japan. 
 
 YUAN. A dynasty inaugurated by Kublai 
 Khan, grandson of Chingiz Khan; from 
 1278 it controlled all China. 
 
 ZEN SECT OF BUDDHISM. Zen ( Dhydna 
 in Sanskrit and Ch'an in Chinese) is the doc¬ 
 trine propounded by Bodhidharma, whose 
 followers seek freedom from worldly thoughts 
 and acts by meditation in supreme repose. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF HISTORY 
 
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