AN INVESTIGATION 
 
 OF A 
 
 MODIFIED BUNSEN ICE CALORIMETER 
 
 BY 
 
 NELLIE FLORENCE BATES 
 
 THESIS 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS 
 
 IN 
 
 PHYSICS 
 
 COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1922 
 

 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 j 
 
 ; 
 
 . 
 
 ll 
 
 i 
 
 https://archive.org/details/investigationofmOObate 
 
ViC)n^i /5j.isuE YH ;i iav^ir r >>; i 7'^!t>moT3i 2t>rr 
 
 ■ V - “*.. ■ , I “ 4 3 
 
 - ^ •' 'i ' ^ 
 
 
 
 ctL'-N.,- — U^lr .,5.-3k':v-' ,.2.ru .^^.a3i.rr^t7^ 
 
 hi 
 
 
 
 ■“! 
 
 'r *, J 
 
 itP fl< >1 r vvi;fMjfn.7*;\ii^st:h r <• *tha;i sirt ot^iJart^n ; a <>' hs > 
 
 m^4 
 
 
TABLE OF COBTEITTS 
 
 I. Introduction 
 
 1. Inrpose of the Investigat ion 
 
 2. Calorimetry 
 
 a. Black’s Calorimeter 
 
 h. The Calorimeter of Laplace and Lavoisier 
 c. Bunsen’s Calorimeter 
 
 3. Previous Investigations with Bunsen Calorim.eters 
 
 a . Bunsen ’ s V/ork 
 
 h. Invest igat ion of C. Y. Boys 
 
 c. r/ork of J. ViY Ye 11 or 
 
 II. The Present Investigation 
 
 1. Filling the Calorimeter 
 
 2. Methods of Freezing 
 
 a. Calcium Chloride and Ice 
 h. Evaporating Ether 
 c Ice and Sodium Chloride 
 
 3. The Results 
 
 a. ,7ith the Old Calorim.eter 
 h. v7ith the iTew Calorimeter 
 
 III. Conclusion 
 
' vf^ir 
 
 . mwt^" ' 
 
 A . ^ . '•^1 . ’ 
 
 ‘ ■'i 
 
 
 . r- 
 
 
 . I 0 *,"■•1 
 
 .• '^V « ■' 
 
 KM 
 
 HL 
 
 'AUmA 
 
 )l ;„i;'< ’ I ‘ ’ 
 
 ™if - 'V - 'i ':i'- 
 
 anitv ^O'ltjki 
 
 jrui^irv/* 0‘ ^ 
 
 -■Sy J ' 
 
 ■y r *■■ ' *“ 
 
 ; ■ 
 
 Ti^ , 
 
 Ti^ . '.* 
 
 •u ),!!*« ;m* 1 ips *•' fr:-f * 
 
 *M 't.;> . a‘. w5rtit<K?:.^ij 
 
 »& 
 
 ** |Vj 
 
 
 
 
 ^ - S . ^ 
 
 ■< I# ' ,'^t 
 
 .C i./ ; %' 
 
 ?v M 
 
 ♦ ■’ •j 5 .‘ 
 
 ?r* V 
 
 >0 T'; ■■ _ ^ V' 
 
 n , ■* /W» 
 
 10i^' , 
 
 
 1 . '.€ ; 
 p ’ . 
 
 
 pv. ;' /n .^4 <i 1‘4 ‘•'.’i^.'-r 
 
 
 '-^.^a:; H v.jU 
 
 ISi: 
 
 . i 
 
 ,%'■; ,> L>! 
 
 1^' 1 : 
 
 1 ftp 
 
 
 
 V : » J, t. I I 
 
 f . 
 
 . r — 
 
 jf. -'.rf, y 
 
 -g 
 
 ' ^ ^ «- 
 _ k .1 iKr 
 
 
- ]. - 
 
 IirVSSTIGAT IQIT 0^ A HQD I^IE I) E UIISSIT ICS CALORD,''iE'’P.SR 
 
 I. lilTRODUC^CIOR 
 
 1. xtirp ose o^f ^he I nYestiga tion. The piirpose of the in- 
 vestigation was to test the action of a modified Eimsen Ice Cal- 
 orimeter. Theory shov/s that the Bimsen Calorimeter is prom.ising 
 for the determination of specific lieats, hut the results of ex- 
 periments are disappoint ing , hut it appears that the instrument 
 has unexpected defects. It was thought uliut the m.odified calor- 
 imeter might overcome one of these defects. 
 
 2. Calorimetry* Galorim.etry is the scientific name for 
 the measurement of heat. Tliere are several different m.ethods 
 used: --method of mixtures, m.ethod of cooling, method of condensa- 
 tion, energ:" methods (m.echanical and electrical) , and the method 
 of fusion. The Eunsen Ice Calorimeter belongs to the last class. 
 The earlier forms of the ice calorimeter were those of Elach and 
 of Laplace and Lavoisier. 
 
 a. B lach ^ s Calorimeter. Black’s Calorimeter consisted of 
 a block of ice 'with a hole m.elted out of the center. An object 
 7/hose specific heat was sought, was heated to steam tem.perature , 
 inserted in this cavity, and another cake of ice v/as put over 
 the top for a cover, v/hen the object had come to ice temperature, 
 it v/as lifted from, the cavity and the ice which had melted was 
 absorbed by a weighed cloth which was re-v/eighed in order to ob- 
 tain the weight of the ice m.elted. 
 
 ''"Encyclopedia Erittanica, 11th Ed. Vol.V., page 52 
 

 :'. ■ f' ■'•. .,: 
 
 ■ , ■■ '■'•'it,?'. ;'.■ • .;, ■ '. 
 
 f' . ^ \ 
 
 . . /•:.■ - 'K4 f ‘ 
 
 iMk-*' 
 
 
 T. ^ . 
 
 ,1 
 
 i^r . '• .v:,v4Jif^ ft; . 
 
 u'-t'-i.Q;*, " 
 
 :. -r it' IU-hTT'CC '-' V^*-' > 
 
 * . . _ t' X- _,■'.■* « J 'WL*r . _ ' , 
 
 * - 1 
 
 < ' ,j£^W . 1 . 
 
 ‘ " ■■ 
 
 ’Jtv» ' 
 
 .‘.ft. ■" 
 
 c: 
 
 
 
 r. 
 
 »*■ .> '- ’* '"'■ B * j'v*' ' *'\l "’ V '' ' 
 
 ■j.., 
 
 ■. i -‘ ',■ "^ . ' - ’’ ^ ^ . .' ' 
 
 t= I 
 
 i ' ' ^ ' «IU 
 
 ; ^if ... vJt O - ■:» 4tm. ^ ^ <‘'^f^^5|0K4-:vtS»._ ... . 
 
 ‘Vi Usxfj4 
 
 !■ 
 
 
 4 ^'Nr 
 
 » 
 
 
 ^V.ir*.Wi»; 
 
 .■■*-■“ i *!• T**. iT.;- 
 
 
 
 ■s 
 
 6?' 
 
 
 ■ .t '’>• ^v - '# ' 
 
 ■"■- J:' 4.'/,* 
 
 , 'i^' t *’-fc 
 
 
 
 
 'r-. r».' “,: f .>**^#’i^i:!'}jr'»fJ‘i’ , ..^>vllii^£^:|fi^ . 
 
 *f r; , ' »» I ^ 
 
 |M ^-. ?: ti ‘ t - v.2^ 
 
 • '.:>* '*j(l: •.. .'•. : •■ ■'iTi...: ■’ *<rj^ 1^!^-;/'’ ';<■?. ’?f.‘'‘^Tr 
 
 
 &i ^ ; #w;k {" : ^ 'j ‘ :r 
 
 ’■a, 
 
 
 
 -U -■»•, 
 
 
 M ■% 
 
 * ■' j 
 
 I 
 
2 
 
 '-1^ calor- 
 
 imeter consisted of a small vessel placed inside o:^ a larger 
 vessel filled .vi th. ice. .Then the hot body was placed in the 
 inner vessel, some of the ice was melted end this was drawn o’'f 
 at the bottom and weighed. 
 
 A considere.ble error is made in me asnr event s with these 
 calorimeters because of the difficultj;^ in deteim'ining exactly 
 the amount of ice melted. In the Black C-a,lorimeter , the manipu- 
 lation with the cloth is lilcelv to melt more ice, while in the 
 Laplace and Lavoisier instruivent , the Y/ater clings to the ice, 
 due to surface tension. ?he Bunsen Calorimeter overcomes this 
 imcertainty by m.easuring the volume melted instead of the weight, 
 c. Bunsen’s Calorimeter. The Bunsen Ice Calorimeter 
 
 consists of a large test tube 
 glass cylinder 'Yith a capillar: 
 
 , which is enclosed in a large 
 tube extending from the bottom 
 of it up tiie side. The inter- 
 vening spfctce between these tubes 
 is filled T/ith p''.ne air. -free 
 v/ater, and mercury. Som.e of the 
 water around the tube is frozen 
 and since ice occupies more vol- 
 ume than water, some of the mer- 
 cury is pushed out into the side 
 
 Ftgiji.He I, 
 
 tube and into tlie horizontal 
 
 graduated tube II. v/hen the substance whose S]:ecific heat is be- 
 ing measured, is placed in T, som;e of the ice is m.elted and the 
 mercury recedes. In order to interuret the indications of the 
 

 
 ^ [^1 i W| i ip<hi( {'!| i I i l l 
 
 t* j-.v- “ : 3 
 
 &■ ' F. . ''W.tJ! ■ 
 
 h, ■'* '' ( < 
 
 k"f, , ■ 
 
 , I; - T 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 
 v..'v I tJks'>'k> /• .u' tf9i^i.iii<^k F' t 
 
 ■■k' ' ^ ^ ^ 
 
 jj. 4 '"* '■ ' ' ' . ' . : J ' ‘ ' 
 
 niry. Ik i><^v:W^ ' ^ 
 
 ‘ ' ■ ^ ’ ’ ■“ ,.ii • 
 
 **V ' f " . *' ^ 
 
 -•■jH! -•ir«il*e.T*'*“* •* ■ ' ■'•>'^ • -.'•'n*- i 
 
 y 
 
 
 ft.'M 
 
 S' A I 
 
 ■: 
 
 ‘jL>bt^ytli ;:*^i^i. f. ‘jC I 
 
 ^ -r ' ■ 
 
 ;) ^.fB* f V "ii- --iiiB' 
 
 ^ - ,. ■ 
 
 «■(•» ■ / '.4 
 
 • *' . i " ' '« .’V 
 
 * » 
 
 ■V "f ! ’■ ■' .’•) 
 
 * -•• t t Cltjili ^ 
 
 1 ^' 'iwJ^ 
 
 , .♦ ^ * ' . *■ ■ '' 
 
 ■ ' • • t ' W ' I . '- 
 
 A*| 7 ,( 
 
 S ' 1 “' ■ , II \,:i__^^ 
 
 jf ^ • j 
 
 .!> £.4^ ^’'' . 
 
 
 
 V. 
 
 
 - ■ ■* . 
 
 
 ». . 
 
 ■*X ' • 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 ’ .A J 
 
 /■* V 
 
 / UpwfKP* ■ 
 
 
 . jir.# 1 
 
 Q 
 
 4 - . ' ^ ’■■■'■ 
 
 
 
 .-. up: 
 
 r ■**»«»% 4 iir« 
 
 •;5^' 
 
 . V »LMf. 
 
 -^i -yii 
 
 • * .''•►1 
 
 , 'H ■■v ' 
 
 fjfwt ©T*' 
 
 « 4 A . 
 
 
 4 ^ f • 
 
 
 JT.. 1, 
 
 '.'. t . r 
 
 
 
 
 ■ '• M 
 
 A •». ' 
 
 *K i 
 
 •> 
 
 * i-_* 
 
 “ 
 
 4 . * * 
 
 1 , *•. . ■ 
 
 '‘\*v jJ ' 
 
 
 €»■;-' .-.y 
 
 
 
 . ' •>:. 
 
 ‘ 
 
 ’ ' 'V 
 
 
 i- t* . '< ‘ 
 
 
 ■• w** 
 
 
 
 
 i - ,M'f 
 
 * !.(' kffi 
 
 L 
 
 
 1 . i ^ 
 
 
 r- ‘ 
 
 i.A 
 
 
 11*4. M%_^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 y - ■ ' i‘ 
 
 “I'Vria^- ^■'''jgjj^ >>■’ 
 
 Iff ’ ' ’1^ '' ■■ 
 
 i- - 1 - 
 
 . . \ ** m tf ' 
 
 1 
 
 ,i*;g£. 
 
 i- 
 
 ..a r , JLti 
 
 P^' 4 ’ilk.'-- 4 - -Ij .•' 
 
 .AX' 
 
- 3 - 
 
 ins t riii'ae nl: , a Imown mass of v/ater, m. at a definite temperature, 
 6, may "be introduced into tlie tube T. In fillin{j to 0® C., this 
 gives out a quantity of heat m0, and in consequence of the melt- 
 ing of the ice, the mercury in the tube H recedes through n div- 
 isions of the scale, fhis gives the relation between the quan- 
 titj?" of heat supplied in an.v^ e:q:ieriment in the tube, f, and the 
 corresponding recession of the mercury along the sca.le H, for 
 if q is the heat corresponding to each division, we have 
 
 m0 - nq. 
 
 In determining the specific heat of any substance, a fragment 
 of it at room temperature is immersed in the v/ater in the tube ?. 
 More ice is melted ajid the mercury recedes n’ divisions of the 
 scale, the whole heat given up by the body in cooling to zero is 
 nVq. Then, if m' be the mass of the body and 0’ its original 
 tem.perature , its specific heat is given by the equation, 
 
 m' s0 ’ = n' q 
 hence s 
 
 m'n0^ 
 
 This all sounds very well until it is tried --then rnnny 
 difficulties a.re encountered. In the first palace, it was sug- 
 gested and later proved, tliat a small pocket of ice was melted 
 right around the glass tube, I, bj'- the lie at given up by the v;ater 
 and the substance a,nd that the ice was not raelted through. If 
 this were the case, the volume \70uld not be changed at all and 
 the m.erciiry in H would not be affected. 
 
 fhe purpose of the invest igat ion was to try to overcom.e 
 this objection. A new calorimeter was ordered m.ade which had 
 small platinum v/ires fused in the tube ? and extending out into 
 
A- 
 . » { 
 
 1 
 
 I " . ' /:^v. v ' l 
 
 |f’. I » • • ■' - ."•‘all 
 
 ' K..a 
 
 
 :(• V 
 
 r 
 
 - . 
 
 .' i.f * 
 
 i.' ^ 
 
 
 
 •"i 
 
 .. ,» ,'---*.■ * \ 5 a . 
 
 I « / ‘>v ' '!)<■■-■« 
 
 
 <».- ■' 
 
 iT 
 
 i I I 
 
 tP.* 
 
 
 -■ — 
 
 
 **»dhiii|(i4Ji' ist- ^2m.iSSi^Sr^.. ^ 
 
 r«r '. 
 
 *• ' v' 
 
 ;,^- ■ -> i , . . . i, • ■' 
 
 
 , ‘ ii 
 
 V r ., 
 r ' 
 
 •’>•.. -iM. ,<ftjt' /. V -V'-V.-w i ».V ■ 
 
 .'*A iM'. - % i 
 
 llWft 
 
 i* . c iMBi^giit «. .. 
 
 ^vlffflT-*. fl . : ' - - 
 
 <fc , , ^- . ‘ 
 
 ,•<>»■ X . >p ^ 
 
 
 
 * . * • , , 
 
 ii,-ifk A i ♦vi 'fcCji'ii: , 
 
 .tt- 
 
 V ■». 
 
 1 ‘ .^, A Jb** 
 
 
 •*Ji. '-iV' ' •:*: 
 
 n'j* 
 
 
 ’ i < - ( itt **i' ^.if ' •■' i • i(| <• - '7 li-, l|j r. 
 
 ' -.v‘ - ^ ' 
 
 :»>5Vli n^T /X. 'i .-4'^ ‘.'iTi*" cd9' ifilr , j^rx-' mSt. * 
 
 > 'i u*^r .. 
 
 -'^:i. , i./'v; ‘ 
 
 fci.. 
 
 ^ - I 
 
 , rvxjiA. /’’r 
 
 s* ' 
 
 i’’ ■ f 
 
 ‘iji* 
 
 
 /■ jii 4); '|.“ jMIiCj vfr^ ^.*.* 
 
 f.i 
 
 ^ -'. ^ . . . . ^araai ' v.S' -‘ 4 ^. 
 
 •* IJn ii' '.'A ^<S‘^ '.V;. 
 
 •- ♦ 
 
 »w 'i•^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ••*, \: ^ A 
 i' *• 4 ^!^* jC^ ~. ^ X 0 ^ t ^#A 
 
 • j — 3 ia !* " ' ^L I m - I 
 
 
 » ■ • 
 
4 
 
 the ’/rater through tiie ice. -rhen any heat in the tube 'V would he 
 conducted alo 2 ig the j'latinum wires and would ir.elt the ice around 
 
 them thus alwa'^s '^e^,ting through to the 
 
 water and ca,using the mercur'^ to recede. M- 
 so, it seems lihel" that the ice Y/oiild form, 
 around the v/ires due to the conduction of 
 the heat along them niore ranidly than else- 
 
 5. Irev ious Inv est igati ons Jl^th lims en Calo rime ter s . 
 a. Bun_senh fo^. Hohert ..'illiam von Bunsen invented his 
 ice calorimeter at rieidelterg fniversitv in 1870. It was con- 
 structed much lilze the calorimeter descrihed above. Ihe cooling 
 was accomplished by passing cooled alcohol tlirough the tube 1. 
 
 He foiuid that the air freed water inside liad to be cooled far 
 below QO C. before freezing began; the water froze suddenly and 
 was allov/ed to continue freezing until a cy' inder of tliiclmess 
 from six to ten millim.eter'’ was formed around the inside tube. 
 
 The ins-'-'uiment was '.‘n pure snow which was changed twice 
 
 daily and the tempoT*'^ t\ire of the room was l.ept from. 5*^ C, to 6^ G. 
 He let the instrurr.ent staiai a da." or two until conditions should 
 
 become steady before actually perform.ing his experim:ent . He 
 found that the water ./as so cooled before freezing began ■■hat it 
 ’would continue to freeze '.'or about 114 hours, for his calcula- 
 tions he r.sed the formula: 
 
 
 T «= number o'f scaH.e 
 
 divisions 
 
 3 -,%Gt ■ 
 
 “ am 0 Vint of heat 
 
 given up bv one 
 
 
 gram of v/ater ’/ 
 
 /h en c 0 0 le d f r om; 
 
 v/eight of substance 
 
 10 C. to QO C. 
 
 
 tested 
 
 
 

 
 
 - - 5> 
 
 -n .tj'iv' 
 
 I -. 1 ^ 
 
 
 
 -' ■ TI^^X’V ir if '‘I' 
 
 , t, , ' M ^. . * ^ . -- 
 
 ^rv ' 'Ti - - 1 i v’w^fi- ' ■■■ « '4 • ' a - i' 
 
 
 atu 
 
 •'- ^If - ti'i w:''- 
 
 
 "I 
 
 kt . • ' r, R >r * ''vrw.* 
 
 r'm, m 
 
 A*. 
 
 « . / af 
 
 
 mr^ 
 
 
 >■ f 
 
 *;■* ■'^m ’<i0»i0lt 
 
 
 s'™ «+#' 
 
 :iP 
 
 ■ - i‘ • ■ 
 
 fs,:%; 4 ,iy^>l|J^ 
 
 I •'■. r- — 
 
 i\ i‘.‘ '■ 
 
 > r * . ‘ • I . . ■ ' _iiii 
 
 ‘i.. wiiYfi %fcf A 
 
 I «»V .i**. )^- 
 
 *** ‘V 
 
 1 . 
 
 A. 
 
 l4 ♦% Ml %M « ?r ’ii:; ' *'5 4 • V 
 
 , I' 
 
 (V>^ 
 
 ||^. 0 I 4 »’« ; r 
 
 t' , 4 *‘ ■ 
 
 i' *U ^ '' 
 
 rt '• 4; ^ ■• % * f>ir4 i 
 
 » 
 
 \» ‘ 
 
 
 fvJ>. >’W 'V 
 
 '»is tir 
 
 « v\m .u =. infill 
 
 T? ‘ • ■ '^ ., >.■•■:< 
 
 - • ' .! 
 
 ftj' >j.4 iti.c. '«iH# ifv. ''+*I / /»^ ^'8 
 
 -' : .,. y.i^ .. V 
 
 -•wlTi f| 
 

 ^inve stiga ti on oi C, Y. Bo ys. Professor Bogs suggested 
 that a protecting cover of glass he provided. If the vihole sur- 
 face of the glass is in contact ':.'ith the outer snow, the conduc- 
 tivity of heat will he very great if there is a slight difference 
 of temperature hetv.'een the two sides, fhe amount of heat pass- 
 ing through the walls of the ir^trujj’ent depends on the difference 
 of temperature and the conductivity, end if both of these factors 
 can he minimized, so much the better. He suggested that the 
 instruirent lie in the glass cover and that the tv/o tubes he sup- 
 ported by a thin India rubber cork fitted into the upper end of 
 the glass cover. A. third hole in the cork carried a glass tube 
 v/ith a stop-cock. If there wa.s any hurry to cool the instru- 
 ment , ice-cold vvater was poured in upon the ice so as to reach 
 above the lower end of the protecting tiibe, and the stop-cock 
 opened and the air dravm out if necessary until tlie water reached 
 the cork. This water may be changed. M'ter the v/ater inside the 
 calorimeter was frozen, the water on the outside was dravm out 
 and the instrunient was ready for use. It was foiuid that this 
 cover v/as a decided im.provement . 
 
 3. \J or k of J . ;7 . Me 1 1 or . * Professor Fein.or's contribution 
 was a new method of filling the calorimeter. He says, "The com- 
 plete separation of dissolved air fromi the water used in mailing 
 the 'ice kernel' is necessary for accurate results. At any time 
 the separation of air from water so that the latter v/ill give 
 the characteristic 'click' is a difficult ma,tter, v/hile the 
 filling of the calorim.eter with such water is a still more tedious 
 
 *J. kellor "Hotes on Bunsen's Ice Calorimeter”, Journal of 
 
 Physical Chemistry, Vol. 4, pp. 135-156 
 
^r:ry 
 
 '• I , 
 
 
 
 
 'iou-: iCfj. . 
 
 a" 
 
 ' u 
 
 T 
 
 k 
 
 
 f 
 
 k#5 
 
 6 , •- 
 
 ;-> . * ■• 
 
 *lur> 
 
 [!? 
 
 ^ I f 
 
 
 r \; ' 
 
 
 Mjj,' r > rt! 
 
 l ^ 
 
 ■ i •*. 
 
 itp^ e ■ 
 
 ■■'ft 'a>.' 
 
 J .1 fc '. •* 
 ^ • w % ' * 
 
 ^■it ? 'k 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 M'-f ’ 
 
 r*#~ V -/ »> 
 
 1 r 
 
 li- i ' 
 
 .■« •■■■■a 
 
 
 ^ 0‘ ■ 
 
 ik,rf 
 
 i 
 
 * ■ . 0 
 
 "t*'- . ' 
 
 
 «it^* i<« J 1 
 
 ■t .■ 
 
 v; 
 
 
 
 ■,ca'> • , 
 
 
 
 w*J7wn k . . k V. < < --rxviB > ■ ■ V 
 
 'V'l > . vws ■ ‘;^ <*: 
 
 .11/ 
 
 r.ojf 1?J;. **1^$ : ^ ^ ^ > ■ ^ 
 
 
 i^.t ^ / '^fr«<#ywvii 
 
 
 /j 
 
 
 H. .'* 
 
 jytfc. ii^*jmtkk *il.^ ^ l0r6ia^r} 
 
 >^ i' ^ ■ _‘ti I 
 
 a*io;vr.'i. ij Wii ! 
 
 ■ T 
 
 H«.* «. «• ^te.*^ ijJii|| g . : 
 
 ^ . " • ... i C 
 
 1 av ^ * 
 
 k « . :iIh'' ' •Vvli'^ i'J^lk ’** 
 
 j, '<.kfc ^ .^l i i: 
 
 « ;W ; lit .. i -p ««0A> « : . . . 'jrv • . • , . f ^ 
 
 •( ^ A 
 
 • ■. 4\V •--; .., V -/. I ui>*5t . 
 
 '■ 3 - ^ 
 
 BVt > . ■• • : df .? I'^-Pd 
 
 % 
 
 
 . V .' 
 
 Hi ^ 
 
 «(|?> ■ , i .. « ,. A ♦ ,|p| 
 
 t 
 
 * ' *■ ^ 
 .i" 1 ji '.i3 
 
 I • 
 
 1^ 
 
 •i . 
 
 
6 ~ 
 
 operation. rile end oi the liehig's condenser (I), is fitted to 
 the side necic of an ordinary liter distilling flash and the other 
 end- is connected to a water air-pump. ?he flash (h) is about 
 half filled rrith distilled water, and the outer chamber of the 
 calorimeter is about one third filled with distilled -.7ater. A 
 tube dipping almost to the bottom, is fitted into the nech of the 
 distilling flash and also into the opening of the side tube of 
 the calorimeter. -he pmnp is set in action, and the water in the 
 calorimeter is hea/ted by a Bunsen flar.B with a sheet of a.sbestos 
 placed under it. fhe ilash is healed owe:? a sand bath until its 
 coni:ent.s give the characteristic hamm.ering when shahen. fhe lamp 
 is then rem.oved fro]- luider the calorimeter and the latter will 
 verv soon be filled with air-free w/ater. fhe troublesomie bumping 
 of the w/ater boiling luider reduced pressiire is considerab].',' modi- 
 fied by the tube dipping under the water in the flash. 
 
 /f 
 
 port ant pa,rt of the experiment was to 
 
 ^ ^1^1 _Calg) rij!ie_^t e r . ?r ob ab ly 
 
 the m.ost difficult and the m.ost im- 
 
 fill the calorimeter with uiu'e air- 
 
 'vee water 
 
 It w/as found best to 
 
f :^-Wf ^ 
 
 Mi ^ .i'f jOi ^ 'tj 9 ^ 
 
 .'.ft • -.-rf ■■t%at;'ti--'^. ' '(■ 
 
 ,. ^,so3-«t«V 
 
 - I 
 
 ^ V. . I 
 
 i Jl >*i's i' 3 
 
 \ 11^ ' 
 
 mt f 4^ ., 
 
 '4» 
 
 
 - ’ : 1 •.« !> 'f f v^'v. ,4 v ..;};i 
 
 * \ , - , ■ ^ 
 h' ' - ^ iif ^i£< 
 
 y ... ^ . , \.' y ._.. ul '■*■ »#-f ;t 
 
 % »» . ^ 
 
 
 1 . , 
 
 ,ir»» fS*f 
 
 
 ».,i-s-4*ti,*dlp*^ 
 
 
 . '. « * '..4 
 
 
 2. 
 
7 ,. 
 
7 
 
 heat the calorimeter cautiously to drive out some of the air, then 
 to put the open end (0) under some pure distilled, boiled water. 
 
 As the air cooled and contracted, some of the water was dravm over 
 into the space (S). If this water were boiled vigorously ?/ith a 
 Eimsen flame (B) , the air in fS) was driven out and the space was 
 filled v;ith vapor. .’Aien the flame was reuioved, this vapor con- 
 densed and Y/ater was syphoned over into fS) with a great rush 
 filling the space fS). fhere was always a small bubble of vapor 
 remaining, but if the water were allowed to cool, this contracted 
 to a very sm.all space and if the tube were turned upright very 
 carefully, it ascended the small side tube. ITercury was then 
 poured into the side tube and poked down with an iron wire. This 
 was very clujnsy arid took a ver-'^ long time ‘because the water had 
 to }Dush up past the mercury before the mercury could get dovm. 
 Later, a quicker and m.ore satisfactory m.ethod was found by which 
 m.ercury was pouned in to about one -tenth of the volume fS) after 
 the first step in filling (when only a little water \7as in fS). 
 
 The m.ercury did not interfere in the least with the rest of the 
 filling. ./hen the water had cooled and the vapor bubble removed, 
 the side tube v/as filled with miercury also and the calorimeter was 
 ready for use . 
 
 Blethods of f reezing. The calorimeter which rested on 
 a large cork and som.e soft wax to prevent breakage, was placed in 
 a mntal box made specially for the piirpose and was packed in pure 
 shaved ice. A rubber cork fitted in the top of the side tube 
 carried a capillary glass tube which was bent a^id extended about a 
 mieter along a scale. As the water froze, the riBrcury was pushed 
 from the side tube out along the capillary tube. 
 
1 =1.^ 
 
 V r. ^r: ^ 
 
 mk ■ -fp- 
 
 A..,. .' ^ ... .. . .!’ <:i4Lf . ... Ai^i 
 
 
 vS^XKE , , '■ . |(.,|^"jj0jiiij ^‘■ 
 
 A«^ 
 
 I., j,^-- '•)»•/' " .M" xt.:.. .h- '4!^..\ ' .. ri,,-' ^ ‘ B-uw.< - '- V ' -'' f 
 
 • i*)) 
 
 
 
 , » » ' >' ■•'■'istvfjf.,* ..4 
 
 * r' '^fc •. 
 
 ^ ik} 
 
 4r»- • ,. i> ' ,•... !tHir,«’V-<S6^i%“ ' ^ 
 
 ( 
 
 , 
 
 ' :-. :i ■ , 
 
 " ,r'^^'t ;<«V ; ’ I? 
 
 
 V.1 «..i,fea 9.;:^' 
 
 
 AM L • ■ . ■ - ‘..'OS 
 
 li t : '? 
 
 '•1 
 
 (l.'^JIi*^ ■ v' ‘i' 
 
 
 
 M. ■♦ 4 nr^,- .■>•■' ISiy^^‘ r 
 
 
 .-ft™- M .;; ,^„f 
 
 - ^v 
 
 ^ V- 4 , f, 
 
 ' ' ■ . i; . 
 
 .% 
 
 f#') ■ .•'«-:^4 
 
 S' ' J d. 'WMi^ 
 
 “■I# /%’] 
 
 ' 1 ' ■'* 
 
 
 7 y W'‘ "HI9I 9H 
 
 » *f* ■■ ■‘iiwj’ ^"9A,V¥^'4 i ^ it, 4^Xi 
 
 i t:iv? ® ,.. 
 
 I wc 
 
 ■ «1i4f -i. ■ 4^ '‘ 
 
 c >■ , •■» . ;'* . J*'|kM'l>|^ 
 
 .,4 ') *-4l ‘ , (^i|( ft-l'-j- ■’*^*'f 4 
 
 • M ♦ 
 
 ..^•- ||\l! J idl-^ , l» 
 
 *L^- -Jti ..•■«-.*^ ^''''i-.t" 
 
 
 \* J 
 
 %A '-; r* j 
 1 
 
 :?i 
 
 ,f ,'ir»i;'; .1 X 4V 
 
 ^ '’^’i j BW 
 
 ;A. ASi M In t ^ , .4 
 
 
 J; 
 
 - <r 
 
 9Ut. cl ^ ‘ ^ 
 
 ; ■-♦ • • ofiSSi <:■ -1^ -4»t| 
 
- 8 - 
 
 a. Cal ciap Chloride aiad Ic e. The first freezing mixture 
 tried v/as calcium chloride and shaved ice in tlie ratio of three 
 parts ice to four parts calcium chloride by vzeight . A low temper- 
 ature k>ias not obtained v/ith this because the calcium chloride v/as 
 not the right sort — crystalline is the hind to be U3ed--iind not 
 large enough q^uantities were mixed at one time. Later crystalline 
 chloride was ground to a powder and mixed with ice. It v;as fornd 
 that a temiperature of a 0. could be obtained in this way, but 
 this was inconvenient to use since the calcium, chloride did not 
 dissolve, but sank to the bottom of the tube and could not be 
 syphoned out. It v/as necessar,y to turn the calorimeter upside 
 dov/n to get rid of this. 
 
 b. Evaporat ing E ther . A much miore convenient method was 
 to vv.t ether in the inner tube (T) and connect it to an aspirator, 
 so that air v;as bubbled through, the ether thus causing a ra,pid 
 evaporation arfL cooling. This did not prove successful. The fail- 
 ure was probably/ due to the fact that the v/arm air drawn through 
 the aspirator heated the calorimeter about as fast as it v/as cooled. 
 Later, the freezing was started v/ith the calcium chloride mixture 
 and. then it was attempted to build out the ice with the ether, 
 
 but it was found that the ice was only melted. 
 
 Ice nnd Sodium C hlo ride . One da,y, by chance, it was 
 found that if three parts snow to one ]part sodium chloride were 
 mvixed together in large enough quantities, a temperature of a -18° 
 
 C. could be obtained. This mixture froze the water in the calor- 
 iwieter ver:' nicely in a short time and was also convenient to clean 
 out after the freezing was accomplished. If the calorim.eter v/ere 
 rinsed with v/ater at about 0° C., and thus syphoned out, the 
 
i' 
 
 H3 
 
 .mm- 
 
 
 r.r -'ww w-^-'-iT,' 
 
 fl H#»* 
 
 ?r 
 
 ® ' 'T'V 
 
 , .**, 
 
 awr. 
 
 ■' f . ' ' • ‘X 
 
 <^i A^a tit I \ 
 
 - i ,w’ .'i:i ^'1 
 
 w -<s ?hfe'v. 
 
 ■ v; i jv 
 
 'A'' Mluk 
 
 
 ' 5 ^^.- yf^- u<*l> . . ^* 1^4 
 
 
 
 "WfM 
 
 LAV 
 
 
 
 ^P ' '' =^I:,'|:^; /J' ^0 iip^'^'j. ' j 
 
 ' . a ■«■ ■'' -...■■■■V. w " '" y, C .'" ' _v. ' .'"^- ^ 
 
 ■< f . 'JMWtmT’ ' k; ’jjiLlaaiH A&ilx|?'J’'*)r. -^ ’ 
 
 ■ f *•■" ^ "k %'{ fifi'kk A' ' . ' 
 
 . - 4 '^. ^ ' :■ - i 
 
 i,^ 3 m %[ 4^ i 
 
 4^- ■"■fj ' :-^t-w * ■ ** ■■ ■■? 
 
 >t ■ 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 .1 
 
 '■4.v,v*t- - w.^4h»'’i ,;.V- !' iwa^ 
 
 V:;‘f-i*: "fl.‘ ..,._H 
 
 ’» • - r , 
 
 ■%.>«?'#! ..Vt ■ .4 
 
 .'OC-O «. ‘ 
 
 • «*»(^ V 
 
 '".■ih 
 
 0 * o/.'o 
 
 
 a' "f'li • r'><(w3'...t. o Ba^iSt '.O »viiji5»?OT{/ 
 
 " ' •'- m'ii ?m -■ 
 
 * ■ *{• i <s. : j. •. if -V '/" . 
 
 f '• • :- r • -J'« a f ' ' 
 
 
 r . * 1 *^ X ii^ ^ 3 ^ 
 
 *4 
 
 
 A* 
 
 n j "t;&_r sf&'i f.'- <■ 
 
 • (*’; IV * 
 
 s^-: : iVj'Xki” 
 
 ' rijm® 
 
 ■’ V 1 
 
 ^:’.o . A. ♦r'r-'' i.'T ;io/,. 
 
 I Kk<# 
 
 • rk*t »i4M»iJtv'. . ’. e?f? ■ tirtV 
 
 ■ ■ • \ 
 
 ,.•• “C J/. Oi!-*i'a** 
 
 .. !»;<*• 
 
 
 -lA " a ^-ftl ter 
 
 I * ♦ 
 
 
 d ^ 
 
 m _ 
 
 
 1 
 
9 
 
 Calorimeter vroald be clean and ready for use. 
 
 Resul t 5 . Tlie calorimeter was then used to find the 
 specific heat of aluminum. First the instrument v/as calibrated by 
 pouring a 'weighed am.ount of water into it and noting how many centi- 
 m.eters the mercury receded. Then a small alum.inum coil was placed 
 in the tube so tlat it was jiist 'covered with water. Again the num.*- 
 ber of centimeters that the m.ercury receded was observed. Then 
 from the formula 
 
 mn’ 0 
 S = m’nQ' 
 
 mentioned above, the specific heat of aluminum, was calculated. 
 
 DATA 
 
 
 .L' 
 
 'irst Trial 
 
 Second 
 
 Third 
 
 Weight of 
 
 v^ater 
 
 3.1321 grfls. 
 
 5.6565 
 
 3.125 
 
 V/ eight of 
 
 aluminum 
 
 5.767 
 
 3 . 7941 
 
 3.7941 
 
 Divisions 
 
 of recession for water 
 
 7.3 cm. 
 
 4.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 Divisions 
 
 of recession for al. 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.2 
 
 Cliange of 
 
 tem.perature of 'water 
 
 23.10 C. 
 
 24.5 
 
 22,8 
 
 Change of 
 
 temperature of al. 
 
 23.50 
 
 22.6 
 
 22.8 
 
 Calculated specific heat 
 
 .182 
 
 .63 
 
 .05 
 
 These preliminary results were not good since the accepted value 
 for the specific heat of aluminum is .2143. The same experiment 
 was repeated several tim.es and without concordant results, \7hen 
 an imrestigation v/as made to see what was the trouble, it was found 
 each time that just as was expected, a srr.all pocket of water was 
 enclosed bet'vveen the wall of the tube and the ice aroimd it and 
 that the ice was not melted through. Of cou3?se this being the case, 
 no reliable, results could be obtained. 
 
 Fig. 5 is a photograph of the calorim.eter after water is 
 poured to i^ielt the ice. A pocket is shown as suspected between 
 

 ^ a 
 
 ' ’»'. ^li) ' ;' ' ^ 1 ■ »•" -J ^ ' 
 
 [' u-.' 
 
 A 1 #,' ■■» 
 
 «r,'" / '^3.^^' ■ ■ .'• J. ■r. ' 
 
 .ifi 
 
 
 f,'" ' "'M ' '’‘- ■ . '’^ '' ^ ' ■ ■' ''*'■ ' . ' ^ •^‘^iSt''''* 
 
 »--'■ ■ 1,1-:. • j^fi ,-.:‘i^^*-*‘^vW';f«'^i 
 
 ' '!• ■ ' ' '* <’■ , -,. Jt*' ♦ .■' ?■ ' -”1 . I 
 
 ■ in . V, A fe-'ii\ .. , . ■! ■ i„_, ^.£!Lu \ il 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 
 ,« Vty''^'^ '"r;C# * ,v «Vfls.r>.j{»» -'« ■> J 
 
 ii-s. 
 
 'V 
 
 • » ^ 
 
 M . > 
 
 
 'iff ' ' ' ^ » 
 
 V. 4’ ■ • 
 
 
 if’Sl 
 
 
 • i-' 
 
 *>--r- 
 
 ' JU i BP seL - ii ’i^ yv^- r * . »■ '« *-' --ai f' jrri - w? ?* 
 > - u ' 
 
 V 
 
 
 i ^ 
 
 :-7 
 
- 10 - 
 
 tlie glass -and the outer coating of ice that would prevent a change 
 in volume and a movement of the mercury column. 
 
 The investigation originall.y planned was not completed. 
 
 A calorimeter ?/ith platinum wires was secured and tried, hut it 
 Proved to he defective in that the sealing between the wires and 
 the glass was not perfect so that water leaked tlirough. The in- 
 strument maker was unahle to complete a nev/ calorimeter in time 
 for this investigation. 
 
 III . OO IJOLUSIOiT 
 
 Tlie results obtained give promise of showing the effect 
 sought, nam.ely that the ice melts in a pocket aromid the inner 
 tube so that the outer coating of ice prevents a change in volume 
 of the enclosed water, and the mercury column does not move. 
 
 Acloiowledgments are due to Professor P. R. ilatson who 
 offered the suggestion for the investigation and gave much en- 
 couragement and helpfullness to the investigators, and to Miss 
 Vera V. Bassett, my partner in the experiment. 
 
J'-' ^ '', ^ . of '■ 
 
 o'»toji>r : 
 
 -t *■ -■* lifc 
 
 ivf\; Ji: 
 
 . •' . ^ 1 ' V ^ . it> 
 
 
 -,*» /' ' ‘ , -^ ■ ■ ' " f'"' 
 
 ' •♦•*■., .■■^T* ' ’''V/f ''''•'.“ '•■Vo* :4 
 
 wfeva >'• ■•'*’V' .‘1 
 
 "1 "■' :^!®m_ ' . .! ^ ■'B 
 
 
 r, „, ^n» 
 
 "®" 1 ■’ ■ 
 
 •WE . ^ 
 
 * :f'"' .^",i 
 
 ^■ ■ou. . V'^-- ;i^>-‘'' I 
 
 
 
 i'.'i" 
 
 H. 
 
 ' .’d, ■ >' )*». ,,;f''^'t, o’’,; ‘ 
 
 f ■ 1 ■■ T iJb ■>•,- Vs V' i 
 
 ii J * L 
 
 
 •I tI 
 
 ■ - :l'" ‘! 
 
 . i: t v' :d 
 
 -^ ■> . 'j wr 
 
 .'iv^ 
 
 ■ ■ ' ' .* A "'■ •»':■.■ ■^' 
 
 Ml. ,i ** .. 
 
 , t ,"’'i 
 
 ■'■ ''’tM’ii'V- ;vA?!f 
 
 i wy >r**»- ',r*‘ 
 
 ■■ ay. i eg 
 
 Witt;/.. tit:S 
 
 .^i.i ,^#1 
 
 ■ - - 
 
 '• JByik 
 
 •t » - 
 
 ?i 
 
BIBIIOGRimr/ 
 
 1. C. V. Bojs, "On an. Mdition to Bunsen’s Ice Calorimeter", 
 Phil oso phical IiS ag azin e, Vol. 24, Year 1887, page 214. 
 
 2. R. Bunsen, "The Ice Calorimeter", Philosophical Magazine, 
 1871, Yol. XL., page 161. ^ 
 
 (Translated hy Yrancis Jones from Poggendori’s .‘''innalen, 
 
 ilo. 9, 1870) 
 
 2. H. S. Callendar, "Calorimetry", Snc 3 rclopaedia Brittanica, 
 Eleventh Edition, Yol. 5. pages SC-SO. 
 
 4. J. Y. Mellor, "ITotes on Bunsen’s ice Calorimeter", J ournal 
 of Physica l Chemis try , Yol. 4, page 135-136, Peh., 1900. 
 
 5. Preston, "Theory of Heat” 
 
 '.V- 
 

 ' u Q 
 
 
 V , 7 (^■ m 
 
 _A'J 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 ■*v- ■•'* 
 
 ,:ti' 
 
 V 
 
 i ' . 
 
 
 .' /• 
 
 . ' I ^ '(■'*/ 
 
 i-'>i'f^ .»^ya 'i‘'': V /•' *< 
 
 IV • (K, 
 
 
 
 < ^ '■ , ■ >''-:rtM '^w * 4M , ■‘¥^'■1 .#1 
 
 . V -'. - "’■"^ ‘•i ''-■»^1 
 
 . ^ rn 'I 'V . , ^ .; ;:|PP ^1 
 
 .■1 - - r \ 'V, “aj ffv? 5*j 
 S.*-- f A' '.^ ■' . ’*yc'Mv ’ , .rt^c© A ;.® 
 
 
 
 ‘ yx. W^v . .rt^r© »TO»'' .’ ■ 
 
 
 :-v^i 
 
 * v*l] 
 
 t-- • ’ r '5 
 
 U.; A: 
 
 f ’ •', TIM 
 
 - * *4 vVr'’ 
 
 , •.^; 5 'jfV- 
 
 ,. ^’r Va” — 
 
 «• , ; • ,S^^.p 
 
 J » .^ ‘ ’ 
 
 p ' ;* 
 
 ■ *■ t 
 
 »/ 
 
 It , ’ ■ 
 
 ,'.l‘V,if - I . »■ 
 
 (^j.’-ii£L..I ;£'''!ii, •’ .. 
 
 '/-I