OF THE 
 
 U N I VERS 1TY 
 Of ILLI NOIS 
 
 From the Library of 
 Professor Henry F. Wickham 
 University of Iowa 
 Presented in 1942 
 
 595rr& 
 
 F&SVd 
 
 \e>90 
 
 NATURAL 
 HISTORY ° tC 1 
 
 1942 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2D16 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://archive.org/details/butterfliesofeas00fren_0 
 

THE 
 
 BUTTERFLIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 FOR THE USE OF CLASSES IN ZOOLOGY AND 
 PRIVATE STUDENTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 G. H. FRENCH, A.M., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY AND CURATOR IN THE SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 
 NORMAL UNIVERSITY. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 
 
 1890 . 
 
Copyright, 1885, by G. H. French. 
 
6 My. 42 g HF Wick&m 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 For a number of years the writer of these pages lias 
 recognized the necessity of some form of manual to be 
 placed in the hands of students in zoology, to enable 
 them to identify the animals that should come before 
 them for examination. Jordan’s “ Manual of Verte- 
 brates” supplies this demand as to the vertebrate ani- 
 mals, but there are many other specimens of interest 
 within the reach of every student that do not belong 
 to this great branch of the animal kingdom, among 
 the most attractive of which are butterflies. Several 
 years ago, analytical tables of the butterflies of Illi- 
 nois were prepared and published for the use of our 
 classes in zoology. These tables, followed by others 
 on the moths, notwithstanding many imperfections, 
 served so good a purpose in the class-room, and were 
 sought by so many private students, that the prepara- 
 tion of a more extended work on the Butterflies of the 
 Eastern United States has been undertaken. The work 
 embraces a brief description of the several stages of 
 butterflies, methods of capture and preservation, an ana- 
 lytical key, and a more complete description of all the 
 species that have been found in this region. In the 
 last part the preparatory stages are given so far as they 
 
 3 
 
 1200530 
 
4 
 
 PREFACE . 
 
 are known. These preparatory stages are often essential 
 to a proper understanding of the relatiftn that species 
 bear to one another, besides adding much to the interest 
 of the study of butterflies. 
 
 The locality represented in this work is shown on the 
 map on the opposite page, being all east of the western 
 boundaries of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, 
 and Louisiana, as indicated by the heavy line. This 
 differs a little from what is denominated the East- 
 ern or Atlantic Province on the zoo-geographical map 
 by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., in the third report of the 
 United States Entomological Commission, in that the 
 western boundary is by State lines, instead of following 
 a more sinuous line caused by variations of elevation, 
 etc., and the whole of Florida and the New England 
 States are included, but the portion of Canada included 
 in the map referred to is omitted here. For several 
 reasons it was found more convenient to take the bound- 
 aries as here given, making the field represented essen- 
 tially the same. 
 
 I would gratefully acknowledge here the valuable aid 
 I have received from Mr. William H. Edwards, of Coal- 
 burgh, West Virginia, in the loan of specimens for 
 description, in the free use of his writings, from which 
 nearly all the descriptions of the preparatory stages have 
 been taken, in the use of advance-sheets of his new 
 catalogue of the “ Butterflies of North America,” for 
 the purpose of getting localities and arrangement of 
 species, and in many suggestions kindly given. Mr. C. 
 E. Worthington, of Chicago, also loaned me specimens 
 for description, thus aiding me much. I wish to 
 acknowledge also the aid and encouragement I have 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 5 
 
 received from Dr. Robert Allyn ; president of the 
 Southern Illinois Normal University, not only in the 
 
 preparation of this volume, but in the interest of science 
 generally. Dr. S. H. Peabody, regent of the Illinois 
 Industrial University, also has thanks for revising a list 
 
6 
 
 PREFACE . 
 
 of the accentuated names of the butterflies of the Eastern 
 United States. Last, but not least, I would acknowledge 
 valuable aid and encouragement from my wife, who has 
 been the companion of my studies in natural history for 
 many years, making it possible for me, at this time, to 
 prepare this volume. In the few instances where I have 
 not had specimens for description, the back volumes of 
 the “ Canadian Entomologist” and the American En- 
 tomological Society’s publications, Professor Fernald’s 
 “ Butterflies of Maine,” and some other works, have 
 been used. 
 
 Electrotypes for illustrating this volume have been 
 received from the following persons : 
 
 From Professor C. Y. Biley, Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 
 13, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 59, 
 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 91, 92, 93. 
 
 From Henry Holt & Co., of New York, the figures 
 from Scudder’s Butterflies, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 33, 41, 
 42, 45, 51, 52, 54, 55, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 
 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90. 
 
 From Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., the figures from “ Guide 
 to the Study of Insects,” Nos. 4, 6, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48, 
 49, 53, 72, 84. 
 
 From J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, the 
 figures from Saunders’s “ Insects Injurious to Fruits,” 
 Nos. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 58, 74. 
 
 From A. A. Tenney, the figures from Tenney’s 
 “ Elements of Zoology,” Nos. 14, 15, 16. 
 
 All the rest were made specially for this work by 
 the St. Louis Type Foundry Company, from photo- 
 graphs taken by Mr. A. Hudson, of this place. 
 
 In the arrangement of species and nomenclature, 
 
PREFACE 7 
 
 Edwards’s u New Catalogue of the Butterflies of North 
 America” has been followed. 
 
 It has been suggested that I should give, in addition 
 to the table for tracing species to their description, a table 
 of larvae. In my opinion our present knowledge is not 
 sufficient to make a satisfactory one. Though much is 
 known of the preparatory stages of our butterflies, there 
 are still too many gaps : these, however, are being filled 
 up, so that in a few years a table can be given that will 
 be more satisfactory than any that could be prepared 
 now. 
 
 G. H. FRENCH. 
 
 Carbondale, III., June 8, 1885. 
 

CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Classification 15-10 
 
 Different Stages of Development : 
 
 The Egg 16-18 
 
 The Larva 19-23 
 
 The Chrysalis, or Pupa 23-26 
 
 The Imago, or Perfect Butterfly 26-32 
 
 Habits of Butterflies 32-36 
 
 Collecting Butterflies, — including Materials for Collect- 
 ing, Killing, and Preparing for the Cabinet ; Cabinet ; 
 
 Rearing Butterflies from Eggs and Larvae 36-49 
 
 Use of the Analytical Key 49-50 
 
 Names of Butterflies 50-51 
 
 Accentuated and Syllabicated List of the Butterflies of 
 
 the Eastern United States 51-57 
 
 Analytical Key for the Determination of the Butterflies 
 
 of the Eastern United States 57-82 
 
 Family Papilionidae 83-140 
 
 Subfamily Papilioninae, — Papilio 83-105 
 
 Subfamily Pierinae, — Pieris, Nathalis, Anthocharis, Cal- 
 
 lidryas, Kricogonia, Colias, Terias 106-140 
 
 Family Nymphalidae 141-252 
 
 Subfamily Heliconinae, — Heliconia 141-143 
 
 Subfamily Danainae, — Danais 143-147 
 
 Subfamily Nymphalinae, — Colaenis, Agraulis, Argynnis, 
 Euptoieta, Melitaea, Phyciodes, Eresia, Grapta, Va- 
 nessa, Pyrameis, Junonia, Anartia, Eunica, Timetes, 
 Victorina, Diadema, Limenitis, Apatura, Paphia . . 147-229 
 Subfamily Satyrinae, — Debis, Neonympha, Satyrus, 
 
 Chionobas 229-250 
 
 Subfamily Libytheinae, — Libythea 250-252 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Family Erycinidae 252-254 
 
 Subfamily Erycininae, — Calephelis, Eumenia 253-254 
 
 Family Lyca3nidae 254-298 
 
 Subfamily Theclinae, — Thecla 255-279 
 
 Subfamily Lycaeninae, — Feniseca, Chrysophanus, Ly- 
 
 caena 279-298 
 
 Family Hesperidae 299-387 
 
 Section 1, — Carterocephalus, Ancyloxypha, Thymel- 
 
 icus, Pampbila, Amblyscirtes 299-352 
 
 Section 2, — Pyrgus, Nisoniades, Pholisora, Eudamus, 
 
 Erycides, Megathymus 352-387 
 
 Addenda . 389-393 
 
 Glossary 395-402 
 
 Index 403 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 
 1. Micropyle of egg of Colias Philodice 18 
 
 2. Proleg of Vanessa Antiopa 19 
 
 3. Head of Danais Archippus 20 
 
 4. Three facets of an insect’s compound eye 26 
 
 5. Head of Eudamus Tityrus 27 
 
 6. Venation of the wing of a butterfly 29 
 
 7. Scales from the wing of a butterfly 31 
 
 8. Insect-net 36 
 
 9. Setting-hoard 40 
 
 10. Setting-needle 41 
 
 11. Papilio Philenor, imago 87 
 
 12. Papilio Philenor, larva 88 
 
 13. Papilio Philenor, pupa 89 
 
 14. Papilio Asterias, imago, male 90 
 
 15. Papilio Asterias, larva 92 
 
 16. Papilio Asterias, pupa 92 
 
 17. Papilio Turnus, imago 98 
 
 18. Papilio Turnus, larva 100 
 
 19. Papilio Turnus, pupa 101 
 
 20. Papilio Cresphontes, imago 102 
 
 21. Papilio Cresphontes, larva 103 
 
 22. Papilio Cresphontes, pupa 104 
 
 23. Pieris Protodice, imago, male 108 
 
 24. Pieris Protodice, imago, female 108 
 
 25. Pieris Protodice, larva and pupa 109 
 
 26. Pieris Oleracea-hiemalis, imago and larva 112 
 
 27. Pieris Oleracea, egg 113 
 
 28. Pieris Rapae, imago, male 114 
 
 29. Pieris Rapae, imago, female 114 
 
 30. Pieris Rapae, larva and pupa ,116 
 
 11 
 
12 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 
 31. Nathalis Iole, imago, female 117 
 
 32. Colias Csesonia, imago, male 128 
 
 33. Terias Nicippe, pupa 137 
 
 34. Terias Mexicana, imago 138 
 
 35. Heliconia Charitonia, imago 142 
 
 36. Danais Archippus, imago 144 
 
 37. Danais Archippus, egg 145 
 
 38. Danais Archippus, larva 145 
 
 39. Danais Archippus, pupa 146 
 
 40. Argynnis Aphrodite, imago 157 
 
 41. Argynnis Atlantis, pupa 161 
 
 42. Argynnis Myrina, egg 162 
 
 43. Euptoieta Claudia, imago 165 
 
 44 Militsea Phaeton, imago 168 
 
 45. Militsea Phaeton, egg 169 
 
 46. Militsea Phaeton, larva 169 
 
 47. Militsea Phaeton, pupa 170 
 
 48. Militsea Harrisii, larva 171 
 
 49. Militaea Harrisii, pupa 172 
 
 50. Phyciodes Nycteis, imago 172 
 
 51. Grapta Interrogationis, pupa 185 
 
 52. Grapta Eaunus, pupa 188 
 
 53. Grapta Progne, imago 190 
 
 54. Yanessa Antiopa, egg-cluster 194 
 
 55. Pyrameis Atalanta, egg 197 
 
 56. Junonia Coenia, imago 201 
 
 57. Victorina Steneles, imago 204 
 
 58. Limenitis Ursula, imago 207 
 
 59. Limenitis Disippus, imago 210 
 
 60. Limenitis Disippus, egg 211 
 
 61. Limenitis Disippus, larva 212 
 
 62. Limenitis Disippus, pupa 213 
 
 63. Apatura Celtis, imago, larva, and pupa 216 
 
 64. Apatura Celtis, imago, larva, pupa, and egg 217 
 
 65. Apatura Clyton, imago, larva, pupa, and egg-mass . . . 219 
 
 66. Apatura Clyton, imago, larva, pupa, and egg 220 
 
 67. Paphia Troglodyta, imago, male 226 
 
 68. Paphia Troglodyta, imago, female 227 
 
 69. Paphia Troglodyta, larva and pupa 228 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . 
 
 13 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 
 70. Debis Portlandia, imago 230 
 
 71. Satyrus Alope, pupa 247 
 
 72. Chionobus Semidea, imago 249 
 
 73. Thecla Calanus, imago 263 
 
 74. Thecla Strigosa, imago 266 
 
 75. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, egg 283 
 
 76. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, larva 284 
 
 77. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, pupa 284 
 
 78. Lycsena Pseudargiolus, form Lucia 288 
 
 79. Lycsena Pseudargiolus, form Yiolacea 288 
 
 80. Lycsena Pseudargiolus, form Pseudargiolus 289 
 
 81. Lycaena Comyntas, imago 292 
 
 82. Pamphila Zabulon, egg 304 
 
 83. Pamphila Zabulon, larva 305 
 
 84. Pamphila Peckius, imago 317 
 
 85. Pamphila Ethlius, imago 333 
 
 86. Pyrgus Tessellata, imago 352 
 
 87. Pholisora Catullus, egg 367 
 
 88. Eudamus Py lades, egg 369 
 
 89. Eudamus Tityrus, imago 374 
 
 90. Eudamus Tityrus, pupa 376 
 
 91. Megathymus Yuccse, imago, female 381 
 
 92. Megathymus Yuccse, egg and larva 384 
 
 93. Megathymus Yuccas, pupa 386 
 
 2 
 
THE BUTTERFLIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 Most naturalists of this country divide insects into 
 seven orders, or, according to some, suborders, as follows : 
 
 Hymenoptera, or membrane- winged insects, includ- 
 ing bees, wasps, ants, ichneumon-flies, saw-flies, etc. 
 
 Lepidoptera, or scaly-winged insects, including but- 
 terflies and moths. 
 
 Diptera, or two-winged insects, including the true 
 flies of all kinds. 
 
 Coleoptera, or sheath-winged insects, including all 
 beetles. 
 
 Hemiptera, or half-membrane-winged insects, in- 
 cluding the true bugs, cicadas, etc. 
 
 Orthoptera, or straight-winged insects, including 
 grasshoppers, katydids, crickets, etc. 
 
 Neuroptera, or nerve-winged insects, including 
 dragon-flies, ant-lions, etc. 
 
 The Lepidoptera have four membranous wings covered 
 
16 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 with scales, that overlap one another and easily mb off. 
 They are divided into two somewhat natural divisions, — 
 butterflies and moths, — which may be known from each 
 other by the antennae, but by the practical entomologist 
 are readily distinguished by other characters. The an- 
 tennae, two slender organs projecting in front from the 
 upper part of the head, are filiform, and terminate in a 
 knob in butterflies, while in the moths, whatever their 
 shape, they do not terminate in a knob. Butterflies fly 
 in the daytime, while most of the moths fly at night 
 or just at the close of day. The first five families of 
 this order are known as butterflies, and all the others as 
 moths. 
 
 Both moths and butterflies have four distinct periods 
 of existence, — the egg, the larva, the chrysalis, or pupa, 
 and the imago, or perfect insect. 
 
 THE EGG. 
 
 The eggs are more or less globular, cone-shaped or 
 spindle-shaped. To the unaided eye they usually appear 
 to be smooth, but under the lens they present various 
 markings that are constant for a given species, but vary 
 with different species or in different groups. Those 
 belonging to the different genera of the subfamily 
 Pierinse are all of one general shape, as has been shown 
 by Mr. W. H. Edwards. They are long, slender, sub- 
 conic or spindle-shaped, and set on end, but differently 
 marked in different genera. This may be seen by re- 
 ferring to the egg of Pieris Oleracea , Fig. 27. The 
 eggs of Danais, Heliconia, and Agraulis have each their 
 own pattern. All Argynnis eggs, whether of the large 
 or the small species, are thimble-shaped. “ So Melitsea, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 17 
 
 Phyciodes, Limenitis, Apatura, Paphia, Satyrus, Neo- 
 nympha, and Chionobas may all be distinguished as 
 readily by the egg as by the butterflies.” And the 
 same may be said of all the other genera so far as their 
 eggs are known. It has been shown that both the larvae 
 and the eggs of the different species of a genus bear 
 the same relation to each other that the imagines, or per- 
 fect insects, do, and this relation or congruence renders 
 the study of the preparatory stages important, if we 
 would know the true relation that different species bear 
 to one another, or in fact the position of different genera. 
 “Most eggs,” Mr. Edwards says, “are green when 
 laid, yellowish, as in Pieris, Colias, and many Papilios, 
 bluish, as in Grapta, grayish, as in Limenitis. Lycsena 
 has a deep-green surface concealed by a white net- work, 
 but which can be peeled off. Parnassius is white; 
 Pholisora Catullus is brown; the Hesperian eggs, as a 
 rule, are white. Many eggs turn red a few hours after 
 deposition, as Colias, Anthocharis, and Melitcea Phaeton . 
 And all these, as well as most other species, change to 
 black before hatching, as the dark larva can be seen 
 through the transparent shell.” 
 
 Many eggs are ribbed longitudinally, with transverse 
 striae between the ribs. In some these ribs run in 
 irregular lines, making an irregular net-work of cells ; 
 in others they are regular, the net-work presenting the 
 appearance of a series of parallelograms, as in Fig. 27. 
 
 In some cases the eggs are not ribbed, but are covered 
 with a series of irregular pits, as in Fig. 75. In some the 
 ribs run from base to apex, varying or not in promi- 
 nence ; in others they gradually diminish before reaching 
 the base, leaving that part perfectly smooth. The egg of 
 b 2* 
 
18 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Micropyle of egg of Co- 
 lias Philodice. X 60. 
 
 Limenitis Disippus presents on the ridges of the cells 
 numerous little filaments, giving the 
 egg a bristly appearance (see Fig. 
 60). In all these there is a cluster 
 of irregular cells at the summit or 
 apex that differ from the others, 
 often being situated at the bottom of 
 a cavity or depression. This portion 
 of the egg is known as the micropyle. 
 Butterflies vary in their manner of 
 depositing their eggs. Some place them singly on the 
 leaves of their food-plant, while others lay them in 
 clusters, from a dozen to a hundred in a cluster. In the 
 case of Vanessa Antiopa , Fig. 54, they are placed around 
 a small twig of willow. The Papilios, with the ex- 
 ception of P. Philenor , deposit their eggs singly. The 
 Graptas lay their eggs in strings or singly. Usually the 
 manner of depositing the eggs may be taken as an index 
 of the larva’s being gregarious or feeding singly. 
 
 The time of the egg period, or the time from deposi- 
 tion to hatching, varies in different species, depending 
 somewhat upon the temperature. In some species they 
 hatch in from three to four days, as in Grapta, Colias, 
 and Pieris. The Papilios and Danais Archippus hatch 
 in from four to six days ; Phyciodes Thar os, in from four 
 to seven days ; P. Nyeteis , in twelve ; Limenitis Disippus , 
 in from five to eight ; Argynnis Diana , in fifteen ; A. 
 Oybele , Aphrodite , Alcestis, and Atlantis , in from fifteen 
 to twenty, etc. ; while, according to Mr. S. H. Scudcler, 
 there are some species that pass the winter in the egg 
 state. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 19 
 
 THE LAKY A. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 The larva, or caterpillar, is elongated or somewhat 
 worm-like, usually plainly separable into thirteen joints 
 or segments, the first of which is the head. Joints two, 
 three, and four have each a pair of short legs, the 
 rudiments of the legs of the perfect butterfly. Joints 
 seven, eight, nine, ten, and thirteen have each a pair of 
 membranous legs, the end of each 
 armed with a circle of minute hooks, 
 as seen in Fig. 2. By means of 
 these hooks the larva is enabled to 
 grasp firmly any object which is not 
 too smooth, as the surface of glass. 
 
 In this case the larva first spins a 
 covering of silk over the glass, and 
 then walks over it easily. These legs 
 are called prop-legs, or, as it is more 
 often abbreviated, prolegs. These disappear at the close 
 of the larval period, when the larva changes to a chrys- 
 alis. 
 
 From larva of V. Anti- 
 opa. a, proleg, X 4 K ; 
 circlet of hooks at end of 
 proleg, X 6; c, one of the 
 hooks, X 12* 
 
 On each side of the body are nine oval stigmata, or 
 breathing-pores, often called spiracles. These are situ- 
 ated in joints two and five to twelve inclusive. These 
 stigmata open into a series of air-tubes which ramify 
 through the system, each stigma leading to a single trunk 
 of the system. Close to the origin of this trunk a large 
 air-canal runs along each side of the body, connecting 
 all the trunks of one side. J oints three and four, having 
 no stigmata, receive their branches of the system of air- 
 passages from this trunk. Like the air-passages in the 
 lungs of the vertebrate animals, these tracheae continue to 
 
20 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 divide and subdivide till the minute tubes penetrate all 
 parts of the body, especially all parts of the circulatory 
 system. It is in these ultimate divisions that the inter- 
 change of gases takes place which constitutes the purifi- 
 cation of the blood, or circulating fluid. 
 
 The head is of a rounded or oval form, and has a harder 
 covering than the other parts of the body. When the 
 larva is first hatched the head is nearly globular, divided 
 down the front by a suture which forks about the middle. 
 As the larva approaches maturity the head usually 
 changes in shape, assuming the characters that are 
 peculiar to the species. The lower edge of the little 
 triangular piece which stands between the forks of the 
 frontal suture supports a little membrane, the labrum, 
 
 a, Head of larva of Danais Archippus from beneath, X 10: lb, labrum; md, mandi- 
 ble ; wi.r, maxilla, with two palpi ; Zm, labium, with one pair of palpi ; s, spinneret ; 
 a, antennae ; o, ocelli ; Z>, side view, and c, front view, X 3. (Scudder, after Burgess.) 
 
 or upper lip, and back of this are two stout biting jaws, 
 or mandibles, with serrated edges, that work laterally (see 
 Fig. 3). The mouth lies between these jaws, and back of 
 them are the secondary jaws, or maxillae, which in many 
 insects have a movement similar to that of the mandibles, 
 but they do not in the butterfly larvae. They consist 
 of a pair of fleshy prominences, and each of them has 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 a 
 
 b 
 
 c 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 21 
 
 two feelers, called palpi, the outer composed of several 
 joints, the inner of only one. Between and partly below 
 or back of the maxillae is the labium, or under lip, being 
 more like the maxillae than like the upper lip. This 
 bears on each side at the tip a small jointed appendage : 
 these appendages are termed the labial palpi. Between 
 these is another appendage, tubular, which is similar to 
 the spinneret of the spider, and from which the cater- 
 pillar spins a web over smooth surfaces as a support for 
 its feet in walking, and the silk it fastens its feet to in 
 moulting and in changing to a chrysalis. Back of the 
 jaws, somewhat in the form of a crescent, are the eyes, 
 or ocelli, five or six on each side. 
 
 The bodies of different caterpillars differ greatly in 
 their external covering as well as in shape. Some ap- 
 pear to be naked, but even these are covered with a 
 delicate pile ; others have simple or compound spines or 
 tubercles, usually arranged in longitudinal rows with a 
 definite number to each joint, generally beginning with 
 joint three, or the second thoracic segment. 
 
 Usually the larvae of butterflies are cylindrical, in some 
 a little enlarged at or near the middle; in others, as 
 in some Papilios, the thoracic segments are enlarged, 
 and at times assume shapes peculiarly their own. In 
 such cases the head is often smaller than the succeeding 
 joints, and when at rest is drawn back, as it were, into 
 the joint behind. In others the second segment is 
 smaller than the head, as with many of the Hesperians. 
 
 Most butterfly larvae have the thoracic and abdominal 
 legs as given at first, but in some, as the Lycaenidae, the 
 prolegs are very small, and the caterpillar seems to glide 
 over surfaces instead of walking, the under side being 
 
22 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 a muscular pad, by whose expansions and contractions 
 the larva moves. 
 
 The Papilios have in the upper part of the second 
 segment a peculiar V-shaped extensile appendage, known 
 as a “ scent-organ,” or osmateria, which they protrude 
 from a transverse slit when disturbed, but which is at other 
 times concealed. This organ is without doubt used as a 
 defense, the disagreeable odor emitted repelling enemies. 
 In some of the Lycaenidae the posterior part of the body 
 has extensile organs that secrete a sweet fluid which is 
 eaten greedily by ants. These in turn guard the larvae 
 against the attacks of ichneumon-flies, very much as they 
 protect plant-lice from the attacks of enemies for the 
 sweet fluid they get from the honey-tubes of the lice. 
 
 In passing from the eggs to the full-grown larvae, 
 caterpillars moult or shed their skins from four to five 
 times. At each moult they not only come out in a skin 
 that is larger than the old one, which thus permits further 
 growth, but the color and other markings are usually 
 changed. 
 
 In habits of feeding each species has its larval peculi- 
 arities. Some feed singly, as the larvae of Grapta Comma , 
 on the under side of a hop- or nettle-leaf. Some stitch 
 together the edges of a leaf, making a more or less closed 
 retreat ; others feed on the surface without any attempt 
 at concealment, as Papilio Cresphontes , but here the color 
 and shape so mimic an object which would be distasteful 
 to birds that it is not molested by them. The young 
 larvae of Apatura are gregarious, but are not protected 
 by a web. After the third moult they scatter, and the 
 rest of the time are solitary. Melitcea Phaeton larvae 
 make a web, within which they feed till after the third 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 23 
 
 moult, when they close every place of egress and pass 
 the winter in the web. In the spring they leave the web 
 and bask in the sunshine on the leaves. 
 
 THE CHRYSALIS, OR PUPA. 
 
 When ready to change to a chrysalis, the larva seeks 
 some retreat, if it be one of the species that does not 
 pupate in a web or a cluster of leaves, where it prepares 
 to change to the pupal or quiescent period. In the 
 Papilionidse and Lycsenidse this preparation consists in 
 spinning a button of silk on the under side, or side, of 
 some object, within which it entangles the hooks of the 
 anal feet. Then a loop of silk is woven from side to 
 side that will support the body a little in front of the 
 middle, in which the body is allowed to rest, held in 
 place by the anal feet. Soon the skin is shed, and the 
 chrysalis appears limp and pale, but as the moisture is 
 evaporated the outside hardens, and it assumes a shape 
 and color peculiar to the species. In others, as the 
 Nymphalidse, the button of silk is spun and the anal 
 feet are entangled in it, but the front part of the body 
 hangs down without the loop of silk to support it. 
 The anterior part bends like a fish-hook, after which 
 the skin is shed and the chrysalis suspended by the anal 
 hooks. 
 
 In the larva there was but little distinction of parts, 
 as head, thorax, and abdomen. In the chrysalis there is 
 more of a division of these parts, the head and thorax 
 being united, but the abdomen readily separable. 
 
 In moths the head part of the chrysalis is usually 
 rounded, but in butterflies, especially some of the large 
 Papilios, the cephalo-thorax bears several prominences 
 
24 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 and ridges, often continued along the abdomen. The 
 ventral part contains cases for the wings, antennae, 
 tongue, palpi, and legs. The wing-cases extend back 
 several joints on the abdomen, often as far as the pos- 
 terior edge of the fifth joint. Between the wing-cases, 
 and extending back varying distances, are four other 
 cases, the centre the tongue-case, next cases for the an- 
 terior pair of legs, next cases for the middle pair, and 
 outside of these the antennse-cases. The base of the 
 tongue-case is larger than that organ is, but the expan- 
 sion of this part is used as a covering for the palpi and to 
 fill up the space between the legs. The posterior pair of 
 legs are folded beneath the wings, and are not shown in 
 the chrysalis by any case. When the chrysalis has 
 become dry and hard, these cases are inseparable; but 
 when the larva skin is first cast off and the parts are soft, 
 they may be separated by a sharp-pointed instrument. 
 
 The anterior part of the head may be rounded, but 
 more often it ends in two conical points or a single point. 
 Just back of this part, and near the base of the antennae, 
 is a smooth, crescent-shaped belt which corresponds in 
 position to the ocelli of the larva. The use of this is not 
 fully known, though it is without doubt a covering for 
 the eyes. Back of these parts, on what is called the pro- 
 notum, is often another elevation with ridges running 
 along the sides. In Limenitis there is a prominent, 
 rounded elevation back of the mesonotum. In some 
 species the elevations and depressions are too complicated 
 for general description. 
 
 The abdomen is more or less conical, tapering towards 
 the anal joint, which ends in a complicated series of hooks 
 known as the cremaster. These hooks are fitted for 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 25 
 
 being fastened into the button of silk to which the anal 
 legs were attached before changing from the larva to the 
 pupa state. The joints back of the wing-cases are more 
 or less movable. In the chrysalides of the Papilios the 
 lateral ridges of the ceplialo-thorax are continuous to the 
 cremaster ; in others, as some of the Nymph alidse, there 
 are rows of tubercles or spines. In all cases the abdomen 
 contains a row of stigmata on either side which corre- 
 spond to those in the larva, except the anterior, whose 
 places are covered by the wing-cases. 
 
 The outside covering of the chrysalis is a fine, horny 
 substance known as chitine, the same as forms the hard 
 parts of all insects. In most of the pupae this is in oolor 
 greenish, yellowish gray, or some shade of brown, some- 
 times ornamented with bright metallic spots. 
 
 While the pupal period seems externally to be one of 
 inactivity, internally great changes are going on, — the 
 preparation for a change from the worm-like caterpillar, 
 which can only creep or slide over a leaf or twig, to the 
 airy and graceful butterfly. The time in which this 
 change takes place, the pupal period, varies greatly, 
 ranging from six or seven days to several months, as 
 with those that hibernate in this state ; but about four- 
 teen days is the usual time. 
 
 When the pupal period draws to a close, the pupa-case 
 is burst open on the dorsal part of the cephalo-thorax, 
 and the butterfly, or imago, emerges with all its parts 
 limp and moist. This bursting of the case is accom- 
 plished partly by the moisture that is exuded from the 
 interior for the purpose of softening the inner integu- 
 ment of the shell, and partly, it seems, by favorable 
 atmospheric conditions, as the moist atmosphere of a 
 B 3 
 
26 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 damp evening or a warm rain is more conducive to this 
 change than dry weather. 
 
 THE IMAGO. 
 
 After emerging from the pupa-shell the butterfly finds 
 some place, often the pupa-case, where it may rest with 
 the body hanging downward, and after a moment’s delay, 
 as if for rest, it proceeds to expand the wings, which 
 were before not larger than the finger-nail. This is done 
 partly by their own weight, but mostly by forcing air 
 into the hollow veins that constitute the framework of 
 the wings. After the wings are expanded to their full 
 size, the insect remains till they are fully dry before it 
 flies away. 
 
 A butterfly has three principal divisions of the body, — 
 the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is more or 
 less globular, and contains the mouth parts, the eyes, and 
 the antennae as its principal divisions. On either side 
 of the head are the eyes, two convex hemispheres that 
 are made up of a great number of small eyes 
 or facets, the whole on each side of the head 
 being known as a compound eye. In some 
 species as many as three thousand six hundred 
 and fifty facets have been counted in a single 
 eye. Each of these is hexagonal in shape (see 
 Fig. 4), and contains all the parts of a perfect 
 eye. The surface of this compound eye may be smooth, 
 or moderately covered with short hairs, which are situ- 
 ated between the facets. Some of the moths have besides 
 the compound eyes ocelli above these, and it is said one 
 species of the butterflies has one on each side ; but aside 
 from this these insects have only the compound eyes. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Facets 
 of a com- 
 pound 
 eye. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 27 
 
 Above the eyes are the antennae, two long, jointed 
 organs, each composed of many joints, which may be 
 divided into three groups, — those of the base, the stalk, 
 and the club. The two joints composing the base are 
 larger than the others ; the stalk is merely a jointed 
 thread; the club has the joints shorter and broader. In 
 some cases the antennae are bare, in others they are more 
 or less clothed with scales. The use of these organs is 
 not fully known, but they are supposed by many to be 
 organs of hearing. In the upper part of the club are 
 microscopic pits connecting with nerves, showing that 
 the antennae are sense-organs; and it is probable they 
 are not connected with the same sense in all insects. In 
 some beetles, and some grasshoppers, ants, and bees, the 
 sense is without much doubt one of touch ; in some 
 moths it seems to be one of smell. 
 
 On the under side of the head are the mouth parts. 
 These consist first of a three-jointed pair 
 of palpi, which are densely covered with 
 hair-like scales, and which project out- 
 ward and often curve upward more or 
 less closely to the front of the head. Be- 
 tween the palpi, and attached to the head 
 near the base of them, is the proboscis, 
 or tongue (see Fig. 5). This is a long, 
 tapering, horny tube, through which the 
 insect sucks or draws up fluid substances 
 from flowers or other objects. When rus, showing 
 at rest, the tongue is coiled backward * ongue and one an - 
 between the palpi like a watch-spring; 
 when uncoiled, it is often as long as the body of the 
 insect. It consists of two lateral halves united down 
 
28 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the middle, each of which is composed of a great num- 
 ber of rings, convex on the outer part and concave 
 on the inner, and the tube is formed by the union of 
 these concave surfaces. The head is clothed with a dense 
 coat of hair-like scales, often spoken of as hairs, and 
 the arrangement of some of these is of value in deter- 
 mining genera or species. 
 
 The thorax is connected or joined to the head by the 
 neck, and bears the legs and wings. It consists of three 
 joints, to each of which is attached on the under side a 
 pair of legs, but only the two posterior joints are fur- 
 nished each with a pair of wings. Each leg is composed 
 of a basal joint, called the coxa, at the end of which is a 
 small piece called the trochanter. Beyond this is the femur, 
 the longest joint of the leg ; attached to this is the tibia, 
 followed by the tarsi, or foot, which consists of five joints 
 placed end to end, the last of which usually has a pair 
 of curved claws. The middle and hind tibise usually 
 have a pair of spurs at the end of each, and are some- 
 times more or less armed with spines. The hind tibiae 
 in some species have an additional pair of spurs near the 
 middle. In some species the front tibiae have an ap- 
 pendage on the middle of each, called an epiphysis. 
 
 In one family, the Nymphalidae, the front legs are so 
 much aborted as to be of no service in walking ; and such 
 are said to be four-footed butterflies. In the other fam- 
 ilies the pair of fore legs is directed forward, and the 
 middle and hind legs backward ; but in this family the 
 second pair of legs is directed forward. 
 
 The first ring of the thorax, the prothoracic, is smaller 
 than the others, and its only appendages are a series of 
 scales arising from the upper side, forming the collar. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 29 
 
 Fig. 6 
 
 and on each side a small, scaly piece covering the base 
 of the fore wings, and known as the shoulder-tuft, lap- 
 pet, or pterygoid. The second and third thoracic joints 
 bear each a pair of wings. These are composed of mem- 
 branes supported by a 
 framework of slender, 
 tapering tubes between 
 the membranes. The 
 fore wings are the largest, 
 triangular in general 
 outline, while the hind 
 wings are more or less 
 rounded or square. The 
 veins or framework are 
 nominally five principal 
 veins, — the costal, sub- 
 costal, median, sub- 
 median, and internal. 
 
 The first two are close 
 together near the front 
 edge of the wing, and 
 form the costa (see Fig. 
 
 6). The median passes 
 through the middle from 
 the base to near the 
 outer third, where it 
 usually joins the sub- 
 costal by a cross-vein ; and from this and the cross-vein 
 are given off several branches, the subcostal also being 
 branched on its upper side, more in the fore wings than 
 in the hind. The area between the subcostal and median 
 veins is known as the discal cell, or the cell, the branches 
 
 wing; a, costal vein; 6, subcostal vein; 61, 
 6 2, 6 3, 6 4, 6 5, five subcostal veinlets ; c, in- 
 dependent vein ; d, median vein ; d 1, <Z2, eZ3, 
 d 4, four median veinlets ; e, submedian vein ; 
 /, internal vein ; 6 and d are situated in the 
 discal cell; #7 1, g 2, <7 3, the upper, middle, 
 and lower discal veinlets ; 1 1, hind wing (the 
 lettering the same). 
 
30 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 of the median vein as the median venules or veinlets, 
 the branches of the subcostal as the subcostal venules 
 or veinlets, the branches from the cross- vein as the discal 
 venules or veinlets. The space through which these 
 venules pass is sometimes spoken of as the discal space, 
 or disk. The submedian and internal veins occupy the 
 area below the median, the latter being short and some- 
 times wanting. 
 
 The arrangement of these veins — called by some 
 authors nerves and nervures — is of value in classification, 
 and they also serve to locate markings which rest either 
 near or upon them. When the wings are expanded 
 (and that is presumed to be the case in the following 
 descriptions of species and in the key), the front edge is 
 called the costa, the part next to the body the base, the 
 edge farthest from the body the outer or terminal margin, 
 the part opposite the costa the posterior or hind margin 
 (the inner margin of some authors). The angle between 
 the costa and the outer margin is called the apex ; the 
 one between the outer and hind margin may be known 
 as the posterior angle when applied to the fore wings. 
 The hind wings have the costa, outer margin, and apex 
 the same as the fore wings, the latter being sometimes 
 spoken of as the outer angle, but the part of the hind wing 
 next to the body is called the internal or inner margin, 
 and the angle at the end of this the anal angle. 
 
 In Europe, and to some extent in this country, a 
 system of numbering the veins has been adopted. The 
 plan is to number them in order at their termination 
 along the margin of the wing, without regard to their 
 length. By this plan the one extending from the base 
 of the wing below the median would be called 1, the first 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 31 
 
 or lower branch of the median 2, the second branch 3, 
 and so on round the outer margin and costa to the costal 
 vein, which will have the highest number. If, however, 
 there are two veins below the median, the submedian and 
 internal, the first is called 1 a, the second 1 b. The same 
 system is observed with the hind wings. 
 
 The membranes of the wings are concealed beneath a 
 covering of minute colored scales. The membrane itself 
 is not colored, the colors of 
 the wing being due to the 
 various hues of the scales. 
 
 These are arranged in regular 
 rows (see Fig. 7), and lap 
 over one another like shingles 
 on a roof. The scales are 
 modified hairs, and are of 
 various shapes. The basal end 
 by which the scale is attached 
 to the wing comes more or 
 less abruptly to a point ; but the other end varies, being 
 rounded or variously toothed or pointed. This covering 
 has gained for these insects the scientific name Lepidop- 
 tera, from two Greek words which signify scaly-wings. 
 
 These scales cover both the upper and the lower surface, 
 and they are usually of a different color below from what 
 they are above. Sometimes this difference is merely a 
 difference in shade of the same general color, at other 
 times it is more than that, as in the Papilios, etc. The 
 two sexes are often different on the upper surface, but 
 are more nearly alike beneath, as in many of the Pam- 
 pliilas. 
 
 The abdomen is either oval, as in Papilio, Vanessa, 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Section of butterfly-wing showing 
 how the scales are attached. 
 
32 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 etc., or more slender, as in Pieris, or nearly conical, as 
 in some of the Hesperidae. It consists of eight or nine 
 segments, each furnished with a spiracle on each side. 
 The digestive system, which in the larva state was an 
 alimentary canal, consisting of a cylindrical muscular 
 tube extending from one end of the body to the other, 
 enlarging in some places and contracting in others, so 
 as to be naturally divided into oesophagus, stomach, and 
 intestines, now has changed into a more slender, tortuous 
 tube twice the length of the body. The respiratory 
 system is similar to that in the larva state. The ner- 
 vous system consists of seven ganglia, while in the larva 
 there were eleven. The reduction is due to the fusion 
 during the pupa state of those in the anterior part of 
 the body, forming two thoracic ganglia, which distribute 
 nerves to the legs and the muscles of the wings. The 
 ganglia in the head and abdomen give off fibres to the 
 various organs of these parts, each ganglion serving as 
 a brain to the part in which it is located, but at the 
 same time communicating with the other ganglia by 
 nervous filaments. 
 
 HABITS OF BUTTERFLIES 
 
 Butterflies are day-flyers. They rejoice in the warm 
 sunshine, few being seen on the wing if the weather be 
 cloudy with a cold wind. On the side of a mountain as 
 the sun was setting, throwing different portions into the 
 shadow from the base to the top, the writer has seen the 
 butterflies fly from cluster to cluster of flowers up the 
 acclivity, going just fast enough to keep in the sun- 
 shine. The kinds that are to be found only in the 
 woods will be seen flitting about in a patch of sunshine 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 33 
 
 where the sun shines through a break in the trees, sip- 
 ping sweets from the flowers or basking on a leaf ; but if 
 some other patch of sunshine is sought, it is. by nearly 
 direct flight. It is true such butterflies as Debis Port - 
 landia are almost habitually in the shade ; but even they 
 are more active on sunshiny days than when the skv is 
 overcast with clouds. 
 
 The direction of the wind seems to affect all insect 
 life. Though the sun may shine in a cloudless sky, if 
 the wind blow moderately strong from the northwest, 
 butterflies take to the wing but little ; and there is more 
 in this than the fact that a wind prevents their flying 
 with ease. A much stronger south wind would tempt 
 them forth and cause them to be blown about where the 
 wind was strongest, but behind some hill or sheltering 
 wood they would be found more at their ease. 
 
 The habits of different species in the places they fre- 
 quent vary greatly. There are a few species, as Colias 
 Philodice , Danais Archippus , and a few others, that are 
 to be found everywhere within the limits of their range, 
 in wood and field, town and country. Papilio Asterias 
 is another species that has a wide range, while P. Tro- 
 ilus , Ajax , Philenor , and Cresphontes are confined more 
 to the open woods, where they may be seen in search of 
 their food-plants, or hovering over the flowers of some 
 Vernonia or Eupatorium, or slaking their thirst at a 
 damp place in the road. With wind and weather favor- 
 able, these may often be seen on flowers at a distance 
 from the woods. Gallidryas Piubule and Sennce , when 
 they occur in this region, are to be found in the fields or 
 open woods ; but they fly rapidly, stopping for a moment 
 on flowers, seemingly as though migrating. From this 
 
34 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 manner of flying, which is usually in a north or south 
 general direction, the writer has thought that they did 
 not breed here, but that the larvae were to be found 
 farther south ; and this has in a measure been confirmed 
 by never finding any larvae or eggs on their food-plants. 
 
 The food-plant of a species determines to some extent 
 the places of its resort. Cabbage and turnips being 
 largely the food-plants of Pieris Rapce , this species will 
 be found more about gardens and fields where these 
 plants are grown. The tame and prairie grasses furnish- 
 ing food for the different forms of Satyrus Alope , this 
 species will be found in meadows and prairies ; while the 
 Neonymphas and Debis Portlandia , feeding more on the 
 grasses growing in shady woods, may be sought in these 
 places. The Neonymphas fly low and with a jerking 
 motion, unless disturbed, but Debis has a different flight. 
 The male selects some tree, on whose trunk he may be 
 found, darting out upon every intruder, large or small, 
 to return again to his post ; the female being near by, 
 perched upon a blade of grass or a leaf. The Theclas 
 are to be found in some open wood or on bushes along 
 the border of a clearing. They rest upon the sunny side 
 of a bush on a leaf, frequently flitting out and back again 
 to the same or an adjoining leaf; and Feniseca Tarquinius 
 has a similar habit. The Lycsenas are to be found more 
 about grasses and flowers, or hovering over some moist 
 place in the path or about some pool or small stream. 
 The different species of Pyrameis or Junonia are often 
 to be found in a path or road, from which they will fly 
 up to alight a short distance ahead, flying past you after 
 this is repeated a few times. Limenitis Disippus has a 
 similar habit, being found not far from some clump of 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 35 
 
 willows. L . Ursula is more often found in or near the 
 woods on the lower leaves of some tree or shrub, or 
 sipping moisture from a mud-hole. The Pamphilas are 
 essentially grass insects, and are seen more frequently 
 about the rank growths of semi- water-grasses of a swamp 
 than in any other place, except a blossoming clover-field. 
 In spring the wild plums and judas-trees form a resort 
 for several species of Eudamus, Nisoniades, and Papilios, 
 as well as for many other insects. 
 
 Some species flock together in great numbers, espe- 
 cially after they have multiplied to a great extent, as 
 Danais Archippus ; others are seldom to be found ex- 
 cept in pairs, as Debis Portlandia already spoken of, and 
 Paphia Troglodyta. The latter, instead of sitting upon 
 the trunk of a tree, takes position on a leaf, a stick, or a 
 stump, where he stands guard over his mate, chasing 
 away every intruder and returning again to the same 
 place. When the sun sinks in the west, or the sky 
 becomes overcast with clouds, the butterflies prepare for 
 the night’s sleep. In doing this, they usually attach 
 themselves to the under side of a leaf, with the wings 
 folded back to back, and the fore wings thrown back so 
 as to be partly covered by the hind wings. Many 
 species are of such colors on the under side that in this 
 position they are not conspicuous, the colors simulating 
 those of the surrounding objects. The coppery brown of 
 the under side of Paphia closely resembles that of a dead 
 oak-leaf, and so do the dull browns of Satyrus, Neo- 
 nympha, and others, though some are more variegated. 
 The writer has frequently seen Argynnis Cybele fly about 
 several low trees and try several leaves before finding 
 one to its liking. Butterflies will sometimes do this to 
 
36 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 avoid danger. A female Calidryas Sennce was struck at 
 by the writer with a net as it was passing on the wing. 
 It dodged the net, but at once turned from its course and 
 flew to a small oak-bush, where it settled, in an attitude 
 of repose, on the under side of a leaf, from which it was 
 taken by the hand. 
 
 Some species hibernate in the butterfly, or imago, state, 
 as Vanessa Antiopa and some of the Graptas. If a chip 
 is cut from a tree in the forest so that the sap flows a 
 little, these butterflies may be seen late in the fall, when- 
 ever the weather is mild, sipping at such a place. As it 
 becomes cooler they retire to some sheltered place, where 
 they anchor themselves by the hooks in their feet and 
 become lethargic, remaining there till the warmth of 
 spring arouses them from their slumbers. The wounded 
 trees, fresh-cut stumps, and early flowers furnish them 
 the food their system demands in the spring; and in 
 due time the eggs are deposited for the new generation. 
 
 COLLECTING BUTTEKFLIES. 
 
 This may be considered under two heads, — collecting 
 
 the adult imagines 
 and rearing them 
 from the eggs or 
 larvae. In the first 
 a few implements 
 are essential, though 
 they need not be ex- 
 pensive, — a net and 
 a poison-bottle. A 
 net to be used easily should be made as light as possible, 
 though it must be stout enough to be serviceable. It 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 37 
 
 may consist of three parts, the bag, hoop, and handle, 
 as shown in Fig. 8. The hoop, c, should be made of 
 about No. 8 wire, and nine inches in diameter will be 
 a convenient size. Any tinsmith can make this. The 
 wire, after being bent in the form of a circle, should have 
 the two ends bent out so that they may come together as 
 in c, though not left so long, an inch and a half being 
 long enough. The second part of the hoop, shown at b f 
 consists of a tin ferrule which may be a socket for the re- 
 ception of the handle. This should be four and a half 
 inches long, three-fourths of an inch wide at the large 
 end, and tapering down so that the two ends of the 
 wire when placed close together will just fit in. Place 
 these in the small end of the ferrule till the tin comes 
 against the circle, and fasten with solder. Many use a 
 patent brass socket with an adjustable wire fastened with 
 a screw, but I find these heavier than the one here de- 
 scribed, besides being more expensive, this not costing 
 more than from fifteen to twenty-five cents. The bag 
 part of the net, a, should be made of some strong but 
 light material, such as “ Swiss,” though mosquito bar will 
 do very good service. If the material used is a yard 
 in width, this may be taken for the length of the bag, and 
 the dimensions the other way so much as will go round the 
 hoop. The bottom of the bag should be rounded, the cloth 
 of the other end put over the wire, and over this a piece 
 of strong muslin, and the whole sewed close to the wire. 
 
 For a handle a stick about the size of a walking-cane 
 will answer, or one two and a half feet in length, made 
 of some light but stout wood. Black walnut and ash 
 are preferable to any of the softer woods, as they are not 
 so easily broken. The handle should not be more than 
 
 4 
 
38 
 
 TIIE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and should taper a 
 little at one end so as to fit into the socket of the hoop. 
 A net made in this way is light enough to be used easily 
 by even a child without straining the wrist, and yet is 
 strong enough for all ordinary purposes. If it is desirable 
 to put the net in a valise or trunk when one is travelling, 
 the handle may be made in two pieces by sawing it in 
 two in the middle, having a close-fitting tin or brass 
 ferrule made to hold it together when in use. 
 
 Chloroform has been used to some extent for killing 
 insects, but what is called a “ poison-bottle” is pref- 
 erable to this, on account both of expense and of ease 
 in use. This is made by placing in a large-mouthed 
 bottle several pieces of cyanide of potassium, the amount, 
 depending upon the size of the bottle. If the bottle 
 is large and the glass thin, it is better to break the cyan- 
 ide into pieces not larger than a pea, as otherwise the 
 bottle may be broken by expansion of the poison-cake. 
 After the chemical is in the bottle, pour in water to the 
 depth of half an inch or less, and slowly sprinkle in 
 plaster of Paris till a hard, dry cake is formed, having 
 some loose plaster on top of the cake. Upon turning the 
 side and rolling it round, this will absorb any moisture 
 on the inside of the bottle. Wipe down the sides now 
 with a cloth, using a stick if necessary, pour out the 
 dry plaster, wipe again both inside and out, put in the 
 cork, and the bottle is ready for use. Quinine-bottles 
 are a very good size for small insects. The glass jars 
 with tin tops in which “ Old Reliable” baking-powder 
 is put up make excellent bottles for general use. It is 
 better to have several poison-bottles, so that one may be 
 had for use at any time without disturbing those that 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 39 
 
 may be in another waiting to be spread. In excursions 
 for butterflies it is well to have two or more bottles, so 
 that when an insect is killed it may be put into another 
 bottle, and not be beaten by the fluttering wings of the 
 next capture. Even then but few should be kept to- 
 gether in the second bottle, as they soon get rubbed by 
 being carried about. Some means of pinning them in 
 the field as soon as they have been in the poison-bottle 
 long enough to insure their not coming to life again is 
 preferable. To avoid this rubbing, the writer obtained 
 a small tin box with a handle at the top, and the lid 
 fastening with a clasp, made a cyanide-cake in the bot- 
 tom, and put a sheet of cork round the inside, with the 
 edge coming just to the top of the box. This box is 
 eight and a half inches long by six wide, and five high ; 
 but that is rather small to hold a large number of cap- 
 tures. With a box of this kind it is necessary to use 
 only one bottle, as when the insects are pinned on the 
 inside of the box they are still under the influence of the 
 poison, and hence may be pinned as soon as they become 
 quiet in the bottle. This has another advantage over a 
 box without the cyanide, as the specimens need not be 
 spread till the next day after they are captured, or even 
 longer. If allowed to remain long in the box, however, 
 the pins are liable to corrode. 
 
 The subject of using the net may be passed over 
 briefly, as a little practice is of more value than pages of 
 verbal directions. When the insect is in the net, a quick 
 turn of the hand brings the top down with a fold in the 
 bag and prevents its escape. Then by carefully getting 
 its body between the thumb and finger outside the net, 
 with the wings closed back to back, fluttering is pre- 
 
40 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 vented, and the wings are kept from being broken oi 
 the scales from being rubbed from the body and wings. 
 After this is done, the poison-bottle, with the cork out, 
 may be inserted under the net and the butterfly let into it, 
 where he will soon succumb to the poisonous fumes. In 
 taking small specimens out of the net it is not necessary 
 to seize them between the thumb and finger : with the 
 hoop on the ground, the bottom of the net may be raised 
 up, when they will fly upward as far as they can get. 
 Inserting now the open bottle into the net, the specimens 
 are easily secured. 
 
 After the butterflies are captured, what we shall do with 
 them depends upon whether they are to be at once pre- 
 pared for the cabinet, or whether for any reason this 
 cannot be done. Only entomological pins, or those pre- 
 pared specially for this use, should be used in pinning 
 specimens. For butterflies, Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Klaeger’s 
 make are considered the best, suiting the pin to the size 
 
 of the insect. The pin 
 should be inserted into 
 the middle of the thorax, 
 and passed through till 
 at least one-fourth of 
 the pin is above the 
 body, some preferring 
 as much as one-third 
 being left above. This 
 will give room to take 
 hold of the pin in trans- 
 ferring from box to box without injury to the covering 
 of the thorax, and will bring the specimens to the same 
 height in the cabinet. After pinning, the wings should 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 41 
 
 be spread in the manner represented by Fig. 9, on what is 
 called a setting-board. This may be made of any length 
 desired, and several sizes should be on hand to accom- 
 modate different-sized specimens. They may be made by 
 taking clapboards or siding, sawing them into strips, and 
 nailing them to blocks of wood one inch high, as in the 
 figure, the thin edge of the board inward, with a space be- 
 tween for the bodies .of the insects, varying according to 
 the size of the specimen to be pinned on the board. This 
 makes the boards slope a little towards the middle, and 
 brings the outer part of the wings a little higher 
 than next to the body ; but this is best, as when 
 taken from the boards they may droop a little. 
 
 If the setting-boards are twenty-three inches 
 long, it will be necessary to support them by a 
 block in the middle. Under the space between 
 the boards should be fastened a narrow strip of 
 one-eighth inch cork, or a piece of thin paste- 
 board, tli rough which the pins must be pushed 
 till the lower side of the wings, when spread, 
 comes on a level with the boards. 
 
 In spreading insects’ wings setting-needles 
 (see Fig. 10) should be used. In handling speci- 
 mens a pair of spring forceps with smooth points 
 are essential to prevent rubbing by the fingers. 
 
 The setting-needle is made by taking a medium- 
 sized needle in a pair of pliers and forcing the 
 eye end into a piece of soft wood. Five of 
 these will be found convenient, — one with which to bring 
 the wings down if they stand erect, and the other four 
 to bring the wings round in place, inserting each one into 
 the soft setting-board through the wing when the latter 
 
 4 * 
 
 Fig. 10 . 
 
 Setting- 
 
 needle. 
 
42 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 is where it is wanted. It is customary now among ento- 
 mologists to bring the fore wings forward until the hind 
 margins of these wings shall form a straight line, as in 
 Fig. 32, and then bring the hind wings far enough round 
 to look natural. When the wings are in place, put 
 on each side from one to two narrow strips of paper, as 
 shown in the figure. 
 
 After the insects are spread on the boards they may 
 be put into a drying-case, where they should remain from 
 five to ten days, according to the size of the specimens 
 and the state of the weather. A convenient case may 
 be made in the form of a box long enough to hold the 
 boards, set on edge, with shelves put in it three inches 
 apart, and with a door in front. It may be deep enough 
 for two of the boards to go on each shelf. If the back 
 of the case is made of wire-cloth the specimens will dry 
 more readily. 
 
 If conveniences are not at hand for spreading butter- 
 flies when caught, as in travelling, they may be pinned, 
 but not spread, and put into empty boxes, to be relaxed 
 and spread at some future time ; or they may be put into 
 papers or small envelopes, with such notes as to place and 
 date of capture, etc., as may be of interest marked on the 
 outside. To prepare a paper for this purpose, take a strip 
 of ordinary writing-paper a little longer than wide, and 
 fold it obliquely across the middle so that a quarter of an 
 inch shall project beyond each of the sides of the triangle 
 thus made. With the butterfly inside of this, the wings 
 folded back to back, and the projecting part folded 
 over the edge on each side, a receptacle is formed which 
 will keep the insect in good condition as long as de- 
 sired. The size of the papers should vary with the size 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 43 
 
 of the specimen to be put up. Insects put up in this way 
 may be packed in boxes and sent through the mails to 
 any distance with little danger of injury. 
 
 When desirable to prepare specimens, not spread, for 
 the cabinet, they may be put into a jar or box having 
 two inches of wet sand in the bottom, over which a couple 
 of thicknesses of paper have been placed. By remaining 
 in such a place from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, or 
 longer if not pliable by that time, the specimens become 
 softened so that the wings may be spread the same as 
 fresh specimens. The jar or box containing the speci- 
 mens should be kept in a cool place, as otherwise the 
 insects may mould before they are relaxed enough to be 
 spread. 
 
 Some form of a cabinet to hold the specimens after 
 they are dry is a necessity. The best form is that con- 
 sisting of a series of closed drawers, all enclosed by doors, 
 as this double enclosing insures partial immunity from 
 museum pests. Among the many patterns or styles the 
 simple is often as good as the more complicated. This 
 may consist of drawers of any desired size, with a glass 
 top set into a frame that matches tightly on to the lower 
 part. For a large cabinet the glass may be sixteen by 
 twenty inches, and the drawers one and three-fourths or 
 one and seven-eighths inches deep on the inside from the 
 bottom to the glass. As many as seventy-two of these 
 drawers may be arranged in a cabinet in three upright 
 rows, or a less number if desired. For a smaller cabinet 
 the drawers may be smaller, as, for instance, fourteen by 
 sixteen inches glass with the same depth ; and any num- 
 ber from sixteen to forty, arranged in two rows. It is 
 better to have the cabinet made of some hard wood, as 
 
44 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 cherry or black walnut, though the drawers, all but the 
 front, may be of pine. When made, the drawers should 
 be lined on the bottom with insect cork, and this and the 
 sides, up to the glass, covered with white paper. If 
 the paper be ruled both ways with blue lines one-fourth 
 of an inch apart, this will facilitate putting specimens in 
 with regularity, and will not detract from the looks. 
 
 Some use boxes made in the form of books, which are 
 convenient on some accounts, but cannot be recommended 
 except as a temporary expedient. 
 
 Museum pests are great destroyers of collections. 
 These consist of one or more species of Dermestidse, a 
 family of small beetles, which in the larva state eat any 
 dead animal matter if it be dry, and one or more species 
 of small mites. Camphor gum wrapped in a piece of 
 thin cloth and put into a corner of the drawer, or a 
 naphthaline cone pinned in, will destroy the mites, but 
 the Dermestes must be sought and killed. Nothing short 
 of vigilance will keep them out. When a cabinet is free 
 from them, careful guarding against their introduction 
 in new specimens added to it will generally insure im- 
 munity from them. Where specimens are suspected of 
 being infested, they should be placed in a box away from 
 the cabinet and watched, and not introduced until known 
 to be free from these pests. 
 
 One of the best means of obtaining good specimens 
 of many butterflies is by raising them from the eggs or 
 captured larvae. Besides good specimens, a knowledge 
 of the preparatory stages is thus obtained, and this is 
 not less important than the habits and other items we 
 learn about the imagines. It is now well known, chiefly 
 through the investigations of Mr. Edwards, that the 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 45 
 
 females of most, if not of all, of the species of butter- 
 flies when caught and confined with the proper food- 
 plant will readily deposit eggs. If the plant be small, 
 it may be transferred to a flower-pot, and the whole 
 covered with a Swiss muslin bag, supported by two or 
 three sticks set in the dirt in the pot. If the food-plant 
 is a tree or bush, then a limb may be enclosed in the 
 bag with the butterfly in it. The female placed in the 
 bag may not deposit eggs at once, but in most cases she 
 will do so within two or three days. Some species do 
 not lay their eggs till some time after their emergence 
 from the chrysalis, as the eggs are not sufficiently 
 matured in the ovaries. With such species it is better 
 to take a specimen which by its worn appearance shows 
 that it has been some time from the chrysalis. It may 
 be desirable to keep the butterfly alive for several days, 
 and this can be done only by feeding her, as without 
 food she would starve. A method recommended by 
 Mr. Edwards is to put raw dried apples into a small 
 dish with a little sugar and water. The insect will eat 
 this readily, and by this means eggs may be secured 
 when they would not be otherwise. 
 
 If the food-plant is not known, several plants may be 
 tried till one is found upon which the butterfly will 
 oviposit. Often a food-plant may be guessed by know- 
 ing what an allied species feeds upon ; though this does 
 not always hold true. In the part of this work devoted 
 to the descriptions of species, the food-plants of the 
 species are given so far as known. As will be seen, there 
 are a number of species of whose preparatory stages 
 nothing is known, embracing, among others, nearly all 
 of the Hesperidse. 
 
46 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Iii feeding the larvae, some entomologists leave the 
 muslin bag over the limb where the eggs were deposited 
 until the eggs hatch, and allow the larvae to feed on the 
 leaves thus enclosed. This is a good way to obtain chry- 
 salides for butterflies with little expense of labor in feed- 
 ing and caring for the larvae, if only the perfect insects 
 are desired, but it gives very little chance for observations. 
 
 If it is desirable to study the larvae as they grow (and 
 nothing about entomology can be more interesting), the 
 eggs, with the leaves on which they are placed, should be 
 removed to some vessel where they will not dry up, and 
 where they will be secure from the attacks of ants. 
 Ordinary jelly-glasses with tin tops are good for this 
 purpose. When the eggs begin to hatch, the young 
 larvae may be transferred to another jelly-glass, or, if 
 there are only a few of them, they may be left for a day 
 or two in the same dish, introducing tender leaves for 
 them to eat. Mr. Edwards suggests the use of tubes 
 for a few of the larvae, so that they may be more easily 
 observed while young than in a larger dish. The time 
 of depositing the eggs should be noted, also the time of 
 hatching, and the shape and color of the young larvae, 
 making observations every twelve or twenty-four hours. 
 
 The larvae of butterflies moult or shed their skins 
 from four to five times in coming to maturity, and 
 usually they present different colors and markings each 
 time they change their outer covering. These notes, 
 taken at least as often as they moult, and a description 
 of the egg and chrysalis, with the dates at which these 
 changes take place, form the life-history of tlie species. 
 To this should be added any other items of interest that 
 may be observed, such as the food-plant, whether solitary 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 47 
 
 or gregarious, the manner of feeding and place of rest- 
 ing, place and manner in which the chrysalis is formed, 
 manner of depositing the eggs, etc. Such life-histories 
 form a valuable part of our knowledge of these insects. 
 
 Moulting is a critical period in the history of a cater- 
 pillar. To make preparation for it the larva fixes its 
 feet to some object, and after remaining quiet for a time 
 bursts the skin open on the back of the thorax, and 
 through this opening comes out of its old skin. At 
 first all the external parts are soft and tender, for which 
 reason it is easily injured. Soon the parts harden by 
 evaporation of the water, and the caterpillar then resumes 
 its feeding. During the time of moulting it should not 
 be transferred from one vessel to another if it can be 
 avoided. The time of moulting may be known by the 
 enlargement of the neck or second segment, caused by 
 the partial withdrawing of the head from the old skin 
 and pushing it up against this part. 
 
 If the larvae when first hatched are placed in tubes, 
 they may afterwards be placed in a jelly-dish, where 
 they may be kept till of considerable size. The writer 
 has kept several species in jelly-dishes till they were 
 three-fourths of an inch long. From this they may be 
 transferred to the breeding-cage, or vivarium. Some 
 entomologists use a cage made of wire gauze over a frame- 
 work, with a zinc bottom to hold dirt and the food, but 
 these are expensive. The writer has used for a number 
 of years boxes of different sizes with a glass in front for 
 a door, sliding in upright grooves. Upon the bottom of 
 the box is placed two and a half inches of garden-soil and 
 sand, — just enough of the latter to prevent the soil from 
 drying in hard cakes. By wetting the dirt occasionally, 
 
48 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 and placing the food-plant on the dirt or setting it up 
 against the sides, the conditions can be made very nearly 
 what they are where the larvae feed unconfined on the 
 grass or tree in their freedom; and this making theii 
 condition as nearly as possible what it is in nature is 
 essential to successful breeding. 
 
 It is a mistaken idea that larvae will not bear confine- 
 ment in close vessels. Being obliged to leave home 
 for a time when two species were about half grown, I 
 had some of each put into jelly-dishes with their food- 
 plants and took them with me. They were kept in 
 these dishes till they reached maturity by being fed each 
 day, and they produced the imagines without the loss of 
 a single individual ; and this is not the only instance 
 in which the writer has kept them in this way. 
 
 In an article in the “ Canadian Entomologist” on 
 rearing larvae (vol. xvi. page 116), Mr. W. H. Edwards 
 says, “ Larvae bear confinement in tight glasses well, and 
 I often receive them from correspondents as distant as 
 Florida or California, through the mails, in good condi- 
 tion. The plants keep well in this sort of confinement 
 also. I have never used what are known as breeding- 
 cages, which are expensive if purchased, and are trouble- 
 some to make at home.” Farther on in the same article 
 he says, “As for large larvse, as of the Papilios, I 
 generally use powder-kegs (wood), or nail-kegs, one or 
 the other of which can be had anywhere. Remove the 
 top hoop, and use the second one to bind down the 
 cotton-cloth cover ; put a little earth in the bottom, and 
 in it set a two-quart glass fruit-jar filled with water, in 
 which branches of the food-plant are placed. No 
 further care is required than to substitute fresh branches 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 49 
 
 for the old ones as the leaves are consumed, and the 
 larvse will go on to pupation. This is when it is 
 desired to get chrysalides by wholesale. 
 
 “But where observation of the larvae is necessary, 
 glass tubes and tumblers, and gauze-covered flower-pots, 
 and tin pails and nail-kegs, will answer all the purposes 
 of elaborate and expensive cages, and be more satisfactory, 
 I apprehend. At any rate, all my work is done in this 
 way.” A reference to Mr. Edwards’s publications will 
 attest the success of his methods of rearing butterfly 
 larvae. 
 
 USE OF THE KEY. 
 
 In the preparation of the following key for the aid of 
 the student in identifying specimens, an effort has been 
 made so to combine a key to the genera with one to the 
 species that they shall be one key, and at the same time 
 have the merits of separate keys. This has been done 
 by inserting, at the end of a description referring to a 
 genus, the generic name as well as the number referring 
 to where the specific descriptions begin. If the genus 
 to which a given specimen belongs is known, it will not 
 be necessary to begin at the first of the key and go 
 through till the particular genus is reached, but by 
 running the eye over the names at the right-hand side 
 of the page the genus may be found, and the number 
 after the generic name will direct where to go to find 
 the species. 
 
 In the preparation of the key such characters have 
 been used as would be the most readily recognized by 
 the student, facility in identification being aimed at, 
 though by so doing the tables were made in a measure 
 artificial. The numbers in parentheses after the species 
 c d 5 
 
50 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 refer to the numbers at the head of each specific descrip- 
 tion in the body of the work, the other numbers at the 
 light-hand side of the page refer to other parts of the key. 
 
 NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES. 
 
 Few of our American butterflies have common names 
 that are generally recognized. The few that have com- 
 mon names are mostly such as have obtained them by 
 reason of their being injurious insects, such as the Rape 
 or European Cabbage Butterfly, etc. For this reason 
 only the scientific names are used in this work. If it 
 is desirable to use a common name, the specific name 
 can be used as such ; indeed, this has for some time been 
 the custom in many localities. For instance, Papilio 
 Asterias is spoken of as the Asterias butterfly, P. Ajax 
 as the Ajax butterfly, etc. Pieris Rapce , because of its 
 being brought to this country from Europe, is usually 
 called the European Cabbage butterfly, though it is often 
 called the Rape butterfly. 
 
 The scientific names are, like the scientific names of 
 other groups of natural objects, Latin words, and as 
 such are subject to the rules of that language in pronun- 
 ciation. By observing the place of accent as given in 
 the following list, and remembering that, with few ex- 
 ceptions, in Latin each vowel makes a syllable, little 
 difficulty need be experienced in pronunciation. To 
 those who are classical scholars no such suggestions are 
 necessary. 
 
 The scientific name consists of two words, the first the 
 generic name, or the name of the genus. This has nearly 
 its parallel in the last word of a man’s name. The second 
 is the specific name, or that which is used to identify the 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 51 
 
 particular kind. In the names of human beings, the 
 given name, or that which is used to designate a par- 
 ticular individual, in a measure corresponds with this. 
 After the specific name is given, in an abbreviated form, 
 the name of the entomologist who described the insect 
 originally under the specific name here used. 
 
 ACCENTUATED LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. Pa-piFi-o A'jax, Linnaeus. 
 
 2. Pa-piPi-o Phi-le'nor, Linnaeus. 
 
 3. Pa-piPi-o As-te'ri-as, Fabricius. 
 
 11 11 aberr. Cal-ver-ley'i-i, Grote. 
 
 “ 11 var. As-te-ro-Fdes, Reakirt. 
 
 4. Pa-piPi-o Tro'i-lus, Linnaeus. 
 
 5. Pa-piPi-o Pal-a-me'des, Drury. 
 
 6. Pa-piPi-o Tur'nus, Linnaeus. 
 
 u 11 dim. form Glau'cus, Linnaeus. 
 
 7. Pa-piFi-o Cres-phoiPtes, Cramer. 
 
 8. Pa-piFi-o Po-lyd'a-mas, Linnaeus. 
 
 9. PPe-ris Il-a-Fre, Godart. 
 
 10. PPe-ris Mo-nus'te, Linnaeus. 
 
 11. PPe-ris Pro-tod'i-ce, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 11 u form Yer-na'lis, Edwards. 
 
 12. PPe-ris Na'pi, Esper. 
 
 “ 11 aberr. Yir-gin-i-en'sis, Edwards. 
 
 11 11 form Ol-e-ra'ce-a HSs'ti-va, Harris 
 
 13. PPe-ris Yir-gin-i-en'sis, Edwards. 
 
 14. PPe-ris Ra'pae, Linnaeus. 
 
 u 11 var. Man'ni, Mayer. 
 
 “ l< var. No'vae An'gli-ae, Scudder. 
 
 15. Na-tha'lis I'o-le, Boisduval. 
 
 11 11 var. I-re'ne, Fitch. 
 
 16. An-thoch'a-ris O-lym'pi-a, Edwards. 
 
 17. An-thoch'a-ris Ge-mPti-a, Fabricius. 
 
 18. Cal-lid'ry-as Eu-bu'le, Linnaeus. 
 
 19. Cal-lid'ry-as Sen'nae, Linnaeus. 
 
52 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 20. Cal-lid'ry-as Phil'e-a, Linnaeus. 
 
 21. Cal-lid'ry-as A-gar'i-the, Boisduval. 
 
 22. Kric-o-go'ni-a Lys'i-de, Godart. 
 
 “ “ form Te-ris'sa, Lucas. 
 
 23. Co'li-as Cae-so'ni-a, Stoll. 
 
 24. Co'li-as Eu-ryth'e-me, Boisduval. 
 
 “ “ form A-ri-ad'ne, Edwards. 
 
 “ 11 11 Kee-way'din, Edwards. 
 
 25. Co'li-as Phi-lod'i-ce, Godart. 
 
 26. Co'li-as In-te'ri-or, Scudder. 
 
 27. Te'ri-as Ni-cip'pe, Cramer. 
 
 28. Te'ri-as Mex-i-ca'na, Boisduval. 
 
 29. Te'ri-as Li'sa, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 30. Te'ri-as De'li-a, Cramer. 
 
 31. Te'ri-as Ju-cun'da, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 32. Hel-i-co'ni-a Char-i-to'ni-a, Linnaeus. 
 
 33. Dan'a-is Ar-chip'pus, Fabricius. 
 
 34. Dan'a-is Ber-e-ni'ce, Cramer. 
 
 35. Co-lae'nis Ju'li-a, Fabricius. 
 
 36. A-grau'lis Ya-niPlae, Linnaeus. 
 
 37. Ar-gyn'nis I-da'li-a, Drury. 
 
 “ “ aberr. Ash'ta-roth, Fisher. 
 
 38. Ar-gyn'nis Di-a'na, Cramer. 
 
 39. Ar-gyn'nis Cyb'e-le, Fabricius. 
 
 40. Ar-gyn'nis Aph-ro-di'te, Fabricius 
 
 41. Ar-gyn'nis Al-ces'tis, Edwards. 
 
 42. Ar-gyn'nis At-lan'tis, Edwards. 
 
 43. Ar-gyn'nis My-ri'na, Cramer. 
 
 44. Ar-gyn'nis Mon-ti'nus, Scudder. 
 
 45. Ar-gyn'nis Bel-lo'na, Fabricius. 
 
 46. Eup-toi-e'ta Clau'di-a, Cramer. 
 
 47. Mel-i-tae'a Pba'e-ton, Drury. 
 
 11 “ aberr. Su-per'ba, Strecker. 
 
 “ 11 “ Phae-thu'sa, Hulst. 
 
 48. Mel-i-tae'a Har-ris'i-i, Scudder. 
 
 49. Phy-ci-o'des ISTyc'te-is, Doubleday and Hewitson. 
 
 50. Phy-ci-o'des Car-lo'ta, Beakirt. 
 
 51. Phy-ci-o'des Pha'on, Edwards. 
 
 52. Phy-ci-o'des Tha'ros, Drury. 
 
 11 11 form Mar'ci-a, Edwards. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 53 
 
 Phy-ci-o'des Tha'ros, form MoPphe-us, Fabricius. 
 
 “ 11 11 aberr. Pack-aPdi-i, Saunders. 
 
 53. Phy-ci-o'des Bates'i-i, Reakirt. 
 
 54. E-re'si-a Fris'i-a, Poey. 
 
 55. Grap'ta In-ter-ro-ga-ti-o'nis, Fabricius. 
 
 “ form Fa-bri^i-i, Edwards. 
 
 11 “ Um-bro'sa, Lintner. 
 
 56. Grap'ta Com'ma, Harris. 
 
 “ u form Har-ris'i-i, Edwards. 
 
 “ “ “ Dry ''as, Edwards. 
 
 57. Grap'ta Fau'nus, Edwards. 
 
 58. Grap'ta Grac/i-lis, Grote and Robinson. 
 
 59. Grap'ta Prog'ne, Cramer. 
 
 60. Grap'ta J APbum, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 61. Va-nes'sa An-tPo-pa, Linnaeus. 
 
 11 11 aberr. Lint-ne'ri-i, Fitch. 
 
 62. Va-nes'sa Mil-bePti-i, Godart. 
 
 63. Py-ra-me'is At-a-lan'ta, Linnaeus. 
 
 64. Py-ra-me'is Hun'te-ra, Fabricius. 
 
 65. Py-ra-me'is CaPdu-i, Linnaeus. 
 
 66. Ju-no'ni-a Coe'ni-a, Hiibner. 
 
 67. A-naPti-a JaPro-phae, Linnaeus. 
 
 68. Eu'ni-ca Mon'i-ma, Cramer. 
 
 69. Ti-me'tes PePre-us, Cramer. 
 
 70. Vic-to-rPna Sten'e-les, Linnaeus. 
 
 71. Di-a-de'ma Mi-sip'pus, Linnaeus. 
 
 72. Li-men-Ptis UPsu-la, Fabricius. 
 
 73. Li-men-Ptis APthe-mis, Drury. 
 
 11 11 form LanPi-na, Fabricius. 
 
 “ “ 11 Pro-sePpi-na, Edwards. 
 
 74. Li-men-Ptis Di-sip'pus, Godart. 
 
 “ “ var. Flor-i-den'sis, Strecker. 
 
 “ “ aberr. Pseu-do-do-rip'pus, Strecker 
 
 75. Li-men-Ptis E'ros, Edwards. 
 
 76. Ap-a-tiPra CePtis, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 77. Ap-a-tu'ra A-licj'i-a, Edwards. 
 
 78. Ap-a-tu'ra Cly'ton, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 “ “ form Pro-sePpi-na, Scudder. 
 
 “ 11 “ O-cel-la'ta, Edwards. 
 
 79. Ap-a-tiPra Flo'ra, Edwards. 
 
54 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 80. Pa'phi-a Trog-lod'y-ta, Fabricius. 
 
 81. De'bis Port-lan'di-a, Fabricius. 
 
 82. Ne-o-nynPpha Can'thus, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 83. Ne-o-nym'pha GenPma, Hiibner. 
 
 84. Ne-o-nym'pha A-re-o-la'tus, Smith and Abbott. 
 
 85. He-o-nynPpha Eu'ry-tris, Fabricius. 
 
 86. Ne-o-nynPpha So-syb'i-us, Fabricius. 
 
 87. SaPy-rus Pe-ga'la, Fabricius. 
 
 88. SaPy-rus APo-pe, Fabricius. 
 
 11 11 form Ma-riPi-ma, Edwards. 
 
 11 “ “ Neph'e-le, Kirby. 
 
 “ 11 “ 0-lym'pus, Edwards. 
 
 89. Chi-o-no'bas JuPta, Hiibner. 
 
 90. Chi-o-no'bas Se-mid'e-a, Say. 
 
 91. Lib-y-the'a Bach-man'ni, Kirtland. 
 
 92. Ca-leph'e-lis Cse'ni-us, Linnaeus. 
 
 93. Ca-leph'e-lis Bo-re-a'lis, Grote and Kobinson 
 
 94. Eu-me'ni-a APa-la, Poey. 
 
 95. Thec'la Ha-le'sus, Cramer. 
 
 96. Thec'la M APbum, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 97. Thec'la Fa-vo'ni-us, Smith and Abbott. 
 
 98. Thec'la Au-tol'y-cus, Edwards. 
 
 99. Thec'la Hu'mu-li, Harris. 
 
 100. Thec'la A-ca'di-ca, Edwards. 
 
 101. Thec'la Ed-wards'i-i, Saunders. 
 
 102. Thec'la Witt-feld'i-i, Edwards. 
 
 103. Thec'la Cal'a-nus, Hiibner. 
 
 “ “ var. Lo-ra'ta, Grote and Robinson. 
 
 104. Thec'la On-ta'ri-o, Edwards. 
 
 105. Thec'la Stri-go'sa, Harris. 
 
 106. Thec'la Smi-la'cis, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 107. Thec'la A'cis, Drury. 
 
 108. Thec'la Po'e-as, Hiibner. 
 
 109. Thec'la Col-u-mePla, Fabricius. 
 
 110. Thec'la Au-gus'tus, Kirby. 
 
 111. Thec'la I'rus, Godart. 
 
 “ “ var. APsa-ce, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 112. Thec'la Hen'ri-ci, Grote and Robinson. 
 
 113. Thec'la Ni'phon, Hiibner. 
 
 114. Thec'la Lae'ta, Edwards. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 55 
 
 115 Thec'la Ti'tus, Fabricius. 
 
 116. Fen-i-se'ca Tar-quin'i-us, Fabricius. 
 
 117. Chrys-o-pha'nus Di-o'ne, Scudder. 
 
 118. Chrys-o-pha'nus Tho'e, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 119. Chrys-o-pha'nus Ep-ix-an'the, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 120. Chrys-o-pha'nus Hy-poph'le-as, Boisduval. 
 
 121. Ly-cae'na Lyg'da-mus, Doubleday. 
 
 122. Ly-cae'na Scud-de'ri-i, Edwards. 
 
 123. Ly-cae'na Pseu-dar-gi'o-lus, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 11 11 form Lu'ci-a, Kirby. 
 
 11 u 11 Mar-gi-na'ta, Edwards. 
 
 11 11 11 Vi-o-la'ce-a, Edwards. 
 
 “ “ “ Hi'gra, Edwards. 
 
 “ “ “ Neg-lec'ta, Edwards. 
 
 124. Ly-cae'na Co-myn'tas, Godart. 
 
 125. Lv-cae'na Fi-le'nus, Poey. 
 
 126. Ly-cae'na I-soph-thal'ma, Herrick-Schaefier. 
 
 127. Ly-cae'na Ex'i-lis, Boisduval. 
 
 128. Ly-cae'na Am'mon, Lucas. 
 
 129. Ly-cae'na The-o'nus, Lucas. 
 
 130. Car-te-ro-ceph'a-lus Man'dan, Edwards. 
 
 131. Car-te-ro-ceph'a-lus O'ma-ha, Edwards. 
 
 132. An-cy-lox'y-pha Nu'mi-tor, Fabricius. 
 
 133. Tliy-mel'i-cus Pow'e-shick, Parker. 
 
 134. Pam'phi-la Mas-sa-so'it, Scudder. 
 
 135. Pam'phi-la Zab'u-lon, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 “ 11 var. Ho-bo'mok, Harris. 
 
 “ 11 form Po-ca-hon'tas, Scudder. 
 
 “ “ var. Quad-ra-qui'na, Scudder. 
 
 136. Pam'phi-la Sas'sa-cus, Harris. 
 
 137. Pam'phi-la Me'te-a, Scudder. 
 
 138. Pam'phi-la Un'cas, Edwards. 
 
 139. Pam'phi-la Sem-i-no'le, Scudder. 
 
 140. Pam'phi-la Le-o-nar'dus, Harris. 
 
 141. Pam'phi-la Mes'ke-i, Edwards. 
 
 142. Pam'phi-la Hu'ron, Edwards. 
 
 143. Pam'phi-la Phy-lae'us, Drury. 
 
 144. Pam'phi-la Bret'tus, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 145. Pam'phi-la O'tho, Smith and Abbott. 
 
 '* 11 var. E-ger'e-met, Scudder. 
 
56 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 146. Pam'phi-la Peck'i-us, Kirby. 
 
 147. Pam'phi-la Mys'tic, Scudder. 
 
 148. Pam'phi-la Cer'nes, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 149. Pam'phi-la My'us, French. 
 
 150. Pam 'phi-la Man-a-ta'a-qua, Scudder. 
 
 151. Pam'phi-la Yer'na, Edwards. 
 
 152. Pam'phi-la Yes'tris, Boisduval. 
 
 153. Pam'phi-la Met-a-com'et, Harris. 
 
 154. Pam'phi-la Ac'ci-us, Smith and Abbott. 
 
 155. Pam'phi-la Lo'am-mi, Whitney. 
 
 156. Pam'phi-la Mac-u-la'ta, Edwards. 
 
 157. Pam'phi-la Pa-no'quin, Scudder. 
 
 158. Pam'phi-la O-co'la, Edwards. 
 
 159. Pam'phi-la Eth'li-us, Cramer. 
 
 160. Pam'phi-la Bi-mac'u-la, Grote and Eobinson. 
 
 161. Pam'phi-la Pon'ti-ac, Edwards. 
 
 162. Pam'phi-la I)i'on, Edwards. 
 
 163. Pam'phi-la Ar'pa, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 164. Pam'phi-la Pa-lat'ka, Edwards. 
 
 165. Pam'phi-la Yi-tel'li-us, Smith and Abbott. 
 
 166. Pam'phi-la Del-a-wa're, Edwards. 
 
 167. Pam'phi-la Bys'sus, Edwards. 
 
 168. Pam'phi-la O-sy'ka, Edwards. 
 
 169. Pam'phi-la Eu-fa'la, Edwards. 
 
 170. Pam'phi-la Fus'ca, Grote and Eobinson. 
 
 171. Pam'phi-la Hi-an'na, Scudder. 
 
 172. Pam'phi-la Yi-a'tor, Edwards. 
 
 173. Am-bly-scir'tes Yi-a'lis, Edwards. 
 
 174. Am-bly-scir'tes E'os, Edwards. 
 
 175. Am-bly-scir'tes Sam'o-set, Scudder. 
 
 176. Am-bly-scir'tes Tex'tor, Hiibner. 
 
 177. Pyr'gus Tes-sel-la'ta, Scudder. 
 
 178. Pyr'gus Cen-tau're-ae, Eambur. 
 
 179. Nis-o-ni'a-des Bri'zo, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 180. Nis-o-ni'a-des Ic'e-lus, Lintner. 
 
 181. Nis-o-ni'a-des Som'nus, Lintner. 
 
 182. Nis-o-ni'a-des Lu-cil'i-us, Lintner. 
 
 183. Nis-o-ni'a-des Per'si-us, Scudder. 
 
 184. Nis-o-ni'a-des Au-so'ni-us, Lintner. 
 
 185. Nis-o-ni'a-dcs Mar-ti-a'lis., Scudder. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 57 
 
 186. Nis-o-ni'a-des Ju-ve-na'lis, Fabricius. 
 
 187. Nis-o-nPa-des Pe-tro'ni-us, Lintner. 
 
 188. Nis-o-nPa-des Nae'vi-us, Lintner. 
 
 189. Phol-i-so'ra Ca-tuPlus, Fabricius. 
 
 190. Phol-i-sc/ra Hay-hursPi-i, Edwards. 
 
 191. Eu-da / mus PyPa-des, Scudder. 
 
 192. Eu-da / mus Ba-thyFlus, Smith and Abbott. 
 
 193. Eu-da'mus Ly^i-das, Smith and Abbott. 
 
 194. Eu-da'mus CePlus, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 195. Eu-da'mus Zes'tos, Hiibner. 
 
 196. Eu-da'mus TiPy-rus, Fabricius. 
 
 •197. Eu-da'mus Pro'te-us, Linnaeus. 
 
 198. E-ryq'i-des Bat-a-ba-no', Lefebvre. 
 
 199. E-ry^i-des A-myn'tas, Fabricius. 
 
 200. Meg-a-thy / mus Yuc'cae, Boisduval and Leconte. 
 
 201. Meg-a-thy'mus Cof-a-quP, Strecker. 
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY FOB THE DETEBMIN ATION OF 
 THE BUTTEBFLIES OF THE EASTEBN UNITED 
 STATES. 
 
 1 . 
 
 Antennae filiform, terminating in a knob or club, 
 
 BUTTERFLIES, 2 
 
 Antennae not knobbed, MOTHS. 
 
 2 . 
 
 Having six feet adapted for walking, - 3 
 
 Having four feet adapted for walking, the front pair aborted, 35 
 
 3. 
 
 Body rather slender, width of thorax from one-eighth to one- 
 
 sixth the length of hind margin of fore wings, 4 
 
 Body robust, width of thorax from one-fourth to one-half the 
 
 length of hind margin of fore wings, Hesperidae, 120 
 
 4. 
 
 General or ground colors black, white, or yellow ; size generally 
 
 from medium to large, ' Papilionidae, 5 
 
 Colors blue, coppery, or blackish f size generally small, 
 
 Lycaenidae, 89 
 
 & 
 
58 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Colors black and green, with fulvous abdomen ; or brownish 
 fulvous, with many black spots, Erycinidse, 9 S > 87 
 
 Colors black and fulvous, palpi beak-like, 
 
 Libythea Bachmanni, 9 (91) 
 
 5 . 
 
 Large species, hind wings tailed ; or black with submarginal 
 
 bands of yellow spots, Papilio, 6 
 
 Small or medium-sized species, hind wings not tailed, Pierinae, 14 
 
 6 . 
 
 Ground or principal color black, 7 
 
 Ground color yellow, with several black bands, Papilio Turnus, (6) 
 
 7. 
 
 Wings crossed by a number of greenish or greenish-yellow 
 
 bands, red at anal angle, Papilio Ajax, (1) 
 
 Wings crossed by one or two rows of yellow or greenish spots, 8 
 
 8 . 
 
 Wings crossed by one row of spots, 9 
 
 Wings crossed by two rows of spots, 11 
 
 9. 
 
 Wings tailed, 10 
 
 Wings not tailed, Papilio Polydamas, (8) 
 
 10 . 
 
 No blue clouds on hind wings, spots greenish, Papilio Philenor, (2) 
 Blue clouds on hind wings, spots yellow, 
 
 Papilio Turnus, var. Glauca, 9 (8) 
 
 11 . 
 
 Bows of spots yellow, 12 
 
 Bows of spots bluish or greenish, two rows on hind wings and 
 
 near the posterior angle of fore wings, Papilio Troilus, (4) 
 
 12 . 
 
 Spots parallel with the outer margin, 13 
 
 Bows of spots not parallel with the outer margin, 
 
 Papilio Cresphontes, (7) 
 13. 
 
 Orange anal patch pupilled with black, Papilio Asterias, (3) 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 59 
 
 Orange anal patch not pupilled with black, 
 
 Papilio Palamedes, (5) 
 
 14. 
 
 Antennae abruptly terminating in an ovoid club, 15 
 
 Antennae truncated at the end and obconic, or terminating in- 
 sensibly in an obconic club, 22 
 
 15. 
 
 Abdomen shorter than the hind wings ; color white or very 
 
 pale yellow, 16 
 
 Abdomen as long as or longer than the hind wings; color 
 lemon-yellow, black at apex, along hind margin of fore 
 wings and costa of hind wings, Nathalis Iole, (15) 
 
 16. 
 
 Under side of hind wings without marks, or marked along the 
 
 veins, Pieris, 17 
 
 Under side of hind wings covered with a greenish net-work, 
 
 Anthocharis, 21 
 
 17. 
 
 Fore wings with no black bar at the end of the cell, 18 
 
 Fore wings with a black bar at the end of the cell, and more or 
 less of a black border, Pieris Protodice, (11) 
 
 18. 
 
 Under side of hind wings plain white, apex of fore wings 
 
 black, Pieris Ilaire, (9) 
 
 Under side of hind wings plain yellow, Pieris Rapae, (14) 
 
 Under side of hind wings marked along the veins, 19 
 
 19. 
 
 Black border to both wings, Pieris Monuste, (10) 
 
 No black border to the wings, 20 
 
 20 . 
 
 Under side of hind wings pale yellow, with brownish along 
 the veins, Pieris Napi, aberr. Virginiensis, (12) 
 
 Under side of hind wings white, with brownish along the veins, 
 
 Pieris Virginiensis, (13) 
 
 21 . 
 
 No orange at apex of fore wings, 
 
 Anthocharis Olympia, (16) 
 A large orange apical patch, Anthocharis Genutia, (17) 
 
60 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 22 . 
 
 Antennae insensibly terminating in a club, truncate at the end, 
 
 Callidryas, 23 
 
 Antennae terminating in an obconic club, 26 
 
 23. 
 
 Color above, lemon-yellow or dirty yellowish white ; beneath, 
 
 lemon-yellow, with or without orange tint, 24 
 
 Color above, orange or whitish orange, 25 
 
 24. 
 
 Clear lemon-yellow above and below, with slight greenish tint ; 
 female with discal dot and terminal row of spots, 
 
 Callidryas Eubule, (18) 
 
 Color above, lemon-yellow, or dirty whitish yellow; beneath, 
 orange-tinted ; female with discal dot on fore wings and 
 terminal border, Callidryas Sennse, (19) 
 
 25. 
 
 Color light orange with reddish-orange spots, 
 
 Callidryas Philea, (20) 
 
 Color light orange or orange-tinted white ; orange-tinted be- 
 neath ; sub terminal band on under side of fore wings 
 straight, Callidryas Agarithe, (21) 
 
 26. 
 
 Hind wings with an orange discal spot ; both wings with black 
 border, Colias, 27 
 
 Hind wings without discal spot, 30 
 
 27. 
 
 Ground color yellow, 28 
 
 Ground color orange, or at least an orange patch in the middle 
 
 of fore wings, Colias Eurytheme, (24) 
 
 28. 
 
 Fore wings black at base, the yellow making a “ dog’s head,” 
 
 with the discal dot for an eye, Colias Caesonia, (23) 
 
 Fore wings without black at base, 29 
 
 29. 
 
 Under side with a submarginal row of dark points, 
 
 Colias Philodice, (25) 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 61 
 
 Under side without submarginal row of dark points, 
 
 Colias Interior, 
 
 30 . 
 
 Color yellow or orange, with black terminal border, Terias, 
 Color white, base of fore wings yellow, Kricogonia Lyside, 
 
 81 . 
 
 Hind wings with a prominent angle, color yellow, 
 
 Terias Mexicana, 
 
 Hind wings rounded, not angled, 
 
 32 . 
 
 Ground color orange, Terias Nicippe, 
 
 Ground color yellow, 
 
 33 . 
 
 Fore wings without black on the hind margin, Terias Lisa, 
 Fore wings with black along the hind margin, 
 
 34 . 
 
 Under side with pink at apex of fore wings and over hind 
 wings, Terias Delia, 
 
 Under side without pink, Terias Jucunda, 
 
 35 . 
 
 Small species, brownish fulvous with many black spots ; or 
 black and green, with abdomen orange, Erycinidae, ^s, 
 Not having the above characters, Nymphalidae, 
 
 36 . 
 
 Fore wings long and narrow, twice as long as wide, 
 
 Fore wings not long and narrow, 
 
 37 . 
 
 Black, with yellow zebra stripes, Heliconia Charitonia, 
 
 Fulvous, with black border and oblique stripe, Colaenis Julia, 
 
 38 . 
 
 Palpi remote, not extending muchrbeyond the head ; discal cell 
 of hind wings closed ; a black spot on vein of hind wings 
 of £ , Danais, 
 
 Palpi nearly connivent, porrect, discal cell generally open; 
 veins of fore wings not dilated at base, 
 
 6 
 
 ( 26 ) 
 
 31 
 
 (22) 
 
 ( 28 ) 
 
 32 
 
 ( 27 ) 
 
 33 
 
 ( 29 ) 
 
 34 
 
 ( 30 ) 
 
 ( 31 ) 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 ( 32 ) 
 
 ( 35 ) 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
62 the butterflies of the 
 
 Palpi close, elevated, very hairy ; discal cell always closed ; 
 
 veins of fore wings usually dilated at base, 79 
 
 Palpi several times as long as the head, contiguous, in the form 
 of a beak ; wings angled ; females six-footed, 
 
 Libythea Bachmanni, ^ (91) 
 
 39. 
 
 Color fulvous, veins black, Danais Archippus, (33) 
 
 Color fulvous brown, veins not black, Danais Berenice, (34) 
 
 40. 
 
 Eyes naked, 41 
 
 Eyes hairy, 69 
 
 41. 
 
 Club of antennae short, ovoid, usually flattened in dry speci- 
 mens, 42 
 
 Club of antennae obconic or gradually terminating in a knob, 62 
 
 42. 
 
 Outer margin of fore wings sinuous, • 43 
 
 Outer margin of fore wings not sinuous, 49 
 
 43. 
 
 Silver spots on under side of wings, Agraulis Vanillae, (36) 
 
 No silver spots on under side of wings, 44 
 
 44. 
 
 Three large “ eye-spots” on the upper surface, Junonia Ccenia, (66) 
 Five or six small eye-spots, with or without pupils, on the 
 
 upper surface of the hind wings, Apatura, 46 
 
 Upper surface without eye-spots, 45 
 
 45. 
 
 Fulvous, with a paler mesial band, Euptoieta Claudia, (46) 
 
 Fulvous, marked with four somewhat united basal lines, and 
 three bands on the fore wings that are partially united, 
 
 Eresia Frisia, (54) 
 
 46. 
 
 One eye-spot near outer margin of fore wings, 48 
 
 No eye-spots on fore wings, 47 
 
 47. 
 
 Two outer rows of pale spots lighter than the ground color, 
 
 Apatura Clyton, (78) 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 63 
 
 Two outer rows of spots not lighter than the ground color 
 
 Apatura Flora, (79) 
 
 48. 
 
 Hind wings fulvous, Apatura Alicia, (77) 
 
 Hind wings dark brown, Apatura Celtis, (76) 
 
 49. 
 
 General color (except 9 of Diana ) fulvous, under side of wings 
 
 (except Bellona) with silver spots, Argynnis, 50 
 
 General color black, with a terminal border of red spots, 
 
 Melitaea Phaeton, (47) 
 
 General color fulvous, with a prominent black border ; no 
 
 silver spots on the under side, 57 
 
 50. 
 
 Under side of wings with silver spots, 51 
 
 Under side of wings without silver spots, though white spots 
 
 may he present, 56 
 
 51. 
 
 Basal two-thirds of wings of J dark fulvous brown, outer 
 third fulvous ; 9 blue-black, outer third blue, 
 
 Argynnis Diana, (38) 
 
 Fore wings fulvous, hind wings black, Argynnis Idalia, (37) 
 
 Both wings fulvous, 52 
 
 52. 
 
 Basal part of wings plain fulvous brown, 53 
 
 Basal part of wings not differing from the rest, size medium, 
 
 Argynnis Myrina, (43) 
 
 53. 
 
 Basal half of wings fulvous brown, Argynnis Cybele, (39) 
 
 Less than half of wings brown, 54 
 
 54. 
 
 Under side of hind wings with a light submarginal band, 55 
 
 Under side of hind wings without a light suhmarginal band, 
 
 Argynnis Alcestis, (41) 
 
 55. 
 
 Under side of hind* wings light brown, Argynnis Aphrodite, (40) 
 Under side of hind wings maroon, Argynnis Atlantis, (42) 
 
 56. 
 
 With white spots on the under side, Argynnis Montinus, (44) 
 
64 the butterflies of the 
 
 Under side without white spots, Argynnis Bellona, (45) 
 
 57. 
 
 Under side of hind wings fulvous ; a central and basal band of 
 buff spots ; submarginal lunules white, Mellitaea Harrisii, (48) 
 Under side of hind wings brownish or brownish yellow, 
 
 Phyciodes, 58 
 
 58. 
 
 Broad central band of white or light buff on under side, 59 
 
 Central band of under side narrow or wanting, submarginal 
 
 row of spots small, 60 
 
 59. 
 
 Submarginal row of dark brown spots on under side of hind 
 
 wings pupilled with white, Phyciodes Nycteis, (49) 
 
 Submarginal row of spots on under side with no more than one 
 pupilled with white, Phyciodes Carlota, (50) 
 
 60. 
 
 Upper side of fore wings with a pale fulvous or almost white 
 
 band beyond the cell, 61 
 
 Upper side of fore wings without a whitish band, 
 
 Phyciodes Tharos, (52) 
 
 61. 
 
 Expanse from 1 to 1.25 inches ; a black terminal patch on 
 under side of hind wings, Phyciodes Phaon, (51) 
 
 Expanse from 1.25 to 1.5 inches; no black terminal patch on 
 under side of hind wings, Phyciodes Batesii, (53) 
 
 62. 
 
 Hind wings tailed, 63 
 
 Hind wings not tailed, 64 
 
 63. 
 
 Hind wings with two prominent tails, apex of fore wings 
 
 truncate, Timetes Petreus, (69) 
 
 Hind wings with one tail and a prominent angle, apex rounded, 
 
 Victorina Steneles, (70) 
 Hind wings with one short tail, apex pointed, 
 
 Paphia Troglodyta, (80) 
 
 64. 
 
 Gray; two round black spots on hind wings, one on fore wings, 
 
 Anartia Jatrophae, (67) 
 65 
 
 Color not gray, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 65 
 
 65 
 
 Ground color chirk chocolate with bluish-purple reflections, two 
 white patches on fore wings and one on hind wings ; female 
 fulvous, with blackish border, Diadema Misippus, (71) 
 
 Ground color purplish brown, Eunica Monima, (68) 
 
 Ground color black or fulvous, or mahogany-brown, 
 
 Limenitis, 66 
 
 66 . 
 
 Ground color black, 
 
 Ground color fulvous or mahogany, 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 67. 
 
 Wings without broad white bands, 
 Both w T ings with broad white bands, 
 
 Limenitis Ursula, (72) 
 Limenitis Arthemis, (73) 
 
 68 . 
 
 Upper side fulvous, under side paler, Limenitis Disippus, (74) 
 Both surfaces mahogany-brown, Limenitis Eros, (75) 
 
 69. 
 
 A golden or silver spot on under side of hind wings, 
 
 Grapta, 70 
 
 No golden or silver spot on under side of hind wings, 75 
 
 70. 
 
 Spots in the discal cell of fore wings wholly or partly separate, 71 
 Spots in the cell of fore wings blended into a transverse dash, 
 
 Grapta J Album, (60) 
 
 71. 
 
 Silver spot on under side of hind wing in two pieces, forming 
 
 a semicolon, Grapta Interrogationis, (55) 
 
 Silver spot single, 72 
 
 72. 
 
 Fore wings with a subterminal row of three round black spots, 
 
 the lowest double, 73 
 
 Fore wings with a subterminal row of three round black spots, 
 the lowest single, 74 
 
 73. 
 
 Silver mark a distinct comma, 
 Silver mark an open L, 
 
 6 * 
 
 Grapta Comma, (56) 
 Grapta Gracilis, (58) 
 
66 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 74. 
 
 Under side of wings fawn color, marked with brown and lilac, 
 
 Grapta Faunus, (57) 
 
 Under side dark brown ; a light band across the fore wings, 
 
 Grapta Progne, (59) 
 
 75. 
 
 Apex of fore wings distinctly truncate, the angles sharp, 
 
 Vanessa, 
 
 Apex of fore wings somewhat truncate, the angles rounded, 
 
 Pyrameis, 
 
 76. 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 Ground color maroon-brown, outer margin yellow, supple- 
 mented by a row of blue spots, Vanessa Antiopa, (61) 
 
 Ground color brown, submarginal band fulvous, 
 
 Vanessa Milbertii, (62) 
 
 77. 
 
 Ground color black, band on fore wings and outer margin of 
 hind wings fulvous, Pyrameis Atalanta, (63) 
 
 Ground color fulvous, 78 
 
 78. 
 
 Five eye-spots on under side of hind wings, 
 
 Pyrameis Cardui, (65) 
 
 Two eye-spots on under side of hind wings, 
 
 Pyrameis Huntera, (64) 
 
 79. 
 
 Wings entire, eyes hairy or naked, 80 
 
 Wings dentate, hind wings strongly angled in the middle, 
 
 eyes hairy, Debis Portlandia, (81) 
 
 Hind wings dentate, eyes naked, Satyrus, 85 
 
 80. 
 
 Under side of hind wings without thick marbling of dark- 
 
 brown abbreviated lines, alternating with gray and brown, 81 
 Under side with marbling of dark-brown abbreviated lines, al- 
 ternating with gray and brown, Chionobas, 86 
 
 81. 
 
 Wings blackish brown or wood-brown, 82 
 
 Wings russety, eye-spots above prominent on both wings, 
 
 Neonympha Canthus, (82) 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 67 
 
 With eye-spots above, 
 Without eye-spots above, 
 
 82. 
 
 83. 
 
 Neonympha Eurytris, (85) 
 83 
 
 With two black marks on the outer margin of hind wings 
 
 above, Neonympha Gemma, (83) 
 
 Without marks above, 84 
 
 84. 
 
 Transverse lines on the under side dark brown, 
 
 Neonympha Sosybius, (86) 
 Transverse lines on the under side ferruginous ochre, 
 
 Neonympha Areolatus, (84) 
 
 85. 
 
 Fore wings with a buff band containing one ocellus, or one 
 
 ocellus and a small black spot, Satyrus Pegala, (87) 
 
 Fore wings with or without a buff band, but with two ocelli, 
 
 Satyrus Alope, (88) 
 
 86 . 
 
 With eye-spots above, Chionobas Jutta, (89) 
 
 Without eye-spots above, Chionobas Semidea, (90) 
 
 87. 
 
 Brownish fulvous or brown ; numerous rows of small black 
 
 spots, 88 
 
 Black and green ; abdomen orange, Eumenia Atala, (94) 
 
 88 . 
 
 Brown ; expanse 1 inch or more, Calephelis Borealis, (93) 
 
 Brownish fulvous ; expanse .8 of an inch, Calephelis Caenius, (92) 
 
 89. 
 
 Palpi projecting in front scarcely the length of the head ; an- 
 tennae reaching to the middle of the fore wings ; colors 
 blue, black, or blackish brown, Thecla, 90 
 
 Palpi projecting in front more than the length of the head ; 
 
 antennae not reaching to the middle of the fore wings 107 
 
 90. 
 
 Hind wings with two slender tails, or an angle in place of the 
 second, 91 
 
68 THE butterflies of the 
 
 Outer margin of hind wings dentate ; no orange crescents be- 
 neath, 104 
 
 Hind wings entire, anal angle sharp, 106 
 
 91. 
 
 Upper side of wings blue, with a black border, 92 
 
 Upper side of wings dusky or blackish brown, 94 
 
 Upper side black, more or less tinged with blue ; a red line be- 
 neath edged with white, Thecla Poeas, (108) 
 
 92. 
 
 Under side of abdomen orange, Thecla Halesus, (95) 
 
 Under side of abdomen not orange, 93 
 
 93. 
 
 Dark blue ; border one-fourth the length of wing, 
 
 Thecla M Album, (96) 
 
 Pale blue ; border more than one-fourth the length of wing, 
 
 Thecla Acis, (107) 
 
 94. 
 
 A pale-blue patch between two orange spots on under side of 
 
 hind wings near anal angle, 95 
 
 No blue patch near anal angle ; under side green marked with 
 
 brown and white, Thecla Smilacis, (106) 
 
 95. 
 
 Upper surface with orange at anal angle, 96 
 
 Upper surface without orange, or at least very faint, 98 
 
 96. 
 
 Orange on hind wings, a crescent enclosing a black spot, 
 
 Thecla Humuli, (99) 
 
 Orange, a patch or band not clearly defined, 97 
 
 97. 
 
 The points of the W formed by the inner line on the under 
 side of the hind wings touching the outer line, 
 
 Thecla Favonius, (97) 
 
 The points of the W not touching the outer lino, 
 
 Thecla Autolycus, (98) 
 
 Under side pale bluish gray, 
 Under side not pale gray, 
 
 98 . 
 
 Thecla Acadica, (100) 
 99 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 69 
 
 99. 
 
 Under side with three or more whitish stripes, 
 
 Thecla Strigosa, (105) 
 Under side with not more than two stripes, 100 
 
 100 . 
 
 Color dark brown, 101 
 
 Color yellowish brown, Thecla Edwardsii, (101) 
 
 101 . 
 
 Marks at the ends of cells on under side of both wings, 102 
 
 No marks at the ends of cells, Thecla Ontario, (104) 
 
 102 . 
 
 Under side ash-gray, 
 
 Under side brown, 
 
 103. 
 
 Inner line on the under side double, 
 Inner line on the under side single, 
 
 Thecla Columella, (109) 
 103 
 
 Thecla Calanus, (103) 
 Thecla Wittfeldii, (102) 
 
 104. 
 
 Brown beneath ; outer half lighter, 105 
 
 Dark brown; under side with two light bands edged with 
 white on the hind wings and one on the fore wings, 
 
 Thecla Niphon,(113) 
 
 105. 
 
 A fine dark-brown line separating the two colors of the under 
 side, Thecla Augustus, (110) 
 
 A white line marking the separation ; first tooth outside of 
 anal angle curving outward, Thecla Irus var. Arsace, (111) 
 A white line marking the separation ; first tooth outside of anal 
 
 angle not curving outward, Thecla Henrici, (112) 
 
 106. 
 
 Under side of hind wings with one row of orange spots, 
 
 Thecla Titus, (115) 
 
 Under side of hind wings with two rows of orange spots, 
 
 Thecla Laeta, (114) 
 107. 
 
 Color above fulvous, or coppery and black, 108 
 
 Color above blue, or bluish black, Lycaena, 112 
 
70 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 108. 
 
 Wings fulvous j border of fore wings and base of hind wings 
 
 black, Feniseca Tarquinius, (116) 
 
 Wings coppery, or purplish black with fulvous bands, 
 
 Chrysophanus, 109 
 
 109. 
 
 Color above black with a coppery tinge ; under side gray, with 
 
 black points, 110 
 
 Color distinctly coppery ; orange border on hind wings above 
 
 and below, 111 
 
 110 . 
 
 Size medium ; half row of orange crescents on under side of 
 hind wings, Chrysophanus Dione, ( 117) 
 
 Size small ; crescents faint, Chrysophanus Epixanthe, (119) 
 
 111 . 
 
 Size medium, Chrysophanus Thoe, (118) 
 
 Size small, Chrysophanus Hypophleas, (120) 
 
 112 . 
 
 Hind wings without tails, 113 
 
 Hind wings with a slender tail ; color blue, or black tinged with 
 blue ; hind wings with two orange crescents, 
 
 Lycaena Comyntas, (124) 
 
 113. 
 
 Upper surface blue, 114 
 
 Upper surface not blue, 118 
 
 114. 
 
 Under side with black spots, having metallic scales near the 
 
 anal angle, 115 
 
 Under side without such spots, 116 
 
 115. 
 
 Upper side blue, narrow or broad border, or almost black ; one 
 anal spot on under side circled with metallic green scales, 
 
 Lycaena Filenus, (125) 
 
 U pper side violet-blue ; two or three anal spots ; under side of 
 hind wings with two black spots circled with metallic blue, 
 
 Lycaena Ammon, (128) 
 
 Upper side almost white, with broad border, or pale violet-blue ; 
 u der side white, with many dark lines ; anal spot circled 
 with blue, Lycaena Theonus, (129) 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 71 
 
 116. 
 
 Under side of hind wings with a border of metallic spots, 
 
 Lycaena Scudderii, (122) 
 Under side without metallic spots, 117 
 
 117. 
 
 Under side dark gray, Lycaena Lygdamus, (121) 
 
 Under side pale bluish gray, Lycaena Pseudargiolus, (123) 
 
 118. 
 
 Upper surface black, 
 
 Lycaena Pseudargiolus, var. Violacea, J (123) 
 Upper side brown, under side brown, with numerous white 
 bands, 119 
 
 119. 
 
 Six subterminal round black spots on under side of hind wings, 
 
 Lycaena Isophthalma, (126) 
 
 Seven subterminal round black spots on under side of hind 
 
 wings, Lycaena Exilis, (127) 
 
 120 . 
 
 Knob of antennae thick, ovoid, or elongate ovoid, 121 
 
 Knob of antennae spindle-shaped, 185 
 
 121 . 
 
 Knob of antennae without a hook or bent projection at the end, 122 
 Knob of antennae ending in a hook or bent projection, 126 
 
 122 . 
 
 Knob blunt, conical, without a spine, 123 
 
 Knob elongate or ovoid, rounded at the tip, straight or a little 
 semilunar; somewhat compressed, Pyrgus, 125 
 
 Knob rounded ; the last joint ending in a short, slender spine ; 
 fore wings brown washed with yellow ; hind wings yel- 
 low, with brown border, Ancyloxypha Numitor, (132) 
 
 123. 
 
 Third joint of palpi concealed by hair of second ; abdomen 
 much longer than hind wings ; brown, with fulvous yel- 
 low spots, Carterocephala, 124 
 
 Third joint of palpi free ; abdomen but little if any longer tha 
 hind wings ; brown ; costal edge yellow, 
 
 Thymelicus Poweshiek, (133) 
 
72 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 124. 
 
 Costal edge not yellow ; marginal and abdominal rows of spots, 
 
 and several near the base, Carterocephala Mandan, (130) 
 Costal edge yellow, to near the end of cell ; submarginal row of 
 spots, Carterocephala Omaha, (131) 
 
 125. 
 
 Black, with three more or less complete rows of transverse 
 white spots, Pyrgus Tessellata, (177) 
 
 Brownish black, with two rows of transverse white spots, 
 
 Pyrgus Centaurese, (178) 
 
 126. 
 
 Tip of antennae suddenly bent, with a much contracted, pointed 
 little hook, nearly half as long as the knob ; third joint of 
 palpi almost concealed, Pamphila, 127 
 
 Antennae similar ; fringes light ; black at the ends of the veins ; 
 abdomen thin, scarcely reaching the anal angle, 
 
 Amblyscirtes, 182 
 
 127. 
 
 Hind wings yellow, with an outer border of dark brown, not 
 
 more than one-third the length of the wing, 128 
 
 Hind wings brown, with a yellow band, 141 
 
 Hind wings without a yellow band, 155 
 
 128. 
 
 Border of hind wings less than one-fourth the length of wing, 129 
 Border of hind wings one-fourth the length of wing or more, 133 
 
 129. 
 
 Fore wings without a black sex-mark or stigma in the middle, 130 
 Fore wings with a black sex-mark in the middle, 131 
 
 130. 
 
 Fore wings with a brown patch beyond the cell ; veins in the 
 
 yellow part usually yellow, Pamphila Zabulon, £ (135) 
 Fore wings without a patch beyond the cell ; veins brown, 
 
 Pamphila Delaware, £ (166) 
 
 131. 
 
 Border of hind wings a series of triangular spots, 
 
 Pamphila Phylseus, j (143) 
 132 
 
 Border of hind wings continuous, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 73 
 
 132. 
 
 Yellow of hind wings clear; fringes fuscous, 
 
 Pamphila Sassacus, ^ (136) 
 Yellow of hind wings brownish ; fringes white, 
 
 Pamphila Uncas, £ (138) 
 
 133. 
 
 Fore wings with a black stigma or sex-mark in the middle, 134 
 Fore wings without a sex-mark, 139 
 
 134. 
 
 Fore wings with a brown patch connected with the upper end 
 
 of stigma, 135 
 
 Fore wings with a brown oblique ray connected with the upper 
 
 end of stigma, 138 
 
 Fore wings with the brown subapical patch not connected with 
 the stigma ; stigma and spot containing it nearly circular, 
 
 Pamphila Huron, ^ (142) 
 
 135. 
 
 Under side ferruginous brown, 136 
 
 Under side not ferruginous brown, 137 
 
 136. 
 
 Yellowish- white bands on under side of both wings, 
 
 Pamphila Leonardus, ^ (140) 
 Yellowish- white bands on under side of fore wings, 
 
 Pamphila Meskei, ^ (141) 
 
 137. 
 
 Under side dark brown, overlaid with yellow scales and a yel- 
 low band, Pamphila Brettus, £ (144) 
 
 Under side yellow, with a paler yellow band, 
 
 Pamphila Mystic, j (147) 
 
 138. 
 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown sprinkled with dark yel- 
 low scales, with yellow band but no yellow ray before 
 inner margin, Pamphila Pontiac, (161) 
 
 Under side of hind wings dark yellow, a paler ray from cell 
 
 out, and one before inner margin, Pamphila Dion, £ (162) 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown, heavily overlaid with 
 russety brown ; a pale ray through cell, 
 
 Pamphila Palatka, £ (164) 
 
 D 
 
 7 
 
74 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 139. 
 
 Fore wings brown, a broad yellow band, and the basal part 
 heavily washed with yellow ; under side of hind wings 
 fulvous yellow, with pale, obscure band, 
 
 Pamphila Byssus, ^ (197) 
 
 Fore wings with basal two-thirds yellow ; under side of hind 
 wings brown, heavily overlaid with russety brown, with a 
 pale ray through the cell, Pamphila Palatka, 9 (194) 
 
 Fore wings yellow ; under side of hind wings yellow, without 
 
 marks, 140 
 
 Fore wings dark brown, with a row of yellow spots, and a spot 
 
 in the cell, Pamphila Viator, ^ and $ (172) 
 
 140. 
 
 Fore wings yellow at the base, Pamphila Vitellius, £ (195) 
 
 Fore wings dark brown at base ; a bar of brown at end of cell, 
 
 Pamphila Delaware, $ (199) 
 
 141 . 
 
 Fore wings with an oblique black sex-mark, 142 
 
 Fore wings without a sex-mark, but with a row of spots be- 
 yond the middle, 143 
 
 142. 
 
 Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, with two yellow 
 
 bands, Pamphila Peckius, ^ (149) 
 
 Under side of hind wings yellowish brown, with two white 
 bands, the basal one broken, the outer one sending a ray 
 outward from its posterior end, Pamphila Metea, £ (137) 
 Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, with one yellow 
 
 band and a spot, Pamphila Leonardus, ^ (140) 
 
 Under side of hind wings brown, sprinkled with yellow ; five 
 
 white spots, Pamphila Seminole, ^ (139) 
 
 143. 
 
 Basal half of costal margin of fore wings yellow, or heavily 
 
 washed with yellow, 144 
 
 Costa not yellow, only sprinkled at least, 148 
 
 144 . 
 
 The cell of fore wings yellow, except at base, 145 
 
 Cell of fore wings dark brown, 146 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 75 
 
 145. 
 
 Band on upper side of hind wings reduced to a yellow central 
 patch, Pamphila Vitellius, 9 (165) 
 
 Band on upper side of hind wings not abbreviated, 
 
 Pamphila Mystic, 9 (147) 
 
 146. 
 
 Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, 147 
 
 Under side of hind wings ochre-yellow, with a paler band and 
 
 brown clouds, Pamphila Phylseus, 9 (143) 
 
 147. 
 
 Under side of hind wings with one yellow hand and a spot, 
 
 Pamphila Leonardus, 9 (140) 
 Under side of hind wings with very indistinct hand, or none, 
 
 Pamphila Meskei, 9 (141) 
 
 148. 
 
 Yellow band of hind wings faint, 149 
 
 Yellow band of hind wings distinct, 150 
 
 149. 
 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown, with rusty brown scales 
 and a continuous pale band, 
 
 Pamphila Zabulon form Pocahontas, 9 (135) 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown, washed with ochre scales 
 and with two or three small spots ; upper side of hind 
 wings sprinkled with yellow, Pamphila Sassacus, 9 (136) 
 Under side of hind wings brown, washed with ochre, a sub- 
 terminal white band sending a ray outward from its pos- 
 terior end, Pamphila Metea, 9 (137) 
 
 150. 
 
 Under side of hind wings with two light bands, 151 
 
 Under side of hind wings with one light band or none, 152 
 
 151. 
 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown washed with pale yel- 
 low; bands white, separate, Pamphila Uncas, 9 (138) 
 
 Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, with the two 
 yellow bands united in the middle, 
 
 Pamphila Peckius, 9 (146) 
 
 152. 
 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown, sprinkled with pale yel- 
 low and ferruginous scales, 153 
 
76 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown, sprinkled with ferrugi- 
 nous brown, 154 
 
 Under side of bind wings dark rusty yellow ; two yellow ray 
 stripes, Pamphila Dion, 9 (162) 
 
 Under side of bind wings fulvous yellow, with obscure pale 
 band, Pamphila Byssus, 9 (167) 
 
 153. 
 
 Under side of hind wings with a white band and two or three 
 unconnected spots, Pamphila Huron, 9 (142) 
 
 Under side of hind wings with a band of five small white spots, 
 and a bar across cell of fore wings above, 
 
 Pamphila Seminole, 9 (139) 
 
 154. 
 
 Under side of hind wings with a band of five elongated yellow 
 
 spots, Pamphila Pontiac, 9 (161) 
 
 Hind wings with three whitish spots above and below, 
 
 Pamphila Ethlius, £ and 9 (159) 
 
 155. 
 
 Fore wings with an oblique stigma or sex-mark, 156 
 
 Fore wings without a sex-mark, 166 
 
 156. 
 
 Fore wings with the basal half more or less yellow, 157 
 
 Fore wings without distinct yellow on the basal half, 161 
 
 157. 
 
 Washed with greenish yellow, a large subquadrate black patch 
 below stigma sending a spur towards posterior angle, 
 
 Pamphila Otho var. Egeremet, £ (145) 
 Patch below stigma only moderate, 158 
 
 158. 
 
 Cell of fore wings and costa beyond cell clear yellow, 159 
 
 Costal margin not clear yellow, 160 
 
 159. 
 
 Under side of hind wings sprinkled with yellow, but without 
 bands, Pamphila Cernes, £ (148) 
 
 Under side of hind wings sprinkled with pale yellow, with an 
 
 obscure discal whitish band, Pamphila Myus, £ (149) 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 77 
 
 160. 
 
 Costal margin of fore wings with six or seven yellow rays 
 above and beyond the cell ; under side of bind wings yel- 
 low ; no spots, Pamphila Arpa, ^ (163} 
 
 Costal margin somewhat washed with yellow, but without rays ; 
 under side of hind wings brown, sprinkled with yellow ; 
 no spots, Pamphila Bimacula, (160) 
 
 161. 
 
 Fore wings with a row of four or more white spots beyond the 
 
 middle, 163 
 
 Fore wings without white spots, olivaceous brown, 162 
 
 162. 
 
 With a row of faint spots on under side of both wings, 
 
 Pamphila Metacomet, £ (153) 
 Without a row of faint spots on under side of wings, 
 
 Pamphila Vestris, £ (152) 
 
 163. 
 
 Spots in three subcostal interspaces and one in first median in- 
 terspace, 164 
 
 Three spots in subcostal and two in median interspaces, and one 
 
 in submedian, 165 
 
 164. 
 
 Outer part and basal portion of under side of hind wings lilac, 
 with brown cloudings and a faint purplish band, 
 
 Pamphila Accius, j (154) 
 
 Outer part of under side of hind wings gray, with no bands, 
 
 Pamphila Hianna, £ (171) 
 
 165. 
 
 Fore wings with a small whitish spot in lower side of cell near 
 the end, Pamphila Verna, £ (151) 
 
 Fore wings with no spot in the end of cell, 
 
 Pamphila Manataaqua, £ (150) 
 
 166. 
 
 Fore wings with a yellow or whitish spot in the end of cell, 167 
 Fore wings with two spots in the end of cell, 
 
 Pamphila Loammi, 9 (155) 
 Fore wings without a spot in the cell, 171 
 
 7* 
 
78 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 167. 
 
 Spot in anterior part of cell near the subcostal vein, 168 
 
 Spot in posterior part of cell near the median vein, 
 
 Pamphila Panoquin, £ and 9 (157) 
 
 168. 
 
 Spot in cell white, rounded, 169 
 
 Spot a yellow ray, six yellow spots in the discal row, 170 
 
 169. 
 
 Under side of hind wings gray, a ray near inner margin with- 
 out gray ; a very faint whitish hand, 
 
 Pamphila Eufala, ^ and 9 (169) 
 Outer and basal part of under side of hind wings lilac, ante- 
 rior part brown clouded ; an indistinct purple band, 
 
 Pamphila Accius, 9 (164) 
 
 Outer part of under side of hind wings gray, with no bands, 
 
 Pamphila Hianna, 9 (171) 
 
 170. 
 
 Under side of hind wings sprinkled with yellow, without a 
 
 band, Pamphila Cernes, 9 (148) 
 
 Under side of hind wings sprinkled with pale yellow, with dim 
 whitish discal band, Pamphila Myus, 9 (149) 
 
 171. 
 
 Wings without marks, Pamphila Fusca, J and 9 (170) 
 
 Fore wings with a more or less distinct outer row of spots 
 
 extending to submedian vein, 172 
 
 Fore wings with more or less of an outer row of spots, but not 
 
 reaching submedian vein, 176 
 
 172. 
 
 A band on under side of hind wings, but not very distinct, 173 
 No band on under side of hind wings, 175 
 
 173. 
 
 Outer row of fore wings with two spots beyond the cell ; under 
 side of hind wings lilac along outer margin, 
 
 Pamphila Zabulon form Quadraquina, 9 (186) 
 No spots beyond the cell of fore wings, 174 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 79 
 
 174. 
 
 Under side of hind wings rusty brown, 
 
 Pamphila Otho, ^ and 9 (145) 
 Under side of hind wings dark reddish brown, sprinkled with 
 
 pale yellow scales, Pamphila Manataaqua, 9 (150) 
 
 175. 
 
 Under side of hind wings yellow, Pamphila Arpa, 9 (163) 
 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown, the veins gray, 
 
 Pamphila Ocola, £ and 9 (158) 
 
 176. 
 
 Under side of hind wings without spots or bands, spots above 
 not very distinct, 177 
 
 Under side of hind wings with a more or less distinct row of 
 spots, 78 
 
 177. 
 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown sprinkled with gray, 
 
 Pamphila Osyka, ^ and 9 (168) 
 Under side of hind wings reddish brown, Pamphila Vestris, 9 (162) 
 Under side of hind wings dark brown sprinkled with dusky 
 yellow, Pamphila Bimacula, 9 (160) 
 
 178. 
 
 Under side of hind wings with three white spots, two of which 
 are contiguous, Pamphila Maculata, J and 9 (166) 
 
 Under side of hind wings with a faint row of pale spots, 179 
 
 Under side of hind wings with distinct yellow band, 181 
 
 179. 
 
 Under side of body and antennse distinct greenish, 
 
 Pamphila Otho var. Egeremet, 9 (146) 
 Under side of body gray, 180 
 
 180. 
 
 Fore wings with an outer row of live distinct white spots, the 
 
 fifth twice as large as the fourth, Pamphila Verna, 9 (161) 
 Fore wings lacking the anteapical spots of the outer row, or the 
 merest trace of one spot, if any ; band on under side of hind 
 wings distinct, Pamphila Metacomet, 9 (163) 
 
 181. 
 
 Under side of hind wings yellow ferruginous ; a yellow band, 
 one stripe of which extends as a ray to middle of cell, 
 
 Pamphila Massasoit, £ and 9 (134) 
 
80 THE butterflies of the 
 
 Under side of hind wings dull olivaceous, with clouds of black- 
 ish brown ; a yellow hand towards outer margin, 
 
 Pamphila Brettus, 9 (144) 
 
 182. 
 
 Fore wings with no distinct spots except the anteapical, 183 
 
 Fore wings with more than the three anteapical spots, 184 
 
 183. 
 
 Under side of hind wings washed with lilac, with no clearly 
 defined row of spots, hut with a row of whiter clouds ; 
 fringe alternate gray and fuscous, Amblyscirtes Vialis, (173) 
 
 Under side of hind wings washed with chalky scales, with a 
 row of whitish points, one in the cell and two above the 
 cell ; fringes white and fuscous, Amblyscirtes Eos, (174) 
 
 184. 
 
 Under side of hind wings with an outer row of connected pale 
 yellow spots, and one in the cell, Amblyscirtes Samoset, (175) 
 
 Under side of hind wings with an outer row of spots, and one 
 below the cell, Amblyscirtes Textor, (176) 
 
 185. 
 
 Palpi gray or brownish below, 186 
 
 Palpi white below, 203 
 
 186. 
 
 Palpi surpassing the front by more than the length of the eyes, 
 
 Nisoniades, 
 
 Palpi surpassing the front by less than the length of the eyes, 
 
 187. 
 
 Fore wings without a subterminal row of white transparent 
 spots, 
 
 Fore wings with a suhterminal row of white semi-transparent 
 spots ; four near the costa and the others in median inter- 
 spaces, 
 
 188. 
 
 Upper side of fore wings not overlaid with pale bluish scales 
 on the outer part, 
 
 Upper side of fore wings heavily overlaid with pale bluish 
 scales on the outer part, 
 
 189. 
 
 The discal cross- vein of fore wings not conspicuously marked in 
 
 brown, Nisoniades Brizo, (179) 
 
 187 
 196 
 
 188 
 191 
 
 189 
 
 190 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 81 
 
 The discal cross-vein of fore wings conspicuously marked in 
 
 brown, Nisoniades Ausonius, (184) 
 
 190. 
 
 Outer row of large spots overlaid with light in the centre so as 
 to make them appear as an irregular row of black rings, 
 
 Nisoniades Icelus, (180) 
 
 ' Outer row of large spots only slightly sprinkled with pale 
 
 scales, Nisoniades Somnus, (181) 
 
 191. 
 
 Upper surface umber-brown, 192 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, 194 
 
 192. 
 
 Dark spot in base of cell of fore wings and the two rows of 
 spots very distinct, Nisoniades Martialis, (185) 
 
 The spot in base of cell of fore wings not distinct, 193 
 
 193. 
 
 The mesial band distinct, Nisoniades Lucilius, (182) 
 
 The mesial band not distinct, Nisoniades Persius, (183) 
 
 194. 
 
 No pale umber patch at the end of cell of fore winga, 
 
 Nisoniades Juvenalis, (186) 
 A pale umber patch at the end of cell of fore wings, 195 
 
 195. 
 
 Umber patch at the end of cell only, Nisoniades Nsevius, (188) 
 Umber patch at the end of cell, between median and submedian 
 
 veins and near posterior angle, Nisoniades Petronius, (187) 
 
 196. 
 
 Under side of hind wings not banded with brown and purple, 
 
 Eudamus, 
 
 Under side of hind wings banded with brown and purple, 
 
 Erycides, 
 
 197. 
 
 197 
 
 206 
 
 Hind wings rounded at the anal angle, 198 
 
 Hind wings more or less produced or tailed at the anal angle, 201 
 
 198. 
 
 Fore wings with white spots, 199 
 
 Fore wings with yellow bands, 200 
 
 / 
 
82 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 199. 
 
 White spots mere points on the costa and in the median inter- 
 spaces, Eudamus Pylades, (191) 
 
 White spots larger, forming almost continuous bands, 
 
 Eudamus Bathyllus, (192) 
 
 200 . 
 
 Outer part of under side of hind wings white, 
 
 Eudamus Lycidas, (193) 
 Outer part of under side of hind wings not white, 
 
 Eudamus Cellus, (194) 
 
 201 . 
 
 Hind wings produced, not tailed, 202 
 
 Hind wings tailed, Eudamus Proteus, (197) 
 
 202 . 
 
 Under side of hind wings with a white band in the middle, 
 
 Eudamus Tityrus, (196) 
 
 Under side of hind wings without a white band in the middle, 
 
 Eudamus Zestos, (195) 
 
 203. 
 
 Palpi surpassing the front by about the length of the eyes ; 
 
 small species, Pholisora, 204 
 
 Palpi surpassing the front by less than the length of the eyes ; 
 
 large species, 205 
 
 204. 
 
 Outer margin entire, 
 
 Outer margin dentate, 
 
 205. 
 
 Without yellow markings above, 
 With yellow markings above, 
 
 Pholisora Catullus, (189) 
 Pholisora Hayhurstii, (190) 
 
 Erycides, 206 
 Megathymus, 207 
 
 206. 
 
 Upper side without white spots, Erycides Batabano, (198) 
 
 Upper side with white anteapical spots, also at end of cell and 
 
 in median interspaces, Erycides Amyntas, (199) 
 
 207. 
 
 Hind wings with a yellow border only on the anterior part of 
 the outer margin, if present at all, Megathymus Yuccae, (200) 
 Hind wings with a yellow border reaching to the submedian 
 vein at least, Megathymus Cofaqui, (201) 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 83 
 
 FAMILY PAPILIONIDiE. 
 
 The butterflies of this family , the highest of the Lepi- 
 doptera, may be known by their broad wings, which are 
 erect in repose ; the antennae are slender, the knob either 
 straight or slightly curved ; the body slender and fur- 
 nished with six feet fitted for walking, the first pair of 
 normal size and directed forward, the other two pairs 
 directed outward and backward. The larvae are smooth, 
 or only moderately provided with short hairs or pile, 
 never provided with branching or simple spines, and in 
 only one instance — Papilio Pliilenor — provided with 
 fleshy protuberances. The chrysalides are naked, the tip, 
 or cremaster, fastened to a button of silk, and the body 
 suspended obliquely in a loop of silk that passes round 
 it a little in front of the middle. The family is divided 
 into two subfamilies, Papilioninae and Pierinae. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PAPILIONINAE. 
 
 This contains here the genus Papilio. These are 
 large butterflies, often known as swallow-tails. The 
 wings are ample; the fore wings triangular; the hind 
 wings concave next to the body, and usually provided 
 with a tail-like appendage before the anal angle; the 
 outer margin dentate, with the teeth quite prominent 
 near the tail. The larvae are smooth, or with a few 
 short scattered hairs ; spindle-shaped, being thickest 
 through about the fourth segment, P. Philenor being 
 provided with four rows of slender fleshy processes. 
 In the upper anterior part of the second segment is a 
 
84 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 forked scent-organ which is capable of being thrust out 
 at will or withdrawn into a slit-like receptacle. When 
 extended, this organ gives off a disagreeable odor which 
 serves as a protection to the larva. 
 
 1. Papilio Ajax, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.6 to 3.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of body and wings varying from pale 
 black to deep black, banded and marked with a color vary- 
 ing from greenish yellow to pale blue-green. These are 
 arranged in three bands common to both wings, the one 
 next to the body narrow, the third bifid on the fore 
 wings from the costa to the median vein; and three 
 short bands not reaching farther than the median vein. 
 There is also a subterminal band on the fore wings 
 crossed by the black veins, and a row of spots on the 
 hind wings parallel with the outer margin. Body 
 blackish, with two whitish lines on the sides. 
 
 There are three dimorphic forms of this species, and 
 one variety. The first of these is the winter form, 
 Walshii, Edw. — In this the black is pale, the light 
 parts greenish yellow ; the tail to the hind wings about 
 .6 of an inch long, black, tipped with light ; and the 
 red before the anal ocellus is a bent bar ; after the ocellus 
 are two blue lunules. 
 
 Var. Abbottii, Edw. — Expanse from 2.6 to 2.8 
 inches. This resembles the above, but has a more or 
 less distinct crimson streak on the hind wings nearly 
 parallel with the internal margin. 
 
 Winter form, Telamonides, Feld. — Expanse from 
 2.8 to 3.2 inches. This is about the same in color and 
 markings as form Walshii , but the tail is a little longer, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 85 
 
 and the outer end is not merely tipped with greenish 
 yellow, but bordered on each side from half to two- 
 thirds the distance from the tip to the base, and the 
 anteanal crimson bar is sometimes two spots. 
 
 Summer form, Marcellus, Bd. — Expanse from 3.2 
 to 3.5 inches. This is black, with the light part blue- 
 green; the tail over an inch long and bordered with 
 yellow, and the anteanal crimson mark one or two spots 
 instead of a bar. 
 
 All of these forms have the markings of the upper 
 side repeated beneath, with a more or less prominent 
 crimson stripe through the middle of the hind wings 
 nearly parallel to the inner margin. 
 
 Of these three forms the last is the one found in 
 summer, and comes from chrysalides formed the same 
 season, while the others emerge from chrysalides that 
 have wintered over. They were originally described as 
 separate species, and were generally considered so till 
 Mr. ¥m. H. Edwards proved their identity by breeding 
 the different forms. 
 
 The eggs are deposited on the leaves of the pawpaw, 
 upon which the larvae feed. They are pale green, glob- 
 ular, smooth, .016 of an inch in diameter. The young 
 larva is black, covered with minute papillae, from each 
 of which proceed fine hairs. After the first moult it is 
 ash-colored, still covered with the papillae. These are 
 lost at the second moult, when the larva assumes the 
 general form and smooth skin which it shows at ma- 
 turity ; the color yellowish white, with transverse gray 
 stripes. After the third moult the color is smoky brown, 
 each segment crossed by four lines, of which the ante- 
 rior is yellow and the rest white ; the second, third, and 
 
 8 
 
86 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 fourth segments without yellow; at the junction of the 
 fourth and fifth joints is a velvety-black band, preceded 
 by white and followed by yellow. At the fourth moult 
 the color becomes darker, each segment crossed by a 
 pale yellow and four gray stripes. 
 
 In some of the larvae the general color is gray, with 
 white, black, and yellow bands on the fourth and fifth 
 segments, and the segments after the fifth crossed by one 
 yellow and two dull white stripes. In other specimens 
 the color is blue-green, each segment crossed by gray, 
 yellow, and clear white, the white band replaced by 
 turquoise-blue. In still others the color is pale green 
 throughout, except one yellow stripe on each segment, 
 the bands being blue, black, and yellow. 
 
 Chrysalis from .8 to .9 of an inch long, cylindrical, 
 tapering posteriorly from the middle of the abdomen ; 
 head triangular, terminated by two short lateral points ; 
 another, beak-like, on the thorax ; from this two small 
 ridges pass along the wing-cases and down the abdomen 
 to the extremity, and between them two others starting 
 from the upper segments of the abdomen, on the outer 
 sides of which last, in those chrysalides which are brown, 
 is a fine light-colored line. Color dead-leaf brown or 
 bright green. 
 
 Location from Pennsylvania to Texas, and through 
 the Mississippi Valley, where it flies from March or 
 April till cool weather in the fall. 
 
 2. Papilio Philenop, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 4.5 inches. 
 
 Body and wings black ; the hind wings of the male re- 
 flecting a metallic green, those of the female a steel-blue. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 87 
 
 Parallel with the outer margin of the fore wings there 
 is a row of more or less distinct spots running from the 
 posterior angle half-way to the apex ; on the hind wings 
 are six whitish spots between the venules, the one before 
 the anal ocellus very small. Tail about .3 of an inch. 
 
 On the under side the marginal spots on the fore wings 
 arc more distinct, as are also the yellowish crescents in 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 Papilio Philenor (natural size). 
 
 the fringe. The metallic sheen of the hind wings occu- 
 pies the outer half of the wing, and contains a crescent 
 of seven orange spots, each bordered with white on its 
 costal side, and more or less completely with black the 
 rest of the way. 
 
 The egg is spherical, the surface much covered with a 
 rough crust, which rises to a summit, either small and 
 
88 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 pointed, or rather large and truncated ; the sides of this 
 crust irregularly melon-ribbed. Color of the surface 
 russet, of the crust bright ferruginous. 
 
 The young larva is ferruginous, marked longitudinally 
 by many rows of low, conical, 
 black tubercles, each supporting 
 a black hair. When mature 
 (Fig. 12), it is two inches long; 
 color velvety black, with a slight 
 purplish, or chestnut-brown hue ; 
 covered with long fleshy tubercles 
 of the same color as the body, 
 and shorter orange-colored tuber- 
 cles, as follows : two brown ones 
 on joint 2 ; two brown ones and 
 two orange ones on joint 3 ; joints 
 4 and 6 the same ; joint 5 with 
 four orange tubercles ; joints 7 
 to 10 each with two brown lat- 
 eral tubercles and two orange 
 ones; joints 11 and 12 with four 
 brown tubercles that often have 
 orange bases; joint 13 with two 
 dorsal brown tubercles but no 
 lateral ones. Joints 8 to 11 have each a lateral orange 
 spot just before and above the spiracles, which are sunk 
 into the flesh and scarcely perceptible. Head, legs, and 
 venter the same color as the body ; the top of joint 2 
 with an orange transverse spot on the anterior edge, from 
 which is thrust out the osmaterium, or scent-organ. 
 
 The chrysalis, represented in Fig. 13, — a, shaded back 
 view ; 6, lateral outline,— 4s at first yellowish green, but 
 
 P. Philenor, larva. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 89 
 
 soon becomes marked with gray and violet, with more 
 or less yellow on the back. 
 
 This insect feeds on the different species of Aristo- 
 
 Pig. 13. 
 
 <z 
 
 P. Pbilenor, chrysalis. 
 
 lochia, or pipe- vine, and is usually abundant where these 
 plants are found. The larvae are to be found in groups 
 on the leaves in July and August ; the pupal period 
 lasting about three weeks. 
 
 3. Papilio Asterias, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 3 to 4 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of body and wings black. The fore 
 wings have two rows of yellow spots parallel with the 
 outer margin, eight spots in each row, more prominent in 
 the male than in the female. There are one or two spots 
 before the inner row towards the apex, and in the male a 
 bar at the end of the discal cell. The fringe is black, 
 cut with yellow opposite the spots of the two rows. The 
 spots are continued across the hind wings, the outer row 
 being lunate, with a more or less complete row of blue 
 
 8 * 
 
90 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 clouds between the rows of yellow spots. At the anal 
 angle there is an orange ocellus with a posterior or outer 
 border of yellow, and a central black spot. Fringes as 
 on the fore wings. Tail black, about .3 of an inch 
 long. 
 
 On the under side the spots are repeated, those on the 
 hind wings washed with orange. The body has a row 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 Papilio Asterias, male. 
 
 of yellow spots on each side, which continue as partial 
 rings on the under side of the abdomen. 
 
 Var. Asteroides, Reak. — This form is marked 
 nearly as in the typical Asterias. In the male the inner 
 row of yellow spots of the fore wings is almost obsolete, 
 except the spot on the hind margin, which is prolonged 
 into a dash. Hind wings as in Asterias female, but the 
 blue clouds are reduced to small rounded patches ; tails 
 not so long as in the typical form. Below, a discal 
 row of large fulvous sagittiform spots on the fore wings. 
 Hind wings as in the typical form. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 91 
 
 Aberr. Calverleyii, Grote. — Two specimens of this 
 singular form have been taken, one a male, in August, 
 1863, by Mr. Louis Fischer, in the neighborhood of 
 New Lots, Queens County, Long Island, and another, 
 a female, in April, 1869, by Mr. T. L. Mead, near En- 
 terprise, Florida ; both being suffused forms, probably 
 caused by the action of cold on the chrysalides soon after 
 pupating. 
 
 In the male the upper surface has the basal two-thirds 
 black without marks, and the remainder of the wings 
 yellow, a narrow outer margin, and tail black. The 
 boundary between the black and yellow on the fore 
 wings is dentate, with the black extending out on the 
 veins. The hind wings have a narrow subterminal 
 crenate orange line, and an orange patch in place of the 
 ocellus. 
 
 The under side is like the upper, except that on the 
 hind wings there are elongate orange patches between 
 the veins, leaving narrow yellow lines along the veins 
 and between the ends of these patches and the black on 
 the basal part, the subterminal line being dusky. The 
 orange extends a little on to the fore wings as a partial 
 terminal border. 
 
 The female is like the male, except that there is more 
 black along the veins ; the outer margin of the wing is 
 more broadly bordered with black ; there is a yellow bar 
 at the end of the cell of the fore wings ; the hind wings 
 have two rows of orange intervenular patches in the 
 yellow field, the inner round and the outer elongate tri- 
 angular, with gray spaces between ; and the ocellus has a 
 few black scales. 
 
 The under side is like the upper, except that there are 
 
92 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 two discal bars, with yellow on the subcostal vein, and 
 the orange patches of the hind wings are larger. 
 
 The eggs are of a delicate light yellow, smooth and 
 round, with the exception of being slightly flattened 
 where they are attached to the leaf. These are depos- 
 ited on the leaves of parsley, celery, parsnips, and other 
 related plants upon which the larvae feed. 
 
 The young larvae are nearly black, with a broad white 
 band across the middle, and another on the hind part of 
 the body; thickly beset with bristles which arise from 
 little tubercles. The second stage differs little from the 
 first ; as also the third, though there are bright spots on 
 the body. The fourth stage is a bright green ground 
 color with black bands, which are broad on the middle 
 of the segments. These bands are interrupted by brick- 
 red spots, which are arranged in three rows on each side. 
 The tubercles are scarcely perceptible. 
 
 The fifth stage is the mature larva. When full grown 
 
 Fig. 15. Fig. 16 
 
 Papilio Asterias, mature larva. Papilio Asterias, pupa. 
 
 the caterpillar is about an inch and a half long, of a 
 bright green color, with a transverse black band on each 
 segment containing a row of yellow spots. The scent- 
 organ in this species is yellow. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 93 
 
 The chrysalis is an inch and a quarter long, of a pale 
 green, ochre-yellow, or ash-gray color, with two short 
 ear-like projections above the head, just below which, on 
 the upper part of the back, is a little prominence. This 
 chrysalis, like all the Papilios, is attached at the tip by a 
 button of silk, and supported by a loop round the middle 
 of the body. The last brood winter in the chrysalis state. 
 
 United States generally. 
 
 4. Papilio Troilus, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 3.75 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of body and wings black, the fore wiiigs 
 crossed by a marginal row of greenish-yellow spots ; in 
 some specimens a part of a second row extends from the 
 hind margin forward. No spot in cell. Hind wings with 
 the marginal lunules and an inner row of spots forming 
 a broad macular band, all blue in the female and blue- 
 green in the male. The costal spot of this inner row is 
 mostly orange. There is a row of blue clouds between 
 these two rows. Ocellus part orange, not pupilled. 
 Tail .4 of an inch long. 
 
 On the under side the spots are more prominent : 
 nearly two full rows of blue-green spots on the fore 
 wings, and two rows of orange spots on the hind wings. 
 Body black, with two rows of yellow spots on the sides. 
 
 The larva when full grown is a little more than one 
 and a half inches long, the body thickest from the third 
 to the fifth segment. It is bright green above, a yellow 
 stripe edged behind with black across the anterior part 
 of the second segment. On joint 4 are two prominent 
 yellow ocelli annulate with black, and a large pupil 
 filling most of the lower portion ; a line of black in 
 
94 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 front of the segment, and a pale pinkish spot above, 
 margined with darker. On the fifth segment are two 
 more ocelli. Segments 6 to 11 have each four blue dots 
 margined with black, and there is a yellow line along 
 the sides of the body edged with black below. 
 
 The chrysalis is 1.3 inches long, shaped in general 
 as the allied species, the two prominences on the head 
 projecting forward and outward, and from each of these 
 extends a ridge along the side to the anal extremity con- 
 taining a slight projection opposite the dorsal pronotal 
 elevation. Color above the ridge pinkish orange clouded 
 and spotted with blackish brown, there being a dorsal 
 line, and on the abdomen four round spots to each 
 joint. Below the color is mostly brown, veined and 
 clouded with yellowish. 
 
 This species feeds on the leaves of spice-bush and 
 sassafras. 
 
 Atlantic, Southern, and Western States. 
 
 5. Papilio Palamedes, Drury. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 4 inches. 
 
 Upper surface olive-black ; the fore wings crossed by 
 two rows of prominent yellow spots, the costal three of the 
 inner row nearer the margin than the others, and having 
 another spot standing before them; a bar at the end of 
 the discal cell. Hind wings with an outer row of yellow 
 lunules and a band corresponding to the inner row of 
 the fore wings. Between these there is a more or less 
 complete row of blue clouds, this space somewhat washed 
 with yellow : the more yellow the less blue. Anal ocellus 
 orange, partly bordered with yellow, not pupilled ; some 
 orange in the band near the internal margin. Tail .4 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 95 
 
 of an inch long, black, with a central ray of yellow. 
 Body black, with a yellow lateral stripe. 
 
 On the under side the fore wings are about as above ; 
 the hind wings have the band white, with orange clouds 
 on its outer edge between the veins, and each lunule has 
 a broad dash of orange ; the blue clouds more prominent 
 than above. There is also a dull yellow stripe across 
 the wings nearly parallel with the inner margin. 
 
 The egg is spherical, a little flattened at the base. The 
 color is greenish yellow. It hatches in five days. 
 
 The young larva is .1 of an inch long; cylindrical, 
 greatly thickened from joints 3 to 6, from 6 tapering 
 to 12, then thickening to the end. There are eight rows 
 of fleshy processes, those at the ends being larger than 
 the others. Color of body brownish yellow marked 
 with white; a white band, not very clearly defined, 
 passes along the sides of segments 3 to 8 ; segments 12 
 and 13 white. It moults in four days. 
 
 After the first moult, its length is .33 of an inch. In 
 this stage the two subdorsal rows of tubercles, or fleshy 
 processes, are minute on joints 6 to 10; the whole of 
 the two dorsal rows minute. Color yellow-brown, 
 darkest posteriorly ; white marks as before. 
 
 In two days it moults again, when it is .36 of an 
 inch long ; the same general shape as before. Joint 3 is 
 a little excavated on the anterior part of the dorsum ; 
 on the second is a square-topped ridge, but the processes 
 have disappeared. On joints 12 and 13 the processes 
 are as during preceding stage, but the rest of the dorsal 
 and subdorsal have disappeared. Color yellow-brown to 
 dark brown ; the sides of posterior segments of a black 
 hue; white stripes as before. During preceding stage 
 
96 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 joint 4 had a large suboval black oGellus in a narrow 
 yellow ring. Now the front part of ocellus is velvety 
 black, but back of this it is vitreous black. 
 
 After three days it moults the third time. The length 
 is .8 of an inch, color about the same, the anterior seg- 
 ments a little darker, their surfaces finely and thickly 
 but indistinctly dotted green ; the middle segments 
 lighter-colored and distinctly dotted green ; the side- 
 bands salmon color ; the last segments a redder salmon ; 
 13 white above base at extremity ; along base of body, 
 with a little above spiracles, a white macular band ; on 
 dorsum of 13 are two small conical white processes; on 
 dorsum of 5 are two abbreviated bars of red lilac, one 
 on each side in the subdorsal row, and on 6 to 10 is a 
 small rounded lilac spot on each in same row ; on side 
 of 8 to 10 one similar spot to each ; below the basal 
 ridge is a small indistinct blue-lilac spot on each segment 
 from 6 to 11; ocellus as before ; the buff ring now open 
 on anterior side ; head greenish yellow. 
 
 In four days more it moults the last time, taking nine 
 days from this to reach maturity. The mature larva is 
 1.6 inches long; cylindrical, Shaped as during the pre- 
 ceding stages. Color dull velvety green on joints 3, 4, 
 5, and on 12, 13, nearly solid, but a little specked with 
 lighter green ; the other segments light and dark green 
 in fine markings ; the basal ridge whitish green ; under 
 this is a fine black line from 3 to 12, and on 6 to 11 is a 
 subtriangular blue spot in black edging on each segment 
 just below the line ; 2 has a narrow yellow ridge in 
 front, nearly flat on top, the curves rounded ; on anterior 
 side of this and next it is a black subdorsal dash on 
 each side ; behind the ridge is a black rough band ; 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 97 
 
 the scent-organs light yellow-brown ; the ocellus on the 
 side of 4 with a vitreous black process, the circlet orange- 
 red, having a black stripe within its anterior edge, and 
 a blue spot on its upper side ; the blue spots along the 
 body are set in fine black rings ; on the dorsum of 5 at 
 posterior edge is a buff* spot just outside the lilac spot 
 and touching it ; head olive-green. 
 
 The chrysalis is 1.4 inches long, the ventral side 
 highly arched, the dorsum much incurved ; the former 
 narrow at summit, rounded, sides sloping. Color varia- 
 ble; one phase shows the whole dorsal side a delicate 
 green, with a darker green dorsal stripe from mesonotum 
 back ; below mesonotum a subdorsal low red tubercle on 
 each side ; on either side of the abdominal segments 
 two rows of dull lilac points; whole ventral side one 
 shade of green, a little darker than dorsum and less 
 yellow ; lateral ridge cream color, more or less marked 
 by a red line, which broadens on the process of head ; 
 on ventral side below head two red dots near the middle 
 line; a series of white dots along the margins of the 
 wing-cases ; below the ridge, on last segments, are traces 
 of blue spots. 
 
 The natural food-plant seems to be red bay, or Persea 
 Carolinensis , though they readily eat sassafras. 
 
 Gulf States, Florida to Virginia. 
 
 6. Papilio Turnus, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 4.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of wings clear pale yellow, costa and 
 outer border of fore wings, and outer and posterior bor- 
 der of hind wings, black ; the outer portion of the black 
 along the costa suffused with yellow ; the outer border 
 e g 9 
 
98 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 having a row of eight yellow spots on the fore wings, 
 and five lunules on the hind wings, the first more or less 
 orange ; the anal ocellus orange, with yellow on the pos- 
 terior part, not pupilled. The fore wings have four 
 black bands or stripes; the first, about one-fourth the 
 distance from the base to the outer margin, is continued 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 Papilio Turnus (natural size). 
 
 two-thirds across the hind wings, where it turns abruptly 
 to meet a black edging that extends along the base of 
 the fore wings and along the inner margin of the hind 
 wings to this point. The second extends from the 
 costa to the median vein, or sometimes beyond ; the third 
 extends from the costa across the end of the discal cell ; 
 the fourth, from the costa to the fifth subcostal venule or 
 beyond. The broad black terminal border of the hind 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 99 
 
 wings contains a series of more or less prominent inter- 
 venular blue clouds, sometimes small and not reaching the 
 costal end of the border, at other times suffusing most of 
 the black, and it may be some of the yellow. Tail .5 of 
 an inch long, black, edged on the inside with yellow. 
 
 Under side similar to the upper, but the black termi- 
 nal borders suffused with yellow, and the lunules washed 
 with orange, there being a little of this on the posterior 
 part of the yellow ground color. 
 
 Body black, with a broad yellow stripe on each side. 
 
 Sometimes the ground color instead of being pale 
 yellow is more or less tinged with dark yellow border- 
 ing on orange, and this may be suffused with black. 
 These are transition stages between the typical form and 
 the black female. 
 
 Aberr. form 9 Glaucus, Linn. — This is black in- 
 stead of yellow. In this case the spots and lunules of the 
 outer border remain the same, but the blue clouds of 
 the hind wings extend in a crescent band from the costa 
 to the internal margin, preceded by a wavy black line, 
 and more or less of the wing inside this line washed 
 with blue. The black ground color is usually dull, so 
 that the transverse black bands can be traced, at least on 
 the under side. 
 
 The eggs are nearly globular, smooth ; dark green when 
 first laid, but soon change to greenish yellow, speckled 
 with reddish brown. 
 
 The young larva is of a brownish color mottled with 
 black, and has a large whitish spot on the middle of the 
 back. On each side of the dorsum on the second and 
 last three segments a tubercle, and two on each side of 
 third and fourth. Duration of this period four days. 
 
100 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 During the second stage, or after the first moult, the 
 color is blackish brown, mottled with light brown or 
 dark green, and dorsal ly dotted with white. Dorsal 
 patch yellowish, tubercles black. In five days it moults 
 the second time, when the length is .7 of an inch. The 
 color is mottled light and dark green on the anterior 
 and last segments; the large patch salmon-colored, as 
 is often more or less of the last segment ; tubercles and 
 lilac spots as before ; on fourth segment a round ochra- 
 ceous patch appears, on which is a black ring with a lilac 
 centre ; head brown. 
 
 Moults the third time in four days, when the length 
 is one inch ; anterior segments much thickened. Color 
 green, the salmon patch nearly and sometimes wholly 
 lost ; the spots on joint 4 pale green, central points purple; 
 on the same segment are two small purple spots between 
 the others ; on joint 5 is a row of four purple spots, and 
 on 9 to 11 there is one spot on each side of each. Moults 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 Papilio Turnus, full-grown larva. 
 
 the last time in five days. The mature larva is about 
 1.5 inches long, of a deep green color, paler beneath, the 
 head reddish brown. The anterior edge of segment 2 
 and the posterior part of segment 5 are yellow; the 
 anterior part of 6 is velvety black. Some examples 
 are dark reddish brown, or blackish, with the same 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 101 
 
 markings. Head above pinkish brown. In about 
 seven days it changes to a chrysalis. This is 1.4 inches 
 long ; cylindrical; thickest at the fifth 
 and sixth segments; and tapering rap- 
 idly to the last ; shaped as in Fig. 19. 
 
 Color variable. Some examples light 
 or wood-brown striped with dark 
 brown ; others very dark; either brown 
 or blackish ; some with a few broken 
 stripes of green. 
 
 . Papilio Turnus, pupa. 
 
 Ihe larvae teed on a great variety 
 of trees, — apple ; quince; thorn, plum, cherry, birch, bass- 
 wood, ash, alder, oak, sassafras, catalpa, willow, and tulip- 
 tree being given. The eggs are deposited singly on the 
 leaves, and hatch in a little less than two weeks. The 
 mature larvae rest on the upper side of the leaf, covering 
 it with silk and curving it up so as partially to enclose 
 itself. 
 
 Atlantic States; Mississippi Valley to Texas. 
 
 7. Papilio Cresphontes, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 4 to 5.25 inches. 
 
 Wings above olive-black, crossed by two rows of prom- 
 inent yellow spots. One row begins at the apex of the 
 fore wings and extends across the hind wings near the 
 base, the part on the hind wings being a band reaching 
 from costa to inner margin. The second row begins on 
 the costa above the end of the cell, extends outward till 
 it meets the first row, the third spots of each row coa- 
 lescing ; opposite the sixth spot of the first row it is re- 
 newed, and extends in three spots to the posterior angle. 
 From the apex of the hind wings it is continued to the 
 
 9 * 
 
 Fig. 19 . 
 
102 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 
 Papilio Cresphontcs (natural size). 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 103 
 
 inner margin just below the ocellus. Ocellus jet-black, 
 with an orange bent bar, and clouded with blue on the 
 basal side. There are some blue clouds inside the yellow 
 row. Tail .4 of an inch long, black, with an ovate yellow 
 spot near the tip. 
 
 Most of the ground color of the under side yellow, 
 the blue clouds more distinct, and some orange beyond 
 the discal cell of hind wings and at the anal angle. 
 
 Body black above, sides and under parts yellow. 
 
 Egg spherical, a little flattened at the base, pale ochre, 
 with sometimes a greenish tinge, at other times inclining 
 to orange. 
 
 Fig. 21 . 
 
 P. Cresphontes, larva. 
 
 The young larva is dark brown, beset with tubercles, 
 from which spring short hairs, the sixth and eleventh 
 segments straw color. After the first moult there is but 
 little change, as also after the second. After the third 
 
104 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 moult the body becomes shining, the tubercles disappear- 
 ing, except on joints 2 to 5 ; thickest through joint 4 ; 
 from joint 4 to 5 an abrupt decrease in size, as shown 
 in the figure. Head olivaceous, the ridge on joint 2 
 pale olivaceous, parts of joints 6 and 7 creamy tinged 
 with olivaceous; the terminal part of the body some- 
 what enlarged and pearly-whitish on the back, tinged 
 with olivaceous round the edges ; the rest of the body 
 olivaceous brown. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.75 inches long, shaped much 
 as before the last moult, a prominent ridge extending 
 across the second segment, along the sides and over the 
 back of segment 4, this being the highest part. Inside 
 this space it is somewhat flattened. The dark parts are 
 dark brown ; a white band extends from above the head 
 round to the elevation on joint 4, the lateral portion 
 being mottled with olive and brown ; several white rings 
 
 on the elevated ridge, 
 
 Fig. 22. and a f ew on the dor- 
 
 sum of joint 5. On 
 the dorsum of joints 
 6 to 8 is a light space 
 extending a little 
 over on the sides ; 
 another similar space 
 on the posterior part 
 of the body; from 
 two to four small blue 
 
 P. Cresphontes, pupa. Spots On each JOlllt 
 
 back of the third. 
 
 The chrysalis is 1.5 inches long, some a little shorter; 
 shaped as in the figure ; the abdomen with a subdorsal 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 105 
 
 row of small tubercles. Color variable. One form gray 
 marked with dark gray and brown, another pale green 
 marked with gray and brown ; the latter color mostly on 
 the head and down the ventral part of the thorax. 
 
 There are two broods of this insect in a season in 
 this latitude, the larva feeding on prickly-ash, orange, 
 hop-tree ( Ptelea trifoliata ), and Didamnus Fraxinella. 
 
 Southern and Western States ; Ohio, West Virginia, 
 Michigan, New York, Connecticut. 
 
 8. Papilio Polydamas, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings 3.5 inches. 
 
 Color of upper surface greenish black ; a single row 
 of yellow spots to each wing, nearly parallel with the 
 outer margin. • The apex is more produced than in the 
 preceding species, and the row of spots only partly fol- 
 lows the flexures ; the row on the hind wings not curved 
 so much as the outer margin, and forming a continuous 
 band but for the black veins. No ocellus or tail. 
 
 On the under side the black has a brownish tinge ; 
 the yellow spots of the fore wings are repeated except 
 towards the apex, but the yellow spots of the hind wings 
 are absent ; but close to the margin are seven red spots, 
 the anal one a bar, the rest more or less figure-3-shaped. 
 
 Body black, with a narrow orange stripe on each side, 
 and orange spots on the collar. 
 
 Indian River, Florida ; Cuba, Mexico. 
 
106 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 SUBFAMILY PIERIN^E. 
 
 In the Eastern United States this subfamily contains 
 all of the Papilionidge except the genus Papilio. The 
 butterflies do not have the tail to the hind wings, though 
 a few have an angle in the outer margin of these wings ; 
 and the inner margin of the hind wings is convex and 
 bent downward so that the two sides form a gutter, in 
 which the abdomen apparently rests. The larvae are 
 cylindrical, have a few scattered hairs over the body, 
 sometimes a fine short pile also, but lack the scent- 
 organ of the Papilios. Some of the chrysalides, as Pieris 
 and Colias, resemble those of the Papilios except in size, 
 but others are strongly projecting ventrally so as to be 
 nearly triangular. 
 
 9. Pieris Ilaire, Godt. 
 
 Expanse of wings 2.5 inches. 
 
 Wings white ; the apex brownish black, the costa and 
 the anterior two-thirds of the outer margin bordered with 
 the same ; a very slight border of black in the fringe of 
 the hind wings. This color is not repeated on the under 
 side except along the costa. The basal part of the costa 
 of the hind wings is tinged with dark yellow. Body 
 black, with white hairs. 
 
 Indian River, Florida; Texas, Arizona. 
 
 10. Pieris Monuste, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
 
 Wings white, costa black, a black border on the outer 
 margin, covering about the outer fourth of the wing at 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 107 
 
 the apex, but narrowing to a point at the posterior angle. 
 This border is serrated on its inner edge, with two or 
 three white rays extending nearly across the border near 
 the apex. Hind wings with a very narrow border com- 
 posed of triangular spots. Female has a bowed black 
 line on the middle of the fore wings. 
 
 The under side has the border less distinct than above, . 
 the veins colored, and a shade partly across the middle 
 of the hind wings. In the female the border is more 
 prominent than in the male. 
 
 This species, the largest one of the genus with us, is 
 spread over the Gulf portion of the Southern States, 
 where it is known as the Larger Cabbage Butterfly. 
 
 According to Professor Riley, the eggs are light yellow, 
 subovoid, with the base applied to the leaf, smooth. 
 
 The larva, when full grown, is about 1.6 inches long, 
 lemon-yellow in color, with four longitudinal bands of 
 a purplish shade. Each joint is somewhat spotted with 
 black and covered with sparse delicate bristles. 
 
 The chrysalis is pale yellowish marked with blackish, 
 and characterized by two black filamentous spines on 
 the middle of its body. 
 
 The food-plants are cabbage, kale, lettuce, turnip • 
 and it has also been found feeding on a species of Cleome 
 and Polanisia. 
 
 Southern States, Texas. 
 
 11. Pieris Protodice, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. 
 
 Summer form, Protodice, Bd. — Lee. Male. — Upper 
 surface white, fore wings with a broad black dash or bar 
 across the end of the discal cell (Fig. 23), and a submar- 
 
108 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 ginal row of three more or less distinct spots, the last 
 almost or quite touching the hind margin. There are 
 
 traces of rays run- 
 Fig. 23. ning from this row 
 
 to the outer edge. 
 Hind wings with- 
 out spots. 
 
 On the under side 
 the spots and bars 
 are repeated ; the 
 veins of the hind 
 
 Pieris Protodice, male (natural size). wingS are broadly 
 
 marked with green- 
 ish yellow sprinkled with brown scales, and the tips of 
 the fore wings tinged with greenish yellow. 
 
 Female (Fig. 24). — The color is the same, and the 
 
 fore wings have the 
 bar at the end of 
 cell and the sub- 
 terminal row of 
 spots, but these 
 show a tendency 
 to blend, and the 
 outer margin sup- 
 ports a border of 
 triangles connect- 
 ing with the sub- 
 terminal row by rays. The hind wings have a zigzag sub- 
 terminal blackish line, the outer portions sending rays to 
 the margin, where they are somewhat expanded. The base 
 of both wings is more sprinkled with dark scales than in 
 the males. The under side similar to that of the male. 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 1\ Protodice, female (natural size). 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 109 
 
 Winter form, Vernalis, Edw. — This form is smaller 
 than the summer form, and the dark colors are more 
 prominent. The spots of the subterminal row of the 
 fore wings are more inclined to be connected. It ex- 
 pands scarcely 1.6 inches. 
 
 Body black, with some white hairs and scales. 
 
 The eggs are long, slender, pointed, and deposited 
 singly on the under side of the leaves of its food-plant, 
 often a number on one leaf. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 The larva when first hatched is of a uniform orange 
 color, with a black head. When full grown it averages 
 1.15 inches in length and is nearly cylindrical. The 
 most common color is green verging into blue, each 
 joint with six transverse wrinkles. There are four 
 longitudinal yellow lines each equidistant from the 
 other, and each interrupted by a pale blue spot on the 
 first and fourth wrinkles of each joint. There are traces 
 of another substigmatal line. On each wrinkle is a row 
 of various-sized, round, black, piliferous spots, those on 
 wrinkles one and four being largest and most regularly 
 
 10 
 
110 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 situated; a black hair arising from each spot. Head 
 concolorous with the body, covered with black spots, and 
 usually with a yellow or orange patch each side. 
 
 The chrysalis is .65 of an inch long, varying in color, 
 but mostly bluish gray more or less sprinkled with black, 
 with the ridges and prominences edged with buff or flesh 
 color. 
 
 This butterfly is usually known as the Southern 
 Cabbage Butterfly, though it is to be found in all parts 
 of the United States, from Canada to the Gulf, and from 
 the Atlantic to the Pacific. Though it has such a wide 
 range, it is to be met with as an injurious insect only 
 in the Southern States and the States bordering on 
 these. In the Northern States P. Rupee is more 
 common, in many places driving out Protodice. Where 
 the two occur, the European species is more destructive, 
 as the larvse of this species not only eat the outer leaves, 
 but may be found boring into the head as well, while 
 the Protodice larvse feed mostly on the outer leaves. 
 
 There are several broods during a season, the broods 
 somewhat intermingling, so that larvse of various stages 
 of growth may be found at any time. It hibernates in 
 the pupa state. 
 
 Middle, Southern, and Western States to the Pacific. 
 
 12. Piekis Napi, Esper. 
 
 It has been shown by Mr. Edwards that some one 
 or more forms of this variable species are to be found 
 from Arctic America as far south as California on the 
 west, and Michigan and New England on the east, 
 being mostly represented in the regions farther to the 
 north. As a mere matter of information, the full ar- 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 rangement of the forms as found in Mr. Edwards’s new 
 catalogue is given, with the locality of each, after which 
 those occurring in the Eastern United States will be 
 considered. 
 
 Pieris Napi, Esper. 
 
 Arctic form, Bryonia, Ochs. — Alaska. 
 
 Var. Hulda, Edw. — Kodiak, Alaska. 
 
 1. Winter form, Venosa, Scud. — California to British 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Aberr. Flava, Edw. — California. 
 
 2. Winter form, Oleracea-hiemalis, Harr. 
 
 Yar. Borealis, Grote. — Labrador, Anticosti. 
 
 Yar. Frigida, Scud. — Boreal America. 
 
 Aberr. Yirginiensis, Edw. — New York, Ontario. 
 
 3. 1. Summer form, Acadica, Edw. — Newfound- 
 
 land. 
 
 2. Summer form, a. Pallida, Scud. — California to 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 b. Castoria, Reak. — California to British 
 Columbia. 
 
 Aberr. Flava, Edw. — California. 
 
 3. Summer form, Oleracea-^estiva, Harr.— 
 
 New England to Michigan ; Ontario, Quebec. 
 
 Aberr. Yirginiensis, Edw. — Expanse of wings 1.7 
 inches. Upper side white, less pure than the form 
 Oleracea, and much obscured by gray-brown scales, 
 which are scattered over the whole surface, but are dense 
 on apex, costa, and basal half of fore wings, and at base 
 and along the subcostal and median venules of hind 
 wings ; a gray patch on costa of hind wings. 
 
112 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Under side white, the venules all bordered with gray- 
 brown, most conspicuously on the median vein of both 
 wings and the branches of this vein on hind wings ; 
 shoulder pale orange. 
 
 The female expands 1.9 inches ; similar to the male, 
 
 the surface usually still 
 more obscured. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Summer form, Ole- 
 race A-iESTIV A, HaiT. 
 This is often of larger 
 size of wings, and the 
 wings are thinner, and 
 purer white on the 
 upper side, than in 
 hiemalis( Fig. 26). Also 
 the base is less obscured, 
 and the costa, apex, and outer margin not at all. On the 
 under side it is either white or delicate yellow ; the veins 
 of both wings but scantily edged with brown scales, and 
 often not at all over considerable areas. 
 
 The females have the basal and apical areas pale gray, 
 and not infrequently there is a trace of the spot of Napi 
 on upper median interspace ; sometimes also a trace of 
 the second spot, and of the gray bordering to the hind 
 margin of fore wings. The veins beneath are more 
 edged with brown scales than in the male. The shoul- 
 ders of hind wings are of a very pale yellow , and often 
 there is no color at all. 
 
 New England to Michigan. 
 
 The eggs, represented in Fig. 27, are somewhat pear- 
 shaped, pale greenish white in color, marked with about 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 
 Pieris Napi, winter form, Oleracea-hiemalis : 
 a, larva. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. U3 
 
 fifteen sharp longitudinal ridges with cross-lines between. 
 Length about .05 of an inch. 
 
 The young larva is of a glassy white, thinly clothed 
 with fine short hairs. As with several other species, the 
 egg-shell from which it emerges forms the 
 first meal of the young larva. 
 
 The mature larva is about 1.25 inches 
 long, of a pale green color, with a darker 
 dorsal line, the entire surface covered with 
 fine short whitish hairs. 
 
 The chrysalis is of a greenish or whitish 
 color finely speckled with black, and shaped 
 much as the other species. 
 
 The larva, when ready to pupate, leaves 
 the cabbages and seeks some protected place 
 on the under side of a board or a fence-rail, 
 where it spins its button and loop of silk and changes 
 to a pupa. This habit is not confined to this species, 
 but is common to the rest of the genus occurring in the 
 eastern United States. 
 
 13. PlERIS VlRGINIENSIS, Edw. 
 
 This is a form occurring in West Virginia, like Ole - 
 racea , except that it has no yellow on the under side of 
 the wings. It is single-brooded, producing no summer 
 form, while farther north the aberrant form Virginien - 
 sis is one of the spring forms of Oleracea , and the parent 
 of Oleracea-cestiva , a summer form. The preparatory 
 stages are like those of the preceding species, it seeming 
 to be a descendant of one of its forms, probably Ole - 
 racea-cestiva. 
 
 West Virginia. 
 h 
 
 Fig. 27 . 
 
 P. Napi, form 
 Oleracea; egg, 
 X27. 
 
 10 * 
 
114 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Fro. 28. 
 
 Pieris Rapse, male (natural size). 
 
 14. Pieris Rap^i, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. 
 
 Upper surface white, the usual form having a brownish- 
 or grayish-black patch across the apex. The male has a 
 
 submarginal round 
 spot in the first me- 
 dian interspace (see 
 Fig 28), and a some- 
 what elongated spot 
 on the costa of the 
 hind wings. The 
 females have a sec- 
 ond round spot at 
 the same distance 
 from the outer margin on the upper side of the subme- 
 dian vein. The base of the wings is dusted a little with 
 
 gray scales, more so 
 in the female. 
 
 On the under side 
 the fore wings are 
 white, pale yellow to- 
 wards the apex, and 
 with two black spots 
 in both sexes corre- 
 sponding to the two 
 on the upper side of 
 the fore wings of the female. Hind wings pale yellow, 
 without marks, but sprinkled with black atoms. 
 
 Body black above, white beneath. 
 
 Var. Nov^- Anglije, Scud. — This form occurs, so far 
 as is now known, only in the Eastern States and New 
 York. Ground color of both wings dull sulphur-yellow. 
 
 P. Rapse, female (natural size). 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 115 
 
 Farther south the winter form, or the one that comes 
 in early spring from chrysalides that have hibernated, 
 tends to pure white on the upper surface. One male 
 in the writer’s cabinet has an obscure patch on the apex 
 of the fore wings, and the costal mark of the hind wings 
 about as much obscured, no trace of the spot in the me 
 dian interspace except what shows through from below. 
 Another male has scarcely a trace of the apical patch, or 
 the costal mark, with perhaps half a dozen scales in the 
 median interspace. On the under side these specimens 
 differ a little from the usual form, both being more suf- 
 fused with black on the hind wings, the fore wings with 
 scarcely any or no yellow at the apex, and only a few 
 scales in place of the usual dots. 
 
 Var. Manni, Mayer. — This is a pale yellow form, 
 having all the usual markings, but the upper surface pale 
 yellow of a clear type and not ochraceous-tinted. Under 
 side like the others. Found in both sexes. 
 
 Georgia ; Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 The larva of this species feeds on cabbage, turnips, 
 and some other plants. It is not a native of this country, 
 but was introduced from Europe about 1863, since which 
 time it has spread over the most of the United States. 
 It is usually known as the European Cabbage Butter- 
 
 fl y- 
 
 The eggs are deposited irregularly over the surface of 
 the leaf of the food-plant, mostly on the under side. 
 They are somewhat pear-shaped, flattened at the base, 
 and the apex truncate. In color they are yellowish, 
 marked with twelve longitudinal ribs, crossed by very 
 fine lines between. 
 
 The young larva is pale yellow. It first eats the shell 
 
116 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 of the egg from which it emerges, then covers a space 
 with silk, where it rests except when feeding. 
 
 When full grown, the larva is about an inch and a 
 half long, of a pale green color, finely dotted with 
 black; a pale yellow dorsal stripe, 
 sometimes indistinct, and a row of 
 yellow spots along the region of the 
 stigmata. 
 
 The chrysalis (Fig. 30, b ) varies in 
 color from a dull yellowish green to 
 an ash-gray, a light gray with nu- 
 merous black points being the most 
 common form. 
 
 There are probably two broods of 
 this species in the most northern por- 
 tions of the United States, in the lat- 
 p. Ra P ae:a, larva; 6, itude of South ern Illinois three at 
 
 pupa. 
 
 least occur, and it is quite probable 
 that still farther south there are four or five. Like the 
 other species, it hibernates in the pupa state. 
 
 New England to the Rocky Mountains ; south to 
 Georgia. 
 
 15. Nathalis Iole, Bd. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.15 inches. 
 
 Upper surface yellow ; a large patch of black across 
 the apex of fore wings, and a stripe of the same along 
 the hind margin. The fringes and a little along the 
 outer part of the costa are yellow ; and the black along 
 the hind margin does not quite reach that margin, nor 
 does it extend to the end of the wing, but bends forward 
 a little before reaching the posterior angle, where it is 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. H7 
 
 more or less completely separated from the apical patch 
 by yellow. 
 
 The hind wings have a black stripe along the basal 
 two-thirds of the costa, the rest of the wing being yellow 
 in the male, except a few black 
 scales on the outer ends of some Fig * 31 * 
 
 of the veins; but in the female 
 there is a partial broad, dusky 
 outer border, separated from the 
 black of the costa by a yellow 
 space, the surface having a tinge Nathaiis ioie, female, 
 of yellow. 
 
 On the under side the posterior stripe of the fore 
 wings is repeated, in the female somewhat dull, the 
 bent portion being replaced by three dots ; in the female 
 these three dots, or spots, form a prominent posterior 
 part of a subterminal row, the posterior stripe wanting 
 or dull. The anterior and outer portion of the fore 
 wings is, in both sexes, washed with orange ; the apex 
 and hind wings of the female grayish. 
 
 Var. Irene, Fitch. — This has the under side of the 
 fore wings destitute of a blackish central dot, and of the 
 three black spots near the posterior angle, the posterior 
 one is connected with the posterior stripe ; and the base 
 of the wing instead of its outer margin is orange-yellow. 
 
 Illinois, Missouri to California, New Mexico, Arizona. 
 
 16. Anthocharis Olympia, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface white, gray at base of wings ; a large 
 gray patch at the apex of the fore wings, partially re- 
 placed by white. Costal margin slightly specked with 
 
118 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 black; a black bar at the end of cell. The hind wings 
 have a few black scales at the outer angle and a small 
 wedge-shaped black spot near the base on costa. 
 
 Under side white. The fore wings have a small gray 
 subapical patch on costa, nearly covered with green 
 scales, and a faint greenish patch on the outer margin. 
 Discal spot narrow, lunate, enclosing a white streak. 
 
 Hind wings crossed by bands of yellow-green on a 
 gray ground. The one near the base is slightly trifid 
 on the costa, the outer one broadly trifid, but runhing 
 from the outer margin instead of the costa, the middle 
 and outer one joined on the median vein. There is also 
 a spot of the same color between the anterior ends of the 
 second and third. 
 
 Body black above, the under side white, the thorax 
 tinged with greenish yellow. 
 
 West Virginia, Indiana, Nebraska. 
 
 17. Anthocharis Genutia, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.55 inches. 
 
 Upper surface white, with a large orange apical patch, 
 bordered outwardly with black, in which there are seven 
 yellowish- white spots on the edge of the wing. There 
 is a black dot at the end of the discal cell, some specks 
 on the costa, and several somewhat triangular spots on 
 the outer border of both wings. 
 
 Under side of hind wings and apex of fore wings 
 pale greenish yellow, the rest of fore wings tinged very 
 slightly with this color; hind wings and apex of fore 
 wings finely netted with black. Discal dot of fore wings 
 reproduced. 
 
 Body black above, white below; antennae annulate 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 119 
 
 with black and white. Apex of fore -wings produced 
 so that the outer margin is excavated below the apex. 
 
 New York to Virginia ; Western States, Texas. 
 
 18. Callidryas Eubule, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings 2.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface bright lemon-yellow, usually paler on 
 the internal margin of hind wings; and the male with 
 paler rays of raised scales extending inward from the 
 outer margin of the fore wings between the veins, the 
 anterior five of these rays extending almost to the cell, 
 the rest triangular. The hind wings have a similar 
 border, but it is narrower and more continuous. The 
 male is without spots; the female has a dark brown 
 spot with a ferruginous centre at the end of the cell 
 of the fore wings, and the costa and fringe brown, with 
 brown at the ends of the veins. 
 
 The under side of the male is almost a greenish yellow, 
 with a more or less distinct ferruginous bar at the end 
 of the cell of the fore wings, and a white or silvery spot 
 circled with ferruginous on the cell of the hind wings. In 
 some examples there are no other marks, but in others 
 there are traces of marks which are more distinct in the 
 female. 
 
 The under surface of the female is greenish yellow, 
 but little darker than the male, with the costa rosy and 
 the fringe ferruginous brown. There is a bar at the end 
 of cell of fore wings composed of five rosy spots circled, 
 and separated by brown and ferruginous. On the end 
 of cell of hind wings are two silvery- white spots circled 
 like the others, and set in a patch of brown and fer- 
 ruginous scales. On the fore wings beyond the cell are 
 
120 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 two rows of elongate, wavy, ferruginous and brown 
 patches, one of these, of three spots, extending from near 
 the apex obliquely inward, and the other, of two spots, 
 submarginal and nearly parallel with the outer margin. 
 
 The hind wings are similarly marked, except that the 
 first row has only two spots ; there being also six more 
 or less distinct round spots near the base, — two above the 
 cell, one in the cell, two below the cell, and one at the 
 insertion of the wings. There are also three others 
 farther out below the cell. The fore wings are usually 
 sprinkled with fine ferruginous scales. 
 
 Thorax black above, the head and prothorax more or 
 less rosy, abdomen yellow; all the under parts yellow. 
 Antennae rose tipped with ferruginous. 
 
 In the larval state this species is said to feed on the 
 species of Cassia. 
 
 Southern States to West Virginia and Ohio, Illinois, 
 Iowa, Arizona, Southern California; occasionally in 
 New York and Rhode Island. 
 
 19. Callidryas Sennje, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.75 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface clear lemon-yellow, the same 
 shade as C. Eubule. Like that species, this has an outer 
 border of intervenular spots of the same shade of yellow 
 as the wings, and the scales composing these spots are 
 slightly raised, as though placed over the others, so that 
 in certain lights they seem lighter than the other parts, 
 the remainder of the wing having in the same lights a 
 slight greenish tinge. On the fore wings, beginning at 
 the costa, those in the first and second subcostal inter- 
 spaces reach almost to the base of these spaces, the same 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 121 
 
 as they do in Eubule , the third does not go quite so near, 
 while the fourth does not extend more than a third of 
 the distance from the margin to the cell, in Eubule both 
 of these going as near to the cell as do the first and 
 second. The remainder are blunt conical, similar to 
 those of the border of Eubule , but a little more blunt. 
 In one small specimen from Indian River, Florida, all 
 of these are more abbreviated than in the above descrip- 
 tion. On the hind wings the border is a band scarcely 
 sinuous on the inner edge, narrowing towards the anal 
 angle. In the small specimen the border extends along 
 only the anterior half of the margin. Like Eubule , 
 there are no colored spots on the upper surface. 
 
 Under side a little darker than above, slightly orange- 
 tinted, except along the hind margin of the fore wings. 
 Marked after the pattern of Eubule . There are on the 
 fore wings two purplish-brown spots on the end of the 
 cell, the lower twice as large as the upper, elliptical, with 
 an elliptical rosy patch in the centre; the upper with 
 rosy scales on the cross-vein. In addition, there are 
 the usual three series of spots along the outer margin, 
 — the first three parallel with the apical portion of the 
 costa, and situated in the first three subcostal interspaces ; 
 the next three in the next three interspaces, extending 
 obliquely inward, the lower spot not quite half-way from 
 the margin to the cell ; the third series contains only 
 two spots, lying nearly parallel with the outer margin : 
 these spots vary from a washing to sprinkling of dark 
 brown scales with a few rosy. 
 
 Hind wings have one spot at the end of the cell with 
 a central silver spot, and four rows of somewhat scattered 
 spots, all of them a little oblique : the first row consists of 
 
122 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 a rosy spot at the base of the wing and a dark one on 
 each side of the costal vein in line ; the second, passing 
 obliquely through nearly the middle of the cell, contains 
 three geminate spots ; the third, not quite in a straight 
 line, contains the spot at the end of the cell, which is 
 composed of several small spots ; the fourth, submarginal, 
 consists of four elongate, irregular patches, the third near- 
 est the margin. Besides these, both wings are sparsely 
 sprinkled with orange scales. The margin of each wing 
 is edged with a fine line, with orange-brown points at the 
 ends of most of the veins. 
 
 Female. — About three forms of this sex are to be 
 met with. One is of the same color above as the male, 
 with a dark brown round spot at the end of the cell, 
 nearly divided by a rosy orange line ; and a brown 
 edging along the outer margin of the fore wings, with 
 small spots at the ends of the veins, these being mere 
 points on the hind wings, and the edge orange. Another 
 form is dirty whitish yellow, the discal spot a little 
 larger ; and both wings have a terminal border of quite 
 prominent, slightly lunate spots, there being four or 
 five small clusters of scales within the margin in the 
 subcostal and discal interspaces. Another form is more 
 like the first, but less clear yellow. A fourth form is 
 smaller than the others, expanding about two inches. 
 In this the general color is darker than in the male, with 
 the hind wings considerably orange-tinted. The spot at 
 end of cell is fully twice as large as in the first, with the 
 central spot shorter and broader, the outer border broader 
 than in the second form, some of the spots approaching 
 conical, with, on the fore wings, the three series of three 
 spots each of the under side represented by small patches 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 123 
 
 of scales. On the hind wings the two small spots of the 
 under side at the end of the cell show through. 
 
 Under side of the same orange-tinted color as in the 
 male, but darker ; marks the same, but generally heavier. 
 The first form has the two discal spots at the end of the 
 cell blended, an irregular dark brown outline within in a 
 rosy orange patch, with some silver scales in the centre ; 
 the hind wings have a round silver mark at the end of the 
 cell on the cross-vein, and another above and outside, 
 both in a rosy orange patch, with a sprinkling of orange 
 scales, the other spots not heavier than in the male. The 
 second form is dirty whitish yellow as above, as also the 
 third ; the discal spot of the fore wings is larger and mostly 
 rosy silver, the terminal border more prominent. The 
 fourth example differs from the others in having the 
 marks much heavier; the spot at the end of the cell 
 of the fore wings is a large silver patch, somewhat 
 divided into four parts ; the subterminal spots and the 
 rows on the hind wings are inclined to blend, and the 
 outer margin has a terminal border of rosy scales which 
 shades out into the general color, almost reaching, on 
 the fore wings, the subterminal spots ; and the surface is 
 more sprinkled with the rosy scales. 
 
 Thorax black above, with whitish hairs; abdomen 
 yellow ; head brownish rosy, extending to the tip of 
 palpi, sides rosy ; beneath yellow, more or less tinted 
 with orange. 
 
 The larva is said to be deep citron-yellow, punctured 
 with black, and a blue transverse line on each segment ; 
 abdomen below and feet yellow, with a lateral range of 
 small blue lines above the feet. 
 
 Food-plant, Cassia. 
 
124 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Indian River, Florida; Texas, Arizona, Southern 
 Illinois. 
 
 20. Callidryas Philea, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings 3.5 inches. 
 
 Female.— Upper surface dark yellow, washed a little 
 with orange along the costa, with a prominent orange 
 border to the hind wings not quite reaching the apex, 
 there being a marginal row of dark brown spots along 
 the outer third of the costa to the apex and round the 
 outer margin of both wings. At the apex these are 
 blended into an apical patch. Discal dot not very 
 prominent. The fore wings have a submarginal row of 
 spots answering to those usually found on the under 
 side. 
 
 Under side yellow, heavily sprinkled with ferruginous, 
 more prominent towards the base of the hind wings. 
 Marks similar to those of C. Sennce , but heavy, and the 
 brown has a washing of rose color. 
 
 The males are yellow, with a patch of light orange 
 near the anterior margin of the fore wings, nearer the 
 base than the outer margin. Hind wings with the 
 orange border similar to that of the female, except that 
 it lacks the brown spots. 
 
 Occasionally in Texas, Illinois, and Wisconsin. 
 
 21. Callidryas Agarithe, Bd. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 3 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface clear light orange, a little paler 
 over the inner portion of the hind wings ; without spots, 
 but with a terminal border of elevated soales which in 
 certain lights seem to be paler; the border in width 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 125 
 
 nearly one-fourth the length of the fore wing, but about 
 half as wide on the hind wings ; crenate on the inner 
 edge on the fore wings. 
 
 Under side paler yellow than above, but orange-tinted, 
 scarcely darker than the under side of the male Sennce ; 
 nearly without marks. At the end of the cell of the 
 fore wings there is usually a small blackish-brown spot, 
 with or without a few rosy scales, some examples not 
 having either the black or the rosy. There is a more or 
 less distinct oblique stripe of dark scales extending from 
 near the apex to near the hind margin, usually stopping 
 at the lower branch of the median, opposite the lower side 
 of the cell, almost half-way from the outer edge to the cell. 
 The hind wings have at the end of the cell a faint dark 
 brown circle, and one in the interspace above outside 
 the cell; in some examples scarcely a trace of these. 
 Besides these there are traces of a submarginal row of 
 spots, and a row through the end of the cell like Sennce , 
 but they are represented by a few scattered scales or not 
 at all ; also some scales in the places along the costa and 
 near the base of the cell, representing an inner row. 
 
 Female. — This is more of the color of the dirty yellow 
 form of Sennce , or dirty whitish yellow. At the end of 
 cell of fore wings an elliptical blackish-brown spot ; the 
 costa blackish brown, the costal margin sprinkled with 
 this, the apex blackish brown ; along the outer margin 
 a series of brown semi-oval spots at the ends of the veins, 
 which are not quite connected, these extending along the 
 hind wings nearly to the anal angle. Extending from 
 the apical patch on the fore wings is an oblique row of 
 six spots separated by the veins, and three smaller ones 
 in the subcostal interspaces. The hind wings have three 
 
 11 * 
 
126 the butterflies of the 
 
 submarginal spots, which are not quite so distinct as those 
 oil the fore wings. 
 
 Under side whitish sprinkled with rosy scales, es- 
 pecially along the outer margin and apex of fore wings 
 and outer margin of hind wings; subterminal row of 
 spots of the upper side repeated, but not the terminal. 
 The spot at the end of the cell is large, long, silvery, 
 surrounded with blackish scales, broken into four or five 
 parts, much as on Sennce. 
 
 The hind wings have the silver spots, one on the cross- 
 vein at the end of the cell and the other on the inter- 
 space above and outside, these circled with blackish 
 brown and with rosy scales. Besides these there are 
 the same traces of spots that are found on the male, 
 though a little more prominent. 
 
 Thorax black, with whitish hairs, abdomen yellow, 
 .head and palpi above dark, below concolorous with the 
 wings ; antennae brown, with brownish tip. 
 
 Florida, Texas, Kansas, Arizona, occasional in Ne- 
 braska. 
 
 22. Krjcogonia Lyside, Godt. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.7 to 1.95 inches. 
 
 Upper surface white, in some examples very slightly 
 green-tinted. The fore wings with the basal third 
 bright lemon-yellow, shading a little into the white on 
 the outer edge ; the apex yellow-tinted ; the base of the 
 wing black-edged. Hind wings uniform white, except a 
 little tinting of yellow at the base. 
 
 There are two forms of this, a winter form, Lyside, 
 Godt., which has the upper surface as above described ; the 
 under side of the fore wings as on the upper surface, ex- 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 127 
 
 cept that there is more yellow at the apex, and the costal 
 margin is yellow-tinted. The hind wings uniform pale 
 yellow, heavily sprinkled with whitish or slightly buff- 
 tinted scales, giving the wing a slight grayish cast ; a 
 few brown scales on the middle of the cross- vein. 
 
 Summer form, Terissa, Luc., is like the winter form 
 above, except that there is a bronzy black bar about .15 
 of an inch long on the hind wings from the costa back 
 about two-thirds the distance from the base. The under 
 side of fore wings the same, but the hind wings are more 
 yellow-tinted, lack the whitish scales, and the brown on 
 the cross-vein is more distinct. 
 
 Texas ; Indian River, Florida. 
 
 23. Colias CLesonia, Stoll. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 2.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface yellow, with a broad terminal border, 
 the inner part bent inward along the costa, and making 
 a deep sinus between the second discal and the second 
 median venule. The base of the wing has a heavy 
 shading of black scales, the anterior portion extending 
 half-way across the wing, and from the median vein to 
 the costa. This leaves the yellow portion somewhat 
 resembling a dog’s head, the discal dot answering for an 
 eye. Hind wings with a narrow black border, dentate 
 on the inside ; an orange discal spot, and a smaller one 
 just outside the cell. 
 
 In the female the yellow of the fore wings is more 
 encroached upon by the black basal shading, with a 
 sprinkling of black atoms over the “ dog’s head,” and 
 rays of black between the veins of the hind wings. 
 There is also a slight blue reflection over the “ dog’s 
 
128 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 head.” Costa, antennae, and portions of the fringe 
 rosy. 
 
 On the under side the discal spots are more prominent 
 than above, and pupilled with silver ; a submarginal row 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 Colias Caesonia, male (natural size). 
 
 of dots are black on the fore wings, but red on the hind 
 wings. Ground color of hind wings and apical portion 
 of fore wings dark yellow ; a rosy ray from the body 
 outward on the hind wings. 
 
 The larva is said to be green, with a lateral white 
 band, punctured with yellow ; besides this band, there is 
 on each segment a transverse black band, bordered with 
 yellow. It feeds on the different species of clover. 
 
 Southern States, Mississippi Valley, Texas to Cali- 
 fornia ; occasional in Minnesota. 
 
 24. Colias Eurytheme, Bd. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.35 inches. 
 
 Varying considerably in color, but the usual form of 
 male orange-yellow, shading to sulphur-yellow on the 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 129 
 
 costa of both wings and on inner margin of hind wings ; 
 the base and inner margin sprinkled with black scales. 
 Outer border black, broadest at apex, somewhat irregular 
 on inner edge, extending a little on the costa and hind 
 margin of fore wings; the anterior veins yellow where 
 they cross the black. In width the border is about one- 
 fourth the length of the wing. Discal spot black. On 
 the hind wings the border is narrower, and does not 
 reach the anal angle. Discal spot of hind wings orange, 
 composed of two spots. Both wings have a roseate 
 reflection. 
 
 Under side yellow, middle of fore wings tinged with 
 orange. On both wings a subterminal row of dots, the 
 three posterior of the fore wings black, the rest brownish, 
 also two dots on the costa near the apex. Discal spots 
 repeated, the anterior black, with a few light scales; 
 posterior geminate, silvery, annulate with roseate brown 
 or ferruginous ; a dash on the costa of the hind wings 
 near the apex, and a rosy spot at the base. 
 
 The typical female is of the same general color, a 
 little more yellow along the costa and beyond the discal 
 cell. The border instead of being solid black contains 
 a row of yellow spots, the third from the posterior end 
 on the fore wings subobsolete. The hind wings have 
 the border wider than in the males, and it contains the 
 rudiments of a row of spots. The black scales scattered 
 over the base cover more of the wings than in the male. 
 Under side similar to that of the male. 
 
 A white or albino female form is sometimes found, 
 with all the markings as in the yellow form. There 
 are the following seasonal and local variations from the 
 typical form. 
 
130 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Winter form, Ariadne, Edw. This has an expanse 
 of wings in the male of from 1.3 to 1.6 inches; in the 
 female, of from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. The upper surface is 
 of a bright lemon-yellow. On the fore wings an orange 
 patch extends from the hind margin to the median vein 
 or beyond, sometimes very pale, but usually decided and 
 gradually passing into the yellow beyond. 
 
 Hind wings sometimes slightly tinted, but more often 
 without orange save the discal spot. Marginal borders 
 narrow, scarcely half as wide as in the form Keeway - 
 din . 
 
 Under side more greenish yellow than Keewaydin , a 
 large double discal spot on the hind wings, silver, annu- 
 late with ferruginous, and placed in a patch of pink 
 ferruginous. 
 
 In the female the orange on the fore wings is much 
 as in the male, the hind wings greenish yellow much 
 dusted over with black scales. Marginal borders narrow, 
 the border on the fore wings only partly enclosing the 
 submarginal spots, or even without trace of spots, es- 
 pecially on the hind wings. 
 
 This form is found only in the Southern States, more 
 distinctly marked in Texas than elsewhere: here the 
 summer form Eurytheme flies through the summer, but 
 the forms Ariadne and Keewaydin , from chrysalides win- 
 tered over, take its place in the spring, Ariadne being the 
 first one that emerges. In the Northern States Keeway- 
 din is the winter, form, while in the mountain regions 
 Keewaydin and Eurytheme are found flying together 
 during the summer. 
 
 Winter form, Keewaydin, Edw. This may be 
 known from the typical Eurytheme by its smaller size, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 131 
 
 its duller yellow and less roseate reflection, and both 
 sides more sprinkled with black scales. The costal yel- 
 low of the fore wings is broader, encroaching more upon 
 the orange, the latter being deepest near the base. In 
 some specimens there is very little or even no orange on 
 the fore wings, and in the latter case there is no orange 
 on the hind wings except the large discal spot. Those 
 specimens that have considerable orange on the fore 
 wings have the hind wings washed with orange, but not 
 so deep as the fore wings. The orange discal spot is 
 larger than in the form Eury theme. 
 
 On the under side the yellow is less of a deep yellow 
 and more of a greenish yellow, resulting from a sprink- 
 ling of fine black scales. The discal spot of the fore 
 wings is more or less triangular, white in the centre ; 
 the hind wings have one or two discal spots, annulate, 
 with roseate scales, less ferruginous than the typical form. 
 
 Summer form, Eurytheme, Bd. — This is the form 
 first described. 
 
 The egg of this species is .06 of an inch long, narrow, 
 fusiform, tapering evenly from the middle to each ex- 
 tremity, the base broad, the summit pointed; ribbed 
 longitudinally, and crossed by numerous striae. Color 
 buff- white when first deposited, but after one or two days 
 changing to crimson, and near the close of the stage to 
 black. 
 
 The young larvae are cylindrical, of even diameter to 
 the eleventh segment, each segment several times creased, 
 and on the ridges thus formed many black points, from 
 which spring white hairs. Color dark brown or choco- 
 late. 
 
 After the first moult the length is .125 of an inch; 
 
132 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 shaped as before; body covered with minute black 
 tubercles, disposed on the ridges so as to form both 
 longitudinal and transverse rows, each tubercle sending 
 out a white hair. Color dull green, head ovoid, dark 
 brown. 
 
 After the second moult the length is .28 of an inch. 
 Color dark green, head as before. 
 
 After the third moult the length is .45 of an inch ; 
 cylindrical, long and slender. Color dark green; at 
 base of body a white stripe, through which runs a crim- 
 son line, and under this stripe are black, semicircular or 
 ovate spots, sometimes seen only on segments 3 to 6, but 
 usually from 3 to 11, sometimes wanting. Towards the 
 last of the stage a paler subdorsal line. Tuberculated 
 and pilose as before. 
 
 After the fourth moult the length is .56 of an inch. 
 Color dark green, but varying, some examples having 
 the sides only dark, the dorsum yellowish ; the subdorsal 
 stripe sometimes wanting, but usually present. Head 
 ovoid, yellowish green. 
 
 The mature larva is from 1.1 to 1.2 inches long, 
 cylindrical, each joint as in the early stage several times 
 creased, and on the ridges thus formed several fine 
 papillae, white or black, each supporting a fine short 
 white hair. Color dark green, at the base of body a 
 band of pure white, through which runs a bright crimson 
 line from segments 2 to 11 almost continuously. Be- 
 neath this band, from joint 3 to 12, is a large semicircular 
 or semi-ovate black spot to each joint, the anterior ones 
 largest. There is a faint white subdorsal line thickened 
 at the posterior end of each joint so as to present a well- 
 defined white spot. Above this a line of crimson, broken 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 133 
 
 on each segment. Beneath these lines, on joints 5 to 10, 
 is a black dot to each joint. Under side, feet and legs 
 pale green ; head ovoid, pale or yellow green. 
 
 The chrysalis has the anterior part and the wing-cases 
 dark green, the abdomen yellow-green. There is a light 
 buff stripe on each side of the abdomen from the end 
 of the wing-cases to the extremity, and on the ventral 
 side of this stripe a demi-band of dark brown. Between 
 the stripe and the bend are three black dots, one to each 
 segment, with a submarginal row of black dots on the 
 wing-cases. 
 
 Clover forms the food-plant of this species. 
 
 Western States to the Pacific ; occasionally in the 
 Middle States to Massachusetts. 
 
 25. Colias Philodice, Godt. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of wings sulphur-yellow, with a broad 
 terminal border of black, broader on the fore wings of 
 the female than on those of the male, and containing a 
 submarginal row of yellow spots which are absent in the 
 male. Discal dot of fore wings black, elliptical in the 
 males, oval in the females ; on the hind wings orange, 
 usually with a smaller accompanying dot. The antennse, 
 costa, collar, and fringes are roseate. 
 
 Under side about the same color as above, but sprinkled 
 more or less with brown scales, except from the cell to 
 the posterior margin of the fore wing, the winter forms 
 more heavily sprinkled than the summer. Discal spots 
 silvery in the centre, the anterior annulate with black, 
 the posterior brown set in a pinkish-brown patch. There 
 is a submarginal row of dots, the last three on the fore 
 
 12 
 
134 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 wings black, all the rest brown with pink-brown scales ; 
 a roseate spot at the base of hind wings. 
 
 A female form occurs with the wings nearly or quite 
 white, and also a black form. The winter forms, or 
 those from hibernating chrysalides, are usually somewhat 
 smaller than the summer forms. 
 
 The eggs are pale yellow when first deposited, but 
 change in a few hours to a dark crimson. They are 
 spindle-shaped, attached by one end, ribbed longitudi- 
 nally, and crossed by numerous striae. These are de- 
 posited on the leaves of clover, Medicago (lucern), buf- 
 falo-pea, and some other allied plants. From these a 
 brownish-green larva hatches in six or seven days which 
 is .06 of an inch long, cylindrical, of uniform size from 
 segment 2 to segment 11, then tapering to the last. Color 
 brownish green, each segment creased by four or five 
 transverse creases ; each ridge with several black dots 
 on each side, each dot supporting a short whitish clubbed 
 process. Head obovate, dark brown. At first the larva 
 eats little holes in the leaves, but as it grows older it 
 eats the whole leaf from the outside. 
 
 After the first moult it is .12 of an inch long; shaped 
 and creased as before ; the whole upper surface covered 
 with minute whitish tubercles which are black at their 
 summits, these tubercles forming longitudinal and trans- 
 verse rows on the ridges. Color dull green ; head black. 
 
 After the second moult the length is .3 of an inch. 
 Color blue-green, showing a faint whitish lateral stripe ; 
 head pale green ; tuberculated as before. 
 
 After the third moult the length is .7 of an inch ; the 
 principal changes are : lateral stripe white and distinct, 
 with usually a red or orange discoloration on the anterior. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 135 
 
 segments ; sometimes black lunate spots beneath the 
 stripe. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.2 of an inch long; cylindrical, 
 tapering slightly from joint 7 to the anal and from joint 
 5 to the head ; the tubercles and white hairs as before. 
 Color dark green, pale on the under side ; in line with 
 the spiracles a white or creamy- white stripe, through the 
 middle of which runs a streak of crimson, broken at 
 the junction of the segments; frequently below this 
 stripe is a series of lunate black spots. Head pale 
 green. 
 
 The chrysalis is an inch long, of a yellowish-green 
 color, with a yellow line along each side. From the 
 time that the egg is deposited to the emergence of the 
 butterfly from the chrysalis is about forty days during 
 the warm part of the year, and the number of broods 
 will vary according to the locality. This is not usually 
 considered a very injurious insect, but Professor C. H. 
 Fernald, of Orono, Maine, estimates that these cater- 
 pillars often destroy as much as twenty-five per cent, of 
 the entire clover-crop. Their numerous parasites and 
 other enemies serve in a great measure to keep them in 
 check. 
 
 Atlantic States to the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 26. Colias Interior, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings 2.25 inches. 
 
 Professor Fernald says that the males of this species 
 closely resemble those of C. Philo dice, except that the 
 submarginal row of dots on the under side of the wings 
 is entirely wanting in both sexes, and the terminal black 
 band of the fore wings does not reach the hind margin, 
 
136 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 and is almost wholly wanting on the hind wings of the 
 females. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 27. Terias Nicippe, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.9 inches. 
 
 Upper surface orange ; a black terminal band in the 
 males unbroken from the posterior angle of the fore 
 wings to the base of the costa, but broadest at the apex ; 
 the basal portion on the costa washed with yellow. On 
 the hind wings the border extends from apex to anal 
 angle, the inner edge irregular. Inner margin of hind 
 wings yellow. 
 
 The female has the border of the fore wings broken 
 at the posterior angle, and the anal half of the border to 
 the hind wings is so much suffused with orange as to 
 leave only scattering black scales, most numerous on 
 the veins. There is a narrow black discal spot on the 
 fore wings of both sexes. 
 
 This species may vary from the color given above to 
 sulphur-yellow, but orange is the color of most speci- 
 mens. 
 
 Under side of the hind wings canary-yellow, the fore 
 wings yellow along the costa and terminal border, the 
 rest orange. Males with a brown spot on the costa of 
 hind wings two-thirds the length from the body out, 
 and brown scales scattered over the surface ; discal spot 
 of fore wings not prominent. Females have a white 
 space towards the outer end of the hind wings enclosed 
 in a subterminal row of brown spots, the first two united 
 and continued obliquely inward nearly across the white 
 space ; on the inside three spots in a row, the middle of 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 137 
 
 which is on the end of the cell. Fore wings as in the 
 males. 
 
 This species feed on senna, Cassia Marilandica , and 
 possibly other species. The eggs are long, narrow, spindle- 
 shaped ; the sides marked by about thirty longitudinal 
 ribs without cross-strise. When first deposited they are 
 greenish yellow, turning red after a few hours. 
 
 The young larva is whitish, semi-translucent, a few 
 whitish clubbed appendages to each segment. 
 
 The mature larva is about an inch long, cylindrical, 
 thickest through joints 2 and 3. Dorsal surface pale 
 green, the lower part of the sides soft whitish green. 
 Each joint has four or five creases, and on the ridges are 
 small tubercles, which send out short hairs. Along the 
 basal ridge is a whitish stripe, sometimes containing an 
 orange patch to each joint, or there is an orange line the 
 whole length. The chrysalis is long, slen- 
 der ; the ventral side greatly produced, so 
 as to be somewhat triangular. Color of 
 dorsum pale green or whitish green, with 
 a darker line ; of wing-cases and ventral 
 side of abdomen, yellow-green, side-ridges 
 cream color, with several brown spots on 
 different parts of the body. 
 
 Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico, Missis- 
 sippi Valley, Arizona, California; occasional in New 
 England. 
 
 28. Terias Mexican a, Bd. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.9 inches. 
 
 Upper surface pale yellow, the anterior half of the hind 
 wings deeper yellow. Fore wings with a broad black ter- 
 
 12 * 
 
 Fig. 33 . 
 
 Terias Nicippe, 
 pupa. 
 
138 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 minal border, attenuated on the posterior margin to near 
 the base, a broad quadrate of yellow in the middle ex- 
 tending two-thirds the distance across the border. Fringe 
 
 Fig. 34. 
 
 and apical portion of the costa white. The hind wings 
 have a prominent angle at the end of the first median 
 venule, a narrow terminal border ending before reaching 
 this angle, with scarcely a trace of a discal dot. The 
 female is a little more yellow. 
 
 Under side yellow, except the posterior two-thirds of 
 the fore wings, which are almost white. Discal dots 
 more prominent than above; a broken brown bar ex- 
 tending nearly across the hind wings from above the 
 anal angle, and some brown scales scattered over the 
 surface. 
 
 This species seems to be gradually spreading over the 
 North and East ; the habitat as given in Mr. Edwards’s 
 new catalogue being Texas, Arizona, Southern California, 
 Kansas ; occasional in Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, and Wis- 
 consin, and Ontario, Canada ; the last four places having 
 been added since 1877. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 139 
 
 29. Terias Lisa, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.45 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface yellow, a black terminal border 
 broadest at the apex, narrow at posterior angle, the inner 
 edge of the border somewhat dentate, the costa suffused 
 with black scales. The hind wings have a narrow border 
 also dentate within ; a few black scales on the cross-bar 
 of fore wings. Fringe roseate, antennae and collar black. 
 
 Under side uniform yellow, with scattered brown 
 scales, part of those on the hind wings forming a more 
 or less distinct submarginal row of spots ; a pinkish or 
 pinkish-brown apical spot to the hind wings. 
 
 The female differs from the male in the border of the 
 fore wings not reaching the posterior angle, in that of the 
 hind wings being more or less abbreviated, in the ground 
 color being a duller yellow, and in the base of the fore 
 wings being more densely powdered with blackish. 
 
 Specimens occur having the ground color whitish or 
 white. 
 
 The larva is green, with four lines along the body, and 
 is said to feed on clover and some other leguminous 
 plants. 
 
 Isle of Shoals, Maine ; south to the Gulf of Mexico ; 
 Western States, Arizona. 
 
 30. Terias Delia, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.5 inenes. 
 
 Upper surface citron-yellow, with a broad, black, 
 terminal border, broadest at the apex, and somewhat 
 dentate internally, terminating abruptly before reaching 
 the posterior angle; costa sprinkled with black scales. 
 
140 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 A black bar runs along the posterior part of the fore 
 wing, parallel with the hind margin, not reaching the 
 posterior angle, and bordered with darker yellow below. 
 
 The hind wings have a somewhat triangular apical 
 patch in line with some indistinct marginal points or 
 rays on the ends of the veins. Fringes rosy above. 
 
 Under side of the fore wings yellow, with the outer 
 margin and apical portion wine-red. Hind wings tinged 
 with wine-red, and having a transverse undulate, brown- 
 ish, interrupted band. 
 
 On the female the black longitudinal bar is nearly 
 wanting, and the base is sprinkled with blackish. 
 
 The larva is green, with a longitudinal white line above 
 the feet, and is said to feed on clover, Cassia, and per- 
 haps other allied plants. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 31. Terias Jucunda, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.4 inches. 
 
 Closely related to the preceding, but is white on the 
 under side of the hind wings, and without pink or wine 
 color on the under side of the fore wings. The white 
 is sprinkled over with gray scales. 
 
 The female is paler, marked like the female of T. 
 Delia , the fore wings powdered with blackish. Under 
 side like the male. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 141 
 
 FAMILY NYMPHALIDiE. 
 
 These may be known by their ample wings, slender 
 antennae, the knob slender or not, and by having in both 
 sexes, with the exception of the genus Libythea, only 
 four feet adapted for walking. The front pair of legs 
 are present, but have no developed tarsi, being mere 
 lappets placed against the prothorax ; the second pair 
 are directed forward, and the third or hind pair back- 
 ward. The larvae are more or less hairy, or covered 
 with more or less branching spines ; the head is more or 
 less bilobed, the apex of these lobes often supporting 
 branching spines. The chrysalides are naked, often very 
 irregular in shape, and attached to a button of silk by 
 the hooks of the cremaster alone. The family is repre- 
 sented in the United States by five subfamilies, — Helico- 
 ninae, Danainae, Nymphalinae, Satyrinae, and Libytheinae 
 
 SUBFAMILY HELICONINH3. 
 
 In this the wings are long, rather narrow, with a 
 slender body and antennae. It is represented by but 
 one species, Heliconici Charitonia , where the characters 
 of imago, larva, and chrysalis may be found. 
 
 32. Heliconia Charitonia, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 4 inches. 
 
 Wings long and narrow. Upper surface black, banded 
 with lemon-yellow, as in Fig. 35 ; three of these on the 
 fore wings and two on the hind wings. The outer one 
 on the fore wings is obliquely transverse before the apex, 
 the second nearly parallel just outside the cell, the third 
 
142 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 extends from the base on both sides of the median vein to 
 the third venule, from which it bends obliquely outward, 
 reaching the margin in a dot. 
 
 The two basal bands of the hind wings form a straight 
 line when the wings are spread ; below this is a line of 
 
 Fig. 35. 
 
 Heliconia Cliaritonia (natural size). 
 
 dots, the outer end bending round so as to form a sub- 
 marginal row from about the middle of the outer margin 
 to the apex. There are a few marginal dots at the anal 
 angle, and usually two or three red dots at the base. 
 
 Under side dull black, with the yellow lines and dots 
 repeated, though paler. The costa of the fore wings 
 with red at the base, three red dots on the base of the 
 hind wings, and two below the first band. 
 
 The egg is described by Mr. Edwards as cylindrical, 
 one-half higher than broad, flat at base, tapering very 
 slightly from base to about three-fourths the length, 
 then conoidal, the top flattened and a little depressed. 
 Marked by fourteen longitudinal ridges crossed by low 
 horizontal ridges. Color yellow. 
 
 The young larvse are cylindrical, tapering slightly 
 from about the seventh segment ; marked by four prin- 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 143 
 
 cipal rows of flattened tubercles and two rows of smaller 
 ones. Color pale reddish brown. 
 
 After the first moult the color is light brown, chang- 
 ing as the stage proceeds to greenish white mottled with 
 brown ; armed with six rows of spines, which are short, 
 slender, tapering, and black, with a few short black 
 bristles on the sides. The truncated head is a little 
 depressed in the middle, and each vertex armed with a 
 short tapering black process thinly beset with bristles. 
 
 There are but few changes during the next inter- 
 vals, except in size, and in the color gradually becoming 
 whiter. 
 
 The mature larva is from 1.25 to 1.5 inches long, 
 cylindrical, armed as after the first moult. Color dead- 
 white, with no gloss, smooth, no hairs, and spotted with 
 black or brown. 
 
 The chrysalis is very irregular in shape, two leaf-like 
 appendages extending from the head. Color brown, 
 marked with varying shades of the same, and some gray 
 or whitish. 
 
 This insect feeds on the passion-flower ; and there are 
 many interesting things connected with its life and habits. 
 
 Florida to South Carolina. 
 
 SUBFAMILY DANAINJE. 
 
 In this group the head is broad, the palpi far apart. 
 The wings are ample, the discal cell of the fore wings 
 open, but that of the hind wings closed, or with 9 vein 
 across the outer end of it. The larvae are cylindrical, 
 banded transversely, two fleshy appendages from the top 
 of the joints near the end. The chrysalides are well 
 represented in Fig. 39. 
 
144 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 33. Danais Archippus, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 3.75 to 4.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface tawny red or fulvous, with the veins 
 heavily marked with black, a black terminal border 
 containing two rows of white spots, and a complete and 
 a partial row of white or lighter fulvous spots in a black 
 space beyond the cell of the fore wings. The males have 
 
 Pig. 36. 
 
 Danais Archippus, male (natural size). 
 
 a black spot beside the second median venule, near the 
 middle of the hind wings. 
 
 The under side is paler than above, especially the hind 
 wings, and the white spots are more prominent. 
 
 Body black, with white spots. 
 
 Usually the larva of this species is to be found on 
 the different species of milk-weed (Asclepias), but it 
 feeds on other plants of the order as well. 
 
 When first deposited, the eggs are white, but in two or 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 145 
 
 three days they tarn yellow, and just before hatching 
 they change to dull gray. They are somewhat conical 
 in form, and marked by about twenty-five longitudinal 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 Danais Archippus : a, egg, X ; c, natural size. 
 
 ribs, with about the same number of transverse ridges, as 
 shown in Fig. 37. 
 
 The young larva, which hatches from this in about a 
 week, is yellowish white, with a large black head. It 
 first eats the egg-shell, after which it eats the leaves. 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 The mature larva is about 1.75 inches long ; the head 
 yellowish, marked by two triangular black stripes. The 
 body above is marked with transverse stripes of black, 
 yellow, and white, as shown in Fig. 38. Joint 3 supports 
 g k 13 
 
146 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 two long, black, fleshy horns which point forward ; joint 
 1 1 has a similar pair which point backward, but they are 
 shorter. Under side black, with green- 
 ish between the joints. 
 
 The chrysalis (Fig. 39) is about an 
 inch long, color bright green dotted 
 with gold, and with a band of golden 
 dots extending more than half-way 
 round the body above the middle. 
 The band is shaded with black, and 
 the cremaster is black. There are 
 two or more broods in a season, and 
 it hibernates in the butterfly state. 
 
 United States generally. 
 
 34. Danais Berenice, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.75 to 3.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface reddish chocolate-brown, with a black 
 terminal border containing two partial rows of white 
 dots on the fore wings, but the dots are obliterate on the 
 hind wings. The fore wings have two oblique rows of 
 white spots beyond the cell, the inner one crossing the 
 end of the cell, and a few dots forming a submarginal 
 row. The males have a black spot beside the second 
 median venule of the hind wings. 
 
 The under side is similar to the upper, except that the 
 terminal border contains two full rows of white spots, 
 and the veins of the hind wings are heavily marked 
 with black edged with gray. 
 
 The larva is “ whitish violet, with transverse stripes 
 of a deeper color ; a transverse band of reddish brown 
 on each ring, divided in its length by a narrow yellow 
 
 Danais Archippus, 
 chrysalis. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 147 
 
 band. Along the feet a longitudinal band of yellow- 
 citron. Long, fleshy processes of brown-purple, disposed 
 in pairs on the second, fifth, and eleventh rings.” 
 
 The chrysalis is similar to that of D. Archippus ; 
 green, with golden points on the anterior side, and a 
 semicircle of the same color on the dorsal side, a little 
 beyond the middle, separated from a blue band by a row 
 of small black dots. The larva feeds on Nerium and 
 Asclepias. 
 
 Southern States, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona. 
 
 SUBFAMILY N YMPHALIN^E. 
 
 The palpi are approximate, more or less porrect ; the 
 discal cells generally open, and the veins of the fore 
 wings not dilated at the base. The wings are various, 
 but none of ours have as narrow wings as the Helico- 
 ninse. The larvae are cylindrical, and furnished with 
 several (usually seven) rows of more or less branching 
 spines or tubercles. The chrysalides vary from nearly 
 cylindrical to considerably depressed on the dorsal side 
 just back of the thorax, as in Figs. 41, 47, 51, etc. 
 
 35. Coljenis Julia, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings 3.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface clear reddish fulvous, the prominent 
 veins of the fore wings narrowly black ; the fore wings 
 with a narrow terminal black border without spots, but 
 the border on the hind wings twice as broad as the one 
 on the fore wings, and containing two more or less com- 
 plete rows of narrow fulvous spots. Costa black, with a 
 narrow fulvous line between the black costal and sub- 
 costal veins. Outer third of costal region and round 
 
148 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the apex has the black border a little widened. Above 
 the outer end of the cell begins a curved black stripe 
 which runs from the subcostal vein across the upper part 
 of the end of the cell, and along the first median venule 
 to the outer border ; a spur from the border above this 
 stripe extends inward one-third the distance to the cell. 
 The subcostal vein beyond the cell is fulvous to the black 
 at the apex. 
 
 Under side pale fulvous brown, paler on the outer 
 third, and somewhat clouded. The hind wings have at 
 the base two small white spots annulate with black, and 
 a fulvous spot. At the posterior angle of the fore wings 
 are two geminate whitish spots in black, at the anal 
 angle two pairs of these spots, and one pair at the apex : 
 these spots form part of two indistinct pale fulvous ter- 
 minal lines. Fore wings long and narrow, the hind 
 margin not more than half the length of the costa ; hind 
 wings triangular. 
 
 Southern Florida, Texas. 
 
 36. Agraulis Vanilla, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface rich reddish or yellowish fulvous, the 
 veins of the fore wings black on the outer two-thirds of 
 the wing, the black enlarged at the ends of the median 
 venules and submedian vein. There are three white 
 spots in the cell of the fore wings, each set in a black 
 patch, one at the end and two in the middle ; and three 
 black spots between the submedian vein and the median 
 venules. Hind wings with an outer border of black 
 containing circular fulvous spots between the veins, and 
 three black spots, one in the cell and two submarginal. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 149 
 
 Under side of hind wings and apical portion of fore 
 wings yellowish brown streaked a little with yellow, the 
 rest of fore wings fulvous. There are twenty-three or 
 twenty-four silver spots edged with black on each of the 
 hind wings, and about ten on the apex and outer margin 
 of the fore wings; those on the hind wings and apex 
 of fore wings mostly large. 
 
 The eggs are conoidal, truncated, the top a little arched ; 
 the sides more or less convex, marked by fourteen ribs 
 from base to top, and crossed by eleven tiers of striae ; 
 the spaces between the ribs are quadrangular, the spaces 
 at the summit hexagonal. 
 
 The young larva is cylindrical, thickest at joint 4, 
 tapering slightly to the anal extremity. Color brownish 
 orange, glossy ; on each side of the dorsal line, on each 
 joint after the second, is a row of conical, pale black 
 tubercles, and two similar rows on each side forming 
 transverse rows of six tubercles, from the top of each of 
 which springs a short black hair. On joint 2 is a black 
 dorsal collar with fine tubercles. Head brown. 
 
 After the first moult the color is about the same, but 
 after moulting again it is more of a dark or red brown, 
 with a subdorsal greenish-brown band, and head black. 
 After the third moult the color changes to dark glossy 
 orange, with the dorsal stripe olive-brown and a sub- 
 dorsal of the same, and the lower part of the body olive- 
 brown. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.5 inches long, of a red-orange 
 color, with a broad dorsal line of greenish black, and a 
 broad slate-black band outside this reaching to the first 
 lateral, except a narrow stripe of the ground color. Base 
 slate-black, orange through the region of the spiracles. 
 
 13 * 
 
150 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Each segment is furnished with six long, tapering black 
 spines, blunt at the top, from each of which springs a 
 bristle. Feet and legs black ; head ovoid, deeply cleft, 
 with high conical vertices, on each of which stands a 
 stout, spinous, recurved process. 
 
 The chrysalis is a little more than an inch long, 
 slender, the thorax much compressed, the wing-cases 
 very prominent, forming a narrow carinated hunch, 
 which rounds abruptly on posterior end. Colors varia- 
 ble, some specimens buff with greenish markings, or on 
 the abdomen greenish brown ; some black, the wing- 
 cases and anterior parts mottled in light and dark black ; 
 some with the anterior parts pink-tinted mottled with 
 greenish black. 
 
 The larva of this beautiful insect feeds on the passion- 
 flower. It is found in the Southern States ; Arizona, 
 California, and occasionally as far north as Coalburgh, 
 West Virginia ; Cape May, New Jersey; Philadelphia, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 37. Abgynnis Idalia, Drury. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.75 to 3.6 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface of fore wings fulvous, black 
 along the costa, with a black outer border which is a little 
 wider than the costal border ; base and hind margin 
 brown. In the cell are three black bars, at the end an- 
 other bar with an open 8 united to it enclosing a fulvous 
 spot. Beyond the cell runs a transverse zigzag line, a 
 submarginal row of black dots, and next the border a 
 row of black crescents. On the costa, instead of a sub- 
 terminal spot there is a black patch, with another between 
 this and the zigzag line. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 151 
 
 Hind wings black, with violet reflections ; the base of 
 the wing washed with fulvous. There is a black spot in 
 the cell, an irregular row of yellowish spots beyond the 
 cell, and a marginal row of fulvous spots. Fringes alter- 
 nate spots of black and w T hite. Under side of fore wings 
 fulvous, white along the costa, a marginal row of silver 
 spots enclosed in black crescents, and some silver on the 
 costa and near the apex. The black of the upper side 
 repeated. Under side of hind wings yellowish brown, 
 with twenty-nine silver spots and patches, besides some 
 silver shading. 
 
 The female differs from the male in being larger, in 
 the terminal band of the fore wings being broader and 
 containing a row of white spots, with six more white 
 spots near the apex, and in the outer row of spots on the 
 hind wings being of the same color as the inner. 
 
 An aberrant form, Ashtaroth, more suffused than 
 the typical form, is sometimes found. 
 
 Mr. Edwards describes the egg as conoidal, truncated, 
 rounded at the base, the sides well rounded, depressed at 
 the summit, marked vertically by about eighteen ribs, 
 half of which extend to the summit, and between these 
 equidistant transverse slightly-raised striae. 
 
 In about twenty-five days the larva hatches from 
 tills. It is cylindrical, somewhat thickest in the middle. 
 Color pale yellow-brown, translucent ; each segment from 
 3 to 12 marked by a transverse row of eight elongate 
 tubercular dark spots, the whole forming eight longitu- 
 dinal rows; one or two long, black, curved hairs arising 
 from each tubercle. Head bilobed, the vertices rounded. 
 
 After the first moult the color becomes cinereous, 
 mottled and striped with brown ; a macular stripe along 
 
152 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the dorsal rows of spines, and another jnst outside the 
 first laterals. The spines from six rows are long, fleshy, 
 black, each beset with short black hairs. Head black. 
 
 After the second moult the larva is mottled and striped 
 with light and dark cinereous, the spines longer, each dull 
 yellow at base. 
 
 After the third moult the dark portions become black, 
 and the light a dirty white, and the dorsum has a white 
 stripe with a central black line ; at the juncture of several 
 segments a transverse white stripe, on which are short 
 black lines. Each segment is crossed longitudinally by 
 black stripes, interrupted by the spines, with a wedge- 
 shaped mark between the spines. Head light brown. 
 
 The color after the fourth moult is buff, with the mark- 
 ings much as before. The larva moults five times before 
 reaching maturity, when it is 1.75 inches long, velvety 
 black, banded and striped with ochrey yellow changing 
 to dull orange or red, and furnished with six rows of 
 tapering, fleshy spines, each of which has several small 
 black bristles. Two of the rows along the back are 
 silvery white, with black tips, those at the end of the 
 rows somewhat smaller. The spines of the rows along 
 the sides are smaller, and yellowish or orange at the base. 
 The head is reddish above and black beneath. 
 
 The chrysalis, to which the larva changes in some shel- 
 tered place, is 1.1 inches long, and shaped as in allied 
 species. The color is brown and yellow over the ab- 
 domen, the mesonotum pinkish brown, the wing-cases 
 brown, pink-tinted, with dark brown and black patches 
 over the body. 
 
 This species, like others of the genus, feeds on violets 
 in the larval state. In the North it is single-brooded, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 153 
 
 but in the southern part of its range there are two 
 broods in a season. It occurs from Maine to Nebraska, 
 New Jersey, Arkansas. 
 
 38. Argynnis Diana, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 3.25 to 4 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface from the base to beyond the 
 middle of the wings dark velvet-brown, the rest of the 
 wings deep orange, forming a wide band, crenate next 
 to the brown, and with a brown shading along the veins 
 almost to the edge, and a brown line near the margin. 
 Inside this line are two rows of brown dots more or less 
 distinct, one submarginal, the other next to the brown 
 space. 
 
 Under side of fore wings black at base, beyond which 
 are the zigzag and other markings found on the under 
 side of A. Oybele and other related species, the color 
 between these markings that of the outer part of the wing 
 above, but somewhat suffused with black. Outer part 
 similar to that above, but paler. 
 
 Hind wings with the basal two thirds of a leaf-brown 
 color, the outer part same as above, without spots. Be- 
 tween these parts is an edging of black, more or less 
 covered with silver scales, terminating at each margin 
 in a triangular silver spot. Between the costal and sub- 
 costal veins is a silver crescent edged internally with 
 black ; some silver scales at the juncture of these veins, 
 and in the cell. Just within the margin rests a continu- 
 ous band of silver crescents. 
 
 The female has the upper part blue- or green-black, 
 the outer third of fore wing a little paler, with three rows 
 of blue or whitish spots ; the inner row reinforced by 
 
154 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 three more at the end of the cell. The hind wings have 
 the style of the marks more like that of the males. 
 
 On the under side the basal two-thirds of the fore 
 wings are marked like the males, but the colors are 
 black and pale blue ; the apical portion dark brown, 
 an apical whitish spot edged within with silver, a row 
 of whitish spots near the margin, another answering to 
 the inner one above, and between these several light bars 
 tinged a little with pale buff. Hind wings with the 
 basal two-thirds dark brown, the outer portion with the 
 veins brown, and the part between the veins black 
 washed with brown. The silver marking the same as 
 in the males. 
 
 The egg is conoidal, truncated, depressed at the summit, 
 marked vertically by about eighteen prominent, slightly 
 wavy ribs, eight of which extend from base to summit 
 and form there a serrated vein or crown, the ribs crossed 
 by about twelve transverse stride. 
 
 The young larva is about .05 of an inch long, cylin- 
 drical, greenish brown, with rows of tuberculated darker 
 spots, from each of which grows a black hair; head 
 brown. 
 
 The mature larva is velvety black, the body armed 
 with six rows of long fleshy spines which radiate from it 
 like spokes, and from each of which proceed several short 
 black bristles. The length of most of these spines is .2 
 of an inch, but the two on the top of the second segment 
 are .3 of an inch long and bend forward over the head. 
 The base of the spines is deep orange or fulvous. Be- 
 tween each pair of dorsals are two whitish dots placed 
 transversely. The head is brown in front and fulvous 
 behind. When full grown it is 2.5 inches long. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 155 
 
 The chrysalis is cylindrical, with a depression on the 
 dorsal portion near the anterior part, and several slight 
 elevations on the anterior part. Color brown, marked 
 with different shades of the same. 
 
 Food-plant, violets. 
 
 West Virginia to Georgia, Southern Ohio to Illinois, 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas. 
 
 39. Aegynnis Cybele, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 3 to 3.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fulvous or yellowish fulvous, the base 
 of the wing to the end of the cell, and below this to the 
 zigzag line, yellowish brown, there being more of the 
 yellow in the male. In the cell of the fore wings are 
 the usual five black bars, all but the fourth bent outward 
 in the lower half, the two router united above. Beyond 
 the cell are the usual zigzag black line and the subter- 
 minal row of dots, the middle ones of the fore wings the 
 largest. Just within the outer margin is a terminal 
 narrow line, and within this, and on the fore wings, with 
 their points resting on this line, is a series of crescents ; 
 the fore wings edged with the same color. The cell of 
 the hind wings with three more or less distinct bars. 
 
 Under side of fore wings pale yellowish brown, the 
 apical space yellowish and enclosing a bright brown 
 costal patch ; the lines and dots the same as above, but 
 near the apex more brown. The apical five or six of 
 the spaces enclosed within the submarginal crescents are 
 wholly or partly silver, with three silver patches within 
 this line. 
 
 The hind wings have the basal two-thirds reddish 
 brown more or less mottled with yellow, the outer 
 
156 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 boundary of this color a row of seven silver spots. 
 Outer margin brown, fading into yellow at the anal 
 angle, and within this another row of seven large silver 
 spots rounded within and edged witli brown. Between 
 these two rows is a bright yellow band without spots. 
 In all there are twenty-four or twenty-five silver spots 
 to each wing. 
 
 Like both the preceding species, this feeds on violets. 
 The egg is conoidal, truncated, broad at base, the sides 
 moderately rounded, depressed at the summit ; marked 
 by eighteen longitudinal ridges, half of which reach the 
 summit, with transverse striae between the ribs. 
 
 The young larva is like that of A . Diana . The mature 
 larva is from 1.8 to 2 inches long. Color velvety black, 
 the under side chocolate-brown. As in A. Diana , there 
 are six rows of slender black spines which are reddish 
 yellow at the base, and beset with many short black 
 bristles. Between each dorsal pair of spines on the 
 joints from 3 to 11 are two gray transverse dots. The 
 spines of the second joint are wholly black, and directed 
 forward, but they are not longer than the others. Head 
 small, subcordate, the front flattened and finely tuber- 
 culated, the back rounded, the vertices having on the 
 anterior side of each a small black process. Color of 
 front dull dark brown, of back reddish yellow. 
 
 The shape of the chrysalis is similar to that of A . 
 Diana . The color is variable, sometimes glossy dark 
 brown, with fine mottlings of reddish orange not dis- 
 tinct, or dark brown mottled with drab, or dark brown 
 mottled with light brown. 
 
 Atlantic and Western States to Nebraska. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 157 
 
 40. Argynnis Aphrodite, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of wings bright reddish fulvous ; the 
 basal third of both wings washed with cinnamon-brown. 
 The black markings, similar to those of A . Oybele , but 
 not quite so heavy, are shown in Fig. 40. 
 
 The black bars forming the median zigzag line are 
 often not connected by black on the veins, so that they 
 
 Fig. 40 . 
 
 Argynnis Aphrodite (natural size). 
 
 form a broken line. The two lines at the outer margin 
 of the female are more or less blended, and the two are 
 present on the hind wings of both sexes. The under 
 side of the fore wings is pale reddish fulvous, the apical 
 portion and along the costa buff, with pale brown mark- 
 ings ; six marginal and three submarginal silver spots. 
 The hind wings are cinnamon-brown, marked as in A. 
 Oybele , but the submarginal yellow band is narrower, 
 * spotted with brown, almost or quite obliterate on its ex- 
 tremities. The silver spots are smaller than in A . Oybele , 
 and are more or less edged with black. 
 
 14 
 
158 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 This may be known from Oybele by its smaller size, 
 by its being less brown on the base of the wings on the 
 upper side, and by the submarginal band on under side 
 of hind wings being narrower and spotted with brown. 
 
 The preparatory stages are almost identical with those 
 of A. Oybele , though the larvae are a little smaller ; and 
 this also feeds on violets. 
 
 It is found in the Northern, Middle, and Western 
 States to Tennessee ; also in Nebraska, Montana, and 
 Kansas. 
 
 41. Argynnis Alcestis, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
 
 This closely resembles the preceding, the upper sur- 
 face being fulvous, in the female a little more yellowish 
 than in A. Aphrodite , and the brown at the base a little 
 wider, but narrower than in A. Oybele , extending on the 
 fore wings from the inner bar of the cell outward to 
 the lower end of the zigzag line; this line being contin- 
 uous instead of broken on the fore wings of the female. 
 On the hind wings of the female there is a round black 
 spot in the cell nearer the base than the other usual 
 marks. 
 
 Under side of fore wings of the male reddish fulvous, 
 the apex cinnamon-brown, with the usual black and 
 silver spots. Under side of hind wings uniform brown, 
 without the submarginal yellow band, the silver spots 
 the same as in the preceding species. The under side 
 of the female is the same, except that the color on the 
 apex of the fore wings and the whole of the hind wings * 
 is rather dark reddish brown, with sometimes a few 
 yellow scales near the central silver spots. The female 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 159 
 
 has nine silver spots on each fore wing and twenty-five 
 on each hind wing, and the black marks of both sexes 
 are heavier than in A. Aphrodite. This species may 
 readily be known from the preceding by the absence of 
 the yellow submarginal band on the under side ot the 
 hind wings. 
 
 The eggs are described as conoidal, truncated, not 
 so broad at the base as Idalia , the sides less rounded ; 
 depressed at the summit ; marked vertically by about 
 eighteen prominent, slightly wavy ribs, half of which 
 reach the summit ; and crossed by transverse striae. 
 
 The young larva is translucent greenish brown, each 
 joint from 3 to 12 marked by eight rows of tubercular 
 dark spots, from each of which arises a long, black, 
 clubbed hair, which is curved forward. On the second 
 segment is a blackish dorsal patch, with two small spots 
 on each side, all furnished with hairs. 
 
 The color after the first moult is yellow-green mottled 
 with brown on the dorsum ; as in the other species, six 
 rows of spines ; the dorsals begin at joint 2 and run to 
 13, the laterals begin at 5 and stop at 12 and 13. The 
 spines are long, tapering, black, and beset with many 
 short and fine bristles. Head subcordate, black. 
 
 After the second moult the color is black-brown, the 
 sides less dark than the dorsum. The tubercles of the 
 dorsal spines are buff on the outside ; the first laterals 
 have black tubercles, the second buff ; the intermediate 
 tubercles on anterior segments are yellow. After the 
 next moult the color is velvety black with a brown tint, 
 with the buff changed to dull yellow and a little of it 
 on the first laterals. The head has the front shining 
 black ; the back is yellow. After the fourth moult the 
 
160 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 yellow is orange or reddish yellow, and the lower lateral 
 spines are of this color half-way to the tip. 
 
 The mature larva is about 1.5 inches long, cylindrical, 
 velvety black. The six rows of spines are of about 
 equal length, the dorsals about .15 of an inch, those on 
 the top of the second segment directed forward, and all 
 are beset with short black bristles. Those on the dorsal 
 rows are translucent brown at base, except on joints 3 
 and 4, where they are dull yellow ; all of the two lateral 
 and the intermediate rows are dull yellow from the base 
 half-way to the top ; tops of all the spines black. Head 
 subcordate, deeply cleft, flattened in front, on each vertex 
 a small conical process. It moults five times in coming 
 to maturity. 
 
 The chrysalis is of the same shape as that of Diana , 
 the color varying. Some are red-brown irregularly 
 mottled with black, others are drab and black. 
 
 Like the others, the food-plant is violets. 
 
 Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Montana, Colorado. 
 
 42. Argynnis Atlantis, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings about 2.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fulvous, obscured by brown scales on 
 the fore wings from the second bar in the cell obliquely 
 to below the median zigzag line on the hind margin ; 
 the two marginal lines of both wings so blended that 
 not much of the ground color is left. Marks as in A. 
 Aphrodite. 
 
 The under side of fore wings is reddish fulvous, the 
 costa and apex light buff, the apical patch and outer 
 margin brown, with the usual apical silver spots. The 
 hind wings are dark red-brown, much mottled with 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 161 
 
 greenish gray or drab, the submarginal band pale yellow, 
 usually pure from margin to margin. Silver spots the 
 same as in Aphrodite . 
 
 This species resembles A. Aphrodite , but may be 
 known by its smaller size, and by its being 
 more brown at the base of the wings above, 
 and having a darker color on the under side of 
 the hind wings. 
 
 The early stages are almost the same as those 
 of A. Gybele and Aphrodite , and the food-plants 
 are violets. The pupa, or chrysalis, is repre- 
 sented in outline in Fig. 41. It has been found 
 in New England, New York, and Iowa. 
 
 43. Akgynnis Myuina, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.7 to 1.85 inches. 
 
 Upper surface yellowish fulvous, less than the basal 
 fourth of the wing dusky brown. In the cell of the 
 fore wings are the usual five bars, the second and third 
 united, but not the fourth and fifth, the fourth an open 
 3. Beyond the cell the usual black zigzag line; and 
 below the cell under the double bar a longitudinal dash, 
 with projections towards the cell, the inner running to 
 the base of the wing. Outer margin black, inside this 
 a line composed of crescents, with the usual submarginal 
 row of black dots, the whole more or less blended at the 
 apex, so that the marginal line and the row of crescents 
 form a band containing a row of fulvous spots. 
 
 Hind wings with the margin and row of black spots 
 as in the fore wings, except that they are less prominent 
 anteriorly. Within the median zigzag line is another 
 crossing the end of the cell, where it sends out a short 
 l 14* 
 
 Fra. 41. 
 
 Argynnis 
 
 Atlantis, 
 
 pupa. 
 
162 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 spur, the cell containing two more or less distinct round 
 spots. 
 
 The under side of the fore wings is fulvous, the 
 apical portion yellow, the markings on that and the 
 outer margin rusty brown ; the black marks much as 
 they are above ; a marginal row of silver crescents, and 
 three subapical. 
 
 The hind wings rusty brown mottled with patches 
 of yellow, mostly through the middle and outer por- 
 
 tions ; a marginal row of seven and a sub- 
 
 Pig. 42. 
 
 Egg of Argyll- 
 nis M.yrina, 
 X 24. 
 
 marginal row of eight silver spots ; between 
 the two rows a row of black-brown dots. 
 Inside the second row about eight more 
 silver spots, one in the cell pupilled with 
 black. 
 
 The eggs are pale green, shaped some- 
 what like the frustum of a cone, and marked 
 with about fourteen longitudinal ribs and 
 fine transverse striae (Fig. 42). 
 
 The young larvae are pale green, with a brownish- 
 black head. Brown patches nearly cover joints 5, 7, 9, 
 and 11. Black hairs arise from tubercles on all the 
 joints and curve forward. In passing from the young 
 to the mature larvae they moult four times. The mature 
 larvae are an inch long, ashy brown mottled with velvety 
 black, with six rows of fleshy spines beset with black 
 bristles, those on the second segment three and a half 
 times as long as the others and pointing forward. Head 
 bronze-colored. 
 
 The chrysalis is .6 of an inch long; light brown 
 streaked with darker, and armed with two rows of sharp 
 conical tubercles on the back. The perfect insect flies 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 163 
 
 from June to July, and is found from New England to 
 Montana, and in Colorado. 
 
 It feeds on violets. 
 
 44. Argynnis Montinus, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.75 inches. 
 
 Upper surface rich reddish fulvous, much the color of 
 A . Bellona , marked with the usual zigzag line beyond 
 the middle and the row of round black spots ; the sub- 
 marginal row of black lunules and the black terminal 
 edge somewhat suffused on the fore wings, so that there 
 is but little clear fulvous between the edge and the 
 lunules. The cell of the fore wings is marked with four 
 marks, — three black bars almost straight, and an elon- 
 gate 0 : the latter is the second from the base, and may 
 be considered as formed of two bars, making the number 
 five, as in other species. Below the cell there is an open 
 V, the point turned outward. The basal portion of both 
 wings is suffused with black, extending out somewhat 
 along the posterior and internal margins. 
 
 The under side of the hind wings and the apical por- 
 tion of the fore wings are deep cinnamon-red, the rest is 
 ochraceous fulvous, the markings of the fore wings faintly 
 repeated. Hind wings with the median broken line re- 
 peated less distinctly than above, obsolete opposite the 
 cell, and partially so between this and the costa. Costa 
 black, more or less bordered within by ochre scales. In 
 place of the round spots of the upper side there is a series 
 of ferruginous spots, some indistinct and others with a 
 few black scales. Between this and the median line is a 
 broken line or shade of salmon scales, not very clear, 
 and outside this the round spots are patches of ochre 
 
164 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 scales. Just within the outer border is a series of spots 
 which are white rather than silver, the anal and the two 
 next the costa rather distinct, the rest not very promi- 
 nent. At the end of the cell is a curved black line, and 
 below this are two more, each bordered on the outside with 
 white or whitish. Above the cell is a straight black line, 
 outside of which is a white patch. Near the base are 
 three white spots with some black scales, and a black 
 spot with a few white scales near the end of the cell. 
 The males and females do not differ. 
 
 Found on the lower half of the barren summits of 
 the White Mountains, New Hampshire, during July and 
 August. 
 
 45. Abgynnis Bellona, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings about 1.6 inches. 
 
 Upper side fulvous, the marks on the wing inside 
 the terminal border similar to those of A. Myrina , but 
 the dusky brown covers fully the basal fourth of the 
 wings. In the male the edges of the wings are scarcely 
 black, but in the female they are distinctly so. Inside 
 the terminal edging is a row of oval spots instead of 
 crescents, with some suffusion between this and the edge. 
 
 The under side of the fore wings is fulvous, with the 
 apical portion rusty brown, the apex yellow, the brown 
 tinged with purple. Hind wings rusty brown tinged with 
 yellow in the middle and outer two fifths, and a costal 
 patch washed with whitish purple, this portion containing 
 two rows of dark spots. There are no silver spots. The 
 yellow on the middle of the under side of the hind wings 
 is in scattered scales, not gathered together enough to 
 form a band or spots. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 165 
 
 According to Professor Fernald, the eggs of this species 
 are similar to those of A . Myrina in size, color, and 
 markings, and it closely resembles that species in all the 
 early stages. The mature larva, however, does not have 
 the spines on the second segment lengthened. 
 
 Food-plant, violets. 
 
 Northern United States, Colorado. 
 
 46. Euptoieta Claudia, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fulvous, a paler band crossing both 
 wings near the middle, bordered on the inside by a zig- 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
 Euptoieta Claudia (natural size). 
 
 zag black line similar to that in the species of Argynnis. 
 From this pale space to the base the wings are somewhat 
 duller fulvous and a little powdered with black scales. 
 Beyond the central pale band are two transverse lines, 
 with a row of round spots between them, the edge of 
 the wing black ; all these lines are connected by black 
 along the veins. The cell of the fore wings contains 
 three black bars, the two outer united at the ends and 
 
166 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 enclosing a pale space. Below the cell is a bar bent 
 outward in the middle. 
 
 Under side of fore wings fulvous to the zigzag line, 
 with discal pale spot. The outer half of the wing is 
 pale, with a little submarginal reddish wash below the 
 apex, and a large gray triangle on the costa. A brown 
 spot near the posterior angle sends a marginal streak 
 towards the apex. 
 
 The hind wings are pale brown in the basal half, 
 streaked with white along the veins, and with transverse 
 striae of darker brown. Beyond the middle they are 
 whitish, shading off into the same brown as the base, 
 with more or less whitish along the margin, the anal 
 portion of the outer half being nearly as dark as the 
 base, while the costal portion is almost white. There 
 are about three indistinct submarginal ocelli. 
 
 The egg is conoidal, depressed at the top, flat at the 
 base, shaped much like the eggs of Argynnis, but 
 taller in proportion to the breadth, and the sides less 
 rounded ; marked by about twenty longitudinal ribs, 
 half of which reach the summit, forming a serrated 
 vein round the depression, marked by cross-striae. 
 
 The young larvae are cylindrical, thickest from joint 
 6 to joint 9. Color greenish yellow, each joint from 
 3 to 1 2 crossed transversely by two irregular rows of 
 dark tuberculated spots or points on a pale ground, with 
 a black hair from each. The second segment has a black 
 stripe across the dorsum. Head black. 
 
 The color after moulting is reddish yellow, with two 
 dorsal rows and one lateral row of indistinct whitish spots, 
 which cover the junction of the segments and are in line 
 with the spines. There are six rows of short, fleshy, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 167 
 
 tapering black spines, each beset with many short, fine 
 black hairs. Collar reddish, edged with white. After 
 the second moult the color is a shade darker and the 
 white rows are more distinct. After the third moult the 
 color is a little darker, shining, spines blue-black. Head 
 bilobed, brown-black in front, red behind the vertices. 
 It moults four times before reaching maturity. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.2 inches long, cylindrical. 
 Color orange-ochre, smooth, striped longitudinally with 
 black, which is almost concealed by the white spots 
 that cover it. Two of these stripes are subdorsal, and 
 another is just above the spiracles. Over the feet is a 
 macular w hite stripe. Along the centre of the back, from 
 joint 4 to joint 12, is a small white elongated spot, edged 
 with black, over the centre of each joint. The spines 
 are in six rows. The dorsals on joint 2 are orange 
 at base, as are also those between the anterior joints ; 
 but all the rest arise from lustrous blue-black conical 
 tubercles, and all the spines are blue-black thickly beset 
 with fine, short black bristles. Between the anterior 
 pair of dorsals is a black patch, and on the edge of the 
 joint is a white spot. Head subcordate, front brown- 
 black, vertices orange-red, with a patch of the same on 
 the middle of the front. 
 
 The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, of a pearl-white 
 color, iridescent, marked with dark brown patches and 
 points. On the abdomen there are four rows of conical 
 tubercles. 
 
 There are two or three broods during a season, the 
 last one probably hibernating in the larval state. It 
 feeds on violet, passion-flower, mandrake, Sedum , Des - 
 modium , and Portulacca. 
 
168 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 New York to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley, 
 Colorado, Arizona, California; and occasional in New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 47. Melit^ea Phaeton, Drury. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface black, spotted with fulvous and pale 
 yellow. The fulvous spots are a marginal row on both 
 wings and in the discal cells. The marginal spots are 
 
 of two in the middle; and there is a cluster of four 
 on the hind wings. There may be all of these present, 
 or they may vary from this to none. There are also two 
 or three more or less distinct spots on the costa of the 
 hind wings. The yellow spots are two submarginal rows 
 on both wings, the outer a series of crescents, the inner 
 round ; two half rows beyond the cell of the fore wings, 
 and two or three spots in the cells. A part of these may 
 be absent. 
 
 The under side is black, with the marginal row of 
 orange or fulvous spots, two large spots in the cell of 
 the fore wings, and six spots of the same in the basal 
 half of the hind wings, arranged in two irregular rows. 
 
 Melitsea Thaeton (natural size). 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 nearly round on the 
 fore wings, but on 
 the hind wings they 
 are blunt conical, 
 the points inward. 
 Those in the cells 
 of the fore wings 
 are two clusters, 
 one of three at the 
 end, and the other 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 169 
 
 Between these, or inside the marginal orange spots, are 
 four rows of pale yellow spots. 
 
 Body black, a row of yellow spots on the side ; palpi, 
 club of antennse, legs, and a broken stripe beneath on 
 each side, orange. 
 
 The egg is obovate, truncated, rounded at base, flat or 
 slightly depressed at the summit. The upper third is 
 marked with from twelve to eighteen vertical 
 ridges which gradually fade out below. Color Fig. 45- 
 lemon-yellow when first deposited, but changing 
 in a few days to dull crimson, and finally, just 
 before hatching, to black, this period being from Egg of M - 
 nineteen to twenty days. 10. 
 
 The young larva is cylindrical, translucent, 
 yellowish, a row of brown tubercles to each joint, from 
 each of which arises a pencil of hairs. 
 
 The mature larva is from 1.1 to 1.3 inches long, 
 cylindrical, the joints at the ends the smallest, the dorsum 
 and sides armed with 
 seven rows of long, 
 tapering, fleshy spines, 
 each of which springs 
 from a round, shining, 
 blue-black tubercle, the 
 tubercles of each joint 
 nearly meeting. Each spine bristles with stout black 
 hairs, giving the larva the appearance shown in Fig. 46. 
 There is also another row of similar but much smaller 
 spines below the stigmata ; in this row joint 4 has no 
 spine, joints 5 to 10 each have two in line, joint 11 has 
 one, and joint 12 has a tubercle without a spine. On 
 the under side of the body, on joints 5 and 6, in line 
 h 15 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 M. Phaeton, larva. 
 
170 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 with the legs, is a single small tubercle with a short 
 branching spine. Joints 2 and 3, part 
 of joint 4, and the last two or three 
 joints are black ; the others are deep 
 reddish fulvous striped transversely with 
 black. 
 
 The chrysalis (Fig. 47) is shaped 
 much as in Argynnis, the abdomen and 
 thorax furnished with several rows of 
 tubercles. Color white, marked and 
 spotted with brownish black, the tuber- 
 cles orange. 
 
 The food-plants are Clielone glabra , 
 Lonicera ciliata , and Viburnum dentatum. 
 
 United States east of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 48. Melit^a Harrisii, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of wings fulvous, the basal half and 
 terminal border black, with five fulvous spots in the 
 cell of the fore wings, two more below the cell, and 
 three in the cell of the hind wings. The base is not 
 wholly black, but is sprinkled with fulvous scales. The 
 border of the fore wings is broadest at the apex, where 
 it contains two pale dots ; below this it extends inward 
 along the veins. Towards the anal angle it is more 
 broken up, so as to present a black edge and two in- 
 distinct lines. 
 
 On the under side the wings are fulvous, with a large 
 black subapical patch, which sends backward a subter- 
 minal band, with two rows of white spots extending 
 more or less through it. There are four black bars in 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 M. Phaeton, pupa, 
 (enlarged). 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 171 
 
 the cell and one beyond, and a white costal patch. Hind 
 wings fulvous, with a median pale yellow band trav- 
 ersed by two black lines near the edges, so as to be three 
 nearly complete bands. Inside this band are six spots of 
 the same color, — two in the cell, three above, and one be- 
 low. Beyond the median band is a subterminal row of 
 crescents, with a row of black pupilled spots between the 
 band and the crescents ; all the light spots edged with 
 black. Fringes white, black at the ends of the veins. 
 
 The eggs are lemon-yellow, in shape the frustum of 
 a cone, with fifteen or sixteen longitudinal ribs which are 
 elevated above the surface more in the middle than at 
 either extremity. 
 
 The young larva is cylindrical, yellow-green, some- 
 what pilose ; head obovoid, bilobed, the vertices rounded, 
 dark brown. 
 
 After the first moult the larva is armed with seven 
 rows of short black spines, tapering, and thickly set with 
 short black bristles. Color yellow-brown. Very little 
 change takes place after the second moult, save that the 
 color is ochre-yellow, with five transverse black stripes 
 on each segment. After the fourth moult the color is 
 red or orange ochraceous, striped as before, three to a 
 segment. In coming to maturity it moults five times. 
 
 The mature larva is of a deep red fulvous color, crossed 
 by black stripes, one before and two after each transverse 
 row of spines, and with a dorsal black 
 stripe. The last two joints are nearly 
 all black, and on joints 9 to 11 the 
 fulvous bands are spotted. The spines 
 are in seven principal rows, with a row M * Hams11 ’ bna ‘ 
 of smaller ones just above the feet. The spines are long, 
 
172 the butterflies of the 
 
 tapering, black, each thickly set with long, divergent 
 black hairs. 
 
 The chrysalis (Fig. 49) is cylindrical, but 
 with a small depression on the back of the 
 thorax, abdomen with several rows of sub- 
 conic tubercles. Color pure white, marked 
 and spotted with black, or brown-black and 
 orange. 
 
 m Harrisii Fhe food-plants are Aster and Diplopappus 
 pupa. ’ umbellatus , and the imago is to be seen in 
 June. 
 
 New England, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Il- 
 linois. 
 
 Pig. 49. 
 
 49. Phyciodes Nycteis, Doub. — Hew. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fulvous, a broad black terminal border, 
 on the fore wings broadest at the apex, enclosing a sub- 
 terminal row of fulvous 
 Fig. 50. spots, more distinct in the 
 
 female than in the male. 
 At the end of the cell is 
 a broad black patch con- 
 nected by a line with a 
 smaller one on the sub- 
 median vein (see Fig. 50). 
 
 In the cell and below 
 it several indistinct black 
 marks, the base black, this extending outward along the 
 costa and hind margin to the black patches. 
 
 The hind wings have the basal half marked the same 
 as the fore wings, though sometimes more suffused. 
 
 rtiyciodes Nycteis, male (natural size). 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 173 
 
 There is a broad terminal border almost meeting the 
 basal black on the costa, and sending a shade across the 
 wing through the fulvous space, also a subterminal row 
 of black spots, some of which are pupilled. 
 
 Under side of fore wings pale fulvous, with three or 
 four not very prominent bars in the cell, a somewhat 
 triangular patch beyond, and a terminal brown-black 
 border with the subterminal row of spots, three apical 
 silver-white lunules, and two more marginal near the 
 middle, the lunules resting on a terminal yellow line 
 edged within with brown. 
 
 The hind wings are dark brown broken by pale yellow, 
 especially in the basal portion, where it is the principal 
 color. A row of large silvery white spots crosses the 
 wing near the base, and a similar band crosses the middle 
 of the wing, broken by brown veins and edged on the 
 outside by a crenate brown line, and a marking of pale 
 yellow beyond. The subterminal row of round black 
 spots is reproduced, part pupilled with white. There is 
 the terminal yellow line the same as on the fore wings, 
 with a row of silver- white lunules, the middle and two 
 apical much the largest. 
 
 The eggs are deposited in clusters of about a hundred 
 on the under side of the food-plant. They are whitish 
 green, somewhat in the form of a truncated cone, the 
 lower third of the outside smooth, the middle part 
 marked with hexagonal cells, and the top by longitudinal 
 ribs. They hatch in from nine to thirteen days. 
 
 The young larva is .06 of an inch long, with a dark 
 brown head, and a yellowish green body clouded with 
 brown, with scattered black hairs. After the first moult 
 it is smoky brown, and, like Melitsea, armed with seven 
 
 15 * 
 
174 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 rows of stout, fleshy, tapering black spines, and a minute 
 row over the feet. After three or four days it moults a 
 second time, when the color is black-brown, and this color 
 remains through the next stage, with sometimes a broken 
 yellow stripe along the side. To come to maturity it 
 moults four times. 
 
 The mature larva is an inch in length, blackish brown 
 above and greenish brown beneath. Head black, cordate, 
 the sides high and rounded, and clothed with numerous 
 black hairs arising from black papillae. The spines 
 long, black, tapering, armed with short black hairs, each 
 springing from a shining black tubercle, except those of 
 the lowest row, which stand upon greenish or yellowish 
 tubercles. A black band runs along the base, with a 
 yellow stripe in the line of the lower lateral spines, and 
 a broken yellow stigmatal stripe. In some cases this is 
 ochre or reddish yellow. The back and sides are much 
 dotted with white. 
 
 The chrysalis is similar in shape to M. Phaeton , with 
 five rows of conical tubercles on the abdomen. The 
 color varies extremely : some are wholly greenish yellow, 
 others pink-brown, others gray-brown ; with usually but 
 few dark markings. 
 
 The food-plants are Diplopappus umhellatus , Aster, 
 Aetinomeris , and sunflowers. 
 
 Maine to North Carolina and west, Mississippi Valley. 
 
 50. Phyciodes Carlota, Reak. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface much as in P. Nyeteis , except that 
 most of the wing is black, there being some fulvous spots 
 near the base of the fore wings, a fulvous band through 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 175 
 
 the middle crossed by the black veins, a subterminal row 
 of whitish dots in the broad black terminal border, and 
 a white lunule in the middle of the border near the edge 
 of the wing* In the female there are traces of other 
 white lunules just within the margin. The hind wings 
 are similarly marked, except that there is a row of black 
 submarginal spots circled with fulvous, and the lunules 
 are faint in the males. 
 
 Under side of fore wings fulvous, marked about the 
 same as in P. Nycteis, except that there is more black 
 through the middle. The terminal border is as above, 
 save the terminal lunules. Between median venules one 
 and two there is a large conical whitish spot, the base on 
 the double terminal line; this double line running in 
 .zigzag to the apex, the inner points silvered more broadly 
 towards the apex, and the inner point sending a white ray 
 to the margin. The same is repeated towards the pos- 
 terior angle, but with less silver. 
 
 The hind wings dark brown washed with whitish, 
 more towards the base, only two yellowish spots in the 
 cell. Near the base is a broken silvery band, and through 
 the middle a silver band crossed by the brown veins, 
 the outer margin dentate. The submarginal row of black 
 spots as above, only they are pupil led with white and not 
 circled with fulvous. The margin is similar to that of 
 the fore wings, save that the large spot is silvery instead 
 of whitish. 
 
 Southern and Western States, Rocky Mountains, Mon- 
 tana to Arizona ; occasional in West Virginia. 
 
176 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 51. Phyciodes Phaon, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.4 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of fore wings fulvous, the base, costa, 
 hind margin, outer margin, and a band through the 
 middle black. The basal half of wing contains several 
 irregular black marks, and the median black band is 
 expanded on the costa and hind margin. Beyond the 
 median band there are two light bands crossed by the 
 black veins and separated by a black shade which expands 
 into a triangle on the costa and hind margin. The first 
 light band is pale fulvous, almost buff ; the second is the 
 same fulvous as the ground color, and contains a black 
 dot near the posterior angle. The outer edge brownish 
 black, with a pale lunule in the middle of the border. 
 
 Hind wings similar to the fore wings, only the inner 
 margin is fulvous, the median black band is narrower, 
 both light bands are fulvous, and the outer contains a 
 row of black dots. In most specimens there are only 
 a few narrow whitish lunules near the anal angle, but 
 sometimes these continue to the apex. 
 
 The under side of fore wings is orange fulvous, the 
 basal half marked with a darker shade, the median 
 black band as above, and also the two light bands, only 
 the inner is more whitish and the shade separating them 
 is obliterate except the triangles. Terminal border black, 
 pale at the edge, with a crenate black line near the edge, 
 and a pale yellow patch in the middle, and one at each 
 end. 
 
 There are two forms of this having the under side of 
 hind wings differently colored. The winter form is pale 
 buff washed with umber-brown, the basal half with more 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 177 
 
 or less complete bands of pale spots edged with brown ; 
 the row of black spots the same as above ; a submarginal 
 row of lunules, the middle large, silvery, the others more 
 or less obscure. The summer form is pale buff, with 
 irregular transverse brown lines, the brown dots smaller, 
 a terminal brown border accompanying the submarginal 
 row of lunules and partly obscuring three of them, a 
 small brown patch on the costa and sometimes a little in 
 the centre. 
 
 Gulf States, Texas ; occasional in Kansas. 
 
 52. Phyciodes Tharos, Drury. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 There are two dimorphic forms of this species, the 
 winter form, Marcia , and the summer form, Morpheus . 
 It was supposed that these two forms were distinct species 
 till Mr. W. H. Edwards proved by rearing them that 
 they are seasonal forms of one species, the difference in 
 coloration being due to the effects of cold while hiber- 
 nating. Besides these two well-marked forms there are 
 several minor variations, only one of which is named. 
 
 Winter form, Marcia, Edw. — This has the upper 
 surface reddish fulvous marked with black. There are 
 two rows of more or less distinct coalescing circles near 
 the base of the wing, the first of two circles, the second 
 of four, and an ellipsoid at the end of the cell ; a patch 
 of black beyond the cell on the costa and one on the 
 hind margin, sometimes the two being connected by a 
 dentate line. The outer border is broad, black, and 
 through it runs a crenated line with a yellowish or ful- 
 vous lunule in the middle, in some examples distinct, in 
 others connected with the central color ; a black dot near 
 
 m 
 
178 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the posterior angle. Hind wings very much as in P. 
 Phaon. 
 
 The under side of fore wings is yellowish fulvous, 
 with yellow spots and four black patches, — two on the 
 costa before the apex, one at the posterior angle, and one 
 on the hind margin ; the outer margin with the lunules 
 as in P. Phaon , only yellow. 
 
 The hind wings resemble closely those of the winter 
 form of Phaon , the yellow perhaps a little deeper. The 
 terminal, costal, and middle brown patches are present in 
 some examples, the wing being well suffused with brown. 
 
 Summer form, Morpheus, Fab. — This is scarcely dis- 
 tinguishable from Marcia on the upper side, though the 
 black is more inclined to be in lines. The under side 
 of fore wings like Marcia . Under side of hind wings 
 yellow-buff, the brown patches on the costa and in the 
 cell absent, though in some specimens there is a slight 
 discoloration at the end of the cell. In some females a 
 slight costal patch is present. 
 
 Aberr. Packardh, Saund. — This differs from the 
 usual forms in the wings being brown above, with a 
 cupreous tinge and sprinkled with fulvous atoms. The 
 fulvous is in bands : first a macular band near the base 
 of the fore wings, not quite reaching either margin ; a 
 patch across the outer part of the cell ; and a wide band 
 beyond the cell, crossed by black veins, narrow on the 
 costal end. On the hind w r ings a large fulvous patch 
 covers about the inner half, containing several roundish 
 black spots ; beyond this is a macular band of fulvous 
 between two broad brown bands. Under side pale. 
 
 The eggs are deposited in clusters of two hundred or 
 more on different species of Aster, both wild and culti- 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 179 
 
 vated. They are pale green, conoidal, depressed at the 
 top and rounded at the base. The lower half is indented 
 like the surface of a thimble, the upper half has about 
 fifteen ribs. They hatch in from four to seven days. 
 
 The young larva is yellowish green clouded with 
 brown, with a dark brown head. It is covered with 
 scattered black hairs. 
 
 After the first moult the larva is armed with seven 
 rows of short, fleshy, brown spines, each thickly set with 
 short concolored bristles; also at the base of body a 
 row of small spines. Body striped longitudinally with 
 light and dark brown and sordid white. Head subcor- 
 date, the vertices rounded; two gray bands, the rest 
 black. There are but few changes after the second and 
 third moults. 
 
 The mature larva is .85 of an inch long, with a cor- 
 date, shining, bronze-colored head, having two oblique 
 white stripes on each side and a spot of the same color 
 above the mouth. The body is dark brown dotted with 
 yellow, and has seven rows of tapering fleshy spines 
 armed with blackish bristles. 
 
 The first brood passes four moults before reaching 
 maturity, when it changes to a chrysalis, from which the 
 imago emerges in from seven to thirty days. The larvae 
 of the second brood pass three moults, when they become 
 lethargic and hibernate. In the spring they revive, go 
 to feeding, and moult twice more before reaching ma- 
 turity, the chrysalides from these producing the butterflies 
 in from one to two weeks. 
 
 The chrysalis is about half an inch long, cylindrical, 
 with a deep depression back of the mesonotum, and 
 several rows of fine tubercles on the abdomen. The 
 
180 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 color varies much, being light cinereous covered with fine 
 abbreviated brown streaks ; or cinereous on dorsum, the 
 abdomen and wing-cases tinted with yellow-brown ; or 
 dull white clouded with brown ; or wholly dark brown 
 speckled with gray. 
 
 The butterflies are to be seen from May through the 
 season. 
 
 United States generally, except the Pacific States. 
 
 53. Phyciodes Batesii, Reak. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.25 to 1.63 inches. 
 
 Male. — Fore wings black, two transverse maculate ful- 
 vous bands beyond the cell, the inner pale, arising nearly 
 at the costa and converging to the hind margin. The 
 cell contains three or four abbreviated bars, none of them 
 extending below the median vein. The basal half of 
 the area below this vein is deep black, rarely containing 
 a narrow fulvous streak ; a spot of fulvous in the middle 
 of the outer margin. 
 
 Hind wings black, the two fulvous bands of the fore 
 wings continued nearly to the inner margin, much wider 
 than on the fore wings, the separating line very much 
 attenuated in the middle. The outer band contains a 
 series of rounded black spots between the venules, and 
 beyond these an indistinct row of connected lunules. 
 There are two fulvous spots within the cell, preceding 
 the first transverse band, the inner semicircled by the 
 outer. Fringes white or whitish, more or less cut with 
 black at the ends of the veins. 
 
 Under side of fore wings fulvous ; a large triangular 
 black patch upon the middle of the hind margin is con- 
 nected at its apex with an irregular, dilating bar running 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 181 
 
 thence to the costa; a short bar between this and the 
 apex. Three connected black lunules, the central much 
 the widest, run from beyond the middle of the hind 
 margin to the third median venule. In some this line 
 is prolonged by the addition of one or two more very 
 delicate crescents. 
 
 Hind wings ochrey yellow, with indistinct pale fulvous 
 lines near the base, and a row of rounded dots followed 
 by pale lunules of the same color near the outer margin ; 
 rarely one of the last is bright ferruginous. 
 
 Female. — Similar to the male on the upper surface, 
 the inner band of the fore wings paler than in the male. 
 On the under side the reticulations are plainer. 
 
 West Virginia, Maryland, New York to Ohio. 
 
 54. Eresia Frisia, Poey. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.4 inches. 
 
 Upper surface reddish fulvous, the base dusky. Across 
 the inner third are four more or less distinct sinuous 
 black lines, which are fine and nearly distinct on the hind 
 wings, but are heavier and more blended on the fore 
 wings, and in places connected by cross-lines. Beyond 
 the basal third the fore wings are crossed by three black 
 bands and a terminal border, the first and second united 
 into a broad band at the end of the cell, reaching from the 
 median vein to the costa, with a fulvous spot at the end of 
 the cell just within the edge of the band, the two bands 
 approaching each other near the submedian; the third 
 band expanded from the costa back to the fifth subcostal 
 venule, from which it gradually contracts across two 
 interspaces, expanding abruptly at this point, where it 
 unites with the second band, to separate again below the 
 
 16 
 
182 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 second branch of the median, from which it continues 
 without much variation to the hind margin. The spaces 
 between these bands are paler fulvous than the base 
 and the hind wings, the subterminal being whitish. The 
 first and second of these bands of black are continued 
 across the hind wings in black shades hardly positively 
 enough marked to be called lines. The broad terminal 
 border of the hind wings contains a series of connected 
 whitish lunules. 
 
 The under side has a little more than the basal half 
 of the fore wings fulvous, with four or five large whitish 
 spots ; the terminal portion dark brown, with the border 
 whitish and two large whitish patches. The hind wings 
 are marked much like a Phyciodes, an oblong brown 
 shading from the base along the middle of the wing to 
 the centre ; a whitish band marks the outer third, a sub- 
 terminal row of whitish lunules, before which is a series 
 of brown sagittate spots. 
 
 This resembles to some extent some of the forms of 
 Phyciodes Thar os, but the difference may be seen by com- 
 paring the descriptions. 
 
 Found at Key West, Florida, and Cuba. 
 
 55. Grapta Interrogations, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.3 to 2.75 inches. 
 
 This is a dimorphic species, the hibernating form being 
 known as form Fabricii , the other as Umbrosa. There 
 are about four broods in a season ; and while the last 
 brood or hibernating butterflies are the pale forms, the 
 others are more or less jnixed, as Mr. Edwards has shown. 
 
 Dimorphic form, Fabricii, Edw. — This has the upper 
 side fulvous, marked with ferruginous brown and spotted 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 183 
 
 with black. The fore wings have two black spots in the 
 cell, one round, the other a short bar, and a wide bar at 
 the end, broadest at the costa ; and a row of four spots 
 from the hind margin to beyond the cell, all but the 
 last round. Outer border ferruginous brown, with a 
 subapical bar of the same. 
 
 Hind wings with four more or less distinct median 
 black spots, and a broad ferruginous brown border en- 
 closing a submarginal row of fulvous spots. Edges of 
 both wings whitish purple. 
 
 The costa is rather falcate, the apex truncate, and the 
 hind wings have a short tail. 
 
 Under side clouded in shades of brown, in some ex- 
 amples partly suffused with purple, without the striking 
 diversity of color found on Umbrosa , the common row 
 of black points more or less obsolete, costal edge of fore 
 wings near the base clouded with small yellow spots, 
 with some yellow color below. Discal silvery or golden 
 mark on the hind wing an interrupted C. 
 
 Dimorphic form, Umbrosa, Lintn. — This has the 
 fore wings as in Fabricii , but with less purple edging. 
 The hind wings have the outer two thirds overlaid 
 with black, in some examples quite intense, the tail 
 purple. 
 
 The under side is variegated with ferruginous brown, 
 olivaceous, and more or less purple. The basal third is 
 limited by an irregular ferruginous, partly olivaceous 
 band, within which the ground color is yellow-brown 
 streaked with ferruginous. Beyond this band the fore 
 wings have a narrow belt of yellow-brown, and beyond 
 this the colors are brown and olivaceous. There is a 
 lilac patch near the posterior angle, and another sub- 
 
184 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 apical. The costal margin of the hind wings is oliva- 
 ceous, with a median band similar to that of the fore 
 wings; the inner margin and tail portion of the outer 
 margin lilac. Crossing both wings is a row of black 
 points, those on the hind wings within a brown ferru- 
 ginous band. 
 
 The female differs from the above in having the under 
 side more of a brown suffused with blue-gray. 
 
 The eggs are pale green, conoidal in form, with the 
 base flattened. The sides are rounded, and marked by 
 eight or nine ribs, which are low near the base, but higher 
 above, terminating abruptly around a small flat space at 
 the top. 
 
 The young larvae are whitish yellow, somewhat marked 
 with brown, head shining black. After the first moult 
 their color is black more or less specked with white, and 
 they begin to be clothed with short spines, all black except 
 those on the eighth and tenth segments, which are whitish. 
 After the second moult they begin to assume the type 
 they retain to maturity. The spines are in seven rows, 
 fleshy at base, slender and many-branching at extremity ; 
 the dorsal and first lateral on joint 3 are black, on joints 
 2, 4, and 11 russet, the rest yellow ; the second laterals 
 black throughout, the lowest row greenish ; head bilobed, 
 black, with short black spines at vertices. After the third 
 moult the larvae vary greatly both in color of body and 
 spines. Some are black finely specked with yellowish ; 
 others are yellow-brown specked with yellow tubercles ; 
 others gray-brown, with indistinct reddish lines between 
 the spines on the dorsal and two lateral rows, and much 
 tuberculated ; others are black, with fulvous stripes and 
 profusely covered with yellowish tuberculated spots and 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 185 
 
 points. The spines vary from black to fulvous and 
 green and yellow. After the fourth moult 
 the larva feeds four or five days and changes 
 to a chrysalis. 
 
 The chrysalis (Fig. 51) is an inch long, 
 variable in color from light yellowish to 
 dark brown ; the head deeply notched, a 
 thin prominence on the thorax, and eight 
 silvery spots on the back. 
 
 The food-plants are hop, elm, nettle, false 
 nettle, and basswood. g . interroga- 
 
 United States generally, except the Pacific tloms > in- 
 states; Arizona. 
 
 56. Grapta Comma, Harris. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 2.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fulvous, the outer border black, with a 
 little edging of lilac. The fore wings have a subapical 
 patch of brown, and another at the posterior angle, each 
 enclosing a fulvous spot. Like (?. Interrogations , th i s 
 species has two spots in the cell and a bar at the end, 
 but there are only three round spots between the cell and 
 the posterior angle, the lowest supplemented by a shade 
 above it. 
 
 Hind wings with ferruginous brown next the border, 
 shading out towards the middle, with a series of pale 
 fulvous spots next the border, and an irregular row of 
 black spots across the middle. 
 
 The under side is marbled with light and dark brown, 
 and washed with olive, and in the males with more or 
 less of pink. Across the middle the shades are darker, 
 clearly defined externally, beyond which it is washed with 
 
 1 ( 3 * 
 
186 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 pink. The hind wings have a discal silvery C. Both 
 wings have the submarginal row of dots in a more or 
 less distinct band of olive and ferruginous brown. In 
 the female these shades are not so distinct, with less 
 pink, in some specimens the whole surface being washed 
 somewhat with blue-gray. 
 
 This is a dimorphic species, the last brood of the 
 summer, or the one that hibernates, being known as the 
 winter form, Harrisii, Edw., from which the above 
 description is taken. The summer forms are called 
 Dryas, Edw., and differ from the others in having the 
 hind wings above suffused with black, as in Umbrosa of 
 the preceding species, and the under side more suffused 
 with brown. 
 
 This species feeds on the same plants as G. Interroga- 
 tionis. 
 
 The eggs are green, and similar in form to those of 
 that species, with ten longitudinal ribs and cross-striae 
 between them. 
 
 The young larvae are one-tenth of an inch long, 
 black, covered with short hairs. After the first moult 
 the color is either brown-black or black, with whitish 
 lines at the junctures of the segments; armed with seven 
 rows of branching spines, stout, black, and beset with 
 short bristles. In the black examples all the tubercles 
 are black; in the specimens with white lines, on seg- 
 ments 4, 6, 8, and 10 the spines spring from whitish tu- 
 bercles. Besides these there is a row of minute spines 
 over the feet. Head dark brown. After the second 
 moult the color is dark olive-brown, or black-brown, or 
 reddish brown, two or three fine white transverse lines 
 to each joint, and two white bars on the back. After the 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 187 
 
 next moult the color is black, with the stripes the same, 
 and a yellow substigmatal band. 
 
 The mature larvae are from an inch to an inch and 
 a quarter long, and quite variable in color. Some are 
 black, with yellow bases to the spines, others are nearly 
 white, with red spots along the sides, while still others 
 have a reddish or vinous tint instead of black. 
 
 The chrysalis is about four-fifths of an inch long, of 
 various shades of gray or brown, with golden protu- 
 berances on the abdomen, and a flattened prominence 
 on the head. 
 
 Eastern, Middle, and Northwestern States; North 
 Carolina, Tennessee, Kansas to Texas. 
 
 57. Grapta Faunus, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fulvous. Next the apex of the fore 
 wings, the base of* both wings, and the inner margin of 
 hind wings dusky. The fore wings have a broad black 
 outer border, dentate at the apex, and bordered within 
 by a series of subobsolete tawny lunules. The markings 
 on the wings are much as in G. Comma , but are heavier 
 and more black and less brown. 
 
 Under side of both wings dark brown on the base, 
 with an irregular common blackish band across the 
 middle, darkest on its outer edge and within the ab- 
 dominal margin, where its outline is obliquely serrated. 
 Beyond this band the color is pale brown mottled with 
 grayish white, which is clearest on the fore wings. The 
 whole surface is clouded with vinous, and more or less 
 crossed by fine abbreviated streaks of brown. Apex of 
 fore wings yellow-brown, with three small lanceolate 
 
188 , THE butterflies of the 
 
 ferruginous spots, the lower enclosing a blue or green 
 point. The outer margin of both wings, below these, is 
 bordered by a series of confluent blue-black — sometimes 
 olive-green — spots following the outline of the wing. 
 Within these is another series of rounded spots of the 
 same color. On the disk of hind wings is a white G 
 varying in form. 
 
 The mature larva is one inch and a quarter long ; head 
 black, furnished with two branching horns and a few 
 scattered white hairs. Upper side of joints 2 to 6 brick- 
 red striped transversely with blue, yellow, and black, a 
 few white hairs on joint 2. There are four branching 
 yellow spines, with black tips, on joints 3 and 4, and six 
 on joints 5 and 6. Joints 7 to 12 are white, with a 
 faintly-marked black stripe along the back, each joint 
 with three transverse yellow bands and two oblique black 
 spots. These joints have each seven spines, all white ex- 
 cept the one next the lowest, which is brown. Last two 
 joints black, with seven and four spines respectively. Sides 
 red, with two black bands, the lowest spotted with blue. 
 
 The chrysalis (Fig. 52) is grayish brown. Head 
 with two biforked horns, the outer point very short; 
 
 thorax with an elevated keel-like ridge on top, 
 w r ith a small tubercle on each side. At the 
 base, below this, there is a larger tubercle, and 
 behind it another keel-like protuberance, hol- 
 lowed on top ; there are six raised silver orna- 
 ments on the dorsal surface, the first resembling 
 in shape a capital G ; the second is an oblong 
 spot, and the third is a sharply-pointed tuber- 
 cle. The abdominal segments are furnished 
 with eight rows of tubercles ; on each side are five 
 
 Fig. 52. 
 
 G. Faunas, 
 pupa. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 189 
 
 brown spots, and below the spiracles there is a brown 
 stripe. 
 
 The food-plants are gooseberry, currant, willow, and 
 birch. 
 
 Mountains of New England and New York, Michigan, 
 Nebraska, Washington Territory ; occasional from West 
 Virginia to Georgia. 
 
 58. Grapta Gracilis, Gr. — Rob. 
 
 Expanse of wings 2.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fulvous, darker at the base and fading 
 out paler in the outer half, the fulvous brown border 
 of the fore wings replaced on the hind wings by yellowish 
 edged internally by ferruginous brown. Next this border 
 is a series of elongate yellow lunules, confluent on the 
 hind wings, where they are supplemented internally by 
 a rusty brown shade. On the fore wings there is the 
 usual subapical brown patch, also one at the posterior 
 angle, usually connected with a shade of the same. In 
 the middle area of the fore wings are the usual five 
 dots and bar of black, and three black spots on the hind 
 wings. 
 
 The color of the greater part of the under side is 
 olivaceous yellow, with the usual vinous brown shade 
 through the middle, sharply defined outwardly, beyond 
 which the wing is paler. There are three elongate 
 patches of this color, edged with darker, in the cell of 
 the fore wings, and the base of both wings is marked 
 with the same. The whole wing is marbled with fine 
 abbreviated streaks of either brown or a darker shade 
 of the ground color. There is the usual submarginal 
 row of points in an olivaceous band, the three subapical 
 
190 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 preceded by white shading. Next the margin, along 
 the middle of both wings, is a series of elongate lunules, 
 dark olive or greenish, the posterior and anal angles 
 washed with white. There is also the usual discal G to 
 the hind wings. 
 
 This is found in the White Mountains of New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 59. Gkapta Pkogne, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface bright fulvous, a little paler near the 
 extremities. The border to the fore wings is black or 
 
 Fig. 53 . 
 
 Grapta Progne, — right wing the under surface. 
 
 blackish brown, brown at the apex, with the yellow 
 lunules and subapical and posterior patches as in G. 
 Gracilis , as also the black spots in the central area, as 
 shown in Fig. 53. The outer half of the hind wings 
 blackish, shading with the fulvous ; the yellow lunules 
 of Gracilis showing more or less as points, with the 
 black central spots more or less distinct. 
 
 Under side grayish brown, closely streaked with fine 
 abbreviated lines of dark brown, with the usual median 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 191 
 
 dark brown shade. Beyond this on the fore wings the 
 ground color is pale gray, whitish near the costa, with 
 the usual row of points. Just within the edge is a row 
 of confluent crescents, greenish edged with black within. 
 Discal G slender and somewhat abbreviated. 
 
 The egg is conical, the base rounded ; marked by eight 
 or nine vertical ribs, which gradually increase in promi- 
 nence from the base upward and are crossed by many 
 transverse striae. 
 
 The young larva is at first dull green, the last joint 
 with a brownish tint, but later it becomes dull white and 
 brown, with the usual black tubercles and black cervical 
 spot. After the first moult the color is greenish brown, 
 with seven rows of large branching spines. All are 
 black, but they arise from light yellow tubercles, and are 
 yellow about half-way up; on joints 12 and 13 they are 
 almost wholly yellow. Head bilobed, black. After the 
 second moult the color is at first yellow, but in twelve 
 hours changes to brown with white cross-lines. After the 
 third moult it is glossy black from joints 3 to 11, crossed 
 on the posterior half of most of the joints by three white 
 lines, with white or gray oblique stripes on the ridges on 
 which the spines stand from joints 5 to 11. 
 
 The mature larva is from 1 to 1.2 inches long, of a 
 buff color, the cross-stripes on the posterior parts of the 
 joints black and pale buff. In front of each dorsal 
 spine is a V-shaped reddish bar with the spine within 
 the angle, and an oblique bar of the same color in front 
 of each of the laterals, from its base, directed forward 
 and downward. The second laterals stand on a straight 
 or slightly-arched bar of the same color. The spines on 
 joints 3, 4, and 5 are the largest. The dorsals are white, 
 
192 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 yellow at the bottom, — the yellow being reddish or honey- 
 yellow, — and arise from yellow tubercles. The first laterals 
 are white from joints 5 to 11, but those on joints 3, 4, 
 and 12 are black, with buff branches. The second laterals 
 are black, with yellow bases and tubercles. The spines 
 on joint 2 are yellow. Head subcordate, on each vertex 
 a large compound spinous process, the body black, the. 
 branches partly black and partly yellow. 
 
 The chrysalis is similar to that of the other species, 
 and is .7 of an inch long, with several rows of tubercles 
 on the abdomen. Colors dull green, brown, and pinkish 
 white. There is much variation in color of both larvse 
 and pupae. 
 
 The food-plants are gooseberries and currants, and 
 there are two broods in a season, the last brood of 
 butterflies hibernating. 
 
 Northern and Western States. 
 
 60. Grapta J Album, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings 2.75 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dull yellowish, dusky at base, washed 
 more or less with rusty brown, especially on the basal 
 half. Outer border of fore wings dull black, with a 
 double crenate line, and two more or less obscured large 
 costal bars, — one at the end of the cell, and the other 
 between the cell and a white subapical patch; a black 
 spot in the cell, with three black spots below the cell, the 
 one nearest the base of the wing quite large. 
 
 The hind wings have a black and brown border a 
 little within the margin, the yellow outside sprinkled 
 with brown atoms ; a large black space below the costa, 
 beyond which is a whitish patch. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 193 
 
 Under side grayish brown, the usual darker band 
 across the middle, which on the hind wings is but little 
 darker than the base ; beyond this greenish white, the 
 whole surface finely reticulated with brown lines. There 
 are the usual three elongate patches edged with dark 
 brown in the cell of the fore wings, the submarginal 
 row of ashy-blue lunules edged with dark, and the row 
 of points between these and the median band. The 
 lunules do not reach the apex of the fore wings. 
 
 The mature larva is two inches long, head with black 
 markings on the sides, thickly set with little points 
 and with short spines; somewhat cordate, the vertices 
 surmounted by two shining black, thick spines, verticel- 
 lated near the tip. The dorsal and subdorsal rows of 
 spines shining black except at the base, which is reddish, 
 with long branches, those of the anterior joints more 
 thickly branched than the others. The super- and sub- 
 stigmatal rows reddish tipped with black. 
 
 The chrysalis is one inch long, of a beautiful green 
 color, delicately reticulated, with six golden spots on the 
 back. The spines and projections are similar to those 
 in 6r. Comma. 
 
 The food-plant is not known, but Professor Fernald’s 
 surmise is that it may be willow. The butterfly hiber- 
 nates, the new brood appearing about the middle of 
 August. 
 
 Northern States to Wisconsin. 
 
 61. Vanessa Antiopa, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface rich dark maroon-brown, the border 
 yellow sprinkled with brown, and preceded by a black 
 
 17 
 
 n 
 
194 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 band containing a row of blue spots. The costa is 
 mottled with yellow and contains two yellow patches. 
 
 Under surface traversed by numerous fine black ab- 
 breviated lines, the outer margin pale buff sprinkled 
 with brown, and preceded by a series of confluent gray, 
 blue-black-edged lunules. 
 
 Aberrant form, Lintnerii, Fitch. — This form differs 
 from the one usually seen in having the outer pale bor- 
 der twice as wide as in the typical Antiopa, occupying 
 one-third the length of the wing, and in being wholly 
 destitute of the blue spots. The general color is more 
 reddish ; the costal margin is black, with small whitish 
 transverse streaks, but destitute of the two patches. 
 
 Another form has “ the broad outer border of a tar- 
 nished pale ochre-yellow hue, speckled with black the 
 same as Antiopa , and becomes quite narrow at the anal 
 angle. The wings beneath are similar to those of Antiopa , 
 but are darker and without any sprinkling of ash-gray 
 scales or any whitish crescent in the middle of 
 the hind pair, and the border is sprinkled with 
 gray whitish in wavy streaks, without forming 
 the distinct band which is seen in Antiopa” 
 This is Mr. Bunker’s description, stripped of 
 a few superfluous words, of a specimen taken 
 near Rochester, New York. 
 
 The female deposits the eggs in a cluster 
 round the twigs of willow, elm, or poplar 
 near the petiole of a young leaf, upon which 
 the young larvae may feed. The mature larvae 
 are two inches long, black, minutely dotted 
 with white, which gives them a grayish look ; with a 
 dorsal row of brick-red spots. Head black, roughened 
 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 Cluster of 
 eggs of V. 
 Antiopa, 
 X2. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 195 
 
 with small black tubercles. The spines on the body are 
 black, rather long, slightly branching. There are four 
 on joints 2 and 3, six on joints 4 and 5, and seven each 
 on joints 6 to 12. The last joint has two pairs of short 
 spines, one behind the other. 
 
 The chrysalis is dark brown or gray, with two rows 
 of spines along the back of the abdomen, two on the head 
 in front, three on the edge of the wing-covers on each side, 
 and a thin prominence on the middle of the thorax. 
 
 This species hibernates in the butterfly state, and the 
 first brood of caterpillars may be seen in June. The 
 second brood of caterpillars appears in August- 
 
 North America generally. 
 
 62. Vanessa Milbeetii, Godt. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 2.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface brownish black, with a broad fulvous 
 band between the middle and the outer margin, paler on 
 its inner edge. One example from Colorado has fully half 
 the band pale buff. On the fore wings the pale band 
 contains a black patch on the costa, with a white spot on 
 one or both sides. There are two fulvous spots in the 
 cell. The border is composed of two parts, the inner 
 black, the outer a black-brown crenate line, on each side 
 of which it is a little paler. The black on the hind wings 
 supports a row of violet lunules. 
 
 Under side dark brown, with the usual wavy lines and 
 spots ; the outer half yellowish brown, differing in shade 
 on different specimens, with a submarginal row of gray- 
 blue lunules which are black-edged. 
 
 The mature larva is a little more than an inch long, 
 with a black head sprinkled with minute whitish dots, 
 
196 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 from which spring pale hairs. The body is nearly black 
 above, with small white dots and pale hairs, which give 
 it a grayish color. The spines are arranged as in V. 
 Antiopa , and are black and branching. It has a greenish- 
 yellow lateral line, above which is a broken line of 
 brighter orange-yellow shade. 
 
 The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, slightly angular ; 
 the frontal beaks short, conical ; thoracic projection 
 forming nearly a right angle; dorsal spines but little 
 elevated, — the superior one exceeding very little the 
 others in size; wing-cases as in V. Antiopa; terminal 
 spine short, flattened, curved. 
 
 The larvae are to be found on the wild nettle, and there 
 are two broods in a season. 
 
 Northern States to Montana, Colorado, Arizona, 
 Pacific States. 
 
 63. Pyuameis . Atalanta, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface black, a little brownish over the basal 
 half. Each wing is crossed by a reddish fulvous band, 
 the one on the fore wing extending in a curved line 
 from the costa at one-third the distance from the base 
 of the wing almost to the posterior angle; the one 
 on the hind wing a terminal border not reaching the 
 apex nor the anal angle, and containing a row of black 
 lunules. The fore wings have an oblique white costal 
 bar half-way from the fulvous band to the apex, and a 
 submarginal row of five round white spots from the costa 
 to near the fulvous band, the fourth the largest. Near 
 the anal angle is a blue bar in a black space. 
 
 Under side of fore wings black, gray at the apex, the 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 197 
 
 Fig. 55. 
 
 P. Atalanta, 
 egg, X 20. 
 
 fulvous and white repeated, blue along the costa, in the 
 cell, and beyond the fulvous band. The hind wings are 
 marbled with brown, olive, olive-brown, gray, and pale 
 violet, a series of five partially distinct submarginal 
 ocelli imperfectly pupilled. 
 
 The eggs are green, barrel-shaped, with 
 nine vertical ribs which are highest at the top, 
 the ribs grooved on each side perpendicularly 
 to the surface of the egg. 
 
 The young larva is greenish brown, semi- 
 translucent, and furnished with ten rows of 
 black, curved hairs. Joints 2 and 13 have 
 black dorsal patches. 
 
 After the first moult it is wholly black-brown, armed 
 with seven rows of short, slender, branching black spines. 
 Head bilobed, the vertices rounded. After the third 
 moult the body is more black, each segment creased, on 
 the creases many minute whitish tubercles ; a macular 
 greenish-yellow stigmatal band ; head brown. In reach- 
 ing maturity it passes four moults. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.3 inches long, cylindrical, en- 
 larged in the middle, and of a velvet-black color thickly 
 sprinkled with fine yellow points, with a stigmatal line of 
 greenish-yellow patches. It has seven rows of moder- 
 ately long, slender, branching spines, which are usually 
 black; but in some specimens they are pale yellow- 
 white, more or less reddish at base. Head rounded, 
 bilobed, the vertices rounded, thickly covered with black, 
 simple spines. 
 
 The chrysalis is from .85 to .95 of an inch long, 
 cylindrical, the abdomen stout, the dorsal tubercles 
 gilded, the lateral in two rows and black. Color vari- 
 
 17* 
 
198 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 ous ; usually reddish gray, more or less reticulated with 
 black. 
 
 The food-plants are nettle and hop. 
 
 United States generally. 
 
 64. Pyrameis Huntera, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fulvous, a little tawny at base, the 
 apical portion of fore wings black, this continued as a 
 border to the posterior angle. The apical black contains 
 an oblique fulvous bar beyond the cell, and the submar- 
 ginal white dots of P. Atalanta , the first two blended, 
 and one farther down in the fulvous. Besides this there 
 are five triangular black marks, two of which are in the 
 cell. The border of both wings consists of three more 
 or less distinct lines, the inner on the hind wings in the 
 form of a shade. The apical portion of the border 
 on the fore wings is washed with lilac ; and there is a 
 gray-blue bar at the anal angle. Hind wings have a 
 submarginal row of five black spots, the second and 
 fifth pupilled with blue. Costa black. 
 
 The under side of fore wings is red, except the apical 
 portion, which is marked as above. Hind wings marbled 
 with brownish black and white, with two large ocelli. 
 The outer border is four black lines, with violet between 
 the two inner. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.25 inches long, the body velvety 
 black, between the joints four transverse lines of pale 
 yellow alternating with narrow black lines. On each 
 joint there are seven dark brown tubercles, from which 
 arise short, branching, black spines. On joints 6 to 12 
 in the subdorsal region are large shining white spots. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 199 
 
 Joint 2 is short, has bat little black, and lacks the 
 tubercles and spines. Head bilobed, black, sparsely 
 clothed with gray hairs. Between joints 12 and 13 is a 
 large whitish patch crossed by a fine black line. Below 
 the stigmata are two yellow lines, the lower interrupted, 
 both spotted with black. 
 
 The chrysalis is yellowish, moderately angular ; head- 
 case bifid, slightly projecting, and edged with brown 
 above ; thoracic projection forming an obtuse angle ; 
 dorsal spines minute, of nearly uniform size, brown- 
 tipped ; segments with rows of brown dots, and also of 
 brownish markings. 
 
 The food-plants are Grnaphalium polycephalum , Arte- 
 misia Ludoviciana , and probably other allied species. 
 
 United States generally. 
 
 65. Pyrameis Cardui, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface reddish fulvous, the fore wings marked 
 as in P. Huntera , except that the bar in the apical black 
 portion of the fore wings is white instead of fulvous, and 
 the white submarginal dot in the fulvous is absent, as 
 is also the violet apical shade. The hind wings have the 
 submarginal black spots, with a very little blue in the 
 fourth and fifth, and the border is broken. 
 
 The under side is much as it is in P. Huntera , but 
 there are five ocelli on the hind wings instead of two, 
 and they are smaller. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.5 inches long, cylindrical, rather 
 robust. The general color of the substigmatal region, as 
 well as that of the middle part of each joint, and the greater 
 part of the thoracic joints, is a delicate lilac. Between the 
 
200 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 joints are two lines of bright yellow, the posterior slightly 
 double, the space between the yellow lines occupied by 
 two narrow black lines and one white line, all the light 
 lines between the thoracic joints being white. There are 
 seven rows of tubercles, from which arise branching spines, 
 the dorsal and lowest lateral tubercles white, the rest red- 
 dish brown. The spines are whitish yellow, the tips of 
 the branches black. Joints 3 and 4 have only four spines 
 each. The dorsum has a double, broken yellow line, the 
 dashes of which it is composed extending from the an- 
 terior transverse yellow line to the tubercle on the centre 
 of the joint. There is also a yellow dash in front of 
 each of the brown tubercles ; all the yellow being rather 
 dark. Below the stigmata, between the lower tubercles, 
 is a light lemon-yellow line. Stigmata black, with some 
 black spots over the body. Head black. 
 
 This butterfly is distributed over the United States 
 generally, and is known by the common name of Thistle 
 Butterfly. It is double-brooded, and hibernates in the 
 butterfly state. The larvae feed on thistle, burdock, 
 sunflower, and hollyhock. 
 
 66. Junonia Ccenia, Hub. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark olive-brown, each wing witli two 
 eye-spots, a large and a small one, the large ones the 
 posterior of the fore wings and the anterior of the hind 
 wings, the small ones on the fore wings sometimes ob- 
 scure. There is an oblique whitish band beyond the 
 cell of the fore wings, the lower part expanding so as 
 more or less to enclose the eye-spot. There are two 
 fulvous bars in the cell, and there is a little fulvous 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 201 
 
 outside the large eye-spot, and a subterminal fulvous 
 border to the hind wings not reaching either margin. 
 The border to both wings consists of three somewhat 
 crenate black lines, the ground color between a little 
 pale. Sometimes the fore wings have a little subapical 
 white, and a subterminal fulvous bar outside the small 
 ocellus. 
 
 Under side variable, ranging from reddish brown and 
 brownish fawn to brownish buff; these colors being found 
 on the hind wings and the apex of the fore wings, with 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
 Junonia Coenia (natural size). 
 
 brown wavy lines of varying shade. The eye-spots of the 
 fore wings are as above, but both of those on the hind 
 wings are small, with two points between them and one 
 near the costa. The fore wings have the white band and 
 three fulvous bars in the cell. 
 
 The mature larva is black, the dorsum sprinkled with 
 fine white specks, with two somewhat broken lines of 
 creamy white on each side, the lower side of the joints 
 back of joint 4 and a ring back of the head dull ochre. 
 
202 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 On each joint there is a transverse row of tubercles tipped 
 with spines, the two stigmatal on each side dull ochre, 
 the rest black. 
 
 The chrysalis is like that of P. Cardui and P. Hun- 
 ter a, but blackish varied with whitish, without metallic 
 spots. 
 
 The larvae feed on species of Gerardia, plantain, and 
 snapdragon, and are to be found in the Middle and 
 Southern States to the Pacific; occasionally in Massa- 
 chusetts and Maine. 
 
 67. Anartia J atrophy, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings 2 inches. 
 
 Color gray, with a livid tint, two round black spots 
 to each wing, those on the hind wings in the position of 
 the eye-spots of J. Ccenia , but lacking the apical one on 
 the fore wings, slightly pupilled. Outer border consists 
 of three dull-brownish crenate lines, the outer on the 
 edge of the wing. Wings crossed by several wavy lines 
 the same color as the border, five of these being bars in 
 the cell of the fore wings and at its end, with several 
 shades along the costal region. 
 
 Under side paler, the spots and transverse marks as 
 above, the outer margin washed with brown. Antennae 
 black, the club ferruginous. 
 
 This species is found only in Florida and Texas. 
 
 68. Eunica Monima, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.6 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, with a decided purple re- 
 flection. Across the apical portion of the fore wings are 
 two oblique rows of whitish spots, the one across the end 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 203 
 
 of the cell consisting of three spots, the outer or sub- 
 apical of two. Fringes fuscous gray. 
 
 Under side brownish drab, the white spots repeated, 
 and the space about these blackish brown. The hind 
 wings are crossed by three brown, tortuous lines. Be- 
 tween the middle and the outer are six obscure brownish 
 eye-spots, some black in the centre, some white, in two 
 sets of three each. 
 
 Florida and Texas. 
 
 69. Timetes Petreus, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings 3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface bright fulvous red, costal edge of fore 
 wings black, more prominent towards the apex. Both 
 wings are crossed by three black lines, which are nearly 
 parallel to the outer margin. On the hind wings the 
 outer line is double, expanded on the costa, where the 
 included space is white. The hind wings have a black 
 border which sends a shade on the posterior angle of the 
 fore wings and is shaded inward with brownish black 
 about the anal angle. On the inner edge of the border 
 is an ocellus at the end of the outer transverse black 
 line, another elongate one at the anal angle, and a trace 
 of a third farther towards the apex. Hind wings ending 
 in a tail .6 of an inch long, and the anal angle prolonged 
 into another .2 of an inch, the latter with some gray-blue 
 and purple scales. Apex of fore wings produced, the 
 angle below the apex prominent. 
 
 Under side brown, with a violet reflection, the lines 
 darker brown, ashy at the anal angle. Body fulvous 
 above, white beneath. 
 
 Indian River, Florida. 
 
204 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 70. Victorina Stenei.es, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings 3.3 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dull black, marked by grass- 
 green spots or markings. These consist of a row or 
 band extending obliquely across the middle of the fore 
 wings and the base of the hind wings, and a subterminal 
 row common to both wings. The first row occupies about 
 
 Fig. 57. 
 
 Victorina Steneles, male (natural size). 
 
 the middle third of the fore wing and is broken up into 
 oblong spots, but on the hind wing it is continuous, there 
 being but little black between this and the base. Fig. 
 57 shows how this band is broken up into spots, con- 
 sisting of two beyond the cell ; then an interspace with- 
 out a spot ; the third in the upper median space, con- 
 tinued into the cell by a blunt conical spot, the vein 
 separating them, and both rounded inwardly ; the fourth 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 205 
 
 occupies the lower two-thirds of the lower median inter- 
 space, somewhat boot-shaped, the foot extending into the 
 cell; the band is continued to the hind margin by a 
 single nearly quadrate patch, with the brownish subme- 
 dian vein crossing it. This band continues across the 
 hind wing to the inner margin, crossed by the brownish 
 veins. The outer row consists of small spots between 
 the veins, nearly round, the first four on the fore wings 
 and the last two on the hind wings inconspicuous, the 
 others varying in diameter from one-third to nearly the 
 whole distance between the veins. Besides these bands 
 or rows of spots there are two small patches along the 
 costa, somewhat paler than the others. The black be- 
 tween the rows has a shade of drab across it, more prom- 
 inent on the hind wings, it being orange-tinted near the 
 anal angle. 
 
 Under side with the green repeated but much enlarged, 
 so as to cover most of the under surface ; the inner band 
 bordered on each side on the hind wings and partially on 
 the fore wings with orange, the outer band tinted on the 
 inside with orange and brown. Ground color of the 
 outer part yellowish drab, of the basal part almost white, 
 the two shading into each other. 
 
 Fore wings considerably falcate, the apex slightly pro- 
 duced, the outer margin dentate ; the hind wings more 
 strongly dentate, with a tail near the middle .2 of an inch 
 long ; the excavation in margins of both wings white. 
 
 Female. — This resembles the male closely, but differs 
 in the third spot of the median band not being accom- 
 panied by a spot in the cell, and in the under side having 
 more orange. 
 
 Florida, Cuba, Mexico, Central America to Brazil. 
 
 18 
 
206 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 71. Diadem A Misippus, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
 
 Male. — Wings dark chocolate color, almost black, 
 but when held against the light in a certain direction dis- 
 play a bluish-purple tint. The fore wings have a large 
 white oval spot in the middle, and another smaller ob- 
 long white spot at the tips. The hind wings have a 
 white spot larger than in the fore wings : on the edges 
 of all these spots the purple color is very conspicuous. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface fulvous; fore wings with the 
 costal and outer borders black, the latter containing two 
 rows of pale blue spots, not very distinct, near posterior 
 angle ; a white patch near apex, and a blackish shade 
 cloud obliquely across the wing at the end of the cell ; 
 veins in outer portion of wing black. Hind wings with 
 the border the same as on the fore wings, the costal in- 
 terrupted near the apex. Fringes black, white in the 
 inter venular depressions. 
 
 The food-plant is purslane. 
 
 Indian River, Florida. 
 
 72. Limenitis Ursula, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings 3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface black tinged with bluish or greenish, 
 and a little with fulvous at the apex of the fore wings. 
 Along the outer margin are two rows of blue or green 
 spots, the outer in the form of crescents, the inner 
 lunules. 
 
 Under side brownish black, the outer border repeated, 
 preceded by a row of black and a row of fulvous spots, 
 some of the latter obsolete near the posterior angle. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 207 
 
 There are two fulvous spots in the cell of the fore wings, 
 three near the base of the hind wings, and some on the 
 costa of both wings near the base. 
 
 The larva, according to Harris, is like that of Z. Di - * 
 sippus in form, of a brownish color, more or less varie- 
 gated with white on the sides, and with green above, and, 
 
 Fig. 58. 
 
 Limenitis Ursula (natural size). 
 
 like that of Disippus , has two long barbed brown horns 
 on the second (third ?) segment. 
 
 The chrysalis is not to be distinguished from that of 
 Disippus in form and color, and the butterfly emerges 
 from it in eleven days after the insect has entered this 
 state. 
 
 The food-plants are willow, wild gooseberry, wild 
 cherry, apple, plum, hawthorn, oak, Vaccinium stami - 
 neum, and Carpinus Americana . 
 
 Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Kansas. 
 
208 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 73. Limenitis Arthemis, Drury. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface black, a white band crossing both wings, 
 that on the fore wings curving from the middle of the 
 costa to near the posterior angle, from which place it is 
 continued across the hind wings to above the anal angle. 
 The fore wings have a white subapical spot and two 
 marginal rows of faint green lunules. The hind wings 
 have the lunules more distinct, and inside them a row of 
 fulvous spots. 
 
 The under side is fulvous brown, marked as in L. Ur- 
 sula , except that in this the white band of the upper 
 surface is repeated. 
 
 This is a dimorphic species, the two forms at first 
 supposed to be distinct species, but Mr. Edwards has 
 reared both forms from eggs deposited by the same 
 female, which proves them to be only forms of the same 
 species. The above description applies to the one known 
 as dimorphic form Lamina, Fab. The other, dimorphic 
 form Proserpina, Edw., may be known by the white 
 band of the fore wings being obsolete on its anterior 
 half, or by there being at most only a whitish stripe oc- 
 cupying some part of the position of the band on the 
 other form. 
 
 The egg is grayish green, dome-shaped, with the whole 
 surface covered with six-sided reticulations, from each 
 angle of which arises a short, tapering, white spine. 
 
 The young larva hatches from this in from seven to 
 nine days. It is yellowish brown, covered with fine 
 tubercles, each supporting a fine club-shaped hair. The 
 young larva is said to eat away the leaf on both sides of 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 209 
 
 the midrib, and when at rest is to be found on this 
 stripped portion. 
 
 After the first moult the color is blackish brown, with 
 a light brown patch on joint 8, covering the dorsum and 
 part of the sides. On all the joints back of the second 
 there is a broad ridge, in most cases followed by two 
 narrow ones ; the broad one on joint 3 elevated and 
 bearing two tawny conical processes, crowned by a clus- 
 ter of little fleshy knobs. Besides these there are other 
 lower processes along the back. After the second moult 
 the dorsal patch becomes pale buff, and extends partly 
 over joints 7 and 9. 
 
 Five days after this moult each larva begins to make 
 its hibernaculum, or case in which to hibernate, and three 
 days later they close themselves in these cases, where they 
 remain till the following spring. After they emerge from 
 the hibernaculi they feed about two days and moult the 
 third time, when they are red-brown speckled and mottled 
 with black, with the processes ferruginous. Joints 2 to 4 
 are yellowish inclining to buff. After the fourth moult 
 the color remains about the same. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.2 inches long; the red color 
 two days after the fourth moult begins to change to 
 green, olive, and partly a light and deep green ; the 
 dorsal patch to sordid buff, dull red buff, or whitish ; the 
 anterior segments to gray or whitish. The head changes 
 from red to blue, and becomes dark drab. 
 
 The chrysalis is .9 of an inch long, subcylindrical, 
 the abdomen somewhat compressed laterally and termi- 
 nating rather abruptly ; the general shape much like 
 that of L. Disippus. The color of the wing-cases and 
 anterior parts silvery gray, the former tinged with brown 
 
210 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 or pale black along their hind margins ; the wing-cases 
 varying somewhat in shade. Dorsal side of abdomen 
 yellow- white, gray towards extremity ; ventral side al- 
 most wholly gray and brown ; dorsal appendage dark 
 smoky brown, with silvery corrugations before and after 
 it. The butterfly emerges from the chrysalis from June 
 to July. 
 
 The food-plants are willow, aspen, basswood, and 
 probably thorn. 
 
 Northern United States. 
 
 74. Limenitis Disippus, Godt. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fulvous, the lines black ; on the fore 
 wings a black triangular patch, containing three white 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 Limenitis Disippus, — right wings the under side (natural size). 
 
 spots on the costa beyond the cell, continued to the pos- 
 terior angle in a narrow line. A black line crosses the 
 hind wings about two-thirds of the distance from the 
 base, as shown in Fig. 59. Outer border black, contain- 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 211 
 
 ing a row of white spots ; and there are two anteapieal 
 white spots, the lower one quite small. Fringes black 
 spotted with white. 
 
 Under side similar to the upper, but the fulvous is 
 paler; the border contains two rows of white spots, 
 and white spots between the veins in front of the trans- 
 verse line of the hind wings, and on the costa of the 
 fore wings in front of the cell. 
 
 Var. Floridensis, Strecker. — This form has the 
 upper surface dark, almost mahogany color, but the 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 L. Disippus: a , egg, c > same, natural size; d , more enlarged 
 
 view of one of the cells. 
 
 under side is as pale as the usual form. This form is 
 found from the southern part of Illinois south. 
 
 Var. Pseudodorippus, Strecker. — On this the mesial 
 black stripe of the hind wings is wanting ; the anteapieal 
 black patch almost gone, — only indicated by a darkish 
 shade devoid of the usual three white spots. Under sur- 
 face same as above, save that in the submarginal row of 
 white lunules there is no intervening black line between 
 them and the reddish ground color. This was from a 
 single female taken in the Catskill Mountains, New York. 
 
212 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 The egg represented in Fig. 60 is similar in form and 
 size to that of L . Arthemis. The eggs are pale yellow at 
 first, but soon change to gray. 
 
 The young larva is yellowish brown mottled with dark 
 streaks, especially below the stigmata; head twice as 
 large as joint 2, and bilobed. Each joint is divided by 
 a transverse impressed line, and on the top of the folds 
 thus made are four elevated spots, the anterior the largest. 
 There is also a subdorsal and substigmatal row of similar 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 L. Disippus: a, Diature larva; c, hiliernaculum ; d , leaf eaten all but 
 midrib. 
 
 warts, from each of which springs a pale bristle. The 
 second period scarcely differs from the first. In the 
 third period the horns acquire their mature proportions, 
 and the whole surface of the larva becomes more granu- 
 lated. In the fourth or last period the blue points 
 appear, and the lateral rows of tubercles lose their con- 
 spicuousness to a great extent. 
 
 7 The mature larva is 1.2 inches long; general color 
 either whitish or olive-green. Body thickly granulated 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 213 
 
 Head dull olive, with dense minute prickles; bilobed, 
 upon the vertices a pair of prickly horns. Back specked 
 and mottled above the stigmata with olive of different 
 shades, except joints 3 and 9 and the upper parts of 8 and 
 
 10, but with a continuous pure white substigmatal line. 
 Below this, on joints 5 to 11, is a large olive patch, on 
 joints 7 to 10 extending to the tip of the prolegs. A 
 pair of black, transversely-arranged dorsal dots in the 
 sutures behind joint 3, and a more or less obvious lateral 
 one just above, and behind the sixth and eighth pair 
 of stigmata. Joints 4 to 8 and 10 to 12 with more or 
 less shining, elevated, blue dots. On joint 3 is a pair of 
 prickly, cylindrical, black horns, transversely 
 arranged, .16 of an inch long; on joints 4, Fig. 62. 
 
 11, and 12, a pair of dorsal tubercles, each 
 crowned by a little bunch of from eight to 
 twelve prickles ; on joint 6, a pair of similar 
 tubercles, but larger and of a yellowish color ; 
 on joints 5, 7, 8, and 10, tubercles similar to 
 those on joints 4, 11, and 12, but smaller; on 
 joint 13, four black, prickly, dorsal horns. 
 
 The pupa (Fig. 62) is similar in form to L Disi " pu8j 
 that of L . Artliemis , and is marked with burnt pupa, 
 umber-brown, ash-gray, flesh color, and white. 
 
 The winter is passed in a hibernaculum consisting of 
 a leaf, similar to X. Arthemis , except when there is more 
 than one brood in a season. In this case it is only the 
 last brood that has a torpid state. 
 
 The food-plants are apple, plum, willow, poplar, and 
 oak. 
 
 United States generally. 
 
214 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 75. Limenitis Eros, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.6 to 3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark red-brown, mahogany color, the 
 black markings heavier than in L . Disippus, the white 
 spots in the border of the hind wings subobsolete, while 
 in the males there are often a series of white crescents in 
 front of the black line of the hind wings. 
 
 The under side is as dark as the upper, or scarcely 
 lighter, with the white marks more prominent than in 
 L. Disippus , and a white spot near the base of each wing. 
 
 The following description of the preparatory stages, 
 arranged from Mr. Edwards’s account of the life-history 
 of this species, will show how the two species differ in 
 the larva state. 
 
 The egg is similar to that of L. Disippus , but a little 
 higher in proportion. 
 
 The color of the larva after the first moult is mottled 
 tawny and dark brown, the appendages on joint 3 one- 
 third as large as in Disippus (.01 of an inch). 
 
 After the second moult, color more black, less tawny, 
 the appendages .03 of an inch long, thick, club-shaped, 
 covered closely with grains, mostly tawny, a few black. 
 
 After the third moult, color black, the tops of all the 
 tubercles tawny, the appendages .06 to .08 of an inch 
 long, clubbed as before, tawny. 
 
 After the fourth moult, color variable, either dark red- 
 brown, the anterior segments brown-buff, the patch light 
 buff, pink-tinted, or dark yellow-brown, the anterior 
 segments yellow- white, the patch yellow, with buff tint ; 
 the appendages .12 to .22 of an inch long, clubbed and 
 closely covered throughout with tawny grains (the shorter 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 215 
 
 processes clubbed, the longer tapering, but clubbed at 
 tip). Head amber color, in some cases yellow-brown, the 
 top and sides pinkish. 
 
 In 1878, Mr. Herman Strecker briefly described, in 
 his Catalogue of Butterflies, a Southern form as darker 
 than Disippus , under the name Var. Floridensis, but 
 gave no marks of difference except the color. In the 
 December number of the “ Canadian Entomologist” for 
 1880, Mr. W. H. Edwards, recognizing two forms in 
 the Southern States as differing from L. Disippus , de- 
 scribed the one farthest separated from Disippus as L. 
 Eros , presuming that the other form was Mr. Strecker’s 
 var. Floridensis: the one described as Eros contained 
 points of difference besides color, and Mr. Strecker’s de- 
 scription made no mention of any other distinction. In 
 a subsequent number of the “ Canadian Entomologist” 
 Mr. Strecker claimed that Mr. Edwards had redescribed 
 his variety Floridensis ; but the New York Entomological 
 Club sustained Mr. Edwards in his name Eros for the 
 form to which it was given. Following that decision, 
 the two names are used in that way in Mr. Edwards’s 
 New Catalogue, and the nomenclature here is based on 
 that arrangement. 
 
 The food-plant is willow. 
 
 Florida, Georgia. 
 
 76. Apatuka Celtis, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches. 
 
 Upper surface russety gray or fawn color, inclined to 
 olivaceous, shaded with black-brown. The outer half 
 of the fore wings, except the hind margin, and two spots 
 and a bar in the cell, dark brown, with an irregular row 
 
216 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 of seven pale yellow spots beyond the cell. There are 
 three submarginal black ocelli, the lower not pupilled, 
 the middle pupilled, with the lower of three white spots ; 
 a little tawny near the posterior part of the margin. 
 Hind wings more uniformly shaded with brown, with 
 two marginal rows of fawn lunules ; and beyond the 
 middle six round eye-like spots, not pupilled, in a pale 
 field. In certain lights the upper surface has a little 
 iridescence. 
 
 Under side light gray, less brown than above, the 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 Apatura Celtis: a, egg; b , larva, dorsal view; c, d , pupa; e, imago, male, the 
 dotted line showing form of female. 
 
 middle of the fore wings with a slight yellow tinge. 
 The fore wings have two ocelli, the hind wings seven, 
 all annulate with pale yellow, and all but one on each 
 wing with a pupil, the pupil of those on the hind wings 
 pale blue. 
 
 The mature larvae, as described by Professor Riley, are 
 rather more than an inch long, of a pea-green color, with 
 a series of yellow spots along the middle of the back, 
 and three yellow lines on each side, the intermediate one 
 undulating, often obsolete on the anterior part of each 
 joint, and containing a little lead-colored dimple. The 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 217 
 
 body is more or less thickly granulated with pale papillae ; 
 swells in the middle, from which it tapers both ways, the 
 anal extremity ending in two horns. The back and sides 
 are flattened, the latter sloping slightly roof fashion. 
 The most characteristic feature is the head, which, though 
 variable in color, is always surmounted in this stage by 
 
 Fig. 64. 
 
 A. Celtis : /, egg, magnified ; g, larva, lateral view ; h, imago, underside ; i, j, Jc , l. m, 
 the five different larval heads ; n, o, dorsal and lateral view of larval joint, enlarged. 
 
 two antlers. The heads in the different stages are well 
 represented in Fig. 64. 
 
 The second brood of larvae after passing the second or 
 third moult cease to eat, station themselves on the under 
 side of a leaf, shrink in size and change their color some- 
 what, and become torpid. In this state they hibernate. 
 
 Food-plant, hackberry. 
 
 Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley. 
 
 77. Apatuea Alicia, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 2.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dull fulvous, a little more than the outer 
 half of fore wings dark brown, except the hind margin 
 k 19 
 
218 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 and a spur from the posterior angle. The cell has the 
 three marks of the preceding species, also the row of 
 spots beyond the cell, but the three next to the costa are 
 white. Above the posterior angle is an eye-spot with a 
 pale blue centre and a reddish annulus. 
 
 Hind wings with a border consisting of an edge and 
 two black lines, with six ocelli within this border, about 
 four of which are pupilled ; and some shading of brown 
 near the base. 
 
 Under side grayish white shaded with gray, the middle 
 of the fore wings tinged a little with yellow. Marked 
 much as above, the middle of the terminal lines yellow. 
 There are two ocelli on the fore wings and seven on the 
 hind wings, annulate with yellow and black, except the 
 posterior one of the fore wings, which lacks the black, 
 the anal one double. 
 
 Florida to Texas. 
 
 78. Apatura Clyton, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface of fore wings rusty fulvous at 
 the base, the remainder blackish brown, the veins some- 
 times ferruginous. The hind wings are blackish brown, 
 the inner side with long greenish-brown hairs. Both 
 wings have a black line forming the inner part of the 
 terminal border, which is preceded by a series of rusty 
 yellowish spots, obsolete at the apex of fore wings. Be- 
 yond the cell of fore wings are two rows of yellowish or 
 rusty yellow spots, the outer row lacking two of reach- 
 ing the hind margin ; and there are two black bars in the 
 cell. The hind wings have within the outer margin a 
 series of six round black spots circled with ferruginous. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 219 
 
 Under side of fore wings brown in several shades, 
 gray in the cell ; the marks of the upper side repeated, 
 but not in the same colors, also a sinuous median black 
 stripe. Hind wings purplish brown at base, limited 
 through the middle by a darker sinuate line. Beyond 
 this is a pale shade followed by another brown space 
 containing the usual seven small ocelli. Outer border 
 of both wings two crenate purplish-brown lines. 
 
 Female. — The fore wings are lighter, less brown on 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 Apatura Clyton : «, eggs ; 6, larva ; c, pupa ; d , imago, male, the dotted lino showing 
 the form of female (all natural size). 
 
 the outer part, and the spots have a decided yellow tint. 
 The under side in some examples quite pale. 
 
 This species is dimorphic, but not seasonally, as there 
 is only one brood during a season. The description 
 given applies to the dimorphic form Oceelata, Edw. 
 Dimorphic form Proserpina, Scud., differs from this 
 in having the hind wings wholly blackish brown, except 
 a little ferruginous at base, the round spots showing very 
 little or not at all. 
 
220 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 The under side is darker, with more of a purplish tint, 
 and the ocelli of the hind wings are obscured. 
 
 The eggs of this butterfly are deposited in dense 
 clusters, those of A. Celtis singly. When first deposited 
 the eggs are pale yellowish white, but towards time for 
 hatching the mass becomes more buff-colored. 
 
 The larva, in its first stage, is, according to Professor 
 C. V. Riley, easily distinguished from that of Celtis by 
 its copal-yellow, instead of black, head ; and in the other 
 
 Fig. 66. 
 
 Apatura Clyton : <7, larva, half grown, dorsal view ; h, imago, male, under side; i t j t 
 k, l, m , the five different heads of larva; w, o, dorsal and lateral views of larval joint ; 
 Pi egg, enlarged ; q, larvae as when hibernating (natural size). 
 
 stages by a dark dorsal line, and a straight instead of 
 wavy suprastigmatal line. The head is also larger, more 
 pubescent, broader at the apex, and with the antlers 
 larger, more spiny and hairy. These characters are well 
 shown in the two illustrations which accompany each of 
 the two species compared. According to Mr. W. H. 
 Edwards, there is only one brood of Clyton in the latitude 
 of West Virginia, the larvae hibernating after the second 
 or third moult. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 221 
 
 The food-plant is hackberry, Cettis occidentalis. 
 
 New York to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley, 
 Kansas. 
 
 79. Apatura Flora, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings about the same as A . Clyton . 
 
 Male. — Both wings more excised than is usual in 
 Clyton , and the hind wings more prolonged and more 
 pointed at the anal angle. Upper surface of both wings 
 uniform bright orange ferruginous, except the area be- 
 yond the cell of the fore wings, which is of a deep shade 
 of ferruginous, blackened in the middle of the several 
 interspaces. The fore wings are scarcely at all obscured 
 at base, and the two rows of spots are bright orange 
 ferruginous, of the same shade as the general surface, 
 instead of being yellowish as in the usual Clyton . 
 
 The hind wings have the base and inner margin but 
 slightly obscured, and a broad bright stripe extends from 
 the middle of the wing to the marginal band. The 
 ocelli lie in this field, and are large. The marginal band 
 of each wing is remarkably broad, so that on the hind 
 wings it nearly reaches the ocelli ; and, except in the two 
 interspaces next the outer angle, there is a total absence 
 of the submarginal crenated line always seen in var. 
 Ooellata of Clyton . Furthermore, there is an absence 
 of the light patch on costal margin. The peculiar shape 
 of the wings, the uniform bright shade of ferruginous, 
 extending even to the rows of spots beyond the cell, the 
 large ocelli, the broad marginal band, and the absence of 
 the crenated line and of the costal patch, strike the eye 
 at once. 
 
 On the under side the pattern is as in var. Ooellata 
 19 * 
 
VI 1 1 9 V II I 
 
 222 the butterflies of the 
 
 of Clyton , but the colors are all intense; the cell and 
 nearly all the spots of the fore wings buff, the extra 
 discal area deep ferruginous ; the basal area of hind 
 wings deep gray-brown, tinted with ferruginous next the 
 costa and towards the anal angle. The sinuous discal 
 stripe is deep ferruginous, as is also the field on which 
 are the ocelli, and between this stripe and field the space 
 is lilacinous ; the ocelli intense ferruginous, with obsolete 
 rings, and lilacinous pupils. On both wings the broad 
 marginal band is cut by a conspicuous blue-black stripe 
 from the anal angle to the second subcostal venule on the 
 fore wings. This stripe is so expanded next the posterior 
 angle of the fore wings as to occupy full half the width 
 of the band. 
 
 Female. — Duller colored, but as little obscured as the 
 male. The fore wings are crossed by a broad, sinuous, 
 deep black discal band, which in the usual Clyton is 
 brown or ferruginous, and the bars in the cell are black 
 and heavy. A broad submarginal black stripe com- 
 pletely crosses both wings, the margin outside this stripe 
 being ferruginous, concolored with the cell. The cre- 
 nated line is absent from the hind wings even at the 
 outer angle. 
 
 This description is slightly modified from Mr. Ed- 
 wards’s description as given in “ Butterflies of North 
 America,” vol. ii. The following description of the pre- 
 paratory stages is from the same author in the “ Canadian 
 Entomologist” for May, 1881. 
 
 The egg is similar to that of Clyton , nearly spherical, 
 flattened at base, marked by eighteen or twenty slightly 
 prominent vertical ribs and many fine equidistant striae : 
 color yellow-green. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 223 
 
 The young larva, which hatches in six or seven days, is 
 .08 of an inch long, cylindrical, tapering from joint 3 ; 
 pubescent, and of a pale translucent green color. The 
 head is twice as broad as the second segment, subglobose, 
 bilobed, the surface thickly pitted with yellow excava- 
 tions ; color shining yellow or ochrey brown. Towards 
 the last of the stage the body is less tapering, each 
 segment well rounded, with dark green dorsal and sub- 
 dorsal lines, the last more decidedly green. After six 
 days the larva moults, when it is .14 of an inch long, 
 the body a little thickened at joint 7, tapering slightly 
 each way, the last segment ending in a forked tail. 
 The surface is closely covered with yellow and yellow- 
 white tubercles, arranged in longitudinal rows, and 
 also in regular cross-rows. These tubercles are stout 
 at the base, subconic at the top, of irregular size, and at 
 the top of each is a shyrt white appendage. Dorsal 
 and subdorsal stripes dark green, the last narrow. The 
 dorsum is covered by two bands of tubercles, divided by 
 the green stripe, each band made up of two rows, the 
 outer row whitish, the inner yellow. The subdorsal 
 region, or below the lateral stripe, is another band of 
 two rows, and as the stage proceeds these separate, show- 
 ing a dull green line between them, the lower row run- 
 ning with the basal ridge of the body. The tails are 
 divergent from base, short, tapering, rough with tubercles, 
 and these give out longer hairs than elsewhere. Under 
 side, feet, and legs yellow-green. Head subquadrate, the 
 sides rounded, the whole surface shallowly pitted and 
 covered with short yellow down ; color greenish white, 
 with dark brown spots and patches, a large brown tri- 
 angle over the mandibles, a small subtriangular patch at 
 
224 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the top in the depression, a subcrescent patch along the 
 base of each vertex, a stripe from the vertex half-way 
 down the side, and another down the back ; the ocelli 
 black on a brown ground ; on each vertex a short, com- 
 pressed, fleshy, white process, and single white spurs 
 along the back of the head at the top and down the 
 sides ; on the sides and top of the processes and spurs 
 many long white hairs. 
 
 After four days the larva moults again, when it is 
 .26 of an inch long ; the shape similar but stouter, the 
 sides somewhat less rounded than the dorsum, the base 
 broadest, and the tails more produced. The tubercles 
 remain as during the preceding stage, but broader and 
 flattened, the two rows of each dorsal band a little sep- 
 arated, so as to show a dull green imperfect line ; the side- 
 stripe much widened, joint 2 wholly yellow. The head 
 is shaped as before, the depression more angular, green 
 behind, green with dark brown patches at the sides and 
 front ; these patches much extended, the one at the top 
 nearly meeting by a triangular projection the triangle 
 from the mandibles, and the one from base of process in 
 nearly all cases protracted to outer end of mandibles, so 
 that the white in front is confined to two curved vertical 
 stripes, forming with a cross-line between the two triangles 
 the letter H. The processes are stout, short, cylindrical, 
 evenly forked at the top, each fork bluntly rounded, and 
 a little tapering ; at the base is a spur turned forward, 
 and along the back and sides are single spurs ; color of 
 process black in front, green behind. Along the back of 
 the head at the top are spurs in line, and so down the 
 sides, diminishing gradually in length, the upper ones 
 bent down ; all, as well as the processes, pilose. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 225 
 
 It moults again in three days, but the characters do 
 not change. Length from .38 to .4 of an inch. 
 
 In five days more it moults again, when it measures 
 .6 of an inch, the shape and markings unchanged. 
 
 The mature larva is from 1.2 to 1.4 inches long, sub- 
 cylindrical and robust, the dorsum well rounded, the 
 sides much less convex, rather flattened, and sloping to 
 a broad base ; the last segment ending in a forked tail. 
 It is banded with tubercles as at the first part of this 
 stage, but these have constantly diminished in size as 
 the larva progressed, and are in no place so distinct, and 
 many have disappeared altogether. General color either 
 bright yellow or ochre-yellow, a little whitened along 
 the edges of the dorsal area ; dorsal stripe very narrow, 
 and either black or deep blue, but greenish on two or 
 three anterior joints; the two side-stripes are dull or 
 sordid green, as is also the under side. Head subquad- 
 rate, the sides rounded, the front moderately rounded, 
 the top depressed, on each vertex a short stout stag-horn 
 process, with four prongs, these and the entire front and 
 sides of the processes black ; the back is green, and upon 
 it and at the sides below are four green similar prongs, 
 spurs similar to those in the former stage ; the rest of 
 the head greenish white and black, and thickly covered 
 with a fine yellow down ; the processes and spurs much 
 covered with long white hairs. 
 
 The chrysalis is from .7 to .85 of an inch long, shaped 
 much as in the other species. The color is pale yellow- 
 green, finely streaked and speckled with light buff over 
 head-case, mesonotum, and wing-cases, and speckled over 
 abdomen. In six or seven days after pupation the butter- 
 fly emerges. Like the other species, this feeds during the 
 
 v 
 
226 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 larval state on hackberry, with habits similar to those 
 of Clyton. 
 
 Texas, Florida. 
 
 80. Paphia Troglodyta, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wrings from 1.7 to 1.9 inches. 
 
 Male (Fig. 67). — Upper surface copper-red, outer 
 margin edged with a black border, with gray or purple 
 
 Fig. 67. 
 
 Paphia Troglodyta, male (natural size). 
 
 reflections. At the end of the cell of the fore wings is 
 a black bar, and a black patch on the costa of the hind 
 wings. 
 
 Under side dead-leaf brown with a gray lustre, tinted 
 on hind margin of fore wings with reddish, and through- 
 out covered with dark scales. The basal half of fore 
 wings deep-colored, limited without by a wavy edge ; be- 
 yond this, and reaching to the dark marginal border, is 
 a broad wavy band of paler color, bifurcate at the costal 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 227 
 
 margin. There is a small cluster of luteous scales in 
 the subcostal interspace of the hind wings and on the 
 middle of the outer area. 
 
 Female. — This has the upper side pale red, the mar- 
 ginal border of fore wings very broad, enclosing a yellow- 
 red wavy band imperfectly bifurcated. The hind wings 
 have a similar band, contracted at the apex, and greatly 
 expanded through the middle, which is partially sepa- 
 
 Fig. 68 
 
 Paphia Troglodyta, female (natural size). 
 
 rated from the apical portion by a line. The under side 
 is vinous brown, with gray reflections. 
 
 The young larva is light bluish green thickly covered 
 with soiled white papillae. Scattered among these are 
 light orange papillae of a larger size, with occasionally 
 one of brown. The head is larger than the third seg- 
 ment, which is the largest in the body. At each moult 
 some of the papillae disappear, especially the brown ones, 
 the green shade becoming more apparent and the skin 
 softer. 
 
228 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 The mature larva is 1.55 inches long, cylindrical, 
 tapering each way from the third joint. Color light 
 bluish green ; surface rough, covered with whitish pa- 
 pillse. Head bilobed, a pair of orange papillae on the 
 
 Fig. 69. 
 
 vertex. Neck green, constricted, retracted within joint 2 
 when at rest. 
 
 The chrysalis is at first light green, soon changing to 
 whitish green or to light cinereous brown ; the whole 
 surface indistinctly marked with fine parallel streaks of 
 darker color. In form short, thick, gibbous, the ab- 
 dominal joints contracted almost into a hemisphere. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 229 
 
 The food-plant is Croton capitatum, and probably also 
 Croton monanthogynum , as the butterfly is to be found 
 where the first plant does not grow but the latter does. 
 Western States from Illinois to Texas, Nebraska. 
 
 SUBFAMILY SATYRINiE. 
 
 In this group the palpi are close, elevated, very hairy, 
 the discal cells always closed, and the veins of the fore 
 wings usually dilated at base. In Debis the eyes are 
 hairy, in Satyrus naked, while in Neonympha they vary, 
 some species being hairy and others naked. The butter- 
 flies in the Eastern United States vary from russet to 
 dark wood-brown or nearly black, and in most species 
 have eye-spots on the under side of the hind wings at 
 least. The larvae are cylindrical, tapering slightly from 
 the second segment, the head larger than this segment. 
 The body is more or less provided with small tubercles 
 supporting hairs. Grass constitutes the principal food- 
 plant. The chrysalides are more nearly cylindrical than 
 in the preceding subfamily. 
 
 81. Debis Portlandia, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface wood-brown, rather light, the outer 
 third a little paler, the division marked by a darker 
 shade of the ground color, more pronounced on the fore 
 wings, the line dentate with two prominent teeth oppo- 
 site the discal cell, from which it bends inward before 
 a whitish somewhat oblong costal patch. In this paler 
 terminal space there is an anteapical whitish dot in line 
 with four or five round dull black spots annulate with 
 
 20 
 
230 THE butterflies of the 
 
 yellowish, two of them small, the three larger pupilled 
 with dark black. On the hind wings there are five 
 
 subequal rather large 
 eye-spots. The outer 
 border is composed of 
 two lines slightly paler 
 than the ground color, 
 with a dark line and a 
 dark internal shade. 
 
 Under side brown as 
 above, with a violet 
 tinge, traversed by two 
 brown sinuous lines, be- 
 tween which there is a discoidal arc of the same color. 
 The eye-spots are brighter and blacker than above, the 
 iris yellow and pupil white, the anal one on the hind 
 wings double. Those on the fore wings are enclosed in 
 an oblong white ring. A similar ring enclosing those of 
 the hind wings is crenate, the first and the last cut off* 
 from the others by cross-lines. The border is composed 
 of white, brown, and dark yellow lines. 
 
 This species is to be found in woodlands, the male 
 sitting on the body of some tree, from which it flies upon 
 the approach of any intruder. After flitting about the 
 trespasser upon its domain it returns to the same or an 
 adjacent tree. The females are mostly to be found on 
 the wild grasses that grow in such places, upon which 
 the larvae feed. 
 
 The eggs are obovoid, the base a little flattened, and 
 under the middle thereof is a slightly rounded protuber- 
 ance of less diameter, smooth. Color greenish white. 
 
 The young larva is cylindrical, head twice the diame- 
 
 Fig. 70. 
 
 Debis Portlandia, male (natural size). 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 231 
 
 ter of any other joint, body tapering slightly from joint 
 2 back. Each segment from 3 to 12 is creased, making 
 six ridges ; on each of the first and fifth is a minute tu- 
 bercle with a rather long hair bent forward, making two 
 dorsal rows, with a similar row on the sides, and more 
 lower down. Color of body whitish yellow, changing 
 to pale green. Head slightly cordate, on each vertex a 
 slight protuberance with a long curved hair, and other 
 hairs over the surface. Color yellow. 
 
 After the first moult there is but little change, the 
 body ending in two long, slender, blunt-tipped tails ; 
 color green, tubercles white. After the second moult 
 the color is light green, the subdorsal tubercles more 
 yellow, horns long, with red tips. After the third moult 
 the color is the same. The larva hibernates in this stage, 
 moulting twice more after reviving from its lethargy in 
 the spring. After the fourth moult the color is yellow- 
 green, with dark green dorsal and subdorsal stripes, and 
 one below these, all narrow. 
 
 The mature larva is from 1.2 to 1.4 inches long, the 
 dorsum much arched, and sloping about equally each 
 way from the middle, ending in two small, short, slender 
 tails. Each joint is creased, the first ridge broadest and 
 bearing many fine whitish tubercles, mostly arranged in 
 rows. Color yellow-green striped with dark green and 
 yellow. Head yellow-green, the vertices bearing stout, 
 tapering horns, red-tipped. 
 
 The chrysalis is .6 of an inch long, green, the ventral 
 sides of abdomen whitish ; top of head-cases and edge 
 of wing-cases cream color, the surface smooth and glossy. 
 
 The butterfly emerges from the chrysalis in about 
 fourteen days, appearing on the wing in July, specimens 
 
232 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 being seen from this time through most of the season. 
 It occurs from Maine to the .Rocky Mountains and to 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 82. Neonymph a Canthus, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.7-5 to 2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface pale brownish gray, the outer third of 
 both wings paler, the line of division between this paler 
 portion and the basal distinct and dentate. On the fore 
 wings this pale band contains three or four blurred ocelli ; 
 the hind wings having six, larger and more distinct. The 
 outer border contains three lines, two light and one dark, 
 besides the dark edge. 
 
 The under side is a little more brown-tinted, the 
 darker shade defined on its outer edge by a brown line, 
 another brown line cutting the inner third. The terminal 
 band has the ocelli all annulate with yellow-buff, out- 
 side this buff a brown and then a whitish ring, the first 
 and fourth on the fore wings and all on the hind wings 
 pupilled with white. There are five ocelli on the fore 
 wings and six on the hind wings, the anal one geminate. 
 Border as above. 
 
 The eggs are subround, broadest at the base, where 
 they are flattened, smooth ; color greenish white. These 
 are laid singly on the stems of grass, hatching in about 
 seven days. 
 
 The young larva is at first yellow-white, changing 
 later to pale green. It is cylindrical, long, slender, the 
 last segment bluntly forked ; on each joint a few tubercles, 
 from each of which arises a clubbed white hair. The 
 head is nearly twice as broad as the second segment, with 
 a rounded prominence on each vertex, indented at the 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 233 
 
 top with a little tubercle in the middle of the hollow, 
 from which springs a bristle ; color light brown. 
 
 After the first moult, which takes place in eight days, 
 the more slender tails are pink-tipped, creased trans- 
 versely, and on the creases fine white tubercles with 
 short bristles. The color is at first greenish yellow, 
 but afterwards changes to pale green. 
 
 Along the middle of the back is a dark green stripe 
 free from tubercles, and on each edge of this is a 
 line of white tubercles, another along the side, and a 
 third along the base; between the last two are two 
 other white lines. The head is yellowish green, with 
 the surface finely tuberculated. On each vertex is a long, 
 tapering, rough horn, tipped with brown, and marked 
 in front by a reddish stripe, which is extended down the 
 side of the face. 
 
 In nine days it moults a second time, when it is .4 of 
 an inch long, of the same form as before, and yellowish 
 green, with the same tuberculated lines. In fifteen days 
 it moults a third time, when it is .55 of an inch long, of 
 the same form and color as before, but very soon changes 
 to brown and buff. Along the middle of the back is a 
 brown stripe, on each side of which is a reddish butf 
 band, which changes to greenish on the outer side. There 
 is another buff band on the side, through the middle of 
 which runs a brown line. The basal ridge is buff. In 
 a few days the larvae become lethargic, and in this state 
 they pass the winter. Soon after their revival in the 
 spring they moult the fourth time, when they are .62 
 of an inch long, pale green, with a dark stripe along the 
 back, and a yellowish white one just below ; the two lines 
 on the side and the basal stripe of the same color. Tails 
 
 20 * 
 
234 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 green ; head emerald-green, the horns reddish, the stripe 
 down the face dark brown. In thirty days they pass 
 the fifth and last moult. 
 
 In some cases they hibernate after the fourth moult, 
 when the color is green ; but twenty-four hours after it 
 changes to yellow-buff and red-brown, the dorsal stripe 
 pale brown ; the bands on each side of a greenish yellow, 
 the side brown, with a dull green line running through 
 it. The head has the face green, the stripes reddish brown. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.2 inches long, slender, the dor- 
 sum arched ; the last segment ending in two long, slender, 
 conical tails, which are rough with tubercles. The joints 
 are creased with six ridges to a joint, the whole surface 
 finely tuberculated, a fine hair arising from each. Color 
 of body green, dorsal stripe darker, on each side of this 
 a pale green band, on the outer edge of which is a yellow- 
 green stripe. On the side a pale green band divided by 
 a yellow line. Head with a long, conical, tapering process 
 from each vertex, the whole head rough with fine tubercles. 
 Color of head yellow-green, the horns red, a brown stripe 
 down the sides. 
 
 In a recent communication Mr. W. H. Edwards gives 
 the following description of the chrysalis : Length .62 of 
 an inch, slender ; much resembles in shape the chrysalis 
 of Debts Portlandia , the head-case more produced than in 
 that species, bevelled to an edge transversely, excavated 
 at the sides ; mesonotum carinated, sides flat, apex almost 
 angular, a very little rounded ; color green ; top of head- 
 case and dorsal edges of wing buff ; a buff mid-dorsal 
 stripe, with a buff subdorsal stripe on each side; also a 
 faint lateral stripe of the same color. 
 
 Northern States. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 235 
 
 83. Neonympha Gemma, Hub. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface gray, with a little wood-brown tint, no 
 marks except two darker shades near the middle of the 
 outer edge of the hind wing. 
 
 Under side about the same color, sprinkled with buff 
 scales, the outer edge with a slight golden reflection. On 
 the fore wings are three not very distinct, wavy, brown, 
 transverse lines. On the middle of the outer surface of 
 the hind wings is a large oval patch composed of white 
 and reddish-brown scales, giving the patch a slight violet 
 tint when seen without a glass. In the outer edge of 
 this patch, standing on the inter venular spaces, are four 
 roundish, vandyke-brown spots, on each an anchor-shaped 
 spot of pale, metallic, bluish scales. The margin of the 
 wing towards the apex and anal angle has a border of 
 metallic, bluish scales, with dentations up the sides of the 
 veins. There are two brown lines on the hind wings, 
 besides a brown bordering to the terminal patch. 
 
 The eggs are globular, seemingly smooth, but under 
 a high magnifying power are seen to be reticulated in 
 irregular hexagons, the ridges flat and broad, having at 
 the bottom of each depression a white point. Color yellow- 
 ish green. These are deposited on grass, and hatch in 
 from three to six days. 
 
 The young larvae are .12 of an inch long, cylindrical, 
 a little thickest in the middle, ending in two divergent 
 tails, the point blunt and tipped with a white bristle. 
 Color white, with white scattering hairs, after a few days 
 changing to alternate stripes of white and green. Head 
 subpyriform, one-half broader than the second segment, 
 
236 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 broader than high, with a slight angular depression at the 
 summit ; at each vertex a straight, round, divergent horn, 
 thick at base, pointed at top. Color of head and horns 
 blackish brown. It moults the first time in from six to 
 nine days, when it is a little thicker in the middle, the 
 tails more slender and brown-tipped. Each joint is 
 several times creased, and on the summit of each ridge 
 is a row of white tubercles with white hairs. Color 
 dark green, banded and striped longitudinally with white. 
 Head higher, brown, green-tinted in front. 
 
 Moults the second time in from five to ten days, when 
 it is .34 of an inch long ; shaped and striped as before. 
 
 Moulting again in from five to eight days, the length 
 is .55 of an inch. The color is reddish buff, the summer 
 and fall larvae with a dorsal band of dark brown ; the 
 subdorsal stripe reduced to a broken dark brown line, 
 distinct only at the extreme hinder end of each segment 
 from 3 to 10 ; in the middle of each side a dark 
 brown stripe, at the base a rounded ridge, buff-colored, 
 and below this a brown line. Head green in front, with 
 brown stripes, back part and horns gray-brown. The 
 spring larvae after the third moult are bright yellow- 
 green striped with dark green, tails pink-tipped. They 
 remain in this stage from five to six days. 
 
 The chrysalis is .52 of an inch long, cylindrical, 
 thickest through joints 6 and 7, shaped much as in the 
 preceding species. The color of the dorsum and entire 
 abdomen of the summer and fall broods is sordid yellow- 
 buff, the wing-, antennae-, and palpi-cases more yellow, 
 the surface finely streaked with brown. In the spring 
 brood the color is blue-green, the dorsum streaked ir- 
 regularly with whitish green. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 237 
 
 There are three broods of the larvae in a season, each 
 moulting only three times in coming to maturity. 
 
 West Virginia to Gulf of Mexico, Southern Illinois. 
 
 84. Neonymph a Areolatus, Sm. — Abb. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface wood-brown, somewhat grayish, the 
 border-lines faint, and without eye-spots. 
 
 Under side scarcely paler than above, but sprinkled 
 with buff scales. Fore wings with three small dark 
 brown spots narrowly circled with yellow and containing 
 a few silvery scales. Hind wings with five various- 
 shaped elongate spots, the long diameter with the length 
 of the wing, each with bluish metallic scales, sometimes 
 in a bunch, sometimes a buff centre with metallic points 
 around it; each spot circled with buff. There is a 
 common, dull, dark yellow line a little in front of the 
 middle of the wings, another just touches the end of the 
 cell, and a third is submarginal, the last two nearly meet' 
 ing at their ends on each wing, forming a broad band 
 without change of ground color, in which the ocelli are 
 placed; the margin of the wing of the same color. On 
 the fore wings these lines are not so distinct as on the 
 hind wings. 
 
 The eggs are nearly globular, smooth, but under a 
 high magnifying power are seen to be thickly covered 
 with shallow depressions. Color pale green. 
 
 The young larva, which hatches in six days, is cylindri- 
 cal, the last joint bluntly forked. Color delicate green. 
 Over the body are many white hairs, and among these 
 are black clubbed hairs in longitudinal rows. Head 
 about twice as wide as any joint, a little depressed at the 
 
238 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 top, upon each vertex a short semiovoid appendage 
 tipped with two divergent black hairs; color black. 
 Moults after eight days. 
 
 After the first moult the body is a little arched ; tails 
 longer, faintly red. Color of body green, surface thickly 
 covered with fine yellowish tubercular points ; the back 
 of the head and triangle over the mandibles green, the 
 rest red-brown. It is now .22 of an inch long. It moults 
 again in nine days, with a length of .3 of an inch, but 
 the color does not change. It moults three times in 
 coming to maturity. 
 
 The mature larva is from 1.1 to 1.3 inches long, 
 joints 3 and 4 creased and divided into five ridges, the 
 rest into six ; surface thickly covered with small sharp 
 tubercles ; tails reddish, slender. Head reddish, on each 
 vertex a little conical process. 
 
 The chrysalis is from .48 to .54 of an inch long. The 
 color is green, the edges of the carina, wing-cases, and 
 top of head-case cream color ; some points and patches 
 of whitish. The butterfly emerges from this in about 
 ten days. 
 
 The food-plants are grasses, mostly of the coarser 
 kinds. 
 
 Gulf States ; occasional in New Jersey. 
 
 85. Neonymph a Eurytris, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches. 
 
 Upper surface brownish black or wood-brown ; near 
 the outer margin of each wing two eye-spots circled with 
 yellow, the small pupils often double. The anterior 
 ocellus of the hind wings is often obsolete, and the pos- 
 terior is often supplemented by a small one at the anal 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 239 
 
 angle. There are three dark lines forming the outer 
 border, — one on the edge and two a little within the 
 edge ; and in some specimens the ocelli are in a band 
 a little paler than the ground color. 
 
 The under side is drab-gray, both wings crossed by two 
 rusty lines ; the ocelli more prominent than above, each 
 of the ocelli of the hind wings repeated, with the smaller 
 one at the end of the series, and silver traces of two more 
 between ; the triple terminal lines as above. 
 
 The egg is of a yellowish-green color, nearly round, 
 covered with fine irregularly hexagonal reticulations. 
 
 The young larva hatches from this in eight days. It 
 is .08 of an inch long, cylindrical, tapering each way 
 from the middle, the last joint ending in two short tails, 
 with fine white hairs on the body. Color pinkish white, 
 marked longitudinally by seven crimson lines. Head 
 subglobose, nearly twice as broad as any other segment, 
 depressed slightly at the top, with a small conical process 
 from each vertex ; color dark brown. 
 
 In seven days it passes the first moult, when it is .16 of 
 an inch long, and changes to drab, of either a green or a 
 red tint, with five dull red stripes, the whole surface finely 
 but roughly tuberculated, each tubercle emitting a short 
 hair. Color of head yellowish finely mottled with red. In 
 six days it moults the second time, when it is .24 of an 
 inch long, shaped as before, with a fleshy ridge at the 
 feet. Color dull ochrey yellow, striped with seven brown 
 stripes ; head yellow marked with brown. It feeds four- 
 teen days before moulting the third time, when it is .44 
 of an inch long. The color is the same marked with 
 reddish, the stripes subobsolete. It is thirty days before 
 it moults the fourth and last time. 
 
240 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 The mature larva is 1 inch long, flat at base* the 
 dorsum rounded, the last joint forked. Color of dorsum 
 yellow-brown, the sides darker; a dorsal brown band, 
 and on each side of this, from joint 4 to joint 11, is a 
 series of dark brown patches. The subdorsal area is sep- 
 arated from the dorsal by two wavy parallel lines, the 
 upper dark, the lower yellowish, and on the side of 
 each joint from 5 to 11 there is an oblique dark stripe. 
 Basal ridge yellowish, the tails tipped with red. Head 
 yellow-brown, with a small conical process on each ver- 
 tex. The whole surface of the body is covered with 
 sharp tubercles of irregular size, each emitting a short 
 brown hair. 
 
 The chrysalis is .5 of an inch long, shaped as Sosybius; 
 cylindrical ; the abdomen stout, and larger than the an- 
 terior portion. Color pale yellow-brown, the wing-cases 
 and anterior parts streaked with fine, abbreviated brown 
 lines ; brown spots on the wing-cases, the abdomen with 
 two brown stripes and two rows of brown dots. The 
 butterfly emerges in eleven days. 
 
 There are probably two broods in a season, the last 
 brood of larvse passing the winter in a torpid state. 
 They feed upon grass, the eggs being deposited singly 
 upon the blades. They are very sluggish at all times, 
 and frequently pass days without eating. 
 
 Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Nebraska. 
 
 86. Neonymph a Sosybius, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.35 inches. 
 
 Upper surface wood-brown, somewhat grayish, the 
 border-lines faint, and both wings without ocelli. 
 
 Under side a little paler than the upper, two brown lines 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 241 
 
 crossing the wings, between which is a brown dash at the 
 end of the cell of each wing; border-lines three, the 
 inner crenate. Near the outer end of the fore wings, 
 below the costa, is a black eye-spot annulate with yellow 
 and pupilled with pale blue ; there is also a small one be- 
 tween this and the costa, and there are traces of three more 
 towards the hind margin. The hind wings have two 
 distinct ocelli, with a small one before the first, another 
 after the second, and traces of two more, with silver, 
 between the two. 
 
 The egg is semiovoid, the base flattened, and the 
 sides at base rounded ; the surface under a low power 
 appears smooth, but under a high magnifying power it 
 is seen to be covered with shallow thimble-like depres- 
 sions. Color greenish white. 
 
 In four days a larva .09 of an inch long hatches 
 from this. The shape is cylindrical, marked by five 
 or six longitudinal tuberculated ridges, each tubercle 
 emitting a clubbed white hair. Color white. Head 
 much larger than the second joint, bilobed, the vertices 
 without processes, black. 
 
 After six days it moults the first time and is .2 of 
 an inch long, cylindrical, tapering both ways from the 
 middle, the last joint forked. The color is light green, 
 the tubercles white, with three green stripes ; legs and 
 under side green. After seven days it moults the second 
 time, the color being blue-green, the head yellow-green. 
 In six days it moults the third time, being then .42 of 
 an inch long, stout ; color pale green, with the tubercles 
 white, head emerald-green. It moults four times in 
 coming to maturity. 
 
 The mature larva is .76 of an inch long, cylindrical, 
 
 q 21 
 
 L 
 
242 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 thickest in the middle, the last joint ending in divergent 
 tails. The color is emerald-green, much covered with fine 
 yellow tubercles placed on ridges, caused by the creasing 
 of the segments, and with larger tubercles placed in 
 longitudinal rows, each emitting a white hair. Head 
 round, broader than high, bilobed, covered with yellow, 
 conical, fine points. 
 
 The chrysalis is like that of N. Eurytris. The color 
 is green, on the abdomen yellow-green; on each side 
 of dorsum of abdomen is a small ridge, and on each 
 side of this are three black dots placed in pail's. On 
 each side below the wing-cases is a brown stripe ; keel of 
 mesonotum brown, with brown mottlings on the wing- 
 cases. The imago emerges in thirteen days. 
 
 The eggs are deposited on grass, and there are two 
 broods in a season. The butterfly is found with Gemma 
 and Eurytris within the edge of the forest, or, if in the 
 open country, always near timber. 
 
 Middle and Southern States, Mississippi Valley. 
 
 87. Satyrus Pegala, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings 2.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface blackish brown, a broad buff band on 
 the outer part of the fore wings, not reaching either 
 margin, and containing a single pupilled ocellus on its 
 anterior end. In some female specimens another ocellus 
 is found on the posterior end of the band, but more often 
 the second ocellus is represented in both sexes by a black 
 dot or a small round spot. Near the anal angle of the 
 hind wings is a single black ocellus. 
 
 Under side brownish gray, both wings crossed by 
 many abbreviated brown lines. The buff band and 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 243 
 
 ocelli of the fore wings repeated, the hind wings with six 
 ocelli in two sets of three each. 
 
 The food-plant is coarse wild grass. 
 
 Gulf States ; occasional in New Jersey on the coast ; 
 Mount Holly, N. J. 
 
 88. Satyrus Alope, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches. 
 
 There are two dimorphic forms and five varieties and 
 sub- varieties of this species, being mostly local instead of 
 seasonal. It occurs from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and from the Atlantic to the Pacific : in different parts 
 of this region the different forms breed true to their 
 type, but on the border-land between these different local- 
 ities there are numerous intergrades connecting them 
 all. The principal form found in the Atlantic States 
 from North Carolina to New York is Alope; the form 
 Nephele in its typical markings occurs in Canada, with 
 intergrades in New England and other bordering territory; 
 Maritima occurs on Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket 
 Islands ; Texana is found in Texas ; the one found from 
 Illinois to the Rocky Mountains is Olympus ; and the 
 Pacific slope is represented by Boopis and Incana. The 
 following descriptions of such forms as occur in the 
 Eastern United States, as well as of the preparatory 
 stages, are abbreviated from Edwards’s “ Butterflies of 
 North America.” 
 
 Dimorphic form, Alope, Fab. — Male. — Upper sur- 
 face blackish brown, darkest over the basal area ; outer 
 margin consisting of two fine parallel lines, a little 
 within which is a black stripe. The fore wings have 
 
244 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 a transverse yellow band beyond the cell, sometimes 
 a little ochraceous, and often more or less encroached 
 upon by the brown ground. On this area are two ocelli, 
 round, black, of variable size, and with or without a 
 central point, which is white with blue scales. Be- 
 hind the cell is a blackish indistinct sexual dash in the 
 males. The hind wings have a small ocellus in a yellow 
 ring near the anal angle (often wanting). 
 
 Under side yellow-brown ; the band enlarged and of 
 a paler color ; the ocelli repeated, enlarged ; the marginal 
 lines distinct ; the brown area covered with abbreviated 
 darker streaks, which over the base and disks form some- 
 what concentric broken rings, limited without by a 
 common dark stripe. On the fore wings this stripe 
 borders on the yellow band ; on the hind wings it is 
 irregularly sinuous from margin to margin, throwing 
 out a rounded prominence against the cell, followed by 
 a rounded sinus on the median interspace. Across the 
 middle of the cell, and below it, a dark stripe ; the extra 
 discal area less streaked. The ocelli vary from none to 
 six, the full number being most often present, disposed 
 in two groups of three, the middle one of each group 
 the largest ; all black, rounded, in narrow yellow 
 rings, and with white dots in the centre edged by blue 
 scales. 
 
 Female. — This differs from the male in the band being 
 generally broader, clearer, and well defined on both edges, 
 the ocelli well developed, with occasionally additional 
 black points on the hind wings corresponding to the ocelli 
 on the under side. A larger percentage than of the 
 males have no ocelli on the under side of the hind wings. 
 
 New York to North Carolina. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 245 
 
 Var. Maritima, Edw. — This form is of small size, 
 dark color, and the band on the fore wings reddish 
 yellow. 
 
 Martha’s Vineyard, Long Island, Eastern New Jersey. 
 
 Dimorphic form, Nephele, Kirby. — Male. — Upper 
 surface blackish brown, the marginal lines and stripe 
 as in Alope, but often obsolete. The fore wings have 
 two small black ocelli, placed as in Alope , without ring 
 or band, but in some examples a faint yellowish shade 
 represents the ring ; sometimes a white dot in each ocellus, 
 but usually the lower one is blind. Hind wings with 
 or without ocellus, but if present it is blind and without 
 ring. 
 
 Under side dark yellow-brown, faintly streaked as in 
 Alope, but with less distinctness, and in many examples 
 the discal stripe is nearly or quite obsolete, especially on 
 the hind wings. The ocelli of the fore wings are en- 
 larged, the rings distinct but riot clear yellow, being 
 dusky, or more or less obscured. The hind wings have 
 small ocelli in fine russet rings, with central white dots 
 and a few bluish scales ; the number varies from none to 
 six, but the largest proportion have six, and very few 
 have less than three. 
 
 Female. — This has the upper side lighter and more 
 brown ; the area which in Alope is occupied by the band 
 is of a slightly paler shade than the rest of the wing. 
 The ocelli are large, with white centres and blue scales, 
 and either without rings or imperfectly ringed with 
 dusky yellow, the hind wings either with or without an 
 ocellus. The under side is paler, the area of the band a 
 little lighter than elsewhere, the rings sometimes quite 
 
 21 * 
 
246 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 bright, but oftener dull or obscure yellow. The ocelli 
 of the hind wings rarely six, more often less than three, 
 sometimes none. 
 
 New England, New York. 
 
 Var. Olympus, Edw. — This equals in size the typical 
 form. The males are almost black. The ocelli are very 
 small and without rings, but in some examples there is 
 a faint russet or yellowish tint about them, and perhaps 
 on the space between them. On the under side the rings 
 are russet or ochraceous on both wings, and there is 
 a perceptible bronzy reflection on the under side of the 
 hind wings, especially in the males. 
 
 Illinois to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The egg is conoidal, rounded at base and somewhat 
 flattened, truncated, the sides slightly convex; marked 
 by about eighteen vertical ridges, crossed by numerous 
 fine low ridges ; summit rounded, covered with shallow 
 cells. Color lemon-yellow. It hatches in from fourteen 
 to twenty-eight days. 
 
 The young larva is .1 of an inch long, the head 
 considerably larger than the other segments. The body 
 is carnation, with seven crimson longitudinal lines, the 
 head light lemon-yellow specked with brown ; sparsely 
 hairy. On the body there are six rows of long white 
 bristles, a part of which point forward and a part back- 
 ward. 
 
 The larvae become lethargic soon after leaving the eggs, 
 and thus hibernate. As soon as they begin to feed in the 
 spring the color changes to pale green with the lines red, 
 but later the ground color becomes deep green and the 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 247 
 
 stripes darker green. After the first moult the larva is 
 .16 of an inch long, cylindrical, the anterior part the 
 thickest, the body ending in two conical tails covered 
 with tubercles and bristles. Each joint is creased, the 
 ridges bearing many tubercles with long white hairs. 
 Color pale green, with seven green stripes, basal ridge 
 pale yellow, tails reddish. After twenty-three days it 
 moults the second time, when it is much as before. 
 Length .3 of an inch, the color yellowish green, with the 
 basal side yellow, and the stripes dark green. In four- 
 teen days it passes the third moult, the length being 
 then .44 of an inch. It moults four times before reach- 
 ing maturity. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.25 inches long, cylindrical, 
 robust, thickest in the middle, with two sharp, conical, 
 divergent tails. Each joint is crossed by five or six 
 creases, the ridges covered with fine white papillae, each 
 supporting a long or short white hair, if long appressed 
 to the surface. Color yellow-green, varying, on some 
 the dorsum more yellow ; a dorsal green stripe and a 
 basal yellow one, with sometimes a faint yellow lateral 
 line. Head vivid green. It takes fourteen days to pass 
 from the third to the fourth moult, and 
 twenty-eight days more to the time when 
 the larva ceases feeding and pupates. 
 
 The chrysalis is a little more than half an 
 inch long, cylindrical, the abdomen conical, 
 the wing-cases slightly raised at the mar- 
 gins; head-case short, roundly excavated at 
 the sides, the top narrow. The male is one 
 shade of either yellow-green or deep green, covered with 
 smooth specks and patches of lighter color, with several 
 
 Fig. 71 . 
 
 S. Alope, pupa. 
 
248 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 cream-colored lines. The female has three longitudinal 
 yellowish bands. The butterfly emerges in fourteen 
 days. 
 
 The larva feeds on meadow-grass, and the butterfly is 
 found mostly in the open fields, differing in both par- 
 ticulars from Pegala. 
 
 89. Chionobus Jutta, Hub. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface wood-brown or grayish brown • 
 the fore wings with an oblique shade below the cell, and 
 with a subterminal row of six yellowish spots, the first, 
 third, and sixth small, with or without black central 
 points, the others with each a round black spot. Hind 
 wings with four yellowish patches more or less shading 
 into the ground color, the anal one with a small black 
 spot, and traces of one in the patch next to this. 
 
 Under side of the fore wings much as in O. Semidea. 
 Color about as above, crossed by a great number of ab- 
 breviated dark brown lines, obscure on the fore wings, 
 except along the costa and near the apex, where the 
 brown is more distinct and alternate with gray. About 
 five of the yellowish patches are visible, only two of 
 them distinct, and these have round black spots pupilled 
 with white. The hind wings are much darker than the 
 fore wings, and the dark marks are not distinctly defined ; 
 sprinkled with white scales over the basal third, and an 
 irregular band of these beyond the cell and along the 
 outer margin ; a submarginal row of intervenular white 
 points. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface of fore wings as in the male, 
 only the yellowish patches are expanded and somewhat 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 249 
 
 blended. On the hind wings, instead of the subter- 
 minal row there is a broad terminal suffusion of yellow- 
 ish and brown, with mere traces of an anal spot. 
 
 Under surface as in the males, except that the hind 
 wings are lighter, the dark brown lines more clearly de- 
 fined and alternating with grayish and yellowish brown, 
 the bands and points of white as in the male. 
 
 This species occurs in the northern parts of both 
 Europe and America, but Orono, Maine, is the only 
 place where it has been found in the United States. 
 The larva is unknown, but it is probable that it feeds 
 on Carex. 
 
 90. Chionobus Semidea, Say. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.9 inches. 
 
 Upper surface clear wood-brown, the darker mark- 
 ings of the under side showing through a little ; costa 
 spotted with white, dark brown, 
 and pale gray-brown. Fringes 
 pale whitish towards the apex, 
 widely cut with brown at the 
 ends of the veins. 
 
 Under side about the same 
 color as above, the fore wings 
 traversed by a great many ab- 
 breviated lines, which are obscure 
 dark brown, except on the costa 
 and apical portion, where the 
 marks are dark umber-brown 
 alternating with white. The 
 marks are somewhat gathered into bands just beyond 
 the cell. Hind wings much as the fore wings, only that 
 
 Fig. 72. 
 
 Chionobus Semidea, under side. 
 
250 the butterflies of the 
 
 the dark lines are all clear dark brown, inclined to be 
 gathered into bands through the cell and beyond it ; the 
 alternating light spots before the first and beyond the 
 last are white or whitish, making two irregular whitish 
 bands, with more sprinkling of white along the veins 
 beyond the outer whitish band. Antennae annulate with 
 brown and white, the knob fulvous. 
 
 The larva is said to feed on Carex rigidct. 
 
 White Mountains, N.H. 
 
 SUBFAMILY LIBYTHEI1SME. 
 
 The insects of the one genus belonging to this sub- 
 family are readily known by their long, beak-like, por- 
 rect palpi, and by the males having four feet adapted for 
 walking, while the females have six. 
 
 91. Libythea Bachmanni, Kirtl. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.8 inches. 
 
 This species is readily known by the beak-like palpi, 
 which are about three times as long as the head, and the 
 quadrate apex to the fore wings. The upper surface is 
 brownish black on the fore wings ; the lower half of the 
 cell, and the space below that, about twice as large, are 
 fulvous, with a patch of the same at the end of the cell 
 of the hind wings. The fore wings have a white ante- 
 apical patch, at the end of the cell an oblique white bar, 
 with a quadrate white spot beyond its posterior end. 
 
 The under side is brown, the fulvous area enlarged, 
 the hind wings and tips of the fore wings lilac-tinted, 
 the white spots repeated. The under side of the male is 
 clouded with cretaceous. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 251 
 
 The egg is of a pale green color, in shape an oblate 
 spheroid, somewhat pointed at the base, and a little 
 truncated and depressed at the summit, marked by eigh- 
 teen or twenty longitudinal ribs, crossed by corrugations. 
 This hatches in about four days. 
 
 The young larva is .04 of an inch in length, cylin- 
 drical, each joint with four transverse creases; covered 
 with fine short down. Color green, semi-translucent. 
 Head twice as broad as joint 2 ; obovoid ; color yellow- 
 brown. 
 
 After the first moult, which takes place in two days, 
 the length is .08 or .09 of an inch. In two days more 
 it passes the second moult, and the length is .12 of an 
 inch. Upper side dark green, a faint shade of yellow 
 over and along the basal ridge, rather macular. In two 
 days more it passes the third moult, when the length is 
 from .26 to .28 of an inch. The color is dull green, 
 yellowish along and over the basal ridge, specked with 
 white or yellow-white as before this moult. In two 
 days more it passes to the fourth moult. 
 
 The mature larva is from .7 to .9 of an inch long, 
 cylindrical, thickened at joints 3 and 4, the dorsum 
 of the last segment abruptly curved down to the end. 
 Color dark green, the lower side, and also the feet and 
 legs, pale green. It is creased as in the preceding stages, 
 and on the ridges are pale or whitish yellow points. 
 Along the sides is a supra-stigmatal stripe, above which 
 the color is yellowish for a little way, also a narrow 
 dorsal line, sometimes a subdorsal one. Head ovoid, 
 smooth, green. 
 
 The chrysalis is half an inch long, compressed ; head- 
 case square, mesonotal process rounded. Color blue- 
 
252 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 green, a faint yellow dorsal line from the last joint to 
 the middle, where it forks, sending a branch over each 
 wing-cover to the tip of the head-case, where they meet ; 
 a lateral abdominal yellow line. The abdomen marked 
 with many white tubercles. 
 
 This butterfly differs from most others in that the 
 males have only four feet developed for walking, while 
 the females have all six fully developed. The eggs are 
 deposited in the developing ends of twigs of Celtis 
 occidentalis on the partially-developed leaves, only one 
 to a leaf. The time for reaching maturity after the 
 fourth moult is four days, and the pupal period is from 
 five to seven days. 
 
 Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Texas, Arizona. 
 
 FAMILY ERYCINIDiE. 
 
 This family is represented by small or medium-sized 
 butterflies, with the same arrangement of feet as the last 
 subfamily of the Nymphalidse, or the males with four 
 feet and the females with six ; but they may readily be 
 known from the Libytheinse by the palpi, which are 
 short or only of moderate length. Little is known of the 
 preparatory stages, but, according to Mr. H. W. Bates, 
 “the metamorphoses are variable, some genera resem- 
 bling the Nymphalidse, in the chrysalis being suspended 
 by the tail, and others the Lycsenidse, in being recumbent 
 and girt with a silken thread. Too little is known of 
 the caterpillars to enable us to say whether they offer 
 any peculiarity.” The preparatory stages offer good 
 bases of classification, often showing the relation one 
 group bears to another even when the imagines do not 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 253 
 
 show this so clearly. The feet indicate that this family 
 should follow Nymphalidse, while the preparatory stages 
 of Lemonias Nais show that they should come next to 
 the Lycsenidse on the other side. Nearly all the species 
 are found in America, mostly in the tropics. 
 
 SUBFAMILY ERYCININ^E. 
 
 92. Calephelis (Aenius, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings .8 of an inch. 
 
 Upper surface ferruginous, the wings crossed by four 
 or five more or less sinuous blackish lines, almost separa- 
 ble into spots. Beyond these are two lines of shining 
 black-lead color, the inner sinuous; a row of black 
 points between them. 
 
 Under side yellow fulvous, the lines and spots more 
 distinct. Fringes blackish. 
 
 Southern States. 
 
 93. Calephelis Borealis, Gr. — Rob. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface umber-brown, shaded a little with red- 
 dish, both wings with four transverse sinuous lines of 
 dark brown, the space along the outer row darker-shaded , 
 near the outer margin two metallic lead-colored lines, 
 with a row of dots between, the inner line sinuous. 
 Outer margin reddish. 
 
 Under side yellowish orange, with the rows and spots 
 of the upper surface repeated, but with less distinctness, 
 except the metallic lead lines. 
 
 This species has been found in New York, New Jersey, 
 West Virginia, Michigan, and Illinois. 
 
 22 
 
254 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 94. Eumenia Atala, Poey. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface black, the fore wings washed 
 with green three-fourths the distance from the base to 
 the apex. Hind wings with a little green on each side 
 of the median vein, and with a broad border of inter- 
 venular blue-green lunules. 
 
 Under side black ; the fore wings without marks ; the 
 hind wings with three rows of small blue-green spots, 
 the outer two parallel with the outer margin, the inner 
 sinuous, just beyond the cell. On the inner margin is 
 a large, somewhat oblong, reddish-orange patch, dentate 
 towards the base, extending from the middle of the 
 margin to near the base. Fringes black. 
 
 Body black ; abdomen, except a portion of the base 
 above, orange. 
 
 Female. — This differs from the male in having the 
 green scales sprinkled throughout the discal cell of the 
 fore wings and sometimes below this ; the border lunules 
 of the hind wings slightly yellowish green ; the spots 
 on the under side yellowish green ; and the apex above 
 and below bluish ; fringe white. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 FAMILY LYCiENIDiE. 
 
 These are mostly small butterflies, having six feet 
 adapted for walking. The larvae are more or less oblong- 
 oval or oval, with the head retractile into the second 
 segment, and a dorsal tuberculous ridge. The chrysalis 
 is short, attached by the anal extremity, with the tip of 
 the abdomen bent forward and the body girt about with 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 255 
 
 a silken thread much as in the Papilionidse, but closer to 
 the object to which it is attached. The number of feet 
 and the manner of attaching the chrysalides would imply 
 close relationship with the Papilionidse, and some authors 
 place them next to that family ; but the head of the 
 adult closely appressed against the body, the larvse, by 
 their shape, retractile heads, short feet, and manner of 
 moving over a surface, suggesting the Limacodes group 
 of the Bombycidse, and the shape of the eggs somewhat 
 like those of the Hesperidse, all seem to indicate that 
 they should be placed below the JNTymphalidse and the 
 Erycinidse. There are two subfamilies, Theclinse and 
 Lycseninse. 
 
 SUBFAMILY THECLINYE. 
 
 These generally have a rather stout body, the palpi 
 very short, and the antennae reaching to the middle of 
 the fore wings ; often the anal angle more or less pro- 
 duced, with one or two slender tails projecting from the 
 outer margin near the anal angle. 
 
 95. Thecla Halesus, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.6 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface bright glossy blue, the outer 
 fourth black, except towards the anal angle of the hind 
 wings, wheare the border becomes narrow ; a border of 
 about the same width on the inner margin; a black 
 sex-mark in the cell of the fore wings. Hind wings 
 with two black tails, before the larger of which is a blue 
 lunule, with a smaller one each side ; the anal angle 
 produced. 
 
 Under side brown-black, with a red spot at the base of 
 
256 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the fore wings, and two more at the base of the hind 
 wings, the fore wings with a dash of blue along the 
 median vein. The hind wings have the blue lunules 
 repeated, with three others standing before these, yellow- 
 green in a black ground. 
 
 Body blue-black above, black beneath, with the under 
 side of abdomen orange. 
 
 Female. — Larger than the male, about half of each 
 wing dull black, and the hind wings have two tails. The 
 under side lacks the blue on the fore wings. 
 
 According to Morris, the larva is green, slightly pubes- 
 cent, the head testaceous. On the back there is a small 
 ray, and on the sides are nine oblique bands of obscure 
 green. At the base of the feet is a marginal ray of yel- 
 lowish green. The chrysalis is russety painted with 
 browm. Food-plant, oak. 
 
 Gulf States, Illinois, Nevada, California, Arizona. 
 
 96. Thecla M Album, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface rich glossy violet-blue, a broad outer 
 border and costal margin of black. The hind wings 
 have two tails, and a fulvous spot preceded by white at 
 the anal angle. 
 
 Under side brownish gray, the fore wings with a single 
 white line beyond the middle, bent inward on the second 
 median venule, and then outward again below. This is 
 continued across the hind wings, making a rude W before 
 the tails, from this extending inward to the inner margin. 
 Between this and the margin is a second line, the anterior 
 half consisting of a series of shallow crescents, the whole 
 edged outwardly with black, broken before the first tail 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 257 
 
 by an orange patch which extends inward to the first line. 
 Outer margin of wing white, with a large pale blue patch 
 before second tail, separated from the anal angle by a 
 black spot, a white spot in the subcostal area of the 
 hind wings towards the base. Tails black, white-tipped. 
 Lower part of knob of antennae and costa fulvous. The 
 female has the black border on the upper side broader 
 than the male. 
 
 The larva is slightly pubescent, pale green, a little 
 yellowish, with a dorsal stripe and seven oblique streaks 
 of dark green. Head black, a marginal ray of yellow, 
 slightly shaded with obscure green on its upper side. 
 Food-plant, oak. 
 
 The chrysalis is brownish gray, with the anterior part 
 and the wing-cases pale greenish gray. 
 
 Gulf States, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio. 
 
 97. Thecla Favonius, Sm. — Abb. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.3 inches. 
 
 Upper surface brownish black, the male a little the 
 brighter. Males with a blackish sex-mark in the cell 
 of the fore wings, and a fulvous patch beyond the middle 
 of the hind wings, and a smaller spot at the anal angle. 
 The females have a similar patch, more or less distinct, 
 on the fore wings ; and both sexes have the anal portion 
 of the outer margin with a white line just within the 
 edge, continuous as a dull streak to the apex. 
 
 The under side is brownish gray, crossed by two white 
 broken lines common to both wings, the inner forming 
 a W on the hind wings similar to that on the under side 
 of M Album , the two converging from before back, the 
 outer touching the points of the W, from which the two 
 
 r 22* 
 
258 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 run parallel to the inner margin. The inner line is 
 edged with black within, and the outer black on the out- 
 side. A broad fulvous band extends on the outside of 
 the second line from the outer point of the W to near the 
 apex, where it tapers to a point, with more or less black 
 between this and the outer edge. In front of the tails 
 pale blue, sprinkled with black, with black at the anal 
 angle. Subcostal patch as in M Album. 
 
 The larva is said to be yellowish green, with a dorsal 
 line and eight oblique streaks of dark green. Marginal 
 line green, yellow below. 
 
 Chrysalis ash-gray, with two rows of blackish points 
 on each side of the abdominal rings. 
 
 Gulf States, South Carolina. 
 
 98. Thecla Autolycus, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.05 to 1.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface brown, the fore wings with a large 
 patch of clear ochraceous in the outer half, in some 
 examples almost a broad band nearly from margin to 
 margin, or it may be subtriangular, with a blackish 
 sex-mark in the cell. Hind wings with a patch of the 
 same before the tails, and a little fulvous at the anal 
 angle. Tails two ; between their bases there is usually 
 a black spot. 
 
 Under side brownish gray or fawn color, with two 
 white, more or less broken lines; the two on the fore 
 wings, and the inner one on the hind wings, edged with 
 brown, the other with a black border, the position of the 
 edging as in Favonius. The inner line of the hind wings 
 makes a shallow W, the outer line sending out three den- 
 tations, one opposite each tail and one opposite the anal 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 259 
 
 angle. The outer line has a series of fulvous crescents 
 outside the black, and beyond this a black spot at the 
 anal angle, one between the bases of the tails, and between 
 these there is a pale blue patch. 
 
 Texas, Missouri. 
 
 99. Thecla Humuli, Harr. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.05 to 1.2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface blackish, with a slight blue-gray tint, 
 the males with a blackish patch at the end of the cell of 
 the fore wings. Along the outer margin of the hind 
 wings is a series of more or less distinct pale blue spots, 
 interrupted by a large orange crescent enclosing a black 
 spot, the blue spot towards the anal angle with a similar 
 black spot ; an orange spot at the anal angle. Margin 
 of hind wing black, with a white line within ; two slender 
 tails, tipped with white. 
 
 Under side gray, two blackish-brown lines crossing 
 both wings, the inner edged externally, and very slightly 
 internally, with white, and the outer on the hind wings 
 faintly edged on the inside with white ; these two lines 
 converging a little posteriorly, the inner, on the hind 
 wings, forming a very shallow W. The orange and 
 black spots of the upper surface are repeated, but the 
 orange is enlarged to a patch ; the anal angle is black, 
 with an orange spot before it. Both wings have black 
 outer margins, supplemented with white on the hind 
 wings. 
 
 The larvae are “ green, downy caterpillars,” feeding on 
 the common hop-vine. The butterfly is to be seen in 
 May. 
 
 Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Montana. 
 
260 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 100. Thecla Acadica, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark grayish brown, costal edge of both 
 wings red or reddish, the males with the usual subcostal 
 sex-mark. Hind wings with one tail, a very slight angle 
 in place of the second. The anal portion of the hind 
 wings edged \vith white, and before this a distinct fulvous 
 band. 
 
 Under side gray, varying from brownish gray to gray- 
 white. At the end of each cell a short bar edged with 
 white. Beyond this a bent row of black spots surrounded 
 with white, those on the hind wings not reaching the 
 inner margin. Beyond these is a row of black crescent- 
 like spots, bordered within with white and without by 
 fulvous, the latter fading out towards the apex of the 
 fore wings ; the last and the third from the last on the 
 hind wings large, with the usual blue patch between 
 them, these two with a black outer edging. 
 
 Of the preparatory stages of this species Mr. Vm, 
 Saunders gives substantially the following. Found feed- 
 ing on willow four succeeding years. Length .63 of an 
 inch, onisciform. Head very small, pale brown and 
 shining, drawn within joint 2 when at rest. Body above 
 green, of a moderately dark shade, thickly covered with 
 very short whitish hairs, scarcely visible without a lens. 
 From joint 3 to 10 a dorsal line of darker green than 
 the ground color. Dorsal region flat ; rather wide ; bor- 
 der, a raised whitish-yellow line, beginning at joint 3 and 
 fading out on joints 12 and 13. Sides of body inclined 
 at an almost acute angle and faintly striped with oblique 
 greenish-yellow lines. A whitish-yellow line borders 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 261 
 
 the under surface, beginning on joint 2 and extending 
 round the hind end of the body. This line is raised the 
 same as that bordering the dorsal ridge. 
 
 The chrysalis is .32 of an inch long, thickly covered 
 with minute hairs. Color pale brown, with many dots 
 and patches of darker shade, a dark ventral stripe from 
 joint 7 to the end of the body. Sides with four or five 
 short lines of dark brown. 
 
 Northern States, Montana, Nevada, Arizona. 
 
 101. Thecla Edwardsii, Saund. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface pale wood-brown, the male with the 
 usual subcostal sex-mark, hind wings with one short tail 
 and an angle in place of the second tail ; two faint black- 
 ish spots on the hind wings, one between the tail and the 
 angle, and the other towards the anal angle, faint orange 
 crescents before each. 
 
 Under side paler than the upper, two rows of spots 
 across each wing as in the lines of the preceding species, 
 but here they are shorter, with spaces between. The spots 
 of the inner row, except the last two on the hind wings, 
 are oblong and oval, each surrounded with white, the last 
 two longer than the others. The outer row is a series 
 of blackish crescents, edged on the inner side with white, 
 on the outside with orange, fading out towards the apex 
 of the fore wings, more prominent at the anal portion 
 of the hind wings ; the usual blue patch between the 
 next to the last and the margin, and the two black spots 
 of the other species. At the end of the discal cell a spot 
 similar to the spots of the inner row. 
 
 Maine to Nebraska, Colorado. 
 
262 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 102. Thecla Wittfeldii, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.7 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface black-brown ; fore wings have 
 a large oval stigma; hind wings have the edge of the 
 hind or outer margin on posterior half pure metallic 
 blue ; a large fulvous spot in second median interspace 
 over a black spot on the margin ; two tails, the posterior 
 one very long, measuring .24 of an inch on the anterior 
 side, the other .1 of an inch ; black tipped with white. 
 Fringes of fore wings fuscous, of hind wings the same 
 to the upper median venule, then white, and next anal 
 angle long, brown, with a whitish line running through 
 them. 
 
 Under side dark brown, the outer margins narrowly 
 edged with white; the costal edge of the fore wings 
 next the base red. Both wings are crossed by two 
 macular white lines, the outer one submarginal, nearly 
 parallel to the margin, and quite regular, broken at the 
 venules, crenated on posterior half of hind wings, and 
 ending in an oblique streak up the inner margin ; each 
 spot edged with black on outer side, and on fore wings, 
 in the median interspaces, there is more or less fulvous 
 outside the black. On the hind wings is a large spot 
 on the margin below the lower median venule, made 
 by blue-w T hite scales on the brown ground ; in the next 
 interspace are three deep red fulvous spots, diminishing 
 gradually in size, the outer one sometimes obsolete, the 
 largest with a black patch on its marginal side. Anal 
 angle black, overlaid on inner margin by white and a red 
 streak. The inner of the two lines is extra-discal, some- 
 what irregular, especially on the hind wings, and joins 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 263 
 
 the other at the lower median venule of the hind wings, 
 then makes an angle in submedian interspace, and ends 
 in a streak up the inner margin. In the cell of each 
 wing are two parallel abbreviated white streaks or bars. 
 
 Female. — Upper side as in the male except the stigma. 
 The tails measure .26 and .12 of an inch respectively. 
 Under side as in the male. 
 
 This species differs from Calanus in the longer tails, 
 in the larger size, and in the inner of the two lines on 
 the under side being single, whereas in Calanus it is 
 double or chain-like. 
 
 Indian River, Florida. 
 
 103. Thecla Calanus, Hub. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark wood-brown, with slight brassy 
 green reflection, the males with the usual sex-mark ; hind 
 wings with two tails, both 
 rather short ; a fine, white Fig. 73. 
 
 marginal line from the anal 
 angle to the longest tail, with 
 a black mark between the 
 tails. 
 
 Under side grayish brown; 
 both wings crossed by two 
 darker, broken lines, on the 
 hind wings both lines white,- 
 
 edged on both sides, but more distinctly so on the out- 
 side of the inner line and on the inside of the outer line. 
 These parts of the lines on the fore wings are distinctly 
 white, but only now and then a few white scales on the 
 other side of these lines. On the hind wings the outer 
 
 Thecla Calanus, male, the under side 
 at the l^ft. 
 
264 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 line shows the open W mark, but the inner is broken at 
 the second median venule, both extending some distance 
 up the inner margin. The black spot between the tails 
 is repeated, another at the anal angle, the space between 
 these spots, the line and the edge of the wing, being filled 
 with blue and black scales. Next to the outer line are 
 three orange crescents, one before each black spot, and 
 one in the first median interspace. At the end of the 
 cell on both wings is a short double bar edged on both 
 sides with white. 
 
 Var. Lorata, Gr. — Rob. — This is a form in which 
 the under side has an extra basal streak common to 
 both wings, composed of powdery dark blue scales. 
 This is slightly irregular, and is lost inferiorly among 
 the longer scales which clothe the inner margin of the 
 hind wings. 
 
 The larva, according to Mr. Vm. Saunders, has the 
 head small, pale greenish yellow, with a minute black 
 dot on each side. Body yellowish green, streaked above 
 with yellowish white, and thickly covered with fine, 
 short, white hairs ; second joint of a darker shade of 
 green than the rest of the body. A dark green dorsal 
 stripe on joints 3 to 5, the full width of the dorsal crest; 
 narrow on the four terminal joints, almost obsolete on 
 those intermediate. A faint .whitish dorsal line runs 
 through the entire stripe. Dorsal crest edged with yel- 
 lowish white, most apparent where it borders the darker 
 portions of the dorsal stripe. Sides of the body with a 
 few faint oblique lines of yellowish white. Body mar- 
 gined on each side with the same color close to the under 
 surface, extending round the posterior joint. 
 
 After the last moult the body becomes more whitish 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 265 
 
 green, with the dorsal stripe greenish brown. On joint 
 5 a streak of dark brown crosses the end of the dorsal 
 stripe, extending down the sides ; with several brown 
 dots along the sides. Joints 10 and 11 with an oblique 
 brown streak on each side. The sides of the body with 
 five or six oblique white lines. 
 
 Before pupating the larva assumes a delicate pink 
 color. 
 
 The chrysalis is .4 of an inch long, pale brown, 
 sprinkled with many dots of a darker shade, is thickly 
 covered with short yellow hairs, and has a ventral line 
 of dark brown. 
 
 The larvae feed on oak. 
 
 Atlantic and Western States, Texas, Colorado, New 
 Mexico. Var. Lorata is found in West Virginia. 
 
 104. Thecla Ontario, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark grayish brown, fore wings of male 
 with an oval sex-mark near the costal margin ; and one 
 tail, and an angle in place of the second. From the base 
 of tail to the anal angle a fine white marginal line, with 
 a few fulvous scales at the anal angle. Between the first 
 and second median venules is an indistinct marginal 
 dark spot, in front of which is a small fulvous crescent. 
 
 Under side uniform light brown, with two transverse 
 lines, common to both wings, much as in T. Humuli. 
 The inner line of the fore wings is edged without with 
 white, as is also the corresponding one on the hind wings. 
 The outer line on the fore wings is indistinct at the ex- 
 tremities, and shows a very little external white edging 
 through the middle ; but on the hind wings this line is 
 m 23 
 
266 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 distinctly white-edged internally. On the hind wings 
 the inner line forms a shallow W, the outer line being 
 dentate in this part of its course, both extending part 
 way up the inner margin. The black spot of the upper 
 side is repeated, with another at the anal angle. The 
 outer line has along its course from in front of the black 
 spot back to the inner margin a fulvous stripe, with a 
 large light blue patch between the black spots. 
 
 The body above is fuscous; beneath, abdomen ashy 
 brown, thorax blue-gray ; palpi white tipped with black ; 
 antennae annulated white and black ; club black tipped 
 with ferruginous. 
 
 New England States. 
 
 105. Thecla Strigosa, Harr. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.2 inches. 
 
 Upper side dark brown, the males without spots ; but 
 the females sometimes have a fulvous spot near the anal 
 angle, and they are paler in color. 
 
 Under side pale reddish brown. 
 The outer part of both wings is 
 crossed by four irregular, rather 
 wavy, white lines, varying a little 
 in different specimens, but the 
 two inner ones on the fore wings 
 approach each other on the hind 
 margin. The third is shorter 
 than the second, and the fourth 
 reaches only to the middle of the 
 wing. The inner line on the hind 
 wings extends nearly across, then, 
 bending, runs part way up the inner margin, preceded in 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
 Thecla Strigosa, the lower 
 showing under side. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 267 
 
 the last part of its course by another line nearly parallel 
 to it. Above the termination of these two is a circlet 
 of white on the margin. The outer line is short, and 
 limited to the middle of the wing. The fore wings have 
 a submarginal row of indistinct brown lunules, edged on 
 the inside with white; the hind wings have a similar 
 series, which are bright red towards the anal angle, and 
 edged on the inner side with black followed by white, 
 and enclosing, next to the anal angle, a large black space 
 which is nearly covered with blue scales. Beyond this 
 is a small black spot ; and there is another at the angle, 
 surmounted by a red stripe, edged like the lunules, and 
 extending up the inner margin. The lunules next the 
 apex usually exhibit a few scales of red. The margins 
 of both wings are edged with a fine whitish line. 
 
 The body is fuscous, beneath grayish white; palpi 
 white, the upper joint black tipped with white ; antennae 
 annulated black and white; club fuscous tipped with 
 white. 
 
 According to Mr. Wm. Saunders, the larva feeds on 
 a species of thorn ( Cratcegus ). The following is his 
 description of it : 
 
 Length half an inch. Head greenish brown. Body 
 flattened, sloping abruptly at the sides. Color velvet- 
 green, with a darker-colored dorsal stripe. The anterior 
 edge of second segment yellowish brown, with a few 
 darker dots ; the middle segment is laterally striped with 
 two or three faint yellow oblique lines, the last two seg- 
 ments have each a lateral yellow patch, and there is a 
 faint yellow basal line from the fifth to the terminal 
 segment. Under surface bluish green. 
 
 The chrysalis is .37 of an inch long, nearly oval ; the 
 
268 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 head-case rounded. The body is dark reddish brown, 
 with black markings, and thickly covered with fine 
 hairs. The anterior segments have many black patches 
 on them, and there is a dark ventral line from joint 
 6 to joint 12. 
 
 Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Montana, Colo- 
 rado. 
 
 106. Thecla Smilacis, Bd. — Lee, 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 
 
 The upper surface dark brown; the middle area of 
 both wings, except a broad costal border, ochraceous 
 between the veins. Hind wings with two slender tails, 
 black tipped with white. 
 
 Under side yellowish green, sprinkled with brown 
 scales, the end of the cell and along hind margin of fore 
 wings, and the middle portion of the outer fourth of hind 
 wings, washed with brown having a violet tinge. On 
 the hind wings a curving white bar at the end of the cell, 
 and a straight subcostal bar shaded outside with ferru- 
 ginous brown. Beyond the cell a prominent white line, 
 sinuous on the hind wings, heavily shaded internally 
 with ferruginous brown. Edge of wings white ; on the 
 hind wings between this and the white line, from the 
 inner margin towards the apex, is a series of five brown- 
 black spots slightly edged internally with white, the first 
 and third supplemented by two others nearer the margin. 
 Between these spots and the edge the space is covered 
 with a mixture of white, black, and brown scales. End 
 of veins black. 
 
 It is said that the larva of this species is green, with 
 the head and feet blackish. It has four rows of red spots, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 269 
 
 of which the two dorsal are formed of smaller spots, and 
 the one on each side is composed of spots which are some- 
 what larger. 
 
 The chrysalis is grayish brown, with the abdomen 
 more clear and reddish. 
 
 The larva feeds on Smilax. 
 
 Atlantic and Western States, Northwest Texas. 
 
 107. Thecla Acis, Drury. 
 
 Expanse of wings about 1 inch. 
 
 Upper side of fore wings entirely dark brown, with- 
 out any marks or spots. Hind wings the same color ; 
 each wing with two tails, the one near the anal angle 
 much longer than the other. Close above this tail is a 
 bright red spot, edged outwardly with black, and another 
 at the anal angle. Fringes white. 
 
 Under side of both wings lead color. A very narrow 
 black and white line crosses the fore wings, parallel to 
 the outer margin ; and an indented, irregular line crosses 
 the hind wings, beginning near the middle of the anterior 
 edge, and meeting just below the extremity of the body. 
 Two long reddish spots are visible on this side, below 
 which are four black ones. 
 
 The above is substantially Drury’s description. A 
 female from Florida Keys differed a little, as the follow- 
 ing will show. 
 
 Color of the upper side brown, with the inner half 
 of the hind margin of the fore wings and the inner half 
 of the hind wings bright blue. Only the anal red spot 
 is visible. 
 
 On the under side the common black and white line is 
 prominent on both wings ; outside this on the hind wings 
 
 23 * 
 
270 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 is a trace of another from the apex, meeting the inner 
 line before the shorter tail, but renewed again before the 
 inner or longer tail, from which it goes to the inner 
 margin. Before the space between the base of the two 
 tails and the inner line is a patch of orange shading 
 into yellow outwardly, with a little yellow outside the 
 outer line near the inner margin. Between the orange 
 patch and the outer margin is a spot of red and black at 
 the anal angle, with a patch of blue and black between. 
 Between the orange patch and the apex the outer line is 
 bordered externally by a black shading, and outside of 
 this some pale gray scales. 
 
 Basal third of costa orange. Antennae black annu- 
 late with white ; knob black tipped with orange. 
 
 Key West, Florida. 
 
 108. Thecla Poeas, Hub. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .9 inch to 1.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface blackish brown, in some specimens 
 entirely so, in others a few blue scales along the inner 
 margin of the hind wings, in still others nearly all the 
 hind margin blue, with the same color extending over the 
 base of the fore wings. In such blue-washed specimens 
 there is a series of marginal black lunules along the 
 outer margin of the hind wings. The hind wings have 
 two unequal tails, black' tipped with white. The costa 
 of the fore wings red-edged, more distinctly seen on the 
 under side. 
 
 Under side brownish or russety gray, with two lines 
 beyond the middle, common to both wings, as in allied 
 species. The inner is clear white, edged on the inside with 
 narrow black, and farther in heavily shaded with reddish 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 271 
 
 orange ; the line making an open W near the anal angle 
 of the hind wings. Outer line black, more or less ob- 
 solete on the fore wings, on the hind wings shaded more 
 or less with white on both sides ; the usual black spot 
 between the base of the tails and at the anal angle, with 
 the blue patch between. In some examples the black 
 extends as a shade along the margin towards the apex ; 
 in one specimen the black spot between the tails is pre- 
 ceded by a reddish-orange crescent. Both wings have 
 traces of discal bars. 
 
 Southern States, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana. 
 
 109. Thecla Columella, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1 inch. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface grayish brown, a large, quad- 
 rate, blackish stigma in the end of the cell of the fore 
 wings. The hind wings have one tail, and about two 
 black spots near the anal angle. 
 
 Under side gray, with a distinct lilac reflection. The 
 fore wings have a dark bar across the end of the cell, 
 somewhat obscure ; beyond the cell is a slightly-bent row 
 of black spots, not reaching the hind margin, each convex 
 outwardly and bordered with white. Outside this are 
 two rows, parallel with the outer margin, of faint white 
 lunules, with a dusky shade between the rows and out- 
 side the outer row. 
 
 The hind wings have the bar across the end of the cell, 
 a dot in the cell and one above near the edge, the curved 
 row of black and white spots continuous with the fore 
 wings ; all having a slight sprinkling of orange scales 
 on the black. Outside the line of spots are also the two 
 rows of white lunules and dusky shades, a little more 
 
272 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 distinct than on the fore wings. In the outer row, be- 
 tween the second and third median venules, is an orange 
 patch with a black spot outside, the two colors blending 
 on their edges ; a black spot at the anal angle sprinkled 
 a little with orange, and a blue patch between them. 
 Fringe whitish, tail black. 
 
 Female. — Of the same color above as the male, ex- 
 cept that the inner half of the hind wings is washed 
 with pale blue, and the outer margin of the hind wings 
 has about five black spots. The stigma of the fore wings 
 absent. 
 
 The under side is the same as the male, but the spots 
 and marks are more distinct. Body bluish gray above, 
 whitish beneath. 
 
 Florida, Texas ; occasional in New York. 
 
 110. Thecla Augustus, Kirby. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .9 to 1 inch. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, tinted with rusty brown 
 on the outer part of the hind wings, on some examples a 
 slight greenish reflection. 
 
 Under side of the fore wings lighter than above and 
 more distinct brown, with a faint transverse line marking 
 the outer fourth, beyond which is a row of small dots 
 continued across the hind wings. The basal half of the 
 hind wings is quite dark brown, but the outer half is 
 about the shade of the fore wings, the whole sprinkled 
 with light purplish scales. There are no tails. 
 
 In Maine this butterfly is on the wing from the middle 
 of May to the middle of June. The early stages and 
 food-plant are unknown. 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 273 
 
 111. Thecla Irus, Godt. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.25 inches. 
 
 Three forms have until recently been included in this 
 species, two of which are still retained as varieties, while 
 the third is set apart as the next species. 
 
 Var. Arsace, Bd. — Lee. — This has the upper side 
 of the wings dark brown, with greenish reflections. The 
 stigma on the fore wings of the males is three times as 
 long as wide. 
 
 Under side of the wings blackish brown on the basal 
 half, and lighter beyond. The outer part of the fore 
 wing is overlaid more or less with white scales. The 
 tooth of the hind wing next outside the anal angle 
 curves outward, and there is a more or less prominent 
 black spot within the margin between the base of the 
 tooth mentioned and the one next outside. In the hoary 
 outer space of both wings is a transverse row of brown 
 points, clouded somewhat on the hind wings. 
 
 This variety is found in the Atlantic and Western 
 States. 
 
 Yar. Massii, H. Edw. — This form has been found 
 only on Vancouver Island. 
 
 Morris says the larva of this species feeds on Vac- 
 cinium, and is yellowish green, with two dorsal inter- 
 rupted lines ; one lateral line and eight oblique streaks 
 pale green. 
 
 112. Thecla Henrici, Gr. — Rob. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .85 inch to 1.1 inches. 
 
 This species closely resembles var. Arsace of the pre- 
 ceding species in form and color as well as in markings, 
 s 
 
274 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 but differs in having the outer part of the hind wings 
 somewhat rust-colored, the teeth shorter, and the first one 
 beyond the anal angle not curving outward, and in want- 
 ing the black spots on the under side of the hind wings 
 between the bases of the first two teeth. The stigma on 
 the fore wings of the males is shorter and wider, being 
 only twice as long as wide. It averages smaller than 
 var. Arsace. 
 
 According to Mr. Edwards, the eggs are deposited on 
 wild plums at the base of the flower-stalks. When 
 the young larvae hatch from the eggs they ascend the 
 flower-stalks and eat the newly-forming fruit. A hole 
 is eaten into the fruit large enough for the head to 
 enter, and thenceforward the caterpillar spends most of 
 his time with his head in the cavity, growing with the 
 growth of the plum, until the whole interior is eaten 
 out. 
 
 The eggs are shaped like those of Lyccena Violacea, 
 flattened and depressed : about this depression the ridges 
 are reduced, and the surface is finely reticulated, but 
 elsewhere there is a white frosting of peaks and ridges. 
 Color whitish green. The lace- work seems to be sepa- 
 rable : in one case where the egg had been rubbed by 
 a leaf, apparently, a film was turned up, and the real 
 surface was seen to be delicate green. 
 
 In from five to six days the larva hatches. Length 
 .04 of an inch, oval, broadest anteriorly, the base 
 flattened ; dorsum high, sloping posteriorly ; summit a 
 little flattened, with two rows of long, recurved white 
 hairs on each side. Color brownish yellow. 
 
 Five days afterwards it moults the first time, when it is 
 .08 of an inch long, with a red-brown dorsal stripe stop- 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 275 
 
 ping at joint 12 ; on each side of this dull yellow-green, 
 with a macular brown subdorsal line. Sides sloping, a 
 little incurved, red-brown, with a broken yellowish line ; 
 a similar but continuous line along the basal ridge. Body 
 much covered with short, stiff, brown hairs. Head cor- 
 date, smooth, yellow-green. 
 
 It moults again in three or four days, when it is .12 of 
 an inch long, shaped much as before, with a tuberculous 
 ridge across each segment from 4 to 11. Color red-brown 
 and dull yellow-green. Dorsal band red, tapering pos- 
 teriorly to a point, with a central green line; outside 
 this band a green one, with a red-brown speck on each 
 segment. Sides red-brown, with green central line ; basal 
 ridge green. 
 
 In five days it moults the third time, and measures .3 
 of an inch ; but seven days later, when ready to pupate, 
 it is .56 of an inch long. The summit of the dorsum is 
 flattened, a little concave, covered by a broad band cut 
 by a paler line; the remainder of the elevated ridges 
 yellow-green. Sides red-brown, with an indistinct green 
 line. Basal ridge green, head yellow-green. One day 
 after moult the color changes to port- wine red ; the sub- 
 dorsal area remains yellow-green, but is red-tinted on 
 the posterior part of each segment ; the sides the same 
 red ; a pale red line along the basal ridge ; about the 
 spiracles a little green. 
 
 Chrysalis .3 of an inch long ; black or blackish brown, 
 with obscure red band, and on each side a narrow black 
 stripe in the middle of the abdomen. In this stage the 
 species hibernates. 
 
 West Virginia, Maine. 
 
276 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 113. Thecla Niphon, Hub. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.15 inches. 
 
 Upper side dark blackish brown, with a large rusty 
 brown space in the middle of each wing of the female, 
 but only near the anal angle of the male ; the males with 
 a small, oval, subcostal sex-mark. 
 
 Under side light brown, sprinkled with white scales 
 so as to be hoary, especially in a band beyond the common 
 white line. Fore wings with a brown bar at the end of 
 the cell, edged outside with white ; a brown spot farther 
 towards the base. Beyond the cell a somewhat zigzag 
 white line, not reaching the hind margin, bordered within 
 by a broader brown line. Beyond this a submarginal 
 row of dark brown lunate spots, shaded outside with 
 white, and in some examples sending white rays to the 
 white spots in the fringe. The hind wings with the 
 basal third quite hoary, defined externally by dark brown. 
 Cutting the outer third is a tortuous white line shaded 
 within with dark brown, the middle third of wing but 
 little hoary. The submarginal row of lunules continuous, 
 shaded a little with white externally, the space between 
 this and the white line quite hoary ; a little washing of 
 white along the outer margin. There are no tails, but 
 about three prominent teeth or angles to each hind wing. 
 
 The larva is green and pubescent, longitudinal stripes 
 on the back, the middle one pale yellow, the other two 
 white. Near the feet there is usually a small marginal 
 white line. Head brown. 
 
 The chrysalis is grayish, with four rows of small spots, 
 of which the two middle ones are blackish and indistinct, 
 the others ferruginous. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 277 
 
 Food-plant, pine. 
 
 Atlantic and Western States, Colorado. 
 
 114. Thecla L^eta, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .9 inch to 1.1 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper side black, near the base of the fore 
 wings a few scales of deep metallic blue ; next the anal 
 angle a band of the same color, which extends half-way 
 along the outer margin, sprinkled with black. Beyond 
 this a fine line of blue scales follows the margin to the 
 outer angle. Anal angle edged with red ; fringe gray. 
 
 Under side of hind wings and apex and costal margin 
 of fore wings slate-blue, with a green reflection ; costal 
 edge of fore wings red ; disk of same wings smoke-color. 
 Beyond the cell, on the costal margin, a transverse, ab- 
 breviated series of five small red spots, edged outwardly 
 with white, the last two obscured by the smoky hue of 
 the disk. 
 
 The hind wings have two series of red spots parallel 
 to the outer margin, those of the exterior small, and 
 towards the outer angle minute, each more or less sur- 
 rounded by a delicate white border, in which are a few 
 black scales ; the inner series crosses the middle of the 
 wing, is sinuous, the spots large, brighter red and cres- 
 cent-shaped, bordered outwardly with white in which 
 are a few black scales. Edge of wing at anal angle and 
 at the intersection of the adjoining venules red. Body 
 black above, beneath white. Antennae annulate white 
 and black ; club black, red at tip ; palpi white. 
 
 Female. — Upper side black, the base of fore wings 
 and hind margin for two-thirds its length, and all of 
 hind wings except the costa, dark metallic blue. Under 
 
 24 
 
278 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 side greenish gray, losing the green tinge on the hind 
 margin of fore wings. In addition to the five spots on 
 disk of male there are two blackish, rather indistinct 
 spots, below the others, nearer the base. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 Maine to West Virginia ; Atlantic City, N.J. ; Ari- 
 zona. 
 
 115. Tiiecla Titus, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark wood-brown, the hind wings with 
 a marginal row of seven orange spots from the anal angle 
 towards the apex or outer angle. On some specimens 
 these are partially or wholly wanting. 
 
 Under side grayish brown, with lilac reflections. The 
 fore wings with two transverse rows of black spots, the 
 inner edged on the outside with white ; the outer smaller, 
 touched without with vermilion, and slightly with white 
 on the inside. Hind wings with two similar rows, but 
 the outer one more distinct and with prominent ver- 
 milion spots on the outside, the two anal spots blended, 
 each vermilion spot with a few black scales next the 
 margin, and some white at the anal angle. Cell with 
 two dashes at the end, placed end to end. 
 
 According to Mr. Saunders, this species is to be found 
 on wild cherry and plum. When full grown it is .7 of 
 an inch long, elliptical. Head very small, bilobed, black, 
 and shining, with a streak of dull white across the front 
 above the mandibles. Body above dull green, with a yel- 
 lowish tint, especially on the anterior joints, and thickly 
 covered with very short brown hairs. These arise from 
 small pale yellow dots, which are slightly raised. A dark 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 279 
 
 green dorsal line from joint 2 to joint 4 ; a patch of dull 
 pink or rose color on anterior joints, faint on joint 2, 
 covering but a small portion of its upper surface, nearly 
 covering the dorsal crest on joint 3, and reduced again 
 to a small faint patch on joint 4. On the posterior joints 
 is a much larger rosy patch, extending from the posterior 
 of joint 9 to the end of the body ; joint 9 merely tinged, 
 enlarged on joint 10 to a considerable-sized patch widen- 
 ing posteriorly ; behind this the body covered with rosy 
 red. The side of joint 10 close to the under surface 
 has a streak of the same color, and there is a faint con- 
 tinuation of this on joint 9. There is a wide dorsal 
 crest from joint 3 to joint 9. Posterior part of body 
 suddenly flattened, sides acutely sloped. 
 
 The chrysalis is .45 of an inch long, glossy pale brown, 
 with many small dark brown or blackish dots, and thickly 
 covered with very short brown hairs, too fine to be seen 
 without a lens. 
 
 New England to Arizona. 
 
 SUBFAMILY LYCiENINJl. 
 
 In this the palpi project in front more than the length 
 of the head, and the antennae do not reach to the middle 
 of the fore wings. The anal angle is rounded, with or 
 without one or two slender tails on the outer margin of 
 the hind wings. 
 
 116. Feniseca Tabquinius, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.25 to 1.4 inches. 
 
 Upper surface yellow, somewhat orange-tinted. The 
 fore wings have a dark brown border, irregular on the 
 
280 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 inside, and narrow on the hind margin; it sends an 
 angle inward near the apex, a bar is at the end of the 
 cell, and there is a separate spot below, and a black basal 
 dash. The hind wings have the anterior half dark 
 brown, the lower edge crenate, with a few small spots 
 along the outer margin. 
 
 Under side of fore wings pale yellow ; the costal and 
 terminal margins and the whole of the hind wings red- 
 dish yellow washed with white, with numerous white 
 circles whose enclosed spaces lack the white. The spots 
 in the pale yellow part are dark brown. 
 
 The larva feeds on Aphides, on thorn, alder, wild cur- 
 rant, Viburnum, and other plants: it is green with three 
 dorsal white stripes, and one at the base of the feet. 
 
 Chrysalis grayish ; back darker, marked with promi- 
 nent tubercles. 
 
 There seem to be two broods of this species in a 
 season, as the butterflies have been taken in the same 
 locality in June and again in August. 
 
 Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley. 
 
 117. Chbysophanus Dione, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.8 inches. 
 
 Upper surface brownish gray, with slight coppery 
 reflections. Hind wings without tails, but angled, the 
 anal angle a little produced. Hind wings of female 
 with five black lunules along the margin from the anal 
 angle, preceded by continuous orange crescents, the 
 orange extending to the posterior angle of the fore 
 wings. Some of the heavy marks of the under side 
 show through. The males have the black lunules, but 
 with very little orange. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 281 
 
 Under side grayish white, both wings with a double 
 marginal row of dark spots, the outer obscure on the fore 
 wings and the apical portion of the hind wings. Be- 
 tween the two on the anal half of the hind wings, and a 
 little at the posterior angle of the fore wings, the space is 
 filled with orange, more prominent in the female. The 
 fore wings have a sinuous row of elongate, bright black 
 spots across the disk, with two similar spots in the cell, 
 a bar at the end, and a spot below. The hind wings 
 have spots in the same position, with two subcostal and 
 one near the inner margin. 
 
 Iowa to Kansas, Nebraska. 
 
 118. Ciikysophanus Thoe, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of the male coppery brown, with violet 
 reflections, a narrow terminal blackish border. The hind 
 wings have an orange fulvous terminal border, crenate 
 within, and containing five black lu miles on the black 
 edge. The female has the fore wings fulvous, with a 
 broad blackish border, and the black spots of the under 
 side, except the terminal double row ; hind wings as in 
 the male, but more blackish. 
 
 Under side of fore wings fulvous, the terminal border 
 of hind wings orange fulvous ; under side of hind wings 
 and terminal border of fore wings grayish white, the 
 latter growing narrow from the apex back. The posi- 
 tion of the black marks is the same as in C. Dione , but 
 they are heavier. 
 
 According to Mr. Saunders, the eggs are nearly round, 
 a little flattened at the apex, flattened also at the base. 
 Color greenish white, thickly indented ; at the apex 
 
 24 * 
 
282 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 is a cousiderable depression, around which the indenta- 
 tions are small, increasing in size as they approach the 
 base. 
 
 The food-plant is dock, Rumex crispus , and there are 
 two broods in a season. 
 
 Maine to Nebraska, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado. 
 
 119. Chrysophanus Epixanthe, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .85 to 1 inch. 
 
 Upper surface of the male brown, with a strong violet 
 reflection, the female more grayish brown, with little of 
 the violet reflection. The spots of the under side, except 
 the subterminal row, show through somewhat ; and there 
 is a sinuous orange fulvous line from the anal angle of 
 the hind wings along the margin, fading out about the 
 middle. 
 
 Under side yellowish gray, the hind wings of the male 
 but little yellow-tinted. The orange fulvous line is re- 
 peated, only more distinctly, with scarcely a trace of a 
 subterminal row of black spots on the hind wings. On 
 the fore wings are three large spots of this row from the 
 posterior angle towards the apex. The cliscal row of spots 
 on the fore wings is distinct, as are also the two spots 
 and bar of the cell, and the one below the cell. On the 
 hind wings the spots are all small, with the bar across 
 the cell absent, as also one subcostal spot. 
 
 According to Mr. Saunders, the eggs are nearly round, 
 slightly flattened at the apex, flattened also at the base. 
 Color milk-white, thickly indented ; a deep depression 
 at the apex, and around this a number of indentations, 
 which are nearly uniform in size all the way to the 
 base, — in this respect differing from the eggs of Thoe. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 283 
 
 Food-plant unknown, but probably dock. The butter- 
 fly flies through the last of June and early part of July. 
 
 Maine, New England, Kansas. 
 
 120. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, Bd. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .9 to 1 inch. 
 
 Upper surface of fore wings shining fulvous, with a 
 blackish brown border, narrow on the costa and hind 
 margin. Beyond the cell is a row of prominent black 
 spots, the first three and the other four in sets nearly 
 confluent; a spot and bar in the cell. Hind wings 
 blackish brown, with a terminal fulvous band, not reach- 
 ing the apex, containing four black spots on the edge ; at 
 the end of the cell a black bar. 
 
 Under side of fore wings fulvous, paler than above, 
 the apex and the whole of hind wing gray, the gray of 
 fore wings narrowing backward to the posterior angle. 
 The spots of the upper surface are repeated, with some of 
 the terminal border of the fore wings. The hind wings 
 have two subcostal black spots, two spots in the cell and 
 a narrow bar at the end, and a spot below the cell, be- 
 sides the usual curved and sinuous discal row, the spots 
 of this row white outside. Along the outer margin is a 
 crenate orange-red line, shaded within with faint reddish, 
 the whole between two faint rows of blackish spots. 
 
 Aberr. var. Fasciata, Strecker, has the transverse 
 row of spots on the fore wings much enlarged, 
 and blended together so as to make an irreg- 
 ular band. 
 
 The egg (Fig. 75) is shaped and marked c. Hypophleas. 
 like that of the other species, as shown in the e ss>X 16 * 
 figure. It is pale green, overlaid with a white net-work 
 
284 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 According to Mr. Saunders, the larva is elliptical, 
 flattened on the under side, dull rosy red, with a diffused 
 
 yellowish tint on the sides, 
 Fig - "6. most distinct along the mid- 
 
 | die joints. The dorsal line 
 ft is a deeper shade of red. 
 // The body is downy with 
 minute yellowish hairs. 
 This description was taken 
 from a larva not fully grown. 
 Mr. S. H. Scudder says that 
 the larvae are provided with 
 long hairs sweeping back- 
 ward behind their bodies, 
 most of them arranged in 
 longitudinal series. 
 
 The chrysalis is attached by the end of the abdomen, 
 
 Fig. 77 . and is closely girt to the object to which it 
 is attached, as in Fig. 77. 
 
 Northern, Middle, and Western States; 
 California. 
 
 121. Lyclena Lygdamus, Doubl. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1 inch. 
 
 Upper surface silver-blue; the males with only the 
 edge of the wings black ; the females with a rather 
 broad black terminal border, a little expanded on the 
 apex, and extending round on the costa. Fringes long, 
 fuscous. 
 
 Under side uniform gray-brown. The fore wings 
 have a small round black spot in the cell, a bent bar 
 at its extremity, edged with white. Across the disk is a 
 
 0. Hypophleas, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 285 
 
 curved row of large round black spots, the two lower 
 ones connected, all annulate with white. The hind wings 
 have a small black spot in the cell, another on the costal 
 margin, a narrow stripe at the end of the cell, and a sinu- 
 ous row of spots within the margin similar to those of 
 the fore wings; all edged with white. The under side 
 of the female is a little paler than that of the male. 
 
 The larva and food-plant are unknowm. The butter- 
 flies appear in April. 
 
 Michigan, Wisconsin to Georgia, West Virginia. 
 
 122. Lyc^ena Scudderii, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 
 
 The male, in size, form, and color, resembles JEgon of 
 Europe. Upper side dark violet-blue, outer margin of 
 both wings and costal margin of hind wings edged with 
 black, costal margin of fore wings with a fine black 
 border. Fringe white. 
 
 Under side dark gray. The fore wings have an oval 
 black discal spot, and a transverse, tortuous series of six 
 black spots, all edged with white, the one next the 
 posterior angle double, the fifth twice as large as the 
 others; on the outer margin a double series of faint 
 spots. 
 
 Hind wings with four black spots near the base, one 
 being very minute and close to the inner margin ; a bar 
 at the end of the cell, and a series of eight spots in a 
 double unequal curve ; all of which, as well as the basal 
 spots, are edged with white. There is a marginal series 
 of six or seven metallic spots, each surmounted with a 
 spot of fulvous bordered inwardly by a dark crescent. 
 These metallic spots are edged outwardly, and sometimes 
 
286 the butterflies of the 
 
 replaced, by black. Ends of venules expanded into 
 small black spots. 
 
 A more common form of the female has the base of 
 both wings violet-blue, and the black marginal spots of 
 the hind wings distinct, the two or three next the anal 
 angle surmounted with fulvous. Under side as in the 
 male. 
 
 A variety of the female has the upper side brown, 
 with a black discal spot on the fore wings. Hind wings 
 with a marginal row of obsolete spots surmounted by 
 grayish crescents. 
 
 Under side pale buff, fore wings as in the male, except 
 that the discal spot is preceded by a small double spot, 
 and all the spots are larger. On the hind wings the spots 
 are less distinct, and some of them are wanting. The 
 transverse series is set in a band of white ; marginal 
 spots without the metallic gloss. 
 
 New York, Michigan, Wisconsin. 
 
 123. Lyc.ena Pseudargiolus, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .9 inch to 1.4 inches. 
 
 This species is subject to great variation. According 
 to the recent observations of Mr. W. H. Edwards, pub- 
 lished in his “ Butterflies of North America,” it may be 
 known under the following polymorphic forms, most of 
 which have heretofore been regarded as distinct species : 
 
 Winter form 1 , Lucia, Kirby. 
 
 Winter form 2, Marginata, Edw. 
 
 Winter form 3, Vioeacea, Edw. 
 
 Dimorphic, male, Nigra, Edw. 
 
 Var. Cinerea, Edw. 
 
 Spring form, Pseud argiolus, Bd. — Lee. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 287 
 
 Var. Arizoniensis, Edw. 
 
 Summer form, Neglecta, Edw. 
 
 Pacific form, Piasus, Bd. 
 
 Yar. Echo, Edw. 
 
 The first of these, Lucia , coming from hibernated 
 chrysalides, is to be found in spring in Alaska, British 
 America to Quebec, Anticosti, New England, New York, 
 and Colorado. 
 
 Marginata has a similar range, except that it does not 
 occur quite so far north, being found in Ontario, Quebec 
 to Long Island, and Colorado. 
 
 Violacea has a more extended range, being found in 
 Alaska, vicinity of Lake Winnipeg, British America, 
 Ontario, Quebec, Anticosti, New England to West 
 Virginia, and Colorado. In the southern part of this 
 territory a black male Nigra has been found. 
 
 Var. Cinerea appears to be the winter form in Arizona ; 
 under side ash-gray, with the markings obscure. 
 
 Pseudargiolus is a spring form ranging from Racine, 
 Wisconsin, south to Tennessee, and on the east extending 
 from Pennsylvania to Georgia. 
 
 Yar. Arizoniensis is a small form of this, found in 
 Arizona. 
 
 Negleda is a summer form when there is more than 
 one generation during a season, ranging from Canada 
 through New England to West Virginia and Georgia; 
 occurring also in Montana and Nevada. 
 
 Piasus and its variety Echo are Pacific slope forms, 
 found in California and Arizona. 
 
 In general terms, the upper side of the wings of the 
 male is a deep azure-blue, with a delicate terminal black 
 line. Fringes black on the apical part of the fore wings, 
 
288 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 but white barred with black on the rest of the fore wings 
 and on the hind wings. 
 
 The fore wings of the female have a broad blackish 
 outer border, in some examples extending along the 
 costa. The hind wings have a blackish costa, and a row 
 of dark spots along the outer margin. The ground 
 color is usually a lighter blue on the females than on 
 the males. 
 
 The under side is a very pale silvery gray, with a 
 silky lustre, and there are the following pale brown 
 markings : a row of spots along the 
 outer margin, each preceded by a cres- 
 cent; a curved row of elongate spots 
 across the disk of the fore wings ; and 
 several small spots on the basal part 
 of the hind wings. 
 
 The form Lucia has the terminal 
 spots of the under side so enlarged and 
 run together as to form a terminal band, 
 and the spots on the basal part of the hind wings are 
 enlarged and run together so as to form a more or less 
 complete triangular discal patch, as shown 
 in Fig. 78. This and Marginata are the 
 smaller forms. 
 
 Form Marginata has the terminal band 
 of the under side as in Lucia , but the 
 spots on the basal part of the hind wings 
 do not coalesce. 
 
 Lycsena Pseudar- 
 
 gioius, form viola- Form Violacea has the dark points 
 cea, under side. an( j crescen t s on the under side of the 
 
 wings quite prominent, but they do not coalesce, either 
 in the outer border or in the basal portion. The black 
 
 Fig. 79. 
 
 Fig. 78. 
 
 Lycsena Pseudargi- 
 olus, form Lucia, un- 
 der side. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 289 
 
 mule Nigra has the under surface the same as in the 
 blue Violacea, but the upper surface is black. 
 
 Form Pseudargiolus is the largest of the series, ex- 
 panding 1.4 inches. The upper surface j^ IG 80 . 
 of the male usually has a terminal border 
 to the hind wings of the same shade of 
 blue as the fore wings, the middle area 
 of the hind wings a little paler than this 
 border or the fore wings. The spots on 
 the under side are much smaller than on Lycama Pseudar 
 
 „ giolus, form Pseu 
 
 any ot the preceding forms. dargioius, under 
 
 Form Neglecta resembles Pseudar gio- side * 
 lus , but is smaller, not expanding more than 1.1 inches; 
 spots on the under side small, as on Pseudargiolus . 
 
 The Pacific form Piasus is of a deeper blue, the under 
 side bluish, with the border spots subobsolete. 
 
 The winter forms of these butterflies deposit their 
 eggs in the clusters of flower-buds of dogwood (Cornus), 
 the young larvae obtaining their first food by boring into 
 the buds, but later eating their way into the ovaries. The 
 next brood of eggs are deposited on the flower-stems of 
 rattleweed ( Oimieifuga racemosa), while the fall brood 
 are to be found on Aetinomeris squarrosa , and probably 
 on A . lielianthoides. ' In confinement they have been 
 known to eat several other plants; and it is probable 
 that where rattleweed does not grow, the second brood 
 of larvae feed upon something else. 
 
 The eggs are .02 of an inch in diameter, round, flat 
 at base, the top flattened and depressed; the surface 
 covered with a white lace-work, the meshes of which are 
 mostly lozenge-shaped, with a short rounded process at 
 each angle. Ground color delicate green. 
 
 N t 25 
 
290 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 In from four to eight days a larva .04 of an inch long 
 hatches from the egg. This has the under side flat, legs 
 retractile ; upper side rounded; highest at joint 4 ; from 
 which the dorsum and sides slope gradually to joint 13. 
 Surface pubescent. On each side of the dorsal line is a 
 row of white clubbed hairs; with similar hairs at the 
 base and in front of joint 2; making a fringe round the 
 body. Color greenish white or brownish yellow. Head 
 minute; obovoid; retractile; black. 
 
 After the first moult; which occurs in from three 
 to five days, the length is from .07 to .08 of an inch ; 
 the color of the spring and fall broods is brownish yel- 
 loW; that of the summer brood the same, and also green- 
 ish white and reddish. 
 
 The second moult occurs in from three to five days 
 more; the length being from .12 to .16 of an inch. The 
 shape is as before, but the dorsum is covered from joint 
 3 to joint 10 by a low, broad, continuous, tuberculous 
 ridge, cleft to the body at the juncture of the segments, 
 the anterior edge of each joint depressed, the sides in- 
 curved. Joint 2 is more flattened than before, and the 
 outer border is thickened into a rounded rim, leaving 
 within the curve a flattened, depressed space. Color in 
 spring pale green, the dorsum whitish, usually a reddish 
 dorsal line from joint 3 to joint 10. In summer vari- 
 able, buff or pale green without spots, joint 2 brown; 
 in some the dorsum and sides are mottled with dark 
 green and brown ; occasionally one is wine-red, or red 
 with a white basal stripe, and white along the tuber- 
 culation. In fall dull green, more or less marked with 
 brown. 
 
 The third moult takes place in three or four days 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 291 
 
 more, but there is little change from the former period. 
 The fourth or last moult occurs three or four days after- 
 wards, and in five or six days from this the larva is ready 
 to pupate. 
 
 The mature larva is .4 of an inch long in the spring 
 and fall broods, and from .5 to .55 in the summer brood; 
 the shape as in the preceding stages. The color is 
 variable. In spring, usually the ridge is whitish, often 
 stained red, or it is brown, light or dark ; the upper 
 part of the side olive-green, with a darker green or 
 sometimes a dull red patch along the posterior edge of 
 each joint. Below this area it is pale green, and along 
 the base more or less brown. Joints 11 to 13 are 
 mottled in shades of green, often with brown, and joint 
 2 is either green or brown ; if the latter, then with a 
 brown patch in the depression. Color in summer, some- 
 times white or delicate green, joint 2 being brown ; or the 
 ridge is light green and the sides dark, often with brown 
 patches over all ; or light green, with a dorsal macular 
 deep green band, and a similar one along the base ; or 
 the whole surface may be wine-red or even chocolate- 
 brown. Color in fall, green, with more or less brown 
 in irregular patches. Head dark brown. 
 
 The chrysalis is dark brown or yellow-brown, varying, 
 the wing-cases dark, and sometimes green-tinted. On 
 the abdomen are two subdorsal rows of blackish dots, 
 sometimes a dark dorsal line. 
 
 In addition to the food-plants already given, Apios 
 tuberosa , Ei'yihrina herbacea, Spircea salicifolia , Cectno- 
 thus Americanus , Cornus, and Ilex may be specified. 
 
292 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 1 24. Lyc^na Comyntas, Godt. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .7 to 1 inch. 
 
 Hind wings with one thread-like tail. The males are 
 dark violet-blue above, with a narrow blackish outer 
 
 wings with a double row of spots along the outer margin, 
 the inner row crescents ; between this and the cells a row 
 of black spots circled with white, the row on the hind 
 wings broken twice. There is also a bar at the end of 
 each cell, and on the hind wings a spot in the cell, and 
 one above. Near the anal angle are two or three orange 
 crescents, enclosing each a black spot with a circle of 
 silver scales. 
 
 According to Mr. Edwards, the eggs of this species 
 are deposited on red clover and Desmodium Marilandicum. 
 They are round, flattened, depressed at top, covered with 
 a frost-work of interlaced points. Color delicate green. 
 
 The young larvae are .05 of an inch long, cylindrical, 
 of a yellowish color, except two rows of white points 
 along the back, and one near the base on each side. A 
 long, curved, white hair has its ’origin in each of these 
 points. Head black and shining, retractile, nearly as 
 large as joint 2. 
 
 After the first moult they are .08 of an inch long, 
 
 Lycaena Comyntas, left 
 wings, under sido. 
 
 Fig. 81. 
 
 border. Along the outer margin of 
 the hind wings are several black 
 spots, and usually one or two orange 
 crescents. The females are blackish 
 brown, some specimens with bluish 
 at the base, the black spots of the 
 hind wings often obscure. 
 
 Under side whitish gray; both . 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 293 
 
 onisciform, flattened, the dorsum flat at the top and 
 sloping towards the base. Color greenish, the whole 
 surface irregularly dotted with black ; and from most, 
 but not all, of the dots come white hairs, those on the 
 dorsum curved back, those nearer the base curved partly 
 downward and partly back. Head obovate, long, and 
 narrow, smaller in proportion to the second segment 
 than at the last stage, and partly concealed, even when 
 active, in joint 2. Color black. 
 
 After the second moult they are .12 of an inch long, 
 broader and flatter than before. On each side of the 
 narrow dorsal ridge is a slightly-raised ridge, caused by 
 the tubercles ; at the base of the body a fold, and the 
 hairs from this and the ridge are longer than elsewhere. 
 Color green, but with a rusty tint, caused by the numer- 
 ous reddish points. Above the fold these take the form 
 of a line or slight stripe. 
 
 Moulting again, the length is .2 of an inch, and the 
 color clear apple-green ; the crests of the dorsal ridge, 
 and also the folds at the base, are whitish ; part of the 
 way a reddish line on each side of the fold ; also a double 
 oblique line of pale green on each side of each segment. 
 
 After the fourth moult they are .36 of an inch long, 
 and the width is about one-fourth the length. They 
 are of the same general form as before, but highest in 
 front, and sloping backward. Color greenish, with darker 
 green lines, and oblique vinous lines on the sides. Head 
 black. 
 
 The chrysalis is .26 of an inch long, shaped much 
 like the mature larva ; of a greenish, brownish, or sordid 
 white color, with three rows of black dots, and sparingly 
 clothed with whitish hairs. 
 
 25 * 
 
294 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 The above description was taken from larvse fed on 
 Desmodium. Those that fed on clover differed in color- 
 ation, as follows : color russet, varying towards vinous, 
 interspersed with green ; at third moult some were pale 
 green dorsally, the white being caused by the tubercles, 
 the sides vinous, the dorsal stripe and oblique lines 
 vinous ; others had the back as well as the sides vinous, 
 and this variation and character persisted to maturity. 
 The chrysalides of these larvae were sordid white on the 
 upper surface and lower side of the abdomen, the former 
 specked with brown ; dorsal stripe brown, as were also 
 the dots ; under side of thorax and of head-case, and the 
 whole of the wing-cases, apple-green. 
 
 Atlantic States to the Rocky Mountains, Colorado. 
 
 125. Lyoena Filenus, Poey. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .75 to .95 of an inch. 
 
 Upper side of the male blue, with a slight black 
 border ; fringes white. In both sexes there is a small 
 round black spot near the outer edge of the hind wings. 
 The female is blackish brown, with the middle area of 
 the basal half of both wings washed with blue. 
 
 Under side ash-gray, usually paler in the male than 
 in the female, with a discoidal crescent on the middle of 
 each wing, bordered on each side with white ; and three 
 sinuous common bands, formed of small black spots 
 circled with white, of which the outer are a little less 
 distinct and somewhat sagittate. The space which sepa- 
 rates the inner band from the median is usually whiter 
 than the rest of the surface, and forms a band of small 
 white quadrangular spots. The base of the hind wings 
 has a transverse row of three very black points annulate 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 295 
 
 with white, of which the external, out of line with the 
 others, is the largest. The hind wings have on the 
 outer edge and near the anal angle a black eye-spot, 
 more or less annulate with yellow, sprinkled behind 
 with golden-green atoms. 
 
 Gulf States, Ariz.; N. Mex.; So. Cal. 
 
 126. Lyc^ena Isophthalma, Herr.-Schaeff. 
 
 Expanse of wings .75 of an inch. 
 
 Upper surface brown, slightly grayish at the base and 
 along the costal margin, a row of five blackish spots 
 along the outer margin of the hind wings, the three next 
 the anal angle the most distinct, the other two sometimes 
 almost obliterated. 
 
 Under side of nearly the same color as the upper, 
 slightly hoary at the base, the wings crossed by about 
 seven rows of elongate white spots and an inner row of 
 white circles. There is a submarginal row of six con- 
 spicuous black spots on the hind wings. The spot near- 
 est the anal angle is almost entirely covered with metallic 
 green, and the rest of the spots present detached scales 
 of this color, generally on the side nearest the margin. 
 
 Palpi dark brown above, white beneath, with a few 
 black hairs ; antennae annulate black and white ; club 
 reddish brown, red at the tip. 
 
 Florida, Georgia. 
 
 127. Lycjsna Exilis, Bd. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .6 to .7 of an inch. 
 
 Male. — Upper side brown, sometimes reddish brown, 
 bluish at base of both wings, and slightly fuscous along 
 the hind margins ; hind wings bordered by a series of 
 
296 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 round fuscous spots ; fringes long, pure white, except at 
 the outer angle of the fore wings and against the lower 
 median interspace, where they are fuscous. 
 
 Under side of fore wings dark gray at base, without 
 markings, fulvous on disk, crossed by interrupted white 
 streaks ; the margin gray, presenting a series of obsolete 
 lunules, in front of each of which is a white border, 
 forming a broken line like those on the disk. Hind 
 wings dark gray at base, paler gray over part of the 
 disk, then brown, followed by a broad white submarginal 
 space ; the base marked by three fuscous points placed 
 transversely, and the brown disk crossed by white 
 streaks as on the fore wings; outer margin bordered 
 < by a row of black spots, of which the first, next the anal 
 angle, is duplex and covered with metallic green scales; 
 the next four are large, dead-black, and metallic only at 
 their base ; the next two wholly covered with metallic 
 scales. 
 
 Female. — Same size, paler-colored above, marked like 
 the male. 
 
 This description is of specimens taken in Texas. 
 BoisduvaPs description of those taken in California is 
 as follows : 
 
 Upper side clear brown ; hind wings paler, with a 
 blackish border. 
 
 Under side of fore wings very clear brown, with white 
 interrupted transverse striae, more or less distinct. 
 
 Under side of hind wings white, with brown striae, 
 and a marginal row of seven black ocelli powdered with 
 golden atoms. 
 
 California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, 
 Florida. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 297 
 
 128. Lyc^ena Ammon, Luc. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.05 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface clear violet-blue, the edge of 
 the wings black, and a small black spot near the anal 
 angle. Fringes white, cut with black at the ends of the 
 veins, broadly so on the fore wings. 
 
 Under side dark gray. The fore wings have a gray 
 bar at the end of the cell, with a white line on each side ; 
 beyond the cell a curved row of intervenular gray spots, 
 each with its inner and outer border of white. Along the 
 outer fourth of the wing is a broad white band, dentate 
 without, and a subterminal row of white lunules en- 
 closing gray spots, the anterior half of lunules somewhat 
 dusky. Edge of wings black, with a white inner border. 
 
 Hind wings with the same markings, the white band 
 broader; in addition, the basal half has three round 
 black spots annulate with white, — one in the cell, two 
 near the costal margin, — and a gray spot near the inner 
 margin. Near the anal angle are two round black spots, 
 with a more or less complete annulus of metallic blue 
 scales, the outer spot having before it an orange lunule. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface the same as in the male, outer 
 part of hind wings a little paler, with costal and outer 
 border of black; the latter on the fore wings a little 
 mottled with blue, and on the hind wings containing a 
 series of blue lunules and two bright black spots, the 
 outer, or one farthest from the anal angle, with an orange 
 lunule before it. Under side the same as in the male. 
 
 Food-plant and larva unknown. The species is a 
 native of Cuba, but has been found at Indian River 
 and in Southern Florida. 
 
298 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 129. Lyc^ena Theonus, Luc. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .9 to .95 of an inch. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface violet-blue, rather pale, except 
 at the terminal border. The marks of the under sidq 
 can be seen through the blue. 
 
 Under side white, crossed by seven or eight brown- 
 gray stripes, appearing along the costa as though this 
 were the color, and as if there were eight more or less 
 wavy white transverse lines arranged in pairs enclosing 
 a space of the ground color a little darker. Along the 
 outer margin two rows of spots, the outer roundish or 
 oval, the inner lunate. On the fore wings the second, 
 fourth, fifth, and sixtli lines do not reach more than half- 
 way across the wing, leaving a large white space. On 
 the hind wings near the anal angle are two round black 
 spots in place of two of the gray, each containing a circle 
 of metallic violet scales ; the spots annulate with pale 
 yellow. The lines on the hind wings are more broken 
 up into spots than those on the fore wings. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface white, with a violet-blue tint, 
 more prominent on the basal half, with a broad outer 
 border extending round the costa to the base. On the 
 hind wings this border contains a series of white lunules, 
 the two next the anal angle enclosing a round black 
 spot. The markings of the under side show through 
 more plainly than in the males. Under side the same 
 as in the males. 
 
 Palpi black; antennae black and white; club black, 
 tipped with white; body black above, white beneath, 
 with a yellowish tinge. 
 
 Florida Keys. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 299 
 
 FAMILY HESPERID7E. 
 
 This family may be known by their robust bodies and 
 their triangular fore wings, and by the knob of the an- 
 tennae usually ending in an attenuated portion, — that is, 
 mostly bent or hooked ; they have six feet adapted for 
 walking. In their robust bodies and coarse scales, which 
 are not closely appressed, these butterflies resemble some 
 of the higher moths. When in repose, the wings are 
 either spread or closed back to back and thrown back 
 so that the costal edge of the hind wings is next to the 
 costal edge of the fore wings. 
 
 The family is divided into two sections, which bear to 
 each other somewhat the relation of families. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 The butterflies in this division have the knob of the 
 antennae thick ovoid or elongate ovoid. The larvae are 
 more or less spindle-shaped. The pupae are somewhat 
 conical, like those of the moths, smooth, and found in 
 puparia composed of leaves fastened together, in which 
 the larvae seclude themselves. 
 
 130. Carterocephalus Mandan, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.12 inches. 
 
 Upper side of wings dark brown, overlaid with a few 
 yellowish scales, and marked with dull ochraceous spots, 
 as follows : one row extends along the outer margin, 
 often nearly obliterated ; another across the disk, or be- 
 tween the margin and the end of the cell, two of which 
 are out of line and nearer the outer margin ; the cell is 
 
300 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 more or less filled with the yellow, mostly in the form 
 of two patches, and there is a small spot resting on the 
 lower side of the cell near the middle, and another below 
 the submedian vein, about one-fourth of the distance from 
 the base. The hind wings have a row of small spots 
 along the outer margin, a row of larger spots within 
 this, across the disk, and one near the base of the wing. 
 
 Under side of fore wings much paler than the upper, 
 the light markings much larger and coalescing. The 
 hind wings are of the same yellowish as the fore wings, 
 the spots of the upper side repeated, but larger and of 
 a white color, ringed with brownish, with an additional 
 spot above the basal. The veins are all brownish. 
 
 White Mountains, N.H., and Maine, where it flies 
 about the middle of June. 
 
 131. Carterocephalus Omaha, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1 inch. 
 
 Upper side brown, much marked with bright fulvous, 
 which covers the central margin of the fore wings from 
 near the base to near the end of the cell and back to the 
 median vein, except a brown streak in the cell from the 
 base. A submarginal row of confluent spots extends 
 from the costa to the hind margin, broken opposite the 
 cell, two small spots ranging outside the line, with a 
 space between them and the costal spot. Edge of hind 
 margin also fulvous. 
 
 The hind wings have a similar row, or rather one 
 long spot or band, across the wing, and two spots on the 
 disk and on the costa. Fringes fulvous. 
 
 Under side pale brown washed with fulvous, which last 
 color prevails on the apical part of the fore wings and 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 301 
 
 on the anterior part of the hind wings. The spots of 
 the upper side reappear, enlarged, and two spots near the 
 apex of the fore wings are connected with the costal spots. 
 
 West Virginia, Colorado, California. 
 
 132. Ancyloxypha Numitor, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from .8 to 1 inch. 
 
 Upper surface of fore wings blackish brown, washed 
 more or less with dull dark yellow ; the cell dusky, but 
 in front of the cell nearly clear yellow, and more yellow 
 below the cell than in it. Hind wings dark yellow, 
 costa and outer margin blackish brown. 
 
 Under side of fore wings brown, the costa and outer 
 margin, to near the posterior angle, yellow. Hind 
 wings uniform yellow. 
 
 Harris states that the chrysalis is rather long, nearly 
 cylindrical, but tapering at the hinder extremity, and 
 with an obtusely-rounded head. It is reddish-ash-col- 
 ored, minutely sprinkled with brown dots. 
 
 Maine to Texas, Nebraska. 
 
 133. Thymelicus Poweshiek, Park. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, the costal margin to near 
 the apex dull yellow. 
 
 Under side of fore wings dark brown, the basal two 
 thirds of costal edge dull yellow, the apex washed with 
 yellowish white. Hind wings dark brown, the veins 
 white ; the whole surface, except between the «ubmedian 
 vein and near the inner margin, sprinkled with white 
 scales. Fringes brown, basal half white all round. 
 
 Iowa, Illinois, Montana, Colorado. 
 
 • * 26 
 
302 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 134. Pamphila Massasoit, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.4 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface blackish brown, with a slight 
 violet reflection on the fore wings; three small, sub- 
 obsolete, yellow, intervenular dots in a row near the 
 costa beyond the cell, and occasionally a faint, small, 
 yellowish spot or two on the middle of the hind wings. 
 Fringe slightly paler, yellowish round the anal angle. 
 
 Under side of fore wings about the same color as the 
 upper, the costal and outer margin tawny orange-yellow, 
 the spots of the upper side repeated with more distinct- 
 ness ; a few scales in two small patches near the middle. 
 Basal color of hind wings blackish brown, but so washed 
 with tawny orange as to be almost that color, paler than 
 the female. Across the wing, a little beyond the middle, 
 is a series of six pale yellow spots ; the first indistinct ; 
 the second nearly square, with the outer end rounded ; 
 the third oblong, reaching from near the margin to the 
 middle of the cell, a faint brown bar at the end of the 
 cell ; the fourth and fifth oblong, one-third the length of 
 the third ; the sixth, like the first, subobsolete. Body, 
 head, and antennae, above, the color of the upper surface ; 
 below, pale whitish yellow. 
 
 Female. — Above, the markings of the under side show 
 more plainly than in the males ; the yellow of the under 
 side is darker, and the fourth and fifth spots on the under 
 side are pointed towards the base and somewhat blended 
 with the third. 
 
 Food-plant and larva unknown. 
 
 Eastern and Middle States, Nebraska, Colorado, 
 Texas. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 303 
 
 135. Pamphila Zabulon, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface pale dull yellow, the fore wings 
 dusky at the base, the outer fourth blackish brown, den- 
 tate within ; the same extending along the hind margin 
 to near the base, and very narrowly edging the costa. 
 There is an oblique bar at the end of the cell, and a patch 
 beyond, almost touching the apical portion of the border ; 
 beyond this patch the border is narrowed, with a narrow 
 line of yellow intervening. Hind wings bordered all 
 around with blackish brown. 
 
 Under side of fore wings pale yellow, the basal half, 
 except the costal margin, dark brown, the marks of the 
 outer end repeated with less distinctness. The hind 
 wings have a broad, pale yellow, slightly clouded band 
 across the wing beyond the middle; the basal third, 
 except a costal patch, reddish brown. The outer border 
 contains several irregular pale brown spots ; and there 
 is a dark brown, yellow-washed streak below the sub- 
 median vein. 
 
 Var. Hobomok, Harr. — This form has the markings 
 of the male much as in the typical form, but the dark 
 spots are more pronounced, with often a subterminal 
 patch above the discal bar, and the yellow is bright 
 tawny. The hind wings have the yellow band of the 
 under side narrower, leaving a continuous outer border, 
 in width one-fourth the length of the wing, with some 
 lilac scales. 
 
 The female of this form has the yellow a little paler 
 than the ordinary male, the veins all brown, more dusky, 
 suffusing over the basal half of the wings, with the yellow 
 
304 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 on the under side of the hind wings more contracted than 
 in the male. 
 
 Dimorphic form female Pocahontas, Scud. — This 
 form of female is similar to Quadraquina, but duller 
 in color, traces of a spot in the cell of the fore wings, the 
 four posterior spots of the outer row not clearly defined. 
 Hind wings a little pale in the middle. The marks on 
 the under side are somewhat blurred, and the hind wings 
 have an indistinct subterminal band. 
 
 Yar. female Quadraquina, Scud. — This has the 
 upper surface the same shade as the outer border of the 
 male, with a slight vinous reflection ; beyond the middle 
 of fore wings a broken row of pale yellow spots, three 
 near the costa, then two nearer the outer margin, which 
 are small and mostly oblong, then four to the hind 
 margin, trapezoid, and all but the third larger. Hind 
 wings without spots. 
 
 Under side blackish brown, the costal margin of 
 both wings washed with tawny ochre, the apex of the 
 fore wings whitish, the outer portion of the hind wings 
 washed with lilac. The spots of the upper surface are 
 repeated, the posterior four enlarged and more or less 
 confluent. 
 
 Body dark brown, with greenish hairs above, paler 
 beneath. 
 
 The eggs (Fig. 82) are pale green, nearly globular, 
 Fig 82 somewhat flattened, and under a strong lens 
 they appear reticulated over the surface with 
 fine six-sided markings. These are deposited 
 on grass, upon which the larvae feed. 
 
 The young larva, which hatches from the 
 egg in about ten days, is .1 of an inch long, with a large, 
 
 P. Zabulon, 
 
 egg, X 12. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 305 
 
 Fig. 83. 
 
 prominent, shining black head, and a creamy- white body, 
 with a yellowish tinge posteriorly. 
 
 The second segment is half circled 
 with a black line. 
 
 The larvse station themselves on 
 the inside of the leaves, near the 
 joints, and, by drawing portions of 
 the leaves together with silk, form a 
 they secrete themselves. 
 
 P. Zabulon, larva (natural 
 size). 
 
 rude case, in which 
 Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley. 
 
 136. Pamphila Sassacus, Harr. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.4 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dull dark yellow, the outer 
 border of fuscous or dark grayish brown, not quite one- 
 third the length of the wing, crenate within, the base 
 dusky. On the fore wings is a black, oblique stigma, or 
 sex-mark, below the cell, with a little fuscous below it, 
 and at its end a fuscous patch, which is separated from the 
 border by a few fulvous spots in a broken line; veins 
 fuscous. The yellow of the hind wings is surrounded 
 by a fuscous border. 
 
 Under side brownish fulvous, the posterior half of 
 fore wings fuscous ; the five subterminal spots of the 
 upper surface repeated, a spot at the end of the cell, a 
 large triangular patch, with dentate outline, all yellowish 
 white. The hind wings have a subterminal band of 
 six whitish .spots across the anterior two thirds of the 
 wing, and a spot at the end of the cell. One specimen 
 having a slight greenish-yellow wash to the under surface 
 has these spots indistinct. 
 
 Female. — This differs from the male in having the 
 
 n 26* 
 
306 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 hind wings washed in the centre with yellow, the yellow 
 area less than in the male and not clear yellow. Nearly 
 all of the fore wing is dark grayish brown or fuscous, the 
 basal half, or in some examples a little more, washed with 
 yellow, or only the anterior edge and a portion of the 
 base sprinkled with yellow scales. The fore wings have 
 a row of eight yellow spots, of which 4 and 5 are out 
 of line with the others, being nearer the margin ; and 
 two elongate spots, more or less distinct, in the outer 
 part of the cell. 
 
 Under side grayish brown, a little pale, the hind 
 wings and the anterior and outer portion of the fore 
 wings well sprinkled with ochraceous scales ; the spots 
 of the fore wings repeated, pale, the lower of the outer 
 row broadly expanded ; the hind wings with a faint 
 row of three or four spots beyond the cell. 
 
 Body brown above, with grayish hairs, lighter beneath. 
 
 The larva is said to feed on grass, the butterfly ap- 
 pearing on the wing in the middle of June. 
 
 New England, New York to Nebraska, Georgia, 
 Florida, Colorado. 
 
 137. Pamphila Metea, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.35 inches. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface dark brown tinged ochra- 
 ceous, especially on the hind wings. Fore wings with 
 the following white markings : two small spots at the ex- 
 tremity of the cell ; three small spots, one above the other, 
 on the costal border, a little more than three-fourths the 
 distance from the base ; below these, and half-way be- 
 tween them and the outer margin, one above the other, 
 two small spots ; placed successively a little nearer the 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 307 
 
 base than the last, two more spots, somewhat larger, 
 between the branches of the median vein, and traces of 
 a small one on the submedian. 
 
 Hind wings uniform in tint, with a faint ochraceous 
 repetition of the markings beneath. The outer margin 
 of both wings is narrowly edged with black, the fringes 
 slightly paler than the upper surface. 
 
 Under side dark brown, on the hind wings ap- 
 proaching to black, with some grayish scales towards 
 the outer border. The fore wings have the markings 
 of the upper surface repeated with greater distinctness 
 than above, and a large pale brown spot at the posterior 
 angle. 
 
 Hind wings with a band formed of grayish-white 
 spots between the venules, starting at the costa at two- 
 thirds the distance from the base, nearly reaching the 
 outer margin in the space between the subcostal and 
 median veins, thence bent towards the inner margin at 
 a little less than a right angle, terminating at the sub- 
 median. 
 
 Male. — This form scarcely differs from the female on 
 the upper surface, except that the spots are a little more 
 distinct and pale yellow, especially the row on the hind 
 wings. Stigma, or sex-mark, oblique, narrow, black, 
 broken, the upper part longer than the lower. 
 
 Under side as in the female. Body black above, 
 with greenish hairs, below gray, with a few greenish 
 hairs on the thorax ; palpi yellowish white, gray at the 
 tip. 
 
 Grass is the food-plant of this species. 
 
 It has been found in Connecticut, New York, Texas, 
 and Colorado. 
 
308 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 138. Pamphila Uncas, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.35 to 1.6 inches. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface fuscous, the base and posterior 
 part of the fore wings, and a broad band through the 
 hind wings from the base out, washed with dusky fulvous. 
 The fore wings have a subterminal broken row of spots, 
 all whitish but the last, which is yellowish, also a small 
 spot at the end of the cell ; the two between the branches 
 of the median vein with the outer angles much extended. 
 Hind wings with the subterminal spots of the under 
 side showing through a little. 
 
 Under side fuscous gray, sprinkled with pale yellow 
 scales. The spots on the upper surface of the fore wings 
 are repeated, white in color, those of the subterminal 
 row blended into three groups, the lower widened pos- 
 teriorly, so as to suffuse most of the posterior angle area. 
 The hind wings have two very much bent white bands, 
 the outer not reaching the inner margin. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface fuscous, the fore wings, with the 
 cell and a patch below the stigma, distinct yellow, in- 
 clining to fulvous, the hinder portion, from the end of 
 the cell to the posterior angle, washed with yellow, and 
 a row of five yellow spots in the outer fuscous field, 
 the two beyond the cell much out of line with the others. 
 The stigma very oblique, narrow, jet-black, contracted 
 in the middle. 
 
 Hind wings, with all but a costal edge and a very 
 narrow terminal border, heavily washed with yellow, 
 inclining to a fulvous shade in the central portion. 
 Fringes white, fuscous at base. Under side as in the 
 female. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 309 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown, though the latter 
 may be grass. 
 
 Delaware to Ohio, Dakota to Arizona. 
 
 139. Pamphila Seminole, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.35 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark brown, slightly tinged 
 with violet, the fore wings, with the basal half and costal 
 edge, sprinkled with fulvous yellow ; a broken row of 
 dull yellow spots beyond the middle, consisting of three 
 below the costa in line, two beyond the cell farther to- 
 wards the margin, and three, larger than the others, be- 
 tween the branches of the median vein and above the 
 submedian, each of these three reaching from vein to 
 vein ; a yellow bar at the end of the cell. Stigma black, 
 narrow, broken near the middle, the parts slightly 
 curved, the ends overlapping each other a little. 
 
 Hind wings with brownish-yellow hairs, and a row 
 towards the outer margin of about five small yellow spots. 
 
 Under side scarcely paler than the upper, the hind 
 wings more tinged with reddish, sprinkled with yellow 
 scales which are pale on the hind wings, more distinct ful- 
 vous yellow along the costal edge of the fore wings and 
 near the anal angle of the hind wings. Spots of upper 
 side repeated, but paler, almost white, spot 7 of the fore 
 wings enlarged, and spot 8 shading out on each side. 
 
 Female. — Similar to the male, but scarcely sprinkled 
 with yellow ; lacking the stigma ; the spots a little more 
 prominent. Under side as in the male. 
 
 The larva and food-plant are unknown. 
 
 It has been found in Florida, North Carolina, New 
 Jersey, and Iowa. 
 
310 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 140. Pamphila Leonardus, Harr. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.4 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface blackish brown, more or less 
 overlaid with fulvous yellow scales from the base to the 
 outer third of the fore wings, with a broken subter- 
 minal row of clearer yellow spots ; three of these below 
 the costa in line, two beyond the cell farther out, and 
 separated from the cell by a space without yellow, and 
 two or three below, in line with the first, continued 
 by an oblique shade to the hind margin; also a dis- 
 tinct spot at the end of the cell. Stigma black, oblique, 
 concave below. The hind wings have a curved band 
 not reaching either margin ; an obscure spot in the 
 cell, and greenish-yellow hairs over the inner half of 
 the wings. 
 
 Under side bright reddish brown, the fore wings 
 blackish from the cell to the hind margin, but not 
 reaching the outer margin except at the posterior angle. 
 The spots of the upper surface are repeated, but the 
 spots below the cell are blended and enlarged into a 
 subtriangular patch. The hind wings have a small 
 spot at the end of the cell, and beyond a curved row 
 of six or seven spots. 
 
 Female. — This form has the basal third of the fore 
 wings only moderately sprinkled with yellow scales, and 
 the stigma is absent. The spots in the outer row are 
 larger than in the males. Under side like the male. 
 
 According to Mr. Scudder, this species feeds on grass 
 in the larval state. 
 
 New England to West Virginia; Indian River, 
 Florida; Kansas. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 311 
 
 141. Pamphila Meskei, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.6 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper side dark brown, marked and spotted 
 with reddish fulvous ; three small spots in subcostal in- 
 terspaces of fore wings, two others opposite the cell and 
 towards the outer margin, and in line with these an 
 oblique row crossing the median interspaces, the lower 
 spots merged in the fulvous of disk or cell to base and 
 anteriorly to costa ; the stigma in two sections, the ante- 
 rior one completely crossing the lower median inter- 
 space, a narrow, smooth, black, slightly bent ridge; the 
 lower one in submedian interspace parallel to the line 
 of the other, short, not reaching either venule; be- 
 hind the stigma is a narrow, blackish, rough patch. 
 The hind wings have the central part obscure fulvous, 
 with an imperfectly defined series of spots between the 
 cell and the outer margin. Fringes of the fore wings 
 fuscous next the margin, whitish outside; of the hind 
 wings, fuscous next the margin, then fulvous, and out- 
 side whitish. 
 
 Under side of hind wings bright ferruginous, of one 
 shade, and without spots; apex of fore wings bright 
 ferruginous, the outer margin a little obscured, the spots 
 indistinctly repeated, next the base and against the stigma 
 black. 
 
 Female. — Color dark brown; the fore wings have 
 spots placed as in the male, distinctly defined through- 
 out, the basal area being brown, instead of fulvous as in 
 the male. Hind wings as in the male, though the spots 
 may be more clearly defined. 
 
 Under side as in the male, but on the disk of the hind 
 
312 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 wings is an indistinct bent row of small paler spots cor- 
 responding to the spots of the upper side. 
 
 Body above black, covered with fulvous hairs ; thorax 
 below yellowish; abdomen the same, with a fulvous tint ; 
 palpi light yellow, with a fulvous tint; antennae black 
 above, yellowish below ; club black on both upper and 
 under surface, on the sides fulvous. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 Texas ; Indian River, Florida. 
 
 142. Pamphila Huron, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface of fore wings dark yellow 
 tinged with fulvous, dusky at base, the veins fuscous, 
 and a fuscous outer border about one-fourth the length 
 of the wing, crenate within, narrowed opposite the cell, 
 before which there is a fuscous patch. Stigma some- 
 what quadrate, the upper outer angle produced, velvety 
 black above and below, with a nearly round blackish 
 patch beyond. 
 
 Hind wings with the central portion of the wing 
 yellow, but washed a little with dusky, a continuous 
 fuscous border round the wing. 
 
 Under side dull yellowish fulvous, the hind wings and 
 terminal portion of the fore wings tinged with grayish ; 
 the basal half of the fore wings from the cell to the hind 
 margin, and a border to the posterior angle, blackish. 
 The fore wings have a faint subterminal band, much as 
 on the under side of P. Leonardus. Base of hind wings 
 dusky, a faint subterminal band. 
 
 Female. — This has the upper surface blackish fuscous, 
 the fore wings washed with yellowish from the base to 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 313 
 
 the outer third along the costal and hind margins; a 
 black space in place of the stigma of the male ; the usual 
 broken subterminal row of spots, the first three and the 
 last two translucent. Hind wings with yellowish scales, 
 and greenish hairs over the inner half, an indistinct spot 
 in the cell, and a band beyond not reaching either margin, 
 in width about one-fourth the length of the wing. 
 
 Under side like that of the male in color ; the row 
 of spots of the fore wings repeated, the hind wings with 
 two much curved rows of white confluent spots. 
 
 Atlantic States to Florida, Mississippi Valley, Texas, 
 Arizona. 
 
 143. Pampiiila PhyLuEUS, Drury. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.3 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface yellow, dusky at base along the 
 veins, and on the costal and inner margin of the hind 
 wings. Fore wings with an outer border of eight cunei- 
 form fuscous spots, the length being about one-fourth 
 the length of the wing, the third and fourth from the 
 apex about half as long as the others, and the eighth 
 half-wedge-shaped. Stigma slender, oblique, velvety 
 black, with a fuscous patch below; a bar at the end 
 of the cell, with two rays from it. Hind wings with a 
 border of five cuneiform spots, the second very short. 
 
 Under side paler than the upper, and the yellow not 
 so bright. Fore wings fuscous below the cell and along 
 the hind margin, the stigma and part of the terminal 
 spots showing, but not those at the apex. The hind 
 wings have two subobsolete rows of fuscous spots, the 
 inner across the middle of the wing. 
 
 Female. — Upper side dark brown, with a little vinous 
 o 27 
 
314 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 reflection. The fore wings have the basal third washed 
 with dull yellow, the spots brighter dark yellow. There 
 is a spot at the end of the cell, and an oblique broken row 
 behind ; the first three in the subcostal interspaces are ob- 
 long, slightly narrowed at the base ; the next two oppo- 
 site the cell, farther towards the margin, small and round 
 or quadrate ; number 6 like 2 and 3 ; number 7 quad- 
 rate ; number 8 a mere point ; number 9 triangular, and 
 extending as a shade along the hind margin to the base. 
 Hind wings overlaid on basal and inner portions with 
 dull yellow hairs, and with a subterminal row of spots 
 much as in the female of P. Huron. 
 
 Under side darker yellow than in the male, the fus- 
 cous covering more than the posterior half of the wing ; 
 the spots of the upper side repeated, whitish. 
 
 According to Dr. A. W. Chapman, the larva of this 
 species when full grown is .7 of an inch long, fusiform, 
 of a uniform dull green color, and thickly granulated 
 with pale points. The collar on joint 2 is dark brown. 
 Head small, dark brown. 
 
 The chrysalis is .5 of an inch long, nearly cylindrical, 
 pubescent. Color pale green ; a black line, interrupted 
 on the posterior joints, extends from back of the head- 
 case to the last joint, with a lateral black streak on the 
 thorax, and a row of spots on the abdomen. More or 
 less punctured throughout. 
 
 Food-plant, grass. 
 
 Middle and Gulf States to the Pacific. 
 
 144. Pamphila Brettus, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface yellow, with a fuscous terminal 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 315 
 
 border crenate within, covering about one-fourth the 
 length of the wing, receding somewhat opposite the cell 
 of the fore wings ; the base dusky ; the veins of the outer 
 half of the fore wings fuscous. The stigma has the cen- 
 tral streak dull black, with velvety black each side of 
 this, and a small blackish patch below. A fuscous streak 
 extends from the lower end of this to the base along the 
 submedian vein, and another irregular-shaped patch ex- 
 tends from the upper end of the stigma so as almost to 
 touch the terminal border opposite the cell. 
 
 Under side dark brown, overlaid with yellow ; costal 
 portion of fore wings yellow, basal portion fuscous. An 
 irregular subterminal yellow band crosses both wings. 
 
 The egg is white, smooth, hemispherical. It is de- 
 posited on grass ( Paspalum setaceum ). 
 
 The young larva is white, with a large black head, 
 and black collar. When full grown it is one inch long, 
 pale green, with a dark dorsal stripe, and an obscure line 
 on each side. Collar black, on each side a black dot sepa- 
 rated from the collar. Stigmata black. Head rounded, 
 projecting obliquely, granulated with black, the sides of 
 face and two streaks on upper part of face yellow-white. 
 
 Chrysalis .75 of an inch long. Color pale green, the 
 abdomen whitish ; wing-cases smooth, finely veined ; the 
 antennse-case extending in a filiform point to the end of 
 the abdomen. On each side of head-case a dark point, 
 and a row of dark points along the sides of the abdomen. 
 
 Gulf States, West Virginia. 
 
 145. Pamphila Otho, Sm. — Abb. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, with a little vinous re- 
 
316 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 flection. The fore wings have a series of yellow spots, 
 — the first three anteapical, the next two between the 
 branches of the median vein, and the sixth a small one 
 on the submedian. The hind wings have the usual 
 greenish-yellow hairs over the inner part, and two small, 
 faint, contiguous spots at the end of the cell. The male 
 differs from the female in having an oblique stigma, and 
 in having an overlaying of greenish-yellow scales on the 
 basal portion of the wings, though scarcely enough to 
 change the color. 
 
 Under side yellowish brown, the posterior half, or 
 more, of the fore wings blackish. The spots of the fore 
 wings are repeated, except the last one. The hind wings 
 have an indistinct yellowish band of five or six spots. 
 
 Var. Egeremet, Scud. — This is similar to the other 
 form, but differs in wanting the marks on the upper side 
 of the hind wings, and the anterior and posterior spots 
 of the fore wings are lacking. 
 
 The under side is dark blackish brown, obscure at the 
 base, the hind wings, especially of the male, sprinkled 
 with olivaceous scales, the posterior part of the fore 
 wings more blackish, and the costal margin sprinkled 
 with yellow. The spots of the fore wings are repeated, 
 and there is an indistinct row of spots across the hind 
 wings. There is the same difference between the males 
 and the females on the upper surface as in the form Otho. 
 
 This is a variable species, the form Otho seeming to 
 be the Southern form, while Egeremet is the Northern, 
 with intergrades covering the intervening ground. One 
 of these forms, a female, named Ursa , Worth., differs 
 from the form Otho in having the posterior spot on the 
 fore wings lacking, and in there being traces of a band 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 317 
 
 of elongate spots on the upper side of the hind wings, 
 seen fairly only in certain lights. 
 
 Body above dark brown, lighter beneath. 
 
 Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Texas. 
 
 146. Pamphila Peckius, Kirby. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1 inch. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface dark blackish brown, the 
 markings dark yellow, slightly fulvous-tinted; there 
 is a slight sprinkling of yellow scales over the surface, 
 especially the basal portion. The mark- 
 ings of the fore wings are : a slight ray Fig. 84. 
 in the upper part of the cell, and traces 
 of one in the lower part ; and a broken 
 band of seven spots beyond the middle, 
 the two opposite the cell beyond the line 
 of the others. The first three of these ramphiia Peckius, 
 
 , it • 1 , 1 • , underside. 
 
 spots are oblong in the subcostal inter- 
 spaces ; the next four mostly quadrate ; sometimes the 
 fourth of the seven is wanting, and there are occasionally 
 a few scales on the submedian vein in line with the last 
 spots. Hind wings with a band of five spots, in width 
 about one-fourth the length of the wing ; spots 3 and 
 4 the largest. 
 
 Under side fulvous brown, the basal half of the fore 
 wings fuscous ; the spots of the fore wings are repeated, 
 lighter yellow, there being eight of them instead of seven. 
 The hind wings have two broad pale yellow bands, a 
 little irregular in outline, the lower part of the inner 
 often united with the middle of the outer, as in Fig. 84. 
 
 Male. — Of the same color as the female, the basal two 
 thirds of the fore wings heavily washed with yellow ; 
 
 27* 
 
318 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the outer two thirds of the cell, and the space in front 
 of that, nearly clear yellow ; below the cell an oblique, 
 sinuous, velvety-black sex-mark ; and below this a nearly 
 round brownisli-olive patch. The outer third is sprinkled 
 with yellow scales, and contains the outer row of spots 
 found on the wing of the female, the seventh spot partly 
 lost in the olive patch. The hind wings are similar to 
 those of the female, but are sprinkled with yellow. 
 Under side the same as in the female. 
 
 According to Professor Fernald, this species feeds on 
 grass. The eggs are pale greenish yellow, strongly con- 
 vex above, and flattened at the base, and the surface is 
 faintly reticulated. They hatch in fourteen days. The 
 young larva is .1 of an inch long, with a large shining 
 black head. The body is dull brownish yellow, dotted 
 with black, with a ring of brownish black on the second 
 segment. Under side paler than the upper, and the whole 
 surface clothed with fine hairs. The butterfly is on the 
 wing from June to July. 
 
 New England to Wisconsin, Illinois, West Virginia, 
 Kansas. 
 
 147. Pamphila Mystic, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.2 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface yellow, slightly brownish- 
 tinted ; an outer border of dark blackish brown, about 
 one-fourth the length of the wing, not crenate on its inner 
 edge, but receding a little opposite the cell of the fore 
 wings and at the apex; base dusky. Stigma oblique, 
 black, slender, with a blackish patch below it, and an 
 irregular patch from the end of the cell outward, the 
 corners of which connect with the outer border, leaving 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 31 9 
 
 a small yellow spot enclosed. This patch, the stigma, 
 and the dusky base form a continuous line. 
 
 The hind wings have the outer border narrower than 
 the border of the fore wings, but have broad inner and 
 costal borders ; veins dark, witli some shading at the end 
 of the cell. 
 
 Under side somewhat paler than the upper, the fore 
 wings blackish below the cell and along the hind margin, 
 a band of paler yellow beyond the middle, the posterior 
 spots expanded. Hind wings with a broad subregular 
 subterminal band, and a patch in the cell ; all indistinct. 
 
 Female. — The fore wings dark brown, the outer two 
 thirds of cell pale yellow, and some yellow suffusion in 
 front of this. There is the usual row of spots marking 
 the outer third : the first three oblong ; the fourth ob- 
 scure ; the fifth triangular ; the sixth oblong ; the seventh 
 subquadrate, convex within, concave without ; the eighth 
 irregular. The hind wings have a patch at the end of 
 the cell, and a band of five spots beyond, the first a little 
 out of line with the others ; the ground color the same 
 as that of the fore wings. 
 
 The under side is marked as in the male, but the sur- 
 face is more fuscous, except the anal portion of the hind 
 wings and the anterior basal portion of the fore wings, 
 which are but little darker than in the males. 
 
 Like many other species of Pamphila, this feeds on 
 grass in the larval state. The eggs are, according to Mr. 
 Scudder, of a pale yellowish-green color, strongly convex 
 above, and with the base flattened. The surface appears 
 smooth under a lens, but under a power of eighty diam- 
 eters is seen to be faintly reticulated. The egg period 
 lasts eight or ten days. The young larva is .1 of an 
 
320 the butterflies of the 
 
 inch long, with a large shining black head, and a white 
 body tinged with yellowish brown, this tinge being more 
 apparent towards the posterior part. 
 
 The full-grown larva is of an oval outline ; the head 
 not large in proportion to the size of‘ the body, but 
 prominent and much larger than the second segment; 
 it is of a dull reddish-brown color, edged with black on 
 the hinder part, and clothed with minute whitish hairs. 
 The body is dull brownish green, with hairs similar to 
 those on the head ; a dorsal line and numerous dots over 
 the surface of the body are of a darker shade. Joint 2 
 is pale whitish, with a line of brownish black across the 
 top. The last joints are paler than the rest, and the 
 under side of the body is paler than the upper. 
 
 So far as known, there is only one brood in a season, 
 and the butterflies are on the wing in June and July. 
 
 New England to New York. 
 
 148. Pamphila Cernes, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.1 inches. 
 
 Male.: — Upper surface dark olivaceous brown, with a 
 little vinous reflection ; fore wings, with the cell, the cos- 
 tal area to half-way between the cell and the apex, and a 
 patch beyond the upper end of the stigma, clear yellow. 
 The whole area below the cell, except a dusky patch out- 
 side the stigma, washed with yellow. Stigma oblique, 
 velvety black, contracted a little in the middle. Hind 
 wings with olive hairs and sprinkled with yellow scales. 
 
 Under side blackish or fuscous, the posterior part of 
 the fore wings clear, the outer half of the anterior por- 
 tion of the fore wings and all of the hind wings overlaid 
 with yellow ; the cell and costal margin before the cell 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 321 
 
 of the fore wings clear yellow. The fore wings have 
 five spots marking the outer third, the three costal ob- 
 scure, the two between the median venules pale yellow, 
 the lower excavate externally. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface of the same ground color as 
 in the male, the fore wings with a ray of clear yellow in 
 the cell, and the basal half sprinkled with yellow scales, 
 more so on the costal and hind margins. The five yel- 
 low spots that are on the under side of the fore wings of 
 the male are distinct on the upper surface of the female, 
 with some scales on the submedian vein in line with the 
 others. Hind wings as in the male, but not sprinkled 
 so heavily. 
 
 Under side as in the male, but not so heavily overlaid 
 with yellow. 
 
 Body dark brown above, with greenish hairs ; a little 
 lighter beneath. 
 
 The larva is unknown. 
 
 New England to Montana, Florida. 
 
 149. Pamphila Myus, French.* 
 
 Expanse of wings .95 of an inch. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark olivaceous brown, with a 
 slight vinous reflection, about the same shade as P. Cer- 
 nes , which it much resembles. The fore wings have the 
 discal cell and the area in front of the cell like Cernes , 
 heavily washed with yellow of a little darker shade than 
 in that species, the same color extending beyond the cell 
 along the costal area three-fourths the distance from the 
 base to the outer margin ; below the cell the same shade 
 
 * Mr. E. M. Aaron thinks this is P. Baracoa , Luc. 
 
322 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 of yellow extends along the median vein the same dis- 
 tance, the area below this to the hind margin rather 
 heavily sprinkled with yellow scales, except the space 
 beyond the lower half of the stigma, being in this much 
 like Cernes. In Cernes there is a quadrate sinus of the 
 terminal dark brown of the wing dipping into the yel- 
 low beyond the cell, coming up to the cross-vein. In 
 this species the sinus is of the same width, but extends 
 inward above the median vein, ending in a point half- 
 way to the base of the wing. The stigma is black, nar- 
 row, oblique, entire, though constricted below the middle, 
 shorter than in Cernes , does not reach the submedian 
 below, and the upper end reaches only the second branch 
 of the median, while in Cernes it passes beyond this 
 venule, the lower third bent a little towards the base, 
 not more than half as wide as in Cernes; below the 
 stigma an oblong patch of blackish scales which are 
 bronzy in certain lights. The hind wings are sprinkled 
 with yellow scales, the inner half with yellowish hairs 
 which are less olivaceous than in Cernes . 
 
 One specimen has on the fore wings, marking what 
 is above described as the outer boundary of yellow, five 
 small yellow spots which are paler than the yellow along 
 the costa, — three in a line back from the costa, and two 
 in the median interspaces; the yellow washing does not 
 quite reach to these spots, there being less yellow also at 
 the base ; varying in amount of yellow, as is sometimes 
 seen in different specimens of Cernes . 
 
 Under side of fore wings much as above, the yellow 
 orange-tinted, the row of slightly paler spots at the end 
 of the yellow showing more distinctly than above, the 
 apical half of the terminal space sprinkled with yellow, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 323 
 
 the posterior half of the wing blackish, the sinus beyond 
 the cell heavily sprinkled over. 
 
 Hind wings dark brown, with a vinous reflection, 
 sprinkled with pale yellow scales, a narrow discal band 
 of small confluent whitish spots marking the outer third, 
 much as in the species of Amblyscirtes, not very dis- 
 tinct. 
 
 Female. — This lacks the stigma of the male, is marked 
 above much as the female of Cernes , but is of a darker and 
 brighter yellow, the whole area in front of the cell and 
 to the anteapical spots nearly clear yellow, the rest of 
 the basal two thirds sprinkled with yellow, much as in 
 the male. On the under side the obscure band on the 
 hind wings is a little more distinct than in the male. 
 
 Body concolorous with the wings above, the thorax 
 with olivaceous hairs, the abdomen sprinkled with yel- 
 low; beneath yellowish white, about the shade of 
 Cernes . 
 
 Florida, specimens obtained during the summers of 
 1883 and 1884. 
 
 150. Pamphila Manataaqua, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.3 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark brown, with a brassy re- 
 flection. The fore wings have, about three-fourths the 
 distance from the base, two or three small yellow inter- 
 venular spots in a line back from the costa, and a series 
 of three more below these, — two between the branches of 
 the median vein and one above the submedian ; the first 
 of these nearly square, the second oblong, twice as broad 
 as long, the third small. The stigma is black, narrow, 
 oblique, extending from the forking of the median at 
 
324 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the end of the cell to the submedian. Hind wings 
 without marks, the hairs on the inner half brown and 
 olivaceous. 
 
 Under side tawny yellowish brown, the fore wings 
 with the spots as above, but paler, the one above the 
 submedian shaded out considerably with white. Hind 
 wings with a transverse row of four subobsolete pale 
 yellow spots. 
 
 Female. — The same color as the male, the spots in 
 the discal row of fore wings larger and more distinct, 
 the one above the submedian somewhat hour-glass- 
 shaped ; base of fore wings sprinkled with yellow, the 
 cell washed with the same. The stigma absent. 
 
 Under side as in the male, but the surface more 
 sprinkled with pale yellow, the washing of yellow on 
 the fore wings repeated, the spots the same as in the 
 male, but a little more distinct. 
 
 Body dark brown above, with olivaceous hairs, below 
 yellowish white. 
 
 United States generally. 
 
 151. Pamphila Verna, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.25 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark brown, with a slight pur- 
 plish reflection. The fore wings have the costal edge 
 slightly sprinkled with yellow ; the small, yellowish, 
 translucent, intervenular spots in a line back from the 
 costa, nearly three-fourths the distance from the base to 
 the apex, and two larger spots between the branches of 
 the median vein, the second twice as large as the first ; 
 a few scales are seen above the submedian in line with 
 these, and there is a small spot in the lower part of the 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 325 
 
 cell near the end. Stigma black, oblique, narrow, some- 
 what constricted, but not broken. Hind wings without 
 spots, hairs yellowish green. Fringes yellowish gray. 
 
 Under side about the same color as above, all but 
 the posterior part of the fore wings and a stripe within 
 the inner margin of the hind wings tinged with yellow 
 bronze having a purplish reflection. Spots on the fore 
 wings repeated ; the spot on the submedian considerably 
 enlarged. 
 
 Hind wings with a faint discal row of five small 
 whitish spots. 
 
 Female. — This differs little from the male in mark- 
 ings and color ; there is less sprinkling of yellow scales, 
 and the few scales above the submedian may be absent. 
 Under side as in the male. Stigma absent from the fore 
 wings above. 
 
 Body concolorous with the wings above, gray be- 
 neath. 
 
 The larva and food-plant are unknown. 
 
 New York, Maryland to Georgia, West Virginia, 
 Ohio, Indiana, Kansas. 
 
 152. Pamphila Vestris, Bd. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.28 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark glossy brown, as in P. 
 Metacomet ; outer margin blackish brown ; fringes dark 
 brown. Fore wings with some dull yellowish scales on 
 the inner half of the costa, on the outer side of the stigma, 
 and within it, between the median and submedian veins, 
 Stigma velvety black, consisting of two acutely ellipsoidal 
 spots, which join on the lower median venule and have 
 their extremities resting on the submedian and second 
 
 28 
 
326 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 branch of the median ; the inner spot with distinct black 
 scales near the submedian vein. 
 
 Under side brown, blackish over the stigma, with 
 obscure yellow shades exterior to it as the only mark- 
 ings. Abdomen above concolorous with the wings, with 
 yellowish scales laterally. Thorax beneath, and abdomen 
 contiguous, brown, with some longer clay-colored hairs. 
 Palpi clothed with bristling yellow scales, from which 
 the tip of the last joint barely projects. 
 
 Female. — Fore wings with dull yellow scales and 
 hairs, more numerous on the inner half of the hind 
 margin, and nearly absent from the outer margin ; two 
 yellow spots between the branches of the median vein, 
 the outer one scarcely more than a dot, the inner sub- 
 quadrangular ; no anteapical spots, but in their place some 
 clustering yellow scales. 
 
 Under side dark brown, the fore wings reddish brown 
 basally, and the hind wings of the same shade through- 
 out, except towards their inner margin. The two spots 
 of the upper surface of the fore wings are reproduced 
 beneath somewhat more obscurely. Thorax and front 
 of head clothed with yellowish scales ; palpi with black 
 scales above, and beneath with some clay-colored scales. 
 
 California, Colorado, Indian River, Florida. 
 
 153. Pamppiila Metacomet, Harr. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.3 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark brown, slightly glossed 
 with greenish yellow above ; the usual oblique velvety- 
 black stigma. The under side of the wings slightly paler, 
 the hind wings with a transverse row of four very faint 
 yellowish dots, which, however, are often wanting. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 327 
 
 Female. — Of the same color as the male, lacking the 
 stigma, and having two yellowish dots between the 
 branches of the median vein, and two more anteapical 
 near the costa beyond the cell. The under side has the 
 spots of the upper surface reproduced ; hind wings as in 
 the male. 
 
 This butterfly is to be found in July, the larva feeding 
 on grass. 
 
 New England to Montana, Kansas, Nevada. 
 
 154. Pamphila Accius, Sm. — Abb. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.4 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark blackish brown, slightly olive- 
 tinted. Males with an oblique black stigma, with a white 
 dot at the upper end of it in the upper median interspace, 
 and three small white dots in the subcostal interspaces 
 beyond the cell. The females lack the stigma, but have 
 besides the anteapical spots an oblique row of three in 
 the median interspaces and above the submedian, the 
 middle spot the largest. 
 
 Under side dark reddish brown, the posterior part of 
 fore wings and inner part of hind wings blackish. The 
 following parts are suffused with lilac : the outer part of 
 the fore wings, narrowing from the middle to both mar- 
 gins ; a similar space on the hind wings, also a patch in 
 the middle. The white spots of the upper surface are 
 repeated. 
 
 Some specimens have a white spot at the end of the 
 cell of the fore wings besides those mentioned. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.33 inches long, slender, nearly 
 white, but under the lens mottled and dotted with darker 
 lines and points, the rings on the posterior half of each 
 
328 the butterflies of the 
 
 joint more prominent and less dotted; collar black. 
 Head rather small, oblique, oval, flattened frontally; 
 white, with a black band around the top and sides, a 
 black streak down the middle of the face, and a short 
 black streak on each side of this last, not reaching the 
 band at top. 
 
 The chrysalis is smooth, white, the head-case tapering 
 into a slender pointed beak. 
 
 The larva was found in August by Dr. A. W. Chap- 
 man wrapped in the leaves of a large grass ( Erianthus 
 alopecuroides). 
 
 Gulf States, North Carolina, Eastern Pennsylvania, 
 Southern Illinois. 
 
 155. Pamphila Loammi, Whitn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Male. — Wings above dark glossy brown, darker ba- 
 sally. Fringes light brown, with a blackish line at ex- 
 treme base. Fore wings with a subcostal transverse row 
 of quadrate whitish spots, situate one in each of the three 
 terminal subcostal interspaces near the base; the upper 
 one one-half its length nearer apex. A large subquad- 
 rate spot crossing second median interspace at one-third 
 the distance from its base. An obsolescent transverse 
 line in lower median interspace, equidistant between its 
 base and spot in second interspace. A narrow black 
 stigma broken by the lower branch of the median vein ; 
 upper portion straight, commencing at second branching 
 of median and crossing the interspace to first median 
 venule near its source. The lower portion of the bar 
 commences below the venule about its own width re- 
 moved outwardly, is strongly concave within, and reaches 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 329 
 
 the submedian vein about two-fifths its distance from the 
 base. Hind wings without spots. 
 
 Under side dark chestnut-brown. Apex of fore 
 wings and border of hind wings with a bloom of pearly 
 scales. Fore wings with the markings of the upper side 
 repeated, and two minute dots in subcosto-median inter- 
 spaces, resting one on each venule; one in first median 
 interspace and a transverse line in third. These five, 
 including one in second interspace repeated above, are 
 in line from apex to internal margin. 
 
 Hind wings with a curved sub-basal row of three 
 small irregular white spots. The first is in the costo- 
 subcostal interspace one-fourth the distance from its 
 base, the second in the cell, and the third on the sub- 
 median vein. A subterminal sinuate row ; the first 
 double, situate in the costo-subcostal interspace midway 
 between its other spot and its extremity. A black streak 
 extends from this spot sharply outward to the next spot 
 below the subcostal vein, which is followed in the suc- 
 ceeding interspaces by five small transverse spots. All 
 the spots of the hind wings have a black border. 
 
 Female. — General coloration a little lighter than in 
 the male. Fore wings above with two spots at extrem- 
 ity of cell. An irregular transverse band commencing 
 with three subcostal spots, the upper one not removed 
 outwardly as in the male ; the fourth twice its own width 
 nearer the margin ; the fifth in line with the first three ; 
 the sixth twice its width nearer the base ; the seventh 
 largest, removed its width internally; the eighth double 
 or with upper half obsolete. 
 
 Under side of fore wings with upper markings re- 
 peated. Hind wings with basal row inconstant. First 
 
 28 * 
 
330 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 three spots of subterminal row running towards the outer 
 margin; the others running at a right angle from the 
 third, towards the inner margin. In one female example 
 the subterminal row of hind wings is indicated above by 
 a few lighter scales. 
 
 The larva and food-plant are unknown. 
 
 Taken in Florida and North Carolina. 
 
 156. Pamphila Maculata, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface uniform dark brown. The 
 fore wings have three small round spots in the subcostal 
 interspaces beyond the cell, extending from the costa 
 back ; two more, of larger size, in the median interspaces ; 
 and a third below these on the submedian vein, the latter 
 sometimes obsolete. The hind wings have a small spot 
 on the middle, in some examples obsolete. All these 
 spots are semi-transparent, yellowish. 
 
 Under side nearly as above, fore wings washed with 
 white near the posterior angle, spots of fore wings as 
 above. The hind wings have three spots in a trans- 
 verse row across the disk. Body black ; palpi yellowish. 
 
 The larva, when full grown, is one inch long, slender, 
 pale green, finely pubescent, the last two joints deeper 
 green, collar light brown. Head oval, oblique, densely 
 pubescent, slightly granulated, light brown. 
 
 The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, cylindrical, dull 
 green ; pubescent, especially about the head. Head-case 
 blunt, wing-cases smooth. On joints 8, 9, and 10 are 
 two flat tubercles on the ventral side. Anal hook broad, 
 triangular. 
 
 Gulf States ; occasional in New York. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 331 
 
 157. Pamphila Panoquin, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.3 inches. 
 
 Male.— Upper surface brown, with a bronze lustre. 
 The fore wings have two of the usual three anteapical 
 spots, those present representing the second and third of 
 the usual number ; subquadrate, the outer corners with 
 a tendency to extend outward in points. There are 
 usually one or two beyond the cell nearer the margin 
 than the anteapical spots ; when both are present the 
 lower one is much the larger and a little nearer the 
 cell. Below these is an oblique row of three spots, — two 
 in the median interspaces and one in line on the subme- 
 dian vein, the second a little more than twice as large as 
 the upper, the one on the submedian often small ; also a 
 small spot in the lower side of the cell at the outer end. 
 All these spots are pale yellowish. Stigma small, oval, 
 parallel to the costa. 
 
 Under side of nearly the same color as the upper, 
 much powdered with bronze scales on the costal margin 
 of the fore wings, and at the base and along the veins 
 of the hind wings. The spots of the fore wings show 
 more distinctly pale yellow. On the outer part of the 
 hind wings there is a white stripe following one of the 
 discal venules, with a spot below and occasionally one 
 above. 
 
 Female. — Without the stigma, colored and marked 
 like the male, but usually lacking the upper spot beyond 
 the cell. 
 
 The larva and food-plant are unknown. 
 
 Gulf States ; Atlantic City, N. J. 
 
332 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 158. Pamphila Ocola, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.4 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark brown, slightly bronzy ; 
 the fore wings with one or two small spots in the sub- 
 costal interspaces, the first one of the usual three being 
 absent, often the second also, those present being mere 
 points. There are three other spots in a bent row, — two 
 in the median interspaces and one on the submedian 
 vein, the one on the submedian so far towards the margin 
 as to be out of line with the other two; the first or 
 upper about one-fourth as large as the second, the second 
 concave on the outside. All these spots are dull, dusky, 
 translucent yellowish. 
 
 Under side of about the same shade as the upper, the 
 spots of the fore wings repeated. The costal margin and 
 most of the outer margin of the fore wings, and the veins 
 of the hind wings, somewhat bronzy. 
 
 Female. — Color and markings the same as in the male, 
 the second of the three oblique spots more than three 
 times as large as the first. The bronze on the costal 
 margin of the under side of the fore wings is very 
 distinct. 
 
 Larva and food-plant not known. 
 
 Gulf States ; Eastern Pennsylvania ; Whitings, Ind. 
 
 159. Pamphila Ethlius, Cram. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.15 inches. 
 
 Male. — -Upper surface dark blackish brown, some yel- 
 low scales over the basal part of both wings. The fore 
 wings with seven whitish, translucent spots, as shown in 
 Fig. 85. There are two in the two lower subcostal in- 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 333 
 
 terspaces, the upper of the usual series absent ; one in 
 the second interspace below these, beyond the cell, in 
 line with the first two ; the fourth and fifth in the 
 median interspaces ; the sixth on the submedian vein ; 
 the seventh on the lower side of the cell near the outer 
 end. The first of these is oblong, the second quadrate, 
 the third oblong (the long way transverse to the wing 
 instead of longitudinal), the first and third nearly twice 
 as large as the second. The fourth is a little less than 
 
 Fig. 85 . 
 
 Pamphila Ethlius (natural size). 
 
 half as large as the fifth, both somewhat trapezoidal, 
 concave on the outer side ; the sixth is about the size of 
 the fourth, concave on the inside, the outside rounded ; 
 the seventh is oblong, rounded outwardly and concave 
 inwardly. The hind wings have three marks similar to 
 the fourth on the fore wings, though not quite so large, 
 the first or anterior one often double. The fringes are 
 fuscous, darker at the base. The outer margin of the 
 hind wings is slightly excavate near the middle, below 
 which it is a little produced, somewhat like Eudamns 
 Tityrus , but broader and not so prominent. 
 
 Under side ochraceous brown over the hind wings, 
 and on the fore wings the costal margin and apical and 
 
334 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 outer portion, ending in a point at the posterior angle, 
 the rest of the fore wing blackish. The spots of the 
 upper surface are repeated. 
 
 Female. — Like the male, except that the first three 
 spots on the fore wings are more nearly of the same 
 size. 
 
 Body concolorous with the wings above, with yellow- 
 ish hairs, gray beneath. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 Gulf States ; occasional in New York. 
 
 160. Pamphila Bimacula, Gr. — Bob. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark brown, with a slight 
 purplish tinge ; the basal half of the fore wings washed 
 with yellow inclining to fulvous, more apparent along 
 the basal third of the costa and on both sides of the 
 stigma, where it is nearly clear yellow. Stigma oblique, 
 velvety black, broken in the middle into two narrow ellip- 
 tical parts. There is a small pale spot in the first median 
 interspace, and a few pale scales beyond the upper part 
 of the cell in the place of the usual second and third 
 anteapical subcostal spots. Hind wings without spots, 
 but the middle and basal areas with olivaceous yellow 
 hairs. 
 
 Under side grayish brown ; the basal half of the ante- 
 rior part of the fore wings, and the anterior part of the 
 hind wings, heavily washed with yellow tinged with fer- 
 ruginous ; the rest of the hind wings, except the inner 
 margin, and the outer part of the fore wings, well 
 sprinkled with the same. The posterior part of the 
 outer margin of the fore wings lacks these scales, and 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 335 
 
 the basal half of the hind part is black. The fore wings 
 have two pale spots in the median interspaces, the upper 
 whitish and about one-third the size of the lower. Inner 
 margin of hind wings sprinkled with gray. Fringes 
 white, gray at the base. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface of the same general color as 
 in the male, with very few of the yellow scales, and those 
 mostly along the costa of the fore wings. There are 
 two pale spots in the median interspaces ; the anteapical 
 scales as in the males. The hind wings have fewer of the 
 olive-yellow hairs. Under side as in the males, with 
 less gray on the inner margin of the hind wings. 
 
 Body black, the hairs of the thorax of nearly the same 
 color as the yellow on the fore wings, those on the 
 abdomen olive-yellow. Under side of body and palpi 
 white. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 The butterfly is found in July from New England to 
 Nebraska; Illinois. 
 
 161. Pamphila Pontiac, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.25 to 1.4 inches. 
 
 Male.— Upper surface dark blackish brown or fuscous, 
 the basal two thirds of the fore wings so heavily washed 
 with rather dark yellow as to make it clear yellow, sepa- 
 rated by the brown veins in the cell, beyond the stigma 
 and in the subcostal interspaces ; the base of the wing 
 and the bases of the subcostal interspaces having but 
 little of the yellow, as also the area below the subme- 
 dian vein. Stigma oblique, rather broad, velvety black, 
 broken by the lower median venule into two elliptical 
 parts which join by their oblique ends; the upper end 
 
336 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 stopping at the second branching of the median, the 
 lower on the submedian about one-third the distance 
 from the base. 
 
 Hind wings with the central area yellow, consisting 
 of a broad band across the disk composed of four oblong 
 spots between the veins, the second wholly or partially 
 divided into two spots, and a small spot in the end of 
 the cell ; the width of the band about one-third the length 
 of the wing. The inner third with yellowish olivaceous 
 hairs. 
 
 Under side dark brown, slightly ferruginous, the fore 
 wings, with the basal two thirds, fuscous, shading out- 
 wardly into the brown. The costal margin is over- 
 laid with yellow which extends into the cell. Mark- 
 ing the outer third is a band of dull yellow spots, — the 
 two anterior in the two lower subcostal interspaces, the 
 third in the second space below these, the next two in 
 the median interspaces, and the sixth below the fifth, 
 separated only by the vein ; the last four forming a 
 continuous band but for the brown veins. The hind 
 wings, as well as the apical portion of the fore wings, 
 are sprinkled with ferruginous yellow, the band of the 
 upper surface repeated, but the spots somewhat con- 
 tracted. 
 
 Female. — Upper surface dark or fuscous brown, as in 
 the male, with slight vinous reflection, the base a little 
 sprinkled with yellowish olivaceous scales. Two-thirds 
 the distance from the base is a band of eight more or less 
 distinct yellow spots, the sixth and seventh a little pale. 
 The first three of these spots are in the subcostal inter- 
 spaces, twice as long as broad ; the next two beyond the 
 cell, subquadrate, the fifth with its outer side in line with 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 337 
 
 the first three, the fourth with its inner side in the same 
 line ; the sixth and seventh in the median interspaces, 
 much larger than the others, the outer sides excavate ; 
 the eighth less distinct, and somewhat hour-glass-shaped. 
 The hind wings have a band through the middle, as in 
 the males, but the spots are smaller and the spot in the 
 cell is absent. 
 
 Under side as in the male. Body concolorous with 
 the wings above, under side pale yellow. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 Massachusetts to Nebraska; New Jersey. 
 
 162. Pamphila Dion, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.6 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface almost a copy of P. Pontiac , 
 but differs in the space above the cell of the fore wings 
 being more dusky, less washed with yellow, the base a 
 little more dusky, the cross-bar at the end of the cell 
 more distinct, the space beyond the cell as far as the yel- 
 low extends being nearly filled with clear yellow, while 
 in Pontiac the upper half is dusky and the stigma is 
 narrower, and there is more yellow below the submedian 
 vein. The stigma is oblique, velvety black, divided in 
 the middle into two elliptical portions, the upper slightly 
 the longer, of medium width, the two parts not touching 
 each other, there being a more distinct separation than in 
 Pontiac. The area on both sides of the stigma is clear 
 yellow, of about the same shade as in Pontiac. The 
 hind wings have the yellow band or area broader than 
 in Pontiac , the first spot less prominent, the second 
 longer, reaching well into the cell, without any dividing 
 cross or longitudinal marks, the remaining three spots 
 p w 29 
 
338 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 not very distinct, more obscured by the brownish-yellow 
 hairs than are those in Pontiac. 
 
 Under side ochraceous yellow, tinged with brown, 
 especially the costal and apical portions of the fore 
 wings and the greater part of the hind wings ; the pos- 
 terior part of the fore wings blackish. The spots are 
 obscure in the brownish-ochre ground, but are distinct 
 in the blackish portion, pale yellow. They are two 
 subcostal, a few scales, beyond the cell, two in the me- 
 dian interspaces, and the largest one extending from the 
 lower median venule to the submedian ; the cell well 
 washed with brownish ochre, but not containing pale 
 yellow rays as in Pontiac. The hind wings contain no 
 bands or spots, but the area between the median vein 
 and its lower branch and the submedian is paler than 
 the ground color, and there is another pale ray from 
 the middle of the cell outward to near the outer 
 margin. 
 
 Female. — Of the same shade of brown as the male, 
 both having a slight vinous reflection. The fore wings 
 have a small yellow spot at the end of the cell, and the 
 usual outer row of spots. These consist of the three 
 anteapical in the subcostal interspaces, the first one only 
 a few scales, the others elongate ; the fourth and fifth at 
 the end of the cell, the first only a few scales ; the sixth 
 and seventh in the median interspaces, rounded inwardly, 
 concave externally ; the eighth in the medio-submedian 
 space, partially or wholly divided in the middle. The 
 hind wings are similar to those of the male, the stripe 
 from the middle of the cell to near the outer margin 
 quite prominent, but mere traces of three other elongate 
 spots. Under side as in the male. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 339 
 
 Body concolorous with the wings above, beneath pale 
 yellow. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 Nebraska ; Whitings, Ind. 
 
 163. Pamphila Arpa, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark olivaceous brown, the base 
 of the fore wings and along the costa with yellowish 
 scales. The cell of the fore wings, a patch before the 
 stigma, and a band outside the stigma, crossing three in- 
 tervenular spaces and a little less than half the distance 
 to the outer margin, are clear golden yellow. There 
 are also five or six yellow rays between the subcostal 
 venules. Stigma long, slender, somewhat constricted in 
 the middle, oblique, black. The hind wings are sprin- 
 kled a little with yellow scales in the middle, the inner 
 part with olivaceous hairs. 
 
 Under side dark golden-yellow, the posterior part of 
 the fore wings blackish. Across the outer portion of 
 the fore wings are about three pale spots, there being 
 scarcely a trace of one on the submedian vein. Hind 
 wings without spots. 
 
 Female. — The upper surface the same brown as the 
 male, with a little sprinkling of yellow scales at the 
 base. The fore wings have the rays between the sub- 
 costal venules, but not so distinct, except the lower 
 two ; and there are three spots in an oblique row, — one 
 on the submedian vein and two between the branches of 
 the median. Under side as in the male. 
 
 The mature larva, according to Dr. Chapman, is nearly 
 two inches long; pale green striped with yellow, the 
 
340 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 joints after the second thickly lined with fine streaks 
 of green and yellow. Spiracles black. Head high, 
 narrow, blackish, bordered round the top and sides by 
 white, and with two white incurved (concave to each 
 other) streaks on the upper third of the face; these 
 separated by velvety black. 
 
 Chrysalis.— Length 1.2 inches, nearly cylindrical, 
 light brown, covered with white powder; the abdom- 
 inal joints pubescent; the wing-cases prolonged into 
 a short subulate point; the abdomen long, tapering 
 slightly, the end bluntly rounded. 
 
 The larva feeds on saw-palmetto, forming a tube of 
 the fan-like segments of the leaves, in which it lies con- 
 cealed until it changes. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 1 64. Pamphila Palatka, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.45 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark brown ; the outer third ot 
 the cell of the fore wings, and about the middle third of 
 the wing below the cell, except a narrow posterior bor- 
 der, clear yellow ; the basal third of the wing washed 
 with yellow, blending into the clear yellow of the middle, 
 so that without a glass the whole of this appears yellow. 
 Beyond the cell there are about three yellow spots in 
 the subcostal interspaces, sometimes the first and second 
 obscure. Stigma oblique, narrow, broken in the middle, 
 dull black. There is also a bar across the end of the 
 cell. Hind wings yellow, with a broad terminal and 
 costal border. 
 
 Under side of hind wings and anterior part of fore 
 wings brown, heavily overlaid with russety scales, so as 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 341 
 
 to give these parts a russety brown appearance ; the pos- 
 terior part of the fore wings blackish. The yellow of 
 the fore wings is repeated, that part in the cell tinged 
 with orange and expanded basally. The hind wings are 
 without distinct spots, but have a ray through the cell a 
 little paler than the rest of the wing. 
 
 Female. — Resembles the male, but lacks the sex-mark 
 above, and has the anteapical row of spots a little more 
 distinct. The under side has the costa of the fore wings 
 more suffused with orange. 
 
 Body dark brown above, sprinkled with yellow scales, 
 and with greenish-yellow hairs. Under side of thorax 
 pale yellowish ; abdomen buff, tinged with brown ; palpi 
 pale yellow, brownish at the ends. Antennae yellow 
 beneath, the tips fulvous ; above annulate with brown 
 and yellow ; the knob brown. 
 
 The mature larva is two inches long, cylindrical, with 
 the collar a black line connecting two black lateral spots. 
 Anal plate semicircular, projecting. Body yellowish 
 green, thickly dotted with minute, dark, hair-tipped 
 tubercles ; spiracles black ; under side bluish. Head 
 obliquely projecting, brownish, the upper part of the 
 face white and marked by three black stripes. 
 
 According to Dr. Chapman, the larva feeds on a 
 species of grass ( Claudium effusum ), drawing the faces 
 of the strongly-keeled leaves together, and in the tube 
 thus formed lying concealed when not feeding. 
 
 Gulf States, Nebraska. 
 
 165. Pamphila Vitellius, Sm. — Abb. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface bright yellow ; fore wings with 
 29 * 
 
342 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 an outer border of dark bronzy brown, in width about 
 one-fifth the length of the wing, and extending as a nar- 
 rower border along the hind margin, where it is sprinkled 
 with yellow scales. Costa narrowly black. Hind wings 
 with the margin bordered with brown, leaving the mid- 
 dle area yellow, suffused somewhat with brownish ; hairs 
 yellow. Fringes pale yellowish, dusky at apex of fore 
 wings. 
 
 Under side clear rich yellow, without spots, the pos- 
 terior part of the fore wings smoky black. Body covered 
 with dusky yellow hairs above, paler yellow beneath. 
 
 Female. — Outer fourth of the fore wing, and a border 
 along the hind margin of about the same width, the same 
 dark bronzy brown as the border of the male ; the re- 
 maining area of the fore wings dull yellow sprinkled 
 with brown, also brown along the veins. Hind wings 
 the same brown as the border of the fore wings, with 
 the centre slightly washed with yellow. Under side as 
 in the male. 
 
 Body dark brown above, with yellow hairs ; under side 
 pale yellow, the palpi and the under side of the antennae 
 paler than the body. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 Georgia, Southern Texas, Iowa, Nebraska. 
 
 166. Pamphila Delaware, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface yellow, slightly fulvous-tinted ; 
 the veins, except the subcostal, brown ; the fore wings 
 with a dark brown outer border, in width about one- 
 eighth the length of the wing, extending only a little 
 along the hind margin, its inner edge but slightly crenate. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 343 
 
 Hind wings with the outer border about the same 
 width, but the costal and inner margin a little broader. 
 
 Under side about the same color as the upper, without 
 spots; the basal half of the posterior part of the fore 
 wings smoky black, extending as a narrow posterior 
 border along the outer half. 
 
 Female. — Dark brown marked with pale yellow. 
 The basal two fifths of the fore wings brown ; beyond 
 this a band of yellow extending half-way to outer mar- 
 gin, and not quite reaching either margin, separated into 
 spots by the veins and venules, making in all ten inter- 
 venular yellow spots, besides the one that fills the outer 
 third of the cell. Hind wings as in the males, but paler, 
 the veins dark. 
 
 Under side almost a lemon-yellow, the black on the 
 fore wings as in the males, with the addition of a border 
 from the posterior angle half-way to the apex, and most 
 of the outline of the cell black. 
 
 The larva, according to Dr. Chapman, feeds upon a 
 large species of grass ( JErianthus alopecuroides ), rolling 
 itself in a leaf. When full grown it is one inch long, 
 fusiform, bluish white ; collar black, ending in a dot on 
 each side; a lunate black band on joint 13 and anal 
 plate. The surface is thickly dotted with minute black 
 tubercles. Head oval, oblique, white, smooth, slightly 
 bilobed ; a dark band about the top and sides, a black 
 vertical streak on the middle of the face, and a short 
 streak of the same color on each side of this. 
 
 The chrysalis is narrow, greenish white ; the head- 
 case blunt, black-tubercled, and bristly ; the last joint 
 black. 
 
 Massachusetts to Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Montana. 
 
344 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 167. Pamphila Byssus, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.7 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark glossy brown ; basal half 
 of costa of fore wings ferruginous, as well as a little of 
 the cell below adjoining ; at the end of the cell an irregu- 
 lar yellow-fulvous bar within; across the disk a bent 
 yellow-fulvous band, starting on costal margin about 
 three-fifths the distance from base to apex, bending 
 round the cell, and continued to middle of submedian 
 vein, narrow at top, but below the cell widening rap- 
 idly, on the submedian being in width about one-third 
 the length of this part of the wing. The basal half 
 of hind margin washed with fulvous. 
 
 The hind wings have a fulvous patch in the middle, 
 consisting of a broad band beyond the cell, not reaching 
 either margin, and a small spot in the cell, sometimes 
 the spot obsolete. The hairs of basal area next the 
 inner margin fulvous. Fringes of fore wings dark gray- 
 brown, of hind wings lighter. 
 
 Under side wholly ferruginous (individuals varying 
 a little in shade), except that the posterior half of the 
 fore wings is blackish. The spots of the upper side are 
 repeated indistinctly ; on the hind wings, in most ex- 
 amples, the surface is without spots, in some there is 
 a faint paler color indicating the patch of the upper side. 
 The veins and branches are a shade more yellow than 
 the ground color. 
 
 Body above covered with fulvous hairs ; beneath, the 
 thorax and ventral part of abdomen yellowish, sides of 
 abdomen and legs ferruginous. 
 
 Female. — Upper side of same brown as the male, and 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 345 
 
 marked with fulvous in a similar manner, but the band 
 is narrow and of nearly uniform width throughout, 
 except at the bend opposite the cell, where it is much 
 restricted. 
 
 Under side as in the male, but in six cases out of seven 
 the band of the upper side of the hind wings is indicated 
 below with much distinctness. 
 
 In one male the fulvous band is diffused, and the 
 basal area is also fulvous, so that the whole of the wing 
 is of that color, except a stripe around the end of the cell, 
 and the outer margin. The males have no stigma. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 Indian River, Florida ; Texas. 
 
 168. Pamphila Osyka, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface uniform brown, with a slight 
 green tinge, without spots. Stigma long, broadest at the 
 upper part, depressed in the middle. Under side brown. 
 Body gray beneath ; palpi greenish white. 
 
 Female. — Of the same size as the male, and the same 
 color above except the stigma. Under side clear gray, 
 except on hind margin of fore wings, which is brown. 
 On the costa of fore wings are three minute semi-trans- 
 parent spots in a line, and on the disk are two others at 
 an obtuse angle with the first. Palpi white. 
 
 Larva and food- plant unknown. 
 
 Gulf States ; Whitings, Ind. 
 
 169. Pamphipa Eufala, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.2 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark olive-brown. The fore 
 
346 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 wings have three small white semi-transparent spots be- 
 yond the cell in the subcostal interspaces, and two spots 
 below in the submedian interspaces, the first subquad- 
 rate, and the second oblong, about twice as large as the 
 first; both small. Besides these there are one or two 
 opaque white points at the end of the cell ; wanting in 
 some examples. Hind wings without spots. 
 
 Under side a little paler than the upper, hind wings 
 and costal and apical portions of fore wings sprinkled 
 with gray. The spots of the fore wings are repeated. 
 
 Female. — Similar to the male, but on both surfaces 
 there is a slight violet tint, more apparent along the 
 veins. 
 
 Body black above, hairs dark olivaceous brown ; 
 under side, and palpi, whitish. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 Florida, Texas. 
 
 170. Pamphila Fusca, Gr. — Rob. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.05 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface glossy olivaceous blackish, 
 without spots, but with a faint and variable yellow- 
 ish-brown reflection equally distributed. Fringes pale, 
 without spots. 
 
 Under side of wings shaded with lustrous golden- 
 brown scales. Fore wings about the same shade as 
 above, with the golden-brown on the anterior and ter- 
 minal portions. Hind wings evenly covered with pale 
 golden-brown scales, except a space before the inner 
 margin, extending from the base to the outer margin. 
 
 Body above concolorous with the wings ; beneath pale 
 yellowish olive, palpi yellowish white. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 347 
 
 Female. — Similar to the male, but the palpi are paler, 
 as is also the under side of the abdomen. 
 
 Larva and food-plant not known. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 171. Pamphila Hianna, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.45 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface dark brown; the fore wings 
 with three small white anteapical spots in the subcostal 
 interspaces, one larger in the first median interspace, and 
 a small one in the upper part of the outer end of the cell. 
 Hind wings without spots. 
 
 Under side about the same color as above, the basal 
 two thirds, except posterior part of fore wings, sprinkled 
 with brown, the outer part sprinkled with gray. The 
 spots of the upper side are reproduced with a little more 
 distinctness, and there is a dim curved line in the second 
 median interspace of the fore wings. Hind wings with 
 a small white point below the costa beyond the middle. 
 
 Female. — Differs from the male in having the spots 
 larger, two small ones opposite the cell of the fore wings, 
 out of line with the others, and a spot somewhat larger 
 than the others in the base of the second median inter- 
 space. On the under side the hind wings have a small 
 spot on the anterior part, near the base. 
 
 Body blackish above and below ; palpi dark gray. 
 
 The larva and food-plant are not known. 
 
 Massachusetts to Nebraska. 
 
 172. Pamphila Viator, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.5 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper side of fore wings dark brown, with a 
 
348 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 reddish tint. There is a double yellow spot in the outer 
 end of the cell, and a discal row of spots across the wing. 
 The first three of these are in the subcostal interspaces, 
 the first subobsolete or obsolete ; below these are three 
 more, — two in the median interspaces, and one irregular 
 one, somewhat hour-glass-shaped, with the lower part the 
 broadest, extends from the submedian to the lower branch 
 of the median. This may be divided in the middle into 
 two spots. 
 
 The hind wings have a broad brown margin, broader 
 along the costa and outer part than along the inner mar- 
 gin, the whole of the rest of the wing yellow, broken into 
 long spots by the brown veins. 
 
 Under side of fore wings smoky along the hind mar- 
 gin, reddish brown along the costa and apex ; the spots 
 of the upper side repeated indistinctly. The hind wings 
 pale brown, with the spots repeated indistinctly. 
 
 Some examples have two small spots beyond the cell 
 of the fore wings, and the other spots somewhat enlarged, 
 the spot on the submedian with the lower part shading 
 out towards the base. The two spots beyond the cell do 
 not shoAV on the under side. 
 
 Female similar to the male, but a little larger. 
 
 Body above brown, below gray ; palpi whitish ; club 
 of antennae brown tipped with fulvous. 
 
 Larva and food-plant unknown. 
 
 Gulf States, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 173. Amblyscirtes Vialis, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1 inch. 
 
 Upper surface dark blackish brown, with slight violet 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 349 
 
 reflection. The fore wings have three small white ante- 
 apical dots in the subcostal interspaces, about three-fourths 
 the distance from the base to the apex, and traces of spots 
 in the median interspaces. Hind wings without spots. 
 Fringes gray, spotted with dark brown at the ends of 
 the veins. 
 
 Under side as above ; the apical half of the fore wings, 
 and all of the hind wings except a ray before the anal 
 angle, washed with lilac scales, the anterior basal part of 
 the hind wings only sprinkled. There is a clustering of 
 the gray scales across the disk of the hind wings, con- 
 stituting a rather indistinct connected series of about 
 four spots forming a curve, made more apparent by there 
 being less gray just before these than on other portions 
 of the wing. There is a white spot in the fringe at the 
 apex of each wing. 
 
 Body olivaceous brown above, lilac-gray below, in- 
 cluding the palpi. 
 
 In the larval state this species feeds on grasses, the 
 butterfly appearing from the first to the middle of 
 July. 
 
 Orono, Maine; Middle, Southern, and Western States. 
 
 174. Amblyscirtes Eos, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1 inch. 
 
 Upper surface grayish brown. The fore wings have 
 three white spots in line from the costa back, as in A. 
 Vialis, but no other spots. Fringes alternate white and 
 fuscous on the fore wings, but on the hind wings fuscous 
 only at the tips of three or four venules in the middle 
 of the margin. 
 
 Under side brown, with a whitish or chalky tint at 
 30 
 
350 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the apex of the fore wings and along the outer margin, 
 and over most of the hind wings, quite dense on the outer 
 margin. The spots on the fore wings are repeated, a 
 little enlarged, and accompanied by a fourth below the 
 others and towards the outer margin. The hind wings 
 have a mesial row of whitish points, not reaching either 
 margin, irregular, rather forming a double row, with a 
 similar point in the cell and two in the interspace above 
 the cell. 
 
 Texas, Georgia, Florida. 
 
 175. Amblyscirtes Samoset, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, sprinkled with greenish 
 scales, which give a greenish shade to the wings. The 
 fore wings have a row of pale yellow spots beyond the 
 middle, consisting of three near the costa in the subcostal 
 interspaces, mere dots ; the fourth, in line with these, in 
 the second interspace beyond the cell ; the fifth and sixth 
 are in the median interspaces, the sixth much larger than 
 any of the others ; the seventh some light scales above 
 the submedian vein, forming two indistinct spots. There 
 are traces of a small spot in the end of the cell. The 
 hind wings have a faint trace of a discal line. 
 
 Under side lighter than the upper, overlaid with green- 
 ish scales, with the exception of the posterior part of the 
 fore wings. The spots of the fore wings are repeated, 
 with two at the end of the cell. Hind wings with the 
 discal band distinct, but not reaching either margin, an 
 indistinct spot in the cell and two above it. The discal 
 band is composed of about five white spots which are 
 united. The fringes are white, marked with dark brown 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 35] 
 
 at the ends of the veins on the fore wings and the middle 
 veins of the hind wings. 
 
 The larva is said to feed on a coarse grass ( Andropo- 
 gon ). The butterfly is on the wing through the middle 
 of June. 
 
 Northern and Middle States, Maine to Georgia, Wis- 
 consin, Iowa. 
 
 176. Amblyscirtes Textor, Hub. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.15 inches. 
 
 Upper surface olive-brown, the fore wings with an 
 irregular row of six small angular white spots running 
 from the costa back to the middle of the wing, about 
 three-fourths the length of the wing from the base. The 
 first three of these are in the usual subcostal interspaces, 
 the next two in the interspaces beyond the cell, the sixth 
 in the first median interspace. There is a trace of the 
 seventh in the upper part of the second median inter- 
 space, farther back than the others. The first is a mere 
 point, but there is a gradual increase in size up to the 
 third and fourth, this being out of line with the others, 
 the fourth, fifth, and sixth about the same size. The 
 hind wings are without spots, but there is a faint trace 
 of the discal band of the under side. Fringes long, 
 whitish, cut with brown at the ends of the veins. 
 
 Under side of fore wings as above, with the spots 
 more distinct, the seventh being an elongate spot reach- 
 ing from vein to vein, and a small spot above the sub- 
 median. In addition to these there are two minute dots 
 at the end of the cell. All these are yellowish white. 
 
 Hind wings brown, with a gray-violet tint, except 
 near the inner margin. Across the disk, beyond the 
 
352 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 cell, is a tortuous connected row of irregular yellowish- 
 white spots extending from costa near apex to near inner 
 margin. This is somewhat dilated at the extremities, 
 and sends a short ray outward beyond the cell. Across 
 the end of the cell extends another somewhat broken 
 row, consisting of two or three spots in and below the 
 cell, the two being connected by the white veins, giving 
 the hind wings a somewhat reticulated appearance. 
 
 Food-plant not known. 
 
 North Carolina to Texas. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 In this division the knob of the antennae is spindle- 
 shaped. The larvae are more or less cylindrical, with the 
 head usually larger than the second segment. Habits 
 of larva and pupa mostly similar to those of Section I. 
 
 Fig. 86. 
 
 177. Pyrgus Tessellata, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface black, the basal third and hind 
 margin of fore wings overlaid with white hairs, as also 
 the inner part of hind wings. The 
 outer two thirds of fore wings con- 
 tain about thirty white spots ar- 
 ranged somewhat in four irregu- 
 lar transverse rows ; and five more 
 on the costal edge, as shown in 
 Fig. 86. The hind wings have 
 about eighteen spots, arranged in 
 three rows, the spots of the inner row the largest, the 
 middle ones crescents, the outer ones points. Fringes 
 white, with black at the ends of the veins. 
 
 Pyrgus Tessellata, male (nat- 
 ural size). 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 353 
 
 Under side of fore wings yellowish white along the 
 costa and the outer margin, the spots of the upper 
 surface repeated, but more or less blended, the space 
 between the spots brownish black. Hind wings white, 
 faintly yellowish ; a spot near the base, two irregular 
 transverse bands, and a marginal row of lunules are 
 brownish, these corresponding to the spaces between 
 the rows of white above. 
 
 Female. — Darker, owing to the spots being smaller, 
 the marginal row of points subobsolete. Under side 
 also darker. 
 
 Pennsylvania to the Gulf, Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 178. Pyrgus Centaure^e, Ramb. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface black, tinged with brown, sprinkled 
 somewhat with white scales over the basal half. There 
 is a bar of white in the end of the cell of the fore wings, 
 a less distinct spot of the same below the middle of the 
 cell, and a subterminal 'row of white spots. There are 
 first three spots in the subcostal interspaces three-fourths 
 of the distance from the base to the apex ; two spots be- 
 yond the cell, the upper half-way from the third spot to 
 the margin ; spot five in line with the first three ; and an 
 oblique row of four more, — two in the median interspaces 
 and the other two in the medio-submedian interspace, one 
 next to each vein. Besides this, the cross-vein at the end 
 of the cell has some white scales. In addition to these, 
 there are five white spots on the costal edge. 
 
 The hind wings have two obscure rows of white spots, 
 the first crossing the end of the cell, the spot on the cell 
 being the most distinct; the second subterminal, consist- 
 
 30 * 
 
 X 
 
354 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 ing of a series of intervenular, somewhat sagittate spots. 
 Fringes white, cut with black at the ends of the veins. 
 
 Under side a little paler than the upper, sprinkled 
 over with white scales so as to be grayish brown. The 
 spots of the fore wings are repeated, but enlarged and 
 coalescing. The hind wings have three distinct bands 
 of white, one near the base which does not show on 
 the upper side, consisting of three patches united ; the 
 middle one enlarged and blended ; the subterminal one 
 not much more prominent than on the upper surface. 
 
 Body black above, with gray hairs, the scales and hairs 
 below white ; antennae annulate with black and white ; tip 
 of club ferruginous. 
 
 New York, West Virginia, North Carolina, Colorado. 
 
 179. Nisoniades Bmzo, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, the outer portion of the fore 
 wings sprinkled with gray. Near the outer margin of 
 the fore wings is a row of small gray spots, and between 
 these and the cell is a row of larger contiguous gray 
 spots, varying from oval to orbicular, bordered, except 
 where they come together, by a line of darker brown 
 than the ground color ; the spots of the upper end of the 
 row have the brown pointed outwardly. A similar row 
 crosses the wing about through the middle, but this has 
 no points on the outside ; and there is a dark spot at 
 the base of the cell. The hind wings have two wavy 
 rows of ochre-yellow spots, which are dull and ob- 
 scure. 
 
 Under side a little paler than the upper, with two rows 
 of white spots parallel with the outer margin, common 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 355 
 
 to both wings ; the hind margin of the fore wings dull 
 whitish. 
 
 Atlantic States to the Kooky Mountains, Colorado, 
 Arizona. 
 
 180. Nisoniades Icelus, Lintn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface blackish brown, sprinkled with pale 
 bluish scales. A band, somewhat lighter than the basal 
 part of the wing, crosses the fore wings so as to bring 
 the end of the cell in its middle. This band is heavily 
 overlaid with bluish scales, especially on the costal half. 
 Preceding this is a band of darker brown, subquadrate, 
 contiguous spots, with a slight sprinkling of bluish 
 scales. Beyond the band which crosses the end of the 
 cell is another band of ovate spots, the bases rounded, 
 the costal half with the spots narrower and more pointed, 
 the anterior four or five with whitish, imperfectly-defined 
 spots in their centres, and the rest overlaid with bluish 
 scales. Between this band and the outer margin is a 
 row of obscure brown spots without the pale scales. The 
 hind wings have two irregular rows of dull ochraceous 
 spots along the outer margin. 
 
 Under side paler than the upper side, the hind wings 
 with the two rows of spots repeated. The fore wings 
 have two rows of spots parallel with the outer margin, 
 both elongate, the outer on the edge and extending into 
 the fringe. Inside these, and corresponding with the 
 second band of the upper side, is a row of white spots, 
 the first six small, the seventh and eighth larger and 
 quadrate, the ninth and tenth obscure. 
 
 According to Mr. Lintner, the egg is of a pale green 
 
356 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 color, in shape semi-ellipsoidal, its base flat, and its 
 apex depressed between the tips of the ribs, which termi- 
 nate exterior to the depression. It is distinctly ribbed 
 with from ten to twelve longitudinal ribs, and connecting 
 the ribs are from thirty to thirty-five transverse striae. 
 Diameter, .031 of an inch ; height, .028 of an inch. 
 
 The larva was described by W. H. Edwards in 1885. 
 The butterfly may be seen in June. 
 
 New England to Michigan, Illinois, Florida, Colo- 
 rado, Arizona, Washington Territory. 
 
 181. Nisoniades Somnus, Lintn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.45 inches. 
 
 Male. — Dark brown in color, approaching N. Persius. 
 Fore wings without the anteapical white spots above, 
 and the large patch of bluish-white scales resting on the 
 discal cross-vein of N. Icelus. The black transverse 
 bands have the position and character of those of N. 
 Icelus , but are almost lost in the ground color. Hind 
 wings nearly as dark as the fore wings, showing indis- 
 tinctly the two rows of pale brown spots. 
 
 Under side of wings bronze by reflection. The fore 
 wings have a short costo-apical white streak in cell 8, or 
 between the third and fourth subcostal venules, and a 
 minute white dot above this, or in cell 9 (N. Icelus 
 usually has a subquadrangular white spot in the upper 
 interspace beyond the cell and the two lower subcostal 
 interspaces, and occasionally the spots form a continuous 
 line nearly across the wing from the lower median inter- 
 space to next the lower subcostal interspace). There is 
 an intervenular series of pale streaks, and on the hind 
 wings the two rows of yellow-brown spots are indistinct. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 357 
 
 Female. — Paler brown than the male. The two trans- 
 verse bands of the fore wings are quite distinct, and 
 between them, on the discal cross-vein, is a conspicuous 
 patch of whitish scales ; no white anteapical spots. Upon 
 the margin is a row of rounded brown spots, separated 
 from the contiguous band by whitish scales. The bands 
 are broader than in N. Icelus , and are almost drawn 
 together on the second submedian vein ; the connected 
 series of spots composing each are shaped much as in 
 N. Icelus , are heavily bordered with black, and bear 
 bluish scales. The hind wings contain a geminate discal 
 mark, a submarginal row of yellowish spots much bent 
 inwardly opposite the cell, and a marginal row of small 
 linear whitish spots. 
 
 Under side bronze like the male. The hind wings 
 have the two rows of spots repeated ; the fore wings 
 have a marginal row of linear whitish spots, a regularly 
 curved submarginal row of eight oblong yellowish spots, 
 and a single white anteapical spot. 
 
 The palpi are shorter than in N. Icelus , shaggy, some 
 of the hairs of the second joint extending to the tip of 
 the third. The tibiae of the posterior pair of legs are 
 without the pencil of hairs characteristic of N. Icelus. 
 
 Indian River, Florida. 
 
 182. Nisoniades Lucilius, Lintn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.25 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, with a red lustrous reflec- 
 tion. Like N. Icelus , there is a paler band at the end 
 of the cell of the fore wings, and this is preceded and 
 followed by a darker band, the inner not well defined, 
 and interrupted. In the female, and sometimes in the 
 
358 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 male, there is a white hyaline spot resting on the outer 
 end of the two cellular teeth formed by this band, some- 
 times obsolete. The submarginal band consists of in- 
 terspaceal, sagittate, fuscous spots, which are somewhat 
 squarely truncated anteriorly and have umber-colored 
 scales centrally. Its course is direct from the submedian 
 vein to the subcostal venule, whence it is broadly reflected 
 anteriorly to the costal margin, embracing in this portion 
 four interspaceal minute white hyaline spots, of which 
 the first, third, and fourth are nearly in line, the second 
 and largest lying behind. Between the median venules 
 are two hyaline spots, of which the inner one is some- 
 times obsolete in the male or wholly absent. Between 
 these two bands the ground color is umber-brown, with 
 a few bluish-gray scales towards the submarginal band, 
 and a large number between the subcostal venules. The 
 sagittate spots of the submarginal band are bordered 
 externally with gray, followed by a series of round um- 
 ber spots having a few gray scales resting on obscure 
 yellowish spots between them and the brown marginal 
 line. Fringes umber, with a very few basal gray scales. 
 
 Hind wings of a more uniform brown than the fore 
 wings, and more shaded with red, with two rows of ob- 
 scure yellowish-brown marginal spots ; the discal spots 
 at the end of the cell barely seen. 
 
 Under side reddish brown, the fore wings conspicu- 
 ously so at the apex. The four subapical hyaline spots 
 are constant, and there is usually a small white spot in 
 the cell. The median spots are larger than the subapical, 
 and are subquadrangular in form. Hind wings without 
 discal spots. Both wings with two rows of spots along 
 the outer margin. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 359 
 
 The eggs are .03 of an inch in diameter, marked with 
 fourteen ribs and twenty-five transverse strise. 
 
 The larva at maturity is .8 of an inch long, yellowish 
 green in color, with a bluish-green dorsal line. The legs 
 are tipped with fuscous. On joint 8 is an oblong yellow 
 spot on each side of the dorsal line, a similar mark on 
 joint 2, and a brown spot on the head. 
 
 The chrysalis is cylindrical, conical, not angulated, 
 thorax slightly elevated. Head-case rounded in front, 
 depressed below a line drawn from the anal spine across 
 the base of the wings to the humeral tubercle. Towards 
 the close of this period the eye-cases are purple, the wing- 
 cases whitish, the abdomen green, except at the tip, where 
 it is brown. 
 
 Food-plant Aquilegia Canadensis . There are two 
 
 broods in a season, possibly three, the butterflies appear- 
 ing in May and about the last of August or in the fore 
 part of September. 
 
 New York, Middle and Western States. 
 
 183. Nisoniades Persius, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.4 inches. 
 
 Upper surface blackish brown, the outer part of the 
 fore wings sprinkled with pale bluish scales in the males, 
 but in the females a little at the base also. Like the 
 other species, this has a mesial band crossing the discal 
 cell, and a submarginal band, the first more obscure 
 than the second, except below the median vein and in 
 the cell; the upper point in the cell containing a dis- 
 tinct hyaline spot in the females, but more obscure in 
 the males. In the outer band spots 1 and 4 and 7 and 
 8 contain each a distinct white hyaline spot, the second 
 
360 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 larger and a little out of line; spots 9 and 10 are united 
 into an hour-glass-shaped spot. Spots 1 to 5 are nar- 
 rowly ellipsoidal, 6 to 8 are somewhat truncated inter- 
 nally, all the others are strongly pointed internally. Be- 
 tween these two bands the space in the end of the cell 
 and between the median and submedian veins is lighter 
 and more reddish brown than the rest of the wing. Be- 
 tween the submarginal band and the margin is a series 
 of roundish brown spots, each tipped externally with a 
 gray crescentic spot resting on a terminal brown line. 
 
 Hind wings more of a reddish brown than the fore 
 wings, with two rows of indistinct ochraceous spots near 
 the outer margin, and a spot at the end of the cell. The 
 males are darker brown than the females, and for that 
 reason the bands are more obscure. 
 
 Under side of the female grayish brown, the apical 
 portion of the fore wings gray ; the white hyaline spots 
 are repeated, and both wings have two marginal rows 
 of whitish spots. The males, as above, are darker than 
 the females. 
 
 According to Mr. S. H. Scudder, the larva feeds on 
 willow, poplar, and Lespedeza capitata. The butterflies 
 are to be seen in June. 
 
 New England to Montana, Washington Territory, 
 Colorado, New Mexico. 
 
 184. Nisoniades Ausonius, Lintn. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.06 inches. 
 
 Fore wings above pale umber-brown, with grayish 
 scales sprinkled over most of the surface (more diffused 
 than in the other species), except on the fuscous bands, 
 showing especially beyond the submarginal band. There 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 361 
 
 are two brown basilar spots resting on the subcostal and 
 median veins, not so dark as those of the disk. The 
 discal band, usually continuous in this genus, here con- 
 sists of three elongate ftiscous dashes (appearing to the 
 unaided eye as a single spot) resting on the subcostal 
 near the discal cross-vein, extending nearly half-way to 
 the median, the intervening space having merely an 
 indication of the spot, which appears distinctly in most 
 of the species as the inner cellular tooth of the discal 
 band; following this is an obscure fuscous spot at the 
 fork of the first and second median venules, and, beyond, 
 the usual hour-glass-shaped spot, extending from the 
 second median venule to the submedian, with its con- 
 striction on the interspaceal fold. The discal cross-vein 
 is conspicuously marked in brown. The submarginal 
 band of fuscous spots is doubly curved, being convex 
 towards the outer margin from the costa to the third 
 median venule, thence concave to its termination at the 
 submedian. It consists of four acutely ellipsoidal fus- 
 cous spots between the subcostal venules, which are 
 wholly destitute of the usual hyaline spots, followed by 
 three others of similar form but of greater breadth, the 
 next subacute externally, and the last similar in outline 
 to the corresponding one of the discal band. There is a 
 marginal row of interspaceal brown spots, the first four 
 of which are surrounded by gray scales and lie near the 
 margin, and the remaining four more remote than in N. 
 Martialis ; also a row of obscure brown spots resting on 
 the tips of the venules and extending on the fringe. 
 
 Hind wings of a darker ground than the fore wings, 
 sprinkled with blackish scales, darker basally, and with 
 pale yellow-brown spots. Discal spot and marginal row 
 q 3] 
 
362 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 obsolete, submarginal crescentic in form. On each side of 
 the submarginal row of spots is a range of oval fuscous 
 spots, subconnected. 
 
 Under side reddish brown, with the terminal margin 
 gray. The fore wings have the fuscous spots of the sub- 
 marginal band and marginal row as on the upper surface ; 
 of the discal band the spots in the cell are alone obscurely 
 visible ; the basal ones are lost in the general color. The 
 marginal brown spots below the subcostal venules rest 
 centrally on elliptical gray patches, while those of the 
 hind wings approach a semioval form, and are preceded 
 by gray crescents, which nearly enclose them by uniting 
 with some marginal gray scales; at the tips of these 
 crescents a submarginal row of fuscous spots is obscurely 
 seen. Discal spot obsolete. 
 
 Middle States, West Virginia. 
 
 185. Nisoniades Martialis, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings 1.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface of female blackish towards the tip of the 
 fore wings, the rest slightly grayish. Near the base of 
 the cell a dark blackish-brown spot, and beyond this the 
 mesial and submarginal bands of spots of the same color, 
 the first obscure on the costa and broken on the median 
 vein, the last spot being placed farther towards the base, 
 so as to be out of line with the others. On the upper 
 outer point in the cell is a somewhat elongate white hya- 
 line spot, expanded externally and posteriorly, and on 
 the lower point traces of a second spot. Submarginal 
 row as in N. Persius , but the hyaline spots much larger, 
 the one in spot 8 being twice as long as broad, and the 
 hour-glass spots above the submedian vein have pale 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 363 
 
 brown centres. The marginal row of brown spots lacks 
 the gray crescents, there being only mere traces of them, 
 and are not set in a grayish field, there being some bluish 
 scales inside this row over most of the wing, but none 
 outside ; and there is not so much difference between the 
 color of the end of the cell and the rest of the wing as 
 in N. Persius. Hind wing with only traces of spots in 
 the usual places. 
 
 Under side a little paler brown than the upper, all the 
 hyaline spots distinct. The marginal and submarginal 
 bands of the fore wings are dimly outlined, the outer set 
 in a paler ground. The usual double row of spots on 
 the hind wings is dim. 
 
 The male differs from the female in having the bands 
 and hyaline spots less distinct, and the ground color a 
 little darker. 
 
 Atlantic States to Florida, Mississippi Yallev, Kansas, 
 Colorado. 
 
 186. Nisoniades Juvenalis, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.6 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark smoky brown, so dark that the 
 usual bands are a little obscure. These are the mesial 
 and submarginal bands of spots on the fore wings, and 
 an obscure spot at the base of the cell. The mesial band 
 would be obscure were it not for the few gray scales that 
 border the spots. The upper point in the cell contains 
 a small hyaline spot. The submarginal band contains 
 five or six hyaline spots, the first four situated in spots 
 1 to 4 of the band, and the fifth in spot 7. The spots 
 of this band are shorter and less pointed than in N. 
 Persius and V. Martialis , the last two scarcely united ; 
 
364 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 a few gray scales each side of the band. Outside this 
 band is a series of blackish-brown roundish spots, with 
 a few whitish scales between each spot and the obscure 
 marginal line. 
 
 Hind wings dark smoky brown, with a mere trace of 
 the usual double row of marginal spots. 
 
 Under side nearly as dark as the upper, with purple re- 
 flections, especially on the hind wings. The hind wings 
 show mere traces of the usual two rows of spots; the 
 fore wings have the hyaline spots distinct, and the mar- 
 ginal and submarginal bands are to be seen, but the field 
 on which they rest is not so pale as in N. Martialis. 
 Fringes concolorous with the wings. 
 
 According to Harris, the larva of this species feeds 
 on species of Apios and Lathyrus, and perhaps other 
 Leguminosse. It is green, with pale stripes, and has a 
 heart-shaped brown head. 
 
 The chrysalis is rather long and tapering, pale yellow- 
 ish brown, with a few minute hairs on the body, and 
 with the tongue-case prominent and projecting beyond 
 the middle of the breast. There are two broods of these 
 insects, the last hibernating in the chrysalis state. Prob- 
 ably there are more than two broods in the Southern States. 
 
 Atlantic States to Florida, Mississippi Valley, Colo- 
 rado, Arizona. 
 
 187. Nisoniades Petronius, Lintn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark blackish brown, the submarginal 
 band of subsagittate spots oblique, black, being more 
 drawn out inwardly towards the base as it approaches 
 the hind margin. The black markings of the wings are 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 365 
 
 more strongly contrasted with the dark brown ground 
 than in N. Ncevius , but less so than in N. Juvenalis , — 
 about equal to N. Persius . The white hyaline spots of 
 the fore wings are of medium size, smaller than in the 
 average N. Juvenalis ; the spot in the discal cell is small ; 
 that in the upper median interspace on the transverse 
 band of sagittate spots is crescentic, concave towards the 
 base ; below this, in the second median interspace, is a 
 smaller white spot, wanting in some examples. The 
 four anteapical spots in the same band are not quite 
 in a line, as they are in N. Juvenalis , the third stand- 
 ing a little farther towards the base than the others; 
 the second and third being oblong, instead of quadrate 
 as in N. Juvenalis. 
 
 There are fewer white scales on the fore wings than 
 in N. Juvenalis , there being scarcely any on the basal 
 side of the submarginal band, and only a few on the 
 outer side. The pale on the outside of the marginal 
 band is very dim. The usual two submarginal rows on 
 the hind wings are very obscure. 
 
 Under side reddish brown, especially the hind wings, 
 which show two rows of pale brown submarginal spots, 
 which become obsolete before reaching the front margin 
 of the wing, and wholly want the white spots in cells 6 
 and 7 which characterize N. Juvenalis. The white spots 
 of the fore wings are larger than above. 
 
 Head : above the eyes and just behind the “ locklet” 
 are a few white scales ; behind and beneath the eyes are 
 some pale yellow-brown scales, and similar-colored hairs 
 compose most of the palpal covering, in strong contrast 
 with the dark brown color of the legs, thorax, and 
 abdomen. 
 
 31 * 
 
366 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 This is the largest species of the genus, and is sepa- 
 rable from Juvenalis and Propertius by its darker color, 
 less distinct ornamentation, less rounded wings, and the 
 absence of white spots of the hind wings in cells 6 and 
 7 ; from Ncevius by its larger size, more distinct mark- 
 ings, and the contrasting lighter shade of the palpi. 
 
 Indian River, Florida. 
 
 188. Nisoniades Kevius, Lintn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.45 to 1.65 inches. 
 
 Upper surface fuscous, almost black, with a purple 
 reflection. The fore wings have four minute, subquad- 
 rangular, costo-apical, hyaline spots, of which the fourth 
 may be obsolete, resting on the first four spots of the 
 submarginal band, and a similar spot on spot 7 of this 
 band, but none on spot 8 nor at the end of the discal 
 cell. An irregular umber-brown spot centres on the 
 discal cross- vein, and between the median and submedian 
 veins is another, showing more distinctly in the female. 
 The terminal row of obscure, rounded, intervenular fus- 
 cous spots rest on a dark umber-brown ground. All the 
 markings are nearly lost in the dark ground ; those best 
 defined are two confluent trapezoidal spots above the 
 submedian vein, forming the posterior termination of 
 the transverse row of spots, and defined without and 
 within by a W in umber-brown. The spots of the trans- 
 verse row are not of the ordinary sagittate form. The 
 hind wings dark brown, showing faintly the two rows 
 of intervenular paler brown spots, more distinctly in the 
 female. Fringes dark brown, lighter upon their outer 
 half in some males, and pale, approaching whitish, in the 
 female. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 367 
 
 Under side paler brown, and showing more or less 
 distinctly the two ordinary rows of pale brown spots 
 towards the outer margin, and in one male a white spot 
 in the cell, not seen on the upper surface. Head and 
 palpi concolorous with the thorax, abdomen, and legs. 
 
 Indian River, Florida.^ 
 
 189. Pholisora Catullus, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface deep brownish black. The fore wings 
 have a submarginal row of eight white hyaline spots, 
 3, 4, and 5 curving outward beyond the cell, 6 and 7 
 in the two median interspaces, 8 above the submedian. 
 The first three are subquadrate, the rest mere dots. 
 There is also a small spot at the end of the cell. Hind 
 wings without marks. Fringes concolorous with the 
 wings. 
 
 Under side more of a brownish black, the spots on the 
 fore wings repeated. The body and head are black above, 
 the head with three longitudinal white stripes, 
 the ends of the palpal hairs the same color; 
 the palpi and head white beneath, the body 
 black. 
 
 Fig. 87 represents the egg of this species. catuiius,*x 
 The larva feeds on Monarda punctata , Che - 15 * 
 
 nopodium album , Ambrosia, and perhaps some related 
 plants. It is found in the United States generally. 
 
 190. Pholisora Hayhurstii, Edw. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface blackish brown, both wings crossed by 
 two deeper brown bands, more distinct in the female ; 
 
 Fig. 87. 
 
368 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the mesial one crossing the fore wings before the end of 
 the cell, the other submarginal, just beyond the end of 
 the cell. In the submarginal band the fore wings have 
 two small white spots near the costa, and a white point 
 in the second median interspace. Hind wings dentate 
 on the outer margin, the fringe of the points concolorous 
 with the wing, that of the hollows paler. The bands 
 show more plainly on the female than on the male, on 
 account of the ground color being a little paler, and there 
 is a trace of a third anteapical spot. 
 
 Under side a little paler than the upper, a little sprin- 
 kled with ochraceous scales, the spots of the upper side of 
 the wings repeated. 
 
 Body above concolorous with the wings, below gray- 
 ish ; head and palpi above with a few brownish-yellow 
 scales, below white. 
 
 West Virginia to Kansas, Florida, Texas, New 
 Mexico. 
 
 191. Eudamus Pylades, Scud. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown. The fore wings are 
 marked by several white hyaline spots : first three ante- 
 apical in the subcostal interspaces ; three more above the 
 cell, about two-fifths the distance from the base of the 
 wing to the apex, — both of these in a line back from the 
 costa ; two more in the median interspaces, and one below 
 the lower median venule, close to this venule and nearer 
 the margin than the others. All of these are small, 
 those of the costal region subquadrate, the others trian- 
 gular, the one in the lower median interspace more or 
 less obsolete. There is also a curved brown mark be- 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 369 
 
 yond the cell from the lower end of the anteapical row. 
 The lower three are arranged in the form of a triangle, 
 and when one is obsolete its place is indicated by a mark 
 of deeper brown than the rest of the wing. Hind wings 
 without spots. Fringes fuscous gray, dark brown at the 
 ends of the veins. 
 
 Under side of fore wings about the same color as the 
 upper, but shaded with darker brown at the base, and 
 sprinkled with pale blue scales on the outer part. The 
 hind wings colored as above, but with two irregular 
 bands across them, limited by wavy 
 black lines, and sprinkled on the outer 
 part with pale blue lines. Body above 
 and below dark brown. 
 
 Fig. 88 represents the egg of this spe- 
 cies magnified twenty-eight diameters. 
 
 The larva feeds on clover, the perfect 
 
 i . n i * t 7. E.Pylades,egg,X28. 
 
 insect being tound m June, or earlier in 
 the Southern States. 
 
 New England to Florida, Dakota, Colorado, Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 192. Eudamus Bathyllus, Sm. — Abb. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, about the same color as E. 
 Py lades, with a slight grayish tinge. This is almost an 
 exact copy of E. Pylades with the spots enlarged. The 
 spots in the middle of the costa of the fore wings are 
 connected with one in the cell that extends from the sub- 
 costal to the median vein, hour-glass-shaped, sometimes 
 separated in the middle into two triangular spots. These 
 are in line with two of the three spots below, forming a 
 y 
 
 Fig. 88. 
 
370 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 triangle, the one in the second median interspace and the 
 one below the lower branch of the median, the spot in 
 the first median interspace being outside the line. The 
 middle one of these last three spots is as large as the one 
 in the cell, but is not so much constricted in the middle ; 
 the upper is next in size, and the lower one is small. 
 The anteapical series consists of three quadrate, white, 
 hyaline spots, with a white spot next the costa. Hind 
 wings without spots, but with some brown clouding in 
 the middle. Fringes pale gray, brown at the base, cut 
 with brown at the ends of the veins on the fore wings. 
 
 Under side as in E. Pylades , except that there is more 
 gray on the hind margin of the fore wings, and the white 
 spots are larger than in that species, being a little larger 
 than on the upper side. Body and head above concol- 
 orous with the wings ; below grayish, the head and palpi 
 whitish. 
 
 West Virginia to Florida, Illinois, Kansas, New 
 Mexico. 
 
 193. Eudamus Lycidas, Sm. — Abb. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, slightly yellow-tinted, with 
 a purple reflection along the costa. The fore wings are 
 crossed from near the middle of the costa in a direction 
 towards the posterior angle by a yellow band of spots, 
 consisting of the same spots as are found on E. Bathyllus . 
 The spot in the cell and the one in the second median in- 
 terspace are greatly enlarged, so as to be nearly or quite 
 quadrate ; the others also are enlarged, but not to the 
 same extent. Beyond this band there is the usual ante- 
 apical row of four spots, the fourth a little out of line, 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 371 
 
 and, not in line with the others, a small triangular spot 
 above the base of the first median venule. Hind wings 
 without spots. Fringes of fore wings dark brownish 
 gray, cut with black at the ends of the veins ; those of 
 the hind wings with the pale part paler ; those of the 
 inner margin black ; a black line edging both wings, and 
 shading in a little on the hind wings. 
 
 Under side of fore wings brown, blackish inside the 
 mesial band, grayish along the hind margin, the apex 
 shaded with black and having a few whitish scales. The 
 spots of the mesial band are more confluent than above, 
 the others less distinct. 
 
 Hind wings with the base dark, slightly grayish ; 
 through the middle an irregular broad black band, not 
 reaching either margin, and having a large patch of brown 
 in it at the end of the cell, the black sprinkled with gray 
 scales. Outside this to the margin of the wing it is pure 
 white through the middle half ; the apical portion, the 
 anal portion, and along the inner margin white more or 
 less tinged with brown ; the whole crossed by abbreviated 
 brown streaks. 
 
 Body black, the under side of head and palpi slightly 
 sprinkled with gray. 
 
 Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi 
 Valley. 
 
 194. Eudamus Cellus, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark blackish brown; the fore wings 
 crossed by a broad continuous yellow band, beginning 
 near the middle of the costa and ending in a point near 
 the posterior angle, bending inward a little here towards 
 
372 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 the hind margin. From the costa to the lower branch 
 of the median the band is of nearly uniform width, but 
 the rest of the distance it tapers a little. The inner edge 
 is nearly straight, but the outer sends out an angle just 
 below the end of the cell. Three-fourths of the distance 
 from the base, extending from the costa back, is a short 
 anteapical line composed of three quadrate coalescing 
 yellow spots, and a small dot next the outer lower corner 
 of the third spot. Hind wings without marks, except a 
 little yellowish at the apex. Fringes black or blackish, 
 with a few gray or whitish spots between the veins. 
 
 Under side of fore wings the same as the upper, ex- 
 cept that the hind margin is gray, the apical half of the 
 outer margin reddish brown, and the costal portion of 
 the mesial band and the anteapical line paler yellow. 
 Hind wings dark purplish brown, with three irregular, 
 somewhat poorly defined, darker brown bands, and a 
 very slight sprinkling of butf scales. Along the outer 
 margin is a series of deep brown lunules surrounded by 
 scattering pale blue scales. 
 
 Body black, under side of palpi and head pale ochra- 
 ceous. 
 
 West Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Arizona. 
 
 195. Eudamus Zestos, Hub. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.2 to 2.4 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, with a slight bronze reflec- 
 tion, marked almost like the upper surface of E. Tityrus. 
 This consists of a yellow band from near the middle of 
 the costa back towards the posterior angle, ending in a 
 blunt point about the middle of the medio-submedian 
 interspace, the point below the lower median fork being 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 373 
 
 about twice as large as in E. Tityrus . The inner edge 
 of the band above the median fork is nearly straight, 
 being notched a little at the subcostal vein, but is a little 
 more oblique than in E. Tityrus . The outer edge is 
 more irregular, the spot in the cell and the one in the 
 lower median interspace being concave, and there are 
 notches at the median and subcostal veins. The spot 
 outside the band in the first median interspace is nearly 
 square. Beyond the band is the usual anteapical line of 
 three spots, extending obliquely outward in a curve. 
 
 Under side of about the same general color as the upper, 
 the fore wings with the markings of the upper surface. 
 The hind wings have a faintly-indicated median band of 
 a slightly paler color than the rest of the wing, not reach- 
 ing either margin, and two faint spots between this and 
 the anal angle, and more or less scattering tawny scales. 
 Both wings below have a strong purplish reflection, the 
 outer margin slightly paler. Fringes concolorous with 
 the wings, the hind wings paler, but without brown at 
 the ends of the veins. 
 
 Body above purple-brown ; thorax covered with tawny 
 hairs, beneath more or less shaded with fulvous ; palpi 
 fulvous. Club of antennse brown above, fulvous below 
 and at the sides. 
 
 This strongly resembles E. Tityrus above, but the yel- 
 low spots are less confluent and more opaque, the general 
 color is deeper, and the fringes are not divided by brown 
 at the ends of the veins. The under side lacks the con- 
 spicuous silver band on the under side of the hind wings. 
 This was described by Mr. C. E. Worthington as E. 
 Oberon. 
 
 Florida ; Sanford, Marco Island. 
 
 32 
 
374 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 196. Eudamus Tityrus, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.8 to 2.1 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown. The fore wings are 
 crossed by an oblique yellow band of four large spots 
 from the middle of the costa to near the posterior angle, 
 where it ends in a rounded point, the lower part of the 
 spot below the lower median fork being but little nar- 
 rower than the upper part which rests against the vein. 
 The inner edge of this band is nearly straight, a little 
 
 Fig. 89. 
 
 Eudamus Tityrus, the left hand showing the under side of wings. 
 
 convex, the band narrowed a little as it approaches the 
 costa. The outer edge is regularly dentate, the spot in 
 the cell and the one below being straight on the outside. 
 Beyond the band there is a narrow spot in the first me- 
 dian interspace extending from vein to vein. The ante- 
 apical line near the costa is obliquely curved outward 
 and composed of three spots. Fringes gray, cut with 
 brown at the ends of the veins. 
 
 Under side brown, about the same shade as above, the 
 outer and costal edges tinged with purplish gray. The 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 375 
 
 fore wings have the yellow spots of the upper side re- 
 peated, the spots more confluent. The hind wings have 
 a conspicuous silvery white band in the middle, nearly 
 reaching the costa, but not so near the inner margin. 
 This band is narrow in the anterior portion, but broadly 
 expanded in the middle, and rounded posteriorly, so as 
 to be somewhat flask-shaped. Palpi brown, slightly 
 yellowish beneath. 
 
 The larva of this species is to be found on the common 
 locust, rose acacia, Wistaria, and in the South on a species 
 of wild bean. When young, it cuts into the edge of a 
 leaf, and, drawing the flap over and fastening it with 
 silk, makes for itself a retreat, within which it stays. 
 As it increases in size, a larger section is cut in the leaf ; 
 and, when this will no longer serve the purpose of pro- 
 tection, two or more leaves are fastened together. The 
 larvae feed mostly at night, keeping themselves concealed 
 within their retreats during the daytime. 
 
 The egg is nearly globular, flattened at the base, with 
 fifteen ridges from base to apex ; diameter, .04 of an 
 inch. _ Color white, with a bright red spot at the apex, 
 and a ring of the same color a little above the middle. 
 The duration of this period is about four days. 
 
 The young larva is .1 of an inch long, orange; the 
 head short, a little oblique, black ; joint 2 dark brown ; 
 a few hairs scattered over the body. Before the close of 
 this period the body shows a profusion of fine elevations. 
 
 In nine days from hatching the larva moults the first 
 time, when it is .2 of an inch long, with the colors the 
 same as during the preceding period, except that the 
 second segment is pale reddish brown, with a central 
 transverse dark brown stripe. 
 
376 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 After the second moult, which occurs eleven days 
 later, it is .55 of an inch long, the ground color yellow- 
 ish black, with about six transverse yellow lines to each 
 joint ; the interspaces being dotted with yellow, giving 
 the body a yellowish appearance. The last two seg- 
 ments are a little orange-tinted. Head cordate, this and 
 the second segment brownish black, the latter shining, 
 the head with an orange spot on each side above the 
 ocelli. 
 
 In seven days more the larva moults again, when it 
 is .75 of an inch long, with the color of the body un- 
 changed ; but the head is dark brown, and the second 
 segment is black, with the sides and under parts red ; 
 the rest orange, the prolegs with a dark yellow base. 
 
 The larva moults the fourth time in four days more, 
 when it is .9 of an inch long, but at the close of this 
 stage, before pupating, it is 1.15 inches long. The head 
 is broader than the middle of the body, a little oblique ; 
 and the second segment tapers anteriorly to a distinct 
 neck. The body is a little flattened, tapering from the 
 middle each way. The color remains about the same, 
 the head assuming a little more of a wine color, and 
 the top of the second segment and the jaws dark brown, 
 the sides and feet on this joint about as before. 
 
 The time from the last moult to the change to a chrys- 
 alis varies with the season. One that 
 moulted September 1 pupated October 4. 
 This change takes place in the cluster 
 of leaves it has woven together for a 
 e. Tityrus, chrysalis, retreat during the larval period. Before 
 pupating it lines the retreat with a thin coating of silk. 
 The chrysalis is .76 of an inch long, the head-case 
 
 Fig. 90 . 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 377 
 
 blunt conical ; the dorsum from near the head nearly 
 straight, as shown in Fig. 90 ; the ventral side strongly 
 ventricose, tapering abruptly from the end of the wing- 
 cases to the tip of the abdomen, the cremaster a some- 
 what triangular piece, .06 of an inch long. Color red- 
 dish brown, finely mottled and spotted with dark brown, 
 the end of the humerus blackish brown, with two smaller 
 spots between them. Stigmata and eyes darker than the 
 general color. 
 
 There are two or more broods of these butterflies in 
 a season, the last brood hibernating in the pupa state, 
 while the others emerge from the chrysalides in about 
 two weeks. 
 
 United States generally. 
 
 197. Eudamus Pkoteus, Linn. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark olive-brown ; base of fore wings, 
 basal half of hind wings, and upper part of body with 
 light green hairs. The fore wings have an oblique 
 transverse row of four whitish hyaline spots, extending 
 from the costa near the middle to near the posterior 
 angle. These spots are in the same position as the 
 spots composing similar bands in E. Zestos , Tityrus , etc. ; 
 but they differ in being of about the same size and 
 separated by the dark brown veins, the one in the cell 
 constricted a little in the middle, the lower three near 
 one another only at their corners. Beyond this band is a 
 spot in the first median interspace, also constricted in the 
 middle ; and beyond the cell is an anteapical row of five 
 spots, curved, the first two spots oblong, the third nearly 
 quadrate, the fourth and fifth elongate in the direction 
 
 32 * 
 
378 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 of the line, the fourth often divided in the middle into 
 two spots. 
 
 Hind wings without spots, the anal angle produced 
 into a tail .5 of an inch long, outer margin dentate. 
 Fringes of fore wings gray, cut with brown at the ends 
 of the veins ; of hind wings white, except those of the 
 tail on the inner margin, which are black. 
 
 Under side of fore wings brown, the costa at base, the 
 area between the two bands, and the outer margin pur- 
 plish glaucous. The spots are enlarged, and are more 
 confluent than above. The hind wings have the same 
 glaucous color all over their surface except the tail, the 
 anal two-thirds of the outer margin, and two bands 
 through the wings, which are olive-brown, the tail almost 
 black. The inner of these two bands reaches only to 
 the subcostal vein, and above that and a little to each 
 side are two black patches. The whole surface is 
 sprinkled over with a few whitish and yellowish scales. 
 Palpi pale gray, underneath almost white. 
 
 The mature larva is 1.5 inches long, fusiform, a fine 
 dark dorsal line, a bright yellow subdorsal band, which 
 is dilated on the twelfth segment, and a pale green line 
 along the base of the body. The dorsal space, between 
 the bands, is gray dotted with black and yellowish ar- 
 ranged in transverse lines. The sides are gray, with the 
 upper half dotted with black. Collar lustrous black ; 
 anal plate yellow, greenish in the middle. Under side 
 pale green, legs black, prolegs yellow. Head large, 
 round, brown, pubescent, slightly depressed at top; a 
 yellow spot on each side of the mouth, narrowing up- 
 ward, and fading into the light brown of the upper 
 part of the face. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 379 
 
 Chrysalis. — Covered with a white powder. The larva 
 feeds on leguminous plants , — Phaseolus perennis and 
 Clitoria Mariana. 
 
 Southern States; occasionally in New York. 
 
 198. Erycides Batabano, Lef. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.3 to 2.6 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface deep smoky brown, with a 
 pronounced indigo-violet reflection. Fore wings with- 
 out markings, other than a few scattering blue or green 
 scales about the base of the wings. Fringes concol- 
 orous. 
 
 Hind wings with a row of brilliant blue or green 
 elongated submarginal spots, more or less confluent, in- 
 terrupted by the veins, and becoming obsolete towards 
 the costal margin. Fringes with some white in the 
 intervenular spaces. 
 
 Under side of fore wings paler, with a purplish cast, 
 a few blue or green scales along the costa, about the 
 base, and near the posterior angle. Hind wings much 
 like the upper side, but deeper, the purplish reflection 
 at the costal margin gradually changing to deep indigo 
 as it approaches the abdominal folds; a few blue or 
 green scales in the median space and along the inner 
 margin. Submarginal spots as above, but brighter. 
 
 Female. — Upper side paler than in the male, gradu- 
 ally growing deeper over both wings until nearly black 
 at the anal angle, both wings with a faint purplish re- 
 flection in certain lights. Markings on the hind wings 
 like those of the male. Beneath differing from the male 
 only in its paler color, and in having a purple reflection, 
 which is more prominent than on the upper side. 
 
380 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 Body deep brown above and below, some blue or 
 green scales on the collar, front, and shoulders, and 
 arranged in bands on the posterior segments of the 
 abdomen. Palpi greenish white. Antennae dark brown. 
 Hind wings produced a little at the anal angle. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 199. Erycides Amyntas, Fab. 
 
 Expanse of wings 2 inches. 
 
 Upper surface dark brown, almost black, with a 
 strong purple reflection. A little beyond the middle 
 of the cell of the fore wings is a white hyaline bar 
 extending across the cell, emarginate externally. Below 
 this, and a little farther out, in the second median inter- 
 space, is a similar but larger subquadrangular spot, and 
 in the first median interspace is another, more oblong 
 in shape. The first two of these three spots represent 
 two of the four spots which form the median oblique 
 band of Eudamus Tityrus and allied species. There 
 is near the apex an oblique row of three anteapical 
 small spots, subquadrate in form, the first the smallest. 
 Hind wings without spots. Fringes fuscous, those of 
 the fore wings darkest ; the anal angle somewhat pro- 
 duced. 
 
 The under side has the spots of the upper surface of 
 the fore wings repeated. The surface along the costa, a 
 broad apical portion and the external margin of the fore 
 wings, and all of the hind wings, except two bands of 
 spots and the anal angle, rich purple, not very dark ; 
 all the rest of the surface is dark brown. The dark 
 brown portion consists of two transverse bands, marking 
 nearly the division of the wing into thirds, and a broad 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 38 1 
 
 portion around the anal angle. Body black ; palpi and 
 under side of head gray. 
 
 Key West, Florida. 
 
 200. Megathymus Yuccle, Bd. — Lee. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface deep umber-brown, the base 
 of both wings tinged with yellow, the markings yellow. 
 
 The fore wings have a large spot in the outer end of the 
 cell that is subquadrate ; above this in the interspaces are 
 three small spots in an oblique line, but little more than 
 mere dots. Beyond these is a submarginal row of spots 
 which begin in the usual line of anteapical spots about 
 four-fifths the distance from the base to the apex, but 
 the two spots opposite the cell are nearer the outer mar- 
 gin, and from these they gradually run nearer the mar- 
 gin, till the last one is close to the posterior angle, as 
 shown in Fig. 91. The first of the four anteapical spots 
 
 Fig. 91 . 
 
 O 
 
 Megathymus Yuccae, female (natural size). 
 
382 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 is a mere dot, the next three are a little longer than wide, 
 the fifth and sixth are narrow but reaching from vein to 
 vein, the seventh and eighth are in the median inter- 
 spaces, and the ninth is above the submedian. The last 
 three are somewhat irregularly convex on the inner side, 
 but less so on the outer. Hind wings without spots, but 
 with a yellow washing along the outer margin. 
 
 Under side deep brown, like the upper, but brighter, 
 the outer portion of both wings pearly gray, with a patch 
 of the same color on the middle of the costa of the hind 
 wings, and a white crescent below it, and the same scales 
 sprinkled along the inner margin and the faint streaks 
 through the wings. The spots of the fore wings are re- 
 peated, but somewhat enlarged, the color paler yellow, 
 whitish in the costal region. 
 
 Female. — The general color and markings of the fore 
 wings as in the male, but much larger. The spot in the 
 cell extends from vein to vein, and inward along the 
 median a little way towards the base, the three spots 
 above nearly as long as the spot in the cell is wide. Be- 
 sides the much enlarged anteapical spots, which are paler 
 yellow than the other spots, there are three oblique pale 
 yellow spots on the costa before the apex. The lower 
 three spots of the submarginal band are widened, so that 
 the inner upper corner almost reaches the cell. Hind 
 wings, besides the yellow scales along the margin, have a 
 discal row of four small spots not reaching either margin. 
 Under side as in the male, except that the spots are more 
 prominent, and the spots near the costa of the fore wings 
 are more washed with white. The female is larger than 
 the male, the smaller of the expanses given applying to 
 the male. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES . 
 
 383 
 
 According to Professor C. Y. Biley, the larva of this 
 species lives inside the stem and root of the Yucca, or 
 Spanish Bayonet, being the only one of our butterflies 
 that lives in the larval state as a borer on the inside 
 of the stems of plants, unless we include the allied 
 species M. Cofaqui. There is a probability that when 
 the life-history of that species is known it will be found 
 to have similar habits. The eggs are deposited singly 
 on the leaves, and, when hatched, the larva conceals 
 itself in a web between some of the more tender ter- 
 minal leaves. Generally it will be found at first near 
 the tip of a leaf, where the sides naturally roll up and 
 afford a safe retreat. It then gradually works to the 
 base, feeding as it goes, and rolling and shrivelling the 
 blade as it descends. Other blades are often joined, the 
 insect living among the blades till it is about one-fourth 
 grown, seldom entering the stem before that time. 
 
 The egg is subconical, the top flattened or depressed 
 and with a slight central dimple, the base concave, 
 smooth but not polished. Color pale green when first 
 deposited, but inclining to buff-yellow or brown before 
 hatching. The diameter is about .1 of an inch, the 
 height about .06. 
 
 The young larva is about .2 of an inch long, of a 
 dark brick-red color, head and top of the second segment 
 pitchy black. The abdominal joints show two princi- 
 pal transverse folds. There are six rows of stiff* black 
 hairs arising from the body or from very small tubercles. 
 Head larger than the second segment, rounded, but some- 
 what flat in front; cervical shield narrow and in one 
 piece ; both minutely punctured. No anal plate. 
 
 The full-grown larva averages 2.6 inches in length by 
 
384 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 .4 of an inch in diameter. Color dull translucent white. 
 Surface faintly aciculate, sparsely armed dorsally with 
 minute, evenly-distributed, short, rufous bristles, spring- 
 ing from the general surface, and not very noticeable 
 with the naked eye ; covered more or less copiously with 
 a white, glistening, powdery secretion of a waxy nature. 
 Cylindrical; the abdominal joints with eight annulate 
 
 Fig. 92. 
 
 Megathymus Yuccse: a, egg, side-view, enlarged; 6, egg from which the larva has 
 hatched ; bb , 666, unhatched eggs, natural size ; c, newly-hatched larva, enlarged ; 
 cc, full-grown larva, natural size; d , under side of head of same, enlarged to show 
 the trophi. 
 
 or transverse wrinkles to each joint, — the first three oc- 
 cupying the anterior half, the third more prominent and 
 widening laterally, and the other five on the posterior 
 half of the joint, all best defined dorsally. The thoracic 
 joints somewhat larger than the rest, more deeply and 
 irregularly wrinkled ; the substigmatal region with lon- 
 gitudinal folds. Head black, perpendicular, and aspe- 
 rous or deeply shagreened ; epistoma and labrum brown, 
 small, and usually with a transverse median ridge, the 
 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 385 
 
 ^-shaped mark white, forking before the suture, the forks 
 having the shape of U ; mandibles stout, subtriangular, 
 non-dentate; antennae (Fig. 92, /) two-jointed, exclusive 
 of the bulbus, the terminal joint twice as long as the 
 basal ; maxillae and labium and mentum forming a sub- 
 quadrate piece, bulging out prominently from beneath, 
 the parts seemingly soldered together and separated only 
 by deep sutures ; the maxillary palpi (Fig. 92, e) consist- 
 ing of two broad joints ; the labium small, trapezoidal, 
 highly polished, with the spinneret ( h ) twice as long as 
 the palpi (< 7 ), which are small, recurved, and two-jointed, 
 exclusive of the bulbus; a few stout bristles on the 
 labrum, on the palpigerous piece of the maxilla, on the 
 mentum, on the base of the mandibles, and around the 
 ocelli, which are not easily distinguished from the more 
 globular of the shagreenations. Cervical shield more 
 glabrous than the head, and scarcely darker than the 
 body, except around the hind border. Thoracic legs 
 very short, but stout, with the horny parts deep brown, 
 and sparsely armed with bristles. Prolegs well devel- 
 oped, the hooks in a double row, and forming a distinct 
 purple-brown, transversely oval annulus, but slightly 
 broken at the narrow ends. Anal shield rounded be- 
 hind, coriaceous rather than corneous, and with a slight 
 increase of bristly hairs, especially around the border. 
 Stigmata large, with a purple-brown, oval annulus. 
 
 Chrysalis. — Average length 1.5 inches; cylindrical, 
 broadest at the shoulders, recurving ventrally towards 
 the tip, and terminating in a broad, flattened, posteriorly 
 rounded, transverse, slightly decurving flap, the borders 
 thickened basally and extending ventrally. Eyes prom- 
 inent, with a transverse carina ; wing-cases reaching the 
 z 33 
 
 K 
 
386 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 
 hind part of the fourth abdominal segment. Surface 
 but slightly polished, and faintly corrugate ; a few ex- 
 tremely minute, bristle-like spines distributed over the 
 abdominal joints dorsally, and the two 
 or three terminal joints with stiff rufous 
 hairs, increasing posteriorly. Color 
 black-brown anteriorly, paler on the 
 abdomen, and more or less densely 
 covered with a white powdery secre- 
 tion like that on the full-grown larva. 
 
 There is but one brood in a season, 
 the butterflies appearing in April and 
 May. The eggs hatch in about ten 
 days, but the larva does not pupate till 
 late in the following winter or early in 
 the spring. The burrow often extends 
 two feet or more below the surface of 
 the ground. Before pupating, the larva 
 makes a place of exit for the butterfly, lightly closing 
 this cavity near the top. It then makes a cell suf- 
 ficiently farther down to give it room enough to pupate, 
 and in this it undergoes its transformations. 
 
 Southern States, New Mexico, Arizona. 
 
 201. Megathymus Cofaqui, Strecker. 
 
 Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 2.6 inches. 
 
 This differs from M. Yuccce in having more yellow at 
 the base of the wings, the female having the yellow spots 
 in and above the cell of the fore wings connected in a 
 continuous row with those below instead of the spots be- 
 yond the cell, and the anteapical spots making up with 
 these the row across the wing. This is due to the greater 
 
 Fig. 93. 
 
 Megathymus Yuccae, 
 pupa. 
 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 387 
 
 expansion inwardly of the three lower spots, so as to 
 bring them under the cell. Below the median vein there 
 is a yellowish spot about one-third the distance from the 
 base to the margin. The anteapical spots and the two 
 beyond the cell are like those in M. Yuccce. Hind wings 
 with a yellow spot on the costa and a more distinct 
 yellow border, besides the discal row of yellow spots. 
 
 The male has on the outer half of the fore wings an 
 irregular row of five pale yellow spots of various sizes 
 and shapes, the lower three pointed internally. The 
 hind wings have a rather narrow, even, straw-colored 
 border. Fringes dirty white. 
 
 The under side of the fore wings of both sexes is like 
 the upper, the hind wings with the addition of some gray 
 shading on the costa and several subterminal white spots, 
 otherwise much as in the other species. 
 
 The whole of the upper surface of the hind wings of 
 the male, except the space occupied by the outer border, 
 is thickly covered with long, fine, black hairs, which 
 stand nearly at right angles to the surface, to the height 
 of nearly a quarter of an inch. The basal third of the 
 under side of the fore wings is furnished witli a similar 
 coat of hairy appendages. 
 
 Florida, Colorado. 
 

ADDENDA. 
 
 Since the publication of the first edition of Butterflies 
 of the Eastern United States, the following species have 
 been found within the territory that were not known be- 
 fore to occur here. Two of these are species new to 
 science, and the other had been found occasionally in 
 Texas. It has been thought best to introduce descrip- 
 tions of these species in this edition in the form of an 
 addenda. 
 
 35§. Coltenis Delila, Fabr. (Page 148.) 
 
 Expanse 3.50 inches. 
 
 Upper surface clear reddish fulvous, paler than Julia . 
 The fore wings have a very narrow black edging on the 
 costa and outer margin, scarcely more than the width of 
 a vein, the subcostal vein black, with a few black scales 
 between this and the costa beyond the cell. One exam- 
 ple from Florida has a black bar at the end of the cell, 
 two small black points projecting inward from the outer 
 margin, and a narrow short bar between the lower point 
 and the end of the cell. Hind wings with the costal 
 edge grayish, and outer border black with two more or 
 less complete rows of fulvous spots. 
 
 Under side paler than the upper, clouded ; a white 
 streak along the costa of fore wings at base, and another 
 
 33 * 389 
 
390 
 
 ADDENDA . 
 
 on the hind wings below the subcostal vein ; hind wings 
 with a small red spot bordered with black at the base of 
 the median vein, the bases of the submedian and inter- 
 nal veins white with a black edging; some black and 
 white crescents at the anal angle. 
 
 Occasionally in Florida and Texas. 
 
 84J. Neonympha Mjtchellii, French. (Page 238.) 
 
 Expanse of wings, male, 1.20 to 1.30 inches; female, 
 1.50 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface grayish wood-brown, rather 
 dark, without spots or marks, except that the spots of 
 the under side of the hind wings and the dark lines bor- 
 dering the terminal dark yellow line on the same wings 
 show through a little. Fringes concolorous, in certain 
 lights a little smoky tinged. Under surface slightly 
 paler than the upper, a little more of the mouse order 
 of color, sprinkled with buff scales. Both the wings are 
 crossed by four transverse brownish-yellow stripes, so 
 dark on the fore wings as to be yellow brown, occupying 
 the same position as the same lines in its ally, N. Areo - 
 latus , the first and second uniting by a rounded end 
 about a tenth of an inch from the inner margin of hind 
 wings, the two outer — one terminal and the other sub- 
 terminal-— also uniting before reaching anal angle. In 
 Areolatus these lines do not unite. Each of these lines 
 has a dark brown [more or less distinct] fine bordering 
 line on each side of it. The first line crosses the fore 
 wings a little more than two-thirds the distance from 
 the base of the wing to end of cell, the hind wings about 
 two-thirds. The second line crosses fore wing a little 
 beyond the end of cell, the hind wings across the end 
 
ADDENDA, 
 
 391 
 
 of cell. The second and third are approximate anterior- 
 ly, as in Areolatus. Fore wings with a row of four 
 small ocelli between second and third lines, circled with 
 pale Naples yellow or buff, the first varying from a dot, 
 the size of an ordinary period, to about twice that diam- 
 eter ; in four examples circular, in two, a little oval, in 
 two, a silvery metallic centre ; the second a little more 
 than twice the diameter of the first, in three examples 
 circular, the other three slightly ovate, each with from 
 one to three metallic points, when three present in the 
 form of a triangle ; the third averaging the size of the 
 second, circular, with from one to two metallic points, 
 when one central, when two in line with the row of 
 spots ; the fourth about one-fourth larger than the first, 
 circular, all but one, which has the buff' circle almost 
 complete on the outside, but also a few buff' scales out- 
 side the circle, a single metallic point to each of these. 
 
 Hind wings with six ocelli to each wing, circled with 
 buff as those on the fore wings. The first varying from 
 a few buff scales, in one example with the black centre, 
 to twice or thrice the diameter of an ordinary period, 
 circular, the largest with, in one example, a silvery 
 metallic point ; the second about .04 of an inch in diam- 
 eter [the black portion], circular in four examples, in 
 two, a slight bulging in outer anal part, from one to five 
 metallic scales, aggregated or scattered ; the third from 
 .06 to .07 of an inch in diameter, all nearly or quite cir- 
 cular, two silvery metallic points, in line with the ocelli ; 
 the fourth size of the third and the same shape. In 
 each of these one example has a few black scales pro- 
 jecting into the buff annulus externally on one wing, 
 points as in the third, except that in one the metallic 
 
392 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 scales are scattered on one wing; fifth of the size of 
 third, circular, in one example a few buff scales invade 
 the black externally on one wing, in two other examples 
 they are a little irregular in shape externally on both 
 wings, two metallic points to each, with a few scattering 
 scales in two examples ; sixth about constant in size, as 
 large as the largest of the first, one metallic point in all 
 but one ocellus where the scales scatter a little, circular. 
 
 Body concolorous ; antennae above on basal two-thirds 
 of the color of the wings, terminal third orange shading 
 into the basal color ; beneath whitish, outer third orange ; 
 sides of basal two-thirds brown and whitish. 
 
 Female. — Differs from the male in being paler both 
 above and below, and slightly in the arrangement of 
 the transverse lines on the under side. In two out of 
 four the second and third lines distinctly unite with each 
 other near the anal angle, while the lines by which the 
 first and second and the third and fourth unite are to be 
 seen, but are obscure. In one of the other there is no 
 union between the second and third, while there is plain 
 union between first and second and third and fourth. 
 The fourth has a distinct union between the first and 
 second and third and fourth, but the rounded ends of 
 these unions touch. Both wings of the same example 
 are alike in this character. Ocelli as in the males, with 
 about the same amount of variation. 
 
 The food-plant is probably one of the wild grasses. 
 
 Cass County, Michigan. 
 
 135J. Pamphila Aaroni, Skinner. (Page 305.) 
 
 Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.25 inches. 
 
 Male. — Upper surface tawny, the fore wings with a 
 
ADDENDA . 
 
 393 
 
 blackish-brown border about one-eighth inch in width. 
 The base of the wing is shaded a darker color by the 
 same dusky scales. The veins are not defined by the 
 dark color, as in var. Hobomolc. The tawny middle 
 area of the wing is darker and more fiery than in the 
 latter. The discal bar or dash is black and very distinct 
 and well defined, although quite small in most of the 
 specimens ; running from this obliquely toward the body 
 to the posterior margin is a broken, very faint line. The 
 hind wings are a practical reproduction of the fore wings, 
 the only difference being that the dark border encircles 
 the entire wing, but is narrower on the anterior margin, 
 and the venation is well defined. 
 
 Under side, extending from the thorax into the wing 
 for about one-eighth inch, and covering only the lower 
 half of the base, is a sharply defined black spot, which 
 has a pointed projection extending into the third median 
 interspace. The middle area of the wing is tawny, but 
 some shades lighter than the upper side. The border 
 along the lower half of the outer margin is about the 
 same width as above, but it widens considerably as it 
 approaches the apex ; this border and the immaculate 
 hind wings are of a light cinnamon-brown color. There 
 is a brownish-black streak running along the posterior 
 margin of the fore wings. 
 
 Female. — A little larger than the male, and the colors 
 of a lighter shade than in the male, and not so well de- 
 fined. On the upper side it resembles var. Hobomoh , 
 and beneath P. Delaware , except in color. 
 
 Food-plant and larva unknown. 
 
 Cape May, New Jersey. 
 
GLOSS AKY. 
 
 Abdomen , the posterior part of the body. 
 
 Aciculate , needle-shaped, more slender than subulate. 
 
 Alba , or Albus ) white. 
 
 Anal } pertaining to the posterior part of the body. 
 
 Anal angle ) the inner or posterior angle of the hind wings, next to 
 the body. 
 
 Annulate , furnished with colored rings. 
 
 Annulus , a ring. 
 
 Anteapical , before the apex ; on the front or costal portion of the 
 wing, near the apex. 
 
 Antennae , two articulated organs of sensation, situated on the head. 
 Anterior margin , the front margin of a wing ; the costa. 
 
 Apex , that part of a wing which is farthest from the body ; the angle 
 between the costa and the outer margin. 
 
 Approximate , near to ; near together. 
 
 Aureus , golden yellow. 
 
 Azure , sky-blue : — nearly the same as caeruleus . 
 
 Basal , relating t-o the base. 
 
 Base , as applied to a wing, that part which is joined to the body. 
 Bifid , cleft. 
 
 Bipupillate , applied to an ocellate spot having two pupils or dots 
 within it of a different color from the rest of the spot. 
 
 Blind , applied to a round spot destitute of a central spot or pupil. 
 Body , the three parts of an insect, — head, thorax, and abdomen 
 Bronze , the color of old brass. 
 
 Caeruleus , color of the sky ; sky-blue. 
 
 Ccesius , pale blue, approaching gray. 
 
 Canus ) hoary, with more white than gray. 
 
 Capillary , hair-like ; long and slender, like a hair. 
 
 Carina , a keel. 
 
 395 
 
396 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Carinate , keeled ; having a longitudinal prominence like the keel 
 of a boat. 
 
 Carneous , flesh-colored. 
 
 Caterpillar , the larva. 
 
 Cauda , the tail. 
 
 Caudate , tailed : — generally applied to the posterior wings of Lepi- 
 doptera to indicate tail-like projections. 
 
 Cell , usually in Lepidoptera the space between the subcostal and 
 median veins ; the discal cell. 
 
 Chitine , the hard part on the outside of insects. 
 
 Chrysalis , the third stage of the insect, counting the egg one. 
 
 Cilice. , fringes. 
 
 Ciliate , fringed. 
 
 Cinereous , ash color ; gray tinged a little with blackish ; the coloi 
 of wood ashes. 
 
 Cingula , a colored hand. 
 
 Clavater, club-shaped. 
 
 Coalesce , to grow together or unite. 
 
 Collar , scales hack of the head, forming more or less of a ring ; the 
 neck. 
 
 Concolorous , of the same color, as the body agreeing in color with 
 the wings. 
 
 Confluent , running into each other. 
 
 Connivent , converging or approaching. 
 
 Contiguous , touching ; placed so near as to touch. 
 
 Convergent , approaching each other towards the tip. 
 
 Cordate , heart-shaped. 
 
 Corrugated , wrinkled. 
 
 Costa, the thickened anterior part of the wing from the base to the 
 apex. 
 
 Corea, the jointed base of the leg. 
 
 Cremaster , the anal hooks of the chrysalis, which fasten into silk to 
 hold the chrysalis in place. 
 
 Crenate , scalloped. 
 
 Cuneiform , wedge-shaped. 
 
 Cupreous , coppery ; the color of copper. 
 
 Cyaneus , dark blue, like Prussian blue. 
 
 Dentate , toothed. 
 
 Diaphanous , semi-transparent ; clear. 
 
 Dichotomous , forked ; dividing by pairs. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 397 
 
 Diffuse , spreading. 
 
 Dimorphous , two-formed : — applied to a species existing in two 
 forms having different colors or markings. 
 
 Disk , the surface within the margin, — usually between the end of 
 the cell and the outer margin. 
 
 Dorsal , of the back. 
 
 Dorsum , the hack or upper surface. 
 
 Echinate , set with prickles. 
 
 Edematous , dull translucent white. 
 
 Edge , the margin. 
 
 Egg , the first stage of an insect. 
 
 Elliptical , in the form of an ellipse. 
 
 Emarginate , notched. 
 
 Entire , the margin smooth, or without teeth. 
 
 Epupillate, applied to an ocellate spot included in a colored ring, but 
 destitute of a pupil or central dot. 
 
 Erect , upright. 
 
 the organs of sight, composed of numerous hexagonal facets. 
 Face , the anterior or front part of the head. 
 
 Fascia , a transverse band or broad line. 
 
 Fasciated , banded. 
 
 Feet , the organs of motion. 
 
 Femur , the thigh or third part of the leg. 
 
 Ferruginous , of the color of iron-rust. 
 
 Filiform , thread-shaped. 
 
 Flexuous , zigzag without acute angles. 
 
 Fuliginous , sooty ; soot-colored. 
 
 Fulvous , orange-yellow. 
 
 Fuscous , dark brown with a slight mixture of gray. 
 
 Fusiform , spindle-shaped; gradually tapering towards each end 
 from near the middle. 
 
 Geminate , situated in pairs. 
 
 Genus , an assemblage of species which correspond in particular 
 characters. 
 
 Glabrous , smooth. 
 
 Glaucous , gray bluish green. 
 
 Globular , like a round ball. 
 
 Glutinous , slimy, viscid. 
 
 Granulated , covered with small grains. 
 
 Gkt'egarious , living in society, or many feeding together. 
 
 84 
 
398 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Griseous , light gray 
 
 Habitation , or Habitat , a situation or locality frequented by insects. 
 
 Head , the anterior part of the body. 
 
 Hibernaculum , a case of web and leaves in which larvae or pupae 
 hibernate ; or a cocoon of silk. 
 
 Hibernate , to pass through or survive the winter. 
 
 Hind margin, that part of the fore wings which is included between 
 the base and the posterior angle. 
 
 Hirsute , rough with strong hairs. 
 
 Hispid , bristly ; rough with stiff, short, sparse hairs. 
 
 Hoary , covered with a fine white silvery substance or pubescence. 
 
 Humerus , the anterior base of the wing. 
 
 Hyaline , transparent ; vitreous. 
 
 Imago , the perfect or adult insect. 
 
 Imbricated , tiled; placed one over another, like shingles on the 
 roof of a house. 
 
 Immaculate , without spots. 
 
 Incanous, hoary. 
 
 Inconspicuous , not readily discernible. 
 
 Inner margin , or Interior margin , that margin of the hind wings 
 which extends from the base to the anal angle ; by some authors 
 used to denote the posterior or hind margin of the fore wings. 
 
 IriSj of an ocellate wing-spot, is a circle that surrounds the principal 
 spot. 
 
 Irrorate, sprinkled. 
 
 Joints , or Articulations , the divisions of the body or segments of the 
 larva ; the divisions of the pupa, more particularly the abdomen ; 
 the divisions of the antennae. 
 
 Keel , the carina. 
 
 Labial palpi, articulated filaments, one on each side of the labium 
 
 Labium , the lower lip. 
 
 Labrum , the upper lip. 
 
 Lanceolate , lance- or spear-shaped. 
 
 Larva , the second stage of an insect, counting the egg the first. 
 
 Larvarium , a retreat of silk and leaves, or of silk, in which some 
 larvae stay when not feeding. 
 
 Lateral , situated on the side. 
 
 Lenticular , lens-shaped. 
 
 Lepidoptera , an order of insects having four wings covered with 
 minute imbricated scales ; butterflies and moths. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 399 
 
 Lethargic , becoming torpid or inactive. 
 
 Ligula , tongue. 
 
 Lilacinous , lilac color. 
 
 Linear , narrow and of nearly uniform width. 
 
 Lineated , streaked, or marked with lines. 
 
 Livid, dark gray, verging towards violet. 
 
 Longitudinal, the direction of the longest diameter. 
 
 Lunate , crescent-shaped ; formed like a new moon. 
 
 Lurid, of a dirty brown color. 
 
 Luteus, unmixed yellow. 
 
 Macula, a spot larger than a puncture, of some other than the gen- 
 eral color. 
 
 Maculate, or Maculated, spotted. 
 
 Mandibles , the upper jaws. 
 
 Margin, the edge of a wing, or along the edge. 
 
 Maxillce, the lower jaws, placed between the upper jaws and the 
 lower lip. 
 
 Maxillary palpi, filaments attached to the maxillse. 
 
 Mesial , middle, as a band or stripe across the middle portion of the 
 wing. 
 
 Mesonotum, the covering of the middle of the dorsal portion of the 
 thorax. 
 
 Mesothorax, that division of the thorax to which the middle pair 
 of legs are attached. 
 
 Metamorphoses, transformations. 
 
 Metathorax, that division of the thorax to which the hind pair of 
 legs are attached. 
 
 Micropyle , the apex of the egg of an insect. 
 
 Moult, or Molt, shedding or casting off the larva skin. 
 
 Nebulous, clouded. 
 
 Nervures, divisions of the nerves or veins of a wing. 
 
 Niger, black a little tinged with gray. 
 
 Obconic , inversely conic. 
 
 Obcordate, inversely heart-shaped. 
 
 Oblong, the transverse diameter much shorter than the longitudinal. 
 Obovate, inversely egg-shaped. 
 
 Obsolete, indistinct. 
 
 Occiput, the hinder part of the head. 
 
 Ocelli, eye-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera ; simple eyes of 
 insects. 
 
400 
 
 GLOSSARY . 
 
 Ochreous , yellow with a slight tinge of brown. 
 
 Orbicular , round. 
 
 Order , the subdivision of a class. 
 
 Osmateria , scent-organs of the larvae of the genus Papilio. 
 
 Oval , broadly elliptical. 
 
 Ovate , egg-shaped. 
 
 Overlaid , heavily sprinkled with scales of a different color from the 
 ground color ; clouded ; overcast. 
 
 Palpi , in butterflies, the three jointed organs beneath the head 
 between which the tongue is coiled like a watch-spring. 
 
 Piceous, pitchy ; the color of pitch. 
 
 Pile , very minute, short hairs. 
 
 Pilous , having long, sparse hairs. 
 
 Polymorphous , applied to a species existing in several different forms 
 as to color, markings, or size. 
 
 Porrect , straight out. 
 
 Posterior angle , the angle formed by the outer margin and the pos- 
 terior or hind margin of the fore wing. 
 
 Posterior margin , that portion of the fore wings which is opposite 
 the costa. 
 
 Proboscis , the tongue, or sucking organ. 
 
 Prolegs , the fleshy legs of caterpillars. 
 
 Pronotum , the anterior part of the covering of the thorax; the 
 covering of the thorax. 
 
 Prothorax , the first division of the thorax, to which the first pair 
 of legs are attached. 
 
 Pruinous , hoary ; covered with a whitish powder. 
 
 Pubescent , coated with fine hair or down. 
 
 Punctured, marked with small impressed dots. 
 
 Pupa , the third stage of an insect, counting the egg the first ; the 
 chrysalis. 
 
 Pupate , to assume the pupa form. 
 
 Pupil , of an ocellus, the central point. 
 
 Quadrangular, having four angles. 
 
 Quadrate, square, or nearly square. 
 
 Remote, separate ; not near together. 
 
 Reniform, kidney-shaped. 
 
 Reticulate, resembling net-work. 
 
 Retractile, capable of being exserted or drawn in at pleasure. 
 Retuse, ending in an obtuse sinus. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 401 
 
 Ribs , ridges on eggs from the base to the apex. 
 
 Roseus , rose color. 
 
 Rosy, rose color. 
 
 Rufous, reddish. 
 
 Rugous, or Rugose, wrinkled. 
 
 Sagittate, arrow-shaped. 
 
 Sanguineous, of the color of arterial blood. 
 
 Scabrous, rough, with projecting points. 
 
 Scales, the dust or imbricated pieces covering the wings. 
 
 Segment, a ring or division of the body. 
 
 Sericeous, silky. 
 
 Serrate, saw-toothed. 
 
 Sessile, connected with the part to which it is attached without the 
 intervention of a peduncle or stalk. 
 
 Seta, a bristle. 
 
 Sexes, the two divisions of animals : in insects distinguished by ^ 
 for male and 9 for female. 
 
 Sinuate, indented. 
 
 Sinus, an indentation or excavation. 
 
 Sparse, scattered. 
 
 Species, an assemblage of individuals possessed of permanent char- 
 acters of size, color, and ornamentation, by which they may be 
 distinguished from other forms, and which breed true to their 
 type. 
 
 Spinous, armed with spines. 
 
 Spiracles , breathing-holes on the side of the body ; the stigmata. 
 Sprinkled, marked with thinly-scattered scales of another color than 
 the ground color. 
 
 Stigmata (singular, Stigma ), the breathing-holes on the sides of the 
 body; also, sometimes, spots on a wing. 
 
 Strice , lines ; transverse elevated lines on eggs. 
 
 Striate , marked with lines. 
 
 Submarginal, applied to a space or line within the margin. 
 Subocellate, applied to an ocellus without a pupil. 
 
 Suffused, blurred with a color other than the usual one. 
 Sulphureous, bright yellow ; the color of sulphur. 
 
 Tail, the terminal segment of the abdomen ; an appendage at the 
 posterior part of the hind wings. 
 
 Tarsi , the feet. 
 
 Tawny, dull yellowish brown. 
 
 aa 
 
 34 
 
402 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Terminal , at the extremity. . 
 
 Testaceous , tile or brick color. 
 
 Thorax , that part of the body which is back of the head. 
 
 Tibia , that part of the leg which is next to the foot. 
 
 Tongue , the sucking-tube of Lepidoptera. 
 
 Torpidity , a lethargic state of hibernation. 
 
 Transverse , crosswise. 
 
 Trochanter , an appendage at the base of the thigh. 
 
 Trophi, the mouth parts. 
 
 Truncate , cut square off. 
 
 Tubercle , a small swelling or prominence. 
 
 Variety , a form of one or more examples of a species differing from 
 the usual form, but not breeding true to type. 
 
 Veins and Venules , the framework of the wings. 
 
 Venter, the lower part of the body. 
 
 Ventricose, distended. 
 
 Villi, soft hairs. 
 
 Violaceous , violet color. 
 
 Vitellinus, yellow with a slight tinge of red. 
 
 Vitta, a longitudinal colored line. 
 
 Washed, covered with scales of a color different from the ground 
 color, but not quite obscuring the latter. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 Acadica, 260. 
 
 Argynnis Idalia, 150. 
 
 Accentuated List, 51. 
 
 “ Montinus, 163. 
 
 Accius, 327. 
 
 “ Myrina, 161. 
 
 Acis, 269. 
 
 Arpa, 339. 
 
 Agarithe, 124. 
 
 Arthemis, 208. 
 
 Agraulis Vanillae, 148. 
 
 Asterias, 89. 
 
 Ajax, 84. 
 
 Atala, 254. 
 
 Alcestis, 158. 
 
 Atalanta, 196. 
 
 Alicia, 217. 
 
 Atlantis, 160. 
 
 Alope, 243. 
 
 Augustus, 272. 
 
 Amblyscirtes Eos, 349. 
 
 Ausonius, 360. 
 
 “ Samoset, 350. 
 
 Autolycus, 258. 
 
 “ Textor, 351. 
 
 
 “ Vialis, 348. 
 
 Bachmanni, 250. 
 
 Ammon, 297. 
 
 Batabano, 379. 
 
 Amyntas, 380. 
 
 Batesii, 180. 
 
 Analytical Key, 57. 
 
 Bathyllus, 369. 
 
 Anartia Jatrophae, 202. 
 
 Bellona, 164. 
 
 Ancyloxypha Numitor, 301. 
 
 Berenice, 146. 
 
 Anthocharis Genutia, 118. 
 
 Bimacula, 334. 
 
 “ Olympia, 117. 
 
 Borealis, 253. 
 
 Antiopa, 193. 
 
 Brettus, 314. 
 
 Apatura Alicia, 217. 
 
 Brizo, 354. 
 
 “ Celtis, 215. 
 
 Byssus, 344. 
 
 “ Clyton, 218. 
 
 
 “ Flora, 221. 
 
 Cabinet, 43. 
 
 Aphrodite, 157. 
 
 Caenius, 253. 
 
 Archippus, 144. 
 
 Csesonia, 127. 
 
 Areolatus, 237. 
 
 Calanus, 263. 
 
 Argynnis Alcestis, 158. 
 
 Calephalis Borealis, 253. 
 
 “ Aphrodite, 157. 
 
 “ Caenius, 253. 
 
 " Atlantis, 160. 
 
 Callidryas Agarithe, 124. 
 
 “ Bellona, 164. 
 
 “ Eubule, 119. 
 
 “ Cybele, 155. 
 
 “ Philea, 124. 
 
 “ Diana, 153. 
 
 " Sennae, 120. 
 
 403 
 
404 
 
 INDEX . 
 
 Canthus, 232. 
 
 Cardui, 199. 
 
 Carlota, 174. 
 
 Carterocephalus Mandan, 299. 
 
 “ Omaha, 300. 
 
 Catullus, 367. 
 
 Cellus, 371. 
 
 Celtis, 215. 
 
 Centaur eae, 353. 
 
 Cernes, 320. 
 
 Charitonia, 141. 
 
 Chionobas Jutta, 248. 
 
 “ Semidea, 249. 
 Chrysalis, the, 23. 
 Chrysophanus Dione, 280. 
 
 “ Epixanthe, 282. 
 
 “ ITypophleas, 283. 
 
 “ Thoe, 281. 
 
 Classification, 15. 
 
 Claudia, 165. 
 
 Clyton, 218. 
 
 Coenia, 200. 
 
 Cofaqui, 386. 
 
 Colasnis Julia, 147. 
 
 Coleoptera, 15. 
 
 Colias Caesonia, 127. 
 
 “ Eury theme, 128. 
 
 “ Interior, 135. 
 
 “ Philodice, 133. 
 
 Collecting Butterflies, 36. 
 Columella, 271. 
 
 Comma, 185. 
 
 Comyntas, 292. 
 
 Cresphontes, 101. 
 
 Cybele, 155. 
 
 Danainse, 143. 
 
 Danais Archippus, 144. 
 
 “ Berenice, 146. 
 
 Debis Portlandia, 229. 
 Delaware, 342. 
 
 Delia, 139. 
 
 Diadema Misippus, 206. 
 
 Diana, 153. 
 
 Dion, 337. 
 
 Dione, 280. 
 
 Diptera, 15. 
 
 Disippus, 210. 
 
 Edwardsii, 261. 
 
 Egg, the, 16. 
 
 Eos, 349. 
 
 Epixanthe, 282. 
 
 Eresia Frisia, 181. 
 
 Eros, 214. 
 
 Erycides Amyntas, 380. 
 
 “ Batabano, 379. 
 Erycinidse, 252. 
 
 Ethlius, 332. 
 
 Eubule, 119. 
 
 Eudamus Bathyllus, 369. 
 “ Cellus, 371. 
 
 “ Lycidas, 370. 
 
 “ Proteus, 377. 
 
 “ Pylades, 368. 
 
 “ Tityrus, 374. 
 
 “ Zestos, 372. 
 
 Eufala, 345. 
 
 Eumenia Atala, 254. 
 Eunica Monima, 202. 
 Euptoieta Claudia, 165. 
 Eurytheme, 128. 
 
 Eurytris, 238. 
 
 Exilis, 295. 
 
 Faunus, 187. 
 
 Favonius, 257. 
 
 Feniseca Tarquinius, 279, 
 Filenus, 294. 
 
 Flora, 221. 
 
 Frisia, 181. 
 
 Fusca, 346. 
 
 Gemma, 235. 
 
 Genutia, 118. 
 
 Glossary, 389. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 405 
 
 Gracilis, 189. 
 
 Grapta Comma, 185. 
 
 “ Faunus, 187. 
 
 “ Gracilis, 189. 
 
 “ Interrogationis, 182. 
 “ J Album, 192. 
 
 “ Progne, 190. 
 
 Habits of Butterflies, 32. 
 Halesus, 255. 
 
 Harrisii, 170. 
 
 Hayhurstii, 367. 
 
 Heliconia Cbaritonia, 141. 
 Heliconinae, 141. 
 
 Ilemiptera, 15. 
 
 Ilenrici, 273. 
 
 Hesperidae, 299. 
 
 Hianna, 347. 
 
 Humuli, 259. 
 
 Huntera, 198. 
 
 Huron, 312. 
 
 Hymenoptera, 15. 
 Hypophleas, 283. 
 
 Icelus, 355. 
 
 Idalia, 150. 
 
 Ilaire, 106. 
 
 Imago, the, 26. 
 
 Interior, 135. 
 Interrogationis, 182. 
 
 Iole, 115. 
 
 Irus, 273. 
 
 Isophthalma, 295. 
 
 J Album, 192. 
 
 Jatrophae, 202. 
 
 Jucunda, 140. 
 
 Julia, 147. 
 
 Junonia Coenia, 200. 
 
 Jutta, 248. 
 
 Juvenalis, 363. 
 
 Kricogonia Lyside, 126. 
 
 Lseta, 277. 
 
 Larva, the, 19. 
 
 Leonardus, 310. 
 Lepidoptera, 15. 
 
 Libythea Bachmanni, 250. 
 Libytheinae, 250. 
 
 Limenitis Arthemis, 208. 
 
 11 Disippus, 210. 
 
 “ Eros, 214. 
 
 “ Ursula, 206. 
 
 Lisa, 139. 
 
 List of Illustrations, 11. 
 Loammi, 328. 
 
 Lucilius, 357. 
 
 Lycaena Ammon, 297. 
 
 “ Comyntas, 292. 
 
 “ Exilis, 295. 
 
 “ Filenus, 294. 
 
 “ Isophthalma, 295. 
 
 “ Lygdamus, 284. 
 
 “ Pseudargiolus, 286. 
 “ Scudderii, 285. 
 
 “ Theonus, 298. 
 Lycaenidae, 254. 
 
 Lycaeninae, 279. 
 
 Lycidas, 370. 
 
 Lygdamus, 284. 
 
 Lyside, 126. 
 
 Maculata, 330. 
 
 M Album, 256. 
 
 Manataaqua, 323. 
 
 Mandan, 299. 
 
 Martialis, 362. 
 
 Massasoit, 302. 
 Megathymus Cofaqui, 386. 
 
 “ Yuccae, 381. 
 Melitaea Harrisii, 170. 
 
 “ Phaeton, 168. 
 Meskei, 311. 
 
 Metacomet, 326. 
 
 Metea, 306. 
 
 Mexicana, 137. 
 
406 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Milbertii, 195. 
 
 Palamedes, 94. 
 
 Misippus, 206. 
 
 Palatka 
 
 , 340. 
 
 Monima, 202. 
 
 Pamphila Accius, 327. 
 
 Montinus, 163. 
 
 a 
 
 Arpa, 339. 
 
 Monuste, 106. 
 
 {( 
 
 Bimacula, 334. 
 
 Myrina, 161. 
 
 a 
 
 Brettus, 314. 
 
 Mystic, 318. 
 
 a 
 
 Byssus, 344. 
 
 Myus, 321. 
 
 u 
 
 Cernes, 320. 
 
 
 (( 
 
 Delaware, 342. 
 
 Naevius, 366. 
 
 u 
 
 Dion, 337. 
 
 Names of Butterflies, 50. 
 
 u 
 
 Ethlius, 332. 
 
 Napi, 110. 
 
 (t 
 
 Eufala, 345. 
 
 Nathalis Iole, 115. 
 
 u 
 
 Fusca, 346. 
 
 Neonympha Areolatus, 237. 
 
 a 
 
 Ilianna, 347. 
 
 “ Canthus, 232. 
 
 u 
 
 Huron, 312. 
 
 “ Eurytris, 238. 
 
 <( 
 
 Leonardus, 310. 
 
 “ Gemma, 235. 
 
 u 
 
 Loammi, 328. 
 
 “ Sosybius, 240. 
 
 (( 
 
 Maculata, 330. 
 
 Neuroptera, 15. 
 
 “ 
 
 Manataaqua, 323. 
 
 Nicippe, 136. 
 
 (( 
 
 Massasoit, 302. 
 
 Niphon, 276. 
 
 (( 
 
 Meskei, 311. 
 
 Nisoniades Ausonius, 360. 
 
 u 
 
 Metacomet, 326. 
 
 u Brizo, 354. 
 
 u 
 
 Metea, 306. 
 
 “ Icelus, 355. 
 
 (( 
 
 Mystic, 318. 
 
 “ Juvenalis, 363. 
 
 a 
 
 Myus, 321. 
 
 “ Lucilius, 357. 
 
 a 
 
 Ocola, 332. 
 
 “ Martialis, 362. 
 
 (( 
 
 Osyka, 345. 
 
 “ Nmvius, 366. 
 
 (( 
 
 Otho, 315. 
 
 “ Persius, 359. 
 
 (( 
 
 Palatka, 340. 
 
 u Petronius, 364. 
 
 u 
 
 Panoquin, 331. 
 
 “ Somnus, 356. 
 
 u 
 
 Peckius, 317. 
 
 Numitor, 301. 
 
 u 
 
 Phylaeus, 313. 
 
 Nycteis, 172. 
 
 (( 
 
 Pontiac, 335. 
 
 Nymphalidae, 141. 
 
 u 
 
 Sassacus, 305. 
 
 Nymphalinae, 147. 
 
 u 
 
 Seminole, 309. 
 
 
 (( 
 
 Uncas, 308. 
 
 Ocola, 332. 
 
 i( 
 
 Verna, 324. 
 
 Olympia, 117. 
 
 u 
 
 Vestris, 325. 
 
 Omaha, 300. 
 
 u 
 
 Viator, 347. 
 
 Ontario, 265. 
 
 tc 
 
 Vitellius, 341. 
 
 Orthoptera, 15. 
 
 u 
 
 Zabulon, 303. 
 
 Osyka, 345. 
 
 Panoquin, 331. 
 
 Otho, 315. 
 
 Paphia 
 
 Troglodyta, 226. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 407 
 
 Papilio Ajax, 84. 
 
 “ Asterias, 89. 
 
 “ Cresphontes, 10 J. 
 
 “ Palamedes, 94. 
 
 “ Philenor, 86. 
 
 “ Polydamas, 105. 
 
 “ Troilus, 93. 
 
 “ Turnus, 97. 
 
 Papilionidae, 83. 
 Papilioninae, 83. 
 
 Peckius, 317. 
 
 Pegala, 242. 
 
 Persius, 359. 
 
 Petreus, 203. 
 
 Petronius, 364. 
 
 Phaeton, 168. 
 
 Phaon, 176. 
 
 Philea, 124. 
 
 Philenor, 86. 
 
 Philodice, 133. 
 
 Pholisora Catullus, 367. 
 
 u Ilayhurstii, 367. 
 Phyciodes Batesii, 180. 
 
 “ Carlota, 174. 
 
 “ Nycteis, 172. 
 
 “ Phaon, 176. 
 
 “ Tharos, 177. 
 
 Phylaeus, 313. 
 
 Pieris Ilaire, 106. 
 
 “ Monuste, 106. 
 
 “ Napi, 110. 
 
 “ Protodice, 107. 
 
 “ Rapa3, 114. 
 
 “ Virginiensis, 113. 
 Poeas, 270. 
 
 Polydamas, 105. 
 
 Pontiac, 335. 
 
 Portlandia, 229. 
 Poweshiek, 301. 
 
 Proteus, 377. 
 
 Protodice, 107. 
 Pseudargiolus, 286. 
 
 Pupa, the, 23. 
 aa 
 
 Py lades, 368. 
 
 Pyrameis Atalanta, 196. 
 “ Cardui, 199. 
 
 “ Iluntera, 198. 
 Pyrgus Centaureae, 353. 
 “ Tessellata, 352. 
 
 Rapae, 114. 
 
 Samoset, 350. 
 
 Sassacus, 305. 
 
 Satyrinae, 229. 
 
 Satyrus Alope, 243. 
 
 “ Pegala, 242. 
 Scudderii, 285. 
 
 Semidea, 249. 
 
 Seminole, 309. 
 
 Sennae, 120. 
 Smilacis,^268. 
 
 Somnus, 356. 
 
 Sosybius, 240. 
 
 Steneles, 204. 
 
 Strigosa, 266. 
 
 Tarquinius, 279. 
 
 Terias Delia, 139. 
 
 “ Juounda, 140. 
 
 “ Lisa, 139. 
 
 il Mexicana, 137. 
 
 u Nicippe, 136. 
 Tessellata, 352. 
 
 Textor, 351. 
 
 Tharos, 177. 
 
 Thecla Acadica, 260. 
 
 “ Acis, 269. 
 
 u Augustus, 272. 
 
 " Autolycus, 258. 
 
 u Cal anus, 263. 
 
 “ Columella, 271. 
 
 “ Edwardsii, 261. 
 
 “ Favonius, 257. 
 
 “ Halesus, 255. 
 
 “ Henrici, 273. 
 
408 
 
 Thecla Humuli, 259. 
 
 “ Irus, 273. 
 
 “ Laeta, 277. 
 
 “ M Album, 250. 
 
 “ Niphon, 276. 
 
 “ Ontario, 265. 
 
 “ Poeas, 270. 
 
 “ Smilacis, 268. 
 
 “ Strigosa, 266. 
 
 “ Titus, 278. 
 
 “ Wittfeldii, 262. 
 Theclinae, 255. 
 
 Theonus, 298. 
 
 Thoe, 281. 
 
 Thymelicus Poweshiek, 301. 
 Timetes Petreus, 203. 
 Tityrus, 374. 
 
 Titus, 278. 
 
 Troglodyta, 226. 
 
 Troilus, 93. 
 
 Turnus, 97. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Uncas, 308. 
 
 Ursula, 206. 
 
 Use of the Key, 49. 
 
 Vanessa Antiopa, 193. 
 Vanillae, 148. 
 
 Verna, 324. 
 
 Vestris, 325. 
 
 Vial is, 348. 
 
 Viator, 347. 
 
 Victorina Steneles, 204. 
 Virginiensis, 113. 
 Vitellius, 341. 
 
 Wittfeldii, 262. 
 
 Yuccse, 381. 
 
 Zabulon, 303. 
 
 Zestos, 372. 
 
 INDEX TO ADDENDA. 
 
 Aaroni, 392. 
 
 Colsenis Delila, 389. 
 Delila, 389. 
 
 Mitchellii, 390. 
 
 Neonympha Mitchellii, 390. 
 Pamphila Aaroni, 392. 
 
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