r *. yt: .*?.:/ Sfc f^-5% THE UNIVERSITY OF'ILLINOIS p LIBRARY 630.7 '* V - n Gi> *V\/o . I (y (o ~~ ' O I ' .. ' - UBF'ARV OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS NQN CIRCULATING t OF il 1914 A. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Agricultural Experiment Station BULLETIN No. 166 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS UBPARY BY SLEETER BULL AND A. D. EMMETT URBANA, ILLINOIS, JANUARY, 1914 (9 t- 1*1 SUMMARY OP BULLETIN No. 166. DIVERSITY OF fLLHWfc' IGRJCULTURE LIBRARY 1. OBJKCT. In connection with investigations carried on by the Animal Husbandry Department of this station upon the protein requirements of farm animals, it was necessary to review the literature with reference to fattening lambs. In addition, it was deemed of importance to the problem to include the energy requirements. Page 3 2. NATURE OF THE EEVIEW. The experiments studied were limited to those that have been carried on in the United States. Those in which the feeds were carefully weighed and analyzed chemically have been regarded as the most im- portant. In nearly every case it was necessary to calculate the digestible protein, using coefficients of digestibility from the most recent and reliable sources. The net energy values of the rations also were calculated. Pages 3 to 5 3. SCOPE OP THE EEVIEW. The review included the following investigations, the objects of which were to compare rations without special reference to any particular nutrients: Cornell Station, 3 experiments with 303 lambs. Pages 5 to 7 Michigan " 4 " " 430 " " 7 to 10 Wyoming " 7 . " " 940 " " 10 to 14 Iowa "' 6 " " 334 " " 14 to 17 Nebraska " 2 " " 178 " " 17 to 18 Colorado " 2 " " 911 " " 18 to 20 South Dakota " 3 " " 125 " " 20 to 21 Oklahoma " 1 " " 40 " " 22 Wisconsin " 3 " " 58 " " 22 to 23 New Hampshire " 1 " " 20 " " 23 to 24 Ohio " 4 " " 490 " " 24 to 26 Connecticut (Storrs) " 1 " " 220 " " 26 Minnesota " l' " " 10 " " 26 Montana " 2 " " 230 " " 27 Utah "4 " " 300 " " 27 to 29 Illinois " 6 " " 538 " " 29 to 32 4. COMPILATION AND DISCUSSION OP KESULTS. The results have been com- piled and discussed in an effort to ascertain the minimum amount of protein and energy conducive to good fattening gains. They have been divided into four classes according to the average live weights of the lambs during the experiments: Class I, lambs weighing 50 to 70 pounds; Class II, lambs weighing 70 to 90 pounds; Class III, lambs weighing 90 to 110 pounds; and Class IV, lambs weigh- ing 110 to 150 pounds. The results have been subdivided further into groups according to the amounts of digestible protein consumed. The number of animals in each lot, the average live weights of the lambs during the experiment, the net energy consumed per day, and the average daily gains have been given for each group. Pages 32 to 34 330894 5. CONCLUSIONS. From the results obtained in this review, which embrace 265 lots containing in all 5127 lambs, the following average values for protein and energy are suggested as being, in general, the most economical for fattening lambs: Page 35 a. Lambs weighing 50 to 70 pounds, 3.1 to 3.3 pounds of digestible protein and 17 to 19 therms of net energy. b. Lambs weighing 70 to 90 pounds, 2.5 to 2.8 pounds of digestible protein and 18 to 20 therms of net energy. In certain instances 1.8 to 2.0 pounds of digestible protein and 18 to 20 therms of net energy are sufficient. c. Lambs weighing 90 to 110 pounds, 2.2 to 2.4 pounds of digestible protein and 17 to 20 therms of net energy. d. Lambs weighing 110 to 150 pounds, 2.6 to 3.0 pounds of digestible protein and 16 to 19 therms of net energy. It seems probable, however, that 1.4 to 1.9 pounds of protein would be sufficient for lambs of this weight. 6. DETAILED DATA. Class I, lambs weighing 50 to 70 pou: ds. Pages 36 to 37 Class II, lambs weighing 70 to 90 pounds. Pages 38 to 40 Class III, lambs weighing 90 to 110 pounds. Pages 41 to 42 Class IV, lambs weighing 110 to 150 pounds. Page 43 7. CURVES. Figures 1 to 4 inclusive. Pages 44-47 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pages 48-49 A REVIEW OF AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS BY SLEETEE BULL, ASSOCIATE IN ANIMAL NUTRITION, AND A. D. EMMETT, ASSISTANT CHIEF IN ANIMAL NUTRITION INTRODUCTION In connection with investigations carried on by the Animal Husbandry Department of this station upon the protein requirements of farm animals, it was necessary to make a comprehensive review of the literature upon the protein requirements of fattening lambs. While this study was being made, it became evident that the addition of the data dealing with the net energy requirements would aid decidedly in interpreting the results. Inasmuch as Armsby* has quite thoroly reviewed the German investigations upon the protein requirements of sheep, it was thought best to confine this study to the American experiments. Table 1 presents a compilation of data obtained by Armsby from the results of experiments by Wolff and Weiske to determine the protein requirements of growing sheep. The gains represent a normal rate of growth. TABLE 1. PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OP GROWING SHEEP : PROM DATA COMPILED BY ARMSBY- 1 Age Digestible protein per 1000 permit Experimenter mos. Us. 4-5 3.76 Weiske 5-6 3.26 Weiske 5-6 3.16 Wolff 6-7 2.78 Weiske 6-8 2.96 Wolff 7-9 2.76 Weiske 8-9 1.87 Wolff 9-10 2.38 Weiske 10-11 2.30 Weiske 9-12 1.38 Wolff 11-12 2.16 Weiske 12-14 1.96 Weiske 12-14 1.61 Wolff 14-15 1.92 Weiske 24 1.22 Weiske Manual of Cattle Feeding, 5th ed. (1902), pp. 448-458; U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. An. Ind., Bui. 108, p. 72 ; Bui. 143, p. 94. 3 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, From the results of a number of German feeding experiments, Armsby" calculated the standard for growing sheep shown in Table 2. TABLE 2.- PROTEIN AND ENERGY EEQUIREMENTS OF GROWING SHEEP : FROM DATA COMPILED BY ARM SB Y Age Weight Digestible protein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds mos. 6 9 12 15 18 Us. 70 90 110 130 145 Ibs. 4.4 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.5 therms 18.6 15.6 12.7 11.5 11.0 Kellner" has presented a feeding standard for fattening sheep based upon the results obtained by the German experiment stations. His standard is given in Table 3. TABLE 3. PROTEIN AND ENERGY EEQUIREMENTS OF FATTENING SHEEP: FROM DATA COMPILED BY KELLNER Age Weight Digestible protein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds TttOS. 5-6 6-8 8-11 11-15 15-20 Ibs. 66 84 101 119 154 Ibs. 4.5 3.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 therms 18.4 16.5 14.7 12.2 10.9 In making a study of the data given in the following pages, an effort has been made to embrace all the experiments that seemed of value. Since but few experiments have been carried on in this country with the protein requirement primarily in mind, it has been necessary to recalculate the results of many experiments that had for their object simply the comparison of rations without special reference to any particular nutrient . More importance should be attached to those experiments in which the feeds were analyzed than to those in which they were not. Where the feeds were not analyzed, their composition has been taken from Henry 's ' ' Feeds and Feeding, ' ' unless some other source seemed more representative. Owing to the varying chemical composition of feeding stuffs, these calculated results must necessarily have a ques- tionable value. "U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 346, p. 18. b Die Ernahrung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutztiere, Dritte Auflage (1906), p. 593. c ln the discussion of there experiments in which the investigators calculated the digestible nutrients, mention is made of the fact. 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS The coefficients of digestibility also have been taken from Henry 's ' ' Feeds and Feeding, ' ' unless some other source seemed better adapted to the particular experiment under consideration, in which case the reference is given. Only a few experiments have been reviewed in which the rations were not carefully weighed, as they obviously would be of little value. The custom of speaking of digestible carbohydrates and digestible fats has been discarded, and the "net energy" values, as introduced by Armsby, have been substituted. When the digestible nutrients of a feed are considered, only the losses in the feces are deducted. In con- sidering the net energy, one takes into account only that part which is available for maintenance, growth, fattening, wool production, etc.; the losses in the feces, intestinal gas, urine, labor of mastication, diges- tion, and assimilation being deducted. In calculating the energy of the rations, the net energy values of the feeds as compiled by Armsby and Kellner have been used. The digestible protein and the net energy per 1000 pounds live weight have been calculated from the total amounts of digestible pro- tein and net energy consumed, taking the average of the initial and the final live weights as the average weight of the lambs during the experiment. Thruout the study, 0.3 pound has been assumed to be a good daily gain for lambs. AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS In 1888, Eoberts and Wing, 1 at Cornell, carried on one of the first experiments in this country relating to the influence of the amount of protein consumed upon the nutrition of lambs. They fed 2 lots of 3 TABLE 4. EXPERIMENT BY EGBERTS AND WING AT THE CORNELL STATION' Lot Ration Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Average daily gain I Bran, oil meal, c o 1 1 o nseed meal, man- gels, mixed hay Us. 46 Its. 76 Ibs. 4.9 1:3.3 therms 18.1 Ibs. 0.18 II Corn meal, man- gels, mixed hay 46 63 2.2 1:8.4 17.8 0.10 lambs each, from November 11 to April 25, 166 days. The lambs at the beginning of the experiment were about six months old. The feeds were analyzed and the digestible nutrients calculated. The data are summarized in Table 4. 'This and other reference numbers refer to the bibliography on page 48. BULLETIN No. 166 [January, In both lots the gains were quite low. Lot II, receiving the smaller amount of protein, made the lower gain. Altho it is not so stated in the report of the experiment, lambs weighing only 46 pounds at six months of age would hardly be considered representative ani- mals; the fact that they were undersized would influence the gains more or less and detract from the value of the experiment Roberts and Wing, 2 in a continuation of the preceding experiment, fed 4 lots of 2 lambs each, from November 25 to April 25, 150 days. Whether the digestible nutrients were calculated from direct analyses of the feeds or from averages, is not stated. The data are summarized in Table 5. TABLE 5. EXPERIMENT BY EGBERTS AND WING AT THE CORNELL STATION* Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Average daily gain I II Corn, turnips, mangels, timo- thy hay Bran, cotton- seed meal, turnips, man- gels, clover hay . Ibs. 47 48 Ibs. 72 87 Ibs. 1.6 3.8 1:10.9 1: 4.2 therms 16.7 15.9 Ibs. 0.16 0.26 III Corn, bran, cot- tonseed meal, turnips, man- gels, timothy hav . 51 89 2.6 1: 6.5 17.1 0.25 rv Corn, bran, cot- tonseed meal, timothy hay . 55 84 2.5 1: 6.3 16.7 0.19 A comparison of Lots I and IV would seem to indicate that the slightly greater gain of Lot IV was due to the considerable increase in the amount of protein consumed by that lot, since both lots received equal amounts of energy. The similarity of the gains made by Lots II and III would seem to indicate that there was no special advantage in increasing the protein above 2.6 pounds. In every lot the amount of energy in the ration was apparently too low for maximum gains, as in no case was the average daily gain 0.3 pound per head. Wing 8 later fed 4 lots of lambs from December 15 to April 3, a period of 110 days. The feeds were not analyzed. A summary of the data is given in Table 6. Only a slight difference in gains is shown between Lot III, on the high-protein plane with no succulent feed, and Lot II, on the low- protein plane with no succulent feed. Likewise, Lot I (low-protein) 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS TABLE 6. EXPERIMENT BY WING AT THE CORNELL STATION* Lot Eation No. in lot Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutri- tive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I II Mixed hay, pea and oat hay, silage, grain . Mixed hay, pea and oat hay, ' grain . 58 58 Ibs. 56 56 Ibs. 79 71 Ibs. 2.6 2.8 1:8.4 1-83 therms 21.0 22 Ibs. 0.21 14 III Mixed hay, pea and oat hay, grain . 86 56 75 4.1 1-5 2 19 9 17 IV Mixed hay, pea and oat hay, silage, grain. 87 57 82 3.8 1:5.3 19.1 0.23 and Lot IV (high-protein), both of which received succulent feeds, show but little difference in gains. All gains were low and seemed to vary more with the succulent feeds than with the protein or the energy. Possibly the rations of Lots I and II were deficient in protein. TABLE 7. EXPERIMENT BY F. B. MUMFORD AT THE MICHIGAN STATION* Lot Kation No. in lot Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. I Corn, roots, clover hay. . . 10 83 127 2.2 1:7.8 17.7 0.37 II Oats, roots, clover hay. . . 10 83 121 2.4 1:6.4 16.1 0.31 III Bran, roots, clover hay. . . 10 82 106 2.9 1:5.1 13.7 0.20 IV Corn, oats, roots, clover hay. . . 10 84 128 2.4 1:7.0 17.2 0.37 V Corn,bran, roots, clover hay. . . 10 86 122 2.6 1:6.5 16.2 0.30 VI Oats, bran, roots, clover hay. . . 15 84 120 2.6 1:5.6 14.8 0.30 VII Oats, corn, bran, roots, clover hav . 15 83 122 2.6 1:6.0 16.3 0.33 VIII Oats,bran,roots, clover hay. . . 20 73 102 2.4 1:6.2 15.5 0.24 IX Oats, bran, si- lage, clover hav . 20 74 103 2.2 1:7.6 15.8 0.24 X Corn, oats, bran, roots, clover hay 5 84 110 3.0 1:6.8 14.8 0.31 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, F. B. Mumford/ at the Michigan Station, fed 10 lots of Shrop- shire lambs from November 30 to March 29, a period of 120 days. The feeds were not analyzed, but the digestible nutrients were cal- culated. The data are summarized in Table 7. Good gains were made in nearly all instances. Lots III, VIII, and IX made the poorest gains. The energy was lower and the protein higher for Lots V, VI, and X than for Lots I, II, and IV, due to the partial substitution of bran for grain. It seems probable that the protein in this experiment was sufficient for good fattening gains. Smith and F. B. Mumford, 5 in a continuation of the experiment just cited, fed 9 lots of Shropshire lambs from November 27 to March 12, 106 days. No analyses were made of the feeds, but the digestible nutrients were calculated. In Table 8 is given a summary of the data of this experiment. TABLE 8. EXPERIMENT BY SMITH AND F. STATION* B. MUMFORD AT THE MICHIGAN Lot Eation No. in lot Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I II III IV Corn, clover hay Corn, clover hay, roots. . . . Corn, clover hay, roots, oil meal Corn, clover hay, oil meal 10 10 10 10 Ibs. 82 81 84 83 Ibs. 115 121 123 118 Ibs. 2.0 2.1 2.7 2.8 1:8.0 1:8.0 1:6.0 1:5.6 therms 17.0 18.4 18.4 17.7 Ibs. 0.31 0.38 0.37 0.34 V Corn, clover hay, bran 15 80 106 2.5 1:6.0 15.8 0.25 VI Corn, clover hay, wheat 15 81 111 2.1 1:7.5 16.3 0.28 VII VIII Corn, clover hay, wheat, oil meal Corn, clover hay* . , 15 20 80 82 109 107 2.7 2.0 1:5.5 1:7.9 16.4 16.6 0.28 0.24 IX Corn, clover hay, bran" 20 80 104 2.6 1:6.2 16.3 0.23 'Self-feeder used. Again the protein appears to have been sufficient for good fatten- ing gains. The lower gains of Lots VIII and IX, and also of Lots V, VI, and VII, may have been due to a slight deficiency in the amount of energy consumed by each of these lots. A comparison of Lots I and II with Lots III and IV reveals no apparent advantage in increasing the protein over 2.1 pounds. In a continuation of the above investigation, F. B. Mumford' fed 8 lots of 10 half-blood Hampshire lambs from November 25 to Feb- ruary 24, 92 days. The feeds were not analyzed. The data are sum- marized in Table 9. 1914} AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS TABLE 9. EXPERIMENT BY F. B. MUMFORD AT THE MICHIGAN STATION' Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Corn, wheat, clover hay Ibs. 85 Ibs. 106 Ibs. 3 9 therms 159 Ibs. 022 II Corn, wheat, clover hay 85 108 1 9 15 8 25 III Corn, clover hay 85 108 1 8 16 5 26 IV Wheat, clover hay 84 106 2 1 16 1 24 V Corn, wheat, clover hay 84 100 2 3 183 18 VI Sugar beets, clover hay 84 95 1.7 11.9 0.13 VII Corn, wheat, oats, bran, clover hay . 85 106 2.3 15.5 0.23 VIII Corn, wheat, clover hay. . 80 105 2.1 17.4 0.26 The gains in this experiment were only fair. In view of the pre- ceding experiments by Mumford, it would seem that this may have been due in part at least to a deficiency in the energy supply and possibly also in the protein. H. W. Mumford, 7 also at the Michigan Station, fed 10 lots of 10 Shropshire lambs from November 11 to February 17, 99 days. The feeds were not analyzed, but the digestible nutrients were calculated. The data are summarized in Table 10. TABLE 10. EXPERIMENT BY H. W. MUMFORD AT THE MICHIGAN STATION* Lot Ration Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I II Corn, roots, clover hay Corn, roots, alfalfa Ibs. 75 74 Ibft. 108 108 Ibs. 2.0 22 1: 8.4 1: 79 therms 19.0 193 Ibs. 0.33 035 III IV V Corn, roots, millet hay, clover hay. . . . Corn, roots, millet hay Corn, roots, clover hay, oat straw 75 73 73 108 99 105 1.9 1.8 18 1: 9.3 1:10.4 1: 9.9 19.5 20.2 18.7 0.34 0.26 0.32 VI VII VIII Corn, roots, oat straw Corn, roots, clover hay, corn stover. . . . Corn, roots, corn stover 74 73 75 102 106 106 1.5 1.8 1.5 1:12.6 1: 9.7 1:11.4 18.3 19.1 18.7 0.29 0.34 0.31 IX X Corn, roots, clover hay, bean straw. . . . Corn, roots, bean straw 74 74 107 104 0.33 0.30 The results show that the protein was ample for good fattening gains, even when only 1.5 pounds was fed, as was done in the cases of Lots VI and VIII. It may be interesting to note the difference be- 10 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, tween this and the preceding experiment as to gains. The greater gains made in this experiment were probably due to the considerably larger amounts of energy consumed, for the protein was about the same in both experiments. Foster, 8 at the Wyoming Station, fed 2 lots of 50 lambs each, from December 31 to April 2, 98 days. The feeds were not analyzed. The values for digestible protein in native and in alfalfa hay were taken from results obtained at that station." The data are summarized in Table 11. TABLE 11. EXPERIMENT BY FOSTER AT THE WYOMING STATION* Digesti- Net Aver- Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight ble pro- tein per 1000 energy per 1000 age daily pounds pounds gain Ibs. ibs. Ibs. therms Iks. I Corn, oil cake, native hay 48 72 1.9 17.2 0.25 II Corn, oil cake, alfalfa hay 47 78 3.9 18.9 0.32 Lot II, the high-protein lot, made the better gain. This may have been due in part, however, to the larger amount of energy consumed by Lot II, as the difference in gains was not proportional to the differ- ence in protein. Morton,' also at the Wyoming Station, fed 3 lots of 20 lambs each and 2 lots of 3 lambs each, from October 16 to February 21, a period of 112 days, using Shropshire-Merino crossbreds. The feeds were analyzed, and the digestible nutrients calculated, the coefficients of digestibility of the protein of alfalfa and native hay being taken from previous digestion experiments made at the Wyoming Station." The data are summarized in Table 12. TABLE 12. EXPERIMENT BY MORTON AT THE WYOMING STATION* Lot Bation . Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Corn, turnips, alfalfa hay . Ibs. 63 Ibs. 94 Ibs. 3.7 1: 4.8 therms 17.0 Ibs. 031 II Barley, turnips, al- falfa hay 62 95 3.6 1: 4.8 16.9 0.33 III Corn, turnips, native hay . 63 83 1.7 1:10.5 15.6 021 IV V Corn, turnips, flax- seed, alfalfa hay. . . Turnips, flaxseed, al- falfa hay 65 65 94 91 3.5 3.7 1: 5.1 1: 4.2 17.0 12.6 0.32 0.26 Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Buls. 69 (1905) and 78 (1908). "Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 69 (1905). 1914} AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 11 It is evident that all lots received enough protein for good fatten- ing gains, with the exception of Lot III. The fact that Lot III made only a fair gain indicates that a larger amount of either protein or energy, or both, would have been preferable. There is nothing to show, however, that the other lots would not have done as well upon some- what less protein than they received. The comparatively low gain made by Lot V was probably due to a deficiency in the energy supply. Morton, 10 in a continuation of the preceding experiment, fed 7 lots of 5 lambs each and one lot of 100 lambs, for 98 days. These also were Shropshire-Merino crosses. Analyses were made of all the feeds except the alfalfa hay, the composition of which was taken from the report of a previous experiment at the Wyoming Station." The di- gestible nutrients were calculated, the coefficients of digestibility of the protein of alfalfa and native hay being taken from the same source as in the previous experiment." The data are given in Table 13. TABLE 13. EXPERIMENT BY MORTON AT THE WYOMING STATION 10 Digesti- Net Aver- Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight ble pro- tein per inno Nutritive ratio energy per 1000 age daily \)\j\j pounds pounds gain Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. I Oats, native hay 64 79 1.8 1: 9.4 15.1 0.15 II Corn, native hay 64 77 1.5 1:11.2 15.7 0.13 III Corn, oil meal, native hay . 64 80 2.2 1: 8.3 17.3 0.17 IV Oats, oil meal, native hay 64 81 2.4 1: 7.4 16.1 0.18 V Barley, oil meal, na- tive hay 64 80 2.4 1: 7.3 16.8 0.18 VI Barley, native hay. . . 63 79 1.8 1: 9.3 15.6 0.16 VII Corn, alfalfa hay. . . . 63 92 3.8 1: 5.4 20.4 0.29 VIII Corn, alfalfa hay 59 90 4.5 1: 5.4 21.1 0.31 Lots VII and VIII, fed corn and alfalfa hay, were the only lots that made good gains. The poorer gains made by the other lots were probably due in part to the smaller amounts of protein and energy consumed. The source of the nutrients may also have had some in- fluence upon these gains. Morton," in another experiment, fed 9 lots of lambs for 98 days. All the feeds were analyzed with the exception of the alfalfa and the pea hay. The coefficients of digestibility of the protein of the alfalfa, the native, the pea, and the sweet-clover hay were taken from the re- sults of digestion experiments made at the Wyoming Station," and of the speltz, from results obtained at the South Dakota Station.' The data are summarized in Table 14. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 69 (1905). b Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Buls. 69 (1905) and 78 (1908). c So. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 114 (1909). 12 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, TABLE 14. EXPERIMENT BY MORTON AT THE WYOMING STATION" Lot Eation No. in lot Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Corn, alfalfa hay 40 Its. 54 Ibs. 88 Ibs. 43 therms 219 Ibs. 0.35 II III Oats, oil meal, native hay Corn, alfalfa hay 40 40 53 53 74 87 2.0 4.3 17.2 21.2 0.21 0.35 IV Corn, oil meal, sweet- clover hay 10 55 86 4.5 22.0 0.31 V Pea hay 10 53 70 4.6 17.5 0.17 VI Barley, oil meal, native hay . 10 54 77 1.8 18.8 0.23 VII Barley, oil meal, native hay . 10 54 77 1.8 18.4 0.23 VIII | ;i: Speltz, oil meal, native hay . 10 54 68 2.0 19.0 0.14 ' IX Pea hay 40 77 83 2.8 10.8 0.06 In this experiment, of the lots receiving the most protein, Nos. 1, III, and IV made the highest gains ; these lots also received the most energy. The low gains made by Lots V and IX were probably due to a deficiency in energy, while the low gains of Lots II, VI, VII, and VIII may have been due to a deficiency both in protein and in energy, or to the source of these nutrients. Faville, 12 also at the "Wyoming Station, fed 3 lots of 35 lambs each, for 91 days beginning November 23. The feeds were not analyzed. In recalculating the results, the analyses of speltz and alfalfa hay as determined at the Wyoming Station the following year, were used." The coefficients of digestibility of the protein of alfalfa hay and of speltz were taken from the same sources as in the preceding experi- ment by Morton. A summary of the data of this experiment is given in Table 15. TABLE 15. EXPERIMENT BY FAVILLE AT THE WYOMING STATION" Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Corn, alfalfa hay Ibs. 59 Ibs. 87 Ibs. 4.0 therms 22.1 Ibs. 0.30 II Speltz, alfalfa hay 61 81 4.1 21.8 0.23 III Barley, alfalfa hay 60 90 4.1 21.4 0.33 The protein and the energy both appear to have been sufficient for good gains in Lots I and III. In the case of Lot II, their source seems to have been responsible for the lower gain. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 85 (1910). 1914} AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 13 Favilie, 13 in the following year, fed 4 lots of 41 lambs each, for 91 days. The feeds were all analyzed. The coefficients of digestibility of the protein of alfalfa and native hay were again taken from the same sources as in the experiment by Morton." The data of this ex- periment are given in Table 16. TABLE 16. EXPERIMENT BY FAVILLE AT THE WYOMING STATION'* Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Corn, alfalfa hay Ibs. 64 ibs. 96 Ibs. 2 9 therms 18 2 Ibs. 35 II Barley, alfalfa hay 64 90 32 18 8 28 III Speltz, alfalfa hay 63 89 3.7 20 7 29 IV Corn, native hav. . 64 87 1.8 18.0 0.25 In this experiment the gains did not vary either with the protein or with the energy consumption. Lot IV made nearly as high a gain as did either Lot II or Lot III, each of which received nearly twice as much protein and slightly more energy than did Lot IV. This experiment, like the preceding one, seems to indicate that the source of the protein or the energy, or both, had some influence upon the gains. The fact that the gains in this experiment were as high as those in the experiment preceding, suggests that the protein in the latter experiment may have been unnecessarily high. Faville, 14 in another experiment, fed 5 lots of 32 lambs each, for a period of 98 days. The feeds were all analyzed. In calculating the digestible protein, the coefficient of digestibility of native hay was taken from determinations made at the Wyoming Station." A sum- mary of the data of this experiment is given in Table 17. TABLE 17. EXPERIMENT BY FAVILLE AT THE WYOMING STATION" Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Corn native hay Ibs. 77 Ibs. 102 Ibs. 1.4 therms 156 Ibi. 25 II Barley, native hay 77 94 1.5 15.5 17 III Barley native hay 76 95 1.5 15 6 19 IV Corn, oil meal, native hay 76 102 2.1 16.0 0.27 V Corn, alfalfa hay, native hay. . 77 99 1.6 14.0 0.23 The amounts both of protein and of energy were lower than those in the two preceding experiments, and they were apparently too low Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Buls. 69 (1905) and 78 (1908). 14 BULLETIN No. 166 to give good gains. Since the energy supply was no greater than that required by growing lambs, as determined by Armsby," it is improb- able that the small amount of protein was the only factor producing the low gains ; a comparison of Lot I with Lots II and III would seem to show that the source of the protein was also a factor. Wilson and Curtiss, 15 at the Iowa Station, fed 11 lots of lambs of different breeds. There were 10 lambs in each lot, with the exception of Lot VI, in which there were but 9. The lambs were all pure-bred, with the exception of those of Lots X and XI, which were crossbred and range lambs. The experiment ran from January 1 to March 31, 90 days. Each lot was fed the same ration, consisting of shelled corn, oats, bran, oil meal, roots, and clover, pea, and timothy hay. Timothy hay was fed only during the first month, and in but a small amount then ; pea hay was fed during the first two months ; and the other feeds were fed during the entire experiment. None of the feeds was analyzed. A summary of the data of this experiment is given in Table 18. TABLE 18. EXPERIMENT BY WILSON AND CURTISS AT THE IOWA STATION" Lot Breed Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Southdown Ibs. 91 Ibs. 132 Ibs. 3 1 therms 19.3 IllS. 045 n Shropshire 101 144 2 9 185 048 in Oxford 119 166 29 18 5 52 IV Suffolk 117 166 3 19.0 0.55 v Lincoln 121 171 29 18.1 0.55 VI Leicester 132 179 26 16.4 0.52 VII Cotswold 118 174 29 18.1 0.62 VIII Dorset 101 145 3.2 20.1 0.48 IX Merino 82 108 3 19.1 0.29 x Crossbred 81 118 3.1 19.5 0.41 XI Eange 71 104 3.0 18.8 0.37 The gains certainly indicate that the protein and the energy were sufficient for very good results. It must be remembered, however, in comparing this experiment with others of a similar character, that the pure-bred lambs used in this experiment and in the one following, were selected with the idea of obtaining the best representatives of each breed ; hence better gains than the average would be expected. Curtiss and Wilson, 18 in a continuation of the preceding experi- ment, fed 9 lots of pure-bred lambs from September 16 to January 1, a period of 106 days. There were 9 lambs in each lot, with the exception of Lots I and IX, which contained 10 and 8 lambs respec- tively. The animals received the same feeds as in the previous ex- "This bulletin, page 4. 1914} AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 15 periment, with the exception that at the beginning of the experiment cabbage and a little green clover were added to the ration. The feeds were not analyzed. A summary of the data is given in Table 19. TABLE 19. EXPERIMENT BY CURTISS AND WILSON AT THE IOWA STATION" Lot Breed Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Southdown Ibs. 65 Ibs. 102 Ibs. 4 2 therms 26 lb*. 3*? II Shropshire 88 126 3 6 22 3 36 III Oxford 95 138 3 7 226 40 IV Suffolk 92 134 3 7 23 40 v Lincoln 94 144 3 6 22 3 46 VI Leicester 86 133 3.8 23.7 04' VII Cotswold 85 138 3 8 23 7 50 VIII Dorset 82 128 4.0 25.1 043 IX Merino . 74 113 4.1 25.1 0.37 It is noticeable that with an increased amount of protein and energy the gains in this experiment, altho very good, were considerably lower than in the experiment of the previous year. Curtiss and Wil- son attributed this difference to the fact that the lambs of the latter experiment were three months younger than those of the earlier ex- periment, and that the weather conditions were less favorable. Kennedy and Marshall," also at the Iowa Station, fed 4 lots of 10 lambs each, from October 1 to November 25, 56 days. The feeds were not analyzed. In calculating the digestible protein, the value for speltz was taken from Bulletin No. 114 of the South Dakota Station. A summary of the data is given in Table 20. TABLE 20. EXPERIMENT BY KENNEDY AND MARSHALL AT THE IOWA STATION" Digest!- Net Aver- Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight ble pro- tein per IflOfl . energy per 1000 age daily pounds pounds gain Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. I Bran speltz clover hay Ill 137 3.8 280 046 II Bran, soy beans, clover hay.. 110 133 8.1 25.2 0.41 in Corn, gluten feed, 'bran, clover 110 135 4.6 27.7 0.45 IV Corn. bran, clover hav.. 109 134 3.8 28.6 0.45 Altho the gains were very good in all instances, the lots receiving the smallest amounts of protein made gains as high as or slightly higher than the lots receiving the largest amounts of protein. As the energy was amply sufficient, there seems to have been no advantage in feed- 16 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, ing more than 3.8 pounds of protein. Perhaps a smaller amount of protein would have sufficed. The large gains are accounted for possibly in part by the short duration of the experiment. Kennedy, Robbins, and Kildee, 18 in experiments extending over three years, fed different combinations of hay, grain, and succulents. The feeds were analyzed and careful records were kept. A summary of the data of the three experiments is given in Table 21. TABLE 21. EXPERIMENTS BY KENNEDY, BOBBINS, AND KILDEE AT THE IOWA STATION" Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain First year: 7 lambs to a lot, 112 days I II III IV Corn, oats, bran, man- gels, alfalfa hay . . . Corn, oats, bran, man- gels, sugar beets, al- falfa hay Ibs. 79 78 78 80 Ibs. 128 128 125 121 Ibs. 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.4 1:4.2 1:4.2 1:4.2 1:3.7 therms 21.6 22.9 22.0 20.0 Ibs. 0.44 0.45 0.42 0.37 Corn, oats, bran, si- lage, alfalfa hay. . Corn, oats, bran, al- falfa hay .. Second year: 10 lambs to a lot, 84 days I II Corn, mixed hay, cow- pea hay, alfalfa hay Corn, turnips, mixed hay, cowpea hay, alfalfa hay 69 67 97 93 3.1 3.3 1:6.1 1:5.9 23.3 24.7 0.33 0.30 III IV Corn, sugar beets, mixed hay, cowpea hay, alfalfa hay . . . Corn, cabbage, mixed hay, cowpea hay, alfalfa hav . 68 69 102 94 3.3 3.5 1:5.9 1:5.8 25.9 26.0 0.41 0.30 Third year: 9 lambs to a lot, 168 days I Corn, cottonseed meal, mixed hay 76 326 2.1 1:4.1 19.8 0.30 II III Corn, cottonseed meal, silage, mixed hay . Corn, cottonseed meal, sugar beets, mixed hav . 78 74 126 139 2.1 2.2 1:4.1 1:3.1 20.3 21.2 0.29 0.39 IV Corn, cottonseed meal, mangels, mixed hay 71 133 2.3 1:3.3 20.1 0.37 In the experiment "of the first year, 4 lots of 7 lambs each were fed from December 28 to April 19, 112 days. The gains show that there was ample protein and energy in the ration for fattening. 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 17 In the experiment of the second year, 4 lots of 10 lambs each were fed from November 15 to February 7, a period of 84 days. Again the gains were good, indicating that the protein and energy were suffi- cient. It will also be noted that while the energy was somewhat greater, the protein considerably lower, and the feeding period shorter than in the experiment of the first year, the gains were somewhat less. In the experiment of the third year, 4 lots of 9 lambs each were fed from September 11 to February 2G, a period of 168 days. Altho this was considerably longer than the feeding period of the second year, and altho considerably less protein was consumed, yet the gains were as large. Compared with the first year, however, the average daily gains were smaller. This may be explained by the fact that the experiment of the first year was run during cold weather (Decem- ber 28 to April 19, 112 days), which is generally considered to be more conducive to good gains, while the experiment of the third year, altho extending into cold weather, was begun in warmer weather (Septem- ber 11 to February 26, 168 days). If the gains of only the last 112 days of the third-year experiment are taken into consideration, the average daily gain of all the lots was 0.44 pound. This is practically the same gain as was made in the first-year experiment, and it was made on slightly less energy and about two-thirds the amount of protein. Burnett, 19 of the Nebraska Station, fed 8 lots of lambs for 98 days. The feeds were not analyzed. A summary of the data is given in Table 22. The results seem to indicate that lambs of this weight should be fed from 2.3 to 3.1 pounds of protein. In no instance was a smaller TABLE 22. EXPERIMENT BY BURNETT AT THE NEBRASKA STATION" Lot Ration No. in lot Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Corn, alfalfa 16 Ibs. 53 Ibs. 85 Ibs. 3.1 1: 5.9 therms 19.4 Ibs. 0.33 II III IV Corn, oats, al- falfa hay Corn, bran, al- falfa hay Corn, prairie hay 16 16 8 54 52 52 85 82 72 3.2 3.3 1.7 1: 5.6 1: 5.5 1:10.5 18.5 18.1 17.0 0.32 0.30 0.20 V VI VII VIII Corn, oil meal, prairie hay.. Corn, oats, prairie hay. . Corn, bran, prairie hay. . Corn, bran, alfalfa hay. . 8 8 8 20 52 52 51 53 77 71 70 83 2.3 1.8 1.9 3.3 1: 8.0 1:10.0 1: 9.0 1: 5.2 17.8 16.7 16.3 17.5 0.24 0.19 0.19 0.34 18 BULLETIN No. 166 I January, amount conducive to good gains. It is to be noted, however, that the energy also was lower in the low-protein lots, which fact undoubtedly influenced the gains to a certain extent. In the following year, Burnett, 20 fed 10 lots of lambs for 98 days, beginning December 8. The feeds were not analyzed. Inasmuch as four lots received sorghum hay, for which no coefficients of digesti- bility and no energy values could be found, the results for these four lots have not been recalculated. A summary of the data for the six other lots is given in Table 23. TABLE 23. EXPERIMENT BY BURNETT AT THE NEBRASKA STATION 20 Lot Ration No. in lot Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 Aver- age daily pounds pounds gain Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. 1 Corn, alfalfa hay 14 56 92 3.8 1:5.9 23.6 0.37 II Corn, oats, al- falfa hay. . . . 14 57 89 3.9 1:5.6 22.9 0.33 III Corn, bran, al- falfa hay. . . . 14 56 90 4.0 1:5.4 22.5 0.35 IV Corn, alfalfa hay 12 62 93 3.6 1:6.0 23.0 0.32 V Corn, oats, al- falfa hay. . . . 12 60 94 3.7 1:5.5 22.0 0.35 VI Corn, bran, al- falfa hay 12 62 96 3.7 ! 1:5.4 21.1 0.35 The lots in this second experiment all made better gains than those of the high-protein lots of the preceding experiment. Whether this increase was due to the additional amount of protein fed, cannot be determined, since there was also a considerable increase in the amount of energy consumed. Buffum and Griffith, 21 at the Colorado Station, fed 13 lots of Mexican range lambs. Four lots were fed from March 5 to May 28, 84 days; five lots, from March 5 to June 6, 93 days; and four lots, from January 23 to May 2, 99 days. The feeds were not analyzed. In recalculating the data of this experiment, the coefficients of di- gestibility of the protein of alfalfa and native hay were taken from the results of digestion trials at the Colorado Station ;* the coefficient of beet pulp, from Farmers' Bulletin 346 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the coefficient of speltz from Bulletin 114 of the South Dakota station. A summary of the data is given in Table 24. In this experiment, Lots X, XI, XII, and XIII, on the lower pro- tein plane, made the highest gains. The lower gains made by the other lots cannot be accounted for by any deficiency in the energy supply, Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 93 (1904). 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 19 TABLE 24. EXPERIMENT BY BUFFUM AND GRIFFITH AT THE COLORADO STATION 21 Lot Eation No. in lot Initial weight Final weight Length of experi- ment Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain Ibx. Ibs. days Ibs. therms Ibs. I Wheat, barley, beet pulp, al- falfa hay 5 57 72 84 3.7 16.4 0.19 II Wheat, barley, beet pulp, al- falfa hay 5 58 77 84 4.4 21.6 0.23 III Wheat, barley, sugar beets, alfalfa hay. . 5 52 73 84 4.0 18.4 0.25 IV Wheat, barley, sugar beets, alfalfa hay. . 5 58 82 84 2.8 15.0 0.28 V Corn, alfalfa hay 5 54 78 93 3.9 21.3 0.29 VI Speltz, alfalfa hay ) 54 78 93 4.3 22.0 0.31 VII Barley, alfalfa hay . 5 57 77 93 4.2 20.9 0.26 VIII Barley, wheat, alfalfa hay. . 5 47 71 93 4.6 23.4 0.29 IX Speltz, wheat, alfalfa hay. . 5 57 75 93 4.0 20.4 0.20 X Oats, barley, wheat, alfalfa hav . 4 75 104 99 3.5 18.7 0.36 XI Oats, barley, wheat, alfalfa hay 4 85 108 99 2.9 16.2 0.32 XII Corn, alfalfa hay 4 84 115 99 3.2 18.7 0.39 XIII Corn, alfalfa hay 4 84 112 99 2.8 17.5 0.36 as the latter appears to have been sufficient for all except Lots I and IV. These results indicate that the source of the protein or the energy, or both, has considerable influence upon the gains. Carlyle and Morton, 22 also at the Colorado Station, fed 5 lots of grade Shropshire lambs; the first two lots, consisting of 125 lambs each, from December 1 to January 12, 42 days, and the last three lots, consisting of 200 lambs each, from November 23 to February 29, 98 days. The feeds were not analyzed. The value for the digestible pro- tein in the alfalfa hay was taken from the same source as in the pre- vious experiment." A summary of the data is given in Table 25. A comparison of Lots I and II reveals no apparent advantage in feeding an increased amount of protein by increasing the oil meal, as was done in the case of Lot I, especially when the much larger amount Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 93 (1904). 20 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, TABLE 25. EXPERIMENT BY CARLYLE AND MORTON AT THE COLORADO STATION 22 Digesti- Net Aver- Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight ble pro- tein per 1000 energy per 1000 age daily pounds pounds gain Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. I Corn, oil meal, alfalfa hay. . . . 101 114 5.7 27.4 0.31 II Corn, oil meal, alfalfa hay. . . . 100 112 3.2 19.6 0.29 III Corn, alfalfa hay 58 97 4.3 22.4 0.39 IV Corn, alfalfa hay 61 96 3.9 21.2 0.35 V Corn, alfalfa hay 59 93 4.6 23.7 0.34 of energy received by Lot I is taken into consideration. Neither does there appear to have been any advantage in increasing the amount of protein by increasing the alfalfa hay. (Note Lots III, IV, and V.) Chilcott, 23 at the South Dakota Station, fed 2 lots of 12 grade Shropshire and Hampshire lambs each, from December 11 to March 26, a period of 105 days. The grain was analyzed but the hay was not. In recalculating the data of this experiment, the coefficients of digesti- bility of the protein in barley and speltz, and the digestible protein in brome hay as determined at that station* were used. The data are summarized in Table 26. TABLE 26. EXPERIMENT BY CHILCOTT AT THE SOUTH DAKOTA STATION 28 Digesti- Net Aver- Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight ble pro- tein per IflOO energy per 1000 age daily pounds pounds gam Us. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. I Speltz, brome hay 84 109 2.0 18.2 0.24 II Barley, brome hay.. . 84 122 2.0 17.5 0.36 The protein appears to have been sufficient in Lot II to make good gains ; yet an additional amount might have produced still better gains. The source of the protein seems to have influenced the increase to a considerable extent, barley giving better results than speltz. Wilson and Skinner, 24 also at the South Dakota Station, fed 9 lots of 9 lambs each (grade Shropshire and Hampshire), from Janu- ary 5 to April 24, 109 days. The speltz, the macaroni wheat, and the bread wheat were analyzed. The digestible protein in native hay and the coefficients of digestibility of the protein in macaroni wheat, speltz, and oats were taken from results obtained at that station. A sum- mary of the data is given in Table 27. So. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 114 (1909). 1914} AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 21 TABLE 27. EXPERIMENT BY WILSON AND SKINNER AT THE SOUTH DAKOTA STATION 24 Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily Cain I Corn, prairie hay Ibs. 81 Ibs. 120 Its. 1 5 therms 20 Ibs. 35 IX Wheat prairie hay 78 118 2 20 5 37 III IV Macaroni wheat, prairie hay.. Speltz, prairie hay 81 79 119 118 1.8 2.2 19.6 22.9 0.35 0.35 y Speltz prairie hay 81 115 2.1 22 1 0.31 VI Corn, bran, prairie hay 81 121 2.0 19.4 0.37 VII Macaroni wheat, bran, prairie hay 81 118 2.3 20.0 0.34 VIII Macaroni wheat, bran, prairie hay 82 116 2.1 18.6 0.31 IX Speltz, bran, prairie hay 82 119 2.6 21.3 0.34 Good gains were made on these rations, which contained a rela- tively small amount of protein but a large amount of energy. The gains seemed to depend, not upon the amount either of protein or of energy fed but possibly upon the source of the nutrients. It is to be noted that these gains were made on rations containing only one- half to two-thirds the quantity of protein required by Kellner 's stand- ard for lambs of this weight. Wilson, 25 in another experiment at the South Dakota Station, fed 2 lots of 10 grade lambs each, from January 24 to March 25, a period of 60 days. The feeds were not analyzed. In calculating the digesti- ble protein, the composition and coefficients of digestibility of the crude protein in alfalfa and native hay were taken from the results of digestion trials at that station." A summary of the data is given in Table 28. TABLE 28. EXPERIMENT BY WILSON AT THE SOUTH DAKOTA STATION 25 Digesti- Net Aver- Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight ble pro- tein per 1000 energy per 1000 age daily pounds pounds gain Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. I Corn, oats, oil meal, alfalfa hay 88 119 3.9 19.0 0.51 II Corn, oats, oil meal, prairie hay 87 111 2.0 17.9 0.38 Altho the high-protein lot made the highest gain, the low-protein lot also made a very good gain, especially when the somewhat smaller amount of energy consumed by the low-protein lot is taken into con- sideration. The short duration of the experiment possibly detracts from its value when compared with other experiments of longer dura- tion. "So. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 114 (1909). 22 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, McDonald and Maloiie, 28 at the Oklahoma Station, fed 4 lots of 10 lambs each, from October 1 to February 18, a period of 140 days. None of the feeds was analyzed. A summary of the data is given in Table 29. TABLE 29. EXPERIMENT BY MCDONALD AND MALONE AT THE OKLAHOMA STATION 26 Lot Ration Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain T Corn meal, alfalfa hay Ibs. 77 Ibs. 128 Ibs. 25 therms 192 Ibs. 36 n Corn meal, cowpea hay 73 125 2 3 206 37 in IV Corn meal, cottonseed meal, corn stover, alfalfa hay Corn meal, cottonseed meal, prairie hay 77 78 125 117 3.1 2.8 18.5 18.2 0.34 0.28 The gains made by Lots III and IV were not so large as those made by Lots I and II, altho Lots III and IV received more protein and less energy than Lots I and II. The gains seemed to depend more upon the energy in the ration than upon the protein. The re- sults indicate that the lower amounts of protein were sufficient for lambs of this weight. Richards and Kleinheinz, 27 at the Wisconsin Station, fed 2 lots of 10 ewe lambs each, for a period of 84 days beginning January 20. The feeds were analyzed and the digestible nutrients calculated. A summary of the data is given in Table 30. TABLE 30. EXPERIMENT BY RICHARDS AND KLEINHEINZ AT THE WISCONSIN STATION 27 Lot Ration Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Corn, soy beans, clover hay, June grass hay, corn stover Ibs. 103 Ibs. 119 Ibs. 2.7 1:4.9 therms 12.7 Ibs. 0.20 II Corn, oats, clover hay, June grass hay, corn stover 102 116 1.5 1:9.0 12.6 0.16 The very poor gains made by both lots were probably due to the fact that the rations contained too small an amount of energy, es- pecially since Lot I, which received a considerably larger amount of protein than Lot II, did not make a corresponding gain. 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 23 Humphrey and Kleinhcinz, 28 also at the Wisconsin Station, fed 2 lots of 9 lambs each, for a period of 84 days beginning January 23. The feeds were analyzed. A summary of the data is given in Table 31. TABLE 31. EXPERIMENT BY HUMPHREY AND KLEINHEINZ AT THE WISCONSIN STATION 28 Lot Ration Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Shelled corn, soy beans, mixed hay corn stover Ibs. 113 Ibs. 126 Ibs. 2.0 therms 11.0 Ibs. 0.16 II Shelled corn, oats, mixed hay, corn stover 113 120 1.1 10.8 0.09 In this experiment, too, the gains were very poor, but this is not strange, as the amount of energy consumed in each instance was about the same as Armsby's standard for maintenance*. Lot I, consuming the more protein, made the better gain. In the following year, Humphrey and Kleinheinz, 2 " fed 2 lots of 10 lambs each for a period of 91 days beginning January 13. The feeds were analyzed and the digestible nutrients calculated. A sum- mary of the data is given in Table 32. TABLE 32. EXPERIMENT BY HUMPHREY AND KLEINHEINZ AT THE WISCONSIN STATION* Digesti- Net Aver- Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight ble pro- tein per 1000 energy per 1000 age daily pounds pounds gam Ibs. Ibs. Ibi. therms Ibs. I Oats, dried beet pulp, clover hay 93 115 2.1 12.6 0.24 II Oats. corn, clover hav. . 93 115 2.1 14.0 0.24 The gains were probably lessened by the fact that the energy was insufficient and the protein somewhat low. Arkell, 80 at the New Hampshire Station, fed 4 lots of 5 lambs each, from December 6 to March 14, a period of 90 days. The feeds were analyzed and the digestible nutrients calculated. A summary of Arkell 's data is shown in Table 33. The gains produced are certainly surprising when one considers the amounts of protein and energy consumed. The digestible protein down to 0.9 pound was ample for fair gains, but the energy seems to have been very low. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 346, p. 17. 24 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, TABLE 33. EXPERIMENT BY ARKELL AT THE NEW HAMPSHIRE STATION 30 Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I II III Corn, bran, oats, tur- nips, clover hay. . . . Corn, bran, oats, tur- nips, timothy hay. . Corn, bran, oats, clover hay Ibs. 102 100 ' 105 Ibs. 137 123 134 Ibs. 1.4 0.9 1.9 1: 6.2 1:10.5 1: 5.9 therms 8.1 8.6 11.4 Ibs. 0.33 0.23 0.29 IV Corn, bran, oats, turnips, clover hay. 106 143 1.7 1: 6.6 9.9 0.38 Carmichael, 81 at the Ohio Station, fed 4 lots of 40 range lambs each, from November 30 to March 12, 102 days. None of the feeds was analyzed, and the total amount of hay fed was estimated from the quantities determined at different times during the experiment. The data are summarized in Table 34. TABLE 34. EXPERIMENT BY CARMICHAEL AT THE OHIO STATION" Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Corn, alfalfa hay Ibs. 67 Ibs. 98 Ibs. 25 therms 193 Ibs. 0.30 II Corn, cottonseed meal, alfalfa hay 67 98 32 193 031 in IV Corn, oil meal, alfalfa hay. . . . Corn, alfalfa hav. . 65 67 98 97 3.1 2.5 19.4 19.5 0.30 0.31 The energy was about the same for all lots, but the protein varied considerably. It is of interest to note, however, that the increase in protein, as provided by the cottonseed meal and oil meal in Lots II and III respectively, did not increase the gains. Carmichael and Hammond, 33 at the Ohio Station, conducted feed- ing experiments extending over three years. In each experiment the feeds were weighed carefully and analyzed. A summary of the data obtained is given in Table 35. In the experiment of the first year, 4 lots of 25 choice western lambs each, were fed from December 22 to March 1, a period of 70 days. A comparison of Lots I and II with Lot III indicates again that the source of the nutrients had considerable influence upon the gains. It is of interest to note that Lot IV, receiving considerably more protein than Lot III and the same amount of energy, did not make as good an average gain. The investigators state that the clover hay was of excellent quality while the alfalfa hay was not so good. 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 25 TABLE 35. EXPERIMENTS BY CARMICHAEL AND HAMMOND AT THE OHIO STATION" Lot Eation No. in lot Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain First year: 70 days I Corn, oil meal, corn 25 ns. 73 Tbs. 91 1 J JS. 2 1 therms 186 Ibs. 26 II Corn, oil meal, soy bean straw 25 73 93 23 199 28 III Corn, clover hay 25 73 98 1 9 19 5 36 IV Corn, alfalfa hav. . . 25 73 97 2.5 19.4 0.33 Second year: 93 days I Corn, clover hay ....... 14 64 94 1 8 199 32 n Corn, alfalfa hay 14 63 95 2.6 20 2 034 in Corn, oat straw 13 63 80 13 19 2 18 IV Corn, corn stover 13 65 73 1.5 20.5 0.23 V Corn, oil meal, clover hav .. 14 64 91 2.6 20.0 0.29 VI Corn, oil meal, alfalfa hav .. 14 64 95 3.3 19.8 0.34 VII vin Corn, oil meal, oat straw Corn, oil meal, corn stover . 14 14 63 62 85 86 2.1 2.3 18.5 20.1 0.24 0.26 Third year: 83 days I Corn, clover hay 15 61 89 2.0 20.5 0.33 n Corn, alfalfa hay 15 62 92 2.6 20.1 0.37 in Corn, oat straw 15 59 77 1.4 17.9 0.22 IV Corn, corn stover 15 58 79 1.5 19.8 0.26 V Corn, oil meal, clover hay 15 63 91 2.8 20.4 0.34 VI Corn, oil meal, alfalfa hay 15 61 94 3.5 20.3 0.39 VII VIII Corn, oil meal, oat straw Corn, oil meal, corn stover 15 15 62 60 82 86 2.2 2.3 18.1 19.8 0.25 0.31 In the experiment of the second year, 8 lots of range lambs were fed from January 3 to April 5, a period of 93 days. Again the data show that the source of the nutrients had considerable influence upon the gains. If Lot I is compared with Lot V, it is found that there was no advantage in increasing the protein of the ration from 1.8 to 2.6 pounds per day by adding oil meal, the energy remaining the same. Likewise, it is seen that there was no additional gain obtained by in- creasing the protein from 2.6 pounds in Lot II to 3.3 pounds in Lot VI. In the cases of lots receiving the non-nitrogenous roughages, how- ever, an increase in protein by the use of oil meal caused additional gains. The experiment was repeated in practically the same manner the following year. Eight lots of 15 lambs each were fed from November 18 to February 8, a period of 83 days. All gains were slightly better 26 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, than those of the previous year. The source of the nutrients appar- ently had some* influence upon the gains, the use of oil meal resulting in all cases in slightly better gains. The results of all four Ohio experiments indicate that for lambs of these weights, 19 or 20 therms of energy are sufficient for good gains, provided the source and the amount of the protein of the ration are favorable. They indicate also that there is no marked advantage in feeding over 2.5 pounds of protein to lambs of these weights. Lyman and Phelps, 83 at the Connecticut (Storrs) Station, fed 2 lots of 10 grade Shropshire lambs each, for a period of 62 days. A third lot of 200 range lambs was fed for 48 days. The feeds were not analyzed but the digestible nutrients were calculated. The data are summarized in Table 36. TABLE 36. EXPERIMENT BY LYMAN AND PHELPS AT THE CONNECTICUT (STORES) STATION 33 Lot Ration Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 Aver- age daily pounds pounds gain Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. I Corn, bran, pea meal, silage, clover rowen 87 Ill 3.3 1:4.8 18.6 0.39 II Corn, pea meal, si- lage, clover rowen 87 115 2.7 1:7.0 22.7 0.45 m Corn, pea meal, bran, silage, clover rowen 73 88 3.3 1:5.8 22.3 0.32 From a comparison of Lots I and II, made up of the same kind of lambs, it is seen that the gains may have depended upon the amount of energy consumed rather than upon the amount of protein. In Lot III, also, it is evident that there was no advantage in increasing the protein. The use of bran seems to have been detrimental. Shaw, 84 at the Minnesota Station, fed 10 grade Dorset lambs for 112 days, beginning November 23. The feeds were not analyzed. From a summary of the data given in Table 37, it is apparent that the pro- tein and the energy were both sufficient; but too much importance should not be attached to an experiment where a check is not run. TABLE 37. EXPERIMENT BY SHAW AT THE MINNESOTA STATION** Eation Initial weight Final weight Digestible protein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Average daily gain Oats, bran, barley, oil cake, roots, native hav. . Ibs. 93 Ibs. 134 Ibs. 2.7 therms 17.1 Ibs. 0.37 1914} AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 27 Linfield, 35 at the Montana Station, fed 5 lots of 22 grade Down lambs each, for a period of 95 days beginning November 22 and end- ing February 25. None of the feeds was analyzed. The data are summarized in Table 38. TABLE 38. EXPERIMENT BY LINFIELD AT THE MONTANA STATION 35 Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I II Wheat screenings, clover hay. . Wheat, clover hay Ibs. 67 71 Ibs. 94 96 Ibs. 2.8 2.6 therms 17.6 16.6 Ibs. 0.29 027 III Oats, clover hay 71 92 2 8 15.8 022 IV Barley, clover hay 73 97 2.6 16.3 0.26 V Wheat, oats, barley, clover hay 54 76 2.6 15.9 0.29 Probably better gains would have resulted if the energy had been increased somewhat, as it appears to have been below the standard even for growing lambs. In a continuation of the foregoing experiment, Linfield 38 fed 5 lots of 24 range lambs each, for a period of 97 days beginning No- vember 20 and ending February 26. The feeds were not analyzed. The data are summarized in Table 39. TABLE 39. EXPERIMENT BY LINFIELD AT THE MONTANA STATION 88 Digest!- Net Aver- Lot Hation Initial weight Final weight ble pro- tein per 1000 energy per 1000 age daily pounds pounds gam Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. I Wheat screenings, clover hay. . 57 82 2.7 16.3 0.26 II Wheat clover hay 57 79 2.7 16.7 0.22 III 58 81 2.7 15.1 0.25 IV Barley clover hay 57 80 2.7 16.9 0.23 V Barley, oats, wheat, clover hay. 58 80 2.6 16.0 0.23 The protein and the energy consumed were about the same as in the previous experiment. While the lambs of this experiment were considerably smaller than those of the former experiment, neverthe- less the gains were almost as large. The energy was probably insuffi- cient for the best gains. Linfield, 37 at the Utah Station, carried on feeding experiments ex- tending over three years. The feeds were analyzed and the rations carefully weighed. The data are summarized in Table 40. 28 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, TABLE 40. EXPERIMENT BY LINPIELD AT THE UTAH STATION" Lot Eation No. in lot Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain First year: 90 days I Wheat, alfalfa hay 24 Us. 47 Ibs. 64 Ibs. 3.6 therms 20.6 Ibs. 0.19 II Frosted wheat, alfalfa hay 24 47 66 3.4 21.3 0.21 III Wheat screenings, alfalfa hay . 24 47 66 4.0 23.6 0.20 IV Wheat screenings, alfalfa hay 23 47 68 3.8 22.3 0.24 Second year: 84 days I Wheat screenings, alfalfa hay 25 38 47 4.0 19.8 0.12 II Wheat, alfalfa hay 25 37 45 3.6 19.3 0.11 III Screenings, bran, alfalfa hav . 25 39 49 3.5 18.7 0.12 IV Screenings, bran, straw, alfalfa hav. . . 24 38 47 3.8 16.8 0.10 Third year: 78 days I n in IV Screenings, alfalfa hay. Beet pulp, alfalfa hay. . Beet pulp, alfalfa hay. . Bran, screenings, beat pulp, alfalfa hay 16 17 17 17 55 61 57 54 72 77 68 80 3.2 2.3 2.6 2.8 15.0 12.4 11.8 15.9 0.22 0.21 0.13 0.33 V Bran, screenings, beet pulp, alfalfa hay 17 54 71 3.1 15.5 0.21 Very poor gains were made in the experiment of the first year, altho the protein and energy appear sufficient. The same is true of the second year but to a more marked extent. The somewhat better gains made in the experiment of the third year seem to have been due more to the source of the protein and energy than to the quantity. Clark, 38 also at the Utah Station, fed 2 lots of 11 lambs each, for a period of 85 days. The feeds were not analyzed. A summary of the data is given in Table 41. TABLE 41. EXPERIMENT BY CLARK AT THE UTAH STATION 88 Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Bran, middlings, sugar beets, alfalfa hay 11*. 86 Ibs. 116 Ibs. 3 2 therms 14 8 Ibs. 0.35 II Bran, middlings, alfalfa hay. . 83 101 4.3 15.0 0.22 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 29 The energy supply for these lambs was quite low. Altho Lot I received considerably less protein than Lot II and the same amount of energy, it made much the higher gain. This doubtless was due to the addition of sugar beets to the ration of Lot I. Coffey, 39 at the Illinois Station, fed 3 lots of 10 Shropshire lambs each, for 98 days, beginning November 26, on a ration of corn, oats, bran, oil meal, and clover hay. The feeds were not analyzed. From a summary of the data given in Table 42 it is evident that the amounts of protein and energy consumed were sufficient for fair fattening gains for lambs of these ages. TABLE 42. EXPERIMENT BY COFFEY AT THE ILLINOIS STATION 3 * Lot Initial age Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Average daily gain I II III mos. 9 7 6 Ibs. 95 78 63 Ibs. 123 106 92 Ibs. 2.8 3.1 3.1 1:6.7 1:6.8 1:6.8 therms 20.1 21.9 22.2 Ibs. 0.28 0.28 0.30 Craig and Melvin, 40 under the direction of Coffey, fed 6 lots of 10 Cotswold-Merino lambs each, from February 3 to May 5, a period of 92 days. All lots were fed a ration of corn, oats, oil meal, and clover hay. The feeds were not analyzed. The data are summarized in Table 43. TABLE 43. EXPERIMENT BY CRAIG AND MELVIN AT THE ILLINOIS STATION" Lot Initial weight Final weight Digestible protein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Average daily gain I II III IV V VI Ibs. 64 65 63 64 63 63 Ibs. 97 104 107 101 99 98 Ibs. 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 therms 23.7 24.9 25.4 24.9 22.8 22.5 Ibs. 0.36 0.42 0.47 0.40 0.39 0.37 Both the protein and the energy were sufficient for very good gains, but the experiment does not show whether or not less protein in the ration would have decreased the gains. Hammond, 41 under the direction of Coffey, fed corn, prepared in various ways, and clover hay to 6 lots of 16 lambs each, for 98 days, beginning November 18. Another lot received oil meal in addition 30 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, to shelled corn and clover hay. The lambs were about 5y 2 months old at the beginning of the experiment. The silage and corn stover were analyzed ; the analyses of the other feeds were taken from Bulle- tin 71 of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. The digestible nutrients were calculated by the experimenter, the coeffi- cients of digestibility of all the feeds, with the exception of the corn stover and the shock corn, being taken from Henry 's ' ' Feeds and Feed- ing." The coefficient of digestibility of corn stover was taken from Bulletin 58 of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, and that of shock corn from the above-mentioned bulletin of tie Pennsylvania Station. The data are summarized in Table 44. TABLE 44. EXPERIMENT BY HAMMOND AT THE ILLINOIS STATION" Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 pounds Nutritive ratio Net energy per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain I Shelled corn, clover hay Ibs. 65 Ibs. 94 Ibs. 1.9 1:10.0 therms 19 8 Ibs. 30 II III Corn meal, clover hay Corn and cob meal, clover hay. ........ 65 66 91 92 2.0 1.7 1:10.0 1:11.2 20.4 19 5 0.26 027 IV V Ear corn, clover hay.. Shelled corn, silage, clover hay 66 66 94 94 1.9 1.9 1:10.1 1:10.4 22.7 19.7 0.29 0.29 VI Shelled corn, oil meal, clover hay 66 93 2.3 1: 8.4 20.2 0.28 VII Shock corn, clover hay 65 90 1.8 1:10.5 15.9 0.25 Here again the amount of protein seems to have been sufficient to produce good fattening gains. The gains made by Lots II and III were not so high as would be expected, due possibly to the fact that the corn was ground. The energy of the shock-corn and clover-hay ration of Lot VII was insufficient for maximum gains. It is notice- able also that the increased amount of protein received by Lot VI produced no increase in gain. In another experiment, Coffey 42 fed 6 lots of 16 range lambs each, from January 12 to April 26, 105 days. The feeds were not analyzed but the digestible nutrients were calculated from the values given in Bulletin 84 of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. The data are summarized in Table 45. The gains seem to indicate that the protein and energy were suffi- cient for good results. 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON TABLE 45. EXPERIMENT BY COFFEY FATTENING LAMBS AT THE ILLINOIS STATION" 31 Lot Eation Initial weight Final weight Digesti- ble pro- tein per 1000 Nu- tritive ratio Net energy, per 1000 Aver- age daily pounds pounds gain Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms ns. I Corn, clover hay 68 101 1.9 1:10.0 19.6 0.31 II Corn, silage (small amount), clover hay 68 104 1.8 1:10.3 19.2 0.35 III Corn, silage (medium amount) , clover hay 67 102 1.8 1:10.3 19.7 0.33 IV Corn, silage (medium amount) , clover hay 68 105 1.8 1 : 10.5 19.4 0.36 V Corn, silage (large amount), clover hay 68 106 1.8 1:10.4 19.3 0.36 VI Corn, silage (large amount), clover hay 68 106 1.7 1:10.8 19.1 0.37 Coffey, 4 " 1 also fed 6 lots of 20 range lambs each on a ration of shelled corn and alfalfa hay in varying proportions. The feeding periods lasted from October 23 to January 20, 91 days. Toward the end of the experiment, soy beans were also fed. None of the feeds was analyzed. In Table 46 is given a summary of the data. TABLE 46. EXPERIMENT BY COFFEY AT THE ILLINOIS STATION 48 Lot Proportion of grain to hay Initial weight Final weight Digestible protein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Average daily gain I II III IV V VI 1:0.99 1:1.01 1:1.36 1:1.36 1:2.43 1:3.48 Ibs. 69 68 69 ' 68 69 69 Ibs. 96 95 90 90 88 87 76s. 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0 therms 18.2 18.4 17.8 17.6 15.4 14.3 Ibs. 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.20 In this experiment the protein was probably sufficient for all the lots. The same cannot be said of the energy, which appears to have been somewhat deficient in all but Lots I and II. Immediately following the foregoing experiment, Coffey 44 again fed 6 lots of 20 lambs each on a ration of corn and alfalfa hay in vary- ing proportions. The feeding period lasted from February 19 to May 27, 98 days. The feeds were not analyzed. The data are sum- marized in Table 47. Again it seems that the protein was probably sufficient for all lots, but the energy appears to have been somewhat deficient for Lots V and VI. 32 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, TABLE 47. EXPERIMENT BY COFFEY AT THE ILLINOIS STATION" Lot Proportion of grain to hay Initial weight Final weight Digestible protein per 1000 pounds Net energy per 1000 pounds Average daily gain Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. therms Ibs. I 1:0.86 05 97 2.8 19.8 0.33 II 1:0.85 65 97 2.9 20.3 0.33 III 1:1.31 65 96 3.1 18.9 0.32 IV 1:1.31 Go 96 3.1 19.2 0.31 V 1:2.03 64 93 3.2 17.7 0.29 VI 1:2.03 65 89 3.2 17.7 0.25 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS In an effort to ascertain the minimum amounts of protein and energy conducive to good fattening gains (0.3 pound or more per day) , the data given in the preceding pages have been tabulated and divided into four classes according to the average live weights of the lambs during the experiments. Class I includes those lambs that weighed 50 to 70 pounds; Class II, those that weighed 70 to 80 pounds ; Class III, those that weighed 90 to 110 pounds ; and Class IV, those that weighed 110 to 150 pounds". (See Tables 48 to 51, pages 36 to 43). In this compilation no effort has been made to distin- guish between the breeds of the lambs, the systems of feeding, the climatic conditions, etc. The results have been further subdivided into groups according to the amount of digestible protein consumed per 1000 pounds live weight. The number of animals in each lot, the average live weight of the lot during the experiment, the net energy of the ration expressed in therms per 1000 pounds live weight, and the average daily gain are given for each lot. In each case the average live weight was obtained by taking the mean of the average initial weight and the average final weight. This average has been used in calculating the protein and the energy consumption per 1000 pounds live weight. Further, where there were two or more experiments within a group the results have been arranged according to relative energy con- sumption, the group that shows the highest consumption being placed first. With this arrangement it is comparatively easy to ascertain for any group what influence, if any, the change in energy had upon the gain in live weight. The average daily energy consumption and the average daily gain of each group are also given. These averages are arithmetic means. It was found that "weighting" the results did not materially affect the averages. In live-stock markets animals of this weight, Class IV, would be called sheep, but here most of the animals referred to were probably of lamb age, i. e., under twelve months. AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 33 These tabulated results* have been plotted with respect to the pro- tein consumed and the average daily gains in weight, and also in a sense with respect to the energy consumed. See Figs. 1 to 4 (pages 44, 45, 46, and 47). In each figure the abscissas represent the aver- age daily consumption of digestible protein per 1000 pounds live weight ; the ordinates, the average daily gain ; and each dot, the pro- tein consumption and the average daily gain of a lot. The number at the side of each dot represents the energy consumption of the lot ex- pressed in therms. In case two lots coincide in protein consumption and in gain, the energy consumption of each lot is given. Each point on the curve represents the average daily gain of all the lots on the same protein plane, and the number at each point, the average daily energy consumption. The heavy horizontal line represents the average daily gain of all the lambs of the class. The Lambs of Class I. It appears from Table 48 and Fig. 1 that the lambs in Class I made in most cases only fair gains until the protein consumption reached 3.1 pounds. This seems to have been true even tho the energy consumption reached as high as 22.0 therms. When fed more than 3.3 pounds of digestible protein, the lambs did not seem to make correspondingly better gains even when the energy was increased considerably. With 3.8 to 4.3 pounds of protein, they made just as good gains as when they consumed from 3.1 to 3.3 pounds, but no better. However, on these higher protein planes they consumed somewhat more energy. There seems to have been no definite relation between the energy consumption and the gain in weight on any partic- ular protein plane. In some cases a high gain was associated with a high energy value, and in others with a low energy value, and vice versa. In general, the results indicate that 3.1 to 3.3 pounds of protein and 17 to 19 therms of energy are sufficient for lambs of this weight. The Lambs of Class 77. The lambs of "Class II (Table 49, Fig. 2) made an average daily gain of 0.31 pound on as little as 1.8 to 2.0 pounds of digestible protein, with not less than 18 to 20 therms of energy. Additional amounts of protein up to 2.5 pounds produced no better gains even when accompanied by amounts of energy as high as were fed the lambs on the lower protein plane. In fact, most of the gains were lower. With the consumption of 2.5 to 2.8 pounds of digestible protein and 18 to 20 therms, or more, of energy, there was a considerable increase in the gains. Beyond 3.1 pounds of protein, there was a noticeable increase. This, however, was associated with an increase in energy. Nearly all cases of poor gains by individual lots were associated with a low energy consumption. "The data for the second year of Linfield 's experiment, page 28, have been omitted, as the initial weight was only 38 pounds. Also, Lots IX and X of Mum- ford's experiment, page 9, have been omitted because of lack of data with respect to the protein and energy. 34 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, In general the results seem to indicate that 2.5 to 2.8 pounds of digestible protein and 18 to 20 therms of energy are sufficient for fattening lambs of this weight. It should be noted, however, that under proper conditions 1.8 to 2.0 pounds of protein and 18 to 20 therms of energy may be sufficient to produce good gains. In connection with these data, it is of interest to note that usu- ally the higher energy values on any one protein plane were associated with gains that were above the average. The Lambs of Class III. According to Table 50 and Fig. 3, the lots of Class III that received rations containing from 2.2 to 2.4 pounds, or more, of digestible protein, and from 17 to 23 therms, or more, of energy made, as a rule, satisfactory gains. Those receiving between 2.4 and 3.6 pounds of protein generally made no greater gains than were made on the lower protein plane even when the energy ran as high as 22 therms. When the lambs consumed from 3.8 to 4.0 pounds of protein and from 19 to 25 therms of energy, they made distinct additional gains. It should be noted, however, that only three lots received this amount of protein, and two of these three lots were made up of carefully selected pure-bred lambs. The results seem to indicate that from 2.2 to 2.4 pounds of digesti- ble protein, and from 17 to 20 therms of energy are sufficient for fat- tening lambs of this weight. In this class the tendency of the low energy values to be associated with the low gains (Fig. 3) was more decided than that shown by 'any of the other classes. The high energy values also tend more decidedly to follow the higher gains, altho, as in the other two classes, the majority of the highest gains are not associated with the largest number of therms. The Lambs of Class IV. Altho the data for Class IV are quite few, yet it is of interest to note (Table 51, Fig. 4) that when the digestible protein consumption ranged from 2.6 to 3.0 pounds, and the energy consumption from 16 to 19 therms, the lambs made excep- tionally good gains. Also beyond 3.0 pounds of protein, they made good gains, but here the energy consumption was considerably higher, averaging 24 therms. There are three lots which made good gains on 1.4 to 1.9 pounds of protein and 8 to 11 therms of energy. While these results are too few from which to draw a definite conclusion, yet they are quite sug- gestive in view of the fact that the Armsby standard* for growing lambs calls for practically the same amount of digestible protein. The Kellner standard" for fattening lambs calls for practically the same amount of digestible protein and 11 to 12 therms of energy. Under ordinary conditions probably 16 to 19 therms of energy would be better. "This bulletin, page 3. "This bulletin, page 4. 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 35 CONCLUSIONS From the results obtained in reviewing these American experi- ments, which embrace 265 lots of lambs, aggregating 5127 animals, the following values are suggested as the minimum protein and energy requirements per 1000 pounds live weight per day for fattening lambs. 1. Lambs weighing 50 to 70 pounds (Class I) require from 3.1 to 3.3 pounds of digestible protein and from 17 to 19 therms of net energy to make satisfactory daily gains. 2. Lambs weighing 70 to 90 pounds (Class II) require from 2.5 to 2.8 pounds of digestible protein, and from 18 to 20 therms of net energy. Under proper conditions, 1.8 to 2.0 pounds of protein and 18 to 20 therms of energy are sufficient for good gains. 3. Lambs weighing 90 to 110 pounds (Class III) require 2.2 to 2.4 pounds of digestible protein and 17 to 20 therms of net energy to make good daily gains. 4. In the case of lambs weighing 110 to 150 pounds (Class IV), no definite conclusion can be drawn from the limited data here re- ported. Lambs of this class made exceptional gains when the digest- ible protein ranged from 2.6 to 3.0 pounds, and the net energy from 16 to 19 therms. Taking into consideration the results obtained with 1.4 to 1.9 pounds of protein, however, and the results reported by Kellner and Armsby, it seems reasonable to state that probably from 1.4 to 1.9 pounds of digestible protein with from 16 to 19 therms of net energy would be sufficient for animals of this weight. The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Dr. H. S. Grindley, Chief in Animal Nutrition, for the generous and helpful suggestions given in connection with this study, and to W. C. Coffey, Chief in Sheep Husbandry, for the use of unpublished data. BULLETIN No. 166 [January, TABLE 48. PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONSUMED AND GAINS IN WEIGHT PER DAY LAMBS OF CLASS I, WEIGHING 50 TO 70 POUNDS Group Refer- ence No. No. of animals in lot Average weight of lambs Digestible protein con- sumed per 1000 pounds Net energy consumed per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain 1 1 3 Ibs. 61 Ibs. 4.9 therms 18.1 Ibs. 0.18 2 21 11 5 10 59 61 4.6 4.6 23.4 17.5 0.29 0.17 Averagt $ of Group 2 4.6 20.4 0.23 3 21 5 67 4.4 21.6 0.23 4 21 5 66 4.3 22.0 0.31 5 21 5 67 4.2 20.9 0.26 6 3 86 65 4.1 19.9 0.17 7 37 21 21 24 5 5 56 66 62 4.0 4.0 4.0 23.6 20.4 18.4 0.20 0.20 0.25 Averagt of Group 7. 4.0 20.8 0.22 8 21 8 5 50 66 62 3.9 3.9 21.3 18.9 0.29 0.32 Average s of Group 8. 3.9 20.1 0.30 9 37 3 2 23 87 2 57 69 67 3.8 3.8 3.8 22.3 19.1 15.9 0.24 0.23 0.26 Average of Group 9. 3.8 19.1 0.24 10 21 5 64 3.7 16.4 0.19 11 37 ?4 55 3.6 20.6 0.19 12 37 24 56 3.4 21.3 0.21 13 19 19 16 20 67 68 3.3 3.3 18.1 17.5 0.30 0.34 Average of Group 13 3.3 17.8 0.32 14 19 37 16 16 69 63 3.2 3.2 18.5 15.0 0.32 0.22 Average of Group 14 3.2 16.7 0.27 15 19 37 16 17 69 62 3.1 3.1 19.4 15.5 0.33 0.21 Average of Group 15 3.1 17.4 0.27 16 3 37 11 58 17 40 63 67 61 2.8 2.8 2.8 22.0 15.9 10.8 0.14 0.33 0.06 Average of Group 16 2.8 16.2 0.18 17 36 36 36 24 24 24 68 69 69 2.7 2.7 2.7 16.9 16.7 16.3 0.23 0.22 0.26 Average of Group 17 2.7 16.6 0.24 18 3 36 35 37 58 24 22 17 67 69 65 62 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 21.0 16.0 15.9 11.8 0.21 0.23 0.29 0.13 Average of Group 18 2.6 16.2 0.21 c See bibliography on page 48. Wld] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 37 TABLE 48. Concluded Group Befer- ence No. a No. of animals in lot Average weight of lambs Digestible protein con- sumed per 1000 pounds Net energy consumed per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain 19 2 2 Ibs. 69 Ibs. 2.5 therms 16.7 Ibs. 0.19 20 19 37 8 17 61 69 2.3 2.3 17.8 12.4 0.24 0.21 Averag( j of Group 2( I 2.3 15.1 0.22 21 1 3 54 2.2 17.8 0.10 22 11 11 10 40 61 63 2.0 2.0 19.0 17.2 0.14 0.21 Average $ of Group 21 > 20 18.1 0.17 23 8 19 50 8 60 60 1.9 1.9 17.2 16.3 0.25 0.19 Averag< j of Group 2; ! 1.9 16.7 0.22 24 11 11 19 10 10 8 65 65 61 1.8 1.8 1.8 18.8 18.4 16.7 0.23 0.23 0.19 Averag< 3 of Group 2^ t 1.8 18.0 0.22 25 19 8 62 1.7 17.0 0.20 26 2 2 59 1.6 16.7 0.16 27 32 15 68 1.5 19.8 0.26 28 32 15 68 1.4 17.9 0.22 Averag e of All (49 ) Lots 3.0 18.1 0.23 "See bibliography on page 48. 38 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, TABLE 49. PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONSUMED AND GAINS IN WEIGHT PER DAY LAMBS OP CLASS II, WEIGHING 70 TO 90 POUNDS Group Eefer- ence No." No. of animals in lot Average weight of lambs Digestible protein con- sumed per 1000 pounds Net energy consumed per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain 1 22 200 Ibs. 76 Ibs. 4.6 therms 23.7 Its. 0.34 2 11 10 10 100 70 74 4.5 4.5 22.0 21.1 0.31 0.31 Average of Group 2 4.5 21.5 0.31 3 22 11 11 200 40 40 77 71 70 4.3 4.3 4.3 22.4 21.9 21.2 0.39 0.35 0.35 Average of Group 3 4.3 21.8 0.36 4 16 10 83 4.2 26.0 0.35 5 12 12 35 35 71 75 4.1 4.1 21.8 21.4 0.23 0.33 Average of Group 5 4.1 21.6 0.28 6 20 12 14 35 73 73 4.0 4.0 22.5 22.1 0.35 0.30 Average of Group 6 4.0 22.3 0.32 7 20 22 14 200 73 78 3.9 3.9 22.9 21.2 0.33 0.35 Average of Group 7 3.9 22.0 0.34 8 20 10 14 5 74 77 3.8 3.8 23.6 20.4 0.37 0.29 Average of Group 8 3.8 22.0 0.33 9 20 20 13 9 9 12 12 41 20 3 77 79 76 78 78 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 22.0 21.1 20.7 17.0 12.6 0.35 0.35 0.29 0.31 0.26 Average of Group 9 3.7 18.7 0.31 10 20 9 12 20 77 78 3.6 3.6 23.0 16.9 0.32 0.33 Average of Group 10 3.6 19.9 0.32 11 18 32 21 9 10 15 4 3 81 78 89 79 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 26.0 20.3 18.7 17.0 0.30 0.39 0.36 0.32 Average of Group 11 . . . . '. 3.5 20.5 0.34 12 ~13~~ 40 10 85 3.4 25.4 0.47 18 40 40 18 33 32 10 10 10 10 200 14 85 84 82 80 80 80 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 25.9 24.9 24.9 24.7 22.3 19.8 0.41 0.42 0.40 0.30 0.32 0.34 Average of Group 13 3.3 23.7 0.36 See bibliography on page 48. 1914} AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 39 TABLE 49. Continued Group Eefer- ence No." . No. of animals in lot Average weight of lambs Digestible protein con- sumed per 1000 pounds Net energy consumed per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain 14 40 40 40 31 13 44 44 10 10 10 40 41 20 20 Ibs. 80 81 80 82 77 79 77 Ibs. 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 therms 23.7 22.8 22.5 19.3 18.8 17.7 17.7 Ibs. 0.36 0.39 0.37 0.31 0.28 0.29 0.25 Average of Group 1' 1 3.2 20.4 0.32 15 18 39 31 44 44 10 10 40 20 20 83 77 81 80 80 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 23.3 22.2 19.4 19.2 18.9 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.32 Average of Group 11 3.1 20.6 0.31 16 15 43 43 43 10 20 20 20 87 79 78 78 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 18.8 17.8 15.4 14.3 0.37 0.27 0.21 0.20 Average of Group 1( 5 3.0 16.6 0.26 17 44 13 20 41 81 80 2.9 2.9 20.3 18.2 0.33 0.35 Average of Group 1' r 2.9 19.2 0.34 18 32 44 43 43 35 43 35 21 15 20 20 20 22 20 22 5 77 81 81 82 80 79 81 70 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 20 .0 2.8 2.8 20.4 19.8 18.4 18.2 17.6 17.6 15.8 15.0 0.34 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.24 0.22 0.28 Average of Group U ! 2.8 17.8 0.29 19 36 24 70 2.7 15.1 0.25 20 32 32 32 2 35 35 14 15 14 2 22 22 79 77 78 70 83 85 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 20.2 20.1 20.0 17.1 16.6 16.3 0.34 0.37 0.29 0.25 0.27 0.26 Average of Group 2( ) 2.6 18.4 0.30 21 31 32 31 40 25 40 82 85 82 2.5 2.5 2.5 19.5 19.4 19.3 0.31 0.33 0.30 Average of Group 2] 2.5 19.4 0.31 22 10 10 4 5 5 20 72 72 87 2.4 2.4 2.4 16.8 16.1 15.5 0.18 0.18 0.24 Average of Group 22 2.4 16.1 0.20 23 41 32 16 14 79 74 2.3 2.3 20.2 20.1 0.28 0.26 "See bibliography on page 48. 40 BULLETIN No. 1C6 [January, TABLE 49. Concluded Group Eefer- ence No> No. of animals in lot Average weight of lambs Digestible protein con- sumed per 1000 pounds Net energy consumed per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain 23 cont 'd 32 32 25 15 - 11)3. 83 73 Ibs. 2.3 2.3 therms 19.9 19.8 Ibs. 0.28 0.31 Average 5 of Group 2J 1 2.3 20.0 0.28 24 32 10 4 15 5 20 72 72 88 2.2 2.2 2.2 18.1 17.3 15.8 0.25 0.17 0.24 Average 5 of Group 24 t 2.2 17.1 0.22 25 32 32 14 25 14 32 82 74 89 2.1 2.1 2.1 18.6 18.5 16.0 0.26 0.24 0.27 Average 3 of Group 21 2.1 17.7 0.26 26 32 41 15 16 75 78 2.0 2.0 20.5 20.4 0.33 0.26 Average j of Group 2( i 2.0 20.4 0.29 27 41 41 41 42 32 16 16 16 16 25 80 79 80 84 86 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 22.7 19.8 19.7 19.6 19.5 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.31 0.36 Average j of Group 27 1.9 20.3 0.31 28 7 32 42 42 42 42 7 7 13 41 . 10 10 10 14 16 16 16 16 10 10 41 16 5 5 86 79 87 86 87 86 89 89 75 77 71 71 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 20.2 19.9 19.7 19.4 19.3 19.2 19.1 18.7 18.0 15.9 15.6 15.1 0.26 0.32 0.33 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.25 0.25 0.16 0.15 Average of Group 28 1.8 18.3 0.29 29 41 42 9 6 16 16 20 10 79 87 73 89 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 19.5 19.1 15.6 11.9 0.27 0.37 0.21 0.13 Average of Group 29 1.7 16.5 0.24 30 14 32 88 1.6 14.6 0.23 31 32 7 10 14 1* 13 10 5 32 32 72 88 70 85 85 1.5 1.5 1.5 ' 1.5 1.5 20.5 18.3 15.7 15.6 15.5 0.23 0.29 0.13 0.19 0.17 Average of Group 31 1.5 17.1 0.20 32 14 32 89 1.4 15.6 0.25 33 32 13 72 1.3 19.2 0.18 Average c f All (115 ) Lots 2.7 19.4 0.30 See bibliography on page 48. 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 41 TABLE 50. PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONSUMED AND GAINS IN WEIGHT PER DAY LAMBS OP CLASS Jil, WEIGHING 90 TO 110 POUNDS Group Eefer- enee No." No. of animals in lot Average weight of lambs Digestible protein con- sumed per 1000 pounds Net energy consumed per 1000 pounds Avei- age daily gain 1 22 125 Ibs. 107 Ibs. 5.7 therms 27.4 Ibs. 0.31 2 18 18 7 7 103 103 4.6 4.6 22.9 21.6 0.45 0.44 Average of Group 2 4.6 22.2 0.44 3 18 7 100 4.4 20.0 0.37 4 18 38 7 11 102 92 4.3 4.3 22.0 15.0 0.42 0.22 Average of Group 4 4.3 18.7 0.32 5 16 8 93 4.1 25.1 0.37 6 16 9 105 4.0 25.1 0.43 7 25 10 103 3.9 19.0 0.51 8 16 9 109 3.8 23.7 0.44 16 9 107 3.6 22.3 0.36 10 33 10 99 3.3 18.6 0.39 11 22 21 38 125 4 11 106 99 101 3.2 3.2 3.2 19.6 18.7 14.8 0.29 0.39 0.35 Average of Group i; [ 3.2 17.7 0.34 12 39 15 26 10 10 10 92 99 101 3.1 3.1 3.1 21.9 19.5 18.5 0.28 0.41 0.34 Averagi " 15 4 } of Group 12 3.1 20.0 0.34 13 10 5 95 97 3.0 3.0 19.1 14.8 0.29 0.31 Average of Group 13 3.0 16.9 0.30 14 21 4 4 10 96 94 2.9 2.9 16.2 13.7 0.32 0.20 Average of Group 14 2.9 14.9 0.26 15 39 2(5 5 21 10 10 10 4 109 97 100 98 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 20.1 18.2 17.7 17.5 0.28 0.28 0.34 0.36 Average of Group 15 2.8 18.4 0.31 16 33 5 5 10 10 15 101 103 94 2.7 2.7 2.7 22.7 18.4 16.4 0.45 0.37 0.28 Average of Group 16 2.7 19.2 0.37 17 24 4 5 4 4 9 15 20 10 15 96 102 92 104 102 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 21.3 16.3 16.3 16.2 14.8 0.34 0.33 0.23 0.30 0.30 Average of Group 17 2.6 17.0 0.30 "See bibliography on page 48. 42 BULLETIN No. 166 [January, TABLE 50. Concluded Group Eefer- ence No." No. of animals in lot Average weigLt of lambs Digestible protein con- sumed per 1000 pounds Net energy consumed per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain 18 26 5 10 15 Ibs. 102 93 Ibs. 2.5 2.5 therms 19.2 15.8 Ibs. 0.36 0.25 Average of Group 18 2.5 17.5 0.30 19 4 4 10 10 106 102 2.4 2.4 17.2 16.1 0.37 0.31 Average of Group 19 2.4 16.6 0.34 20 26 18 24 6 6 10 9 9 10 10 99 102 96 92 95 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 20.6 20.1 20.0 18.3 15.5 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.18 0.23 Average of Group 20 2.3 18.9 0.30 21 24 18 7 4 9 9 10 10 94 106 91 105 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 22.9 21.2 19.3 17.7 0.35 0.39 0.35 0.37 Average of Group 21 2.2 20.3 0.36 22 24 18 18 24 5 6 5 6 29 29 9 9 9 9 10 10 15 10 10 10 94 102 101 96 101 92 96 95 104 104 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 22.1 20.3 19.8 18.6 18.4 17.4 16.3 16.1 14.0 12.6 0.31 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.38 0.26 0.28 0.24 0.24 0.24 Average of Group 22 2.1 17.6 0.28 23 24 24 7 23 25 23 5 5 9 9 10 12 10 12 10 20 94 97 91 96 99 103 98 94 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 20.5 19.4 19.0 18.2 17.9 17.5 17.0 16.6 0.37 0.37 0.33 0.24 0.38 0.36 0.31 0.24 Average of Group 23 2.0 18.3 0.32 24 7 6 6 10 10 10 91 95 96 1.9 1.9 1.9 19.5 15.9 15.8 0.34 0.22 0.25 Average of Group 24 1.9 17.1 0.27 25 24 6 9 10 96 96 1.8 1.8 19.6 16.5 0.35 0.26 Average of Group 25 1.8 18.0 0.30 26 24 7 27 9 10 10 97 90 109 1.5 1.5 1.5 20.0 18.7 12.6 0.35 0.31 0.16 Average of Group 26 1.5 17.1 0.27 Average of All (73) Lots 2.7 18.6 0.32 "See bibliography on page 48. AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 43 TABLE 51. PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONSUMED AND GAIN IN WEIGHT PER DAY LAMBS OF CLASS IV, WEIGHING 110 TO 150 POUNDS Group Befer- ence No. No. of animals in lot Average weight of lambs Digestible proteincon- sumed per 1000 pounds Net energy consumed per 1000 pounds Aver- age daily gain 1 17 10 Ibs. 121 Ibs. 8.1 therms 25.2 Ibs. 0.41 2 17 10 122 4.6 27.7 0.45 3 17 17 16 10 10 9 121 124 111 3.8 * 3.8 3.8 28.6 28.0 23.7 0.45 0.46 0.50 Average- of Group 3. 3.8 26 8 47 4 16 16 9 9 113 116 3.7 3.7 23.0 22.6 0.40 0.40 Average of Group 4. 3.7 22 8 40 5 16 9 110 3.6 22.3 0.46 6 15 10 123 3.2 20.1 0.48 7 15 10 111 3.1 19.3 0.45 8 15 10 141 3.0 19.0 0.55 9 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 122 142 146 146 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 18.5 18.5 18.1 18.1 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.62 Average ! of Group 9 2.9 18.3 0.54 10 34 27 10 10 113 111 2.7 2.7 17.1 12.7 0.37 0.22 Averag r e of Group 1 2.7 14.9 29 11 15 9 155 2.6 16.4 0.52 12 28 9 119 2.0 11.0 0.16 13 30 5 119 1.9 11.4 0.29 14 30 5 124 1.7 9.9 0.38 15 30 5 119 1.4 8.1 0.35 16 28 9 116 1.1 10.8 0.09 17 30 5 111 0.9 8.6 0.23 Averaee jf All (24 ) Lots . . 3.0 18.3 0.41 "See bibliography on page 48. BULLETIN No. 166 [January, 1 14 1* la 22 .* .6 28 JO 5.i 3.4 36 S& 4.0 4i 44 ** *8 &0 POUNDS PROTEIN PER DAY PER looo FOUNDS- LIVE WEIGHT FIG. 1. PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONSUMED AND GAINS IN WEIGHT PER DAY LAMBS OP CLASS I, WEIGHING 50 TO 70 POUNDS 2 / 7 ^ /I ,_ l * r*n (^ -- -- X --- "1- ^~~~ - V ^ X 1 S i3 K-" T k ^ ^ , ^ X, - 7 =s 1 fc J -f K-- i ' -r J A ^ fc i \ s \ f \ ^ y _ ^ s ^ a s. _ a, - \ ^_ / s'ay! ~ L ~J "*^, , 1 , / ^ > / V \ *. "V J^ ^-- - ' X ^ g AVO U3d SNIV9 1914] AMERICAN INVESTIGATIONS ON FATTENING LAMBS 45 iS Sit 3 ^ gAVO M3d 9NIVQ 1 s W ^ Q - 5 O PH B a a XVd 3d 5NW9 4 8 BULLETIN No. 160 [January, BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE 1. Koberts, I. P., and Wing, II. H. New York (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui 2. (1888) 5-6 2. Koberts, I. P., and Wing, H. H. New York (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 8 (1889) G 3. Wing, H. H. New York (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 305 (1911) 6-7 4. Mumford, F. B. Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 107 (1894) 7-8 5. Smith, C. D. and Mumford, F. B. Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 113 (1894) 8 6. Mumford, F. B. Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 128 (1895) 8-9 7. Mumford, H. W. Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 136 (1896) 9-10 8. Foster, L. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 47 (1901) 10 9. Morton, G. E. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 68 (1905) 10-11 10. Morton, G. E. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 73 (1907) 11 11. Morton, G. E. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 79 (1908) 11-12 12. Faville, A. D. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 81 (1909) 12 13. Faville, A. D. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 85 (1910) 13 14. Faville, A. D. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 89 (1911) 13-14 15. Wilson, J. W., and Curtiss, C. F. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. S3 (1896) . . 14 16. Curtiss, C. F., and Wilson, J. W. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 35 (1897) . . 14-15 17. Kennedy, W. J., and Marshall, F. E. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 63 (1902) 15-16 18. Kennedy, W. J., Eobbins, E. T., and Kildee, H. H. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 110 (1910) 16-17 19. Burnett, E. A. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 66 (1900) 17-18 20. Burnett, E. A. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 71 (1901) 18 21. Buffum, B. C., and Griffith, C. J. Colorado Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 75 (1902) 18-19 22. Carlyle, W. L., and Morton, G. E. Colorado Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 151 (1910) 19-20 23. Chilcott, E. C. South Dakota Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 71 (1901) 20 24. Wilson, J. W., and Skinner, H. G. South Dakota Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 80 (1903) 20-21 25. Wilson, J. W. South Dakota Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 119 (1910) 21 26. McDonald, M., and Malone, E. E. Oklahoma Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 78 (1908) 22 27. Eichards, W. B., and Kleinheinz, F. Wisconsin Agr. Exp. Sta. 21st Annual Eeport (1904) 22 28. Humphrey, G. C., and Kleinheinz, F. Wisconsin Agr. Exp. Sta. 22nd Annual Eeport (1905) 23 29. Humphrey, G. C., and Kleinheinz, F. Wisconsin Agr. Exp. Sta. 23rd Annual Eeport (1906) 23 30. ArKell, T. E. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 152 (1911) 23-24 31. Carmichael, B. E. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 179 (1906) 24 32. Carmichael, B. E., and Hammond, J. W. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 245 (1912) 24-26 33. Lyman, C. E., and Phelps, C. S. Connecticut (Storrs) Agr. Exp. Sta. llth Annual Eeport (1898) 26 34. Shaw, T. Minnesota Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 59 (1898) 26 35. Linfield, F. B. Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 47 (1903) 27 36. Linfield, F. B. Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 59 (1905) 27 37. Linfield, F. B. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 78 (1902) 27-28 38. Clark, E. W. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 101 (1906) 28-29 39. Coffey, W. C. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Bachelor's Thesis (1906) 29 40. Craig, S. J., and Melvin, L. E. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Bachelor's Thesis (1906) 29 41. Hammond, J. W. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Master's Thesis (1908) 29-30 42. Coffey, W. C. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Master's Thesis (1909) 30-31 43. Coffey, W. C. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Unpublished manuscript 1 (1906) .. 31 44. Coffey, W. C. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Unpublished manuscript 1 (1907) . .31-32 "Will be published as part of Bulletin 167 of the Illinois Agricultural Ex- periment Station. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA Q 630.7IL6B C001 BULLETIN. URBANA 166-181 1914-15 30112019528436 ; * ir