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OF THE 
 
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 Of ILLINOIS 
 
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 Latest Date stamped below. 
 
 University of Illinois Library 
 


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 MAN 
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 9 
 
 WRITING BY SOUND: 
 
 A. NATURAL METHOD OF WRITING BY SIGNS THAT REPRESEN^T SPOKEN 
 SOUNDS ; 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AS A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF 
 
 PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 BY ISAAC PITMAN. 
 
 Tenth Edition. — One Hundred and Fifty-Fifth Thousand. 
 
 “ Who that is much in the habit of writing, has not often wished for some means 
 of expressing by two or three dashes of the pen, that which, as things are, it requires 
 such an expenditure of time and labor to commit to paper? Our present mode 
 of communication must be felt to be cumbersome in the last degree; unworthy 
 of these days of invention : we require some means of bringing the operations of 
 the mind, and of the hand, into closer correspondence .” — English Review. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 FRED. PITMAN, PHONETIC DEPOT, 20 
 
 WILLIAM WHITE, 36 BLOOMSBURY 
 BATH : ISAAC PITMAN, PHONETIC 
 
 1860. 
 
BATH ; PRINTED BY ISAAC PITMAN. 
 
 [Entered at Stationers’ Hall.] 
 

 
 TO THE MEMBERS OF 
 
 THE PHONETIC SOCIETY OE GEEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 
 
 WHO HAVE SO EARNESTLY LABORED 
 
 > 
 
 IN DISSEMINATING 
 
 . THE TRUE PRINCIPLES OF WRITING, 
 
 I AND IN BRINGING PHONOGRAPHY TO ITS PRESENT 
 
 HIGH STATE OF PERFECTION, 
 
 ^ THIS TENTH EDITION OF THE SYSTEM IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
 BY THEIR 
 
 GRATEFUL FELLOW-LABORER IN THE CAUSE OF 
 
 LITERARY REFORM, 
 
 ISAAC PITMAN. 
 
 Phonetic Institute, Bathy 
 
 January, 1860. 
 
 4 . 
 
 203284 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/manualofphonogra00pitm_0 
 
ITnTRODUCTION. 
 
 “ We have here [in a scheme which Sir John Herschell had just given] the fewest 
 letters with which it is possible to write English. But, on the other hand, with 
 the addition of tAvo or three more vowels, and as many consonants, every known 
 language might probably be effectually reduced to writing, so as to preserve an 
 exact correspondence between the writing and pronunciation, which would be one 
 of the most valuable acquisitions, not only to philologists, but to mankind ; facili- 
 tating the intercourse between nations, and laying the foundation of the first step 
 towards a universal language, one of the great desiderata at which mankind 
 ought to aim by common consent.” Sir John Herschell. Article “ Sound,” 
 Encyclopcedia Metropolitana, par. 367- 
 
 1. An easy and distinct mode of communicating our thoughts and 
 feelings to similarly constituted beings, is one of the first and most 
 pressing wants of social life. Looks, signs, gestures, are not in 
 all cases sufficiently expressive, and it would be difficult to imagine 
 that two human beings whose vocal organs were unimpaired, should 
 pass any considerable length of time in each other’s company without 
 using articulate sounds as their medium of communication. Indeed 
 we never find a family of human beings without a common language. 
 As long as intercourse between family and family remains difficult, 
 each family has its own language. Facilitation of intercourse dimin- 
 ishes the number of dialects ; and now that traveling is becoming so 
 general, we may look forward, with some degree of hope, to a time 
 when the whole earth” shall again be of one language and of one 
 speech.” But however great the facility of traveling may become, 
 there will always exist a necessity for a means of communication 
 independent of personal intercourse. To effect this, recourse must 
 necessarily be had to durable, visiLde signs. The day may be far 
 
0 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 distant in which a universal language will be realized, hut the means 
 by which it will be expressed when it has grown into existence, and 
 which, if previously prepared, may have great influence on its forma- 
 tion, may be already developed. 
 
 2. The human organs of speech are the same in all the world, 
 their mode of action is the same, and therefore the sounds which they 
 are capable of producing are the same. From these sounds, which 
 probably do not exceed one hundred for the expression of all the 
 languages in the world, each group of families, called a nation, has 
 adopted a eomparatively small number to express its own ideas. But 
 the first persons who struck out the noble idea of representing the 
 sounds of speech, were not acquainted with any languages beyond 
 their own ; or, at most, beyond the group of languages to which their 
 own belonged ; and they eonsequently limited their signs to the 
 expression of those elements only with which they were acquainted. 
 Their success was various ; but in one of the oldest systems of writing 
 arranged on this principle, the Sanscrit, we have an example of the 
 most perfect attempt at representing the elements of spoken sounds 
 by visible signs, that has yet been adopted by a whole nation as the 
 dress of their literature. 
 
 3. The European languages, it is well known, are closely related 
 to the Sanscrit, and a very slight modification of the Sanscrit charac- 
 ters would have fitted them for the representation of the elements of 
 European sounds. But it was not to be. The Europeans, probably, 
 left India before the invention of writing ; and the idea of repre- 
 senting the elementary sounds of speech by visible signs, seems to 
 have been conveyed to them from a totally different quarter. The 
 languages known as the Semitic, namely the Hebrew, Syriac, and 
 Arabic, contain sounds very dissimilar to the European, with, of course, 
 some similar or identical ; and the first imperfect attempt to represent 
 these sounds in a kind of skeleton character, was brought by com- 
 merce from Phoenicia to Greece. The Greeks adopted the characters 
 of the Phoenicians, and as their pronunciation of the Phoenician 
 names for the first two characters in the scheme was al^ha, beta, the 
 term “ alphabet ” has descended to modern times as the name of any 
 collection of symbols which represent the elements of spoken sounds. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 7 
 
 That this alphabet did not represent the Phoenician language with 
 great accuracy, is more than probable but it certainly represented 
 the Greek language much worse. The Greeks contented themselves 
 with rounding the forms of the letters, and adding one or two cha- 
 racters, chiefly contractions, and thus left the alphabet to come down 
 to posterity. But the mischief of the original error still remains. 
 The Romans adopted the Greek characters, with a few unimportant va- 
 riations; notwithstanding which, it remained very inadequate to the re- 
 presentation of Latin ; while the northern nations who came down like 
 locusts upon the Roman empire, seized upon the Roman letters among 
 the other spoils, and violently contorted them for the representation 
 of languages which differed most remarkably from the Latin, both in 
 the number and quality of the elementary sounds. Some few (the 
 Sclavonic, for example,) were happy enough to escape this second 
 Babel, and rejoice in a convenient alphabet of their own. But each 
 nation that did use the Roman alphabet, used it in its own fashion, 
 and the variety of fashions thus introduced^ was, as may be supposed, 
 very great. At length, out of a mixture of Saxon, Danish, French, 
 Latin, and Greek elements, arose our own tongue, harsh and uncouth 
 at first, but gradually winning its way, and now bidding fair, by its own 
 inherent merits, by the richness of its literature, and by the extent 
 of our commerce, to become, if not the universal language itself, its 
 immediate progenitor. The English language,” observes the eminent 
 philologist. Prof. Jacob Grimm, “possesses a power of expression 
 such as was never, perhaps, attained by any human tongue. Its 
 altogether intellectual and singular ly-happy foundation and develop- 
 ment, has arisen from a surprising alliance between the two noblest 
 languages of antiquity — the German and the Romanesque — the rela- 
 tion of which to each other is well known to be such that the former 
 supplies the material foundation, the latter the abstract notions. Yes, 
 truly, the English language may with good reason call itself a uni- 
 versal language, and seems chosen, like the English people, to rule in 
 future times, in a still greater degree, in all the corners of the earth. 
 In richness, sound reason, and flexibility, no modern tongue can be 
 compared with it, — not even the German, which must shake off many 
 a weakness before it can enter the lists with the English.” 
 
8 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 4. But into this language, which grew up almost unawares, as a 
 w'ild plant in a fertile soil, the mode of writing each word was 
 (with, of course, frequent variations,) copied from the language from 
 which the word itself was derived; each of these languages using 
 the Roman alphabet after its own fashion. Custom sanctioned the 
 abuse, and at the present day we have a mode of spelling so far 
 removed from any apparent attempt to represent the sounds of speech, 
 that we should scarcely have guessed there had ever been any inten- 
 tion of doing so, had we not known its history. The English 
 language, although arrived at a high pitch of refinement, is, in its 
 dress, almost in the primitive ideagraphic stage. Its words are 
 symbols of ideas rather than of sounds, and it is only after severe, 
 long, and harassing practice, that we can be sure of associating the 
 right sound with the right sign. “ The present alphabet,’’ observes 
 Mr. Ellis, in his admirable Plea for Phonetic Spelling, ‘‘considered 
 as the ground-work of a system of orthography in which the phonetic 
 system prevails, is an entire failure. It is defective in means for 
 representing several sounds, and the symbols it employs are used in 
 senses so various that the mind of the reader becomes perplexed. 
 Digraphs must be looked upon as single letters quite as much as the 
 single letters themselves ; for they have not the value of a combina- 
 tion of letters, but of one letter ✓ Viewed in this light, the English 
 alphabet will be found to consist, not of twenty-six letters only, but 
 of more than 200 ! and almost every one of these 200 symbols varies 
 its meaning at times, so that after having learned one meaning for 
 each of them, the reader has not learned all their meanings ; and 
 having learned all their meanings, he has no means of knowing which 
 one he is to apply at any time. These assertions are so extra- 
 ordinary, that they require to be strictly proved.” This Mr Ellis 
 proceeds to do in an elaborate series of tables. “We violate every 
 principle of a sound alphabetical system more outrageously than any 
 nation whatever. Our characters do not correspond to our articula- 
 tions, and our spelling of words cannot be matched for irregularity 
 and whimsical caprice.” (“*) 
 
 4 . Chambers's Papers for the People. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 9 
 
 5. To this disregard of the principles of a true orthography, and 
 the consequent difficulty of acquiring a correct knowledge of spelling 
 and pronunciation, may be referred the fact, that millions speak the 
 English language who cannot read or write it. It also causes a 
 great waste of time in the attainment of the elements of learning by 
 the young. Many practical educators have considered the adoption 
 of a system of orthography by which these evils would be removed, 
 as highly desirable, though it has generally been thought to be unat- 
 tainable. The truth which Shakspere has embodied in the well- 
 -known lines 
 
 “ There’s a Divinity that shapes our ends, 
 
 Eough-hew them how we will,” 
 
 should ever inspire men with energy and perseverance to do some- 
 thing, however small, to rectify error, and replace evil by good. 
 That which few had courage even to hope for, has been realized 
 through the apparently unimportant circumstance of the publication, 
 in 1837, of a new system of shorthand, based on an analysis of the 
 English spoken language. The author of this system of Phonogra- 
 phy had originally no intention to disturb the established ortho- 
 graphy of the language, and in the third edition of his work, pub- 
 lished in 1840, he observed, It is, of course, Utopian, to hope to 
 change the 'printed medium of intercourse of the millions who speak 
 the English language; but it is not extravagant, or hopeless, to 
 attempt to find a substitute for the complicated system of writing 
 which we at present employ.” In about a year after this opinion 
 was published, the success of phonetic shorthand writing led many who 
 employed the system, to ask why the principle of phonetic spelling, 
 so advantageous in icritingy should not be applied to printing. The 
 blessings that would follow the introduction of a natural system of 
 spelling, and the evils of the current orthography, then began to ap- 
 pear in their true light ; and after many attempts to construct a pho- 
 netic printing alphabet, with corresponding forms for longhand 
 writing, phonetic printing commenced in January, 1844, in the 
 Thonotypic Journal. 4Ye are encouraged to hope, from what has al- 
 ready been effected in the production and dissemination of books 
 printed phonetically, that, in the course of time, the current ortho- 
 
10 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 grapliy will give place to a system in wliicli the phonetic idea will 
 be uniformly respected. 
 
 6. Several attempts to construct, and bring into use, a phonetic 
 alphabet, have been made, at different times, by men eminent in litera- 
 ture ; but these attempts were characterized by extreme inattention 
 to details, and society had not, in any degree, been prepared for the 
 change. The cause of orthographic reform was pioneered by Sir 
 John Chekein 1540, by Bishop Wilkins in 1668, and by Dr Frank- 
 lin in 1768, The fear which is entertained by some, that the ety- 
 mology of words will be obscured by the introduction of phonetic 
 spelling, is groundless. The highest English authority on this sub- 
 ject, Dr Latham, says, “ all objections to change [in spelling] on the 
 matter of theoretical propriety, are as worthless as they ever could 
 be thought to be ; ” and the learned Chevalier Bunsen asserts that 
 phonetic spelling is comparative philology combined with universal 
 ethnology,” that the introduction of a phonetic alphabet is the gen- 
 erally-felt desideratum of the age,” and that “ the theory of etymol- 
 ogy is inseparable from that of phonology.” These opinions deserve 
 to he made as public as is the groundless objection that phonetic 
 spelling is destructive of etymology. 
 
 7. But it is not merely the inconsistency of English orthography, 
 of which we have to complain. The characters employed in ordinary 
 writing are too lengthy and complicated to allow of their being writ- 
 ten with expedition. A system of writing is required that shall bring 
 the operations of the mind and of the hand into close correspondence ; 
 and, by making writing as easy and as rapid as speech, shall relieve 
 the penman from the drudgery inseparable from the use of the present 
 system. In allusion to this great want of the present age, it was re- 
 marked in the Introduction to the 5th edition of Phonography, 1842, 
 “ There has hitherto existed among all nations the greatest disparity, 
 in point of facility and dispatch, between speaking and writing ; the 
 former has always been comparatively rapid, easy, and delightful ; 
 the latter tedious, cumbrous, and wearisome. It is most strange that 
 we who excel our progenitors so far in science, literature, and com- 
 merce, should continue to use • the mode of writing which they have 
 handed down to us, (with but very slight changes in the forms of the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 11 
 
 letters,) though, by its complexity, it obliges the readiest hand to 
 spend at least six hours in writing \vhat can be spoken in one.^’ 
 Phonography supplies this great w^ant by presenting a system of 
 alphabetic WTiting, capable of being WTitten with the speed of the 
 most rapid distinct articulation, and of being read with the certainty 
 and ease of ordinaiy longhand. This perfect legibility is not pos- 
 sessed by any of the common systems of shorthand writing, which 
 being based upon the romanic alphabet, necessarily partake of its 
 inconsistencies and deficiencies. It is weU known that manuscripts 
 written in accordance with other systems of shorthand, can seldom 
 be read by more than one or two persons besides the writer, and 
 after a short time, usually become undecipherable to the waiter him- 
 self. On the other hand, Phonography, which has for many years 
 been used by thousands of persons in letter-writing, is found to be 
 even more legible than ordinary longhand. 
 
 8. By Phonography, as adapted to Reporting, in a work entitled 
 The Reporter's Companion, the most fluent speaker may be taken 
 dowm, absolutely word for word, and the reporter’s notes may be 
 set up in type by any Phonographic compositor w^ho can read the 
 reporting style; or if the reporter reads over his notes, and inserts 
 a few vowels, his manuscript may then be read, with the facility of 
 ordinary writing, by anyone who has learned the system. Yerba- 
 tim reports of speeches have been set up by the compositors of the 
 Bath Journal, Norfolk News, New York Tribune, and other English 
 and American newspapers, without having been transcribed into 
 longhand. As it is calculated that six hours are required to trans- 
 cribe for the press, what occupied one hour in delivery, this new 
 system of reporting, while it is incomparably more accurate than the 
 old systems, has the additional advantage of saving five hours out of 
 every six at present devoted to preparing the report for the press. 
 
 9. The system of shorthand writing here presented, is the result 
 of innumerable stenographic experiments, extending over a period of 
 twenty years. These experiments were undertaken in order to 
 ascertain the signs best adapted for the expression of the acknow^- 
 ledged sounds of the language. In this 1 0th edition, several minor 
 improvements have been incorporated, after having been thoroughly 
 
12 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 tested in practice, for twelve months, hy many phonographic reporters, 
 and other members of the Phonetic Society, to whom the author 
 here begs to present his grateful acknowledgments, for their willing 
 and friendly diligence in thus laboring to bring Phonography to 
 perfection. The great practice which the system has received, and 
 is still receiving, from the many thousands who constantly use it, not 
 merely for reporting, but for the various purposes of every-day life, 
 such as writing letters, making notes and extracts, keeping accounts, 
 composition, &c., and the great liberality with which they have com- 
 municated their suggestions to the author, have enabled him to 
 produce a work far exceeding in completeness, beauty, and utility, 
 anything he could have hoped for at its first publication in 1837 : 
 and he believes that as no other system of shorthand has had such 
 great advantages, or is based upon so just and philosophical a view of 
 the elements of spoken language, so no other has attained the same 
 degree of perfec).ion, or possesses the same undeniable legibility, com- 
 bined with the same adaptability to the most rapid execution. (^) 
 
 9. For the first three paragraphs of this “ Introduction,’* and parts of some 
 others, the Author is indebted to Alexander John Ellis, esq., B.A., whose learn- 
 ing and zeal in advocating a reformed or phonetic orthography, have reared 
 a noble monument in his two works entitled The Essentials of Phonetics, 
 and A Plea for Phonetic Spelling. Mr Elfis also generously paid for the punches 
 of the new letters in seven out of the fifteen founts of type that have already 
 been raised to the phonetic standard, besides printing various phonetic school 
 books. For the information of printers who may wish to add the ten new letters 
 to their present founts, it may be observed tliat ten of the phonetic founts — 
 Nonpareil, Minion, Brevier, Burgeois, Long Primer, Small Pica, Pica, Two-hne 
 Pearl, Nonpareil, and Brevier — belong to the ty]ie-foundry of Messrs V. and J. 
 Figgins, London ; and five founts — Great Primer, Double Pica, Canon, Pica Script, 
 and Two-line Double Pica Script— are in the foundry of Messrs R. Besley and 
 Co., London. Messrs Figgins’s Nonpareil, Minion, Burgeois, and Small Pica, 
 belong to their celebrated BaskerviUe (broad faced) series of founts ] and the 
 Brevier, Long Primer, and Pica, to their Elzevir (condensed) series. 
 
ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 {Written in FlionograpJiy, 'page 66.) 
 
 10. The advantage of a practical acquaintance with the steno- 
 graphic art, to individuals in all situations of life, but more particu- 
 larly to literary men, is strikingly shown in the career of some who 
 have, for a course of years, used the “winged words” of stenography, 
 either in reporting for the press, or in their ordinary writing, and 
 who have thereby attained a mental elevation far beyond what would 
 have been possible in any other circumstances. Edmund Burke, 
 Judge Talfourd, Charles Dickens, and many other eminent 
 writers, may be fairly considered as having been indebted to their 
 engagements with the periodical press as reporters, in early life, for no 
 inconsiderable portion of their distinction in the literary world. It 
 may, perhaps, not be inappropriate to observe that Phonography, 
 with all the intellectual and social benefits that follow in its train, 
 has resulted from the seemingly trilling circumstance that the author, 
 at the age of seventeen, learned Taylor’s system of shorthand from 
 Harding’s edition, and that he was incited to the study chiefly by 
 the perusal of the following eloquent enumeration of some of the 
 advantages arising from the praetice of the art, from the pen of 
 Mr. Gawtress, the publisher of an improved edition of Byrom’s 
 system : — 
 
 11. “ Shorthand is capable of imparting so many advantages to per- 
 sons in almost every situation of life, and is of such extensive utility 
 to society, that it is justly a matter of surprise, that it has not 
 attracted a greater share of attention, and been more generally 
 practised. 
 
 “ In England, at least, this art may be considered a National 
 Blessing, and thousands who look with the utmost indifference upon 
 it, are daily reaping the fruits of its cultivation. It is scarcely 
 necessary to mention how indispensable it is in taking minutes of 
 
14 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 public proceedings. If all the feelings of a patriot glow in our 
 bosoms on a perusal of those eloquent speeches which are delivered in 
 the Senate, or in those public assemblies where the people are fre- 
 quently convened to exercise the birthright of Britons — we owe it to 
 shorthand. If new fervor be added to our devotion, and an additional 
 stimulus be imparted to our exertions as Christians, by the eloquent 
 appeals and encouraging statements made at the anniversaries of our 
 various religious Societies — we owe it to shorthand. If we have an 
 opportunity, in interesting judicial cases, of examining the evidence, 
 and learning the proceedings, with as much certainty, and nearly as 
 much minuteness, as if we had been present on the occasion — we owe 
 it to shorthand. In short, all those brilliant and spirit-stirring 
 effusions which the circumstances of the present times combine to 
 draw forth, and which the press transmits to us with such astonishing 
 celerity, warm from the lips and instinct with the soul of the speaker, 
 would have been entirely lost to posterity, and comparatively little 
 known to ourselves, had it not been for the facilities afforded to their 
 preservation by shorthand. Were the operations of those who are 
 professionally engaged in exercising this art, to be suspended but for 
 a single week, a blank would be left in the political and judicial 
 history of our country, an impulse would be wanting to the public 
 mind, and the nation would be taught to feel and acknowledge the 
 important purposes it answers in the great business of life. 
 
 “ A practical acquaintance with this art is highly favorable to the 
 improvement of the mind, invigorating all its faculties, and drawing 
 forth all its resources. The close attention requisite in following the 
 voice of the speaker, induces habits of patience, perseverance, and 
 watchfulness, which will gradually extend themselves to other pur- 
 suits and avocations, and at length inure the writer to exercise them on 
 every occasion in life. When writing in public, it will also be absolutely 
 necessary to distinguish and adhere to the train of thought which 
 runs through the discourse, and to observe the modes of its connec- 
 tion. This will naturally have a tendency to endue the mind with 
 quickness of apprehension, and will impart an habitual readiness and 
 distinctness of perception, as well as a methodical simplicity of 
 arrangement, which cannot fail to conduce greatly to mental supe- 
 
ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 15 
 
 riority. The judgmeat will be strengthened, and the taste refined ; 
 and the practitioner will, by degrees, become habituated to seize the 
 original and leading parts of a discourse or harangue, and to reject 
 whatever is common-place, trivial, or uninteresting. 
 
 “ The memory is also improved by the practice of stenography. The 
 obligation the writer is under to retain in his mind the last sentence 
 of the speaker, at the same time that he is carefully attending to the 
 following one, must be highly beneficial to that faculty, which, more 
 than any other, owes its improvement to exercise. And so much are 
 the powers of retention strengthened and expanded by this exertion, 
 that a practical stenographer will frequently recollect more without 
 writing, than a person unacquainted with the art could copy in the 
 time by the use of common-hand. 
 
 “ It has been justly observed, ‘ this science draws out all the powers 
 of the mind ; — it excites invention, improves the ingenuity, matures 
 the judgment, and endows the retentive faculty with the superior 
 advantages of precision, vigilance, and perseverance.’ 
 
 ‘‘ The facility it affords to the acquisition of learning ought to 
 render it an indispensable branch in the education of youth. To be 
 enabled to treasure up for future study the substance of lectures, 
 sermons, &c., is an accomplishment attended with so many evident 
 advantages that it stands in no need of recommendation. Nor is it 
 a matter of small importance, that by this art the youthful student 
 is furnished with an easy means of making a number of valuable 
 extracts in the moments of leisure, and of thus laying up a stock of 
 knowledge for his future occasions. The pursuit of this art materially 
 contributes to improve the student in the principles of grammar and 
 composition. While tracing the various forms of expression by 
 which the same sentiment can be conveyed ; and while endeavoring 
 to represent, by modes of contraction, the dependence of one word 
 upon another, he is insensibly initiated in the science of universal 
 language, and particularly in the knowledge of his native tongue. 
 
 “ The rapidity with which it enables a person to commit his own 
 thoughts to the safety of manuscript, also renders it an object pecu- 
 liarly worthy of regard. By this means many ideas which daily 
 strike us, and which are lost before we can record them in the usual 
 
IG 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 way, may be snatched from destruction, and preserved till mature 
 deliberation can ripen and perfect them. 
 
 “In addition to these great advantages. Science and Religion 
 arc indebted to this inestimable art for the preservation of many 
 valuable lectures and sermons, which would otherwise have been 
 irrecoverably lost. Among the latter may be instanced those of 
 Whitfield, whose astonishing powers could move even infidelity itself, 
 and extort admiration from a Chesterfield and a Hume, but whose 
 name would have floated down the stream of time, had not shorthand 
 rescued a portion of his labors from oblivion. With so many vouchers 
 for the truth of the remark, we can have no hesitation in stating it 
 as our opinion, that since the invention of printing, no cause has 
 contributed more to the diffusion of knowledge, and the progress of 
 refinement, we might also add, to the triumphs of liberty and the 
 interests of religion, than the revival and improvement of this long- 
 -neglected art. 
 
 “ Such are the blessings which shorthand, like a generous bene- 
 factor, bestows indiscriminately on the world at large. But it has 
 additional and peculiar favors in store for those who are so far con- 
 vinced of its utility as personally to engage in its pursuit. The 
 advantages resulting from the exercise of this art, are not, as is 
 the case with many others, confined to a particular class of society ; 
 for though it may seem more immediately calculated for those whose 
 business it is to record the eloquence of public men, and the pro- 
 ceedings of popular assemblies ; yet it offers its assistance to persons 
 of every rank and station in life — to the man of business as well as 
 the man of science — for the purpose of private convenience as well as 
 of general information.’’ 
 
HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 17 
 
 HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 12. There are three principal epochs in the improvement and dis- 
 semination of the art of Shorthand in modern times, ending respec- 
 tively at the publication of the matured systems of Mason (1682), 
 of Taylor (1786), and of Phonography (1837) ; and each may be as- 
 signed to some specific cause, or peculiar feature of the time. The 
 Shorthand of the Romans, as practised by Tyro, (the freed man of 
 Cicero,) Ennius, and others, was an abbreviated longhand, both as to 
 the forms of the letters, and the orthography. 
 
 13. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the principles of the Reforma- 
 tion were extensively promulgated in this country from the pulpit. 
 A desire to preserve for future private reading the discourses of the 
 principal preachers of that day, led to the cultivation of the newly 
 invented art of shorthand writing. Teachers and systems increased 
 rapidly ; and by a comparison of one mode with another, and by ex- 
 perimenting with various series of alphabetical signs. Mason, at length, 
 produced a system far superior to any that had preceded it. The pro- 
 gress of the art, from the publication in 1588 of Bright’s system of 
 arbitrary characters for words, (or rather from the publication of the 
 first shorthand alphabet by John Willis, in 1602,) to the appearance 
 of Mason’s system in 1682, may therefore be considered as resulting 
 from the dawn of religious freedom. Mason’s system was pub- 
 lished by Thomas Gurney, in 1751, and it is used by members of his 
 family, as reporters to the Government, to the present time. 
 
 14. No other marked advance was made till the middle of the next 
 century. “ It is singular,” observes Mr. Bradley, in his shorthand 
 treatise, that although Stenography was introduced into this country 
 at a very early period, yet that our forefathers should never, until a 
 
 2 
 
18 
 
 HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 very recent date, have thought of adapting it to that which is now its 
 primary, although by no means its only, use — we mean the transcript 
 of addresses delivered to the public, or in which the community at 
 large are interested. The example of Cicero ought to have incited 
 them to this pursuit, even had not the obvious nature of the art done 
 so. However, the use to which it has been since so successfully 
 applied, seems not to have been considered by them ; for, up to 1780, 
 public proceedings, or rather miserably abridged sketches of them, 
 were taken down in the ordinary writing for the London journals. 
 Dr Johnson was one of the earliest reporters of the debates in 
 Parliament, and the Doctor boasted that he took care the Whig dogs 
 should not have the best of the argument — a course which he could 
 well adopt ; for, instead of rejiorting the speeches of noble lords and 
 honorable members, he composed them ; and it is recorded that he 
 made them all speak in the same pompous and grammatical style in 
 which he was himself accustomed to wTite. In 1780, Mr. Perry, 
 then proprietor of the 3Iorning Chronicle, organized a corps of 
 reporters. Prom that time Stenography was studied for professional 
 purposes, and though there are some reporters on the daily papers who 
 even yet use condensed longhand, the majority practise the equally 
 simple and far more expeditious system of Shorthand.” The pub- 
 lication of the parliamentary debates caused a demand for reporters, 
 and for a system equal to their wants. Mason’s, adopted by Gurney, 
 was found insufficient. Its lengthy outlines could not be traced fast 
 enough to enable the reporter to keep pace with the flow of eloquence 
 that he often had to record ; and the numerous arbitrary signs, and 
 contractions of words, wxre too cumbersome for the memory. Byrom’s 
 system (privately taught by himself for several years,) was made pub- 
 lic in 1767, soon after his death. It was much practised in private 
 circles, but was not brief enough for the reporter. Taylor’s appeared 
 
 14. See The Gallery, a History of Parliamentary Reporting, by J. C. Gratton ; 
 (London: Pred. Pitman, I860;) a small volume which records the struggles of 
 the English people in the 18th century for liberty to read the debates in the two 
 Houses of Parharaent. The narrative forcibly reminds the reader of the more 
 vigorous struggles of the Nonconformists in the preceding century for freedom 
 of religious worship. 
 
HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 19 
 
 in 1786, and Mayor’s in 1789. These two valuable systems, with 
 many others far inferior, were the fruits of this increased demand for 
 the means of reporting the proceedings of the legislature ; and their 
 appearance marks the close of the second epoch, and the dawn of 
 POLITICAL FREEDOM. 
 
 15. The practice of shorthand writing having been found so favor- 
 able to the development of the mental powers of those who used it ; (as 
 shown, first, in reporting the sermons of the Reformers, and then in 
 taking down the discussions of our legislative assemblies ;) and the 
 experience of above two hundred years having proved the utility of 
 the art ; and, by the establishment of cheap schools, the ability to 
 read and write having been acquired by nearly all who were able 
 to afford the expense of learning these arts through the medium 
 of the old alphabet; — a somewhat extensive desire was shown, 
 chiefiy by young persons, to add to their other means of acquiring 
 knowledge the use of shorthand writing. Treatises on the art had 
 hitherto been sold at high prices, seldom at less than half-a-guinea, 
 and were thus beyond the reach of many who were desirous of learn- 
 ing. To meet this want, William Harding, a bookseller in Pater- 
 noster Row, published, in 1823, a neat edition of Taylor’s system, 
 with some slight improvements, at the reduced price of 3 s. 6d. The 
 book sold extensively, and in a few years other booksellers supplied, 
 at a much cheaper rate, not only Taylor, but also Byrom and Mavor. 
 An attempt to improve upon Taylor’s system, by marking the long 
 and short sounds of the vowels, with the intention of issuing a cheap 
 edition for general use in National and British schools, led the writer 
 of this sketch of the history of the art to the invention of Phono- 
 graphy. This occurred in 1837- Phonography is, however, so dif- 
 ferent in an its details from Taylor’s system, that its origin could 
 never be discovered from the work itself. Pounded, as it is, on the 
 “ alphabet of nature,” and already extensively practised throughout 
 Great Britain, and the United States of America, its publication may, 
 perhaps, without presumption, be called the third epoch in the devel- 
 opment of the art of Shorthand. The immediate cause of the present 
 extended practice of this kind of writing, was the diffusion of 
 KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE MIDDLE CLASSES OF SOCIETY. It has yet 
 2 * 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 to be extended to the lowest classes, and this will be the mission of 
 Phonography combined with Phonetic Printing. 
 
 16. That Phonography is likely to fulfil this mission, may be in- 
 ferred from one or two characteristics which distinguish it from all 
 other systems of Shorthand. The first is, that it is founded on a 
 strictly phonetic analysis of the English language, and may, conse- 
 quently, be used with facility, by those who are unable to spell in 
 accordance with the usual unsystematic orthography. The second is, 
 that Phonography is not adapted to the wants of the reporter alone, 
 but is especially well suited for letter- writing and general composi- 
 tion, as it may be written in a form as legible in every respect as 
 common longhand, with, at the lowest computation, one-sixth of the 
 trouble ; that is, in one-third of the time, and with half the fatigue. 
 The existence of two distinct styles of Phonography, one adapted for 
 letter-writing, and the other for reporting, — the second being only 
 an extension of the first, and not a new system in itself, — is the basis 
 of the popularity of Phonetic Shorthand. The consequences of these 
 happy arrangements are, that letter- writing is extensively cultivated 
 among phonograph ers, and that a nearer approach to the introduction 
 of one uniform system of Shorthand writing, — which all disciples 
 of the art have looked upon as likely to be productive of such great 
 benefits, — has already been made in the short period that Phonogra- 
 phy has been before the world, than was made in the two hundred 
 years during which Shorthand was previously employed in England. 
 That these effects will continue and increase, there is every reason to 
 believe, on account of the uniformly increasing demand for phono- 
 graphic books. On these grounds Phonography may, in some re- 
 spects, be said to afford the writer facilities of the same nature as 
 those which the invention of printing opened out to the reader. 
 
 16. From. Pitman’s History of Shorthand, originally published in the Phono - 
 typic Journal for 1847, and subsequently in a separate volume, in Phonetic Short- 
 hand, price Is. 6d., cloth 3s. 6d. London : Fred. Pitman, 1853. The History 
 of Shorthand is written in accordance with the 9 th edition of Phonography, in 
 which the vowels were arranged thus : — ee, a, ah ; au, o, oo. This does not ma- 
 terially lessen the value of the work for the purpose for v/hich it is recommended. 
 (See par. 130). 
 
EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 
 
 21 
 
 EXPLANATION OP TERMS. 
 
 17. Phonetics (from (poji/ri, phdne^ voice,) the things relating to 
 the voice : the science which treats of the different sounds of the 
 human voice, and their modifications. The style of spelling in 
 accordance with this science is named Phonetic: the common 
 style, such as is used in this book, being called Romanic, because it 
 is formed from an alphabet derived from that which was used by the 
 Romans. 
 
 Phonog'raphy, (from pJione^ voice, and ypacprj, grapke^ writing,) 
 the art of representing spoken sounds by written signs ; also the style 
 o-f writing in accordance with this art. 
 
 Phonot'ypy, (from pho 7 ie, voice, and tuttos, tupos, type,) the art 
 of representing sounds by printed characters or types ; also the style 
 of printing in accordance with this art. 
 
 Pho'nogram, (from ypa/nga, gramma^ letter,) a written letter, 
 or mark, indicating a certain sound, or modification of sound ; as, 
 k, ah. 
 
 Pho'notype, a printed letter, or sign, indicative of a particular 
 sound, or modification of sound; as, K, k ; 0 ", e* (in so, snow?). 
 
 Log^ogram, (from A.070S, logos, word,) a word-letter; a phono- 
 gram, that, for the sake of brevity, represents a word ; as j which 
 represents it. 
 
 Gram'malogue, a letter- word ; a word represented by a logogram ; 
 as it, represented by | t. 
 
 Phra'seogram, a combination of shorthand letters representing a 
 phrase or sentence. (See the Phonographic Phrase Book.”) 
 
 17. “A science consists of general principles that are to be known; an art, of 
 practical rules for something that is to be done.” — Archbishop Whateley. 
 
 We speak of the art of Phonography, and of the science of Phonetics on which 
 it is based. 
 
22 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON BEGINNING THE STUDY OF 
 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 18. The art of Phonography may be easily acquired. Experience 
 has shown that its principles are mastered by most learners in a very 
 short space of time, and that an hour’s daily practice in reading and 
 writing, continued for about a month, will generally ensure tolerable 
 facility in using it. Although it inoy be learned from this “ Man- 
 ual ” alone, the student will derive much assistance from the Pho- 
 nographic Teacher,” a more elementary work, containing a series of 
 progressive exercises in the phonographic character, expressly inten- 
 dedto lead the pupil by easy stages to a practical acquaintance with 
 the details of the system. After studying the Teacher,” he should 
 procure the ‘‘ Phonographic Reader.” When he has only this 
 
 Mminal/’ he is advised to write down every illustration as he comes 
 to it, repeating the phonetic name of each letter aloud, as he writes 
 it. After he has been carefully through these three works he is 
 recommended to read the Book of Psalms, written in an easy style 
 of Phonography, for learners. 
 
 19. The student is particularly cautioned against attempting to write 
 with rapidity at the outset. When his hand has become accustomed 
 to trace the simple geometrical forms of the phonographic characters 
 with correctness and elegance, he will find no difficulty in writing 
 them quickly ; but if he lets his anxiety to write fast, overcome his 
 resolution to write well, he will not only be longer in attaining real 
 swiftness, but will always have to lament the illegibility of his writing. 
 
 20. Phonography is at ail times best written on ruled paper, but 
 plain paper may be used, as in this volume. The “ Phonographic 
 Copy Book” is recommended as a companion to the “ Teacher.” 
 The learner should always write upon lines, and he may use either 
 a quill or a steel pen, or a pencil. A pencil is recommended for ex- 
 ercises, and a pen for ordinary writing and reporting. As, however, 
 the reporter is sometimes so situated that he cannot use a pen, he 
 should accustom himself, at times, to report with a pencil. The pen 
 or pencil should be held as for longhand writing, and the elbow be 
 turned out so that the letter \ h can be struck with ease. 
 
ALPHABET OF NATUBE. 
 
 23 
 
 ALPHABET OF NATURE. 
 
 21. Phonography is based upon an analysis of the English spoken 
 language. Its consonants and vowels are arranged so as to show, as 
 far as possible, their mutual relations. Tn the consonants, h stands 
 first, next, < 7 ; the rest follow in perfectly natural order, first the mute 
 or explosive letters, proceeding from the throat to the lips ; then the 
 semi-vocals, or continuants, in the same order ; and lastly the liquids 
 and nasals. Scarcely more than half the consonants are essentially 
 different ; the articulations in the pairs k and t and <^,/and v, etc., 
 are precisely the same, but the sound is, so to speak, light in the 
 first, and heavy in the second letter of each pair. The consonants in 
 each pair are represented by strokes in the same position, and of the 
 same shape, but that chosen for the second is written thick, instead 
 
 of thin ; thus, k, g, t, j d, 'v, f, V, etc. ; and 
 
 thus, not only is the memory not burdened with a multitude of signs, 
 but the mind perceives that a thin stroke corresponds with a light 
 articulation, and a thick stroke with a heavy articulation. K, t, p, 
 sh, s, th{in),f, are called light, or sharp consonants, and sh, s, th{in),f, 
 are further denominated whispered, or breathed consonants ; while 
 g, d, b, zh, z, th{en), v, are heavy, flat, spoken, or murmured conso- 
 nants. The difference is, that in the flat letters {g, d, h, etc.) a vocal 
 murmur is added to the action of the organs by which the sharp let- 
 ters []c, t, p, etc.,) are produced. The light sounds are also called 
 surds, while all the other letters (including ng, n, m, I, r, y, w, and 
 the vowels,) are called sonants. Ch and j are double consonants, 
 formed by the union of t, sh, and d, zh, as may be heard in ittch, 
 <?//eap, edge,jem. They are placed next to the first elements t, d, 
 which enter into their composition. The vowels are arranged na- 
 turally in two series, the first guttural and the second labial. Each 
 series commences with the most open sound. The short vowels are 
 represented by light dots and strokes, and their corresponding long 
 sounds by heavy ones. After a few weeks’ practice in writing Pho- 
 nography, the heavy strokes and dots are made without any perceptible 
 effort ; they are traced by the pen, with as much facility as their cor- 
 responding heavy sounds are produced by the organs of speech. 
 
Liquids. Nasals. Continuayits. Explodents 
 
 24 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 Letter. ILhonofjrapk. 
 
 Examples of its power. 
 
 Name. Phonotype. 
 
 K 
 
 — 
 
 ]ee/c 
 
 ^?ane 
 
 kay 
 
 k 
 
 G 
 
 — 
 
 league 
 
 gain 
 
 gay 
 
 g 
 
 T 
 
 
 (ale 
 
 tip 
 
 te 
 
 t 
 
 D 
 
 i 
 
 fade 
 
 dip 
 
 de 
 
 d 
 
 CH 
 
 / 
 
 etch 
 
 c?^est 
 
 chay 
 
 tc 
 
 J 
 
 / 
 
 edge 
 
 jest 
 
 jay 
 
 dj ' 
 
 P 
 
 \ 
 
 vepe 
 
 post 
 
 pe 
 
 p 
 
 B 
 
 \ 
 
 xehe 
 
 ^oast 
 
 be 
 
 b 
 
 SH 
 
 y 
 
 vidous 
 
 she 
 
 ish 
 
 c 
 
 ZH 
 
 J 
 
 vision 
 
 He 
 
 zlie 
 
 j 
 
 S 
 
 ) 
 
 
 .yeal 
 
 es 
 
 s 
 
 z 
 
 ) 
 
 hi.? 
 
 ;^eal 
 
 ze 
 
 z 
 
 TH 
 
 ( 
 
 \sxeath 
 
 thi^li 
 
 ith 
 
 CH b 
 \ R 6 
 
 TH 
 
 ( 
 
 '^xeathe 
 
 thy 
 
 the 
 
 ca d 
 
 \R d 
 
 F 
 
 sa/e 
 
 fat 
 
 ef 
 
 f 
 
 V 
 
 
 saye 
 
 vat 
 
 ve 
 
 V 
 
 NG 
 
 
 f\ng 
 
 * 
 
 iug 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 Xtj p 
 
 
 %een 
 
 net 
 
 en 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 
 seem 
 
 met 
 
 am 
 
 m 
 
 L 
 
 
 fall 
 
 1 
 
 /ight j 
 
 el 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 A 1 
 
 for 
 
 right 1 
 
 ar 
 
 r 
 
MANNER OF WRITING THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 25 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 22. "With one exception, (see par. 29,) every right-line and curve 
 employed in Phonography, is written in the direction of one of the 
 lines in the following diagram ; — 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 — 
 
 all straight lines and curves in direction 2 and the curv^es in direction 
 4 being inclined midway between a perpendicular and horizontal line. 
 
 23. The consonants should be made about one-sixth of an inch in 
 length, as in these pages. This size is best adapted for the learner, 
 and insures accuracy and neatness in the writing. When he can write 
 with ease, the size may advantageously be reduced to one-eighth of an 
 inch. Particular attention should he paid to the forms of the curved 
 thick letters ; if they are made heavy throughout, they present a 
 clumsy appearance ; they should be thickened in the middle only, and 
 taper off at each end. 
 
 24. Perpendicular and sloping letters are written from top to 
 bottom, and horizontal letters from left to right ; thus, 
 
 I \ y 
 
 25. The letter /, when standing alone, is written upward, and 
 
 downward ; /, and 5^, joined to other consonants, may 
 
 be written either upward or downward, as may be convenient ; thus, 
 
 ( 1 ^ 
 
 26. All the consonants in a word should be written without lifting 
 the pen, the second letter beginning where the first ends, and so on ; as, 
 
 kt, I tk, "^1 nt, \f fl, |/| trt. 
 
 26. There should always be an angle between / and n, I upward and m, and 
 all similar combinations. In tracing the consonants slowly, learners may make 
 an angle between;? and n, b and w, th and n, and similar combinations. The 
 advanced writer should strike these letters without an angle. 
 
20 
 
 UPWARD “ R.' 
 
 27 . When a straight consonant is repeated, no break should be 
 
 made between the two strokes ; thus, k/c. When a curved 
 
 consonant is repeated, the curve should not be written larger, but 
 doubled ; thus, nn, mm. 
 
 28. Single consonants, and combinations of consonants similar to 
 those in paragraphs 24, 25, 26, rest upon the line ; thus, ' | cal, 
 not •: — I cat. When two descending letters are joined, the first should 
 be made down to the line, and the second below ; thus. 
 
 UPWARD R. 
 
 29. As the straight line in direction 4, paragraph 22, may be writ- 
 ten either up or down, it is made to represent two letters, namely, ch 
 when written downward, and r when written upward ; this additional 
 sign being given to r for convenience and speed in writing. To di- 
 minish the risk of ch and r being mistaken for each other / ch is 
 made to slope 60 degrees from the horizontal, and r when 
 
 standing alone, 80. This line naturally takes these slopes when 
 struck by the hand downward and upward respectively. The upw^ard 
 7' is wTitten as in the following examples : — 
 
 A rt, \y pr, rp, m7\ ' 1/ ntr. 
 
 When r has to be written alone, or joined to the circle- j only, either 
 the alphabetic form may be used , thus, 
 
 rs, A sr, srs, 
 
 or the upward r may be employed (see paragraph ] 64) ; thus, 
 r, ^ rs, sr, O'^ srs. 
 
 When joined to other letters, ch and r are distinguished by the direc- 
 tion of the stroke; thus, chr, rch, / kr, ^ kch, 
 
 1/ tr, ^ tch, mr, inch. 
 
CHICLE ‘‘ S ” AND ‘‘ Z.” LONG VOWELS. 2V 
 
 CIRCLE S AND Z. 
 
 30. On account of their frequeut occurrence, 5 and are furnished 
 with an additional character, particularly convenient for joining ; thus 
 O s or z. AVhen the s circle is joined to straight letters, it is writ- 
 ten on the upper side of k, and on the corresponding side of the 
 other letters ; thus, 
 
 — D Iq ts, ^ chs, ps ; Q — sk, P st, sch, \ sp. 
 
 When joined to curved letters, it is written inside the curve ; thus, 
 Vo A sf, c) ss, ms, v_p 7is, msm. 
 
 Between two consonants, it takes the shortest direction ; thus, 
 
 P kst, J tsk, pst, cx^ chsp. 
 
 When the circle s (or the loop for st or str, par. 99) is joined to I only, 
 the consonant is written upward ; thus, Is, ^ si, and when 
 joined to sh only, it is written downward ; thus, shs, ^ ssh. 
 
 LONG VOWELS. 
 
 31. There are six simple long vowels in the^English language, viz.. 
 
 
 AH, 
 
 *i 
 
 A, 
 
 E; 
 
 AW, 
 
 0, 
 
 00; (31) 
 1 
 
 as in 
 
 1 
 
 (zlms. 
 
 •I 
 
 <zle, 
 
 eel ; 
 
 i "1 
 a\\, t?pe. 
 
 -1 
 
 iooA, 
 
 Vhonoiypes ; 
 
 R B, 
 
 8 8, 
 
 eei; 
 
 0 0 , 
 
 CTe*, 
 
 UJui. 
 
 
 R a, 
 
 6s, 
 
 a ; 
 
 0 0 , 
 
 'Do, 
 
 Wm. 
 
 32. The first three vowels are represented by a dot, and the last three 
 by a short stroke or dash, written at right angles to the consonant. 
 These vowel-signs are here written to the letter t, to show their respec- 
 tive places ; namely, at the beginning, middle, and end of a consonant. 
 All the vowels should be pronounced as single sounds ; that is, ah 
 as heard at the beginning of alms, and not as a-aitch ; a, as in ape ; 
 e as in ee\ j aw as awe, not as a-douhle-you ; 0 , as owe ; 00 as in ooze. 
 
 81. In previous editions of Phonography, the vowels were arranged thus: — 
 e, a, ah ; au, 0, 00. Experience has sliown that the present arrangement is 
 more in accordance with phonetic principles, and more convenient for the writer- 
 
METHOD OF PLACING THE VOWELS. 
 
 VOWELS FOLLOWING CONSONANTS. 
 
 ah a e aw o oo 
 
 K 
 
 T 
 
 CH 
 
 P 
 
 SH 
 
 S 
 
 TH 
 
 F 
 
 /• 
 
 y 
 
 )• 
 
 c 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 )• 
 
 (‘ 
 
 X 
 
 / 
 
 \. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 X. 
 
 A 
 
 X' 
 
 )■ 
 
 r 
 
 c. 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 Xs 
 
 )- 
 
 c- 
 
 X 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 / 
 
 % 
 
 ). 
 
 L 
 
 X 
 
 L 
 
 C 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 X 
 
 r 
 
 11 d0W7l 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X. 
 
 X 
 
 X' 
 
 X 
 
 R lip 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X' 
 
 VOWELS PRECEDING CONSONANTS. 
 
METHOD OF PLACING THE VQ-NVELS. SHORT VOWELS. 29 
 
 METHOD OF PLACING THE VOWELS. 
 
 33. When a vowel is placed on the left-hand side of a perpendicular 
 or sloping consonant, it is read before the consonant ; and when placed 
 on the right-hand side, it is read after the consonant. A vowel 
 placed above a horizontal letter, is read bfore the consonant, and 
 when written under, is read after the consonant. This, it may be 
 observed, is the way in which we read all European languages ; 
 namely, from left to right, and from top to bottom. As shown in the 
 Table on the opposite page, the vowels are written at the side of the 
 consonant, in three places, — at the beginning, middle, and end ; the 
 beginning of the consonant, whether written upward or downward, 
 being the place of the first vowel-sign ah. The letter /, for instance, 
 when written downward, has its vowels’ places reckoned downward ; 
 and when written upward, the vowels are reckoned from the bottom 
 upward. 
 
 34. Vowels placed at the beginning of a consonant {ah and aw, 
 for example,) are called first-place vowels ; vowels written in the 
 middle are called second-place vowels; and those written at the end 
 are called third-place vowels. 
 
 35. The vowel points and strokes must be written at a little dis- 
 tance from the consonants to which they are placed. If allowed to 
 touch, except in a few cases, they , would occasion mistakes. (See 
 par. 169.) 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 36. Besides the six long vowels already explained, there are in 
 English six short vowels, as heai’d in the words 
 
 pat, pet, not, nut, foot. 
 
 In producing these sounds the positions of the vocal organs are nearly 
 the same as in uttering the long vowels in 
 
 palm, pate, peat; nought, note, food; 
 
 the chief difference being, that the former vowels are more rapidly 
 pronounced. The short vowels are represented by dots and strokes 
 
30 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 y” and “w” double letters. 
 
 written in the same places as for the long ones, but made lighter, to 
 indicate their brief character ; thus. 
 
 a. 
 
 e, 
 
 1 ; 
 
 0, 
 
 “1 
 
 ii. 
 
 00 ; 
 
 as in am. 
 
 e\\, 
 
 in. 
 
 1 
 
 on. 
 
 np. 
 
 foot. 
 
 Yhonotypes : A a, 
 
 Ee, 
 
 Ti; 
 
 0 0, 
 
 
 Uu. 
 
 A a. 
 
 Ue, 
 
 li; 
 
 0 0, 
 
 3Ty, 
 
 Uu. 
 
 37. These short vowels should not be called — No. 1, ‘‘ short eh 
 No. 2, ‘‘short ee No. 3, “short ^, {e^e)” etc.; but — No. 1, 
 “ short ah; ” No. 2, “ short eh'^^ No. 3, “short etc. It will 
 
 be found more convenient when speaking of these short vowels, to 
 affix the letter t to each, and call them severally at, et, it, ot, H, ut 
 (that is bat). 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 38. The double vowels heard in the words ice, owl, ay, hoy, are 
 represented by small angular marks , thus, 
 
 VI A| V I >1 
 
 I, 1 ^ce ; ow, I oio \ ; Ai, 1 ay ; oi, I hoy. 
 
 T and ow are close diphthongs, accented on the second element ; 
 and ai (yes), oi, are open diphthongs, accented on the first elemenl. 
 Each is pronounced as one syllable. They are phenotypical ly repre- 
 sented thus, ei {ai or m), on (or au), ai, oi. The shorthand signs 
 for i, ow, oi, may be written in any place : ai is written in the eirst 
 place. Theoretically, oi, as an open diphthong, is the first stroke 
 heavy, (see par. 150,) but the light sign may be employed because it 
 is not required for a close diphthong formed of the same elements. 
 
 DOUBLE LETTERS OE THE Y AND W SERIES. 
 
 39. The letters y and w are unlike any other consonants. They are, 
 in fact, consonants made from vowels ; y being a modification of ee, 
 and w a modification of oo ; as may be heard in pronouncing 
 yah, yeh, yih {ov yee) \ yaio, yoh, yuh {ox yoo). 
 
 wall, well, wih (or wee) ; waw, woh, with (or woo.) 
 
 It has been found expedient to represent these letters in connection with 
 
FULL-SIZED CHARACTERS FOR Y, W, H.' 
 
 81 
 
 the succeeding vowel, by a single sign, having a vowel character ; thus, 
 
 yah w ; n yaw 
 yeh I yoh 
 yee « ' yoo 
 
 wall c 
 well c 
 wee c 
 
 3 waw 
 3 vmh 
 3 woo 
 
 These signs, like those for the simple vowels, are written heavy for 
 long vowels, and light for short ones. (See page 35.) 
 
 40. By prefixing w to the diphthong t, the treble sound wi is heard, 
 as in twice. It is represented by a small right angle, thus,' j wi, 
 which may be written in any position. 
 
 41. The shorthand signs for the diphthongs, and double and treble 
 letters of the y and vj series, are always written in the same direction ; 
 that is, they do not accommodate themselves to the consonant to which 
 they may be written, as do the signs for the simple vowels aw, o, oo. 
 
 FULL SIZED Y AND 7T. 
 
 42. Y and w are also furnished with full-sized consonantal forms ; 
 thus, ^ y, w ; which are used like other consonants ; thus, 
 r* yea, f\ Yeo, ^ use ; way, away. 
 
 These characters give greater distinctness than the small curved 
 double letters, in the writing of words which contain no other conso- 
 nant than y or w, also when either of these letters is followed by s. 
 
 THE ASPIRATE, OR BREATHING, H. 
 
 43. The aspirate occurs in English only when preceding a vowel, 
 or y, w, which are modifications of vowels. It is expressed by a 
 small dot prefixed to the vowel sign ; thus, 
 
 hail, hole, *^| white. 
 
 When it is more convenient to use a consonantal form for this letter, 
 it is written either / downward, or ^ upward, whichever may be 
 most convenient for joining with the preceding or following letter ; as, 
 
 y? hay, ^ hoe, hymn, honey, inherit. 
 
 The names of the letters y, w, h, are yay, way, aitch. 
 
32 
 
 THE CIRCLE AND STROKE “ S.” 
 
 ON WRITING PHONETICALLY. 
 
 44. In consequence of the deficiencies of the English alphabet, and 
 tlie unphonetic character of our orthography, the spelling of a word 
 can seldom be taken as a guide to its pronunciation. To write any 
 given word, therefore, phonographically, its several somids must first 
 be ascertained : the student should then write the phonographic letters 
 which represent them. The practice of Phonography and the reading 
 of Phoiiotypy (see page 61,) will improve the student’s pronunciation, 
 and train his ear to discriminate differences in orthoepy. 
 
 THE CIRCLE AND STROKE S. 
 
 45. The circle s is generally used in preference to the stroke s ; thus, 
 
 sake, 1° sat, sought, piece, task. 
 
 In these and similar words, the vowel is placed and read to the stroke- 
 consonant, and not to the circle s, to which no vowel can be placed or 
 read. The learner should particularly observe that the circle s, at the 
 beginning of a word, is always read first ; and at the end of a word 
 it is always read last. It may he made double-sized for ss ; thus. 
 
 46. When a word begins with a vowel followed by s or z, or 
 ends with a vowel preceded by s or z, the stroke form of the letter is 
 used ; thus, 
 
 47. The stroke s is used whenever it is necessary to place a vowel 
 
 48. The stroke z is used in all words that begin with z ; as. 
 
 44. The vowel a {eh) is always modified by a following r in English, so that 
 no distinction is required between the vowels in mate and mare. In Scotch, 
 Erench, German, Italian, etc., in which this deep a occurs independently of r, 
 it is represented by two dots parallel to the consonant, in the second vowel 
 place. This sign may also be employed in English Phonography, if the writer 
 chooses. Those who distinguish the vowels in 'pass and passive, and do not pro- 
 nounce the former as m father, may use two parallel dots for it; thus, \o pass. 
 
 to this consonant; thus, science, chaos. 
 
VOCALIZATION OF WORDS. 
 
 33 
 
 VOCALIZATION OF WORDS. 
 
 49. When a vowel comes between two consonants^ it is possible to 
 write it either after the first, or before the second ; thus, 
 
 cap. 
 
 cape. 
 
 keep. 
 
 Care must be taken not to write the vowel sign in an angle between 
 two letters ; as ^ which might be read either kee-p or k-ahp : 
 — for nick-nack, is not so clear as — nick-nack. 
 
 The three following rules embrace the greater number of cases. 
 
 50. First-place Vowels are written after the consonant ; as, 
 
 51. Second-place Vowels are written after the first consonant 
 when LONG, and before the second when short : thus, 
 
 cut. 
 
 It is thus known whether a second-place vowel is intended to express 
 a long or a short vowel independently of the heaviness or lightness 
 of the vowel sign. 
 
 52. Third-place Vowels are written before the second conso- 
 nant ; as, ^ 
 
 ] not I kit; \/ not poor. 
 
 53. If the second consonant is the circle s, the vowel must 
 necessarily be written after the first consonant ; thus, ^ 7 ^ muscle. 
 
 54. When the diphthongs v e, a ow, are written by themselves 
 
 for the words I, how, ^ / is placed above the line, and a how on the 
 line. When either of these diphthongs commences a word, the first 
 place is the most convenient ; as ^ ) eyes, ounce ; in other 
 
 cases they are both more easily written in the third place ; as, 
 
 V spike, VOVJ. 
 
 55. The double letters u yd, n yd, etc., c wd, ^ wd, etc., may 
 be joined to consonants to express y ox w alone ; thus, 
 
 ^ youth, ^ wit, (wrm) or warm. 
 
 56. When a first-place vowel comes either before or after the 
 first consonant of a word, the vowel may sometimes be more conve- 
 niently written first, and the consonant afterwards. 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SINGLE 
 
 AND 
 
 DOUBLE 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 
 
 
 L HOOK. 
 
 
 a HOOK. 
 
 K HOOK. 
 
 Half Length. 
 
 K 
 
 — 
 
 kl 
 
 -- 
 
 kr 
 
 -- 
 
 kn 
 
 — = 
 
 kt 
 
 - 
 
 G 
 
 — 
 
 gi 
 
 
 
 
 gn 
 
 
 gd 
 
 - 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
 tl 
 
 P 
 
 tr 
 
 1 
 
 tn 
 
 J 
 
 tt 
 
 i 
 
 D 
 
 1 
 
 dl 
 
 f 
 
 dr 
 
 1 
 
 dn 
 
 J 
 
 dd 
 
 1 
 
 CH 
 
 / 
 
 chi 
 
 / 
 
 chr 
 
 
 chii 
 
 y 
 
 cht 
 
 y 
 
 J 
 
 / 
 
 ji 
 
 / 
 
 F 
 
 / 
 
 jn 
 
 y 
 
 
 / 
 
 P 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 pr 
 
 \ 
 
 pn 
 
 \ 
 
 pt 
 
 \ 
 
 B 
 
 \ 
 
 bl 
 
 \ 
 
 br 
 
 \ 
 
 bn 
 
 \ 
 
 bd 
 
 \ 
 
 SH 
 
 y 
 
 shl 
 
 c.y 
 
 shr 
 
 
 shn 
 
 sht 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 up 
 
 
 
 down 
 
 down, up 
 
 
 
 ZH 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 zlir 
 
 J 
 
 zlin 
 
 y 
 
 zlid 
 
 J 
 
 S 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sll 
 
 
 st 
 
 ) 
 
 z 
 
 ) 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 zn 
 
 } 
 
 zd 
 
 ) 
 
 TH 
 
 ( 
 
 1 till 
 
 C 
 
 tlir 
 
 
 thn 
 
 c 
 
 tht 
 
 ( 
 
 TH 
 
 ( 
 
 till 
 
 t 
 
 ( 
 
 thr 
 
 
 tlin 
 
 ( 
 
 thd 
 
 C 
 
 E 
 
 V 
 
 fl 
 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 y 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 vl 
 
 
 vr 
 
 
 vn 
 
 y 
 
 vd 
 
 V. 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hri 
 
 
 ht 
 
 ? 
 
 down, up 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 up 
 
 
 down 
 
 
 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Short. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lon^. 
 
 
 
 a e 
 
 1 6 u 
 
 00 
 
 all e 
 
 li ee 
 
 aw 0 
 
 00 
 
 am, ell, 
 
 ill, olive, wp. 
 
 , foot. 
 
 alms, ale, eel. 
 
 ! 1 
 
 , all, oj)ej 
 
 , food. 
 
 Diphthongs. EI^ 
 
 1 isle, OW ^ 
 
 1 owl, AI 
 
 ay, 01 
 
 ^|oil, Wl'- 
 
 1 wine. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 35 ! 
 
 SINGLE AND DOUBLE 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 
 
 
 Half Length 
 
 Half Length 
 
 Half Length 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ST or SD. 
 
 T. 
 
 J). 
 
 NG 
 
 
 ugn 
 
 iigud 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 nil 
 
 nut 
 
 
 nt j 
 
 ud w 
 
 jNI 
 
 
 mu 
 
 Hint 
 
 
 rut ^ I 
 
 md 
 
 MP 
 
 
 mpn 
 
 mpnd 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 r 
 
 In /T 
 
 Int . 
 
 rcr 
 
 It Z' 
 
 Id r 
 
 
 
 up, down 
 
 up, down 
 
 up or down 
 
 down 
 
 R 
 
 N 
 
 ru 
 
 rnt 
 
 
 rt ^ 
 
 rd 
 
 R 
 
 
 rn 
 
 rut 
 
 
 rt / 
 
 rd / i 
 
 
 up 
 
 up 
 
 
 up 
 
 up 
 
 up t 
 
 Y 
 
 r 
 
 C 
 
 ynd 
 
 c 
 
 yi r 
 
 ; yid r 1 
 
 ; 1 
 
 W 
 
 > 
 
 \vn 
 
 wild 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 wnn 
 
 wunt 
 
 
 wnt ^ 
 
 I wud ^ 1 
 
 WM 
 
 
 wnin 
 
 wmnt ^ 
 
 wmt 
 
 j I 
 
 1 wind ^ 1 
 
 ; WL 
 
 cr 
 
 win (T" 
 
 wlnt 
 
 
 wit tT 
 
 ' wld C' 
 
 i 
 
 up, down 
 
 up 
 
 
 up 
 
 up 
 
 up 
 
 ! WR 
 
 
 wrn 
 
 wrnt 
 
 
 wrt 
 
 wrd (/ 1 
 
 
 up 
 
 up 
 
 
 up 
 
 up 
 
 
 NR 
 
 
 nrn 
 
 nrnt 
 
 
 nrt 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 nrd ^ ' 
 
 MR 
 
 
 mrn 
 
 rnrnt 
 
 
 1 
 
 i rart 
 
 1 mid 
 
 DOUBLE LETTERS OF THE F AND /T SERIES. 
 
 ya 
 
 ye y^ 
 
 ; yo yii yoo 
 
 wa 
 
 we wi wo wu woo 
 
 Short. "^1 
 
 
 1 ^1 
 
 1 
 
 C 1 
 
 ^1 i 
 
 ^1 J 1 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 c 1 
 
 1 1 3 1 j 
 
 as in yam, yet, Cyi,J yoxx,youn^, unite. 
 
 wag, wet, wit, was, won, wood. ' 
 
 yah yell yee yaw y5 
 
 yoo 
 
 wall well wee wawwowoo: 
 
 Long. '^1 
 
 \j 1 
 
 1 ^1 1 
 
 n 
 
 A 1 
 
 c I 
 
 '! c! 
 
 1 H ,11 
 
 I as in (yah,) yea, ye, yawn, yoke, you. 
 
 q 2 «alm, way, toe. 
 
 ?call,ttJoke,?foo. 1 
 
 3 * 
 
30 
 
 INITIAL L ” AND “ R ” HOOKS. 
 
 DOUBLE AND TREBLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 Initial L and R hooks. 
 
 57 . The simple articulations k,g, t, d, etc. are often closely united 
 with the liquids I and r, forming a kind of consonant diphthong, and 
 pronounced by a single effort of the organs of speech ; as in 6?/ean, 
 ^row, ^ry, 6?rink, etc. The natural way of expressing these com- 
 binations in writing would undoubtedly be by some marked and 
 uniform modification of the simple letters. It is effected thus : — 
 
 7c, with I, becomes c Id : 1c, with r, becomes c — Icr ; 
 
 I t, with I, becomes \ tl ; | t, with r, becomes ir. 
 
 58. The curved letters are represented in a similar manner; thus, 
 
 ( th, with I, becomes C > ( 1^^^ with r, becomes thr ; 
 
 f, with I, becomes ^ fl; f, with r, becomes ^ fr. 
 
 59. In the appropriation of the forms ^ to thr and fr, 
 
 there is a slight deviation from the principle upon which the straight- 
 -line double consonants are formed. Properly ^ would repre- 
 sent sr, rr ; but these combinations are not consonant diphthongs ; 
 they never occur in a syllable without a vowel between them. And 
 as such characters as for fr, (leaving the f unaltered,) 
 
 could not be written both accurately and quickly, and are, therefore, 
 not admissible into the system, the spare forms ^ are used for 
 
 thr,fr. In one respect the pairs ^ ? C 
 
 agree with the straight consonants. If the character ^ pi be cut 
 out in a piece of paper or card, and then turned over, pr is 
 produced ; in the same way fl reversed, gives fr, and 
 
 thl gives thr. These two series of double consonants are 
 given in the Table on page 3.4, columns 3 and 4. 
 
 60. In the hooked letters, the hook must not be considered as r, and 
 
 the stem as the primary letter, but the whole form c: must be taken 
 
 to represent the consonant diphthong kr, considered as a whole ; and 
 in no case can the r be read first ; thus ^ cannot be used for reap. 
 The left-hand hook was selected for the r series, and the right -hand 
 hook for the I series, because the combinations tr, pr, etc., occur five 
 
INITIAL “ L ” AND “ R ” HOOKS. 
 
 37 
 
 times as often as tl, pi, etc., and the left-hand hook is the best sign for 
 writing, both when occurring singly, and when joined to other letters. 
 
 61. If the i2ight4iand be held up, with the first finger bent, the 
 outline of t?' will be seen ; and by turning the hand round to the 
 following positions, all the double consonants of the kr series will be 
 formed ; thus, 
 
 62. If the Zeft hand be held up, in the same way, the outline of 
 tl will be seen; and by turning the hand round to the following 
 positions, all the double consonants of the kl series will be formed. 
 
 63. The double letters, 'w/ nr, mr, mp, are irregular. 
 
 64. When speaking of these double consonants, as, for instance, 
 in a phonographic class, it will be found convenient to pronounce 
 them with monosyllabic names ; thus, ] tr should not be called 
 te, ar, but ter ; ^ per; [* tel; pel, etc. A distinction is thus 
 made between p, I, pronounced as two letters, and pi, pronounced as 
 one. The former would mean \{^ the latter \ So the compounds 
 in par. 30 may be named — o kess, less, Q — sek, etc. 
 
 65. These double consonants are vocalized like the single ones ; thus, 
 
 \ tree, 'X, pray, flame, cipply, matter. 
 
 66. Shl^ upward shn and rt, downward wl. In, and Int, must 
 never stand alone, because they would then be read as other letters. 
 
38 
 
 skr” series Of consonants. 
 
 SKll SERIES OF CO'NSONANTS. 
 
 67. From the kr series of double consonants, a series of treble 
 consonants is formed by making the hook into a circle; thus, 
 
 o — skr^ ^ str^ sipr ; 0 sgr^ ^ sdr, shr. 
 
 08. These treble consonants are used only initially ; thus, 
 
 scrape, straw, ^ y strike, ^ spray, supreme. 
 
 Skr, sir, spr, cannot be read as sk, st, sp, because in the latter case 
 the circle s is always written on the upper or right-hand side ; thus, 
 
 Q — sk, P st, ^ sp. 
 
 69. Except when skr, str, sj)r, occur initially, the circle s and the 
 hook of the double letter must be distinctly expressed ; thus, 
 
 Exeter, express, pester, register, disclose, 
 
 excursive, J| destroy, prosper. 
 
 70. AVhen one of the I or r hooked letters follows the circle s, and a 
 perfect hook cannot be formed, an imperfect one will suffice ; thus, 
 
 explore; or it may be omitted, thus, suhsVibe 
 
 for subscribe, ^ ^ superskibe for stiperscribe . 
 
 71. After t, and d, the circle may be turned to the right in order 
 to form the treble consonants skr, sgr ; thus, 
 
 hs describe, ^ disagree, disgrace. 
 
 In the combinations dsk, dsg, the circle is written on the other side ; 
 thus, r desk, I o disguise. 
 
 O ry—^ 
 
 72. -S' is joined to a consonant of the kl series thus. 
 
 sickle, *P settle, p saddle, supply, civil. 
 
 73. Occasionally it is more convenient to write the single consonants 
 than to use a double letter of the kl and kr series ; thus, is the 
 best form for sensible. 
 
w” HOOK. 
 
 N ” HOOK. 
 
 39 
 
 W HOOK BEFORE N, M, L, R. 
 
 74. A hook at the heginiiing of n, m, I, and the upward r, (see 
 Table, page 35, lower part of column 2,) expresses w ; thus, 
 
 one, er^' whim, well, ware, worth. 
 
 75. This series of double letters differs from the kl and kr series 
 
 with respect to the principle explained in par. 60 ; for in the w hook 
 letters, the forms etc., are not to he understood as representing 
 
 wl, wr, etc., as consonant diphthongs ; but the hook is w, and the 
 stem I, r, etc. ; consequently, vowels placed before n, m, I, r, will be 
 read between the w and the letter represented by the stroke. Thus 
 these four double consonants are vocalized like sn, sm., etc. 
 
 76. The aspirated vj fwh) is expressed by thickening the hook ; 
 thus, whim, c>^ where ; or by ^ ; thus, 
 
 N HOOK. 
 
 77. A" following a straight letter, is expressed by a final hook on 
 the UNDER side of a horizontal stroke, and on the corresponding side 
 of any other straight letter ; (see Table, pages 34, 35 ;) thus, 
 
 cane, J - tone, ^ pain, 3* train, turn, ^ explain. 
 
 78. By making the hook into a circle, .y or is added ; thus, 
 
 —TO canes, J - tones, pains, trains, tarns, * explains. 
 
 When the 5 or circle only is joined to a straight letter, it is written 
 on the UPPER side ; thus, o ks, ts, ps. (See par. 30.) 
 
 79. The circle is made double-sized for ^25^2;; thus, expenses. 
 
 80. After curves, the 7i hook is written inside the curve ; thus, 
 
 cJ shine, Xo feign, lean, known, mine. 
 
 S or 2 ; is added by a circle at the end of the hook ; thus, mines. 
 
 81. A vowel after a letter with the n hook is to be read before 
 
 the n; thus, men. To express a vowel after n, the stroke n 
 must be used ; thus, many, tiny. As the stroke n (and 
 
 also the stroke s, and frequently t and<a?) at the end of a word, thus 
 mdicates a final vowel, the vowel may be omitted in swift writing. 
 
40 
 
 F ” HOOK. HA.LVING PRINCIPLE. 
 
 F OR V HOOK. 
 
 82. F or when following a straight letter, is expressed by a 
 final hook on the upper side of a horizontal stroke, and on the corres- 
 ponding side of any other straight letter ; thus, 
 
 — ^ L tf> i chf, pf, ^ rf (upward) ; 
 
 as in iouf/h, Ij David, / ^ covcjh, -■ lUhniiraph. tnrf. 
 
 Halving Principle, adding T or D. 
 
 83. By halving any of the preceding letters, (see par. 91,) whether 
 single, double, or treble, ^ or is added, according as the letter is thin or 
 thick ; t being generally added when the letter is thin, and d when it 
 is thick ; (see p. 34, last column, and p. 35, last three columns ;) thus, 
 
 I talk, |__ talked ; V_ hake, baked ; /\ rij), ripped ; 
 
 live, lived ; /^\ruh, rubbed ; \ . bea. \^begged. 
 
 84. A vowel before a half-sized consonant is read before both let- 
 ters ; as, .) east, .) eased, oft, ached, •— act. 
 
 85. A vowel after a half-sized consonant is read next to the pri- 
 mary single, double, or treble letter ; thus, 
 
 f § Crossthwaite, coughed, pomt, X bread, street. 
 
 86. N, m, I, and r are shortened for the addition of t, and these 
 
 shortened strokes, when thickened, represent nd, md. Id, rd ; thus, 
 Qj/ sent, ^ send, tempt, ^ stemmed, V old, appeared. 
 
 87. Lt, when standing alone, is written upward; in other cases, 
 either upward or downward : Id is always written downward ; thus, 
 
 lute, melt, pelt, knelt, lead, fold. 
 
 88. jD is added to both light and heavy letters, for the past tense ; as, 
 
 melted, peopled, ordered, measured. 
 
 89. To express d instead of t after the n hook, (also to distinguish 
 V from/,) the hook is thickened, but this is not important ; thus, 
 
 d* attained, pained, (? lend, strife, strive. 
 
 90. The practised phonographer may use a half-sized letter to rep- 
 resent either an added t or d ; as, 
 
 mind, upioard, rapid, afford, alphabet. 
 
“ -TION ’’ hook. 
 
 41 
 
 91. The only consonants that do not admit of being halved are 
 
 ^ y. ng, and the irregular mp, (All hooked let- 
 
 ters are halved for the addition of t or d) 
 
 92. A full-sized and a half-sized consonant, or two half-sized con- 
 sonants, should not be joined unless they form an angle at the 
 point of union ; because it would sometimes be doubtful whether such 
 combinations were meant for a single letter, or a full-sized and a 
 half-sized letter, or two full-sized letters. For instance, k and kt^ 
 I (upward) and kt^ tr and tt, d and t and nt, nt and mt, are not 
 allowable combinations : these double consonants should either be 
 resolved into their simple letters, or the pen should be taken off ; thus, 
 
 j kicked^ !• treated, " ^ intimate, practicable . 
 
 93. The half 1 length consonants are named, — ket, ^ gent, tic. 
 
 -TION HOOK. 
 
 94. The termination -tio7i {shon), is expressed by a large linal 
 
 hook. After a curve it follows the direction of the curve ; thus, 
 Vo fashion, mission, version, nations, 
 
 95. At the end of a straight letter beginning with a hook or circle, or 
 springing from a curve, the tion hook, when final, is written on the op- 
 posite side, that the straightness of the letter may be preserved ; thus, 
 
 oppression, ^ O correction, ^ collection, circulation, 
 
 ^•station, section, secretion, i ^ affection, g — selection, 
 
 96. In other cases, -tion when final, and following a straight letter, 
 is written on the side opposite to that on which the preceding vowel is 
 written, for convenience in vocalizing ; thus, j~^ caution, occa- 
 sion, ’—j action, ^ passion, predication, protection, 
 
 operation, portion, \/^ Persian. After simple t or d, 
 the -tion hook is always written on the right ; thus, a,ddition. 
 
 97. Ns after a straight letter being a circle, thus, — o kfis, the 
 termination -tions, when on the same side, may be written with a 
 SMALL hook, and circle inside ; thus, patience, ^ actions. 
 
 98. The n, f, and -tion hooks may be used in the middle of a word ; 
 
 as, render, perfect, national ; and the -tion hook 
 
 may be thickened for -sion ; thus, derision, vision. 
 
42 
 
 ST” and STR ” LOOPS. “s-tion” hook. 
 
 ST AND STR LOOPS. 
 
 90. SI is written by a loop one-third as long as a consonant ; as, 
 
 — stoc/c, siate, stop, steam, still, 
 
 kissed, toast, fast, last, rest. 
 
 100. This loop is used chiefly as initial or flnal, but it may he 
 employed medially when the loop can be distinctly formed ; as in 
 
 testify, justify, investigation. 
 
 101. A loop half as long as a consonant, represents str ; thus, 
 
 strike, strap, faster, muster, minister. 
 
 102. These loops may be combined with the initial kr and the 
 final kn series of straight letters ; thus, 
 
 stoker, against, striker, strapyer, jpunster. 
 
 103. S may be added to a final loop or to the large ss circle by 
 continuing the stroke of the loop or circle ; thus, 
 
 c-|^ crusts, ^ lists, dusters, punsters, • 9 exercises. 
 
 S-TION HOOK. 
 
 104. A hook made by continuing the s circle to the other side of 
 the consonant, adds 4ion (shn) or -sion (zhn) ; thus, 
 
 j. decision, possession, position, persuasion, 
 
 J transition, compensation. 
 
 In this case, the hook -tion may be vocalized for a second or third- 
 place vowel only, by writing the vowel-sign before the hook for a 
 second-place vovvel, and after it for a third-place vowel, as in the 
 above examples. 
 
 105. The circle s or z may be added to this back hook, and it 
 may, occasionally, be used in the middle of a word ; thus, 
 
 positions, physicians, ^ positional, transitional. 
 
LENGTHENED CURVE. VOCALIZATION OF KL, KR,” ETC. 43 
 
 Lengthened Curve, adding THR. 
 
 106. When a curved consonant is wTitten twice its usual length, it 
 expresses the addition of ^ thr (dr), tr^ or dr ; thus, 
 
 father^ ^ neither^ ^ mother, 
 
 letter, order, slander, inventor. 
 
 These double-length consonants are vocalized like the half-lengtli 
 ones, (see par. 84, 85,) with respect to a vowel sign written before 
 or AFTER. (See par. 112). 
 
 Vocalization of the KL, KR series of ConsonaxNTS. 
 
 107 To express one of the long vowels ah, eh, ee, between tlie 
 two letters of one of the kl, kr series of consonants, write a small 
 circle above or before the consonant ; thus, 
 
 careless, dear, cheerless. 
 
 108. The short vowels d, e, t, are written by a small circle placed 
 UNDER or AFTER the coiisonaut ; as, 
 
 gardener, Charles, firm, p> tell, till. 
 
 109. When the position of the consonants renders it inconveni- 
 ent to observe this rule, the circle may be written on either side, for 
 either a long or a short vowel ; thus, 
 
 regard, Tyrolese, engineer. 
 
 110. A stroke vowel is struck through the consonant ; thus, 
 erf^ course, cj_ cold, c-R curve, o4-^ scurf, ^ full, school, 
 
 record, require, soldier, during. 
 
 111. When an initial hook or circle would interfere with a first-place 
 vowel, or a final hook or circle with a third-place vowel, the vowel- 
 sign may be written at the beginning or end of the consonant; as, 
 
 dormouse, quality, figuration, Vc— figures. 
 
 112. A vowel before the final r of a lengthened curve is written 
 
 in accordance with the rules in par. 107-111 ; thus adventure . 
 
41 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 ]13. The following prefixes are written near the following part of 
 the word, but in reporting (except the dot con,) they are joined, 
 when it is convenient to do so, to save the time necessary for lifting 
 the pen : — 
 
 ] 14. Con or com is expressed by alight dot, written at the begin- 
 ning of the word; thus, J. contain, comply. When preceded by 
 a consonant, either in tlie same word or the preceding word, con or 
 com is understood by writing the syllable that follows, under or close 
 TO the consonant that precedes ; thus, inconstant, ^ accom- 
 plish, (in practice, the vowel of ac may be omitted,) |\^ decompose, 
 discompose, |^j discontent, irreconcilable (down- 
 ward r), reconcilable (upward r, see par. 162), T miscon- 
 duct, recommend, uncommon, unconfined, iu 
 
 consequence, you will comply, I am content (see par. 179), 
 and contrive, and compare, he connected, 
 
 he consented, 9^^ has commenced, andj is content. (See 
 the signs for and, he, etc., page 49.) 
 
 115. Contra, Contri, Contro as, contradiction, 
 
 -V contribution, controvert. 
 
 116. For, fore as, V^j forget, 'vP foretell. 
 
 117. Inter, intro as, interview, introduction. 
 
 118. Self o as, selfish, o| selfhood. 
 
 119. The preposition in may be expressed before the treble 
 consonants, skr, str, spr, by a back hook ; thus, ^ mscription, 
 
 instruct, inspiration. 
 
 1 20. A prefix resembling in sound any of the above may be writ- 
 
AFFIXES. 
 
 45 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 121. The following affixes are written near the preceding part of 
 the word : — 
 
 122. Ing is expressed hy a light dot at the end of a word ; thus, 
 
 ,1 eating ; or hy the alphabetic ; as 'parting. Ings is 
 
 written by / or \ , or the alphabetic form ings^ as | doings, 
 
 lodgings, meetings, engravings, sayings. 
 
 The dot or stroke should be used only when does not join well. 
 
 123. Ality, ility or Arity. Any consonant when disjoined from 
 that which precedes it, expresses thereby the addition of ality or 
 arity, or any other termination of similar sound ; thus, 
 
 carnality 
 
 formality 
 
 penalty 
 
 \/^ barbarity 
 peculiarity 
 popularity 
 
 probability | vulgarity 
 
 124. ly r' as heavenly. This affix does not interfere 
 
 with ality. It is generally more convenient to join the I ; as 
 goodly. A separate ly may be omitted in reporting. 
 
 125. Ment, Mentality as mstrumental or instrumen- 
 tality ; fundamental. 
 
 126. Self q as (o thyself. selves O as, ^ themselves. 
 
 127. Ship J as stewardship, horsemanship. 
 
 Sometimes the two letters sh, p, can be written faster, if joined, 
 than a separate sh ; thus, ^ friendship. 
 
 128. A logogram (see par. 131,) may he used either as a ])refix 
 
 or affix ; thus, ^ advantageov&, afterxioow, Lordship, 
 
 ^ hereafter, therefore. 
 
46 
 
 METHOD OE PRACTICE. 
 
 METHOD OF PRACTICE. 
 
 129. The ]oarner should not attempt, at first, to bring into use all 
 the abbreviating prineiples here introduced. He should be content 
 to practise, for two or three weeks, a rather lengthened style of 
 Phonography, making much use of the simple consonants, until he 
 feels confidence in the use of the phonographic characters, and in 
 the principle of phonetic spelling. He may then gradually adopt the 
 double and treble letters, and the prefixes and affixes, etc., as he 
 requires them, ; that is, as he feels that the style he is employing is 
 not brief enough for the manual dexterity he has acquired. In se- 
 lecting one out of two or more possible forms for any word, the 
 student must recollect that great ease in writing, and, consequently, 
 the saving of time, is not secured by using hooked and grouped, and 
 especially half-sized, letters, on all possible occasions ; but he must 
 learn to make a judicious selection, and employ those which are most 
 readily made in any given case, and not adopt those forms that 
 merely take up the least room. 
 
 130. The pupil should spend as much time in reading as in 
 v'riting Phonography. Printed rather than manuscript Phonography 
 should be selected for this purpose. To those who wish to excel in 
 Phonography as an Art, the perusal of two or three shorthand vol- 
 umes is recommended before a rapid style of writing is acquired, in 
 order that the style may be formed on a correct model. When learn- 
 ing, the following method of practice will be found useful : — Take a 
 specimen of printed shorthand and copy it out in longhand ; then 
 transcribe the article into phonetic shorthand, from the longhand 
 copy, and compare the shorthand exercise with the original : correct, 
 if necessary, and re-write. This course should be continued until 
 a correct style is obtained. Much advantage will also be derived 
 from transcribing phonetic printing into shorthand. In this case 
 the pupil has the phonetic spelling of each word provided to his 
 hand. The ‘‘ Phonetic Journal,” published weekly, may be used 
 for this purpose. In a class, after an exercise has been WTitten from 
 the dictation of the leader, let the books change hands, and each 
 student read and correct the writing of another. 
 
gram:n[alogues. 
 
 47 
 
 GRAMMALOGUES. 
 
 131. The single and compound letters are used in Phonography to 
 represent the most frequent words in the language. To write the, and, 
 that, etc., in full, would be unnecessarily tedious ; nor would these 
 words, thus written, be more legible than when expressed by one simple 
 and distinct character. W ords so abbreviated are called grammalogues, 
 or sign-ioords, and the shorthand letters that represent them are called 
 logograms, or word-signs. The table on the next page is the result of 
 numerous experiments in writing, continued through many years, for 
 the purpose of ascertaining the most useful words to be abbreviated, and 
 the shorthand letters by which they may be best represented. 
 
 132. The stroke-vowels aw, o, oo, are used as logograms in each of 
 
 these directions s | / The dash / represents the common 
 
 words and, he; this sign being serviceable in Phraseography. 
 (par. 179,) where the vowel dots of these words could not be used. 
 
 133. The series of vowel grammalogues is, 
 
 \ I ✓ \ 1 
 
 __ _L ___ _/_ 
 
 all, too, tw'o ; oh, ov:e ; av:e ; of, to ; on, hut ; and, should, he 
 
 And and should are written upward ; he is written downward. 
 
 134. The list of grammalogues on the following page contains about 
 a hundred of the most common words in the language. The pupil 
 will find it advisable to adopt a few at a time, until he has mastered 
 the whole, rather than attempt to commit the list to memory at the 
 beginning of his practice. This list will be found sufficient for the 
 First Style of Phonography, that is, for every purpose for which 
 Shorthand may be required, except reporting. 
 
 135. In the Table, a word is occasionally printed with a hyphen; 
 thus, give-n ; or, with a double termination ; thus, im])ortan\^; to inti- 
 mate that the corresponding logograms represent both give and given,, 
 important and importance. The context will show which is meant. 
 
 136. S may be added to a logogram to mark the plural number 
 or the possessive case of a noun, or the third person singular of a 
 verb in the present tense ; as _ good, ^ goods, Lord, Lord's, 
 come, — o comes. As, is, are aspirated thus, has, .^his. 
 
48 
 
 ffiraminalogties. — ^i|}onettcall 2 3lrrangeti. 
 
 Words marked ( * ) are written above the line^ and words marked ( | ) 
 are written through the line. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 K Can*, come 
 
 Id c_ call * 
 k(l — could 
 
 ks D because * 
 
 krd c- according * 
 knt “3 cannot * 
 
 G — a-go*, give-n 
 gd — God*, good 
 grt c- great 
 H ^ who 
 Y ^ your 
 T I at*, it, out I 
 tr truth 
 D I had*, do 
 dd I did 
 dn J done 
 df Difficult-y 
 
 CH/ much*, which, 
 each .j. 
 
 J / advantage 
 jn (/ general 
 SH ^ shall, shalt 
 shrt J) short * 
 
 S ) so, us I 
 st ^ first 
 sprt ^ spirit 
 Z ^ was 
 z o as*, is 
 
 m ( think 
 
 TH ( them 
 
 thr thefe, other ^ 
 tht ( that*, without 
 P \ up 
 pn upon 
 pr "N., opportunity * 
 prt particular 
 B \ by*, be 
 
 br remember-ed, 
 member 
 bn been 
 
 F for, if.}, 
 fr from 
 fn Phonography 
 ft V. after * 
 
 ever*, have 
 
 i vr every, very, 
 i however .}. 
 
 I W1 ^ will 
 
 I wr were, where 
 ! wn when*, one 
 I L Lord 
 R A or, our .}. 
 
 I r are 
 
 I rd ^ read* (present 
 I tense), word 
 
 I iN^G language *, 
 
 thing 
 N in*, no 
 
 nr nor * 
 nri opinion 
 
 nt not * 
 
 nd w under 
 M my*, me 
 
 mp importance*, 
 irnprove-d-ment 
 mr Mr*, more 
 
 md immediate * 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 a . a, an * 
 ah . ah ! * 
 e . the 
 eh . aye (r, ever) 
 
 6 \ of * 
 
 I on * 
 aw \ all * 
 
 ✓ awe * 
 ii I but 
 
 d I O, oh !, owe* 
 do \ to 
 
 should (up) 
 55 N two, too 
 
 DIPHTHONGS, 
 ye u ye 
 
 V year-s * 
 yo5 ^ you 
 
 wi c with * 
 we c we * 
 wo 3 what* 
 woo 3 would 
 i V I* 
 ai V ay * {ai, yes) 
 ow A how 
 
Gi-ainmal0guc0— aipfjabcticalls arrangeti. 49 
 
 A an * 
 
 
 every, very 
 
 i "" 
 
 Mr * 
 
 
 the 
 
 according* 
 
 
 First 
 
 ■ 
 
 more 
 
 ) 
 
 the" 
 
 advantage 
 
 
 for 
 
 / 
 
 much * 
 
 ( 
 
 them 
 
 after * 
 
 
 from 
 
 
 my* 
 
 
 thing 
 
 ! ago* 
 
 
 General 
 
 
 No 
 
 T 
 
 think 
 
 all* 
 
 1 
 
 give-n 
 
 
 nor * 
 
 \ 
 
 to 
 
 an * 
 
 1 
 
 go * 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 uot * 
 
 \ 
 
 too 
 
 and * (up) 
 
 1 — 
 
 God* 
 
 \ 
 
 Of* 
 
 1 
 
 truth • 
 
 1 are 
 
 i - 
 
 good 
 
 1 
 
 on * 
 
 \ 
 
 two 
 
 I as * 
 
 (T“ 
 
 great 
 
 
 one 
 
 w 
 
 Under 
 
 at * 
 
 1 
 
 V. 
 
 Had* 
 
 
 opinion 
 
 \ 
 
 up 
 
 Because * 
 
 have 
 
 % 
 
 opportunity* 
 
 \ 
 
 upon 
 
 been 
 
 / 
 
 he (down) 
 
 
 or 
 
 ) 
 
 us -{- 
 
 but 
 
 A 
 
 how 
 
 ■) 
 
 other 1 
 
 ) 
 
 Was 
 
 by* 
 
 
 however! 
 
 
 our -!- 
 
 
 were, where 
 
 Call* 
 
 V 
 
 If^ 
 
 1 
 
 out 1 
 
 D 
 
 what * 
 
 can * 
 
 
 immediate* 
 
 
 Particular 
 
 
 when * 
 
 cannot * 
 
 
 important* 
 
 
 Phonogra- 
 
 pf»y 
 
 / 
 
 which 
 
 come 
 
 
 improve-d 
 
 -ment 
 
 
 Read * 
 (pr. tense) 
 
 ; 
 
 who 
 
 could 
 
 
 in * 
 
 
 remember- 
 
 -ed 
 
 r 
 
 will 
 
 Did 
 
 o 
 
 is 
 
 
 Shall, shalt 
 
 c 
 
 with * 
 
 difficult-y 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 
 short * 
 
 ( 
 
 without 
 
 1 do 
 
 
 Lord 
 
 
 should 
 
 (^P) 
 
 
 word 
 
 done 
 
 
 language* 
 
 ) 
 
 so 
 
 0 
 
 would 
 
 1 Each i 
 
 1 i 
 
 1 
 
 Me 
 
 
 spirit 
 
 w 
 
 year-s * 
 
 ; ever * || 
 
 member 
 
 ^ ( 
 
 That * 
 
 r 
 
 your 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 GRAMMALOGUES. 
 
 137. In general, the positions of the grammalogiies, above, on, 
 and THROUGH or under the line, are determined by their vowels; 
 and in the case of a word of more than one syllable, by its accented 
 vowel. The positions of the vowels are : — 1, ah, aw, I, oi, wi ; 2, a, a ; 
 3, e, GO, ow, u ; and the corresponding short vowels. The posi- 
 tions of the logograms are : — 1, above the line ; 2, on the line ; 3, if 
 down or up strokes, through the line ; but if horizontal or half-length 
 sloping, below it. Double-length curves take only the following 
 positions : — Perpendicular, through the line for all words ; slo- 
 ping, 07Z the line for words containing first and second-place vowels, 
 through the line for words containing third-place vowels ; horizon- 
 tal, 1, above the line, 2, on the line, 3, under the line. (^^7) 
 
 138. The rules that determine the position of a grammalogue are, 
 
 specifically, these four : — 1. Common words are written, generally, on 
 the line, because this position is most convenient : sometimes they are 
 written in the first position, for the purpose of attaching other words 
 in Phraseography. 2. In the case of a word that contains several 
 consonants, the letter chosen to represent it is written in the position 
 which it occupies when the word is written in full.(^^®) 3. In all other 
 
 cases the logogram is written in position, in accordance with the 
 vowel or accented vowel of the word which it represents. 4. But if 
 that position is occupied by some other word, it is placed in the most 
 convenient unoccupied position. Occasionally, in the Reporting 
 Style, a letter represents two or three wmrds of differe^it parts of 
 
 137. Phonography may he written on plain paper, or on paper ruled with either 
 single or double lines. Some reporters prefer single-line and others double- 
 -line paper. We think that the preference for double-lines is merely a matter 
 of habit, and that single-line paper is equally serviceable ; it is certainly more 
 economical. Our own practice is to employ single-line paper both for ordinary 
 and reporting purposes : we find the double lines perplexing. Those reporters 
 who use double-line paper say that it gives greater distinctness to words in 
 the first position, and checks the tendency to write too large, when reporting. 
 When double-line paper is used, the three positions for logograms are distin- 
 guished thus ; — 1, If down or up strokes, throufjh the top line; but if horizontal 
 or half-length sloping, under it ; 2, on the bottom line ; 3, if down or up strokes, 
 through the bottom line, but if horizontal or half-length sloping, under it. 
 
 138. Because, written by ks above the line, is made an exception to this rule 
 for phraseographic purposes. (See par. 179-) 
 
GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING. 
 
 51 
 
 speech^ or otherwise so distinct that they cannot he read the one for the 
 other. 
 
 139. In the following cases the name of the letter is the same as 
 the sound of the word ; the letter, therefore, represents the word : these 
 may be called natural grammalogues ; \ be, ^ I, ^ awe, ' 0 ! oh ! 
 owe, u ye, n you, ^ we. These natural grammalogues will he found 
 under their respective letters on page 48. It was not considered 
 necessary to repeat them in the List, page 49. Theoretically, you is 
 n yoo, but the light sign n yoo may be used because it is not required 
 for any other word. The double vowels c wi, c loe, when represent- 
 ing the words with, we, are written above the line, although they are 
 third-place vowels, because this position is the best for attaching other 
 words and forming phraseograms. (See par. 179.) 
 
 GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING. 
 
 140. Positions of Words. — Phonographers, who wish to become 
 reporters, should cherish reporting habits as soon as they can write the 
 First Style fluently. In following a rapid speaker, it is impossible to 
 insert many vowels. If then we can, by a dilference in the position 
 of a consonant outline, indicate the vowel, or principal vowel, of the 
 word, it will facilitate the reading of the report. In the Reporting 
 Style, a word whose consonant outline is less than two perpendicular 
 strokes in depth, is written in position, in accordance with its vowel, 
 or accented vowel. No advantage would arise from placing in po- 
 sition a word that occupies the space of two perpendicular strokes, 
 or more,*because in such cases there is seldom any other word written 
 by the same outline, for which it could be mistaken if left unvocalized. 
 
 141. Z Circle. — Words that contain the sound of z may be 
 
 written with a light circle, because it would be troublesome to write 
 it heavy : thus, amaze, amazes, considered correct ; 
 
 though amaze, amazes, is the proper way of writing the 
 words. Sometimes the thickening of the circle is necessary to pre- 
 vent ambiguity, as in the sentences, 
 
 I 1 V. ^ I took two pence, | • I took two pens. 
 
 4 * 
 
52 
 
 GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING. 
 
 142. Circle SS. — The large circle ss (par. 45,) cannot he added 
 to a hook, or a half-sized consonant. In the former case, it could not 
 be distinguished frorn^; and in the latter, it would take up nearly the 
 whole of the letter. The titles J/m, and Mrs, should be 
 written thus, for the sake of distinction. 
 
 143. Vocalization of the large circle. — The large circle ss 
 may be supposed to contain the short vowel No. 2, namely, sez or 
 zez. The vowels Nos. 3, and 5, (sis, zis, or ziz, and sus,) may 
 be expressed by placing the vowel-sign within the circle; thus, 
 
 exist (ek;^^!), o-® Crassus ; but this is not necessary 
 for legibility. The other simple vowels are of very rare occurrence 
 between s-s. A diphthong may occasionally be inserted in a large 
 circle ; as, 'persuasive, precisehj, . ^ exercise ; but no 
 
 distinction can then be made between 'U)ah, weh, and wee, etc. 
 
 144. Stroke-Vowels. — The normal position of a stroke-vowel is 
 at a right angle with the consonant, but in practice it may be written 
 in any position that is distinct; thus, instead of ] true. 
 
 145. Vocalization of half-length Consonants. — When the 
 
 cii*cle s follows a half-sized consonant, it must be read after the ^ 
 or added to the primary letter ; thus, 'k 'pat, ^ pats {\\di past) , 
 \ pant, 'b pants. No final vowel can be placed after the t or d 
 added by halving ; thus ^ Vy- India, practice, 
 
 faulty, but iniad, prackits, faulit: — i 
 
 b- 
 
 are the correct forms. This rule requires particular attention: it is 
 frequently misunderstood by learners. 
 
 146. Omission of Vowels in ZZ, KR, etc. — It is seldom neces- 
 
 sary to mark an unaccented vowel in a double consonant of the kl and 
 kr series ; thus, permit, vocd,l. In accented syllables, the 
 
 vowel should be inserted; thus, pervert, pervert. 
 
 147. Two Vowels concurring. — When two vowels occur either 
 
 before or after a consonant, the vowel that is sounded nearest to the con- 
 sonant should be written nearest to it ; thus, iota, Messiah. 
 
 When two vowels occur between two consonants, one is placed to 
 each; thus, ^ -j quiet. The diphthongs l-a, oi-a may be written 
 thus, diamond, royal. 
 
GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING. 
 
 53 
 
 148. Dissyllabic Diphthongs. — The following form a series ; 
 
 ee-ii, i\ ee-e, ee-t, ee-o, ee-u, ee-oo. 
 
 as in idea^ (^' theory^ ''TiO museum. These marks made heavy 
 in the down-stroke, will represent the second vowel as long ; thus, 
 creation^ Leo. In alien^ folio, etc., the yah 
 series of vowels should be used. 
 
 149. French Vowels and Nasals. — In the French language 
 
 occur several vowels, and a nasal utterance of others, unknown in 
 English. The vowels are represented by short strokes parallel 
 with the consonant, and nasality by ; thus, jeune, 
 
 [ 1“ || |i du\ 02 / sain, an, on, ^\yun. These 
 
 words may be expressed in phonotypes thus, 
 
 jun, [dy,] dm, du, sei}, ai^, eq, uri. 
 
 150. Foreign Diphthongs: — 
 
 I Series, sii, v| oi, >| m, mi, >[ ui. 
 
 V Series. au, <| su, a| ^u. 
 
 These signs may also be used for English dissyllabic diphthongs ; thus, 
 c_ or c clayey (klei), or I • Caughey (Koi), Louis. 
 
 151. Scotch Guttural CH and Welsh LL. — The Scotch gut- 
 tural ch, (heard also in German, Irish, Welsh, and other languages,) 
 and the German g in sieg, {victory^ are written thus, ... , j -_ ch, 
 
 gh ; as in loch, (Scotch, lake,) ich, (German I,) 
 
 I ^ dach, (German, roof^ 04 ! sieg. The Welsh ll, which is the 
 surd or whispered form of the English I, is represented by ll ; 
 thus, Llan. The phonotypes are “ x, i], 1.” 
 
 152. Nominal Consonant. — It is sometimes necessary to express 
 
 one or more vowels or diphthongs, without a consonant. In this case 
 ^ may be employed as outlines which have no specific values ; 
 
 thus, E ioir Edward Oil Emma , ^ I ior Isabel, or ^ ah! 
 • or j. eh!" or aye {s, ever). Tlie stroke- vowels may be struck 
 THROUGH the nominal consonant, as ^ or T awe, | 0 for Oliver, 
 
 -j- u, _[_ 00 . Christian names should be written in full when they are 
 known. The nominal consonant may be joined to any other conso- 
 nant, and be written in any direction ; thus, | * Thomas Eah. 
 
54 
 
 CONSONANT OUTLINES. 
 
 CONSONANT OUTLINES. 
 
 153. As tlirce letters in the Phonographic Alphabet (y, s, r,) have 
 duplicate forms, w three forms, h four forms, and two others ( 5 A, /,) 
 are written either upward or downward ; and as many groups of 
 consonants may be expressed either by their alphabetic forms, or by 
 abbreviations, it is evident that many words may be written in more 
 than one way. For any given word the writer should choose that 
 form which is most easily and rapidly written, and is at the same time 
 capable of being clearly vocalized. The briefest outline to the eye is 
 not always the most expeditious to the hand. The student will insen- 
 sibly acquire a knowledge of the best forms by practice and observa- 
 tion,, and he will derive much assistance from perusing some of the 
 shorthand volumes inserted in the Catalogue of Phonetic Publications, 
 and the shorthand periodicals. The Phonographic Reader,” printed 
 in a bold style of shorthand, and consisting of graduated lessons, is 
 particularly recommended to his notice. It should be read and 
 written out several times. The following general rules for writing 
 some of the principal classes of words will be found useful. 
 
 154. Stroke 7”, W, H. — The stroke-letters for y, w, A, are written 
 in words that contain no other consonant, (except in nyou^ ^ we, \jye,) 
 and whenever they are necessary for clear vocalization ; thus, 
 
 .^Toziatt, Wye, awhile, ahead. 
 
 155. Stroke W . — The stroke w is used when s or st follows; 
 
 thus, woes, Wesley, ^ west ; and in words that contain 
 
 no other consonant than wl, wr, swl, swr, and end with a vowel; 
 thus, willow, wary, swalloiv. 
 
 156. Hook W . — The hook w is generally used before lox r (not 
 
 followed by a final vowel), n ox m; thus, wall, swear; 
 and it may be applied to both the upward and downward I, but to the 
 latter only when followed by some other consonant; (see par. 25, 66,) 
 thus, Walter Wilson. 
 
 157 . Stroke H. — The downward J h is used chiefly at the 
 beginning of a word : it may be used medially when it can be joined 
 to the preceding consonant. The upward ^ h is used initially 
 
CONSONANT OUTLINES. 
 
 55 
 
 when followed by tli^ p, stroke f, circle s, n, or a final / or r followed 
 by a vowel ; and medially after any stroke letter ; thus, 
 
 halve, ^ Jehu, hasten, halo, 
 
 hurry, )\/* upheave, -—sP* cohesioyi. 
 
 158. Dot H, — The dot aspirate is not generally used after a 
 CONSONANT; tlius, *\.v h ApjoU, (Acts 28. 15,) not Jp-hei. 
 
 159. The circle s is prefixed to the upward h thus, ^ Soho. 
 
 160. Initial L. — When equally convenient, the downward I is 
 used after a vowel, and the upward I if no vowel precedes ; thus, 
 
 /A' ^ alike, ^ like, ^Jx^alum, (P element, lament. 
 
 161. Final L. — After/, or the upward r, L is written downward 
 when final, and upward if followed by a vowel ; thus, ^ feel, 
 
 follow. After sk, sh (down), ny, n, the downward I is most 
 convenient. After k, t, eh, p,sh (upward), s (stroke), th, I (upward), 
 r (downward), m, and skr, use the upward I ; also after the circle s, 
 except when preceded by / th, or n. The corresponding heavy 
 letters follow the same rules. 
 
 162. Initial U . — When r is the only consonant in a word, or, 
 being initial, is followed by k, sh, s, p, I, r, or n, the down-stroke is 
 used if a vowel precedes ; and if not the up- stroke ; thus, 
 
 'eay^ ’A urk, / rock, arise, rise. 
 
 163. Final — The final r is written downward if the word ends 
 in r, and upward if a vowel follows ; thus, 
 
 tare, tory, fury, 2.^ sister, -5^* history. 
 
 This rule does not apply when r is preceded by g, th, v, ov w., after 
 which the upward r only is convenient ; thus, /-x/ mere, miry ; 
 
 nor does it apply when it would carry a word more than one descen- 
 ding stroke below the line. 
 
 164. General Rule for Zand U. — The following rule, applica- 
 ble to both initial and final I and r, may serve the learner at first : — 
 If equally convenient to the writer,the up stroke is used when the vowel 
 of the syllable follows, and the down stroke when it precedes. 
 
56 
 
 CONSONANT OUTLINES. 
 
 165. KL Series. — The kl and kr series of double consouauts 
 should be kept, generally, for such words as contain no vowel be- 
 tween the two consonants, or only an obscure one ; thus, 
 
 apple ; and the two single consonants should be written when 
 a clearly-sounded vowel comes between ; as, peer, pole. 
 
 166. Half-Length Consonants. — A half-length consonant, when 
 not joined to another letter, should be employed only for a word that 
 contains but one vowel; thus, ^ void, whjJlI, o au'fd ; and 
 the two single letters should be used in words that contain two or 
 more vowels ; thus, ^ avoid, emmet. 
 
 167. Past Tense. — The past tense of a verb ending in t or d, is 
 
 written thus ; \y part, \/^' p<arted, not part, parted- 
 
 Verbs that end with the sound of z, are written in the past tense with 
 P sd,x\oi with the loop st ; thus, gazed, mused. 
 
 168. Stroke and Circle S. — Words that contain no other con- 
 sonants than ss, are written with the stroke and the circle, or the 
 circle and the stroke, as may be convenient. It is well to keep the 
 form ^ for ss, and ^ for sz. The former may then be vocalized into 
 cease, sauce, etc., and the latter into seize, size, etc. ; but the outlines 
 of ) see, sag, ) sau), etc., should not be changed to ^ sees, etc. 
 
 169. Joined Vowels. — At the beginning of a word, the vowel 
 
 may be joined to the consonant in the following cases : — wau, wo, be- 
 fore k, r (down or up), n, m, tr, chr, and shr ; the diphthong i, be- 
 fore t, sli, s, th, p, f, r (down) ; and the triphthong un before t, th, f; 
 thus, ^ walk, ^ war, water, item, ~\^ wife ; also in 
 
 such cases as owl, about, due, new, continue. 
 
 170. Hooks. — A hook should occasionally be vATitten when vo- 
 calizing ; thus, first write then make it into Redeemer. 
 
 171 . If ns, following a curve, end a noun in the singular, ora verb 
 in the infinitive, write the stroke n, not the hook ; thus, fence, 
 
 fences. 
 
 172 . The following compounds are thus written, Ahnighty, 
 almost, already, ^ although, always^^"^ altogether. 
 
CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 57 
 
 CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 173. When K occurs between ng and sh^ or ng and P between 
 m and t, or T between s and another consonant, the ky p, or t may 
 be omitted ; thus, 
 
 A- anjciouSy sanction^ distinct y distinction. 
 
 P. crs stampedy (from stamp) c— ^ cramvcd, (j^ thumped. 
 
 T. mostly, restless, ^ postpone, postage starnps, 
 testament, Plew Testament^ testimony. 
 
 The letters thus omitted in Phonetic Shorthand, (and sometimes in 
 conversation,) must be retained in Phonetic Longhand and Printing. 
 
 174. Tick H. — The downward ^ h, when occurring before m, 
 stroke s, sh, downward r, upward I, nr, etc., may be contracted to 
 the simple tick / ; thus, hm (him), hr, ^ hrt, ^ hi. 
 
 175. Tick THE. — The, the most frequent word in the English 
 language, may be expressed by a short slanting stroke / joined to 
 the preceding word, and generally written downward ; thus, 
 
 in the, for the, ^ of the, ^ with the, > to the ; 
 but when more convenient, it is written upward ; thus, t 
 ^ on the. The first stroke of on the is made sloping to keep the sign 
 distinct from ^ I. The tick the never begins a phrase. 
 
 176 . Of the. — The connective phrase “ of the,” is intimated by 
 writing the words between which it occurs near to each other, thus 
 showing that the one is of the other ; thus, 
 
 love of the heautifcd, subject of the work. 
 
 177. A or An . — A or is joined to the preceding word by 1 or - ; 
 thus, for a, ^ hi a, ^ vnth a, L (f'l ^ on a. 
 
 178. The pupil is recommended to be sparing in his use of con- 
 tractions in the First Style of Phonography. In the Second, or 
 Reporting Style, every legible contraction may be brought into use. 
 The advanced writer may use the following contractions. In some 
 instances they consist merely in joining the prefix or affix to the 
 rest of the word. Words marked (*) are written above the line. 
 
58 
 
 LIST OF CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 
 acknowledge 
 
 
 acknowledged * 
 
 T 
 
 anything* (nothing 
 [n 6 g) 
 
 doctrine 
 
 
 especial-ly 
 
 < 
 
 establish-ed-ment 
 
 
 forward 
 
 
 himself 
 
 
 impossible * 
 
 
 inconsistent 
 
 v_9 
 
 intluence-d * 
 
 
 influential * 
 
 
 information 
 
 X 
 
 instruction 
 
 
 in order to 
 
 
 interest 
 
 V 
 
 knowledge 
 
 
 manuscript 
 
 
 mistake * 
 
 
 myself * 
 
 -r- 
 
 natural 
 
 
 never 
 
 
 nevertheless 
 
 
 next 
 
 now 
 
 
 notwithstanding 
 
 
 object 
 
 
 publi*-ed 
 
 V/ 
 
 Phonographer 
 
 
 Phonographic 
 
 
 Phonetic Society 
 
 
 Temperance Soc., 
 [etc. 
 
 rather 
 
 /\ 
 
 represent -ed 
 
 /X 
 
 representation 
 
 
 representative 
 
 
 several 
 
 
 something 
 
 V 
 
 Spelling Reform 
 
 
 subject 
 
 V 
 
 subscription 
 
 °\o 
 
 surprise * 
 
 n 
 
 d-^ 
 
 transcript 
 
 3- 
 
 transgress 
 
 
 transgression 
 
 
 understand 
 
 
 understood 
 
 
 whenever 
 
 
 wherever 
 
 
 wheresoever 
 
 178. Transaction should be written at 
 form would clash with transgression. 
 
 length 
 
 because the contracted 
 
LIST OF PHRASEOGRAMS. 
 
 59 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 179 . In longhand, swift writers join all the letters of a word to- 
 gether, and sometimes write several words without lifting the pen. 
 So, in Phonography several words may often be united. This prac- 
 tice, which is called Phraseography, gives great assistance to the 
 writer in following a rapid speaker. The following examples will 
 show how other useful phraseograms may be formed. 
 
 List of Phraseograms. 
 
 and have 
 
 ^ is well 
 
 to be 
 
 ^ as well as * 
 
 L it is 
 
 <:^ we are * 
 
 could not 
 
 it is not 
 
 we have 
 
 j had not * 
 
 jo it is said 
 
 we have not 
 
 J do not 
 
 |/s^ it should be 
 
 we have seen 
 
 Q_^ has not * 
 
 1^ it would be 
 
 ^ which cannot 
 
 ^ he cannot 
 
 \^o of course * 
 
 — you can 
 
 I am * 
 
 should be 
 
 you cannot 
 
 'I I do 
 
 should do 
 
 you may 
 
 I tave 
 
 they will 
 
 /v^ you must 
 
 ^ I will* 
 
 (0 that is * 
 
 you must not 
 
 is not 
 
 this is 
 
 rf\ you will do 
 
 180. I may be abbreviated by writing only the first stroke, when it 
 will join easily to the consonant. (See I am, I will.) Most of these 
 phrases may be vocalized ; thus, I do, as well as, etc. The 
 first word in a phrase must occupy its own position ; thus, \ cati 
 be, — you can, could not be ; but a first-place horizontal, 
 
 half-sized, or vowel logogram may be slightly raised, or lowered, to 
 suit the position of a following logogram written above, on, or 
 THROUGH the line: thus, 1 I had, I had not, \] I do not, 
 
 of our. 
 
00 
 
 PUNCTUATION. REPORTING. 
 
 PUNCTUATION, F/l'C. 
 
 181 . Stops should he written in the usual way, except the Period, 
 
 for which a small cross is used; thus, , ; : x The Hyphen is writ- 
 ten thus, I ^ ^ two-fold; the Dash thus, ; ^ Interrogation 
 
 (placed before the sentence) ; Exclamation ; | A smile. 
 
 182. Accent may he shown hy writing a small cross close to 
 the vowel of the accented syllable ; thus, drrovjs, arose, 
 
 renew' , It is, however, more convenient to use Phonetic Long- 
 hand when marking the accent of a word. 
 
 183. Emphasis is marked as in longhand, by drawing one, two, 
 
 or more, lines underneath ; a single line under a single word must he 
 made wave-like, thus , to distinguish it from k. In pre- 
 
 paring manuscript for the press, a single line thus drawn underneath, 
 (wavy for a single word, and straight for more than one,) signifies 
 italic ; two lines (which need not be waved) small capitals, and 
 three lines LARGE CAPITALS. 
 
 184. An Initial Capital is marked by two short lines under 
 the word ; thus, . L-^ The Times newspaper, Abel. 
 
 185. Figures are written as usual, or the words may be expressed 
 
 in Phonography. One and two, being grammalogues, are represented 
 by one, \ two. When the figures one and six are written by 
 themselves, they should be formed thus, ^ , that they may not 
 
 be mistaken for shorthand characters. 
 
 EEPOHTING. 
 
 186. In the “ Reporter’s Companion,” the reader will find further 
 principles of abbreviation that will enable him to attain the goal of 
 verbatim reporting. As it is almost impossible for rapid writers of Pho- 
 nography, when corresponding with others less advanced, to adhere 
 strictly to the First Style, as developed in this “ Manual,” a list of 
 the principal reporting grammalogues is appended, (pages 62, 63,) to 
 assist in reading the Second or Reporting Style. The figures de- 
 note the positions in which the words are written. (See par. 137.) 
 
 187. Reader,— Practise and Persevere. 
 
PHONETIC SOCIETY. 
 
 61 
 
 PHONETIC PETNTING. 
 
 Tlie order of the letters in the Phonotypic Alphabet is as follows : — 
 
 k g, h, y ; t d, c j, s z, b d ; p b, f v, w ; p, n, m ; 1, r. 
 
 a B, e 8, i j ; o o, -5? o*, u m. 
 
 The Poman, Italic, and Script forms of the ten new letters are : — 
 
 li b, CL d, TJ p : R B, 8 8, i ; (D o, N '5, O &, lU m. 
 
 Ji d, cEd, TJ y : Ha, 6 e, dE i ; G) o, O v, Him. 
 
 7l^' 7d d' ^ ^ ^ e a. EaX ^ O’ ^16^ m 
 
 The names of the three new consonants are id, di, iy ; the names of 
 the long and short vowels are given in paragraphs 32, 37. 
 
 HE FCTNETIK SCFSEIETI 
 
 FOE 3E PRaMgCOP ov 
 
 A E^DITJ, EEITITJ, AND SPELITJ EEFOEM. 
 
 Establict 1 Martc, 1843. 
 
 Frezident : — Ses Woltek K. Treveltan, Wolipton, nir Niuikesel-on-Tein. 
 Sekretari : — Mr Eizak Pitman, Bah {Bath}. 
 
 Ohdjekts ov de Soseieti. — 1. Tu difimz de art ov Fmiografi. 
 
 2, — Tu introdims an imprmvd mehod ov litcig tu rid de prezent buks, bei 
 fei’st yuiziij fcmetik buks. 
 
 3. — Tu reform de orhografi ov de Igglic langwsdj, bei de yms, in reiti^ 
 and printiij, ov an Alfabet dat kontsnz a leter for itc simpel and distigkt 
 sound in de laggM^edj. 
 
 Kla^ezov Memberz. — 1. Reit Fonetik Corthand, aprmv ov Fonetik Printig, 
 and engsdj tu korekt de Ekserseizez ov Stiuidents, hrui de post, gratimitNsli. 
 
 2. Reit Fonetik Corthand, and engedj tu korekt de Ekserseizez ov Stim- 
 dents, hrm de post, gratimitNsli. 
 
 3. Reit Fouetik Corthand, b^t ar prevented bei der ^der engedjments 
 from korektig lesonz. 
 
 4. Aprrav ov de Obdjekts ov de Soseieti. 
 
 S^^hskripcon . — Entrans fi, M. Aniual .'-sbskripcon, not les dan 6d., peabel 
 1 Djaniuari, or at eni teim diuirig de niNnh. Ablagk form ov aplikscon for 
 membercip me bi obtend from de Sekretari bei forwardig a postedj stamp. 
 
 Direkconzfor preperiv) Corthand Ekserseizez . — Reit in Fonografi, on ruild 
 pcper, a fim versez ov Skriptiur, or a cort ekstrakt from a nimzpeper, livig 
 everi alternet lein for korekconz and remarks, and send de Ekserseiz (wid de 
 printed slip ov de nimzpeper, if SNtc bi emploid,) tu eni member in de printed 
 List, in Xias 1 or 2, enklozig an envelop, stampt and adrest, for its return. 
 
 Fonograferz, and ol hm aprmv ov eni ov de Obdjekts ov de Soseieti, ar 
 respektfuli rekwested tu djoin vfnu ov its Klasez, and dus tu asist in ekstendig 
 ediukecon. It iz not nesesari dat Fonograferz cud bi ebel tu reit rapidli bi- 
 for enterig de Soseieti. Aplikeconz for membercip cud bi riten in Corthand 
 for de ferst hri Klasez. Re nemz ov nim Memberz apirin de FonetikDjbr- 
 nal, p^blict wikli, preis l|p., and ar repited in an Aniual List, p^blict 
 1 Martc, preis 2p. Memberz hm kan reit 100 wyrdz per minit ar distiggwict 
 bei de onorari mark (*) prifikst tu drr nemz. 
 
02 REPORTING GRAMMALOGUES, 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 K, 1 can, kingdom, 2 come 
 
 kt, 1 act, quite, 2 could [sion 
 
 kshn (hook above), 1 caution, 2occa- 
 
 kshn {below), 1 action, 2 connection 
 
 ks, 1 kingdoms, because, 2 comes 
 
 knt, 1 cannot, kind, 2 account, 3 count 
 
 kl, 1 call, 2 equably 
 
 kit, 1 called, 2 equaled, cold 
 
 kr, 1 Christian -ity, 2 care [creature 
 
 krt, 1 according,according-to,2cared. 
 
 G, 1 ago, go, 2 give-n, together 
 gd, 1 God, 2 good 
 gf, 2 gave 
 
 gn, 1 again, gain, 2 begin-ning 
 gl, 2 glory, glorify 
 gld, 1 glad, 2 gold 
 gr, 1 agree 
 
 grd, 1 agreed, 2 great 
 
 H tick, 2 he 
 h (up) 2 holy 
 h (down), 2 who 
 ht (down), 2 hate, 3 beat 
 hs (up), 2 house 
 hm tick, 1 home, 2 him 
 hms, 1 homes, 2 himself 
 hi, 2 whole, he will 
 hr, 2 her, 3 hear, here 
 hrt, 1 heart, 2 hurt 
 hrd, 1 hard, 2 heard 
 hrs, 2 herself 
 
 Y, 2 your 
 
 ys, 2 yours, yourself, 3 use 
 yss, 2 yourselves, 3 uses 
 yn, 2 your own 
 yld, 2 yield 
 
 X, 1 at, 2 it, 3 out 
 
 ts, 1 at his, 2 it is, its, 3 itself 
 
 tf, 3 out of 
 
 tn, 2 ten, 3 town f 
 
 tnt, 2 tend 
 
 tns, 2 tens, 3 towns 
 
 tl, 1 at all, 2 tell, till, 3 until 
 
 tit, 1 till it, 2 told, 3 until it 
 
 tr, 1 internal, try, 2 truth, 3 true 
 
 trt, 1 tried, 2 toward, trade 
 
 D , 1 had, add,2 do,day, 3 different-ence 
 dd, 2 did 
 
 df, 1 advertise-ment, 2 difficult-y 
 dn, 1 denominate, denomination, 
 2 done, 3 down, providential -ly 
 dnt, 1 had not, 2 do not, 3 did not 
 dns, 1 denominations, 3 providence 
 dl, 2 deliver, dins, 2 deliverance 
 dr, 1 doctor, 2 dear, 3 during 
 
 CH, 1 much, 2 which, 3 each 
 
 chs, 1 much as, 2 which is, 3 choose 
 
 chf, 2 which have, 3 chief 
 
 chid, 1 child 
 
 chr, 2 chair, 3 cheer 
 
 J, 1 large, joy, 2 advantage, 3 Jesus 
 js, 1 religious, joys, 2 advantages 
 jshn, 2 generation 
 
 jn, 1 religion,join,2 general-ly, 3 June 
 jnt, 1 gentleman, joined, 2 gentlemen 
 jns, 1 joins 
 
 jr, 1 larger, 2 Jerusalem 
 
 SH , 2 shall, shalt, show, 3 wish, she 
 shn, 2 shown 
 shr, 2 sure, assure 
 shrt, 1 short, 2 assured 
 
 ZH, 2 usual, usually 
 zhr, 2 measure, 3 pleasure 
 
 $ circle, 1 as, has, 2 is, his 
 
 s stroke, 1 saw, 2 so, say, 3 us, see 
 
 sk, 2 sake, 3 seek 
 
 skr, 1 Scripture, 2 describe, 3 secure 
 
 skrt, 1 sacred, 2 secret, 3 secured 
 
 skrshn, 2 description 
 
 sg, 1 signify ^ 
 
 sgshn, 1 signification 
 
 st loop, 2 first 
 
 st, 1 satisfy, 2 set, 3 city, suit 
 
 stshn, 2 station, str, 2 external 
 
 sd, 1 side, 2 said, 3 seed, sued 
 
 sdr, 2 consider 
 
 sdrshn, 2 consideration 
 
 sch, 1 as much, 2 such, 3 is much 
 
 ss large circle, 1 as is (his, or has) , 
 
 sp, 2 special, 3 speak [2 is as {or his) 
 
 sprt, 1 spread, 2 spirit 
 
 sb, 2 subject, has (as) to be, 3 is to be 
 
 sbshn, 2 subjection 
 
 sv, 1 Savior, 2 several, 3 conceive 
 
 sng, 1 song, 2 sing, singular 
 
 sn, 1 sign, 2 seen, sin, 3 soon 
 
 snt, 1 has not, 2 is not, sent 
 
 snd, 1 send, signed, 2 sinned, sound 
 
 sm, 1 same, 2 some, seem, 3 consume 
 
 smt, 1 as might, 2 somewhat 
 
 smd,lhas made, 2 seemed, 3 consumed 
 
 si, 1 as well, salvation, 2 is well, soul, 
 
 srt (up), 1 sort [3 seal 
 
 Z, 2 was, 3 whose, ease, easy 
 zd, 1 as it, has it, 2 is it 
 
 TH, 1 thank, hath, 2 think, 3 faith 
 
 tht, 1 thought 
 
 till, 2 theology, theological 
 
 thr, 1 author, 2 throw, 3 three, through 
 
 thrt, 2 third 
 
ARRANGED PHONETICALLY. 
 
 03 
 
 JH> 1 though, 2 them, they, 
 
 3 thee, thou 
 tht, 1 that, 2 without 
 ths, 1 thyself, those, 2 this, 3 these, 
 thss, 2 themselves, this is [thus 
 
 tha,lthine,2than,then3within [Bother 
 thr, 1 either, 2 there, their, they are. 
 
 p, 1 happy, 2 up, hope, pt, 3 put 
 pshn (hook on the left)^ 1 passion 
 ps, 1 pass, 2 hopes, 3 peace, piece 
 pn, 1 happen, 2 upon, 3 punisli-ment 
 pnt, 1 happened, point, 3 pound 
 pi, 1 apply, 2 play, 3 people 
 pit, 1 applied, 2 complete 
 pr, 1 opportunity,2per,3 poor {inphr. 
 prt, 2 particular [appear) 
 
 prf, 1 approve, 3 proof, prove 
 prft, 1 approved, 2 proved 
 
 B, 1 by, buy, 2 be, 3 to be 
 bt, 3 about 
 
 bs, 1 buys, by his, 2 base, 3 abuse 
 
 bf, 2 above 
 
 bn, 2 been, 3 boon 
 
 bnt, 1 bind, 2 be not, 3 bound 
 
 bl, 2 able, 3 belief, believe 
 
 bit, 2 able to, bold, 3 build-ing 
 
 br, 1 liberty, 2 member, remember, 
 
 brt, 2 bread, bred [3 number 
 
 p, 1 half, off, 2 for, 3 if, few 
 
 ft, 1 after, 2 if it, 3 foot 
 
 ftr (/doub. length), 2 father, 3 if there, 
 
 fshn, 1 fashion [future 
 
 fn, 1 often, fine, 2 Phonography 
 
 fnd, 1 find, 2 found 
 
 fl, 1 awful, fly, 2 full, 3 flee 
 
 fr, 1 offer, 2 from, 3 free 
 
 frthr, (fr d, 1,), 3 from their, further 
 
 V, 1 ever, halve, 2 have, 3 view 
 vd, 1 halved, void, 3 viewed 
 vn, 2 even, heaven 
 
 vl, 1 value, 2 evil 
 
 vr, 1 over, virtue, 2 e-very, 3 however 
 
 W, 1 why, 2 way, away 
 ws, 1 wise, 2 ways 
 
 wn (hook), 1 when, 2 one 
 wnt (hook), 1 went, 2 won’t 
 wntr {wn double length, initial hook) , 
 1 when there, winter,2 wonder -ful 
 wm, 2 we may 
 wmt, 1 we might 
 wmn, 1 woman, 2 women 
 wl, 1 while, 2 will {verb), well 
 wit, 1 wild, 2 will it, wilt, 3 wield 
 wr, 1 we are, 2 were, where 
 wrd, 2 word {verb) 
 
 NG) 1 language, 2 thing, 3 young 
 
 N, 1 in, any, 2 no, know, 3 own 
 nt, 1 not, night, 2 nature 
 ntr {n double length), 1 neither, in 
 their, 2 another, enter 
 nd, 1 hand, end, 2 under, need, 3 owned 
 nshn, 1 notion, 2 nation 
 ns,l influence, in his, 2 knows, 3 owns 
 nst, 1 influenced, 2 next 
 nn, 2 opinion, none, known [3 owner 
 nr, 1 nor, honor, 2 near, manner, 
 nrd, 1 in order to, honored 
 
 M, 1 my, am, 2 me, may, 3 whom 
 mt, 1 might, 2 met, meeting 
 mtr {m d. length), 1 matter, 2 mother 
 md, 1 immediate, 2 made, 3 mood 
 ms, 1 myself, 2 Miss, 3 amuse 
 mp, 1 important-ance, 2 improve- 
 -ment {Inreporting mp or mh) 
 mps, 1 impossible, 2 improvements 
 mn, 1 man, mine, 2 men, mean 
 mnt, 1 am not, mind, 2 may not, 
 amount, 3 movement 
 mr, 1 Mr, remark, 2 more, 3 mere 
 
 L, 1 law, 2 Lord, 3 allow {inphr. will) 
 It, 1 light, 2 let 
 
 Itr {I double length), 2 letter, latter 
 Id, 1 lead {pres, tense), 2 h-old, 3 loud 
 Ishn, 2 revelation, 3 revolution 
 Is, 1 loss, 2 Lord’s, less, 3 allows, lose 
 In, 1 line, 2 alone, 3 lean 
 
 R (upward), 2 are 
 r (down), 1 higher, 2 or, 3 our, hour 
 rt, 1 art 
 
 rtr {r double length), 3 order 
 rd, 1 read {pr. tense), 2 word 
 rs (up), 1 rise, 2 rose, 3 rouse 
 rs (down), 1 arise, 2 arose, 3 ours, 
 rss(down), 3 ourselves [hours, arouse 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 Dots. a, an, . the, ah ! • aye, eh ? 
 \ I 
 
 Dashes. of, on, (up) and 
 
 \ I /■ 
 
 all, O, owe, awe, ought 
 \ to, I but, ^ (up) should 
 \ two, too 
 
 DOUBLE LETTERS. 
 
 V V ^ 
 
 I, high, ay, /\ how, (y) year-s, 
 c 
 
 (join I for yearly,) u ye, n you, with, 
 c D 
 
 we, c whether, what, ^ would 
 
INDEX. 
 
 The Figures refer to the Faragrapks. A hyphen after a. figure, shows that the 
 subject is continued in subsequent paragraphs. 
 
 A or an, contraction for, 177 
 Accent, liow marked, 182 
 Aflixcs, 121- 
 Alp liabet of nature, 21 
 Always and other compounds of all, 172 
 Capital letter, how expressed, 184 
 Ch,j, compound consonants, 21 
 Consonants, 22-; names of, page 24; 
 par. 43, 64, 93 ; table of single, page 
 24 ; table of double, pages 34, 35 ; 
 double, par. 107 ; double length, 
 106 ; irregular, 62, 91 
 Contractions, 173-, 178 
 Diphthongs, 38, 54, page 34; dissylla- 
 bic, 148 ; foreign, 150 
 Emphasis, how marked, 183 
 For Vhook, 82, 89, 98 
 Figures, 185 
 
 First-place vowels, 34, 50, 56, 111, 169 
 First, second, and third-place vowels, 
 32, 34, 50- 
 
 French vowels and nasals, 149 
 German guttural ch, g, 151 
 Graninialogues, 17, 128, 131-, 137-; table 
 of, pages 48, 49 ; natural, 139 ; po- 
 sitions of, 137- ; reporting, 187 
 //stroke, 43, 154, 157, 159 
 II dot, 43, 136, 158. K tick, 174 
 Half-sized consonant following a full- 
 -sized one, 92 
 
 Halving principle, for adding t or d, 83-, 
 Has, his, how written, 136 [90, 145. 166 
 Hook inserted when vocalizing, 170 
 /, first-place by itself, or initial ; other- 
 Ing affix, 122 [wise third-place, 54 
 Joining of consonants, 25-, 92, 98 
 Joining of vowels, 55, 169, 180 
 K omitted between ng, sh, 173 
 L and R series of double consonants, 
 57”, 70-, 107-, 146, 165 
 L initial, 160, 164 ; final, 161, 164 
 Lengthened curve, adding dr, tr, dr, 106 
 Logograms, 17, 128, 131-, 180 
 Nt, nd, mt, md, It, Id, rt, rd, 86- 
 Mp, nr, mr, irregulars. 63, 91 
 N hook, 66, 77-, 97, 98 
 Nasal n, 149 
 
 Ng, etc., cannot be shortened for t, 91 
 
 Nominal consonant, 152 
 
 Ns, words ending in, 79, 171 
 
 Of the, rule for omitting, 176 
 
 Outlines, phonographic, 153- 
 
 P omitted between m, t, 173 
 
 Past tense of verbs in t and z, 167 ^ 
 
 Phonetic Printing, page 61 
 Phonetic longhand letters, page 61 
 Plionetic Society, Constitution, 61 
 Phonography, how to learn, 18- 
 Phraseography, 179- 
 Practice, method of, 129- 
 Prefixes, 113- 
 Punctuation, etc., 181- 
 R initial, 162, 164; final, 163, 164 
 R upward, 29. 162, 163, 164 
 Reporting, 8, 11, 14, 140, 178, 188 
 5 circle, 30, 45, 136,168 ; s stroke, 46- , 
 Scotch and German ch, 151 [168 
 
 S-h, how written, 159 
 Shl, shn, standing alone, 66 
 Shorthand, advantages of, 10, 16 ; his- 
 tory of, 12- 
 
 Size of phonographic letters, 23 
 Skr series of consonants, 67- 
 Ss circle, 45, 103, 142- 
 St and str loops, 99- 
 S-tion hook, 104 
 
 Stroke-vowels, how wTitten, 32, 110, 144 
 T sometimes omitted after s, 173 
 Terms, explanation of, 17- 
 The tick, 175 
 
 Thr, tr, dr, added to a curved letter by 
 -Tion hook, 94- [lengthening it, 106 
 Types, phonetic,where obtainable, 9 note 
 Vocalization of the kl, kr series of 
 consonants, 65, 107-, 146, 165; 
 half-length consonants, 145, 166 ; 
 words, 49- 
 
 Vowels. table of,pageo\\ long.joar 31-, 
 51.107; short,36-,108-; names of the 
 short, 37 ; first-place, 50 ; second- 
 -place, 51, 104; third-place, 52 ; be- 
 fore or after a half-sized consonant, 
 84, 85 ; two, -before or after a con- 
 sonant, or between two consonants, 
 147; French, 149; may sometimes 
 iriiook, 66, 74-, 156 [be joined, 55, lu9 
 ir stroke, 42, 154- 
 
 We, with, written above the line, 139 
 
 Welsh ll, how written, 151 
 
 Wh, how written, 76 
 
 IFt, a triphthong, representation of, 40 
 
 Wl, 65, 156 
 
 Y, w, cannot be halved for t, 91 
 Fand w, consonant forms of, 42, 154 
 F and w series of double letters, 39. page 
 35 ; joined to express y, w, only, 55 
 You written with a light sign, 139 
 circle, 141, 167 
 
 Correction - — Page 25, par. 25, line 2, and (in some copies) page 34, second column, tbe 
 shortLand letter, for sh was accidentally turned after tlie sheets were sent to press. 
 
65 
 
 SEiECT SENTENCES. 
 
 WRITTEN IN AN EASY STY LE , WITH FEW C R AM M A LOGU E5 . 
 
 \ Y ^ \ . Iv X : 
 
 L ^ / o ^ , /X < / o y'v M.y| 
 
 ) o ■ UxV.,^)o'Uxnx| 
 
 Y \ ^ 0 "I Y \ ^ ^ ^ ^ /XoYi 
 
 < / „ ^ Y L , L ' " r '1 J 
 
 ^ „ ,1 ^ X u. , 'L, X I XXy 
 
 ‘ ^ Y^ <1 . J W ‘ |_ ^ X i 
 
 I o X V| Y L r c Y )• r"x I 
 
 ' i 
 
 • -T^ r-'—' l~ 7 • /. o \ Y Lx! 
 
 ' L M Y vx ^ c. I ' oX X ' 
 
 } O w ^ ^ ^ C- ‘ /X Y 
 
 . ^ ‘ ^ L\ L (^', . X x| _ 
 
 V, „ ,1 \ X, . \ L"-" , \ I'xj 
 
 .0^. ' Ox X L ° Y ,1 \ U \yy 
 
 
66 
 
 advanta(;es of shorthand. 
 
 //rv Kilv, 2‘n.a , 
 
 . / 
 
 A- 
 
 r,b 
 
 V ^ / 
 
 
 " /XA, V’ ^ ) 
 
 u ^ ...-v-^.x 1 \ . 
 
 .L 3-, ° ^ “f- < . 
 
 ..!., . / ' ^ <■ -L , 
 
 " ' , > '-.r . . j" ^ . vr ^ , Os' 
 
 ,; -- ' A V’ / -V= ^ ^ \ 
 
 ^ - n, , , -^ , ' ■ ^ L 
 
67 
 
 t o I V V^--’ 
 
 L 
 
 ^ k-, 
 
 / \ 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 ■^-7. 
 
 f' 
 
 S’ 
 
 M O 
 
 • -r~^ \ 
 
 o>Ao“ 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 O 
 
 J 
 
 “1- 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 X 
 
 
 " '^ WS , 
 
 ...1 
 
 c ^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ S' 
 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 ■"'^7 
 
 \ 1 
 
 .7 
 
 l>- 
 
 ' 
 
 .1 %7 
 
 . 1 o 
 
 
 "ST - 
 
 
 1 o 
 
 il_ 
 
 . ^ 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 
 1 ’- 
 
 V' 
 
 V,; ' 
 
 o 
 
 V^T- ' 
 
 - 
 
 Vs 
 
 1 
 
 \7" 
 
 ■ (t 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ t- 
 
 X^ ^ ^ ^ . vt 
 
 " ' i S ^ X ..V^., ^ \ I . 
 
 Ir^ 1 ^ X cr<{^ \ <-^/^' N T-y- 
 
 \ . ,r^ -vr' '^7 1 ^ .1. . ".;^ 
 
 ^ y'^\| — ‘ ' I X ^ ^ ^ , 
 
 ^ _£:., -- , ' 
 
 ' ° / “'"~1 . " 7 °-/- ''Tlj.;, ° ' I \ i 
 
 V ' . ^ - ' ' 1 s ^ . ^ ^ ' (o- \ : ' 
 
 •' w / . . V k V X r ^,J 
 
68 
 
 / / 
 
 . \ 3'-^ ^ 
 
 -)- 
 
 = V V^'-, 
 
 "T . 
 
 TTo 
 
 
 V 
 
 ^ . V^, , L \ 
 
 
 
 
 s , . ,1.1 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 ' \ 
 
 T. . 
 
 VI. X 
 
 ) 
 
 VTo \... ^ X ^ . 
 
 V 
 
 ^ t 
 
 ; - V 
 
 
 ^ ^ c ^ , 
 
 X \ 
 
 ^ I v_ "v_- , ■ \ ^ 
 
 . -.v^' ' .^...T^/; • ^ \ ^ 
 
 s . ^ ^ ^ ^ ' -v^ 
 
 . ^ \>^^ I ^ ^ Vj ^ /V X 
 
 WRITTEN WITH P H R A S E O C R A P H Y AND CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 SeeFages 67 ^ 69 . 
 
 I 
 
 'Ca . CV- , ^ , V > ' 
 
 / ^ (o 
 
 ^ ^ > 
 
 ^ \ -vr^-x ^ - 1 ^ , 
 
 3 - r / ^ 1 , u , ^ V 'V . 
 
 C <r ^ ^ X ^ 
 
 
69 
 
 •Ni), " r ^ 
 
 ' ^ ^ J ^ - L ^ s 
 
 V ’ ^ 
 
 ^ \. U-, V ^ X D . '-^ 
 
 " V ' • U- , ^ X // c, o 
 
 ■'^ , V , ^ X 
 
 • —xp-x^ ' O '■D- ^ \ . \ 1 ' 
 
 . o - s ^ o r -x^v^ 
 
 (is — S <5 c — ^ 0 > V/C ^ 
 
 ^ '^''^ — I •> '^ ■> ^ ; ■) i ' — ■ X X 
 
 ' ) ^/ ^ . ^ ' -u V ' ^ X C 
 
 ^ <r ^ 
 
 (<-',{, ■ ^ ; X, _ p-s^ 
 
 \. . r ' X 
 
 N 
 
 ■J^ ti 'V.'*- i- V 1 ' 'J i-' 
 
 . -s "Zj , sP». ,^ , ' n. . XI 
 
 S ’ ^ ^ . 'z, . ' v’- 
 
 '“ . Vi: I ^ 'I I • 
 
 ^ 'L^ ^ X \ \ \ \ 
 
70 
 
 ! ■ S " 
 
 I- d 
 
 .) . 
 
 > I, ‘ ) 
 
 
 LO 
 
 t \ 
 
 ■' ' V V. D LJ. 
 
 V 
 
 
 ^ ’ ' s 
 
 T^“ TJ 
 
 ^ ^ V" ’ ■ 
 
 '^'V ^ ^ 'y V Lu , 
 
 • O. / I "^ ■ V- V .i o -a. ^>- > ■ 
 
 ' , ^n-,\ I ) vyv- 
 
 t / l-^' l-^_^._, ^ A r 
 
 y' '>■ , ^ Jj^ , 
 
 « \. <o 
 
 \ ' ■ ^ 
 
 ( 
 
 V r .:-^ 
 
 ( . 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 /, ^ ^ 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 ' .-^ 
 
 - S 
 
 “V. 
 
 -y 
 
 oJ^ 
 
 < 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 -x^' 
 
 (r ' 1^,'^) 
 
 ^ - 
 
 ^ V,. -y, 
 
 1°, ^ 
 
71 
 
 
 ' 4 ^ ^ % J. . u ' u. 
 
 ^ ^ • v>, '« '"^ X ' ) 
 
 ^ ^ <f- -- -f I ° 
 
 L ^ X 
 
 " ^ ^ ^ , Y 
 
 ' A.^ , ' .n- 
 
 ' ^ \A^', A^ 
 
 ’ V - ' 
 
 ^ V (r ^ 
 
 "^7 -1 > V . / -^' 'Y -^-'- I , 
 
 -.. A (- I _ ^ A- ^ A C- -) 
 
 I ’ 
 
 V_9 
 
 ^ II A i J V V-" ' A 
 
 ^ L ~ ^ ^ \ A^ -^- A y 
 
 r 
 
72 
 
 TABLE EXHIBITING THE FORMATION OF 
 GROUPED CONSONANTS. 
 
 Ex;i. Ex. 2, 
 
 
 
 
 ~P- 
 
 
 
 s-p- 
 
 ^-pr- 
 
 s-pl- 
 
 :tp- 
 
 St-pr 
 
 
 
 /- 
 
 X' 
 
 -X 
 
 ^:f- 
 
 
 stf 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 N 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
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January^ I860.] 
 
 OF 
 
 PHONETIC PUBLICATIONS 
 
 IN AID OF THE 
 
 Reading and Writing Reform. 
 
 London: Fred. Pitman, Phonetic Depot, 20 Paternoster row, B.C. 
 William White, 36 Bloomsbury street, Oxford street, W,C. 
 Bath : Isaac Pitman, Phonetic Institute. 
 
 Books of the value of Is. and upwards are sent post paid : on hooks under 
 Is., postage is charged at the rate of\d.,for \lh. On four or more copies of 
 any work a reduction of one fourth is made ; postage being paid by the pur- 
 chaser. The postage of 3 Teachers, or Readers, is\d., andof 3 Manuals, or 2 
 Companions, 2d. By this arrangement it is hoped to engage the services of 
 phonographers in securing a wide circulation for the phonetic shorthand and 
 phonotypic publications. 
 
 Bostage is charged on Stationery, at the rate of 4>d. per pound. A packet of 
 Better or Reporting paper weighs lib., and a packet of Note or Magazine pa- 
 per \lb. Pens and Pencils cannot be sent by the Book Post, but may be for- 
 warded at letter rates. The postage of a Box of Pens is Id. Pencils are not 
 forwarded by post in less quantities than a dozen, the postage of which is 4td. 
 
 Remittances of 10s., and upwards, should be sent by Post Office order, and 
 smaller sums in postage stamps. It is requested that Post Office orders sent to 
 the Phonetic Institute, Bath, be made payable to ‘‘Eizak Pitman*^ in pho- 
 netic spelling, and that notice of the same be given in the letter accompany- 
 ing the order. 
 
 The books recommended to the student on commencing the study of Phonetic 
 Shorthand are the Phonographic Teacher and Copy Book. 
 
 A \lb parcel of Phonetic Tracts, assorted, with a specimen number of the Pho- 
 netic Journal, will be forwarded for 3d., post-paid. Address Isaac Pitman, Bath. 
 
 PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 The Phonographic TEACHER ; (a revised edition of the Phonographic 
 Instructor,”) containing a series of progressive Lessons to be read, and 
 written out by the student ; 10th edition, 250th thousand, 3d. 
 
 The Phonographic COPY BOOR, made of ruled paper, 3d. Large size, 3d. 
 
 The Phonographic READER ; a course of Reading^ Exercises in Phonetic 
 Shorthand, 10th edition, 3d. 
 
 A MANUAL of Phonography, containing a complete exposition of the 
 System, with numerous shorthand examples interspersed with the text, and 
 exercises in reading, 10th edition, 154th thousand. Is. 3d . ; cloth, 2s. j roan 
 gilt, 2s. 3d. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT to the Ninth Edition of the “ Manual of Phonography 
 containing the improvements in the Tenth Edition, and the Grammalogues of 
 the First or Corresponding style. Price Id. 
 
 QUESTIONS on the “Manual of Phonography,” 3d. (This work is 
 especially recommended to young persons who are learning to express their 
 thoughts in writing.) 
 
2 
 
 TEACHER and MANUAL in one volume ; roan gilt, 3s. 
 
 A Phonographic and Pronouncing VOCAI3ULARY of the English Lan- 
 guage ; fcp, 8vo, cloth, reduced to 3s. 9th edition of Phonography. 
 
 The REPORTER’S COMPANION ; an adaptation of Phonography to 
 Verbatim Reporting. 10th edition, 2s. Qd. ; cloth, 3s. 
 
 The Phonographic PHRASE BOOK, containing above three thousand 
 useful phrases, and the Grammalogues of the Reporting Style of Phono- 
 graphy. Price Is. 
 
 The PHILADELPHIA HIGH SCHOOL REPORT on Phonography, 2d. 
 
 ‘^The most complete and overpowering document in favor of Phonography 
 ever published 
 
 A PERSUASIVE to the Study and Practice of Phonography, \d. ; 4id. per 
 dozen; 3s. per gross. 
 
 A RECOMMENDATION of Phonetic Shorthand. By the Rev. D. D. 
 Whedon, United States. Price \d., 4c?. per dozen, 3s. per gross. 
 
 LIST of the Phonetic Society for 1859, 2c?. 
 
 The members of this Society kindly offer to correct the lessons of phonographic 
 students, through the post, gratuitously . 
 
 The Phonetic ALPHABET, containing the Shorthand, Longhand and 
 Printing Letters ; price Ic?. per dozen. Is. per gross. 
 
 PRINTED IN PHONETIC SHORTHAND, 
 
 In accordance with the \0th Edition, except when othervnse expressed. 
 
 The Phonographic CORRESPONDENT ; written in the First or Cor- 
 responding Style of Phonography, with two pages of Phonetic longhand. 
 Annual sets from 1850 to 1856, Is. ; volumes, in cloth, from 1850 to 1856, 
 Is. 6c?. Lithographed by Isaac Pitman, Bath. 
 
 Volumes of the STAR, MAGAZINE, PRECURSOR and REPORTER, 
 for various years, from 1847 to 1853, cloth. Is. 6c?. ; annual sets. Is. 
 
 A PRIZE ESSAY on the best method of teaching Phonography (9th ed.),ls. 
 
 (The Phonetic Shorthand TESTAMENT is out of print.) 
 
 The Book of COMMON PRAYER, in an easy Reporting Style, (9th edition,) 
 5s., morocco, 6s. 6c?. 
 
 The Book of PSALMS in Phonetic Shorthand, uniform with the Corres- 
 pondent; (9th edition,) Is., cloth 2s. 
 
 A HISTORY of SHORTHAND from the earliest times, with the Alphabet 
 of each system, and specimens of shorthand writing in the most popular sys- 
 tems ; (9th edition,) Is. 6c?. ; cloth, 2s. 6c?. 
 
 HART’S ORTHOGRAPHY, 1569; or “An Orthographic conteyning the 
 due order and reason, howe to write or paint thimage of manne’s voice, most 
 like to the life or nature. Composed by J. H. [John Hart] , Chaster Heralt 
 reprinted from a copy in the British Museum. Cloth Is. Written in accor- 
 dance with the 8th edition of Phonography. 
 
 Shorthand volumes in accordance with the IQth edition of Phonography vnll 
 he prepared as early as possible. 
 
 PHONETIC PRINTING. 
 
 The following works are printed phonetically , unless the contrary is expressed. 
 
 The Phonetic JOURNAL: published every Saturday, price l^c?. ; post 
 paid, 2^c?. Monthly, in a wrapper, 7c?. ; post paid, 8c?. (Printed partly in 
 in the old spelling.) 
 
 Annual volumes, 1846, 3s. 6c?. ; 1847, 5s. ; 1848, 4s. ; 1849, Is. 6c?. ; 1850, 
 2s. 6c?. ; 1851, 3s. ; 1853, 1854, half bound, 5s. 6c?. each ; 1855, 1856, 1857, 
 1858, half bound, each, 8s. A set from 1843 to 1858, £4. 
 
 CHART of the Phonetic Alphabet, containing the Shorthand and Print- 
 ing Letters, 23 inches by 35, 4c?. 
 
 CHART of the Shorthand Alphabet, 3c?. 
 
 SHEET LESSONS, (16) for use in classes. Is. 
 
3 
 
 FIRST BOOK in Phonetic Reading, with Directions to Teachers ” how 
 to use it, Id. Printed in a very large and beautiful type. 
 
 SECOND BOOK in Phonetic Reading, 2d. Large type. 
 
 THIRD BOOK in Phonetic Reading, ^d. 
 
 EDWARD’S DREAM, or Good for Evil, \d. Large type. 
 
 PARABLES, MIRACLES, and DISCOURSES of, our Lord and Saviour 
 Jesus Christ. Royal 32mo, 32 pages, each \d. 
 
 LITTLE HISTORIES for Little Folks, containing the Three Silver Fishes, 
 Paul Armstrong, Naughty Spider, Child’s Dream, Gentle Ruth and Rough 
 Reuben, etc., 3c?. 
 
 TOMMY PLOWMAN, a Brief Memoir of a Remarkable Child, U. 
 
 The Gospel of LUKE, Qd. 
 
 The ESSENTIALS OF PHONETICS, by A. J. ElUs, B.A., 4s. (In the 
 1847 phonetic alphabet.) 
 
 An English GRAMMAR, pripted phonetically, cloth. Is. 
 
 A GLANCE at Phonotypy, or Phonetic Printing, \d. ; 4<7. per dozen ; 3s. 
 per gross. In the common spelling, with a specimen of phonetic printing. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY IN EARNEST; or, Greek and Latin derived from 
 English, a Satire by Dean Swift. Price ^c?., 4^/. per dozen, 3s. per gross. 
 
 The UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE. An Argument for a Reformed Orthog- 
 raphy, as a means of aiding the universal diffusion of the English Language. 
 ByW. White. Ic?. (In the common spelling, with a specimen of Phonotypy.) 
 
 A DISSERTATION on the Difficulty of Learning the English Tongue. 
 By T. Sheridan. Originally published about 1770, as a Precursor to Sheri- 
 dan’s Pronouncing Dictionary. Price Id. 
 
 A LECTURE on the Reading and Writing Reform, by James Hogg, fourth 
 edition, \d., 32 pages, 11 in the common spelling, and the others in phonotypy. 
 
 The ART OF WRITING ; its History, Theory, and Present and Future 
 State, by C. F. Pearson, Id. 
 
 The NEED and AVAILABILITY of the Writing and Spelling Reform, 
 by W. T. Coggshall, United States, Ic?. 
 
 The WANT OF THE AGE ; or. Phonetic Shorthand, a Substitute for 
 Ordinary Writing ; including a Brief History of the Arts of Writing and 
 Shorthand, 4c?., stiff cover. 
 
 The CLAIMS OF PHONETIC SPELLING, by a Free Church Minister. 
 Price \d. 
 
 A REFUTATION of the Etymological Objection to Phonetic Spelling, 
 advanced by the Rev. R. C. Trench, Dean of Westminster, \d. 
 
 The GAME OF THE C HESSE ; a Treatise on the Duties of Life ; a 
 re-print of the first book printed in England by Caxton, with a fac-simile 
 page of Caxton’s type, 8c?., cloth 2s. 
 
 The POPULAR LECTURER, in common printing, monthly, price 2c?. 
 Edited by Mr. Henry Pitman. Each number contains two or more original 
 lectures. The volume for 1858, containing 27 lectures, price 2s. 6c?., sent 
 post-free by Mr. Henry Pitman, “ Courier,” Manchester. 
 
 •- The PSONLTIC BIBLJE is out of print. 
 
 TRACTS (chiefly in the common spelling) explanatory and recom- 
 mendatory of the principles and practice of Phonetic Shorthand and Phonetic 
 Printing ; Single leaf, small 8vo., or four pages, small series. Is. per gross ; 
 four pages, foolscap 8vo., 2s. per gross. 
 
 A CIRCULAR for Phonographic Teachers, with name, address, and terms 
 for Private Tuition and Classes, on the first page ; and a statement of the 
 advantages of Phonography on the other three pages ; first gross, 3s. 6d. ; 
 subsequent grosses 2s. each. 
 
 This Cireular is used by Phonographers for the purpose of raising classes 
 for teaching the system. Orders to be sent to Isaac Pitmany Bathy of whom a 
 specimen Circular may be obtained for a postage stamp. 
 
4 
 
 The friends of the Eefoem render it essential service hy the distribution 
 
 of Phonetic Tracts and Circulars. A \lh parcel, assorted, with a hack number 
 of thePhonetic Journal, will he forwa/rded, post-paid, for Qd. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHIC STATIONERY, &c. 
 
 TABLETS, or the letters of the Phonetic Alphabet, printed on stiff card- 
 board, to be used in teaching the alphabet, and explaining it at Lectures; in 
 three sizes : Small, Zd. ; Medium, Is. Qd. ; Lamge, 4s. 
 
 The Small Tablets serve for a single pupil, or a class of about 12 ; the Me- 
 dium Tablets ame adapted for an audience of‘^00; and the Large ones for an 
 audience o/* 1000 , and upwards. 
 
 Phonographic WRITING PAPER, of various sizes, ruled with faint lines, 
 done up in packets of five quires each; viz,. Note Paper, Is.; Magazine 
 Paper, closely ruled, suitable for contributions to Ever-circulating Phono- 
 graphic Magazines, Is. ; Letter Paper Is. Qd . ; Pxtra, cream laid, with orna- 
 mental border, 2s. ; Peporting Paper, prepared with either single or double 
 lines. Is. Qd. ; Longhand Letter Paper containing, on the first page, a 
 copy of the phonetic longhand writing alphabet, 2 s. 
 
 When the extra Letter paper, or the double line Reporting paper is not or- 
 dered, the Is, Qd. Letter paper, and the single line Reporting paper willbe sent. 
 
 Phonographic PENS, with Medium or Fine points, prepared for Phono- 
 graphy, or fine longhand writing. Box of two dozen, 8 rf. Holders, \d. each. 
 The Medium ^oiw^s will be supplied, unless the points are expressly ordered. 
 
 Mordan’s Everlasting GOLD PENS, with thin or medium points, warrant- 
 ed, 20s. ; or with silver holder to close for the pocket, 5s. extra. 
 
 GOLD PENS selected for Reporting purposes ; price 5s., 7s. 6 d., and 10s.; 
 either with or without a provision for holding an unusual quantity of ink. 
 
 Phonographic PENCILS, price \d. ; ditto, superior lead, 2d. 
 
 REPORTIN G COVERS, to hold the reporting paper, when taking sermons, 
 &c.. Is. Superior, with loop at side for pencil, Is. ^d. Extra, in morocco, 
 lined with leather, elastic bands, &c., 3s. 
 
 Reporter’s NOTE BOOK, single or double lines, stiff covers. Is. M. 
 
 Reporter’s PENCIL CASES, prepared with divisions for 4 or 6 pencils ; 
 flat, for the pocket : with four divisions. Is. 3i. ; with 6 divisions, Is. Qd. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHIC WAFERS, printed from an elegant steel engraving, 
 each Wafer containing either a text of Scripture, or a moral maxim, written 
 in Phonetic Shorthand. Sheet of 107, Id., gilt, 2d., m,ourning, %d. 
 
 PORTRAIT of Isaac Pitman, from a steel engraving ; 8 vo, price Qd. ; 4to, 
 Is. ; India proofs, 2s. Qd. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS of Mr Isaac Pitman, inventor of Pho- 
 nography, and Mr T. A. Reed, editor of the “ Phonographic Reporter,’* 
 85 inches by 6 ^ ; vignettes 5s., prints 2s. Qd. 
 
 F. Pitman, General, Phonetic, and New Church Publisher, 
 
 20 Paternoster row, London, E.C. 
 
 W. White, New Church, Phonetic, and General Publisher ; Agent for the 
 Works published by the Swedenborg Society; 36, Bloomsbury street, Lon- 
 don, W.C. 
 
 Printed by Isaac Pitman, Phonetic Institute, Bath.