THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 5SQ.5 F\ tfOlOGr this book on or before the Date stamped below. A is made on all overdue U. of I. Library -■-" )\ 1762S-S HUAI C FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. ZOOLOGY, VOL. XII p.at, , 7 S^ **%«*,. £/ tr*™*™;/ MAP OF PART OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL. Field Museum of Natural History Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Publication 255 Zoological Series Vol. XII, No. 18 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL BY Charles E. Hellmayr Associate Curator of Birds THt UBHW Of r APR 1 Wilfred H. Osgood Curator, Department of Zoology UNIVEHSI7 1929 Y ot u m 1 a Chicago, U. S. A. March 4, 1929 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL BY C. E. HELLMAYR Introduction The following account purports to give a condensed review of our actual knowledge of the ornithology of the three Brazilian states Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara. Although "political boundaries do not, as a rule, conform to those which mark the limits of faunal areas," 1 it has been deemed expedient for practical reasons so to limit the scope of this paper, instead of including the northwestern section of Bahia, which, from the evidence at hand, is faunistically more nearly related to the area circumscribed above than to that part of the state lying south and east of the Sao Francisco River. While primarily based on collections made for Field Museum from July 1923 to February 1926, by Heinrich E. Snethlage, a nephew of Madame E. Snethlage of Amazonian fame, in Maranhao, Piauhy, and the adjacent districts of western Ceara (and northern Goyaz), and the material gathered by Robert H. Becker, from June to Sep- tember 1 913, in eastern Ceara, the present paper includes every species recorded in literature from the three states. Those not represented in Field Museum are enclosed in brackets. Besides our own series, I have had the advantage of examining a large portion of the material secured by 0. Reiser and his assistants in Piauhy during the Vienna Academy's expedition. Several hundred birds from northern Maranhao, collected by the late Ferdinand Schwanda, have been compared in European museums. More than twenty years ago the Royal Natural History Museum at Sophia, Bulgaria, had forwarded to me the first lot transmitted by this collector; and various other consignments from the same source, belonging to the museums at Tring, Frankfort on the Main, Munich, Vienna, and Sao Paulo (Brazil), passed through my hands during the next decade. Finally, a visit to the Berlin Museum, in June 1926, enabled me to inspect the types of certain forms described by Madame Snethlage from Ceara. 'Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 3, 1926. 235 236 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Thanks are due to the authorities of the Vienna Museum, par- ticularly my old friend Mr. Otmar Reiser; Dr. Alfred Laubmann, of the Munich Museum; Dr. Erwin Stresemann, of Berlin; Dr. Frank M. Chapman, of the American Museum of Natural History of New York; Dr. Charles W. Richmond, of Washington, D.C. ; and Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, for the use of material in the collections under their care. To Mr. H. B. Conover, of Chicago, I am indebted for permission to record in this report numerous specimens preserved in his private collection, and to Mr. Charles Westcott I am under great obligations for invaluable help in revising the manuscript and correcting the proof sheets. Historical Sketch The first information concerning the bird life of the region is due to the efforts of Georg Marc grave (of Liebstadt, near Meissen, in Saxony), who, together with William Piso, Franz Plante, and others, accompanied Count (later Prince) Johann Moritz of Nassau- Siegen, as naturalist, on his military expedition to Brazil. The Count, in command of a Dutch army, landed on January 24, 1637 at Olinda, drove the Spanish forces over the Rio Sao Francisco, and immediately organized the government of the reconquered territory which comprised the provinces Sergipe, Pernambuco, Itamarica, Parahyba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Ceara. During his administration, Count Moritz lost no opportunity to explore the natural resources of the country, and he was materially aided by the scientists named above in gathering material in all branches of natural history. When, seven years later, the Dutch expeditionary corps was forced to retreat, Marcgrave shifted the field of his activity to Sao Paulo de Loanda, on the west coast of Africa, where he soon fell a victim to the deadly climate, at the early age of thirty-four years, leaving, among other scientific material, extensive notes and drawings on the Zoology and Botany of Brazil. This manuscript was preserved by Johannes de Laet and, together with W. Piso's "De Medicina Brasiliae," was published in 1648 at Leiden and Amsterdam as "Georgi Marcgravi de Liebstadt, Misnici Germani, Historiae Rerum Naturalium Brasiliae, libri octo," under the joint title "Historia Naturalis Brasiliae," the account of the birds forming "liber quintus," divided into fifteen chapters (pp. 190- 220). Many of the birds which were described by Marcgrave under vernacular names received Latin denominations from Linnaeus, Gmelin, and others; but owing to the rather vague de- Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 237 scriptions and crude illustrations, some of which were, moreover, misplaced in the text, considerable doubt existed as to the proper identification of certain species. Fortunately, the original drawings were discovered in the Royal (now Prussian State) Library at Berlin, 1 and with their help Lichtenstein 2 undertook a review of the birds included in Marcgrave's work, resulting in the correction of sundry misinterpretations and errors. Lichtenstein's attempt to identify the various species was quite successful, and apart from several cases where our present knowledge leads to different con- clusions, his paper even now may be consulted with advantage. Nothing was added to our scanty knowledge of northeastern Brazil until the Bavarian explorers /. B. Spix and Ph. Martins, in the course of their famous journey, visited Piauhy (entering from the southeast and traversing it in a northwesterly direction to Oeiras and Therezina) and the eastern part of Maranhao, reaching Sao Luiz by way of Caxias and Itapicuru-mirim, in the early summer of 1819. The few species of birds collected on that trip, hardly more than a dozen, are duly recorded in Spix's "Avium Species Novae," published in two folio volumes at Munich in 1824 and 1825. At about the same time, the Berlin Museum apparently received some material from Maranhao, as may be conjectured from the name Psittacus cumanensis, imposed by Lichtenstein 3 upon a species of Macaw.* In the latter half of the nineteenth century, trade skins from Ceara reached the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a collector by the name of Zietz sent a series of birds from the same state to the Bremen Museum. Much more important, however, were the results of the expedition organized in 1903 by the Vienna Academy of Sciences under the leadership of the ichthyologist Franz Steindachner. The party which included Otmar Reiser as ornithologist, after working for several months in the state of Bahia, notably along the Sao Francisco River and its tributaries, the Rio Grande and Rio Preto, in the north- western section of that state, crossed the Serra do Boqueirao north of Santa Rita into Piauhy, reaching Parnagua on May 11, 1903. x See Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for 1814-15, pp. 204-208, 1817. 2 Ibidem, for 1816-17, pp. 155-178, 1819. 3 Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 6, 1823. 4 See under Species No. 387, p. 439. 238 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. After exploring the vicinity of this city, they went on to Santo Antonio de Gilboez, then struck west to Santa Philomena and, stopping at various places, followed the Rio Parnahyba down to its mouth. The ornithological material gathered on this journey through Piauhy, numbering upwards of six hundred birds, con- stitutes the first collection made along scientific lines in that part of Brazil. An account of it was published by Reiser in the "Denk- schriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch- naturwissenschaftliche Klasse," 76, pp. 55-100, 1010; pp. 107-252, 1925, with two maps and one colored plate. In 1905, Ferdinand Schwanda established himself in Maranhao and soon started sending birdskins to Europe. Schwanda at first collected at Sao Luiz, B6a Vista, and Primeira Cruz and, later, moved farther east to Miritiba, halfway between the Rio Itapicuru and the frontier of Piauhy. Although no account of his collections, scat- tered through various museums in Europe and America, has ever been published, it appears that his researches were exclusively re- stricted to the coast region of Maranhao. Schwanda continued collecting until the time of his death which took place about 19 10, though I have no information as to the exact date. In May and June 1910, Madame Emilie Snethlage, for many years associated with the Museu Goeldi at Para, explored the western section of Ceara, working chiefly at Camocim, Ipu, and at Sao Paulo, in the Serra Grande de Ibiapaba, while Francisco de Queiroz Lima, taxidermist of the same institution, in 191 5 secured a small collection in the Serra do Castello, in the southern part of the state. A short account of the ornithological results of the two trips, embracing 148 species, was published by Madame Snethlage, 1 while this paper was passing through the press. Robert H. Becker, in behalf of Field Museum, visited Ceara in the summer of 1913, making collections in the Serra de Baturite, at Quixada, and at a place called Jua, near Iguatu. The late C. B. Cory described sundry new forms from this material, but no complete report was ever written. The entire series has been studied in the preparation of this memoir, and the specimens obtained by Becker have been listed under the headings of the different species. Madame Snethlage spent the latter half of 1923 in northern Maran- hao (Tury-assu, Sao Bento, Sao Luiz), collecting upwards of 500 ^ol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 39-48, Nov., 1926. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 239 birdskins, and has just published 1 an annotated list of 196 species in connection with the report on Ceara quoted above. 2 To complete this sketch, it may be mentioned that various speci- mens from Maranhao, mostly without definite localities, are listed in E. Snethlage's "Catalogo das Aves Amazonicas,"' while Ihering and Ihering 4 recorded a number of species obtained by F. Schwanda. H. Snethlage's Expedition 6 Dr. Heinrich E. Snethlage began his work late in July 1923 at Sao Luiz, the capital of Maranhao and, up to the end of August, collected in the vicinity of that city and at the estate Anil, five kilo- meters south of Sao Luiz. From August 17 to September 14, his headquarters were at Sao Bento, inland of Alcantara. Thence he moved to Tury-assu, farther north on the coast, and to Alto de Alegria, about 40 kilometers inland, where collecting was carried on until January 4, 1924. The next station was the island of Mangunca, opposite Cururupu (February 2 2 -March 22), after which Dr. Sneth- lage returned to Sao Luiz, and from April 19 to May 27, 1924, explored the neighborhood of Rosario, situated near the left bank of the lower Itapicuru. On June 10, he arrived at Cocos, south of Codo, farther up that river, and after working in this district for a month, struck across to the Rio Mearim, reaching it on July 25 at Pedreiras, below the junction of the Rio das Flores. From August 8 to October 2, Dr. Snethlage investigated the fauna of Barra do Cor da, on the upper Mearim. An excursion took him to Ponto (Canella), near the sources of the Rio Estevao, a tributary of the Rio Corda, about seventy kilo- meters south of Barra do Corda. The greater part of October was spent at Grajahu, on the river of the same name, in western Maran- hao. On the return journey, he stopped at Victoria (Queimadas), a settlement on the Rio Grajahu, about halfway between the city of Grajahu and the junction of the Mearim. In December 1924, Dr. Snethlage began operations in the eastern section of Piauhy at Ibiapaba, on the upper Poty, at the foot of the Serra de Ibiapaba (December 12, 1924 to January 17, 1925), and then ^oc. cit., pp. 59-69, Nov., 1926. 2 Only a few of the more important records, including a number of species not otherwise found in Maranhao, could be incorporated in the present paper. 3 Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 1914. 4 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 1907. 5 See Snethlage's recently published "Meine Reise durch Nordostbrasilien" in Journ. Orn., 75, pp. 453-484. P 1 - 7. 1927; 76, pp. 5°3-5 81 , 668-738, 1928. 240 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. went fifteen kilometers north to Ardra, in the Serra (January 20 to February 15). Crossing the state line, he collected for several weeks (February 18 to March 8), at Varzea Formosa, Municipio Ipueiras, about 40 kilometers northeast of Ardra, at altitudes of from 700 to 1000 meters, in western Ceara, and returning to Piauhy, secured a representative series at Deserto, a station on the railroad Parnahyba- Piracurucd, about thirty kilometers west of the Serra de Ibiapaba (March 28 to April 15). In May 1925, Dr. Snethlage started on his long inland journey to southern Maranhao. After spending a few weeks at Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, on the Rio Parnahyba, and stopping at Victoria (July 15), he established headquarters at the Fazenda Inhuma, on the left bank of that river, about eighty kilometers below Santa Philomena (July 16 to August 8). From there he went up the Rio Medonho and finally reached Tranqueira, near the sources of the Moju, one of its affluents, approximately one hundred kilometers west of Victoria do Alto Parnahyba (August 13 to September 16). Crossing the Serra Vermelha, Dr. Snethlage passed into the drain- age basin of the Tocantins and entered the territory of Goyaz at Certeza, near the headwaters of the Rio Perdido, a tributary of the Rio do Somno. On descending the Tocantins, he stopped at Carolina, Maranhao (November 9-13), Philadelphia (November 25 to De- cember 30), and the missionary station Santo Antonio, Boa Vista (January 25 to February 24, 1926), where, however, owing to a rebellion and poor health, very little collecting could be done. Altogether, nearly 2000 birdskins were transmitted, all of which, with the exception of certain game birds, have been incorporated in the collection of Field Museum. Considering the adverse conditions under which he was working, Dr. Snethlage deserves full credit for what he has accomplished, and while much detailed work must yet be done, we may safely say that the results of his travels, combined with those of the Vienna Academy's expedition, have supplied us with the necessary material to form a general idea of the bird life of the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy. ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS While the available information is not all that could be desired, it is evident that the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy, and the state of Ceara probably in its entirety, are closely similar in physio- graphical respects to the table-land of central Brazil. The greater Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 241 part of the country is more or less open, broken by comparatively low ridges or mountain ranges (Serras), studded with catinga woods (thorn thickets), and extensive clearings around the human habita- tions. Strips of virgin forest (gallery forest) are found along the river banks and creeks. 1 The northern coast of Maranhao, on the other hand, presents quite a different aspect, being covered, at least partly, with primeval forest of the same kind as is found in the neighboring Para district. This applies particularly to Tury-assu, where Dr. Snethlage met with a surprisingly large number of Lower-Amazonian forms. The theory expressed in my review of the Para ornis 2 that this faunal area would be found to extend far beyond the Rio Gurupy has been amply con- firmed by Snethlage's and Schwanda's researches. How far this forested belt stretches along the coast of Maranhao, has yet to be determined, though it can be traced, with reasonable accuracy, as far east as Miritiba, where Schwanda secured such a typical forest dweller as Pyriglena leuconota leuconota. The occurrence of Todi- ro strum sylvia schulzi, Xenops minutus genibarbis, Momotus momota parensis, Brachygalba lugubris lugubris, and Ortalis spixi on the lower Parnahyba (boundary line of Maranhao and Piauhy), is not quite conclusive. These species of Amazonian parentage may have fol- lowed the gallery forest which extends along the banks of many rivers far into the open country. No doubt this is the way that certain Amazonian species have penetrated the interior of Maranhao. As examples we may cite Thraupis episcopus episcopus, taken at Barra do Corda and Cocos, Xiphorhynchus guttatus eytoni, at Grajahu, and Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae, at Victoria, Queimadas — inland localities at all of which, according to Snethlage, patches of gallery forest exist. However, it seems pretty certain that not all of the country be- tween the lower Itapicurti and Parnahyba is unbroken forest, since the taking at Miritiba by Schwanda of so typical a representative of the table-land fauna as Furnarius leucopus assimilis clearly speaks for the existence in that vicinity of open or at least deforested areas. The close affinity of northern Maranhao to the Para region is best illustrated by the following list. J Much useful information about the various plant associations and their characteristic birds may be found in the second part of Snethlage's "Meine Reise durch Nordostbrasilien" (Journ. Orn., 76, pp. 505-540, 1928). 2 Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 84, 139, 1912. 242 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. GUIANAN-AMAZONIAN SPECIES EXTENDING INTO MARANHAO, BUT UNKNOWN FROM EASTERN BRAZIL Thryophilus leucotis albipectus Troglodytes musculus clarus Polioptila plumbea plumbea Basileuterus rivularis mesoleucus Pachysylvia semicinerea Cyclarhis gujanensis gujanensis Chlorophanes spiza spiza Dacnis cayana cayana Leistes militaris militaris Tanagra cayennensis Thraupis episcopus episcopus (ranging as far inland as Barra do Corda and Codo) Ramphocelus car bo carbo (ranging apparently all over Piauhy; represented by R. c. centralis south of the Serra de Tabatinga) Eucometis penicillata penicillata Caryothraustes canadensis canadensis Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii Paroaria gularis gularis • Myiodynastes maculatus maculatus Terenotriccus erythrurus hellmayri Onychorhynchus coronatus coronatus Platyrinchus saturatus Tolmomyias sulphur escens assimilis Rhynchocyclus olivaceus guianensis Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum illigeri Todirostrum maculatum maculatum Todirostrum sylvia schulzi (east to the Rio Parnahyba) Colopteryx galeatus Tyranniscus acer Tyrannulus elatus elatus Piprites chloris chlorion Manacus manacus purus Schiffornis turdinus wallacii Platypsaris minor Pachyramphus polychopterus niger Pachyramphus marginatus nanus Lipaugus simplex frederici Attila thamnophiloides thamnophiloides Xipholena lamellipennis (probably of east-Brazilian origin) Synallaxis gujanensis gujanensis Synallaxis rutilans omissa Certhiaxis cinnamomea cinnamomea Philydor ruficaudatus Philydor erythrocercus lyra Automolus infuscatus paraensis Automolus rufipileatus rufipileatus Xenops minutus genibarbis (east to the Rio Parnahyba) Sclerurus mexicanus macconnelli Dendrocolaptes certhia medius Xiphorhynchus guttatus eytoni Xiphorhynchus spixii Lepidocolaptes fuscicapillus layardi Dendrocincla fuliginosa Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 243 Conopophaga roberti (south to the upper Rio Parnahyba) Corythopis torquata anthoides Thamnophilus aethiops incertus Thamnophilus amazonicus paracusis Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae (probably of east-Brazilian origin) Thamnomanes caesius hoffmannsi Myrmotherula hauxwelli hellmayri Myrmotherula axillaris axillaris Myrmotherula menetriesii omissa Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus f rater Cercomacra sclateri Cercomacra tyrannina laeta Pyriglena leuconota leuconota Hypocnemoides maculicauda Sclateria naevia naevia Formicarius ruficeps amazonicus Formicarius analis analis Hylophylax poecilinota vidua Phlegopsis nigromaculata paraensis Threnetes leucurus medianus Campylopterus obscurus obscurus Avocettula recurvirostris Lophornis gouldii Thalurania furcata furcatoides Hylocharis cyanus viridiventris Agyrtrina leucogaster leucogaster Heliothrix auritus phainolaema Anthoscenus longirostris longirostris Nyctipolus nigrescens Otus choliba crucigerus Piculus chrysochloros paraensis Piculus flavigula magnus Chrysoptilus melanochloros mariae Veniliornis affinis ruficeps Celeus jumana jumana Scapaneus trachelopyrus Momotus momota parensis (east to the Rio Parnahyba) Calbula albirostris cyanicollis Brachygalba lugubris lugubris (east to the Rio Parnahyba) Notharchus tectus tectus Rhamphastos monilis Pteroglossus bitorquatus bitorquatus Pteroglossus inscriptus inscriptus (east to Pernambuco) Piaya cay ana subsp. Aratinga guarouba Pyrrhura perlata lepida Brotogeris tuipara Pionus fuscus Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus Leplotila ruf axilla ruf axilla Ortalis spixi (east to the Rio Parnahyba) As soon as we advance, in a southerly direction, beyond the forested belt, we meet a very different lot of birds, and we cannot fail to recognize the great similarity to the bird life of Bahia. In fact, a 244 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. good many of the characteristic elements known to range from Bahia to Pernambuco, extend, without showing any racial variation, into the dryer inner districts of Piauhy and Maranhao, including Ceara. The most striking representatives of this group are Nyctipolus hirundinaceus, Compsothraupis loricata, and the peculiar humming- bird genus Anopetia. Other species, while widely diffused in the northern provinces, apparently reach the southern limit of their distributional area in the northwestern section of Bahia, whereas east and south of the Rio Sao Francisco they are either absent or represented by allied forms. Among these may be quoted Planesticus rufiventris juensis, Gnori- mopsar chopi sulcirostris, Saltator coerulescens super ciliaris, Paroaria dominicana, Cranioleuca vulpina reiseri, Pseudoseisura cristata cris- tata, Xiphocolaptes falcirostris, and Cyanopsitta spixii. Others, like Tangara cyanocephala cearensis, Myiobius atricaudus snethlagei, Todirostrum mirandae, Xanthomyias virescens reiseri, Procnias averano averano, Megaxenops parnagnae, Sclerurus scansor cearensis, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major, Conopophaga cearae, Grallaria martinsi, Ramphastos theresae, Aratinga jandaya, Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus, For pus passerinus flavissimus, etc., have a still more restricted range, having so far been found only in one or all of the three northern states, while in but a few cases a representative form occurs in Bahia. Within the boundaries of the region treated in this memoir, very little differentiation has taken place, and the species recorded from only part of the territory may yet be discovered in the other sections. However, in a few instances, Ceara appears to have developed pecul- iar races of its own, such as Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens, Phyllo- myias fasciatus cearae, and Piaya cayana cearae, which are replaced in the more westerly states as well as in Bahia by Myiarchus tyran- nulus bahiae, Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus, and Piaya cayana pallescens respectively. In the case of a Woodhewer, the Ceara form, Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae, encroaches even on the extreme east of Piauhy, while a slightly different form is found farther west. Contrary to conditions existing in the Amazonian region, the rivers in this part of Brazil have no zoogeographical significance, though the lower Parnahyba evidently separates the ranges of Venili- ornis passerinus medianus and V. p. taenionotus. Two Woodpeckers, Crocomorphus flavus tectricialis and Picumnus exilis alegriae, are hitherto known only from the north coast of Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 245 Maranhao, but it is quite doubtful whether they are of Amazonian or east-Brazilian origin. Pyrrhura perlata coerulescens, a Paroquet, is recorded solely from eastern Maranhao (Miritiba). Strangely enough, farther west, around Guimaraes, another closely-allied form, P. p. lepida, the Para representative has been found. This peculiar distribution requires further investigation. The presence in Maranhao of a Bell-bird, Procnias a. averano, closely allied to a Guianan species, offers a geographical problem which I am unable to explain. The subjoined list may help to illustrate the distributional facts discussed in the preceding lines. List of Species Wholly or Chiefly Restricted to Northeastern Brazil Planesticus rufiventris juensis Planesticus leucomelas albiventer Thryophilus longirostris bahiae Polioptila plumbea cearensis Vireosylva chivi agilis Molothrus badius fringillarius Icterus cayanensis tibialis Icterus jamacaii Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Tangara cayana flava Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula Compsothraupis loricata Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus Saltator coerulescens superciliaris Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanea Sporophila albogularis Sporophila leucoptera cinereola Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus Paroaria dominicana Xolmis irupero nivea Fluvicola climazura climazura Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus pallidiventris Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens Myiobus atricaudus snethlagei Todirostrum cinereum cearae Todirostrum mirandae Euscarthmornis mar gar itaceiv enter wuchereri Stigmatura budytoides bahiae Camplostoma obsoletum cinerascens South to n. w. Bahia (Rio Preto) Eastern Para to Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia Known only from Ceara (represented in Bahia by T. c. corallina) South to Bahia South to Bahia, west to the upper Rio Madeira South to Bahia South to Bahia South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia South to Rio South to the Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, west to the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz South to Minas Geraes and Espirito Santo South to the Sao Francisco River Ceara to Bahia South to Bahia South to Goyaz Recorded only from Ceara Maranhao and Piauhy South to Bahia Known only from Ceara South to Bahia Piauhy and Bahia South to Bahia 246 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. X anthomyias virescens reiser i Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus Phyllomyias fasciatus cearae Procnias averano averano Furnarius figulus figulus Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis Cranioleuca vulpina reiseri Cranioleuca semicinerea Asthenes hellmayri Pseudoseisura cristata cristata Megaxenops parnaguae Sclerurus scansor cearensis Xiphocolaptes falcirostris Lepidocolaptes squamatus wagleri Lepidocolaptes fuscus tenuirostris Lepidocolaptes angustirostris coronatus Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri Melanopareia torquata torquata Conopophaga cearae Taraba major stagurus Sakesphorus cristatus Thamnophilus doliatus capistratus Thamnophilus caerulescens cearensis Myrmorchilus strigilatus strigilatus Herpsilochmus pileatus pileatus Herpsilochmus pectoralis Neorhopias melanogaster bahiae Grallaria martinsi Anopetia gounellei Eupetomena macroura simoni Agyrtrina versicolor nitidifrons Nyctipolus h. hirundinaceus Nyctipolus h. cearae Colaptes campestris chrysosternus Veniliornis passer inus medianus Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus Celeus flavescens ochraceus Crocomorphus flavus tetricialis Picumnus pygmaeus Picumnus limae Picumnus exilis alegriae Nystalus maculatus maculatus Malacoptila striata minor Ramphastos theresae Piaya cayana pallescens Piaya cayana cearae Cyanopsitta spixii Thectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous A ratinga jandaya Aratinga cactorum caixana Recorded only from Piauhy Maranhao, Piauhy, Bahia Recorded only from Ceara South to Bahia South to Bahia South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia Ceara to Bahia South to Bahia South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia Known only from Piauhy and Ceara Recorded only from Ceara South to n. w. Bahia (Rio Preto) Recorded only from Piauhy Ceara to Bahia Maranhao, Piauhy, and n. w. Bahia Extreme eastern Piauhy, Ceara to Bahia (Represented in Bahia by C. t. trochiliros- tris) South to n. w. Bahia and n. Goyaz South to Bahia Known only from eastern Ceara South to Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia Recorded only from Ceara South to Bahia N. Piauhy to Ceara, south to Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia Recorded only from Ceara South to Bahia South to Bahia Tocantins to Ceara Bahia to s. Piauhy N. Bahia to Ceara South to Bahia W. and s. Piauhy, south to Minas Geraes E. Piauhy to Ceara, south to Bahia Lower Amazonia to Pernambuco Coast of Maranhao (represented in Bahia by C. f. subjlavus) South to Bahia Known only from s. Ceara Coast of Maranhao (represented in Bahia by P. e. exilis) Lower Amazonia to Bahia Recorded only from Maranhao Known only from Maranhao and Piauhy S. Piauhy to Bahia Ceara South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia South to Bahia Maranhao to Ceara South to n. w. Bahia (Rio Preto) ^11 ■ Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 247 Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus Recorded only from Ceara For pus passerinus flavissimus Maranhao to Ceara (represented in Bahia by F. p. vividus) Rupornis magnirostris nattereri South to Bahia Columbula picui strepitans South to Bahia Leptotila verreauxi approximans South to Bahia Penelope jacu-caca South to Bahia Odontophorus capueira plumbeicollis Recorded only from Ceara Nothura boraquira South to Bahia Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Piauhy, west to the upper Rio Madeira Rhea americana americana South to Bahia In studying this list, it will be realized that the bird life of the campo region of the northern states has much in common with Bahia, much more so than with the fauna of Goyaz and Matto Grosso; although a number of species like Polioptila dumicola berlepschi, Saltator atricollis, Euscarthmus rufomarginatus, Suiriri aifinis atfinis, Antilophia galeata, Herpsilochmus pileatus atricapillus, Herpsiloch- mus longirostris, Pygmornis nattereri, Thalurania furcata baeri, and Picumnus guttifer are of undoubted southern origin, being widely distributed throughout the central table-land and unknown in Bahia. In comparison to the endemic Bahian elements their number is, however, relatively small, and those that are found only in the ex- treme south of Maranhao and Piauhy may reasonably be assumed to be immigrants of a comparatively recent period. Further specula- tion on this subject, however, seems futile until the northern parts of Goyaz have been more throughly explored. Annotated List of the Birds of Maranhao, Piauhy and Ceara Under each species in the following pages will be found a refer- ence to the original description with the type locality, also references to the few papers relating to this part of Brazil. Reiser's accounts published in 1910 1 and 1925, 2 when quoted separately, are cited respectively as "Reiser (1)" and "Reiser (2)." When the references are in both works, the citations read "Reiser, pp." followed by the page number in each paper. Then follows a list of the specimens collected by Dr. Snethlage and, under a separate heading, the material obtained by R. H. Becker and others, whenever examined, is specified. 1 0. Reiser, Liste der Vogelarten, welche auf der von der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1903 nach Nordostbrasilien entsendeten Expedition unter Leitung des Hof rates Dr. F. Steindachner gesammelt wurden; Denks. Math.- naturw. Kl. Kais. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, pp. 55-100, 19 10. 2 Ergebnisse der Zoologischen Expedition der Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Nordostbrasilien im Jahre 1903. Vogel von Otmar Reiser; 1. c, 76, pp. 107-252, col. plate, two maps, 1925. 248 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XII. Except in the case of certain widespread species, the range of each form has been given as precisely as possible. All measurements are in millimeters. 1. Planesticus fumigatus fumigatus (Lichtenstein). Turdus fumigatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 38, 1823 — Brazil. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., 9 (first annual), Nov. 26, Dec. 10, 1923. Agreeing with specimens from Bahia and Lower Amazonia (Para, Mexiana, Obidos, Rio Tapajoz). Individual variation is remarkably great in this species, hardly two examples from any locality being exactly alike. Birds from the Guianas (P. fredericki and P. fumi- gatus abariensis of Chubb) appear to me inseparable, and those from southern Venezuela (Orinoco-Caura basin) likewise resemble the general run of the Brazilian Sabia. In the west, this form ranges to the Rio Madeira (Borba) and Matto Grosso. Specimens from the latter district (Engenho do Gama and Sao Vicente, Rio Guapore), by white under tail coverts and reduced amount of cinnamomeous quill lining, form the transition to P.f. hauxwelli, of Upper Amazonia. P. f. fumigatus reaches the southern limit of its range on the Rio Parahyba, state of Rio de Janeiro. 2. Planesticus rufiventris juensis Cory. Planesticus rufiventris juensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 344, 1916 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara. Turdus rufiventer (not of Vieillot) Reiser (1), p. 77, 1910 — Barro Vermelho and Santa Rita, Rio Preto, Bahia. Turdus {Planesticus) rufiventer juensis Reiser (2), p. 168, 1925 — Rio Preto (Bahia) and Cocal, north of Uniao, Rio Parnahyba (Piauhy). Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, o* (first annual), July 2, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 0" (first annual), Jan. 13, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o" (juv.), March 3, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three o" o" ad., two o" o" (first annual), three 9 9, Aug. 1, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 20, Sept. 4; Quixada, 9 (first annual), June 24, 1913. R. H. Becker. This light-colored race is distinguished from typical rufiventris of southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina by more grayish upper parts, paler chest and decidedly clearer ochraceous tawny abdomen. It appears to be restricted to northeastern Brazil, ranging from Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 249 Maranhao, Piauhy and Ceara south to Pernambuco and north- western Bahia (Rio Preto). An adult male from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto in the collection of Field Museum and a couple of adults from Santa Rita and Barro Vermelho in the Vienna Museum agree per- fectly with Cory's original series from Ceara. Birds from southern Bahia (Macaco Secco, near Andarahy), while slightly intermediate, are nearer to P. r. rufiventris, as represented by a large series from Minas Geraes, Rio, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Argentina. 3. Planesticus leucomelas 1 albiventer (Spix). Turdus albiventer Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 70, pi. 69, fig. 2, 1825 — part, "male," type loc. restr. Para; Reiser, pp. 77, 169 — Lake Parnagua and below Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Luiz, d" ad., 9 ad., July 28, Aug. 3, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 12, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 20, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 (first annual), July 15, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two £ 114,120 18,19 Catalao, Goyaz (one) no 122 20 Western Minas Geraes (three) io7,io8,io8K 120,123, 1 8^,20, Sao Paulo (nine) 103,105,107, 115,115,119, 18,18,18, 107,108,109, 120,123,123, i8,i8K,i9, 109,109,110 125,126, 19,19,20 Matto Grosso (one) 103,105,108 121,122, 17,18^.19 8. Heleodytes turdinus turdinus (Wied). Opetiorynchos turdinus Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 148, 1821 — Rio Catole\ an affluent of the Rio Pardo, southern Bahia. Maranhao: Barra do Corda, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 16, Sept. 12, 1924. — Wing 85, 91; tail 82, 85; bill 20, ax. Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), cf ad., Jan. 26, 1926. — Wing 93; tail 92; bill 22; 9 ad., Feb. 19, 1926. — Wing 89; tail 86; bill 23; two 9 9 juv., Feb. 4, 1926. The present specimens considerably extend the known range of this scarce species which has previously been recorded only from the Rio Doce (Espirito Santo) and the Belmonte and Catole rivers (Bahia). Birds in juvenile plumage have the outer edges of the remiges brighter cinnamomeous, and lack the dusky spots on the chest, while the broad blackish brown bars on flanks and under tail coverts are barely suggested. H. turdinus hypostictus (Gould), of Amazonia, differs merely by having more heavily spotted under parts, the spots extending over the greater part of the throat which is plain white in the typical race. 9. Thryophilus longirostris bahiae Hellmayr. Thryophilus longirostris bahiae Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 51, p. 535, 1903 — new name for Thryophilus longirostris striolatus (not of Spix) Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 51, p. 776, 1901 — Bahia; Reiser, pp. 78, 170 — Parnagua, Piauhy (spec, examined). Piauhy; Ibiapaba, o* ad., Jan. 14, 1925 (wing 69; tail 58; bill 27); Arara, o 71 ad., Feb. 9, 1925 (wing 67; tail 55; bill 25); 9 juv., Feb. 13, 1925. Ceard: Varzea Formosa, cf juv., 9 juv., Feb. 18, 24; 9 ad., Feb. 18, 1925 (wing 67; tail 57; bill 23). 254 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ two cfcfad., July 16, 18, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., June 3, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). This form, when compared with a good series of T. I. longirostris, from the wooded coast belt of southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Sao Paulo), differs by reason of its much lighter coloration; the back, including wings and tail, are tawny or ochraceous tawny (instead of varying between argus brown and auburn), with the pileum less dusky, while the under parts, particularly the flanks and tail coverts, are warm buff or ochraceous buff instead of ochraceous tawny. Besides, the auriculars are either plain white or barely streaked with dusky. The specimen secured by Reiser at Parnagua is in every respect similar to those listed above. T. longirostris bahiae ranges from Bahia north to Ceara and east- ern Piauhy. 10. Thryophilus leucotis rufiventris (Sclater). Thryothorus rufiventris Sclater, P.Z.S. Lond., 1870, p. 328 — Goyaz and Matto Grosso. Thryophilus rufiventris Reiser, pp. 78, 170 — Rio Taquarussu and Santa Philo- mena, Piauhy (spec, examined). Thryophilus albipectus piauhyensis Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 4, p. 26, 1 92 1 — Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy. Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 0" 9 ad., July 18, 21, 1925; Sao Francisco, o" 9 ad., July 3, 1925; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 21, 1924. Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), o" juv. Feb. 3, 1926. In the light of this new material T. a. piauhyensis proves to be inseparable from rufiventris, of the central -Brazilian table-land. The specimens obtained by Dr. Snethlage are considerably smaller than the types, and their measurements (wing of males 70-71, females 67-69; tail 53-55) hardly exceed those of T. I. rufiventris from Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and Minas Geraes. Furthermore, two adult males from Descalvados, Matto Grosso, in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, are fully as large (wing 74, 75; tail 55, 56) as the original examples of piauhyensis from the vicinity of Santa Philomena. It must be admitted, however, that birds from Piauhy and Maranhao generally have larger, stronger bills. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 255 The coloration of the upper parts, in the Maranhao series, varies between Dresden brown and antique brown, and the intensity of the ventral surface is likewise somewhat variable. T. I. rufiventris obviously is specifically distinct from T. longiros- tris bahiae, found in eastern Piauhy, and differs in much shorter, more curved bill, by no means tawny upper parts, and much more decidedly streaked auriculars. Even young birds, which approach each other in shape and length of bill, may be immediately told by these color-characters. T. I. rufiventris ranges from southern Maran- hao and Piauhy all over the Brazilian table-land south to Matto Grosso (Descalvados) and Sao Paulo (Barretos, Rio Grande). 11. Thryophilus leucotis albipectus (Cabanis). Thryothorus albipectus Cabanis in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 673, 1848 — Cayenne (type in Berlin Museum examined). Maranhao: Tury-assu, three d" 0* ad., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 3, 8, 10, 16, Nov. 30, 1923. While rather pale underneath, these birds are exactly matched by certain specimens from the Caura Valley (Venezuela) and Lower Amazonia (7\ taenioptera Ridgw.), which I am unable to separate satisfactorily from albipectus, of the Guianas. They show not the least approach to T. I. rufiventris, of central and southern Maranhao and, considered alone, the two forms would certainly be regarded as specifically different. Tury-assu, a place in the heavily forested district, probably marks the eastern limit of the range of this Amazonian type. 1 12. Pheugopedius genibarbis genibarbis (Swainson). Thryothorus genibarbis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 322, Dec, 1837 — Brazil = Bahia (see Nov. Zool., 12, p. 271, 1905); Reiser, pp. ioo, 171 — Primeira Cruz and Miritiba, Maranhao. Maranhao: Tury-assii, o 71 ad., Nov. 12, 1923; Sao Luiz, d" imm., two 9 9 ad., July 25, 27, Aug. 8, 1923; Codo, Cocos, 0" imm., July 8, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 28, 1925; Tranqueira, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 26, 31, 1925. The birds from the coast region and Cocos are in every respect identical with a large series from Para (Benevides) and Bahia, while those from southern Maranhao (Inhuma and Tranqueira), by lighter Recently recorded by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 59, 1926) from Anil, near Sao Luiz. 256 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Dresden brown pileum and less chestnut back, approach the Goyaz- Matto Grosso form, P. genibarbis intercedens (Hellmayr). 1 With sixteen specimens from Bahia, twelve from Benevides (Para) , and two from the Tapajoz (Villa Braga, Itaituba) before me, I am unable to discover the slightest difference by which the Lower- Amazonian birds could be separated. The posterior under parts are exceedingly variable, and ochreous-bellied specimens, along with pale-bellied ones, occur in Bahia and Maranhao as well as on the lower Amazon. Therefore, I have little doubt that Thryothorus geni- barbis harterti Snethlage, 2 based on two birds from Serra de Ibia- paba, western Ceara, is untenable. 13. Troglodytes musculus musculus Naumann. Troglodytes musculus Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., 3, p. 724, table, 1823 — Bahia Reiser (2), p. 171, 1925 — Parnagua, Colonia Floriano and Caitetu, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Troglodytes musculus beckeri Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 344, 1916 — Serra de Baturit6, Ceara. Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 1, 1925. Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra deBaturite\ 49-5° Goyaz City (five) 67,68,68,69,71 46,47,47,49,50 Sao Paulo (seven) 67,68,69,69,69,70,70 44-47 Minas Geraes (four) 70,70,71,71 46, 48,48.50 Matto Grosso (two) 70,70 47 — Sapucay, Paraguay (two) 68,70 47,47 37. Ateleodacnis speciosa speciosa (Temminck). Sylvia speciosa (Wied MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 49, pi. 293, fig. 2, 1824 — Rio de Janeiro. 'Trait6 d'Orn., p. 458, 1831 — "Bresil" =Rio (type in Paris Museum examined). Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 269 Dacnis speciosa Reiser, pp. 86, 187 — Parnagua, Pedrinha, Burity, below Uniao and Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Barra do Corda, two 9 9, Aug. 13, 18, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, two 9 9 , June 18, July 11, 1924. Piauhy: Deserto, d" ad., Apr. 15; Ibiapaba, 0" ad., Jan. 7, 1925. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Burity, d" ad., 9 ad., June 14; Queimadas 0" ad., Sept. 2; Parnagua 9, May 18; Pedrinha 9 ad., May 23; below Uniao 9 ad., Aug. 27, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum) . There is no difference, so far as I can see, between this series and other specimens from Bahia, Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, Matto Grosso, and eastern Bolivia (D. analis Lafr. and d'Orb.). An example from the Island of Marajo is likewise typical of this form, being very much paler than the Amazonian A. speciosa amazonum Hellm. 1 38. Ateleodacnis bicolor (Vieillot). Sylvia bicolor Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Sept., 2, p. 32, pi. 90 bis, i8o7(?) — "tres rarement sous la zone boreale et plus commun6ment entre les tropiques"; we suggest Cayenne as type locality. 2 Dacnis plumbea (not Sylvia plumbea Latham) Reiser, pp. 86, 187 — Amaracao, coast of Piauhy. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., o 71 juv., March 10, 19, 1924. Brazilian specimens (large series from Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, near Para, and Rio Madeira) are identical with thirty-five from French and British Guiana. Birds from Trinidad and the north coast of Venezuela average slightly paler above, while a single (unsexed) adult from the Napo region, Ecuador, is remarkably small. This species is found only in the mangrove thickets (Rhizophora mangle) along the seashore and river banks. 39. Cyanerpes cyanea cyanea (Linnaeus). Certhia cyanea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 188, 1766 — based on Ed- wards, Brisson, etc.; Surinam accepted as type locality (see Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13. P- 9. 1906). Maranhao: Tranqueira, two o" cf ad., Sept. 3, 15, 1925; Sao Luiz, o 71 ad., Aug. 14, 1923; Rosario, three o 71 d* juv., three 9 9 ad., Apr. 23, 24, May 9, 16, 17, 1924. ^erh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 106, 1917 — Tarapoto, Peru. 2 The type in the Paris Museum, said to be from "North America," I found to agree with a series from Cayenne and other localities in French Guiana. 270 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. These specimens, like others from various parts of Brazil south of the Amazon (Para, Bahia, Matto Grosso), appear to me inseparable from typical cyanea, as represented by a series from the three Guianas, although their bills are generally rather shorter and slenderer. If the form is worthy of recognition, a name for it exists in Arbelorhina brevipes Cabanis, 1 as I have ascertained by examination of the type specimen in the Heine Collection. The type, purchased from a dealer by the name of Polly, is labeled "Porto Cabello, Venezuela." This is, however, an obvious mistake, since the bird, in color and measure- ments, agrees with Para and Bahia skins, being much smaller and darker blue on the crown than the north-Venezuelan race, C. cyanea eximia (Cab.). 1 Judging from its make, I should say it is a Brazilian trade skin. [40. Cyanerpes caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). Certhia caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., X, p. 118, 1758 — based on Edwards, Surinam. Cyanerpes coerulea Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Tury-assii, Maranhao. The specimen recorded by Madame Snethlage extends the known range of this species from the Para district to northern Maranhao.] 41. Coereba luteola chloropyga (Cabanis). Certhiola chloropyga Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 97, 1850 — Bahia. Coereba chloropyga Reiser, pp. 86, 187 — Lagoa Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Luiz, d" ad., two 9 9 ad., July 26, Aug. 2, 10, 1923; Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Aug. 9, 1924. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o" ad., Feb. 19, 1925. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lag6a Missao, 9 ad., May 29, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0* ad., July 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two o" 0" ad., 9 juv., Apr. 1, Sept. 3, Dec. 12, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). Birds from northern Brazil, including a number from near Para, are identical with a topotypical series from Bahia and other speci- mens from Espirito Santo (Victoria) and Rio de Janeiro. Specimens 'Mus. Hein., 1, p. 96, 1850. 1 Arbelorhina eximia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 96, 1850 — Puerto Cabello (types examined). Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 271 from southern Brazil (Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul) and Misiones, while not different in coloration, average slightly larger, but the variation, to my mind, is too insig- nificant to warrant the recognition of a separate form (C. I. majuscula 1 ). Certain individuals, regardless of locality, are indis- tinguishable from the Matto Grosso race (C. /. alleni Lowe 2 ), the validity of which still appears to me somewhat questionable. 42. Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Temminck). Corvus cyanopogon Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 29, pi. 169, 1822 — Bahia, Brazil. Cyanocorax cyanopogon Reiser (2), p. 173, 1925 — Piauhy. Maranhao: Rosario, cf ad., four 9 9 ad., 9 juv., May 4, 6, 14, 15, 16, 1924; Codo, Cocos, o" ad., June 25, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two 9 9 ad., Dec. 26, 1924. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Oct. 2, 1909. F. Schwanda. — Ceara: Quixada, three o" 0", 9, June 20, 23, 24, 27; Jua, near Iguatu, three 9 9 ad., Aug. 12, 20, 1913. R. H. Becker. This is another characteristic species of the central-Brazilian plateau, ranging from Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south to Bahia, southern Goyaz (Rio Paranahyba), and western Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa; Nas Furnas; Rio Jordao, near Araguary). Farther south and west, in the states of Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, it appears to be represented by the obviously specifically different C. chrysops chrysops (Vieillot). 43. Uroleuca cristatella (Temminck). 1 Corvus cristatellus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 33, pi. 193, 1823 — Brazil. Uroleuca cyanoleuca Reiser, pp. 79, 173 — Fazenda Riacho da Varzea Grande, Santo Antonio de Gilboez, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, three cTcr ad., 9 ad., July 15, 16. 17, 21, 1925. The Pega Jay is likewise restricted to the central-Brazilian plateau region, though its range does not quite coincide with that of the 1 Certhiola majuscula Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 413, 1865 — Montevideo and the extreme south of Brazil (the type, No. 8170, Berlin Museum, is fromGuara- tingueta, Sao Paulo). 2 Ibis, (9), 6, p. 506, 1912. 3 Corvus cyanoleucus Wied (Reise Brasil., 2, p. 190, 1821 — Fazenda Valo, near the border line of Minas Geraes, Bahia) is rendered untenable by Corvus cyano~ leucus Latham (Ind. Orn., Suppl., p. XXV, 1801 — New South Wales). 272 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. preceding species. While less extensive in the north, where it merely encroaches on the extreme south of Maranhao and Piauhy, it in- cludes, on the other hand, the states of Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo. Birds from the Rio Preto, Bahia and Chapada, Matto Grosso agree with those from Maranhao. [44. Ostinops decumanus (Palla ) subsp. Xanthornus decumanus Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 6, p. I, 1769 — Surinam. Ostinops decumanus Reiser, pp. 79, 174 — Castelliano, Barra do Cocal, and below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. No material being available from northern Brazil, the correct identification of the subspecific form of the Recongo must be left in abeyance. Birds from southern Brazil (Espirito Santo to Santa Catharina) differ from the two recognized races, 0. d. decumanus, of northern South America, and 0. d. maculosus Chapman, 1 of Bolivia and adjoining parts of Brazil and Peru, in much brighter and de- cidedly bottle green gloss of their entire plumage. Six specimens are quite uniform in this respect, and not one of them shows any trace of reddish brown edges on back or upper wing coverts.] 45. Archiplanus solitarius (Vieillot). Cassicus solitarius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 364, 1816 — based on Azara, No. 58, Paraguay. Amblycercus solitarius Reiser, pp. 80, 174 — Therezina, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao. Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Aug. 30, 1913. R. H. Becker. This Cacique has an extensive distribution, ranging from northern Argentina north to the Amazon. About its generic allocation, see Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 114, 1924, and Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 389-390, 1926. 46. Cacicus cela (Linnaeus). Parus cela Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 191, 1758 — "in Indii-," errore; Surinam substituted as type locality by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 13, p. 20, 1906). Cassicus cela Reiser, pp. 80, 174 — Tronco Falls, below Nova York and There- zina, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 5, 1923. Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., o 71 juv., Nov. 25, 1925. ^roc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 26, 1920 — Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 273 Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, cf 9 ad. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). A widely distributed species whose range extends throughout the greater part of northern Brazil south to about 16 s. latitude. 47. Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin). Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 898, 1789 — based on Dauben- ton, PI. £nl. 710, Buenos Aires. Molothrus bonariensis sericeus Reiser (1), p. 80, 19 10 — below Uniao, Rio Parna- hyba and littoral of Piauhy. Molothrus bonariensis Reiser (2), p. 175, 1925 — Burity, near Parnagua, Uniao, and littoral of Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Bento, juv., Sept. 14, 1923. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., (9) ad., Dec. 20, 22, 1924. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two o* o* ad., June 25; Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., Sept. 3, 1913. R. H. Becker. Birds from Maranhao and neighboring states agree in size with the southern M. b. bonariensis, 1 being considerably larger than M. b. minimus Dalmas, 2 whose range extends as far as the Para district (Cajetuba). 48. Molothrus tadius fringillarius (Spix). Icterus fringillarius Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 68, pi. 65, 1824 — "Minas Geraes," errore; I substitute Oeiras, Piauhy (types in Munich Museum examined). Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two 9 9 ad., Dec. 22, 29, 1924. Additional specimen. — Ceard: Quixada, cf ad., June 23, 19 13. R. H. Becler. Although widely separated geographically, this is clearly but a race of M. badius, differing merely by paler, more sandy coloration of the body plumage, lighter rufous wing area, and darker sides of the head. M. b. fringillarius has a rather restricted range, having so far been found only in the states of Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco), Pernambuco, Ceara, and Piauhy. The original locality, "Minas Geraes," is evident- ly a mistake. Burmeister never met with the species in that part of Brazil nor did Lund or Reinhardt. 1 M. bonariensis sericeus (Licht.), which I sought to revive (see Abhandl. 2 Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 613-614, 1906) is apparently not separable. 2 This name stands for the small northern race, since Merrem (in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 276, 1826), by redescribing T. bonariensis as Cassicus (7\) atronitens, renders Molothrus atronitens Cabanis 1848 unavailable. 274 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. 49. Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis Vieillot. A gelaius frontalis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 545, 18 19 — Cayenne. A gelaeus frontalis Reiser, pp. 80, 175 — Therezina, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Bento, d" ad., Sept. 14, 1923. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two cf cf ad., Jan. 7, 15, 1925. Agreeing with skins from Bahia and Ceara. Two topotypical males from Cayenne are also very similar except that the black frontal margin is perhaps slightly narrower. A. r. frontalis is merely a race of A. r. ruficapillus, of Paraguay, Argentina, and southern Brazil, the only point of distinction being the lighter (hazel or kaiser brown instead of chestnut brown) color- ation of the crown, throat and foreneck, and replaces it in the northeastern stales of the republic, from Bahia to Maranhao and Pard, whence it ranges northward to French Guiana. [50. Agelaius cyanopus Vieillot. Agelaius cyanopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 552, 1 8 19 — based on Azara, No. 71, Paraguay. A gelaeus cyanopus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao. A single specimen was obtained by Madame Snethlage at Sao Bento, Maranhao. The species ranges from Argentina and southern Brazil north to the lower Amazon.] 51. Leistes militaris militaris (Linnaeus). Tanagra militaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 178, 1758 — "in America, Asia"; Surinam designated as type locality, auct. Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 33, 1902). Leistes militaris Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Leistes guianensis Reiser (2), p. 176, 1925 — Miritiba. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad. (very worn), Oct. 24, 1923; Man- gunca Island, cf ad., Feb. 24, 1924; Sao Bento, two cf cf ad., three 9 9, Aug. 28, 30, Sept. 1, 14, 1923. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, a" 9 ad., Apr. 19, 27, 1907. F. Schwanda (Vienna Museum). Identical with specimens from Surinam and Rio Branco, northern Brazil. The coast region of Maranhao appears to form the southern limit of its range in eastern Brazil. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 275 52. Leistes militaris superciliaris (Bonaparte). Trupialis superciliaris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, p. 430, 1850 — "Mexico," error e. 1 Ceara: Quixada, o* ad., June 25, 1913. R. H. Becker. Agreeing with skins from Pernambuco and Matto Grosso. No representative of this group has yet been recorded from either Piauhy or inner Maranhao, though the present form is likely to occur there. 53. Icterus cayanensis tibialis Swainson. Icterus tibialis Swainson, Anim. Menag , p. 302, Dec, 1837 — Brazil. Pendulinus tibialis Reiser (1), p. 80, 19 10 — Parnagua, Piauhy. Icterus {Pendulinus) tibialis Reiser (2), p. 176, 1925 — Parnagua. Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., May 19, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 24, 1925. Piauhy: Arara, o* ad., Jan. 21, 1925; Ibiapaba, 0* ad., 9 ad., Dec. 16, 1924, Jan. 13, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 23, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two cf cf ad., 9 ad., Sept. 17, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three cfcf, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 10, 16, 30, Sept. 2; Quixada, cT 9 ad., June 22; Serra de Baturite\ two o*d", 9 ad., July 14, 15, 16, 1913. R. H. Becker. Two skins from Pernambuco and all of the above specimens, with one exception (No. 63374, Fazenda Inhuma), have the axil- laries, under wing coverts, and thighs bright yellow; only in two from Ceara and the Rosario bird some of the tibial feathers are spotted or tipped with black. In birds from Bahia (Lamarao; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy) and the female from Fazenda Inhuma, the thighs are black, tipped with yellow to a variable degree. Of two males from Sao Marcello, on the Rio Preto, in northwestern Bahia, one (No. 43257), in the amount of yellow on the tibial feathers, approaches the series from Ceara and Piauhy and also resembles it in bright yellow under wing coverts; the other example (No. 53256) has the thighs wholly, and the axillaries partly, black, thus pointing to I. cayanensis valencio-buenoi Ihering, 2 of Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and northern Sao Paulo. While it seems probable that two forms are involved, it would be unwise to propose any further subdivision, l I could not find the type in the collections of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris, and I suppose it is preserved in the Leiden Museum. 2 Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 268, 1902 — Piracicaba and Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo. 276 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. until the type of I. tibialis can be reexamined, although Swainson's description, "thighs and shoulder covers, both above and beneath, pure yellow," fits the northern bird much better. 54. Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin). Oriolus jamacaii Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 391, 1788 — based on Brisson (ex Marcgrave), Orn., 2, p. 120, 1760, northeastern Brazil; we suggest Ceara. Icterus jamacaii Reiser, pp. 80, 177 — Parnagua and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two 9 9 ad., July 5; Barra do Corda, o" ad., Aug. 13, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" 9 ad., Dec. 27, 31, 1924. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, two o" o" ad., Aug. 16, 23; Serra de Baturite, c? 9 ad., July 14, 19; Quixada, two o 71 0", 9 juv., June 18, 22, July 2, 1913. R. H. Becker. Identical with specimens from various parts of Bahia (Santo Amaro ; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy ; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas) in Field Museum. This beautiful Oriole is restricted to eastern Brazil, ranging from Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao south to about 18 s. lat. in Bahia and Minas Geraes, while farther west, in the state of Goyaz, it is replaced by I. croconotus. 1 55. Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris (Spix). Icterus sulcirostris Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 67, pi. 64, fig. 2, 1824 — "in campis Minas Geraes," errore we substitute Oeiras, Piauhy. Aphobus chopi (not Agelaius chopi Vieillot) Reiser (i), p. 81, 1910 — Boa Vista, below Chique Chique, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia and Amaracao, Piauhy (spec, examined). Gnorimopsar sulcirostris Reiser (2), p. 177, 1925 — same localities. Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., 9 ad., June 14, 19, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d* ad., Jan. 15, 1925. The Codo birds are in perfectly fresh plumage, having just finished their annual molt excepting the outermost primary which has not yet attained its full length and still shows traces of its sheath. They have been directly compared and found identical with the type of /. sulcirostris in the Munich Museum. The adult male has about the same wing measurement, but a slightly longer tail, while the female is somewhat smaller on the wing. The three specimens have the body •See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 39, 1908. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 277 plumage much glossier than a considerable series of G. c. chopi. However, birds in worn condition, like our male from Ibiapaba and an adult female from B6a Vista, below Chique Chique, in the Vienna Museum, in this respect are hardly different from the typical race. G. chopi sulcirostris has a peculiarly restricted range. In addition to our own specimens, I have seen an adult male from Ceara, secured by Madame Snethlage on May 17, 1910; a young male obtained by O. Reiser at Amaracao, coast of Piauhy, Sept. 15, 1903; and an adult female taken by the same naturalist at Boa Vista, below Chique Chique, on the Rio Sao Francisco, in northern Bahia. The last-named locality is evidently not far from the southern limit of its breeding area, since two females from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, central Babia, in Field Museum collection are inseparable from typical chopi, widely diffused in southern and central Brazil. Although Spix in- dicates "Minas Geraes" as habitat of I. sulcirostris, this is obviously a mistake. Specimens from this state (Lagoa Santa; Sao Joao d' El Rey; Agua Suja, near Bagagem; and Rio Jordao, near Araguary) are clearly referable to the small typical race, agreeing in size and dur gloss with others from Paraguay, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Goyaz (Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya). G. chopi sulcirostris thus would seem to be confined to the states of Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceard, ranging south to the Sao Francisco in northern Bahia, unless Aphobus megistus Leverkiihn 1 from Bolivia proves to be identical. MEASUREMENTS G. chopi sulcirostris The unsexed type One adult male from Maranhao One adult male from Piauhy One adult male from Ceara One adult female from Maranhao One adult female from near Chique Chique, Bahia G. chopi chopi Five adults from Paraguay Eight from Minas Geraes Three from Matto Grosso Two from Leopoldina, Goyaz Two from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia 126,127 95, 100 22,23^ [56. Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin. Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894, 1789 — based on Brisson and Buff on, Cayenne. Euphonia cayennensis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. ^Journ. Orn., 37, p. 104, 1889 — Santa Cruz and San Miguel, eastern Bolivia. Wing Tail Bill 152 108 25 150 114 25 140 108 24 142 106 25 140 104 25 140 104 25 117-126 90-98 21K-24 120-126 89-98 21K-23 118-124 86-95 21-23 120 125 93.95 22 278 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Madame Snethlage's record from Tury-assti extends the range of this Guianan species from the Para region to northern Maranhao.] 57. Tanagra violacea violacea (Linnaeus). Fringilla violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 182, 1758 — "in calidis regionibus" = Surinam (auct. Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902). l Euphonia violacea Reiser, pp. 100, 186 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Maranhao : Tury-assu, c? 1 ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 6, 10, Nov. 7, 15, 1923; Rosario, cf juv., May 9, 1924; Sao Luiz, cf ad., Aug. 1, 1923; Tranqueira, o* ad., Sept. 8, 1925. Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cf ad., Jan. 26, 1926. The wings of the adult males (Goyaz) measure 55, 57, 59, 60, and do not materially differ from those of a Guianan series, one of which, from Paramaribo, has a wing fully 60 mm. long, while the others, in size, agree with the smaller specimens from Maranhao. It appears, therefore, that the inhabitants of the region forming the subject of this paper should be referred to the smaller northern race whose range quite possibly extends even as far south as Bahia. 58. Tanagra chlorotica violaceicollis (Cabanis). Acroleptes violaceicollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 409, 1865 — Brazil. Euphonia chlorotica violaceicollis Reiser (1), p. 85, 1910 — Parnagua and Lag6a Missao, Piauhy. " Euphonia minuta Cab. ( = olivacea Desm.)" (sic) Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Euphonia aurea violaceicollis Reiser (2), p. 186, 1925 — Parnagua, Piauhy and Miritiba, Maranhao. Maranhao: Tury-assu, two d" cf ad., Dec. 5, 1923, Jan. 5,1924; Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 11, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 .June 16, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., 9 ad., Jan. 15, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 20, 1925. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 0* ad., May 15; Lagda Missao, 9 ad., May 29, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — *I am now inclined to concur with the view of the late Count Berlepsch (Verh. 5th Orn. Kongr Berlin, p. 1127, 1912) in the application of Linnaeus's specific name. At all events Parus cyanochlorus Pallas (in Vroeg's Cat. Coll. Ois., Ad- umbr., p. 3, 1764 — Surinam) would long antedate Phonasca Lichtensteinii Cabanis, i860. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 279 Ceara: Jua\ near Iguatu, cf ad., Aug. 15; Serra de Baturite\ o" ad., 0" (first annual), July 15, 21, 19 13. R. H. Becker. In Nov. Zool., 30, pp. 233-235, 1923, I have discussed, at some length, the characters and distribution of this form, and the material now received from northeastern Brazil does not throw much new light on the subject. The males from Ceara and Ibiapaba, in size and color, agree with others previously examined from the same general region. The three from the coast of Maranhao, on the other hand, are decidedly smaller (wing 53, 54, 57), while the yellow of the forehead and under parts is slightly deeper in tone. I am quite unable to distinguish them satisfactorily from typical chlorotica, of which, however, but two Cayenne skins are available for comparison. Of the three skins marked "female," one has a distinct whitish pectoral area; in the two others the whole of the lower surface is uniform yellow. Pending the receipt of a sufficient series from French Guiana (T. c. chlorotica), the Brazilian form may provisionally stand under Cabanis's name, although its distinctness does not appear to be established beyond doubt. 59. Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Cory. Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 345, 1916 — Serra de Baturite\ Ceara. Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ three d* o 71 ad., d" juv., 9 , July 15, 16, 18, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. — o* o" ad. : Wing 64, 67, 69; tail 47, 49, 50; bill 10. A very distinct form, differing in the male sex from the two other races by rea on of deeper, more purplish blue crown ; blackish upper throat; and long pale cerulean blue tips to the shorter upper tail coverts, the last named character being suggested even in immature birds. In dimensions, width of orange wing band, and intensity of nuchal collar, this form is nearer to T. c. cyanocephala (Muller), of southern Brazil than to T. c. corallina (Berlepsch), 1 of Bahia. T. c. cearensis is known only from the type locality. 60. Tangara cayana flava (Gmelin). Tanagra fiava Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 896, 1789 — based on "Guiraperea" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 212, northeastern Brazil; we suggest Ceara. Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 27, 1924; Barra do Corda, Ponto, 9 ad., Sept. 3, 1924; Grajahii, d" ad., cf imm., 9 ad., 9 juv., l Calospiza cyanocephala corallina Berlepsch, Ornith. Monatsber., 11, p. 18, 1903 — Bahia. 280 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Oct. 17, 23, 1924; Sao Francisco, 0" ad., July 1, 1925; Fazenda In- huma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 17, 1925; Tranqueira, three cf cf ad., 9 ad., August 17, 22, 29, 31, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf 9 ad., Feb. 20, 26, 1925. Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., two cf cf juv., 9 ad., Nov. 26, Dec. 1, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturit£, five cf cf ad., 9 ad., 9 imm., July 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker. In the light of this material, the characters of T. cay ana chloroptera (Vieillot) appear to be much less pronounced than I realized, when discriminating this southern race. 1 Birds from the interior of Maran- hao are certainly indistinguishable from those of Bahia (Santo Amaro ; Sao Marr ello, Rio Preto), so far as coloration is concerned, and in dimensions there does not seem to exist any constant difference either, the wing varying, in both series, from 71-76 mm. Specimens from Ceara — which, in the absence of a definite type locality, we may take for typical flata — average rather larger (wing 75-80; tail 56-60, against 52-57), and fully attain the measurements of chloroptera, from Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, and Parana. The latter form, however, appears to be somewhat paler throughout, with the cinnamomeous tinge on the forehead, in the male sex, more strongly suggested. The examples from Philadelphia, Rio Tocantins, are per- fectly similar to the others, showing no approach to T. c. sincipitalis (Berlepsch), 2 of southern Goyaz (Leopoldina and Goyaz City), which has a distinct tawny ochraceous frontal band, and the back strongly suffused with silvery green as in T. c. margaritae (Allen), of Matto Grosso. As I have shown elsewhere, » T. cay ana and T. fiava are merely races of a single specific unit. 61. Thraupis episcopus episcopus (Linnaeus). Tanagra episcopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., x, p. 316, 1766 — based on Brisson, "Br6sil" = Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 100, 185 — Tapera and Miritiba, Maran- hao. Maranhao: Anil, near Sao Luiz, two cf cf ad., 9 , July 25, 28, Aug. 1, 1923; Sao Bento, cf imm., Sept. 8, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., June 12, 1924; Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Sept. 27, 1924. ^ee Hellmayr Nov. Zool., 15, p. 27, 1908. 3 Calospiza formosa sincipitalis Berlepsch Ornis, 14, p. 348, Feb., 1907 — Leopol- dina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz. 3 Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 125-126, 1912. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 281 Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz two, Miritiba three. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). Maranhao birds differ from a Guianan series by having generally stouter, larger bills, and some, notably the females from Barra do Corda, in this respect, closely approach T. s. sayaca. In the adult males there is an extensive bluish white humeral patch, while in the females and immature males the lesser upper wing coverts only are margined with pale methyl blue, varying in shade and extent. The adult male from Cocos (Codo) is as small-billed as the general run of episcopus, and the (silvery) pallid methyl blue color of its shoulder patch is duplicated in certain examples from British Guiana. It is perhaps somewhat significant that the bird with the largest bill is from Barra do Corda, where Dr. Snethlage also secured a perfectly typical specimen of T. s. sayaca. 62. Thraupis sayaca sayaca (Linnaeus). Tanagra sayaca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based on Brisson (ex Marcgrave), northeastern Brazil = Pernambuco. 1 Maranhao: Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Aug. 16, 1924; Sao Francisco, o* ad., July 3, 1925. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" 9 ad., Dec. 15, 16, 1924; Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 22, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d" 9 ad., 9 juv., Feb. 20, 26, March 5. 1925- Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0" ad., two 9 9 ad., July 16, 19, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker. The specimens from Maranhao agree with the rest of the series. In addition, we have many skins from various localities in Bahia, Rio (Therezopolis), Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso. 63. Thraupis palmarum palmarum (Wied). Tanagra palmarum Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 76, 1821 — Canavieras, Bahia; Reiser, pp. 85, 186 — Parnagua and Una Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Anil, near Sao Luiz, o 71 9 ad., Aug. 17, 21, 1923; Sao Bento, two 9 9 ad., 9 juv., Sept. 4, 7, 12, 1923; Barra do Corda, o" imm., Aug. 8, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 25, 1924. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0" ad., 9 juv., July 14, 18, 1913. R. H. Becker. *See Naumburg, Auk, 41, p. III. 1924. 282 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol XII. These birds are somewhat smaller than a series from Bahia and Rio, but are not otherwise different. They agree best with speci- mens from the Para district. 64. Ramphocelus carbo carbo (Pallas). Lanius carbo Pallas in Vroeg, Cat. Coll. Ois., Adumbr., p. 2, 1764 — Surinam. Rhamphocoelus jacapa connectens (not of Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Reiser (1), p. 85, 1910 — part, B6a Vista, near Brejao (on the road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena) and Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy. Rhamphocelus jacapa centralis (not of Hellmayr) Reiser (2), p. 185, 1925 — part, Brejao and near Santa Philomena. Maranhao: Anil, near Sao Luiz, d" ad., 9 ad., July 26, 28, 1923; Barra do Corda, o* ad., Aug. 19, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, cf juv., 9 ad., July 8, 11, 1924; Sao Francisco, two 9 9 ad., July 3, 6, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 0" ad. Aug. 4, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Santa Philomena, o" ad., July 15, 1903 (Berlepsch Collection); Rio Taquarussu, o* ad. July 10, 1903. P. Wachsmund (Tring Museum). These specimens agree with a series from Guiana and Para and, with the exception of an unusually large female from Sao Francisco, exhibit similar measurements, the wing ranging from 77 to 82 mm. Among the adult males we find the various types of coloration, also represented in a very satisfactory series from French and Dutch Guiana, some being strongly tinged with maroon both on the dorsal and ventral surfaces while others have the back mainly blackish with but a limited amount of dark red on upper wing coverts and rump. South of the Serra de Tabatinga, on the Rio Preto in the north- western section of the state of Bahia, the typical race is obviously replaced by R. carbo centralis Hellmayr, 1 a larger, blacker form with- out any red on either wing or tail coverts. Two specimens taken by R. H. Becker at Sao Marcello, in March, 1914, appear to be indis- tinguishable from Minas Geraes and Matto Grosso skins. No representative of this group has been recorded from Pernam- buco or Ceara. 65. Piranga flava saira (Spix). Tanagra saira Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 35, pi. 48, fig. I, 1825 — Brazil 2 (type in Munich Museum examined; = female). 'Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 26, 1920 — Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 2 Count Berlepsch (Verh. 5th Orn. Kongr., p. 1063, 1912) suggested as terra typica Rio de Janeiro, where the species, being an inhabitant of open country, Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 283 Pyranga saira Reiser, pp. 85, 185 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Bandeira, Santa Maria, Fazenda Riachoelo, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, o" 9 ad., June 20, July 11, 1924; Tran- queira, cf juv., Sept. 2, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, c? 9 ad., July 27, Aug. 2, 1925. Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., Dec. 18, 1925. Agreeing with specimens from Bahia (Rio Preto), Goyaz City, and Sao Paulo. Males vary a good deal in intensity of coloring within the same locality, the tone of the under parts ranging from deep scarlet to grenadine red, while the mantle shows corresponding differences. The distributional area of this species appears to extend, without noticeable racial variation, from the lower Amazon to Rio Grande do Sul. Three males from the last-named state (Camaquam, Pelotas, Linha Piraja) average rather larger, while a single female from Santar£m, in size and coloration, agrees with others from Bahia and Maranhao. P. flava macconnelli Chubb, 1 of which we have a small series from British Guiana (Quonga, Annai) and the Serra da Lua, on the upper Rio Branco, is somewhat lighter in coloration, the male sex varying from grenadine red to flame scarlet, whereas the females are paler below, wax yellow rather than primuline yellow. The race, however, is not a well-marked one, and two examples from the Serra de Erere\ near Monte Alegre, north bank of the lower Amazon, which one would expect to be referable to the northern form, are hardly dis- tinguishable from typical saira. 66. Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert). Tanagra rufa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 44, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 711, Cayenne. Tachyphonus melaleucus Reiser (1), p. 84, 1910 — Santa Philomena, Apertada Hora, Therezina, Sao Goncalinho, and Uniao, Piauhy. Tachyphonus rufus Reiser (2), p. 185, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 10; Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 4, 1923; Tranqueira, cf ad., two 9 9, Aug. 24, 27; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 17, 1925. Ceard: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., Feb. 24, 1925. is very unlikely to occur, however. We propose Caxias, Piauhy, as a more appro- priate type locality. •Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 446, 1921 — Upper Takutu Mts., British Guiana. 284 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two c? d\ two 9 9 ad. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). I am unable to separate these and other Brazilian specimens from a topotypical Cayenne series. In eastern Brazil, this species ranges as far south as Bahia, whence we have a number of skins secured by R. H. Becker at Macaco Secco, near Andarahy. Farther south, in the states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, it is replaced by T. coronatus (Vieilloi). The distribution of these two species, which may prove to be representative forms, I have discussed in Nov. Zool., 30, p. 228, 1923. 67. Tachyphonus cristatus brunneus (Spix). Tanagra brunnea Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 37, pi. 49, fig. 2, 1825 — Rio de Janeiro (= d" juv.). Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 0" juv., two 9 9, Nov. 15, 19, 22, 1923. The adult male, like others from the Para district, has the gular patch generally rather larger than a series from eastern Brazil (Pernambuco to Sao Paulo), with the wings perhaps, on the average, slightly longer. MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES Wing Tail Para district (four) Maranhao (one) Pernambuco (two) Bahia (five) Rio de Janeiro (four) Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo (three) 78,80,81,84 80 80,81 76,77^,79,79,80 72,74,75,79 77,77^,79 70,72,74,78 71 73.74 73,74,75,75.77 72,72,74,78 74.74K,76 T. cristatus brunneus is peculiar to the wooded coast region of eastern Brazil (from Para to Sao Paulo). 68. Eucometis penicillata penicillata (Spix). Tanagra penicillata Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 36, pi. 49, fig. 1, 1825 — Brazil, no locality specified (type in Munich Museum examined). Maranhao: Tury-assu, two cf 0" ad., 9 ad., Oct. 15, 16, 27, 1923. Agreeing with specimens from the Para region (Rio Acara and Mexiana Island). The species is new to Maranhao, where it obviously reaches the eastern limit of its range, which is also extended to the lower Rio Branco by a specimen in our collection, obtained by the late M. P. Anderson on November 20, 191 2. (See Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 12-13, 1912.) Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 285 69. Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula Hellmayr. Cypsnagra ruficollis 1 pallidigula Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 350, 1907 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira, Brazil; Reiser (2), p. 185, 1925 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy. Cypsnagra ruficollis (not of Lichtenstein) Reiser (1), p. 84, 19 10 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy. Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, three 9 9 ad., June 25, 1924; Ponto (Canella), c? imm., Aug. 31, 1924; Barra do Corda, cf 9 ad., Sept. 1, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 29, 1925. Goyaz: Philadelphia, o" ad., 9 juv., Dec. 11, 1925. Additional specimens. — Piauhy : Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 9 ad., 9 imm., July 1, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). The series fully substantiates the validity of this race, originally based upon two specimens from the Rio Madeira, and differs from C. h. hirundinacea by lacking the cinnamon buff on the flanks 2 and under tail coverts, and by having a whiter rump and much paler throat. The latter, instead of being tawny or tawny ochraceous, is light or warm buff, approaching ochraceous buff on the lateral portions in two or three examples. The bill, as a rule, is somewhat stouter, while the posterior under parts are less tinged with buffy. Even the young bird is easily distinguishable from the corresponding plumage of the typical form. The range of C. h. pallidigula, according to our present knowledge, extends from northeastern Brazil (Ceard, Piauhy, Maranhao) through northern Goyaz across the continent to the banks of the Rio Madeira (Humaytha) and its tributaries, at least as far south as the headwaters of the Jamary, in northern Matto Grosso (whence the American Museum of Natural History, New York, possesses a per- fectly typical adult male, secured by G. K. Cherrie during the Roose- velt Expedition on Feb. 16, 1914, at Campos Novos, near the base of the Serra do Norte, 13 s. lat.), and west into northern Bolivia.* 1 Tanagra ruficollis Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 30, 1823 — Sao Paulo) being preoccupied by Tanagra ruficollis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894, 1789 — Jamaica), Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson (Traite d'Orn., p. 460, 1831 — "Bresil") becomes the proper specific name of the species. 2 Faintly suggested in the Santo Antonio de Gilboez examples. 3 The only Bolivian specimen that I have seen is an adult collected by Dr. H. H. Rusby and labeled — no doubt erroneously — "Yungas, s. 18 , 6000 ft." (American Museum of Natural History, No. 30591). It more likely came from Reyes, in the plain; of northern Bolivia. In the eastern section of that republic the tawny- hroated C. h. hirundinacea takes its place, as is shown by several skins obtained by d'Orbigny in Chiquitos (see Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 230, I923)- 286 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. In the east, the pale-throated form apparently ranges southward into Bahia, for I have seen two trade skins in the Berlepsch collection; but as other Bahia skins at Tring and in the British Museum are referable to C. h. hirundinacea, their exact ranges in that state are still to be determined. 70. Hemithraupls guira guira (Linnaeus). Motacilla guira Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 335, 1766 — based on Marcgrave's "Guiraguagu-beraba," northeastern Brazil. Nemosia guira Reiser (1), p. 84, 1910 — Burity, Castelliano, Therezina, and Queimadas, Piauhy. Hemithraupis guira Reiser (2), p. 184, 1925 — same localities. Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" ad., Nov. 23, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, 0" ad., three 9 9 , June 13, 20, July 9, 10, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d* ad., Dec. 24, 1924. Goyaz: Philadelphia, juv., Dec. 16, 1925. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Rio Julgua, 0* ad., July, 1903. P. Wachsmund (Tring Museum); above Castelliano, 9 ad., Aug. 11, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). These examples, which are practically topotypes, agree with others from Bahia. Birds from Goyaz City, western Minas Geraes (Baga- gem), northern Sao Paulo (Rio Parand), and Matto Grosso, while identical in coloration, average larger, and certain specimens, in dimensions, approach H. guira fosteri (vSharpe), of Paraguay and Misiones, which may be distinguished, however, by the wide yellow frontal band. 71. Nemosia pileata pileata (Boddaert). Tanagra pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 45, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 720, fig. 2, Cayenne. Nemosia pileata Reiser, pp. 84, 184 — Burity (near Parnagua), Bandeira (near Santo Antonio de Gilboez), and Castelliano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao :Mangunca Island, cT 9 ad., March 10, 12, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, three cf cf ad., three 9 9 ad., June 11, 12, 14, 17, July 10, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., Dec. 17, 1924. Additional specimens. — Maranhao : Miritiba, 9 ad. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Castelliano, d" juv., Aug. 11; Bandeira, Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 287 9 ad., July 4; Burity, near Parnagua, 9 ad., May 26, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three 0" 0* ad., two 9 9 ad., Aug. 18, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. There is so much individual variation in size that I consider it very difficult to maintain N. p. paraguayensis Chubb, 1 of Paraguay and Bolivia, although northern specimens very rarely reach the maxi- mum measurements frequently attained in the south, as may be be gathered from the following figures. In coloration, birds from various parts of the range are identical, excepting those from northern Colombia (A/, pileata hypoleuca Todd) 2 and northeastern Peru (N. pileata nana Berlepsch), 8 which constitute well-marked races, the former being recognizable by the absence of the grayish tinge on the sides, the latter by its darker, more purplish blue upper parts, darker bluish gray flanks, and smaller bill. MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES Cayenne, French Guiana (two) Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (two) Mexiana Island, Brazil (one) Maraj6 Island, Brazil (one) Marmellos, Rio Madeira (three) Monte Alegre, lower Amazon (one) Maranhao (four) Piauhy (one) Jua, Ceara (three) Bahia (fifteen) Pirapora, Minas Geraes (one) Matto Grosso (seven) Araguay, Goyaz (one) Todos Santos, Bolivia (two) Chiquitos, Bolivia (one) Trinidad, Paraguay (one) Embarcaci6n, Salta (one) 72. Thlypopsis sordida sordida (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). Nemosia sordida Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 28, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined; = immature). Thlypopsis sordida Reiser, pp. 84, 184 — Bomfim (above Nova York), Caitetti, and Sao Goncalinho, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao. 'Ibis, (9), 4, p. 629, 1910 — Sapucay, Paraguay. *Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 95, 1916 — Tucurinca, Santa Marta district. 3 Verh. 5th Orn. Kongr., p. 1084, 1912 — Samiria, Peru (type examined). Wing Tail 66,69 46^,47^ 68,68 45.47 73K 49 X A 71 50 68,70,70 46,47.49 67 46 70,72,73,74 46,49,49,50 74 49 71,72,76 47.50,50 63,63,66^,67 K.68, 69(four),70,72(four),73K 44-50 74 52 K 68,69,72(two),74(two), 45.48K.49K, 75 50K.5I. 52,52 73H 5i 73.74 47,49 75 50 75*A 50 73 5iK 288 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Ceard: Jua, near Iguatii, 9 ad., Sept. 4, 191 3. R. H. Becker. Brazilian birds, of which a fair series has been examined from Bahia, Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near Bagagem), and Matto Grosso, are apparently not different from topotypical Bolivian skins. 73. Compsothraupis 1 loricata (Lichtenstein). Tanagra loricata Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl.,for 18 16-17, p. 159, 1819 — based on "Jacapu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 192 (= d"ad.); we suggest Ceard. Lamprotes loricatus Reiser, pp. 30, 184 — Parnagud, Burity, and below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Francisco, cT 9 ad., June 8, July 4, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, d" ad., d" juv., Aug. 9, 13, 1913; Serra de Baturite, 9 ad., July 12, 1913. R. H. Becker. This striking bird is restricted to northeastern Brazil, ranging from northern Minas Geraes north to Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao, and west to the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, where the late G. A. Baer obtained an adult male in August, 1906. * The most southerly locality on record is the Rio Ressaque, a tributary of the Rio Pardo, close to the northern boundary line of Minas Geraes. 3 Besides the specimens listed above, Field Museum has three fe- males from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, and a single male from Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, in the state of Bahia. 74. Arremon taciturnus taciturnus (Hermann). Tanagra taciturna Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim., p. 214, note, 1783 — based on "L'Oiseau Silentieux" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 304, and Daubenton, PI. Enl. 742, Cayenne. Arremon silens Reiser, pp. 8 , 184 — Santa Maria and Matinha, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Dec. 17, 1923; Sao Bento, cf ad., Sept. 10, 1923; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 24, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 23, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 1 ,1925. 1 Compsothraupis Richmond (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 180, 1915), new name for Lamprotes Swainson 1837 (not of R. L. 181 7). 2 See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 30, 1908. 'See ' 'Tanagra bonariends" Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 178, 1821, and Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 530, 1830. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 289 Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 9 ad., July 14, 1913. R. H. Becker. With the material at hand, I am unable to separate east-Brazilian specimens from those of Guiana and the Orinoco region. The series sent by Snethlage have the backs of a brighter, more yellowish hue, but four Bahia skins do not diverge in this respect from typical Cayenne birds. It is, however, possible that birds from Maranhao and Bahia have more gray on the flanks. A. t. taciturnus, widely distributed in the Guianan-Amazonian subregion, descends along the east coast of Brazil to the Rio Doce, in the state of Espirito Santo. 75. Diucopis fasciata (Lichtenstein). Tanagra fasciata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 32, 1823 — Sao Paulo. Diucopis fasciata Reiser, pp. 83, 183 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Santa Maria and Barroca do Maranhao, Piauhy. Maranhao: Barra do Corda, Bull. Brit Orn. CI., 19, p. 43, 1907; Nov. Zool., 15, p. 36, 1908 — Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz. *Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 341, 1916 — Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia. 306 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Snethlage's specimens agree with others from Minas Geraes, Matto Grosso, and Sao Paulo. This is another endemic species of the Brazilian campo region, the range of which stretches north to the Amazon and west into Bolivia. [107. Xolmis irupero nivea (Spix). Muscicapa nivea Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 20, pi. 29, fig. 1, 1825 — near Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia (type in Munich Museum examined). Ceara: Unspecified, 9 imm., Berlepsch Collection (Frankfort Museum). Agreeing with females from the type locality. The distinctness of this race which is only known from Bahia and Ceara 1 requires cor- roboration by a satisfactory series.] 108. Knipolegus lophotes (Boie). Musc\icapa\ lophotes (Temminck MS.) Boie, 2 Isis, 21, p. 317, 1828 — new name for Muscicapa galeata Spix (not Lichtenstein 1823), Av. Bras., 2, pi. 27, 1825, Sao Paulo. Goyaz: Certeza (headwaters of the Rio Perdido), o" ad., Sept. 26, 1925. — Wing 118; tail 101; bill 17. This example is identical with others from southern Brazil. The present record extends the known range of the Crested Black Tyrant from Matto Grosso and Minas Geraes north to the confines of Piauhy. 109. Fluvicola pica albiventer (Spix). Muscicapa albiventer Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 21, pi. 30, fig. 1, 1825 — part, descrip- tion of male, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined). Fluvicola albiventris Reiser, pp. 71, 155 — Therezina and Amaragao, Piauhy. Piauhy: Arara, d" ad., Jan. 20, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two 19 1 6 — Jua, Ceara. Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, two cf o 71 ad., Aug. 16, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. These two specimens, apparently the only ones in existence, differ so conspicuously from a large series of M. t. bahiae by reason of much lighter, more greenish (near citrine drab) upper parts and paler, more whitish throat and chest that I cannot but recognize this form as distinct, though examination of additional material is highly desirable. The rufous areas in the tail appear to be more extensive as well as better denned, thus approaching the pattern of M. tyran- nulus chlorepiscius Berl. and Leverk., of Matto Grosso. 130. Myiarchus pelzelni pelzelni Berlepsch. Myiarchus pelzelni Berlepsch, Ibis, (4), 1, p. 139, 1883 — Bahia; Reiser (2), p. 165, 1925 — coast of Piauhy. Myiarchus ferox cantans (not of Pelzeln) Reiser (1), p. 76, 1910 — part, No. 1319, coast district of Piauhy. 314 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Maranhao: Sao Bento, d" ad., Sept. 7, 1923; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 30, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, o" ad., Aug. 1, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Piauhy: coast district, 9 ad., Sept. 14, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). The specimens agree with skins from Bahia and Mexiana Island. A species of the open country, sparingly diffused in suitable localities throughout the northern and interior part of Brazil and the adjoining states, and represented in Argentina and Bolivia by the somewhat larger M. pelzelni ferocior Cabanis. 131. Myiarchus ferox ferox (Gmelin). Muscicapa ferox Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 934, 1789 — primarily based on "Le Tyran, de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 398, Cayenne. Myiarchus ferox swainsoni (not of Cabanis and Heine) Reiser (2), p. 165, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 21, 1924; Sao Luiz, two cf cf ad., July 28, Aug. 9, 1923; Sao Bento, c? ad., Sept. 3, 1923. These birds as well as a number of Bahia skins are obviously inseparable from a Guianan series. 132. Myiarchus tuberculifer tricolor Pelzeln. Myiarchus tricolor Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 117, 182, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro and Sapitiba, state of Rio de Janeiro (types examined). Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 16, 1923. Rather larger than the types and specimens from Bahia. This rather unsatisfactory race is supposed to be restricted to the coast region of Brazil (south to Rio de Janeiro) and French Guiana. 133. Myiochanes cinereus pallescens Hellmayr. Myiochanes cinereus pallescens Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 194, 1927 — Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia. Blacicus pileatus 'not Contopus pileatus Ridgway) Reiser, pp. 76, 165 — below Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Ponto (Canella), 9 ad., Aug. 30, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 20, 1925. Additional specimen. — Piauhy: below Queimadas, Rio Parna- hyba, 9 ad., Aug. 10, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 315 This is a northern form of M. c. cinereus, of southeastern Brazil, immediately distinguishable by its much paler coloring, the pileum being dusky rather than blackish, the back lighter olive gray, with suggestions of pale edges to the larger wing coverts, and the under parts extensively pale yellowish along the abdominal line, with the chest and sides much paler grayish. Birds from Quipapa (Pernambuco), Piraputanga (Matto Grosso), northern Argentina (Manantial and Tafi Viejo, Tucuman), and extreme northern Paraguay (Colonia Risso, Rio Apa) agree exactly with those from more northern localities. M. cinereus cinereus (Spix) seems to be restricted to the wooded region of southeastern Brazil (from Minas Geraes and Espirito Santo to Parana) and the adjoining districts of Argentina (Misiones) and Paraguay. Specimens from northern Sao Paulo, while somewhat intermediate, are as a whole better referred to the typical race. 134. Cnemotriccusfuscatus bimaculatus (Lafresnaye andd'Orbigny). Muscipeta bimaculata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 48, 1837 — Yungas, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined). Empidochanes fuscatus bimaculatus Reiser, pp. 75, 164 — Lagda Missao and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Bento, two o" 0* ad., Sept. 6, 12, 1923; Grajahu, two 0" o 71 ad., 9 ad., Oct. 18, 21, 30, 1924; Barra do Corda, Bahia; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury- assu, Maranhao. A single specimen of Hartlaub's Tyrannulet was secured by Madame Snethlage at Tury-assu. Rather widely diffused in Guiana and Amazonia, it ranges through eastern Brazil as far south as Bahia.] 177. Leptopogon amaurocephalus amaurocephalus Tschudi. Leptopogon amaurocephalus Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 162, footnote, 1846 — Sao Paulo, Brazil. Maranhao: Tranqueira, cf ad., Aug. 27, 1925. — Wing 69; tail 61; bill 14. Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cf ad., Jan. 24, 1926. — Wing 65; bill 13. Apparently not different from Bahia and south-Brazilian ex- amples. Generally diffused throughout eastern and central Brazil (south of the Amazon) and the neighboring countries. 178. Pipromorpha oleaginea oleaginea (Lichtenstein). Muscicapa oleaginea Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 55, 1823 — Bahia (type in Berlin Museum examined). Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 ad., Aug. 13, 1923. — Wing 57; tail 46; bill 10. Identical with specimens from Bahia (Santo Amaro) and Ama- zonia. This is a Guianan-Amazonian species, ranging south to Bahia and Matto Grosso. 179. Piprites chloris chlorion (Cabanis). Hemipipo chlorion Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 234, 1847 — Cayenne. Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, c? ad., Nov. 8, 1923. — Wing 66; tail 45. 334 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Agreeing in coloration with specimens from British Guiana, but decidedly smaller. A male from Manaos, however, is hardly larger. This is a Guianan form whose range stretches through Lower Ama- zonia to the forested area in northwestern Maranhao. [180. Pipra pipra cephaleucos Thunberg. Pipra cephaleucos Thunberg, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. P6tersb., 8, p. 286, 1822 — Brazil 1 (=male in first annual plumage); see Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 241 (crit.). Pipra leucocilla (not of Linnaeus) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Recorded by Madame Snethlage from Tury-assu. The range of the Slate-bellied Manakin extends from Para south to Rio de Janeiro. 1 [181. Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein). Pi pra galeata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 28, 1823 — Sao Paulo. Antilophia galeata Reiser, pp. 76, 166 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy. A female obtained by the Vienna Academy Expedition on July 17, 1903, at Santa Philomena is the only record of this beautiful Mana- kin from Piauhy. I found it to be similar to examples from Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo. A. galeata is an endemic species of the central plateau region of Brazil, ranging from northern Sao Paulo and western Minas Geraes north to southern Piauhy and Maranhao, 2 west to Matto Grosso.] 182. Chiroxiphia pareola pareola (Linnaeus). Pipra pareola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 339, 1766 — based on Brisson, Edwards, and Marcgrave, "Brasilia et Cayana." Chiroxiphia pareola Reiser, pp. 100, 166 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" ad., cf juv., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 9, 23, Nov. 3, 20, 1923; Anil, near Sao Luiz, 9 ad., July 25, 1923; Rosario, o* ad., cf imm., May 5, 24, 1924. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba 8. F. Schwanda. *The type was presented by the Swedish Consul General Westin, of Rio de Janeiro, and as most of the species described by Thunberg are natives of eastern Brazil, there seems hardly any doubt that P. cephaleucos was based on a young male of the form named P. pipra bahiae by Ridgway. 2 Although H. Snethlage (Journ. Orn., 75, pp. 468, 478, 1927) lately recorded this species from Ponto and Inhuma, no specimens are to be found in his collection. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 335 This Manakin ranges from the Guianas through Lower Amazonia (west to Obidos and the Tapajoz) and the eastern states of Brazil south to Espirito Santo. 183. Manacus manacus purus Bangs. 1 Manacus manacus purus Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. CI., 1, p. 36, 1899 — Santar6m, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil, Reiser (2), p. 166 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Chiromachaeris gutturosus (not Pipra gutturosa Desmarest) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 302, 1907 — part, Maioba, Maranhao. Manacus manacus (not of Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 100 — Miritiba. Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., o* juv., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 8, 9, 30, Nov. 21, 1923; Rosario, o* imm., cf juv., 9 ad., April 30, May 5, 20, 1924. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, six cf o" ad., one 9 ad., June 5, 23, Aug. 15, 16, Sept. 22, Nov. 10, 1907, Feb. 10, 1908. F. Schwanda (Munich and Vienna Museums). The males are identical with others from Para. M. m. purus is a Lower-Amazonian form, ranging from the Tapaj6z through the state of Para (south of the Amazon) into the forest belt of northern Maranhao, at least as far east as Miritiba. No Manacus has been recorded from east of Maranhao and north of Bahia, though a very strongly marked form with dark gray belly (M. m. gutturosus) reappears in southeastern Brazil, from the vicin- ity of Bahia City (Santo Amaro) south to Parana, and Misiones. 184. Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye). Tyrannula pallescens Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 57, 1853 — Bahia. Scotolhorus pallescens Reiser, pp. 76, 166 — Cachoeira, Rio Parnahyba, Maran- hao and Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., April 29, 1924; Tranqueira, three o 71 cf ad., Sept. 10, 11, 16, 1925. — "Iris grayish yellow, feet pale gray, bill black, base of mandible pale gray." Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Dec. 4, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum); Cachoeira, Rio Parnahyba, 9 imm., July 23, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Piauhy: Ilha Sao Martin, lower Parnahyba, cf ad., 9 juv., Aug. 23, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). x Mr. Todd (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. Ill, 1928) has recently discovered that birds from Para and east were not the same as M. m. purus, described from Santarem, Rio Tapajdz, and named them M. m. purissimus. 336 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Agreeing with specimens from Bahia (Santo Amaro), Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lag6a Santa), and Matto Grosso (Chapada). An endemic species of the central-Brazilian fauna, ranging from northern Sao Paulo and western Minas Geraes north to the coast of Maranhao and even to the lower Amazon, west to Matto Grosso and east to Bahia City. [185. Schiffornis turdinus wallacii (Sclater and Salvin). Heteropelma wallacii Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1867, p. 579 — Para. Scotothorus wallacii Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Madame Snethlage obtained at Tury-assu a single example of this Lower-Amazonian Manakin which extends north into French and Dutch Guiana and appears to reach the eastern limit of its range in the forested parts of northern Maranhao.] [186. Tityra cayana braziliensis (Swainson). Psaris braziliensis Swainson, Anim Menag., p. 286, Dec, 1837 — northern Brazil (type in Cambridge Museum, England, examined). Pachyrhynchus cajanus (not Lanius cayanus Linnaeus) Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 32, 1825 — part, female, Piauhy (spec, in Munich Museum examined). Tityra brasiliensis Reiser, pp. 70, 152 — Burity to P6 do Morro Trail, Santa Maria, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Piauhy: Santa Philomena, d" ad., July 14, 1903; Burity, near Parnagua, cf ad., June 23, 1903; Santa Maria, 9 ad., July 5, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). While the males are not appreciably different from south-Brazilian examples; the female, by nearly pure gray ground-color of the upper, and pure white tone of the under parts, points somewhat to T. c. cayana. Swainson s female type in the Cambridge (Eng.) Museum is similar. In females from Bahia and southward, the upper parts are decidedly brownish, and the ventral surface is more or less suf- fused with buff. T. cayana braziliensis, widely distributed in central and eastern Brazil, evidently reaches the northern limit of its range in the in- terior of Piauhy Specimens from the Para region (whence a series of sixteen, including the type of Tityra intermedia Cabanis and Heine, 1 has been examined) are inseparable from the northern T. *Mus. Hein., 2, p. 81, 1859 — Para. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 337 c. cayana. The interesting interrelations of cayana and braziliensis will be discussed elsewhere.] [187. Tityra inquisitor inquisitor (Lichtenstein). Lanius inquisitor Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 50, 1823 — Sao Paulo. Tityra inquisitor erythrogenys (not of Selby) Reiser, pp. 70, 153 — Burity, near Parnagua, Piauhy. Piauhy: Burity, near Parnagua, o" ad., 9 ad., June 14, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). Mr. Reiser, probably influenced by the alleged type locality (Per- nambuco), referred the two specimens from Burity to T. i. erythro- genys; but their careful comparison with a large series from Guiana, Venezuela, and various parts of Brazil clearly shows this view to be fallacious. The Burity female agrees with others from Sao Paulo (Cubatao), and Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near Bagagem) in all essential points, viz., decidedly* brownish back, grayish buffy breast, and black tail, with only the extreme base white and without trace of a of a white apical margin. It differs, however, by deeper rufous frontal band and sides of head, and by having numerous narrow streaks of dusky on the breast; divergencies which require confir- mation by additional specimens. The male is exactly like others from Bahia. The type of P saris erythrogenys Selby, 1 which I have most care- fully reexamined at Paris, is certainly different from the females occurring in Bahia and Piauhy, being much smaller, light gray on the back (without any brownish tinge), and shaded with pale grayish (not buffy) across the breast. In fact, as pointed out elsewhere,* it is identical with birds from Guiana and Venezuela to which, therefore, Selby's name should be applied. The specimen which was obtained in exchange from Verreaux in 1823, though stated to be from Pernambuco, is much more likely to have originated from French Guiana, since it agrees particularly well, even in size, with a female from near Paramaribo in the Tring Museum. Moreover, north- eastern Brazil is now known to be tenanted by other forms. T. i. inquisitor, in typical form, inhabits southern Brazil, from Espirito Santo and Minas Geraes south to Santa Catharina and x Zool. Journ., 2, No. 8, p. 483, 1826 — "Pernambuco" (type in Paris Museum). *Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 327-328, 1906. 338 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Misiones. Psaris natterii (sic) Swainson 1 is strictly synonymous with this large southern bird, as I have ascertained by examination of the type in the Cambridge (Eng.) Museum, and Psaris jardinii Swainson, 1 based on a male in first annual plumage, without spurious (second) primary, obviously also belongs here. Birds from Bahia and Piauhy are on average smaller and, if deemed worthy of subspeciflc separation, would have to be called T. inquisitor selbii (Swainson). 3 The type in the Cambridge (Eng.) Museum, which thanks to the courtesy of Dr. Hans Gadow I have been enabled to examine, proves to be an exact duplicate of a male from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, in Field Museum. The types of Exetastes albinuchus Cabanis and Heine, 4 lately compared in the Heine Collection at Halberstadt, belong to the same short- winged variety. MEASUREMENTS Adult males Misiones (three) Sao Paulo (seven) Type of Psaris natterii Sw. Minas Geraes (five) Bahia (one trade skin) Macaco Secco, near Andarahy , Bahia (one) Type of Psaris selbii Sw. Types of Exetastes albinuchus Cab. & H. Burity, Piauhy (one) Adult females Sao Paulo (two) Minas Geraes (two) Bahia (three) Burity, Piauhy (one) 188. Tityra inquisitor pelzelni Salvin and Godman (subsp. ?). Tityra pelzelni Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 120, Dec, 1890 — [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, Brazil (type examined). Tityra inquisitor erythrogenys (not of Selby) Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. KL, 26, No. 2, p. 32, 1912 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, d* ad., March 11, 1924. — Wing 103; tail 63; bill 22. ^nim. Menag., p. 286, Dec, 1837 — southern (?) Brazil. 2 Zool. Illust., 2nd ser., 1, pi. 35, 1830 — "interior of Brazil." s Psaris selbii Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 286, Dec, 1837 — "southern Brazil." «Mus. Hein., 2, p. 83, 1859 — Brazil. Wing Tail 108,108,115 67,70,70 107,11 1,111, 112, 68,68,69,70,70 113,114,115 7i,73 "5 73 110,112,114, 115. —,68,71,71,72 115 109 66 102 68 103 65 107,108 65.67 106 68 106,106 67,68 107,108 67,67 103,104,107 68,68,70 102 66] Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 339 This bird is exactly intermediate between T. i. inquisitor and T. i. albitorques, combining the black cheeks and auriculars of the former with the tail markings of the latter. In the American Mu- seum of Natural History, New York, there is a similar specimen secured by Geo. K. Cherrie at Santarem, Rio Tapajoz, on April 19, 191 5 (A. M. N. H., No. 148699), which differs only by having the upper portion of the auriculars suffused with grayish white. The two examples come very near to T. i. pelzelni Salvin and Godman, of Matto Grosso, but the white basal zone of the tail is even more extensive. A female from Santarem (A. M. N. H., No. 148698) has quite as much white at the base as the males and the white apical margin still wider, while one from Peixe-Boi, near Para (Munich Museum, No. 10.1095), resembles T. i. inquisitor in coloration of tail, except for possessing narrow white edges at the tip of the rectrices. More material is required to determine whether the form ranging from the Tapajoz to northern Maranhao is really separable from T. i. pelzelni. 189. Platypsaris rufus rufus (Vieillot). Tityra rufa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 3, p. 347, 1816 — based on Azara, No. 208, Paraguay (= female). Hadrostomus atricapillus Reiser, pp. 70, 153 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, three d" o* ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 17, 18, 20, 1924, Jan. 3, 15, 1925; Deserto, cf ad., two 9 9 ad., March 28, 1925. — Wing (male) 96, 97, 99, 100, (female) 93, 93, 95, 96; tail (male) 66, 70, 72, 73, (female) 66, 67, 68, 71. Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, o" ad., Aug. 1, 1913. R. H. Becker. Compared with twenty skins from eastern Brazil (Bahia to Para- na) the males do not appreciably differ, but the females are dedidedly smaller 1 and on average paler rufous above. No material is available from Paraguay. P. r. rufus is another representative of the Brazilian table-land, ranging from Santa Catharina, Paraguay, and adjacent districts of northeastern Argentina north to Matto Grosso, Goyaz, Piauhy, and Ceara. [190. Platypsaris minor (Lesson). Querula minor Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 363, end of 1830 — Cayenne. 1 Seven females from Bahia, Sao Paulo, and Parana show the following measure, ments: wing 97, 98, 98, 99, 100, 100, 106; tail 68, 68, 70, 70, 72, 73, 77 mm. 340 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Platypsaris minor Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury-assti, Maranhao. The taking of a specimen at Tury-assu by Madame Snethlage extends the range of the Lesser Becard, widely distributed in the Guianas and Amazonia, from Para to northern Maranhao.] 191. Pachyramphus viridis cuvierii (Swainson). Psaris cuvierii Swainson, Zool. Illust., 1, pi. 32, March, 1821 — Brazil. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 0* ad., Jan. 3, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Baturite\ 9 ad., Nov., 1896, J. Bach (Tring Museum); Jua, near Iguatu, & ad., o" juv., Aug. 20, 1913. R. H. Becker. The single bird sent by Dr. Snethlage being very nearly as large as specimens from southern Brazil, the validity of the race cuvierii becomes again questionable. In any case, it will be extremely hard to distinguish two forms based on size alone, as may be seen from the following wing measurements. cf c? ad., — San Vicente, Chaco, Santa Fe, Argentina, 81 ; Lambare, Paraguay, 77; Curityba, Parana, 78; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso (two), 71, 74; Engenho do Cap. Gama, Matto Grosso, 76; Sangrador Matto Grosso, 76; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 75; Iguape\ Sao Paulo, 76; Rio de Janeiro, 76; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 77; Bahia (five trade skins), 70, 70, 71, 75, 75; Jua, Ceara, 73; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 78. 9 9 ad. — Ocampo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 79; Roga Nova, Serra do Mar, Parana (two), 75, 78; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 76; Ipanema, Sao Paulo, 75; Rio de Janeiro, 74; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 71; Bahia (three trade skins), 70, 71, 71; Baturite, Ceara, 75. A good series from Paraguay is required to decide the fate of the alleged northern subspecies. P. viridis cuvierii is a representative of the table-land fauna, and its range certainly does not extend beyond the arid section of the northern states. [192. Pachyramphus polychopterus niger (Spix). Pachyrhvnchus niger Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 33, pi. 45, fig. I, 1825 — no locality- stated; Fonte B6a, Rio Solimoes suggested by Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9. p. 56, 1902); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Sao Bento and Tury-assu, Maranhao. According to Madame Snethlage, three males taken on the coast are referable to P. p. niger which, like so many other Guianan and Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 341 Amazonian representatives, thus extends into the forested districts of northern Maranhao. Possibly a young male (in the garb of the female) secured by Dr. Snethlage at Rosario, on May 8, 1924, be- longs likewise here, but without knowledge of the adult male it is impossible to decide for certain.] 193. Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus (Vieillot). Platyrhynchos polychopterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 27, p. io, 1818 — "la Nouvelle Hollande," errore (type in Paris Museum examined). Pachyrhamphus polychropterus Reiser (1), p. 70, 1910 — Lagda do Purgatorio and Parnagua, Piauhy. Pachyrhynchus polychropterus Reiser (2), p. 154, 1925 — same localities. Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o" juv., Aug. 12, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., Jan. 16, 1925. — Wing 76; tail 59. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lag6a do Purgatorio, 9 ad.; Parnagua, two 9 9 ad., May, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum). The adult male agrees with others from Bahia in Field Museum, one of which had been compared and found identical with the type of P. polychopterus, erroneously ascribed to Australia, in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, at Paris. P. p. polychopterus appears to be restricted to northeastern Bra- zil, from Bahia north to Ceara, Piauhy, and central Maranhao. In southeastern Brazil (north to Rio de Janeiro), Uruguay, Para- guay, and northern Argentina, it is replaced by a larger form, with darker under parts in the male sex. Bangs and Penard, in their latest note 1 on the subject, called it P. polychopterus notius Brewst. and Bangs, 1 but I have discovered an earlier name in Pachyrynchus spixii Swainson. 3 The type, kindly sent by Dr. H. Gadow from the Cambridge (Eng.) Museum, is an adult male (with spurious second primary) and still bears Swainson's label with the inscription "Pac/ryr/t. spixii Male. Brazil ?."« It agrees in size and color with males from 'Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 225, 1922. 2 Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 53, 1901 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios. 8 Anim. Menag., p. 289, Dec., 1837 — "Brazil?"; we suggest Rio de Janeiro as type locality. 4 A mounted specimen (No. 3625. d". Br£sil. M6n£tri£s) of P. marginatus in the Paris Museum is erroneously marked as "P. spixii Sw., type." It entirely disagrees with Swainson's description, having the upper back gray like the rump, whereas the original diagnosis reads "above black, with the rump and tail coverts cinereous," and having also a distinct white streak across forehead and lores, not mentioned by Swainson. 342 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol XII. Rio de Janeiro, Alex. Fry coll., in the British Museum, which, to- gether with those from Sao Paulo, Parana, and Minas Geraes, I am unable to separate from Uruguayan and Argentine birds. The south- ern form must, therefore, stand as P. polychopterus spixii (Swain- son), with Rio de Janeiro as type locality. MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES P. p. polychopterus Wing Tail Ibiapaba, Piauhy (one) Bahia (six) Type of P. polychopterus 76 75,75.76,77.78,78 75 59 56,57.58,60,60,62 57 P. p. spixii Rio de Janeiro (three) Type of P. spixii Agua Suja, Minas Geraes (two) Sapucay, Paraguay (one) Santa Florencia, Uruguay (one) Buenos Aires (two) 80,81,82 82 82,83 83 82 82,84 62,63,63 64 64,64 63 66 64,65 194. Pachyramphus marginatus nanus Bangs and Penard. Pachyrhamphus marginatus nanus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 395, 1921 — Xeberos, eastern Peru. Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, cT ad., Nov. 20, 1923. — Wing 68; tail 50. Agrees in size with Amazonian specimens, of which a large series from Venezuela (Caura Valley) and northern Brazil (upper Rio Negro) has been compared. Their wing measurement ranges from 65 to 69, while a single male from northern Peru is still smaller (wing 64; tail 48). Seven males from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro are markedly larger, the length of the wing varying from 70-76, that of the tail from 52 to 57 mm. They represent P. m. marginatus (Lichtenstein), 1 which is apparently restricted to the forested coast region of southeastern Brazil. 195. Lathria cineracea cineracea (Vieillot). Ampelis cineracea Vieillot, 2 Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 761, 1822 — based on "Le Cotinga cendr6" Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Ois. Nouv. et Rares, 1, pi. 44, Cayenne. 1 Todus marginatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 51, 1823 — Bahia (type in Berlin Museum examined; = female). i Ampelis cinerea Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 162, 1817), universally used for the species, is invalidated by the earlier Ampelis cinerea Latham (Ind. Orn., 1, p. 367, 1790 — based on Lanius nengeta var. /3, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 299, 1788), a probable synonym of Xipholena punicea (Pallas). Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 343 Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Oct. 24, 1923. — Wing 122; tail no. This bird is similar, in coloration and size, to specimens from Guiana and Lower Amazonia. Five (unsexed) Bahia skins do not appear to be separable either. Two have a slight rufescent tinge on the tips of the rectrices and inner secondaries, which possibly indi- cates an approach to the large south-Brazilian L. cineracea lanioides (Lesson). 1 The three others being, however, absolutely indistin- guishable from northern examples, I do not think there is sufficient evidence to warrant the recognition of an intermediate Bahian race, L. cineracea voctferans (Wied). 2 On the other hand, eight specimens from Rio San Mateo, Bolivia, and one from Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador are larger and generally slightly more olivaceous above. They may be separable, although it should be noted that the differences are hardly apparent in two skins from northern Peru (Moyobamba, Rioja) in Field Museum. MEASUREMENTS Adult males Ipousin, French Guiana (five) Near Paramaribo, Surinam (one) Mazaruni River, Br Guiana (one) Serra Grande, Rio Branco, Brazil (seven) Igarape-assu, Para (four) Tury-assu, Maranhao (one) Moyobamba, Peru (one) San Mateo, Bolivia (six) Adult females Approuague, Fr Guiana (one) Near Paramaribo, Surinam (one) Mazaruni River, Br Guiana (one) Conceicao, Rio Branco (one) Utinga, Para (one) Rioja, Peru (one) San Mateo, Bolivia (two) Bahia (five unsexed adults) 196. Lipaugus simplex frederici Bangs and Penard. Lipaugus simplex frederici Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 71, 19 1 8 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam. Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de«Alegria, o" ad., Nov. 19, 1923. !See Verhandl. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 138, 1915. *Muscicapa vociferans Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 242 (8vo ed., p. 240), 1820 — near Pindoba, north of Caravellas, Bahia. — Syn. Muscicapa plumbea Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 53, 1823 — Bahia. Wing Tail 121,122,124,126, 109,110,112,113, 127 124 in 122 113 120,120,122,122, 108, 108,108,110, 122,123,125 110,112,117 116,117,119,120 105,107,108,110 122 no 128 117 128,128,131,132, 116,117,117,117, 133,133 119,122 116 109 120 no 119 105 120 100 113 105 120 114 128,128 112,116 118,119,121,122, 110,111,111,114, 125 117 344 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Agreeing with specimens from Guiana and Amazonia. The typical form L. s. simplex, of southeastern Brazil (Bahia to Rio de Janeiro), is more olivaceous throughout. Single examples of the two races are not always distinguishable. 197. Attila thamnophiloides thamnophiloides (Spix). Muscicapa thamnophiloides Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 19, pi. 26, fig. 2, 1825 — Amazon River (type in Munich Museum examined). Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 3, 1923. — Wing 92; tail 84. An Amazonian species, ranging north to the Guianas and east into the heavily forested districts of northern Maranhao. Birds from eastern Peru, by paler rump and posterior under parts, somewhat diverge in the direction of the still lighter-colored, larger Attila thamnophiloides torridus Scl., of western Ecuador. 198. Casiornis rufa (Vieillot). Thamnophilus rufus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 316, 1816 — based on Azara's "Batara roxo," No. 218 (No. 217, in Walckenaer- Sonnini's French edition), Paraguay. Maranhao: Barra do Corda, cf ad., two 9 9 ad., Sept. 17, 20, 1924. — Wing (male) 84, (female) 81, 83; tail 81, (female) 76, 79. Agreeing with a large series from Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo (Bauru). Birds from Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Buena vista) and Jujuy average slightly larger. The occurrence of this bird at Barra do Corda, in the heart of the range of C. fusca, clearly demonstrates its specific distinctness. C. rufa is an endemic species of the central-Brazilian plateau. Its range extends from northern Sao Paulo and western Minas Geraes north through Goyaz to Maranhao and even Monte Alegre, on the north bank of the lower Amazon, 1 and west through Matto Grosso and northern Paraguay to northern Argentina and Bolivia. 199. Casiornis fusca Sclater and Salvin. Casiornis fusca Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 57, 159, 1873 — Bahia; Reiser, pp. 70, 154 — Lake Missao, near Parnagua, and above Pintados, lower Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 11, 1923; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 17, 1925. x See Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 354, 1914. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 345 Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two cf o" ad., 9 ad., Dec. 27, 1924, Jan. 2, 10, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, one (unsexed) adult, July 17, 1905 (Sophia Museum); Miritiba, o" 9 ad., F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, four d 1 o", four 9 9, July, August, 1913. R. H. Becker. Some of the above specimens have been compared and found identical with the type from Bahia in the British Museum. C. fusca chiefly differs from its ally by paler and less buffy under parts, the abdomen being massicot or naphthalene yellow instead of cream color to Naples yellow, while throat, chest, and sides are between avellaneous and wood brown instead of being pale ochra- ceous tawny. Besides, the back is dull earthy brown, sometimes slightly tinged with cinnamomeous, and contrasts strongly with the tawny pileum and rump, whereas in C. rufa the whole dorsal surface is nearly uniform deep tawny. C. fusca ranges over northeastern Brazil, south to Bahia, and stretches along the south bank of the lower Amazon west to the Tapaj6z. [200. Xipholena lamellipennis (Lafresnaye). Ampelis lamellipennis Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 1, cl. 2, pi. 9, 1839 — 'TAmerique du Sud" = Para. Xipholena lamellipennis Reiser, pp. 100, 154 — Miritiba, Maranhao. The Vienna Museum has a couple of adults secured by the late Ferdinand Schwanda at Miritiba, Maranhao, on June 10, 1907. A Lower-Amazonian species ranging from the Tapajoz to northern Maranhao. Represented in eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco to Espirito Santo, by X. atropurpurea (Wied), which is obviously specif- ically distinct.] 201. Querula purpurata (Muller). Muscicapa purpurata P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 169, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 381, Cayenne. Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), 9 ad., Jan. 28, 1926. Identical with specimens from Para and Guiana. 202. Procnias averano averano (Hermann). Ampelis averano Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim.. pp. 21 1, 214, 1783 — based on "L'Averano" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 457, 1778, ex "Guirapunga" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 201, northeastern Brazil. 346 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Ampelis variegata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, (2), p. 841, 1789 — based on the same. Maranhao: Grajahu, cf ad., Oct. 30, 1924; Tranqueira, three cf 0" ad., one 9 ad., Sept. 8, 11, 16, 1925. — "Iris brown, feet black (male) or dark gray (female), bill black." cf c? — Wing 160, 165, 165, 166; tail 86, 88, 92, 93; bill 19-20. 9 ad. — Wing 145; tail 90; bill 18. These appear to be the first specimens of the Bell-bird of north- eastern Brazil ever taken since Marcgrave's time. The proper relationship of the "Guirapunga" was surrounded by considerable uncertainty owing to Marcgrave's description of the male having been based upon a bird changing from juvenile into adult plumage. While the earlier authors, like Salvin, Sclater, and others, associated his account with the brown-headed, black-winged species of the Caribbean mountain ranges, the writer of the present paper expressed the belief 1 that it was more likely to be referable to the naked-throated P. nudicollis (Vieillot), known to range over south- eastern Brazil from Minas Geraes and southern Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul. The material now forwarded by Dr. Snethlage, however, reveals the surprising fact that the Bell-bird of Maranhao is indeed closely related to the species found in northern Venezuela and Trin- idad, 2 and Marcgrave's account, 3 although no definite locality is specified, leaves no doubt whatever that his "Guirapunga" refers to the same bird. The adult males have the back, tail and under parts, excepting the denuded caruncled throat, pure white; the upper part of the head and the auriculars of a rich brown, between cinnamon brown and 'Trout's brown"; the wings, including the upper and lower coverts, deep black. Birds from Trinidad and northern Venezuela, while identical in general style and shape of gular appendages, nevertheless differ by having pale grayish (pale gull gray to pallid neutral gray) coloration and must stand as Procnias averano carnobarba (Cuvier). 4 J See Nov. Zool , 27. p. 329 last footnote, 1920. ^Universally known as P. variegata, but more properly called P. averano carno- barba (Cuvier). 3 See the passage "Sub gutture autem, quod latum habet, et in collo inferiore, multas digitum longas propendentes particulas carneas nigras habet, figure spiculi hastae, vel quasi ligulae," which exactly fits the brown-headed species. * Ampelis carnobarba Cuvier, Regne Anim., 4, p. 172, pi. 4, fig. 4, 1817 — no locality stated; the type in the Paris Museum is from Trinidad, coll. Robin. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 347 203. Furnarius leucopus assimilis Cabanis and Heine. Furnarius assimilis Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 22, 1859 — Brazil = Bahia; Reiser, pp. 70, 152 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Therezina, Piauhy. Furnarius leucopus cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., I, p. 339, 1916 — Quixada, Ceara. Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, d* ad., two 9 9 ad., June 21, 23, 27, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, five 9 9 ad., Dec. 23, 26, 1924, Jan. 2, 9, 12, 1925; Arara, d" ad., Jan. 31, 1925; Deserto, cf ad., 9 ad., March 31, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, cf ad., June 5, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Pedrinha, Lake Parna- gua, o 71 ad., 9 ad., May 21, 1903; Therezina, o* ad., Aug. 18, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Quixada, cf ad., June 27, 1913 (type of F. leucopus cearae); Serra de Baturite, 9 ad., 9 juv., July 19, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. The series agrees with specimens from Bahia. Two of the Co~os birds have the pileum darker, almost blackish brown, like two others from near Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz. The Pale-legged Oven-bird ranges from Bahia and Ceard all over the table-land of central Brazil to the Bolivian boundary. 204. Furnarius figulus figulus (Lichtenstein). Turdus figulus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 40, 1823 — Bahia. Maranhao: Sao Francisco (opposite Amarante), Rio Parnahyba, d" imm., July 1, 1925. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., 9 ad., Dec. 26, 1924, Jan. 3, 1925; Deserto d* ad., March 30, 1925. — "Iris brown, feet dark gray, bill black, base of mandible pale gray." Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua\ near Iguatu, 0" ad., Aug. 2, 1913. R. H. Becker. The adults agree with others from Bahia. The immature male is smaller, with a shorter bill, and has the superciliaries as well as the breast and sides much darker (between warm buff and ochraceous buff), while the feathers of the pileum are margined with dusky. The Twice-banded Oven-bird is confined to northeastern Brazil, ranging from Bahia north to Ceara and west to Maranhao. A nearly 348 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. allied form, F. figulus pileatus Scl. and Salv., is found on the lower Amazon and Araguaya. 205. Synallaxis frontalis frontalis Pelzeln. Synallaxis frontalis Pelzeln, Sitzunesber. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien» 34, p. 117, 1859 — based on Parulus ruficeps "female" of Spix (not Sphenura ruficeps Lichtenstein) Av. Bras., 1, p. 85, pi. 86, fig. 2, 1824 — Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, Brazil. Synallaxis frontalis juae Cory, Auk, 36, p. 274, 1919 — Jua, near Iguatii, Ceara. Maranhao: Grajami, three o* cf ad., Oct. 22, 23, 24, 1924; Barra do Corda, d* ad., 9 ad., 9 juv., Aug. 13, 19, Sept. 16, 1924; Sao Francisco, 9 ad. (in annual molt), July 2, 1925; Tranqueira, o* ad., 9 juv., Aug. 26, 27, 1925. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two d" cf ad., Dec. 23, 30, 1924. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, two 0* c? ad., 9 juv., Feb. 28, March 4, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, two o 71 d" ad., Aug. 12, Sept. 2, 1913; Serra de Baturite, d" 9 ad., July 14, 16, 1913. R. H. Becker. The series tends to show that 5. frontalis juae was based on a rather uncommon individual variant of Pelzeln's Spine-tail, for only one of the adults from Varzea Formosa resembles the type in the reduction of the grayish frontal edge, the strong cinnamon rufous suffusion of the back, the wholly rufous tertials, and the buffy brown flanls. Four more specimens (Serra de Baturite - 2, Ibiapaba 1, Sao Francisco 1) have slight cinnamon rufous edges to some of the inter- scapulars, while the majority, including two from Ceara, are abso- lutely indistinguishable from a series collected by R. H. Becker at Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, which we may safely regard as typically representing 5. /. frontalis. Under these circumstances I see no practical advantage in recog- nizing a Ceara form, although it must be admitted that specimens like the type of 5. /. juae have not yet been found outside of the boundaries of that state. 5. /. frontalis is widely diffused in the Brazilian campo region, from Maranhao and Ceara south to northern Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes. 206. Synallaxis albescens albescens Temminck. Synallaxis albescens Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 38, pi. 227, fig. 2, Sept., 1823 — Brazil = Cimeterio do Lambari, Sao Paulo; Reiser, pp. 69, 149 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez and Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 349 Maranhao: Tury-assu, o* ad., 9 ad., Dec. 6, 1923, Jan. 4, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., June 18, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Jan. 16, 1925. Goyaz: Certeza, o* ad., Sept. 26, 1925. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Santo Antonio de Gilboez, o* ad., July 2, 1903; Santa Philomena, o* ad., July 11, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). These examples show all the characters of the typical (southern) form and agree with a series from Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo. The northern limit of its range cannot accurately be stated. While Tury-assu in Maranhao is the most northerly locality known to me, it is quite possible that its distributional area includes the islands in the delta of the Amazon. The only available speci- men (a young bird from Santa Maria, Mexiana) does not furnish satisfactory evidence for final conclusion. 207. Synallaxis gujanensis gujanensis (Gmelin). Motacilla gujanensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 988, 1789 — based on "Le Rouge-queue, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl. 686, fig. 2. Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf imm., Oct. 16, 1923; Sao Bento, 0* ad., o" imm., Sept. 7, 10, 1923. Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), o" ad., Feb. 3, 1926. Like one from near Para, these examples are paler and less brown- ish below, with the middle of the abdomen extensively light buff, when compared with others from British Guiana, and may prove to be separable. An Amazonian species, distributed in eight or more races all over the great forest region from the Guianas and the Orinoco south to the sources of the Paraguay and Araguaya Rivers. 208. Synallaxis scutata scutata Sclater. Synallaxis scutata Sclater, P. Z. S. Lond., 27, p. 191, 1859 — Brazil (the type examined in the British Museum is from Bahia); Reiser, pp. 69, 150 — Parnagua, Piauhy. Synallaxis scutata neglecta Cory, Auk, 36, p. 275, 1919 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara. Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o 71 ad., Aug. 18, 1924. Piauhy: Arara, 0* ad., 9 ad., Feb. 13, 1925; Deserto, o* ad., April 3, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 25, 1925. 2 so Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, d* ad., June i, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatti, o" ad., three 9 9 ad., August 13, 18, 20, 28, 1913. R. H. Becker. In comparing this series as well as numerous examples from other parts of Brazil, I find much individual variation in the intensity of coloration on the sides of the head, chest, and flanks. While the type of 5. 5. neglecta and the bird from Varzea Formosa have the chest paler (about cartridge buff) than any other specimen examined, two others from Jua are just as deeply warm buff below as the average from more southern localities. I do not see my way clear to recognize more than one form in eastern Brazil. 5. 5. scutata inhabits the table-land of central Brazil, from Ceara, Piauhy, and central Maranhao south to Bahia, western Minas Geraes, northern Sao Paulo, and eastern Matto Grosso, where it gradually passes into the western 5. scutata whitei Sclater. 209. Synallaxis rutilans omissa Hartert. Synallaxis omissa Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., II, p. 71, 1901 — Para. Maranhao: Tury-assii, three 9 9 ad., Oct. 27, Nov. 16, 23, 1923. Agreeing with two topotypes from near Para. All of the three specimens have the breast more or less tinged with dull cinnamon rufous. This is a dark-colored race of the Amazonian 5. rutilans group, which reaches the eastern limit of its distribution in the forest region of northern Maranhao. 210. Certhiaxis cinnamomea cinnamomea (Gmelin). Certhia cinnamomea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 480, 1788 — based on "Cin- namon Creeper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 1, (2), p. 740, 1782; Cayenne suggested as type locality (Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 59, 1902). Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 29, 1923. — Wing 59; tail 61; bill 13. Careful reexamination leaves no doubt whatever that I made a serious mistake in referring 1 this specimen to the southern form C. c. russeola. Except for its very slightly darker upper parts it agrees exceedingly well with certain examples from British Guiana, notably in the bright buffy brown flanks and under tail coverts. It was the dusky inner web of the central rectrices, very rare in the northern 'Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 115, 1925. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 351 races, that accounts for my former misidentification, but I now consider this as an individual character rather than an approach to C. c. russeola which, as we shall see presently, is cut off from the range of C. c. cinnamomea by the intervening C. c. cearensis. C. c. cinnamomea thus ranges from the Guianas and southern Venezuela through the eastern section of the state of Para (Rio Jamunda; Erere; Rio Tocantins; Mexiana and Marajo; Quati-purii) to the forested coast belt of northern Maranhao. an. Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis (Cory). Synallaxis cinnamomea cearensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 340, 1916 — Jua, near Iguatii, Ceara. Synallaxis martinsi Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 268, 1925 — Monduby, Ceara (=juv.). Synallaxis cinnamomea Reiser, pp. 69, 150 — Parnagua and Santa Quiteria, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy (spec, examined). Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Dec. 31, 1924. — Wing 61; tail 69; bill 13. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, o" ad., cf juv., June 22, July 31, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., May 13, 1903; Santa Quiteria, 9 ad., Sept. 4, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). The Ibiapaba specimen is perfectly similar to the type. Both have a distinct pale yellow chin spot, and the rump pale tawny olive in decided contrast to the cinnamon rufous of back and tail coverts, while flanks and crissum are but faintly shaded with light buff. The young bird which corresponds to the description of S. martinsi lacks the olivaceous uropygial area, has much deeper, almost ochra- ceous buff flanks, and the yellowish chin spot barely suggested. On comparison with a fair series of C. c. russeola from Rio de Janeiro, Matto Grosso, and the Argentine Chaco (Ocampo, Prov. Santa Fe), the three specimens differ by much brighter, clear cin- namon rufous pileum and back, slightly smaller size, and somewhat more buff y, less grayish flanks and under tail coverts. I now consider C. c. cearensis a perfectly good race, although it was not recognized in the "Catalogue of Birds of the Americas." Specimens from Piauhy (Parnagua and Santa Quiteria), in the Vienna Museum, are similar to ours. Birds from Pernambuco and Bahia, while not quite so bright above, belong likewise to C. c. cearensis, and it wou 1 d appear that the northward range of C. c. russeola does not extend much beyond Rio de Janeiro. 352 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. [212. Cranioleuca vulpina reiseri (Reichenberger). Siptornis vulpina reiseri Reichenberger, Anzeiger Orn. Ges. Bay., 6, p. 43, 1922 — Riacho da Raiz, below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Synallaxis vulpina (not of Pelzeln) Reiser (1), p. 69, 1910 — Parnagua and Riacho da Raiz, Piauhy. Synallaxis {Siptornis) vulpina reiseri Reiser (2), p. 151, 1925 — same localities. This well-characterized form is peculiar to the states of Bahia and Piauhy where it inhabits the banks of the Sao Francisco, Parna- hyba, Gurgueira, and doubtless other rivers. It belongs to a group of Spine-tails distributed in a number of races throughout the Ama- zonian region. Dr. Snethlage did not meet with the species, but I have examined two specimens from Parnagua and the type from Riacho da Raiz, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, besides some others from the Rio Sao Francisco (Barra) and Rio Preto in the Vienna Museum.] 213. Cranioleuca semicinerea (Reichenbach). Leptoxyura semicinerea Reichenbach, Handb. Spez. Orn., Scansoriae, A. Sitti- nae, p. 170, pi. DXXI, fig. 3610, Aug., 1853 — Brazil =Bahia. Synallaxis semicinerea pallidiceps Cory, Auk, 36, p. 275, 1919 — Serra de Batu- rite, Ceara. Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0" 9 ad., July 14, 16, 1913. R. H. Becker. Another endemic species whose range is restricted to northeastern Brazil (Bahia to Ceara). In addition to our own two specimens from the Serra de Baturite, I have seen three others secured by Madame Snethlage in Ceara. 214. Asthenes hellmayri (Reiser). Synallaxis griseiventris (not of Allen 1889) Reiser, Anzeiger Ak. Wiss. Wien, 42, p. 323, 1905 — Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, Bahia. Synallaxis hellmayri Reiser, Ornith. Monatsber., 13, p. 210, 1905 — new name for 5. griseiventris Reiser nee Allen. Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 4, 1925. — Wing 70; tail 87; bill 14. — "Iris orange red, feet dark gray, bill black." Somewhat darker and larger than an adult female from Bahia (Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas), but the variation is insignificant. A very distinct species with no near ally. Reiser compares it with 5. "pudica" and 5. omissa from which it is, however, generically different. 1 x See Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 145, 1925. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 353 A. hellmayri is known only from the states of Bahia (Barra; Fazenda da Serra and Serra do Estreito; Rio do Peixe, near Quei- madas) and Piauhy (Arara). [215. Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons (Wied). Anabates rufifrons Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 177, 1821 — Rio Ressaque, Bahia. Phacelodomus rufifrons Reiser, pp. 68, 149 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy. Two young birds obtained by the Vienna Academy Expedition at Santo Antonio de Gilboez in July, 1903 are the only specimens from Piauhy that I have seen. P. r. rufifrons ranges from Bahia west to Minas Geraes and the extreme south of Piauhy. In Pernambuco and Matto Grosso it is replaced by nearly allied races.] 216. Pseudoseisura cristata cristata (Spix). Anabates cristaius Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 83, pi. 84, 1824 — Malhada, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia. Homorus cristatus Reiser (1), p. 68, 1910 — Riacho da Raiz, below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Pseudoseisura (Homorus) cristata Reiser (2), p. 148, 1925 — same locality. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o 71 ad., Jan. 3, 1925. — Wing 108; tail 103; bill 23. Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Riacho da Raiz, 9 ad., Aug. 29, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). Agreeing with specimens from various parts of Bahia. The Crested Cachalote is restricted in its range to eastern Brazil from Minas Geraes north to Piauhy, while a smaller, darker race, P. cristata unirufa, takes its place in Matto Grosso and eastern Bolivia. [217. Automolus infuscatus paraensis Hartert. Automolus sclateri paraensis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 61, note, 1912 — part, male, "Bemavides" =Benevides, near Para, Brazil (type examined). Automolus infuscatus paraensis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6. p. 64, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Two specimens taken by Madame Snethlage at Tury-assu extend the range of this Lower-Amazonian form from Para to northern Maranhao. 1 3 54 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. [218. Automolus rufipileatus rufipileatus (Pelzeln). Anabates rufipileatus Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 34, pp. 109, 131, 1859 — Para (type examined). Philydor rufipileatus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 64, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Two examples secured by Madame Snethlage constitute the first record of the Chestnut-crowned Automolus for Maranhao. Hereto- fore, this form was known only from Amazonia (Para to the Rio Purus).] 219. Philydor ruficaudatus (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). Anabates ruficaudatus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 15, 1838 — Yuracares, Bolivia. Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, o" imm., Nov. 12, 1923. An Amazonian species of wide distribution, extending its range into the forest region of northern Maranhao. 220. Philydor erythrocercus lyra Cherrie. Philydor erythrocercus lyra Cherrie, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 186, 191 6 — Sixth of March Rapids, Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso. Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, d" ad., Nov. 16, 1923. Like a series from Lower Amazonia, this bird has the upper parts more olivaceous than specimens from Matto Grosso and east- ern Peru. This is likewise an Amazonian species entering northern Maran- hao from the west. 221. Xenops minutus genibarbis Illiger. Xenops genibarbis Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 213, 181 1 — Cameta, Rio Tocantins. Xenops genibarbis soror Hellmayr, Anzeiger Orn. Ges. Bay., 4, p. 31, March, 1921 — Miritiba, Maranhao; Reiser (2), p. 147, 1925 — Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Xenops genibarbis littoralis (not of Sclater) Reiser (1), p. 68, 1910 — Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" imm., 9 ad., Oct. 16, Nov. 14, 1923; Sao Luiz, o 71 ad., August 10, 1923. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two Solidade, Bahia (one) Caicara, lower Parnahyba, Piauhy (one) Ibiapaba, Piauhy (one) Jua, Ceara (two) 337. Celeus flavescens ochraceus (Spix). Picus ochraceus Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 59, pi. 51, fig. 1, 1824 — "in sylvis Ama- zonum" (type in Munich Museum examined). Celeus ochraceus Reiser, pp. 60, 130 — Lagda Missao and Piranha, Lake Parna- gua, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 6, 1923; Rosario, 9 ad., May 10, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 10, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., Aug. 1, 1925. Piauhy: Deserto, cf ad., Apr. 2, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Boa Vista, 1 cf 1 ad., Nov. 3, Erroneously given as B6a Vista, "Rio Branco" by C. B. Cory in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 2, No. 2, p. 448, 1919. Wing Tail 96,97 57K.58 90,91 53.55K 89 56 95 58 95 57 93 58 91,92 59.59 92 — 88,91,91 55.59.6o 89,89,91,91, 52,56,58,59 93 60 89,90,90 51,53.54 81,82,82,82, 50,51,51,51 84,84,84,86, 52,52,52,52 87,87,87,88, 53,53.54.55 88,88 57,58 85K 48 84 5i 82 y 2 50 83 52 80,86 52,55 416 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. 1906; Miritiba, d" ad., June 13, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Mu- seum). — Piauhy: Lagoa Missao, o 71 9 ad., May 28, 29, 1903; Piranha, Lake Parnagua, cf ad., May 29, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: locality not specified, 9 ad., (Coll. H. von Berlepsch). The series agrees well with the type and two other specimens from the lower Amazon (Obidos; above the mouth of the Tapaj6z). Some examples have the feathers of the breast and abdomen more or less edged, and sometimes also centrally spotted, with rusty, these markings being particularly well developed in the type, a fe- male from Sao Bento, and a male from Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy. Shape and extent of the blackish brown markings on the back vary a great deal, and certain individuals closely approach C. f. inter cedens Hellmayr, 1 of southern Bahia and Goyaz, although the latter is much blacker and more regularly banded above, and much less ochraceous throughout. The range of C. f. ochraceus extends from the banks of the lower Amazon (Obidos, Monte Alegre, Santarem) east through Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara to Pernambuco, whence there is an adult male obtained on July 25, 1903, by A. Robert at Sao Lourenco, in the Tring Museum, and south to northwestern Bahia, where O. Reiser secured a male on April 24, 1903, at Cantinho, on the Rio Preto, which I have examined in the Vienna Museum. Farther south, in the coast region of Bahia, at Santo Amaro, on the Ilheos and Belmonte, however, we meet with C. f. intercedens which ranges across to southern Goyaz, while in southern Brazil, north to Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro the much larger, long- crested C. f. flavescens is found. 338. Celeus jumana jumana (Spix). Picus jumana Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 57, pi. 47, 1824 — "in sylvis flum. Amazo- num" (types in Munich Museum examined). Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, 9 ad., Nov. 10, 1923. An Amazonian species which ranges east into the forest districts of northern Maranhao. Represented in eastern Peru and eastern Ecuador by C. jumana citreopygius Scl. and Salv., chiefly distin- guishable by having the basal portion of the inner webs of the remiges plain buff without blackish crossbars. The relations of these two races to the group of C. elegans, from Guiana and northern Lower Amazonia, require careful investigation. x Nov. Zool., 15, p. 82, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 417 339. Crocomorphus flavus tectricialis Hellmayr. Crocomorphus flavus tectricialis Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., No. 6, p. 46, 1922 — B6a Vista, Maranhao. Crocomorphus flavus (not Picus flavus Muller) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 253, 1914 — part, Maranhao; Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Maranhao; idem (2), p. 131, 1925 — Miritiba and Sao Luiz, Maranhao, and east of Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., Oct. 15, 1923. — "Iris red, feet gray, bill yellow." Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, d" ad., two 9 9 ad., June 16, Nov. 3, 1905; B6a Vista, 9 ad., Nov. 12, 1906; Miritiba, o 71 ad., 9 ad., Dec. 18, 1907, Feb. 3, 1908. F. Schwanda (Vienna and Sophia Museums). By slightly yellower plumage and cinnamomeous edges to the primaries and outer secondaries, this bird diverges a little from the original series in the direction of C. f inornatus Cherrie, the Amazo- nian representative of this group. It agrees, however, with the speci- mens from Sao Luiz do Maranhao and farther east in having the tertials entirely, and the upper wing coverts largely tipped with buffy whitish. Two examples have larger blackish brown spots at the base of the interscapulars and faint suggestions of similar mark- ings on the chest, thus indicating an approach to C. f. subflavus (Sclater and Salvin), of Bahia. This Woodpecker represents one of the few instances in which the Maranhao form is different from that found near Para. Although recorded only from Maranhao and Piauhy, its range doubtless ex- tends into Ceara and neighboring states, where it may be expected to intergrade with the little known, but strongly marked Bahian race. 340. Scapaneus melanoleucos cearae Cory. Scapaneus melanoleucos 1 cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 306, 1 91 6 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara. Campephilus melanoleucus Reiser (2), p. 131, 1925 — Castelliano, Rio Parna- hyba, Piauhy. Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, d" ad., 0" juv., 9 ad., Aug. 12, 24, 25, 1913. R. H. Becker. x The type of Picus melanoleucos Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 426, 1788 — based on "Buff-crested Woodpecker" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 1, (2), p. 558, pi. 25, 1782, Surinam), which I have carefully examined in the Vienna Museum, is a female with discolored crest. Gmelin's description, in several points, is in- accurate. 418 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. A very questionable race, the validity of which cannot be decided with the material at hand. It was separated from 5. m. melanoleucos on account of its smaller size, but the describer overlooked the fact that birds from southern Brazil and Paraguay, for which the name Picus albirostris Vieillot 1 is available, are not quite the same as those found north of the Amazon, and it appears extremely doubtful whether a third, still smaller form, peculiar to northeastern Brazil, can be discriminated. In specimens from Guiana, Venezuela, and Amazonia (5. m. melanoleucos) the length of the wing ranges from 185 to 195; in those from Paraguay (Villa Concepcion) and southern Brazil (Minas Geraes, Goyaz, Matto Grosso, Sao Paulo), which eventually may have to be called S. m. albirostris, the same measurement runs from 178 to 186; and in five adults from Ceara and Bahia (Solidade; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy) it varies from 160 to 180 mm. These figures show that the differences are insignificant for so large a bird, and require corroboration by the examination of a larger series. [341. Scapaneus trachelopyrus (Malherbe). Megapicus trachelopyrus (Bonaparte MS.) Malherbe, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Moselle, 8eme cahier, 1856-57, p. 1, 1857 — Peru. Campophilus rubricollis (not Picus rubricollis Boddaert) Reiser (1), p. 100, 191 o — Maranhao. Campephilus trachelopyrus Reiser (2), p. 131, 1925 — Miritiba. The only specimen seen from this region is an adult female se- cured by F. Schwanda on November 12, 1907, at Miritiba, in the Vienna Museum. It agrees with skins from Para. This is again an Amazonian species (probably subspecifically related to the Guianan C. rubricollis), whose range extends east into the forest district of northern Maranhao.] 342. Picumnus pygmaeus (Lichtenstein). Picus pygmaeus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 12, 1823 — Brazil. Picumnus pygmaeus Reiser, pp. 61, 131 — Parnagua and Piranha, Piauhy. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., July 8, 1924. The single specimen is similarly marked, but much paler below than two from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, and may be separable subspecifically. Wouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed\, 26, p. 69, 1818 — based on Azara, No. 249, Paraguay. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 419 This Piculet has been recorded only from the states of Bahia, Piauhy, and Maranhao. 343. Picumnus guttifer Sundevall. Picumnus guttifer Sundevall, Consp. Picin., p. 101, 1866 — Goyaz (type in Paris Museum examined). Maranhao: Tranqueira, d" ad., o" juv., Sept. 1, 11, 1925. The adult male agrees with others from Chapada (Matto Grosso) and Goyaz (wing 58; tail 35; bill 14). P. guttifer ranges all over the highlands of central Brazil, south to western Minas Geraes and northern Sao Paulo, and west to Matto Grosso. Though it had been taken at various localities in Goyaz, the present record extends its area to southern Maranhao. About the variation of this species, see Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 83-84, 1908. P. jelskii Tacz., of eastern Peru (Junin to Urubamba) and P. spilogaster Sund., of British Guiana, are closely allied to, and apparently geographical representatives of, P. guttifer. I am not acquainted with P. pallidus Snethlage, 1 from Para, stated to be intermediate between P. sagittatus ( = guttifer) and P. spilogaster 344. Picumnus exilis alegriae subsp. nov. Maranhao: Tury-assu, two 0" o* ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 13, 15, 29, Dec. 6, 10, 1923; Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, 0* ad., two 9 9 ad., Nov. 17, 19, 1923. Type from Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, state of Maranhao, Brazil, in Field Museum of Natural History. No. 63941. Adult male. November 17, 1923. Collected by H. Snethlage. Adults. — Most nearly allied to P. exilis buffonii Lafresnaye, 2 of French and Dutch Guiana, and having the back marked in the same manner with numerous, very distinct yellowish-white and blackish spots; but ground color of upper parts much duller and less yellowish, buffy citrine rather than citrine; tips to anterior crown ^ourn. Orn., 72, p. 449, 1924 — Flor do Prado, near Quatipuru, Para. — Al- though included by H. Snethlage in the list of northeast-Brazilian birds (Journ. Orn., 76, pp. 525, 703, 1928), it is not represented in his collection. 2 Picumnus buffonii Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 8, pp. 6, 9, 1845 — based on "Le tres-petit Pic de Cayenne" Buffon [ = Daubenton], PI. Enl. 786, fig. 1, Cayenne. — Fifteen specimens from French Guiana, two from Surinam, and two from the Rio Branco (Serra da Lua, near B6a Vista) examined. 420 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. in adult male decidedly paler and more orange (varying from cad- mium orange to orange instead of from flame scarlet to orange chrome) ; ventral surface much less yellowish, being either white or very faintly tinged with pale naphthalene yellow. Wing 47-50; tail 25-27; bill 10-11. Range. — Only known from the forested coast region in north- western Maranhao, northern Brazil. Remarks. — This new Piculet, in spite of its habitat, is more closely related to the Guianan race than to P. e. exilis (Lichten- stein), 1 from Bahia, which is immediately recognizable by its much brighter aniline yellow back, without distinct white spots, and mus- tard yellow under parts. By the whitish ventral surface, P. e. ale- griae rather approaches P. e. undulatus Hargitt, from British Guiana and Venezuela (Orinoco-Caura basin), but is much duller, less green- ish as well as more heavily spotted above, while the tips to the feathers of the anterior crown are orange rather than scarlet. From faunal affinities it may be expected that the range of P. e. alegriae will be found to extend into the neighboring Para district, although so far no representative of the P. exilis group has been recorded from the south bank of the Amazon. P. bujjoni amazonicus Snethlage, 2 from the north bank of the lower Amazon, appears to be inseparable from P. e. bujfonii, as far as I can judge from two speci- mens, including the type; 3 but regardless of its status, the name cannot be retained, being preoccupied by P. amazonicus Snethlage 1906. 4 [345. Picumnus limae Snethlage. Picumnus limae Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 72, p. 448, 1924 — Serra do Castello, Ceara. This is obviously a distinct species of peculiar coloration. Madame Snethlage believes it to be nearly allied to P. leucogaster Pelzeln, 1 Picus exilis Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. n, 1823 — "eprovincia San Paulo," errore, = Bahia) appears to be the earliest available name for the yellow Brazilian Piculet, which, as yet, has been recorded only from the southern coast districts in the state of Bahia. Motacilla tninuta Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 189, 1758 — "in Indiis"), described as having the "dorsum alaeque supra grisea," can hardly be reconciled with its characters. 2 Ornith. Monatsber., 22, p. 39, 1914 — Santo Antonio da Cachoeira, Rio Jary, northern Para. *The description of the female is erroneous. An adult specimen of that sex from the type locality in the Berlin Museum agrees with other species in having the pileum black, spotted with white. 4 Ornith. Monatsber., 14, p. 60, 1906 — Marajo and Monte Alegre. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 421 from the Rio Branco and Orinoco. It was discovered by F. Lima in the Serra do Castello, in southern Ceara.] [346. Streptoceryle torquata torquata (Linnaeus). Alcedo torquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 180, 1766 — based on Brisson, Mexico. Ceryle torquata Reiser, pp. 61, 132 — above Sao Estevao, Rio Parnahyba, and Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. The Vienna Academy Expedition met with this kingfisher at various localities in Piauhy. The discrimination of more than two South American races appears impracticable.] 347. Chloroceryle amazona (Latham). Alcedo amazona Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 257, 1790 — Cayenne. Ceryle amazona Reiser, pp. 61, 133 — Parnagua and coast of Piauhy. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o* ad., Jan. 17, 1925. Generally distributed in tropical America. 348. Chloroceryle inda (Linnaeus). Alcedo inda Linnaeus, Syst., Nat. 12th ed., 1, p. 179, 1766 — based on Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 262, pi. 335, Cayenne. Ceryle inda Reiser, pp. 61, 133 — Amaracao, Piauhy. Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), d" ad., Jan. 25, 1926. Generally distributed in tropical America. 349. Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin). Alcedo americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 451, 1788 — based on Daubenton (PI. Enl. 591, figs. 1, 2), Brisson, etc., Cayenne. Ceryle americana Reiser, pp. 61, 133 — Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy. Maranhao: Mangunga Island, 9 ad., March 21, 1924; Rosario, two cf cf ad., May 8, 27, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 28, 1925. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., Jan. 6, 1925. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Rio Taquarussu, 0* ad., 9 ad., July 10, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Quixada, 9 ad., June 25, 1913. R. H. Becker. Birds from northeastern Brazil south to Bahia appear to me in- separable from a Guianan series. 422 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. The several races lately discriminated rest on rather slender characters. C. a. viridis (Vieillot), of southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, averages somewhat larger, with the green of the upper parts lighter and the green pectoral band in the females slightly narrower, while C. a. croteta Wetmore, 1 from Tobago (and Trinidad?) may be distinguished by its stouter, larger bill and plain (or very nearly unspotted) under tail coverts. On the Pacific coast, this Kingfisher is represented in Peru by C. a. cabanisi (Tschudi), and in western Colombia and western Ecuador by C. a. hellmayri Laubmann. 2 350. Trogonurus variegatus variegatus (Spix). Trogon variegatus Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 49, pi. 38a, 1824 — Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined); Reiser, pp. 61, 132 — Lag6a Missao, Olho d'Agua, and Pedrinha, Piauhy. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, c? ad., June 25, 1924; Barra do Corda, d" imm., Sept. 24, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 25, 1925. Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, 9 ad. (in extremely worn breeding plumage), Dec. 14, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d* ad., March 1, 1925. The males agree with others from Bahia and Rio, having the head and throat mainly purple, a distinct whitish chest band, the rump and upper tail coverts glossed with bluish, and the white bars on the lateral rectrices about half or two-thirds as wide as the black interspaces. An adult male from the Rio Araguaya, near Leopoldina, Goyaz, is likewise a typical example of T. v. variegatus, whose range would thus appear to comprise the eastern half of Brazil, from the Para district south to Rio de Janeiro. In northern Argentina and eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz, etc.), 3 the typical form is replaced by T. v. behni (Gould), 4 easily distin- guishable by bluish green (instead of purple) crown and throat, less bluish rump and central tail feathers, shorter white tips and narrower white bands on lateral rectrices, as well as much larger size. In Amazonia, from the sources of the Beni River in northern Bolivia north to southeastern Colombia and east to the Tapajoz, \Journ. Wash. Ac. Sci., 12, p. 325, Aug., 1922 — Tobago; — C. a. insularum Laubmann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., No. 7, p. 52, Nov., 1922 — Tobago. 2 Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., No. 7, p. 50, 1922 — Noanama, Chocd, Colombia. 3 Judging from F. M. Chapman's remarks (in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 71, 1921), also in Matto Grosso whence I have no material. *Trogon behni Gould, Monog. Trog., 2nd ed., pi. 20, 1875 — Bolivia (Bridges). Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 423 T. v. bolivianus (Grant) takes its place. In size, purple head, and decidedly bluish green rump and tail, this form reverts to the charac- ters of T. v. variegatus, but differs by lacking the distinct whitish pectoral band, and by having much narrower white crossbars (which are only one-third or one-fourth the width of the black interspaces) and shorter white tips to the lateral rectrices. A specimen from Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, Colombia is less bluish on the rump, while one from Goyana, Rio Tapaj6z, can be exactly matched by examples from Marcapata, Peru. MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES T. v. variegatus Wing Tail "Brazil" (the type) Bahia (two) Maranhao (two) Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (one) Rio de Janeiro (two) T. v. behni Santa Cruz, Bolivia (four) Oran, Salta (one) Ledesma, Jujuy (one) T. v. bolivianus Marcapata, Peru (three) Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, Colombia (one) Goyana, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil (one) [351. Trogon strigilatus strigilatus Linnaeus. Trogon strigilatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 167, 1766 — based on Trogon cayanensis cinereus Brisson, Orn., 4, p. 165, pi. 16, fig. 1, Cayenne. Trogon viridis Reiser, pp. 100, 132 — Anil, near Sao Luiz, and Miritiba, Maran- hao. The late Ferdinand Schwanda, as recorded by Reiser, forwarded three specimens to the Vienna Museum, a male taken at Anil on June 5, 1905, and male and female secured at Miritiba, on Jan. 21, 1908 and Dec. 16, 1907, respectively. Dr. Snethlage did not meet with this species, which is widely dispersed throughout eastern South America, from Venezuela and Guiana to southern Brazil.] 352. Momotus momota parensis Sharpe. Momotus parensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 17, p. 320, 1892 — Para. Momotus brasiliensis (not of Latham) Reiser (1), p. 61, 1910 — Santa Maria, on the road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena (spec, examined). 123 128 121,122 130,132 120,126 125,135 127 134 125,125 127,128 131.131.132,132 142,144,148,151 I36 I40 134 147 122,124,127 I30,I3 2 129 134 121 124 (worn) 424 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Afomotus momota parensis Reiser (2), p. 132, 1925 — Santa Maria, Piauhy and opposite Boca de Galiota, Rio Parnahyba, Maranhao. Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., 9 ad., Oct. 30, Dec. 7, 1923; Rosario, d* ad., April 29, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, o" ad., July 25, 1925; Tranqueira, three o" o*, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 27, 29, Sept. 8, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, five o" d\ one 9 ad., F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Santa Maria, road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena, d" ad., July 5, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). The series from the north coast (Tury-assu, Rosario, Miritiba) agrees in every respect with nine skins from the Para district. The Inhuma bird and one male from Tranqueira (No. 1879) are likewise similar. Four other specimens from the last-named locality and the male obtained by Reiser at Santa Maria, Piauhy have more chestnut on the neck. One of the males (No. 1805) is partic- ularly conspicuous by having a complete chestnut collar around the hind neck, and corresponds to the description of M. m. cametensis Snethlage, 1 of which unfortunately no material is available for com- parison. The Piauhy bird and three from Tranqueira are more strongly suffused with tawny underneath than the rest of the series. There is also much individual variation in the shade of the green of the upper parts. For the present, I do not see how the Motmots of the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy can be separated, and I refer the whole series to M. m. parensis, whose range apparently extends from the right bank of the Tocantins through eastern Para and Maranhao east to the Rio Parnahyba. From the Tapaj6z westwards to the Purus and south to Goyaz, northern Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso, it is repre- sented by M. m. simplex Chapman, 2 without any, or with very little chestnut on the nape. 3 [353. Galbula albirostris cyanicollis Cassin. Galbula cyanicollis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 154, pi. 7, 1852 — - Para; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 66, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. 'Ornith. Monatsber., 20, p. 155, 1912 — Cameta, Rio Tocantins. 2 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 48, p. 44, 1923 — Santar£m, Rio Tapajdz. 3 Specimens examined. — Itaituba, Tapajdz 1 ; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz 3 ; Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz 1; Guardamor, Goyaz 2; Chapada, Matto Grosso 1; Villa Maria, Matto Grosso 1 ; Calama, Rio Madeira 1 ; Ponto Alegre, Rio Purus 3; Bom Lugar, Rio Purus 1; Cachoeira, Rio Purus 1. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 425 Madame Snethlage's record of a specimen from Tury-assu. ex- tends the range of this Jacamar, known to inhabit the south bank of the Amazon, from Para to northern Maranhao.] 354. Galbula rufoviridis Cabanis. Galbula rufoviridis Cabanis in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss. und Kunste, 1st sect., 52, p. 308, 1851 — Brazil; Reiser, (2), p. 123, 1925 — Rio Parna- hyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., Apr. 29, 1924; Codo, Cocos, o" ad., 9 ad., June 19, 20, 1924; Barra do Corda, o" ad., Aug. 19, 1924; Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 4, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., Feb. 26, 1925. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., June 3, 1903; Santa Philomena, cf ad., o 71 imm., July 18, 1903. P. Wachsmund (Tring Museum). — Maranhao: Miritiba, two cfo 71 , two 9 9 ad., F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). Identical with specimens from Bahia (Santo Amaro; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto), Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lag6a Santa) and Matto Grosso (Descalvados, Urucum de Corumba). This species is widely distributed in Brazil, ranging from Marajo and the south bank of the Amazon south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, west to the Rio Madeira and into eastern Bolivia. 355. Brachygalba lugubris lugubris (Swainson). Galbula lugubris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 329, Dec., 1837 — "Conocou" [=Cuano or Canuku] Mountains of Demerara (type in British Museum ex- amined). Maranhao: Tury-assu, d* ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 3, 10, 13, 1923; Rosario, cf ad., May 17, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 25, 1925. Goyaz: Certeza, c? imm., Sept. 26, 1925. I have no adults from north of the Amazon for comparison, but the immature Certeza bird agrees in every particular with specimens in corresponding plumage from the Serra da Lua, on the upper Rio Branco, Brazil. The present record extends the range of the species from the lower Amazon to the Rio Parnahyba. Outside the Guianas and 426 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. eastern Venezuela (Caura Valley), it has been found at various places in northern Brazil: on the Rio Acara, south of Belem; at Baiao, on the Rio Tocantins; north of the Amazon, at Monte Alegre and on the banks of the Rio Maecuru, and finally on the Rio Branco. Farther south in Goyaz, on the Rio Araguaya, as well as in west- ern Minas Geraes (Santo Domingo; Rio Jordao, near Araguary), northern Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso, it is replaced by B. lugubris melanosterna Sclater, 1 which stretches west into eastern Bolivia (Gua- rayos) and reaches the northern extremity of its range on the Rio Curua, a westerly tributary of the Iriri joining the Xingu, where Madame Snethlage secured a single female on August 16, 1909, at Malocca de Manuelsinho. This southern form is principally dis- tinguished by the wholly or partly pale-colored lower mandible. 356. Notharchus tectus tectus (Boddaert). Bucco tectus Boddaert, Tabl. PL Enl., p. 43, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 688, fig. 2, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 100, 123 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 9 ad., March 22, 1924. — Wing 78; tail 60; bill 24. Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Primeira Cruz, o* ad., May 1, 1906. F. Schwanda (Vienna Museum). — Wing 78; tail 65. Together with two females from Para, these specimens are some- what larger than skins from Surinam and Manaos, but I have not been able to examine a sufficient series. N. t. tectus is one of those Guianan species whose range stretches through Lower Amazonia to the northern coast district of Maranhao. 2 I am not acquainted with its Upper-Amazonian representative N. t. picatus (Sclater). 357. Nystalus maculatus maculatus (Gmelin). Alcedo maculata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 451, 1788 — based on "Le Martin- pescheur (sic) tachete' du Br£sil" Brisson, Orn., 4, p. 524, ex "Matuitui" Marc- grave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 217, northeastern Brazil; we suggest Ceara. Bucco maculatus Reiser, pp. 58, 123 — Therezina, Piauhy. Nystalus maculatus nuchalis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 2, No. 2, p. 398, 1919 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara. 1 P. Z. S. Lond., 23, p. 15, 1855 — Goyaz. 2 The specimen in the British Museum, said to be from "Pernambuco," is, of course, wrongly labeled. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 427 Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o 71 ad., Aug. 11, 1924; Codo, Cocos, c? ad., three 9 9 ad., June 14, 19, 21, 28, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Dec. 15, 1924; Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 22, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Oct. 12, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Therezina, d" ad., Aug. 17, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, two cf d\ one 9 ad., Aug. 7, 8, 1913; Quixada, three cFcT, three 9 9 , June and July, 1913; Serra de Baturite, 9 ad., July 18, 19 13. R. H. Becker. Comparison with a series of twenty specimens from Bahia and Pernambuco fails to reveal any difference between birds from the various states of northeastern Brazil. The alleged characters of N. m. nuchalis are merely seasonal, the Ceara series being in perfect plumage, while the few Bahia specimens available at that time for comparison happened to be more or less worn. Furthermore, it is practically certain that Marcgrave's "Matuitui," the basis of Alcedo maculata, refers to the bird for which Cory provided the term nuchalis. Two specimens from Marajo (Pacoval) and three from Santarem are not distinguishable from the general run of Bahia birds either. N. m. maculatus is restricted to northeastern Brazil, south to Bahia, ranging north to Marajo and west to the Tapajoz (Santarem). Near the sources of the Rio Araguaya, in southern Goyaz, it is represented by N. m. parvirostris (Hellmayr), 1 with shorter tail and much smaller bill, and in Matto Grosso by N. m. pallidigula Cherrie and Reichenberger, 2 with paler, ochraceous rather than tawny fore- neck, and striped instead of spotted chest and sides. 358. Nystalus chacuru (Vieillot). Bucco chacuru Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. £d., 3, p. 239, 1816 — based on Azara, No. 261, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 58, 124 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez and Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two o 71 o 71 ad., June 11, July 10, 1924; Ponto (Canella), d" ad., Aug. 31, 1924. Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, d" ad., Nov. 28, 1925. l Bucco maculatus parvirostris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 86, 1908. 2 Amer. Mus. Novit., 58, p. 6, 1923 — Urucum, de Corumba. 428 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Apparently not different from south-Brazilian and Paraguayan specimens. Bolivian and Peruvian birds average larger and are per- haps not quite so rufous above. N. chacuru is widely distributed in Brazil, its range extending from the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy south to Matto Grosso and Parana^ An inhabitant of the campo or open country, it is ab- sent from the greater part of the Amazonian region, having been found only in a few isolated spots, such as Humaytha, on the upper Rio Madeira, Brazil, and near Moyobamba and in the Valley of Santa Ana, Peru. 1 359. Malacoptila striata 2 minor Sassi. Malacoptila torquata minor Sassi, Journ. Orn., 59, p. 181, 191 1 — Miritiba, Maranhao (type in Vienna Museum examined) ; Reiser (2), p. 124, 1925 — Miritiba. Malaeoptila (sic) torquata (not Bucco torquatus Hahn) Reiser (1), p. 100 — Maranhao. Maranhao: Barra do Corda, (cf) ad., Sept. 3, 1924. — Wing 90; bill 24. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two cTcf, one 9, May 16, June 1, Aug. 8, 1907. F. Schwanda (Vienna Museum). This northern form differs from M. s. striata, of southern Brazil, by decidedly smaller size (wing of male 83-90, against 92-99; of female 86, against 94-96 mm.), shorter and slenderer bill, less blackish ground color of head and upper back, with the central streaks much wider and brighter ochraceous buff, and much more extensive as well as much brighter ochraceous tawny pectoral area. The original series from Miritiba, besides, has the middle of the abdomen pure white, but the present example, in this respect, hardly differs from typical striata. M. s. minor is yet only known from Maranhao, while M. s. striata inhabits southern Brazil, from southern Bahia (Caravellas) and Minas Geraes to Santa Catherina. Recently separated by Sztolcman (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 214, 1926 — type from Santa Ana) on account of their larger bills. 1 Bucco torquatus Hahn (Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 13, pi. 5, 1822 — Brazil) being invalidated by Bucco torquatus Dumont (Diet. Sci. Nat., 4, p. 56, 1805), Bucco striatus Spix (Av. Bras., i,p. 52, pi. 40, fig. 2, 1824 — "in syl vis Rio de Janeiro, Bahia") becomes the specific name of the Banded Soft-wing. I cannot agree with my friend Reiser (1. c, p. 124) in referring Spix's account to the northern form (M. s. minor). While admitting that the plate is somewhat ambiguous, certain sentences in the description clearly point to the large southern race, and, in the absence of the type, the localities "Rio de Janeiro" and "Bahia" have more weight than the drawing of a notoriously inexperienced artist. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 429 [360. Monasa morphoeus morphoeus (Hahn). Bucco morphoeus Hahn, Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 14, pi. 2, 1823 — Brazil. Bucco albifrons sive leucops Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 53, 1824 — Piauhy. Neither the Vienna Academy Expedition nor Dr. Snethlage met with this species, whose claims to be included in the fauna of Piauhy rest on Spix's record. As, however, specimens from the Para district agree with others from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, its occurrence in the intervening region can hardly be doubted.] 361. Monasa nigrifrons (Spix). Bucco nigrifrons Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 53, pi. 41, fig. 2, 1824 — Rio Solimoes. Monacha nigrifrons Reiser, pp. 58, 124 — Bomfim above Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 10, 1923; Sao Bento, o 71 ad., Sept. 10, 1923; Codo, Cocos, cf ad., June 25, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Sept. 3, 1925. I am unable to separate this series and Lower-Amazonian speci- mens from others taken in eastern Peru. The length of the wing, regardless of sex, varies in birds from Maranhao from 122 to 132, in those from Peru from 119 to 128 mm. The largest specimen is a female from the city of Goyaz, with a wing of 136 mm., thus closely approaching the measurements given by Ihering and Ihering 1 for their supposed southern race M. n. itapurana, from Itapura, northern Sao Paulo. An adult male from Rio Jordao, near Araguary, western Minas Geraes. in the same general region, however, measures only 131 mm. and casts strong doubts on its validity. M. nigrifrons is widely distributed in Brazil, south of the Amazon, and in Peru, where it crosses the Maranon, ranging north into eastern Ecuador and east to the Rio Negro. 362. Chelidoptera tenebrosa tenebrosa (Pallas). Cuculus tenebrosus Pallas, Neue Nord. Beytr., 3, p. 2, pi. 1, fig. I, 1782 — Surinam. Chelidoptera tenebrosa Reiser, pp. 58, 124 — Fazenda Riachoelo (west of Santo Antonio de Gilboez), Riacho d'Ardeia, Santa Philomena, and below Colonia Flori- ano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, o 71 ad., Oct. 23, 1923; Rosario, o 71 ad., two 9 9 ad., May 9, 16, 19, 1924. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two 9 9 ad., F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). 'Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 413, 1907. 43° Field Museum op Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. In dimensions and restriction of the rufous abdominal area, these birds as well as two from the Rio Preto, n. w. Bahia, in the Vienna Museum agree with a large series of typical tenebrosa from the Guianas and Rio Branco. Specimens from Goyaz (Goyaz City and Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya) are slightly larger and sometimes a little paler on the abdomen, though still markedly darker than C. t. brasil- iensis, of southeastern Brazil. C. t. tenebrosa thus appears to range south to northern Goyaz and northwestern Bahia (Rio Preto), without appreciable change. Birds from western Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa), however, belong to the larger southern form C. t. braziliensis with much more extensive as well as paler, ochraceous buff rather than tawny abdominal area, whose distribution extends from Sao Paulo along the coast north to Bahia and perhaps even to Pernam- buco. 363. Ramphastos toco Muller. Ramphastos toco P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl. p. 82, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PL Enl. 82, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 58, 121 — Parnagua and Rio Parna- hyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 0" cf ad., July 19, 20, 1925. A third specimen from Maranhao, secured by F. Schwanda near Miritiba, I have examined in the Munich Museum. Generally distributed in eastern South America from Guiana to southern Brazil and northern Argentina. [364. Ramphastos monilis Muller. Ramphastos monilis P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 83, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PL Enl. 262, Cayenne; Reiser (2), p. 122, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Rhamphastus erythrorhynchus Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Maranhao. An adult male taken by F. Schwanda at Miritiba, on Feb. 5, 1908, in the Vienna Museum is the only definite record of this Guianan and Lower- Amazonian Toucan from Maranhao.] 365. Ramphastos ariel Vigors. Ramphastos ariel Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 8, p. 466, pi. 15, 1826 — Rio de Janeiro; Reiser (2), p. 122, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, o 71 ad., Nov. 21, 1923. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 431 Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Dec. 15, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). An east-Brazilian species, ranging from the south bank of the lower Amazon to Santa Catharina, although records are lacking for its occurrence in either Ceara or Piauhy. 366. Ramphastos theresae Reiser. Rhamphastus theresae Reiser, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 42, No. 18, p. 321, 1905 — upper Parnahyba, Piauhy (type in Vienna Museum examined); Reiser, pp. 58, 122 — Ponta da Serra, near Santa Philomena, and Sao Miguel, near Remanso de Coco, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 6, 1925. — Wing 190; tail 170; bill 115. — "Iris and feet blue, bill black, pale basal band yellow, bare skin round the eye blue." Additional specimens. — Piauhy, Alto Parnahyba: Sao Miguel, 9 ad., July 29, 1903 (type); Ponta da Serra, 9 ad., July 10, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). This specimen differs from the types by decidedly longer bill and by lacking the small pale blue spot at the base of the culmen. R. theresae is nearly related to R. ariel, but may be distinguished, in addition to its smaller bill, by pale greenish yellow (instead of red) upper tail coverts; by the light cadmium (instead of deep orange) throat and foreneck, passing into empire yellow on the chin and into martius yellow on the cheeks and lateral border of the throat; and by having but a restricted band across the chest instead of the entire breast red. R. theresae is as yet known only from the upper Parnahyba in Piauhy and Maranhao. Together with R. ariel and R. vitellinus it forms a natural section in the genus Ramphastos, and it is quite probable that further researches will show these three Toucans to be geographical races of a single systematic unit. 367. Pteroglossus aracari aracari (Linnaeus). Ramphastos aracari Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 104, 1758 — based on "Aracari" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 217, northeastern Brazil. Pteroglossus aracari Reiser (1), p. 58, 1910 — opposite Matto Bom, Rio Parna- hyba, Maranhao; idem (2), p. 122, 1925 — Matto Bom, Primeira Cruz, Bda Vista, and Miritiba, Maranhao. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 31, 1923; Tranqueira, cf*ad., Sept. 1, 1925. 432 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Seven more specimens from various places in the coast region of Maranhao (Primeira Cruz, B6a Vista, Miritiba), collected by the late F. Schwanda, and an adult male from opposite Matto Bom, Rio Parnahyba, taken on July 28, 1903 by Wachsmund, have been examined in the Museums at Vienna and Munich. P. a. aracari is widely distributed throughout eastern Brazil from Marajo and the south bank of the Amazon south at least to Bahia. North of the Amazon it is replaced by P. a. atricollis (Muller). 1 [368. Pteroglossus bitorquatus bitorquatus Vigors. Pteroglossus bitorquatus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, p. 481, 1826 — no locality given; Reiser, pp. 100, 122 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., cf juv., May 10, 19, 1907. F. Schwanda (Vienna Museum). This beautiful Toucan is peculiar to eastern Para, east of the Tocantins, and the adjoining section of northern Maranhao. Other races are found on the lower Amazon and Rio Madeira.] 369. Pteroglossus inscriptus inscriptus Swainson. Pteroglossus inscriptus Swainson, Zool. 111., 2, pi. 90, 1821 — "from the interior of Guayana," errore; Reiser, pp. 100, 123 — Maranhao. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 6, 1923; Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 5, 1923. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, o 71 ad., three 9 9 ad., May 23, June 17, Aug. 8, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). This Lower-Amazonian Toucan ranges east to Pernambuco, whence there is as adult female in the Tring Museum, secured by A. Robert at Sao Lourenco on August 13, 1903. Along the Rio Madeira and in western Matto Grosso it gradually merges into the Upper- Amazonian P. i. humboldti Wagler.* 370. Coccyzus euleri (Cabanis). Coccygus euleri Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 72, 1873 — Cantagallo, state of Rio de Janeiro (type in Berlin Museum examined). l Ramphastos atricollis P. L. S. Muller (Natursyst., Suppl., p. 83, 1776) is ex- clusively based on Daubenton's PI. Enl. 166. Although this indifferent plate bears the legend "Toucan vert, du Br6sil," it is quite evident from Buffon's text (Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 126) that his description refers to the Guianan bird, while the locality "Br£sil" was taken from Marcgrave's "Aracari," considered to be identical. See also Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 102, 1902; Berlepsch, 1. C, 15, p. 281, 1908. — P. roraimae Brab. and Chubb (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 10, p. 261, 1912) is thus a pure synonym of P. a. atricollis. *See Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 69-70, 1912. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 433 (?) Coccyzus americanus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 66, 1926 — Sao Ben to, Maranhao. Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., May 6, 1924. — Wing 138; tail 146; bill 25. — "Iris brown, feet gray, bill black, lower mandible and edge at base of maxilla yellow." Except for slightly larger size, this bird agrees with the type of Coccyzus Undent Allen, 1 from Santarem, in the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge. In another place 2 I have at length discussed the characters and range of this rare Cuckoo. Since then, additional specimens have been listed from Ciudad Bolivar and Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Vene- zuela, 3 and Supenaam River, British Guiana, 4 and the present ex- ample adds another locality to the previous records. Its range is now known to extend from Dutch and British Guiana and the banks of the Orinoco south to Matto Grosso (Chapada) and Sao Paulo (Paciencia). Mr. Ridgway 5 believes the type of Coccyzus julieni Lawrence 6 to be a young bird of the present species, which he regards as a race of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo ; but in view of certain discrepancies in the description and the widely separated habitat, I rather hesitate to accept this association without further evidence. Lawrence's type, taken on October 20, might, of course, have been a straggler from South America, though Mr. Ridgway suggests the possibility that the so-called C. americanus breeding in the West Indies may be julieni. A series of Cuckoos, obtained by Geo. K. Cherrie in Santo Domingo in the first week of May, some of them marked "breeding," in the collection of Field Museum, are, however, all C. a. americanus, with an extensive rufous area on the wings. 371. Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot. Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 271, 1 81 7 — based on Azara, No. 267, Paraguay. 'Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 81, 1876. — Dr. Allen's description is somewhat mis- leading, since the type shows just a faint grayish shade on throat and foreneck, no more than is noticeable in other specimens. 2 Nov. Zool., 20, pp. 252-253, 1913. 3 Cherrie, Sci. Bull. Brookl. Mus., 2, p. 311, 1916. 4 Chubb, Birds Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 438, 1916. B Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 19, 1916. 8 Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. f 8, pp. 42, 98, 1864 — Sombrero Island, Lesser Antilles. 434 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Coccyzus melanocoryphus Reiser, pp. 59, 125 — Lag6a Missao and Burity, near Parnagua, Piauhy. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., March 4, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two cfcf, three 9 9, June 26, 1913. R. H. Becker. Generally distributed in South America. 372. Piaya cayana subsp. Piaya cayana (not Cuculus cayanus Linnaeus) Reiser (2), p. 125, 1925 — part, Boa Vista, Maranhao. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0" ad., adult (unsexed), Dec. 4, 12, 1923. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 imm., June 10, 1905 (Sophia Museum); B6a Vista, d" ad., Feb. 5, 1907 (Vienna Museum); Miritiba, 9 ad., F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). Birds from the coast of Maranhao and the adjoining Para dis- trict cannot be united with any known form, and obviously consti- tute a recognizable race, which I am, however, unwilling to name before its range can be more accurately denned. In another com- munication 1 I identified it with P. cayana pallescens of Cabanis and Heine, 2 but upon examination of the type in the Heine Collection, this name proves to be referable to the Bahian form. The twelve specimens from Maranhao, Para, and Marajo stand just between P. c. -pallescens, of Bahia and Piauhy, and P. c. obscura Snethlage, of Amazonia (Rio Madeira to eastern Peru), combining the deep auburn upper parts of the latter with the pale (neutral) gray ventral surface of the former. The westward extension of its range cannot be determined owing to lack of material from Lower Amazonia. Two specimens from Borba, Rio Madeira appear to belong with P. c. obscura. [373. Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis and Heine). Pyrrhococcyx pallescens Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 4, (1), p. 86, 1862 — Northern Brazil = Bahia (type examined). Piaya cayana (not Cuculus cayanus Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 59, 125 — Parnagua and Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Piauhy: Paranagua, cf ad., May 16, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). •Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 71, 1912. 2 Pyrrhococcyx pallescens Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 4, (1), p. 86, 1862 — "Northern Brazil." Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 435 The only specimen from Piauhy resembles birds from Bahia (Santo Amaro; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy; Fazenda Tab6a and Sao Marcello, Rio Preto), some of which were directly compared and found identical with the type of P. pallescens in the Heine Collection. In addition to its shorter tail, this form is easily distinguished from the South Brazilian P. c. macroura by much brighter and clearer rufous (hazel or kaiser brown) upper, and much paler grayish under parts, without any black on thighs, vent, or tail coverts. Its range appears to be restricted to the states of Bahia, Piauhy, and Pernambuco, in central eastern Brazil. Farther south, from Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro down to Rio Grande do Sul, the long-tailed, deeply colored P. c. macroura Gambel takes its place.] 374. Piaya cayana cearae Cory. Piaya cayana cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 304, 1 91 5 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara. Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, two cf 0", two 9 9 ad., July 30, Aug. 11, 20, Sept. 1, 1913; Quixada, 9 ad., June 27, 1913. R. H. Becker. This seems to be a valid form. Though nearly related to, it may be separated from, P. c. pallescens by decidedly paler, more whitish under parts, the difference being particularly pronounced on the thighs and crissum; the strongly rufescent tinge on the under sur- face of the lateral rec trices; slightly lighter rufous upper parts, etc. It is known only from Ceara. 1-375. Tapera naevia naevia (Linnaeus). Cuculus naevius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 170, 1766 — based on Brisson, Orn., 4, p. 128, Cayenne. Diploplerus naevius Reiser, pp. 59, 126 — Burity, Pe" do Morro, and Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. The distinction of a southern form T. naevia chochi 1 seems to me more than problematical. In measuring a large number of specimens from various localities, I find so much individual variation in size that I fail to see how dimensions can be used as a criterion for the maintenance of two races in South America. It is, however, possible that southern birds average slightly browner above, although there is much seasonal change in this respect.] ^ee Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 50, 1918. 436 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XII. 376. Neomorphus geoffroyi (Temminck). Coccyzus geoffroyi Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 2, pi. 7, 1820 — no locality given, nab. subst. Bahia, Brazil (auct. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 298, 1905)- Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 15, 25, Dec. 12, 1923. — "Iris yellow and red, feet pale gray, bill greenish yellow, black at base." This beautiful Cuckoo has a rather wide distribution in Brazil south of the Amazon, ranging from Para to Espirito Santo, west to the Rio Madeira. The Maranhao examples agree with others from Amazonia (Para region and Rio Madeira). I have seen no material from southern Brazil. 1 Represented by nearly allied species (or races) in Upper Amazonia. [377. Dromococcyx phasianellus (Spix). Macropus phasianellus Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 53, pi. 42, 1824 — Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil. Dromococcyx phasianellus Reiser, pp. 59, 126 — Parnagua and below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., June 13, 1903; two c^d", one 9 ad., below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Aug. 25, 26, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). Widely distributed throughout Central and South America south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso.] 378. Guira guira (Gmelin). Cuculus Guira Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 414, 1788 — based on Brisson (ex Marcgrave), northeastern Brazil. Guira guira Reiser, pp. 59, 127 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assii, 9 ad., Nov. 29, 1923; Mangunca Island, 9 ad., Feb. 27, 1924; Sao Luiz, o 71 ad., July 26, 1923. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three c? d\ July 31, Aug. 18, 1913; Quixada, two cf d\ two 9 9 , June 16, 19, 25, 1913. R. H. Becker. The Guira Cuckoo ranges all over eastern Brazil, from the islands of Mara jo and Mexiana south to Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul, extending into Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. 'Birds from Espirito Santo have recently been described by Madame Snethlage as Neomorphus dulcis (Orn. Monatsber.,35, p. 80, 1927), and while they appear to be subspecifically different from the Amazonian representative, the type in the Leiden Museum should be examined to make sure of the proper application of Temminck's name. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 437 379. Crotophaga major Gmelin. Crotophaga major Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 363, 1788 — based on Brisson and Buffon, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 59, 126 — Ilha Grande, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, c? ad., Oct. 30, 1923; Mangunca Island, c? ad., Feb. 29, 1924. Generally distributed in South America. 380. Crotophaga ani Linnaeus. Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 105, 1758 — based on Browne and Sloane (Jamaica), and Marcgrave (northeastern Brazil); Reiser, (2), p. 127, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Crotophaga sulcirostris (?) (not of Swainson) Reiser (1), p. 100 — Maranhao. Maranhao: Sao Bento, cf ad., Sept. 13, 1923; Mangunca Island, o* ad., March 22, 1924. Widely diffused in the West Indies and in Central and South America. [381. Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Latham). Psittacus hyacinthinus Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 84, 1790 — no locality indicated, = Brazil. Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Reiser (1), p. 56, 191 o — Xingu, near Santa Maria, on the road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena, Piauhy; idem (2), p. 112, 1925 — upper Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. The Vienna Academy Expedition met with the Blue Macaw at numerous localities along the Rio Parnahyba. The last flocks were seen at Sao Miguel and Sao Estevao. Two specimens from the Alto Parnahyba in the Tring Museum examined. A. hyacinthinus is peculiar to the interior of Brazil, from the Amazon south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso.] [382. Ara ararauna (Linnaeus). Psittacus ararauna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 96, 1758 — "in America meridionale" ; we accepted Pernambuco (ex Marcgrave )as type locality. 1 Ara ararauna Reiser, pp. 56, 114 — Lag6a Saco, Brejao, and Riacho d'Ardeia, Piauhy. Specimens of this Macaw were obtained by the Vienna Academy Expedition in southern Piauhy. The species is widely distributed in tropical South America.] x See Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 577, 1906. 438 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. [383. Ara chloroptera Gray. Ara chloropterus Gray, List. Birds Brit. Mus., 3, Psittaci, p. 26, 1859 — based on Macrocercus macao Vieillot, etc., type from British Guiana. Ara chloroptera Reiser, pp. 56, 115 — Parnagua and Riacho da Varzea Grande, near Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy. Not met with by Dr. Snethlage. The Vienna Academy Expedition secured several examples of this widespread species in southern Piauhy.] [384. Ara maracana (Vieillot). Macrocercus maracana Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 2, p. 260, 1 8 16 — based on Azara, No. 274, Paraguay and La Plata River. Ara maracana Reiser, pp. 56, 116 — Parnagua, Piauhy. The Vienna Academy Expedition secured several examples on the shores of Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. This Macaw is a native of Paraguay and eastern Brazil, ranging as far north as the island of Marajo.] [385. Orthopsittaca manilata (Boddaert). Psittacus manilatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 52, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 864, Cayenne. Ara macavuanna Reiser, pp. 56, 116 — Santa Maria, on the trail from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena, Piauhy. We have no specimens from Piauhy, but two from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, in the neighboring state of Bahia. 0. manilata is generally distributed in northern South America, from Guiana south to Peru, Matto Grosso, and Bahia.] [386. Cyanopsitta spixii (Wagler). Sittace spixii Wagler, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Munchen, 1, p. 675, 1832 — "in Brasilia, versus flumen Amazonum," errore (the type examined in the Munich Museum was obtained on the banks of the Sao Francisco River near Joazeiro, state of Bahia). Cyanopsittacus spixi Reiser (2), p. 114, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. A few examples of Spix's Macaw, one of the greatest rarities among South American Parrots, were observed by Otmar Reiser in June 1903 in the vicinity of Parnagua, Piauhy. This is the only record since its discovery by Spix more than one hundred years ago. Dr. Snethlage unfortunately did not meet with the species.] Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 439 387. Diopsittaca nobilis cumanensis (Lichtenstein). Psittacus cumanensis Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 6, 1823 — Brazil. 1 Ara nobilis (not Psittacus nobilis Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 57, 117 — Pedrinha (Lake Parnagua), Santa Philomena, and junction of the Rio Sucuriu, Rio Parna- hyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, two 9 9 ad., 9 imm., Nov. 27, Dec. 20, 21, 1923; Rosario, 9 ad., May 16, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., June 13, 1924. Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, cf ad., Nov. 30, 1925. Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Miritiba, cf imm., March 9, 1909. F. Schwanda. This species is widely distributed in Brazil south of the Amazon Valley, ranging from Para (Cajetuba), Maranhao and northern Goyaz to Sao Paulo and extending west into Matto Grosso. North of the Amazon, on the Rio Branco as well as in Guiana and eastern Venezuela (Caura Valley) it is replaced by the smaller, partly black-billed D. n. nobilis (Linnaeus). [388. Thectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous (Spix). Aratinga haemorrhous Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 29, pi. 13, 1824 — "in Campo Alegre Bahiae" (types in Munich Museum examined). Conurus haemorrhous Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy. Aratinga (Conurus) haemorrhous Reiser (2), p. 119, 1925 — Parnagua. 1 Psittacus cumanensis Lichtenstein is evidently the earliest available name for the southern form of this Macaw with pale upper, and blackish lower mandible. The characters "rostro validiore mandibula nigra, genis nudis immaculatis, fronte cyanea" are just the points of distinction from '"Psittacus guianensis Gmelin" [= Aratinga leucophthalma (Muller)], with which Lichtenstein compared his sup- posed novelty. The specific name apparently was derived from the Bay of Cuman, Maranhao, which we suggest as type locality. Psittacus nobilis Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 97, 1758), universally accepted for the southern race, obviously refers to Psittacara hahni Souance' (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 8, p. 58, 1856— "Colombie"). It is true Linnaeus merely gives "America meridionalis" as its habitat, and the short diagnosis might apply to either form. However, on turning to his first reference (Mus. Ad. Frid., 2, Prodr. p. 13, 1764), we find there a more complete description of the bird; and while nothing is said about the coloration of the bill, the statement "Habitat Surinami" clearly indicates the northern form. It might be argued that, no mention being made of the bluish forecrown, the description would seem to correspond even better with Aratinga leucophthalma, likewise found in Guiana. This species, how- ever, has only a limited bare space round the eye, while Linnaeus, for his Psittacus nobilis, uses the same expression ("genis nudis") as he does in the case of Psittacus [ = Ara] sever us. Under these circumstances, I do not see how we can well avoid calling the Guianan bird Diopsittaca nobilis nobilis (Linnaeus) 1758, of which Psittacara hahni Souance 1856 becomes a synonym. 44° Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., May 25, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). Except for possessing a few brownish red feathers in the middle of the abdomen — no doubt, an individual variation — this bird was found to agree with others from the Sao Francisco River, Bahia. This Paroquet merely differs from T. a. acuticaudatus by lacking the blue on the sides of the head and throat and by its pale (instead of blackish) mandible, and is clearly but subspecifically distinct. It has been recorded from various localities in Bahia and from southern Piauhy, but may have a more extensive range, since the validity of Conurus neoxenus Cory, 1 from Venezuela, is extremely doubtful. Birds from Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, in coloration, are somewhat intermediate between acuticaudatus and haemorrhous, but agree with the former in the blackish lower mandible.] [389. Aratinga guarouba (Gmelin). Psittacus guarouba Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 320, 1788 — based on (Brisson ex) Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 207: "Quiiubatui," northeastern Brazil. Conurus guarouba Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 73, 1912 — Serra do Pirocaua, Maranhao. Maranhao: Serra do Pirocaua, d" ad., Dec. 27, 1909. F. Lima (Munich Museum). This striking species has of late been recorded only from the south bank of the lower Amazon (Xingu to Para) and Maranhao, but doubtless ranges farther east, since it was first described by Marc- grave, who did not extend his researches beyond the western limits of Ceara.] 390. Aratinga jandaya (Gmelin). Psittacus jandaya Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (i), p. 319, 1788 — based on (Brisson ex) Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 206: "Jendaya," northeastern Brazil. Aratinga chrysocephalus Spix, A v. Bras., 1, p. 30, pi. 14, 1824 — Piauhy (types in Munich Museum examined). Conurus jendaya Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910 — Fazenda do Saco, Santa Maria, and Ponta da Serra, near Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Aratinga (Conurus) jendaya Reiser (2), p. 117, 1925 — Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 9 ad., Oct. 10, 18, 1923; Grajahii, c? ad., Oct. 28, 1924; Tranqueira, two o 71 o 71 ad., 9 imm., Sept. 9, Oct. 12, 1925. 1 FieId Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 243, 1909 — Margarita Island, Venezuela. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 441 Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Primeira Cruz, o" ad., July 10, 1906 (Field Museum); Miritiba, cf ad., 9 ad., 1907. F. Schwan- da (Munich Museum). — Ceara (unspecified), one adult (Berlepsch Collection). — Piauhy (unspecified), three adults. J. B. Spix (Munich Museum). The immature differs only by smaller bill, duller throat, and by having the crown streaked with green. This Paroquet is peculiar to northeastern Brazil (states of Maran- hao, Piauhy, and Ceara), 1 and does not even occur at Para. A. a. auricapilla (Kuhl), of Bahia, which we have from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, and A. a. aurifrons (Spix), of southern Brazil, are probably geographic races of A. jandaya. 2 391. Aratinga leucophthalma leucophthalma (Miiller). Psittacus leucophthalmus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 75, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 407, Cayenne. Conurus leucophthalmus Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910 — Burity, Lag6a Missao, and Cachoeira, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Aratinga {Conurus) leucophthalmus Reiser (2), p. 118, 1925 — same localities. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Dec. 4, 1923; Tranqueira, cf ad., Sept. 11, 1925. Additional material examined since the publication of my notes 3 seems to indicate that there is no ground for recognizing a southern race (C. propinquus Sclater), the alleged difference in size proving to be nonexistent. The range of A. I. leucophthalma thus extends from Guiana through the greater part of Amazonia down to northern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. On the other hand, A. I. callogenys (Salvadori), of eastern Ecuador, is evidently separable, as shown by Chapman, 4 although immature and female examples are hardly distinguishable from the typical bird. 392. Aratinga cactorum caixana Spix. Aratinga caixana Spix, Av., Bras., 1, p. 34, pi. 19, fig. 1, 1824 — no locality indicated; we suggest Caxias, Piauhy (type in Munich Museum examined). Aratinga cactorum perpallida Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 2, No. 1, p. 59, 1918 — Jua, Ceara. 1 Its occurrence in Pernambuco is open to doubt. 2 See Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 581-583, 1906. 3 Nov. Zool., 14, p. 85, 1907. 4 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 258, 1926. 442 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Conurus cactorum (not of Kuhl) Reiser (i), p. 57, 1910 — part, island near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco and Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, Bahia; Olho d'Agua, near Parnagua, Piauhy. Conurus (Aratinga) cactorum Reiser (2), p. 118, 1925 — part, near Sambaiba, Rio Grande, and Piauhy. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two 0*0" ad., four 9 9 ad., Dec. 14, 16, 26, 1924, Jan. 13, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, cf ad., Aug. 7, 1 9 13. R. H. Becker (type of A. c. per pallida Cory). — Brazil (unspecified), unsexed adult (type of A. caixana Spix) (Munich Museum). In my revision of Spix's types 1 1 remarked on the paler coloration, particularly below, of the original example of A. caixana and other specimens of this Paroquet from the Rio Grande, in northwestern Bahia, when compared with the types of A. flaviventer Spix 2 and an adult from Solidade, south of Joazeiro, but owing to lack of sufficient material I was in doubt as to the significance of this variation. The series now forwarded by Dr. Snethlage clearly demonstrates the existence of two races, although their ranges can at present only approximately be circumscribed. Psittacus cactorum Kuhl 3 was based on specimens in Wied's col- lection, obtained, as we learn from the account of his travels, 4 at Vareda, Rio Pardo and near Os Possoes, in southeastern Bahia. Birds from Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia, in Field Museum substantially agree with Kuhl's and Wied's description, having the throat and chest tawny olive and the middle of the belly decidedly orange (deep chrome or cadmium yellow). The two typical ex- amples of A. flaviventer Spix as well as an adult male taken by O. Reiser at Solidade, south of Joazeiro, in northern Bahia are similar. Spix gives Contendas (in northern Minas Geraes), Joazeiro, and Piauhy as localities for A. flaviventer, but as the latter state is tenanted by another form it follows that his types must have come from either Contendas or Joazeiro. The series from Piauhy, the specimen from Ceara (type of A. c. per pallida), and two adults from the northwestern section of Bahia (9 ad., Sambaiba, near Barra, April 2, 1903; o* ad., near Fazenda J Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 583-584, 1906. 2 Av. Bras., 1, p. 33, pi. 18, 1824 — "prope Contendas ac Joazeiro, et in Piauhy." 8 Consp. Psitt., p. 82, 1820. *Reise Brasil., 2, pp. 168, 231, 1821. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 443 da Serra, Rio Grande, April 11, 1903; O. Reiser), together with one from Pernambuco, collected by W. Swainson, in the Vienna Museum, are markedly paler, with the green of the upper parts lighter, the throat and chest buffy citrine or olive lake, and the center of the abdomen less orange, nearest to light cadmium. The original speci- men of A. caixana, a. cage-bird with clipped wing- and tail-feathers, 1 apart from a few xanthochroistic feathers on the wings, is practically identical with the type of A. c. per pallida, due allowance being made for its faded condition. While Spix fails to mention any locality, the specific term may have been intended as the latinized form of Caxias, a city in eastern Maranhao, visited by the Bavarian Ex- pedition to Brazil. A. c. caixana thus seems to range from Maranhao and Piauhy east to Pernambuco, encroaching on the northwestern section of Bahia (Rio Grande district), while south of the Rio Sao Francisco its place is taken by the darker, brown-chested A. c. cactorum (Kuhl). 393. Aratinga 2 aurea aurea (Gmelin). Psittacus aureus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 329, 1788 — based on (Brisson ex) Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 5, pi. 235 — "supposed to be a native of Brazil." Conurus aureus Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy; idem (2), p. 119, 1925 — Lake Parnagua and Riacho Novo, Piauhy. Maranhao: Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 18, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Sept. 5, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 25, 1925; Codo, Cocos, three d" 0" ad., June 28, July 5, 10, 1924. Piauhy: Deserto 0" ad., April 8, 1925. Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, two 9 9 ad., Nov. 23, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, o" 9 ad., F. Schwanda. (Munich Museum). Agreeing with specimens from other parts of Brazil (Santarem, Rio Preto, Bahia, etc.). Certain individuals from southern Matto Grosso (Piraputanga), in size, closely approach the recently sep- arated Paraguayan form A. aurea major. 3 J The plate in Spix's work is utterly unrecognizable, the plump stout figure giving the impression of some species of Amazona rather than of a Paroquet. Fortunately, the type permits the proper identification of the species. 2 The genus Eupsittula appears to be inseparable from Aratinga. 3 Eupsittula aurea major Cherrie and Reichenberger, Amer. Mus. Novit., 58, p. 3, 1923 — Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay (type examined). 444 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. A. a. aurea is distributed over the greater part of Brazil, from the north bank of the lower Amazon south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, and west to the Rio Madeira. It is probably conspecific with A. aeruginosa (Linnaeus) and allies. 394. Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus Salvadori. Pyrrhura griseipectus Salvadori, Ibis, (7), 6, p. 672, 1900 — locality unknown (type in Turin Museum examined). Ceara: Serra de Baturite, five cfcf, one 9 ad., one unsexed adult, July 12, 15, 18, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker. I believe these are the first specimens taken in a wild state. Compared with nine skins of true P. I. leucotis (Kuhl) from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, the series merely differs by more purely white auriculars, with hardly any trace of brownish edges, and by having the lower throat and chest mouse gray or dusky gray instead of greenish. The feathers of these parts are, however, similarly marked, having a broad buffy or whitish subterminal band, followed by a narrow dusky apical margin. The bill is, on average, slightly larger. The type, a cage-bird of unknown origin, and an adult female in the Para Museum (No. 5608), brought from Ceara, which had like- wise been kept in captivity, are somewhat larger (wing 125, against 112-117; tail 135, against 117-125 in the Serra de Baturite series), but agree in coloration. P. I. griseipectus is recorded only from Ceara, where it obviously replaces P. I. leucotis, the latter being restricted to the littoral of eastern Brazil, from Bahia south to Rio de Janeiro. A third race of this group, P. I. emma Salvadori, inhabits the Caribbean coast of Venezuela, from Sucre to Caracas. 395. Pyrrhura picta amazonum Hellmayr. Pyrrhura picta amzonum Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 19, p. 8, 1906 — Obidos, lower Amazon. Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), lower Tocantins, o" ad., Jan. 27, 1926. A very worn specimen, with a few fresh feathers just emerging from the sheaths here and there, extends the recorded range from the lower Amazon to northern Goyaz, though Madame Snethlage had already listed the same form from Arumatheua, lower down on the Tocantins. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 445 I am still in doubt whether the representatives of this Paroquet found along the banks of the Rio Madeira are really separable from P. p. amazonum, as has been intimated by Madame Snethlage. 1 Regardless of locality there is much variation in size as well as in the intensity and shape of the dusky markings on the anterior under parts. [396. Pyrrhura perlata 2 lepida (Wagler). Sittace lepida Wagler, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 1, p. 642, 1832 — "Brasilia versus flumen Amazonum." Pyrrhura perlata lepida Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 17, p. 429, 1927 — Guimaraes, Maranhao. Neumann refers a single female, obtained on November 14, 1902 at Guimaraes and preserved in the Senckenbergian Museum at Frankfort, to P. p. lepida whose range would seem to extend from the vicinity of Belem east to the Bay of Cuman in northern Maranhao.] [397. Pyrrhura perlata coerulescens Neumann. Pyrrhura perlata coerulescens Neumann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 89, 1927 — Miritiba, Maranhao; idem, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 17, p. 430, 1927 — Miritiba. x Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 499, 1914. 2 Prof. Neumann (Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 17, pp. 428-431, 1927), in his recent review, has proposed to split P. perlata into four races; and after examining twenty- five skins of this group, including Spix's types, I am bound to concur with his conclusions. I must, however, demur to the statement that the male type of Aratinga perlata Spix is no longer in existence. While admitting that Spix's char- acterization of the male, in certain respects, does not too well agree with the example marked as "male" in the Munich Collection, the author — as he did in other cases — apparently drew up the description not from the actual specimen, but rather from the plate on which the reddish frontal edge, not mentioned in the diagnosis, is indeed lacking. On the other hand, the yellowish green genal patch, the bluish "barba maxillaris," and the coloration of the tail ("apice subcaerulescens") exactly fit the "male" bird in the Munich Museum. The dark green prepectoral feathers, shown by the "male" type, had been glued on, as pointed out by Wagler (1. c, p. 643): "Jugulo speciminis ab eo falso mare speciei sequentis descripto plumae virescenti- fuscae avis alienae erant." They have since been removed, and the breast conse- quently exhibits a bare spot in the middle. Moreover, Spix expressly states that he secured but two specimens. These were listed as early as i860 in Siebold's hand- written Catalogue, and there is no reason to suppose that there were ever more than two Spixian specimens of this Paroquet in the Munich Collection. Wagler's description of 5. lepida was evidently taken from the Berlin Museum example, and when referring Spix's female to S. chlorogenys, he probably did so without having his own type (of S. lepida) for direct comparison. The tails in Spix's types are by no means worn, as erroneously stated in my review; they are, on the contrary, in the process of molting and about half- grown. In both specimens, the wings are clipped. They differ from both P. p. lepida (Para region) and P. p. coerulescens (Miritiba) by entirely pyrite yellow genal patch; a very distinct kaiser brown frontal edge; and exceedingly pale (dingy light pinkish buff) foreneck and chest with narrow, dusky, apical edges. Whether they represent a constant form or merely a cage- variety remains to be established by future researches. 446 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Pyrrhura perlata (not Aratinga perlata Spix) Reiser, pp. ioo, 120 — Miritiba. Maranhao: Miritiba, five 0" o 71 ad., four 9 9 ad., May 6, Sept. 15, 19, Oct. 2, Dec. 12, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich and Tring Museum). Compared with ten specimens from the Para region (Santa Antonio do Prata, Benevides, Igarap6-assu, Peixe-Boi), this series differs by its much larger and bicolored (yellowish green or light green anteriorly, decidedly bluish posteriorly) genal patch, and more bluish foreneck and chest, with narrower and paler (dingy whitish or dull buffy brownish instead of ochreous brown) apical edges. Judging from the material on hand, this appears to be a valid race, although it affords the only instance of an Amazonian species being represented by two geographic forms in the western and eastern sections of the forest region of northern Maranhao. P. p. coerulescens is known only from the type locality. 1 ] 398. Forpus 2 passerinus flavissimus subsp. nov. Psittacula passerina (not Psittacus passerinus Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910 — part, No. 1284, Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Psittacula passerina vivida (not of Ridgway) Reiser (2), p. 120, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, o 71 ad., Nov. 30, 1923; Sao Bento, o 71 ad., 9 ad., Sept. 8, 1923; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 28, 1924; Codo, Cocos, three o 71 o 71 ad., two 9 9 ad., June 18, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, three o 71 o 71 ad., Jan. 6, 16, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, six o 71 o 71 ad., 9 ad., July 30, Aug. 10, 14, 28, Sept. 2, 1913. R. H. Becker. Type from Tury-assu, Maranhao, Brazil in Field Museum of Natural History. No. 62909. Adult male. November 30, 1923. H. Snethlage. Characters. — Most nearly related to F. passerinus vividus (Ridgw.), from Bahia and southward, but green of upper parts decidedly lighter and more yellowish; forehead, cheeks, and upper throat suf- L Miranda Ribeiro (Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 34, 1920), obviously by mistake, includes Maranhao in the range of Pyrrhura rhodogaster (Sclater). This fine species, probably a western representative of the P. perlata group, is known only from certain southerly tributaries of the Amazon (Jamauchim; Rio Madeira; Rio Jauni, Matto Grosso). 2 For the change of the generic name Psittacula to Forpus Boie (Journ. Orn., 6, p- 363, 1858), see Mathews, Birds Australia, 6, p. 169, 1917. As Boie did not specify any genotype, we formally designate as such Psittacus passerinus Linnaeus, one of the original species. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 447 fused with lemon yellow or wholly yellow; blue of rump and wings lighter, cobalt rather than smalt blue; under parts more yellowish green. C? ad. — Wing 81-86; tail 39-44; bill (from frontal edge of cere to tip) 12-14. 9 ad. — Wing 78-84; tail 38-44; bill 12-14. Range. — Northeastern Brazil, in states of Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara. This is the form to which Mr. Ridgway 1 had once restricted Lin- naeus's term passerinus, 2 and which he afterwards 3 united with the Bolivian P. p. flavescens Salvadori. Comparison with a fine series of sixteen examples from Bolivia, kindly lent by Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, however, shows the Brazilian birds to be separable by the decidedly deeper, cobalt rather than spectrum blue tone of the rump and wing-area in the male sex and by the greater extent of yellow on forehead and cheeks. The characters of this form appear to be most highly developed in birds from the coast of Maranhao, and none of the other examples approaches the type which has the whole forehead as far back as the eye as well as lores, cheeks, and upper throat bright lemon chrome, abruptly defined from the light green of the crown. In the male from Sao Bento and others from Ceara and Cocos (Codo), the fore- head and cheeks are distinctly lemon yellow, though less extensively than in the type; while those from Ibiapaba (Piauhy) and one from Cocos have hardly more yellow than certain specimens of F. p.vividus from Bahia. However, their general coloration is lighter, more yel- lowish green, and the blue portions of the male plumage are not so dark. The range of this yellowish northern form is not likely to extend east much beyond Ceara, since an adult male from Maceio, Alagoas, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, clearly belongs with P. p. vivida. Its occurrence near Para, as recorded by Ridgway, requires confirmation by authentic specimens. ^roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 538, Aug., 1888. 2 As shown by Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 285, 1908), Psittacus passerinus Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 103, 1758; Mus. Ad. Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 16, 1764 — hab. ign.) clearly refers, however, to the green-rumped bird afterwards described as Agapornis guianensis Swainson (Anim. Menag., p. 320, Dec, 1837 — Demerara, British Guiana.) 3 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 189, 1916. 448 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. There can be little doubt that all the Passerine Parrots of eastern South America are merely races of a single specific unit, the Lower- Amazonian F. deliciosus being just intermediate between the green- rumped group (passerinus, viridissimus, cyanophanes) and the blue- rumped group (crassirostris, flavescens, flavissimus, vividus) . 399. Brotogeris tuipara (Gmelin). Psittacus tuipara Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, (1), p. 348, 1788 — based on (Brisson ex) Marcgrave's "Tuipara," Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 206, northeastern Brazil. "Brotogerys notata Scl. (=tuipara Gm.)" (sic) Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Maranhao. Brotogerys tuipara Reiser (2), p. 121, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Maranhao: Rosario, four cf cf ad., April 24, May 5, 1924. Besides, I have examined eight specimens from Miritiba, secured by F. Schwanda, in the collections at Vienna and Munich. The series agrees with another from the Para region. This Paroquet, apparently a representative of B. chrysopterus (Linnaeus), of the Guianas and the north bank of the lower Amazon, replaces it south of that river, 1 ranging from the Tapajoz to Para and through the forested coast belt at least to northeastern Maran- hao. Farther west, on the Rio Madeira, another allied form, B. chrysosema Sclater, is found. 400. Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot). Psittacus chiriri Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 25, p. 359, 18 17 — based on Azara, No. 283, Paraguay. "Brotogerys xanthoptera (Spix) = chiriri (Vieill.?)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 120, 1925 — Riacho Fresco, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Dec. 4, 1923; Grajahu, two 9 9 ad., Oct. 17, 1924; Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Aug. 16, 1924; Codo, Cocos, two cf d" ad., June 29, July 4, 1924. Goyaz: Philadelphia, 9 ad., Dec. 16, 1925. In addition, I have seen several examples, taken by F. Schwanda at Miritiba, Maranhao, in the collection of the Munich Museum. The series agrees perfectly with specimens from Bahia (Sao Marcello, Rio Preto), Minas Geraes (near Lagda Santa), and Matto Grosso. 1 Snethlage's record from "Monte Alegre" (in Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 139, 1914) is obviously inaccurate. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 449 This species, widely distributed in the interior of Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, reaches the northern limit of its range in the state of Maranhao. Even the bird from Tury-assu fails to show the slightest approach to B. virescens (Gmelin), with which we already meet at Para, whence it extends all through the Amazon Valley to northeastern Peru. 1 401. Amazona amazonica amazonica (Linnaeus). Psittacus amazonicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 147, 1766 — based on Brisson, Frisch, etc.; Amazon River (ex Brisson) accepted as type locality. 2 Chrysotis amazonica Reiser (1), p. 56, 1910 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Amazona (Chrysotis) amazonica Reiser (2), p. 109, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, o" ad., 9 ad., Feb. 25, 1924. Widely diffused in South America east of the Andes, south to Matto Grosso and Parana. 3 [402. Amazona aestiva aestiva (Linnaeus). Psittacus aestivus Linnaeus, Syst, Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 101, 1758 — "America"; southern Brazil accepted as type locality. 4 Chrysotis aestiva Reiser (1), p. 56, 1910 — Parnagua and Santa Maria, Piauhy. Amazona (Chrysotis) aestiva Reiser (2), p. 110, 1925 — Chapada da Varzea Grande, foot of Serra de Santa Philomena, and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. The range of this Parrot, which was collected at various locali- ties by members of the Vienna Academy Expedition, comprises eastern Brazil, from Piauhy and Pernambuco south to Rio Grande do Sul. In Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Paraguay it is replaced by A. aestiva xanthopteryx (Berlepsch), 5 of which I have examined a large series.] [403. Amazona xanthops (Spix). Psittacus xanthops Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 39, pi. 26, 1824 — interior of Minas Geraes (type in Munich Museum examined). ^ee Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 137-138, 1912. 2 See Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 594, 1906. 3 Amazona amazonica tobagensis Cory (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 2, No. 1, p. 83, 1918 — Tobago) differs only by reason of rather larger size and slightly paler coloration. 4 See Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 593, 1906. ^Chrysotis aestiva xanthopteryx Berlepsch, Orn. Monatsber., 4, p. 173, 1896 — Bueyes, eastern Bolivia. 45© Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Chrysotis xanthops Reiser (i), p. 56, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy. Amazona (Chrysotis) xanthops Reiser (2), p. Ill, 1925 — Parnagua. Piauhy. Parnagua, three o* d\ two 9 9, May, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). The Vienna Academy Expedition found the Yellow-faced Parrot in great numbers in the neighborhood of Parnagua, in southern Piauhy. This locality marks the northern limit of its recorded range, which extends over the table-land of Brazil south to northern Sao Paulo (Itapura) and west to Matto Grosso. Field Museum has speci- mens secured by R. H. Becker at Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia.] 404. Pionus menstruus menstruus (Linnaeus). Psittacus menstruus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 148, 1766 — based on Edwards (hab. ign.) and Brisson: "Guiane" = Cayenne. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 12, 1923. A species of wide distribution in eastern South America, very common in Amazonia and also found in eastern Brazil. 1 [405. Pionus maximiliani maximiliani (Kuhl). Psittacus maximiliani Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., p. 72, 1820 — Brazil. 2 Psittacus flavirostris Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 42, pi. 31, fig. 2, 1824 — Piauhy (type in Munich Museum examined). Pionus maximiliani Reiser (1), p. 56, 1910 — Timbo, near Parnagua, Piauhy; idem (2), p. in, 1925 — Riacho Fresco, Timbd and Burity, Piauhy. Piauhy: Timbo, near Parnagua, 9 ad., June 9, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). This specimen agrees with others from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, while birds from Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul are somewhat larger. The range of P. m. maximiliani can hardly be denned at present, as much uncertainty exists with respect to the distinctness of the supposed western races (siy Souance; bridgesi Boucard; lacerus Heine). 3 ] 406. Pionus fuscus (Muller). Psittacus fuscus P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 78, 1776 — based on Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, pi. 315, and Daubenton, PI. Enl. 408, Cayenne. Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, 9 ad., Nov. 7, 1923. !See Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, p. 237, 1832. 2 We learn from Wied (Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, p. 246, 1832) that the species was sent to Kuhl for description, and venture to suggest as type locality Vicosa, on the Rio Peruhype, south of Caravellas, Bahia. a See Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 192, 1926. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 451 A species of Guiana and Lower Amazonia, whose range extends east into the forested section of northern Maranhao. 1 [407. Sarcoramphus 2 papa (Linnaeus). Vultur papa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 86, 1758 — based on Edwards and Albin: "in India occidentali"; hab. subst. Surinam, auct. Berlepsch 1908. Cathartes papa Reiser (1), p. 88, 1910 — Barra do Museo, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Gypagus papa Reiser (2), p. 197, 1925 — Piauhy. The King Vulture was observed by Reiser and his companions at several localities in Piauhy.] [408. Coragyps 3 urubu foetens (Lichtenstein). Cathartes foetens Lichtenstein, Verz. Ausgest. Saug. und Vogel, p. 30, 1818 — based on Azara's "Iribu," Paraguay. Catharista atrata Reiser (2), p. 198, 1925 — Parnagua and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Recorded by Reiser from Piauhy.] [409. Cathartes 4 aura ruficollis Spix. Carthartes ruficollis Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 2, 1824 — interior of Bahia and Piauhy (type lost). No specimen from northeastern Brazil is available. I have, however, examined an adult male from Joazeiro, Bahia, which agrees perfectly with Spix's description, showing that his C. ruficollis belongs to the red-headed species. See also Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 86-91, 1926, where an excellent review of the various species and races is given by A. Wetmore.] 410. Polyborus plancus brasiliensis (Gmelin). Falco brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 262, 1788 — based on (Brisson ex) Marcgrave's "Caracara," Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 211, northeastern Brazil; hab. subst. Pernambuco. 6 1 Deroptyus accipitrinus fuscifrons Hellmayr, found on the south bank of the lower Amazon from the Tapaj6z to Para, probably ranges into Maranhao. In fact, the British Museum has a specimen said to have been sent from this state by R. Wendeborn. 2 Sarcoramphus Dum6ril, Zool. Anal., p. 32, 1806 — type by subs, desig. (Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, p. 381, 1825) Vultur papa Linnaeus. 'Coragyps Geoff roy Saint-Hilaire in Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Ois., p. 66, 1853 — type by monotypy Vultur urubu Vieillot. *Cathartes Illiger, type by subs, desig. (Vigors, 1825) Vultur aura Linnaeus. B See Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 97, 1926, note 79. 452 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Polyborus tharus (not of Molina) Reiser, pp. 88, 199 — Parnagua, Piauhy. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 imm., Dec. 28, 1924. — Wing 380. The northern form of the Caracara ranges from northern Para- guay throughout Brazil as far north as the Amazon and the island of Maraj6. 411. Milvago chimachima chimachima (Vieillot). Polyborus chimachima Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 259, 1816 — based on Azara, No. 6, Paraguay. Milvago chimachima Reiser, pp. 88, 200 — Parnagua and coast of Piauhy. Maranhao: Barra do Corda, 9 juv., Sept. 10, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 22, 1925; Tranqueira, two d^cf ad., Aug. 31, Sept. 5, 1925. Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Delta of the Rio Parnahyba, cf ad., Sept. 17, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). I am quite unable to distinguish these birds from a series taken in Paraguay, northern Argentina, and eastern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Bahia). The adults sent by Dr. Snethlage are in perfectly fresh con- dition and have the under parts as deeply buff as others from more southern localities, while the male from Piauhy, in worn bleached plumage, is almost white underneath, suggesting that this difference, which induced T. E. Penard 1 to revive Gymnops strigilatus Spix 2 as a valid form, is seasonal rather than geographical. 412. Ibycter ater (Vieillot). Daptrius ater Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. E16m., p. 68, 1816 — "le Bresil." Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Dec. 14, 1923. An Amazonian species ranging, like so many others, into the forest belt of northern Maranhao. 413. Ibycter americanus americanus (Boddaert). Falco americanus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 25, 1783 — based on "Le petit Aigle, d'Amerique" Daubenton, PI. Enl. 417, Cayenne. Gymnops aquilinus Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 11, 1824 — Piauhy. Ibiceter (sic) americanus Reiser (1), p. 88, 1910 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy and junction of Barroca do Maranhao, Rio Parnahyba, Maranhao. Ibicter americanus Reiser (2), p. 199, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba. ^roc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 8, p. 36, 1923. 2 Av. Bras., 1, p. 10, pi. 4a, 1824 — Rio Xingu, Brazil. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 453 Maranhao: Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 8, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, o 71 ad., July 18, 1925. These specimens are absolutely identical with others from British Guiana, Venezuela, and Para, the wing measurement of the male (345 mm.) being about the same as in three from the Demerara River (330 to 345 mm.). The female is a little larger, having a wing of 365 mm. H. Kirke Swann, 1 following Pelzeln, proposes to separate, on account of larger size, a southeast Brazilian race, but he is quite wrong in applying to it Latham's name formosus. If really dis- tinguishable, which I have no means of ascertaining, the southern birds will have to be rebaptized, since Falco formosus Latham 2 is merely a new name for Falco aquilinus Gmelin, 3 based on Buffon's and Daubenton's "Petit Aigle, d'Am£rique," from Cayenne, hence a pure synonym of Falco americanus Boddaert. The range of this doubtfully separable form must be restricted to southern Brazil. Birds from Maranhao, which Swann refers to his I. a. formosus, are, as shown above, not distinguishable from typical americanus. [414. Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus Bangs and Penard. Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 23, 1919 — Pernambuco, Brazil. Herpetotheres cachinnans (not Falco cachinnans Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 89, 201 — Lake Parnagua, Serra da Prata, B6a Vista, near Brejao, and Remanso de Coco, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Recorded by Reiser from various localities in Piauhy. This pale form of the Laughing Falcon ranges all over Brazil from the Amazon south to Paraguay and northern Argentina.] [415. Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus (Vieillot). Sparvius semitorquatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 10, p. 322, 181 7 — based on Azara, No. 29, Paraguay. 4 Micrastur melanoleucus Reiser (2), p. 202, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao. As recorded by Reiser (1. c. ),the late F. Schwanda secured an adult female near Miritiba, Maranhao, on Feb. 4, 1909, which is now preserved in the Vienna Museum.] ^onogr. Birds Prey, Part 2, p. 78, 1925. 2 Ind. Orn., 1, p. 38, 1790. 8 Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 280, 1788. *See Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 99, 1926. 454 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. [416. Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot). Sparvius ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 10, p. 322, 1817 — 'TAmerique meridionale" (the type examined in the Paris Museum is marked "Br^sil"). Micrastur ruficollis Reiser, pp. 89, 202 — Lagda Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy. A single female, obtained by the Vienna Academy Expedition at the Lag6a Missao, near Parnagua, in southern Piauhy, constitutes the most northerly record of the rufous-necked Harrier-hawk, whose range extends throughout eastern and central Brazil south to Para- guay and northern Argentina. Farther north and west, in Amazonia and Guiana it is replaced by M. r. gilvicollis (Vieillot), with which it intergrades in the Para region, where, along with typical examples of gilvicollis, certain individuals with a slight rufescent wash on the foreneck and inner secondaries are found. 1 ] 417. Cerchneis sparveria australis (Ridgway). Tinnunculus sparverius var. australis Ridgway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. for Dec., 1870, p. 149, 1871 — new name for Falco gracilis (not of Lesson) Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 281, Dec, 1837, "in the province of Bahia." Cerchneis sparveria australis Reiser (2), p. 207, 1925 — Burity, near Parnagua and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy. Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 0* ad., July 27, 1925. Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, two d" o* ad., Nov. 24, Dec. 19, 1925. The specimens are perfectly identical with others from Bahia (Sao Marcello, Rio Preto) and Matto Grosso. Only one of the Phila- delphia birds has a distinct rufous patch on the crown. In view of the great individual variation in this form, I strongly doubt the distinctness of C. s. cearae Cory, 2 although the type (and only known specimen) is decidedly paler above, with an unusual amount of rufous on the crown, and less spotted below than any other example seen by me. 1 Micrastur jugular is Gurney (List Diurn. Birds of Prey, p. 118, 1884) has no taxonomic standing. It was based partly on specimens (in the plumbeous phase) of M. ruficollis, partly on atypical individuals of M. r. zonothorax and M. r. inter- stes. H. Kirke Swann (Monogr. Birds Prey, Part 3, p. 152, 1925) is quite confused about it, and obviously did not understand the various plumages of these Hawks. Mr. W. L. Sclater, on the other hand, has presented (Ibis, 1918, pp. 343-347) an admirable treatise of the genus, and I fully agree with his arrangement. See also my remarks in Nov. Zool., 28, pp. 179-180, 1921. 2 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 318, note*, 1915 — Quixada, Ceara. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 455 C. s. australis ranges over the greater part of the Brazilian table- land. In Argentina and neighboring countries it completely inter- grades with C. s. cinnamomina (Sws.). [418. Falco fusco-caerulescens fusco-caerulescens Vieillot. Falco fusco-caerulescens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., II, p. 90, 1817 — based on Azara, No. 40, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 91, 207 — Burity, near Parna- gua, and below Nova Villa, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. This wide-ranging species was recorded by Reiser from near Parnagua and the lower Parnahyba.] 419. Falco rufigularis rufigularis Daudin. Falco rufigularis Daudin, Traits d'Orn., 2, p. 131, 1800 — based on Latham, C ayenne. Falco albigularis (not of Daudin?) 1 Reiser, pp. 91, 208 — Riacho Fresco, Pe- drinha, and Piranha, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Dec. 15, 1924. Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, cf ad., Nov. 28, 1925. Not different from Guianan examples. We are unable to dis- criminate any geographic races of this little Falcon, excepting the Bolivian F. r. pax Chubb, 1 which seems to be separable. [420. Falco deiroleucus Temminck. Falco deiroleucus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 59, pi. 348, 1825 — "dans l'ile Saint-Francois, partie meridionale du Br£sil"=Sao Francisco Island, Santa Catharina (type in Paris Museum examined); Reiser (i), p. 91 1910 — Burity, near Parnagua, Piauhy. Falco aurantius (not of Gmelin) 3 Reiser (2), p. 208, 1925 — Burity, Piauhy. Piauhy: Burity, near Parnagua, 9 ad., June 17, 1903. P. Wachsmund (Vienna Museum). This beautiful Falcon, a close ally of Falco peregrinus, is widely distributed in Central and South America, but nowhere common.] 421. Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis (Vieillot). Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 18, p. 318, 1 81 7 — based on Azara, No. 16, Corrientes and La Plata River. Rostrhamus leucopygus Reiser, pp. 90, 206 — Ilha do Mai and Parnagua, Piauhy. x Falco albigularis Daudin seems of doubtful applicability. See also Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 115, 1902. 'Falco albigularis pax Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 39, p. 22, 1918 — Charuplaya, Bolivia. 3 I am unable to recognize the above species in Falco aurantius Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 283, 1788 — based on Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 1, p. 105, No. 91, Surinam) and prefer Temminck's later designation, accompanied by an unmis- takable description. 456 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Maranhao: Sao Bento, juv., Aug. 27, 1923. The Everglade Kite is widely dispersed in South America, ranging as far south as Uruguay and northern Argentina. 1 [422. Chondrohierax 2 uncinatus (Temminck). Falco uncinatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 18, pis. 103, 104 (adults), 115 (juv.), 1822 — "depuis les environs de Rio-Janeiro jusque vers le nord du Br£sil, et dans toute la Guiane." Leptodon uncinatus Reiser, pp. 100, 206 — Miritiba, Maranhao. The late F. Schwanda forwarded to the Vienna Museum an adult male and a female, both taken at Miritiba, Maranhao on Dec. 27, 1907, and April 13, 1909, respectively. Widely distributed in Central and South America.] [423. Odontriorchis 3 palliatus palliatus (Temminck). Falco palliatus (Wied MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 23, pi. 204, 1823 — "Bresil et Guiane"; we accept Rio Peruhype, near Vicosa, southern Bahia (ex Wied) as type locality. 4 Leptodon cayennensis Reiser, pp. 90, 206 — Pedrinha, Burity, and Santa Philo- mena, Piauhy. Piauhy: Burity, near Parnagua, d* ad., June 14, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). This specimen as well as another from the Rio Acara in the Para region are indistinguishable from birds taken in Sao Paulo, which induces me to believe that 0. forbesi Swann, 5 based on a single example from Pernambuco, is not a valid form. l I take this opportunity of recording an additional specimen of the rare Heli- colestes hamatus (Temra.) in collection of Field Museum. It is an adult male in perfect plumage and was secured by the late M. P. Anderson on October 11, 1913, at Lagunas. lower Huallaga, Peru. Rostrhamus taeniurus Cabanis (Journ. Orn., 2, p. LXXX, 1854 — Para) is the immature stage, the type in the Berlin Museum agreeing exactly with the description as given by Bangs and Penard (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 38, 1918). 2 Chondrohierax Lesson (Echo du Monde Savant, 10, No. 3, p. 61, Jan., 1843 — type by monotypy Daedalion erythrofrons Lesson = Falco uncinatus Temminck) has priority over Regzrhinus Kaup 1845. 3 Odontriorchis Kaup 1844 replaces Leptodon Sundevall 1836, the latter name being preoccupied by Leptodon Rafinesque 1820 (see Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 35, p. 621, note b, 1908). 4 Swann's suggestion, "Matto Grosso" (Syn. Accip., 2nd ed., p. 158, 1922), is untenable. We know from Wied's own statement (Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 152, 1 830) that the only specimen he obtained during his travels was forwarded to Temminck who figured it in the "Planches coloriees," and, furthermore, we learn from Schlegel (Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, Pernes, p. 10, No. 7) that it still is preserved in the Leiden Museum. 5 Syn. Accip., 2nd ed., p. 159, 1922. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 457 0. p. palliatus inhabits the greater part of eastern South America, from southern Brazil north to Trinidad and Venezuela, extending west into northern Colombia, while a very slightly differentiated race takes its place in Central America.] 424. Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii Vigors. Gampsonyx swainsonii Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, p. 69, 1825 — ten miles w. s. w. of Bay of San Salvador, Bahia; Reiser, pp. 91, 207 — Serra de Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, Rio Parnahyba, cf ad., July 1, 1925. Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Aug. 28, 1903. R. H. Becker. Similar to Bahia skins. I am extremely doubtful whether any of the recently proposed races can be maintained, there being much individual variation, both in size and coloration. It appears, how- ever, that in birds from north of the Amazon the rufous of the flanks is generally more intense, and encroaches on the sides of the breast, while those from west of the Andes and Central America are some- what larger. All of these are at best average characters, and much more comprehensive material than is at present available will be required to define any possible local races and their ranges. 425. Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus (Latham). Falco bidentatus Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 38, 1790 — Cayenne. Maranhao: Tury-assii, 9 ad., Nov. 12, 1923. This specimen is in the stage with plain rufous under parts and only a few whitish bars on the lower abdomen. It extends the range of the species from Amazonia to northern Maranhao. 426. Ictinia plumbea (Gmelin). Falco plutnbeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 283, 1788 — based on Latham, Cayenne; Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 12, 1824 — Piauhy. Maranhao: Tranqueira, adult (unsexed), Sept. 5, 1925. The Plumbeous Kite has a wide distribution in Central and South America. 427. Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis (Temminck). Falco gracilis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 16, pi. 91, 1821 — "les parties orientales du Brdsil." Geranospizias gracilis Reiser, pp. 89, 202 — Parnagua, Piauhy. 458 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Piauhy: Parnagua, cf ad., June 4, 1903. P. Wachsmund (Field Museum). Besides, I have examined in the Munich Museum an adult female secured by the late F. Schwanda at Miritiba, Maranhao, and in the Berlepsch Collection an unsexed adult from an unspecified locality in Ceara. They agree with others from Bahia (Lamarao), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Barra do Jauru), and Corrientes. In another connection 1 I have discussed its range, which extends from Maranhao and Piauhy 2 south throughout Brazil to eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. North of the Amazon it is represented by G. c. caerulescens, while other allied races are found in western Ecuador and Central America. 428. Accipiter pileatus (Temminck). Falco pileatus (Wied MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 35, pi. 205, 1823 — "on doit la connaissance de cette espece au prince de Neuwied qui l'a rap- portee de ces voyages au Bresil," =Ilha Cachoeirinha, Rio Belmonte, Bahia. 8 Accipiter pileatus Reiser, pp. 89, 202 — Os Umbus and Parnagua, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tranqueira, d" ad., Sept. 13, 1925. — Wing 208; tail 165- Piauhy: Ibiapaba, (o 71 ) juv., Dec. 25, 1924. — Wing 202; tail 170. The adult male agrees with others from Bahia (Villa Nova) and Sao Paulo, and the young bird shows the heavy blackish brown markings underneath, characteristic of the juvenile plumage of A. pileatus. This Sparrow Hawk inhabits eastern Brazil, from the interior districts of Maranhao and Piauhy south to Rio Grande do Sul and Matto Grosso, including Paraguay and Corrientes. It appears to be the southern representative of A. bicolor (Vieillot), of Guiana, Vene- zuela, etc., which ranges as far south as Para, whence there is an adult male, obtained by Prof. J. B. Steere at Bemfica, on July 25, in the Tring Museum. In adult plumage, this form differs from A. pileatus in its whitish instead of rufous under wing coverts, while young birds are immediately recognizable by their (unspotted) plain buff under parts. A bird in juvenile plumage, taken by the late Ferdinand Schwanda at Primeira Cruz, coast of Maranhao, 'Nov. Zool., 28, pp. 177-178, 1921. 2 Possibly birds from the island of Marajo, which we have not seen, also belong to this form. 3 See Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. Ill, 1830. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 459 on June 20, 1906 (Museu Paulista, No. 6681), is intermediate be- tween A. pileatus and A. bicolor, suggesting their intergradation. Whether such is really the case, remains to be proved by additional material from northern Maranhao. [429. Accipiter superciliosus superciliosus (Linnaeus). Falco superciliosus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, p. 128, 1766 — Surinam (descr. juv.). Accipiter tinus Reiser, pp. 89, 203 — Parnagua, PiauhyandMiritiba, Maranhao. Reiser obtained an adult male near Parnagua, Piauhy, on May 30, 1903, and F. Schwanda forwarded to the Vienna Museum an immature female, taken at Miritiba, Maranhao, on October 6, 1907. This diminutive Sparrow Hawk is widely diffused in South America, east of the Andes, ranging south to Sao Paulo, Brazil. In Panama and Colombia (Santa Marta region and Pacific coast) it is replaced by A. s. fontanieri Bonaparte. 1 ] [430. Heterospizias meridionalis meridionalis (Latham). Falco meridionalis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 36, 1790 — Cayenne. Heterospizias meridionalis Reiser, pp. 90, 204 — Lag&a Saco (road from Par- nagua to Santo Antonio de Gilboez) and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy. Recorded by Reiser from various localities in Piauhy. We have no material from this state, but birds from the Rio Preto, Bahia, agree with others from British Guiana, the Rio Branco, etc. The Red-winged Hawk has a wide distribution in South America, ranging from Panama south to Rio Grande do Sul and neighboring countries. A supposedly larger race has been described from western Argentina. 2 ] [431. Asturina nitida nitida (Latham). Falco nitidus Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 41, 1790 — Cayenne. Asturina nitida Reiser, pp. 90, 203 — Pedrinha (Lake Parnagua), Lag&a do Fundu (road from Parnagua to Santo Antonio de Gilboez), and below Sao Miguel, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. 1 Accipiter fontanieri Bonaparte (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 578, 1853 — locality not stated) has priority over Accipiter superciliosus exitiosus Bangs and Penard (Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 7, p. 45, 1920 — Santa Marta). The type, which I have recently examined in the Paris Museum, is in the rufous (immature) plumage, and was obtained by Fontanier at Santa Cruz, in the Santa Marta region. 2 Heterospizias meridionalis australis Swann, Auk, 38, p. 359, 1921 — Laguna de Malima, Tucuman; see Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 114, 1926. 460 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. The Vienna Academy Expedition secured several examples of the Shining Buzzard-Hawk, which is generally distributed over tropical South America, from Panama to southern Brazil.] 432. Rupornis magnirostris natter eri (Sclater and Salvin). Asturina nattereri Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1869, p. 132 — vicinity of Bahia, Brazil. Rupornis nattereri Reiser (1), p. 89, 1910 — Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Rupornis magnirostris nattereri Reiser (2), p. 203, 1925 — Fazenda Enseada (north of Parnagua) and Ilha Sao Martin, Piauhy. Falco magnirostris (not of Gmelin) Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 18, 1824 — Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Dec. 29, 1923; Sao Bento, d* ad., Sept. 4, 1923. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 juv., Jan. 10, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o" ad., July 15, 1905 (Sophia Museum); Primeira Cruz, cf ad., 9 ad., Aug. 8, Dec. 18, 1905; Tapera, 9 ad., Nov. 10, 1905; Miritiba, o* ad., three 9 9 ad., 9 juv., Feb. 15, April i, 26, Sept. 17, Oct. 4, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, 9 juv., Aug. 22, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, two d" c? ad., July 30, Aug. 2, 1913. R. H. Becker (Field Museum). Compared with eight specimens from various parts of Bahia, this series is decidedly referable to nattereri, though there is an average difference in the coloration of the adults. The throat is generally darker, less streaked with white, and the tawny of the chest slightly duller and more variegated with grayish, while the upper parts are a shade more grayish, thus suggesting a slight approach to the char- acters of R. m. magnirostris which we already find in the Para region. Certain examples, however, are absolutely indistinguishable from topotypes of nattereri. R. m. nattereri appears to be restricted to northeastern Brazil, ranging from Maranhao and Ceara south to Bahia. In additon to those listed above, specimens have been examined from the following localities in the state of Bahia: City of Bahia (3), Serra de Solidade, near Carnahyba (1), Barra (1), Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande (1), and Lag6a do Boqueirao, Rio Grande (1). Farther south, at least as far north as Espirito Santo and Minas Geraes, and extending down to Rio Grande do Sul, Matto Grosso, Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 461 and Misiones, it is represented by a considerably larger form, with much darker brown upper parts and mainly dark brown throat. This race, of which not less than forty-one specimens covering its entire range have been examined, is evidently entitled to the name R. magnirostris magniplumis (Bertoni), 1 based on a single adult from Monda-ih, in southeastern Paraguay, close to the Misiones boundary line. An adult female from Santa Ana, Misiones, is almost an exact duplicate of another from Victoria, Espirito Santo. Birds from Rio Grande do Sul form the transition to R. m. gularis (Schle- gel), 1 of Uruguay, Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires. 8 I expect to discuss the various races of this Hawk on another occasion. [433. Busarellus nigricollis nigricollis (Latham). Falco nigricollis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 35, 1790 — Cayenne. Busarellus nigricollis Reiser, pp. 90, 205 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, and Lag6a Missao, Piauhy. The Black-collared Hawk, widely diffused in Central America and northern South America, was recorded by Reiser from southern Piauhy. We have no material from this region.] [434. Buteogallus aequinoctialis (Gmelin). Falco aequinoctialis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 265, 1788 — based on Latham, Cayenne. Buteogallus aequinoctialis Reiser (1), p. 90, 1910 — coast of Piauhy; idem (2), p. 205, 1925 — Igarassii Channel near city of Parnahyba, Ilha Grande, and Amaracao, Piauhy, and Miritiba, Maranhao. "Ibiceter (sic) spec." Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Maranhao (spec, examined). Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 juv., Sept. 12, 1907 (Vienna Museum); Boa Vista, 0* juv., April 2, 1907. F. Schwanda (Museu Paulista). Reiser found the Equinoctial Buzzard common in the coast region of Piauhy. The two specimens from Maranhao, both in juvenile plumage, were likewise taken in the forested coast belt. l Potamolegus superciliaris magniplumis Bertoni, An. Cient.^Parag., 1, p. 159, 1901. 2 Asturina gularis Schlegel, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, Asturinae, p. 4, 1862 — Buenos Aires (type in Leiden Museum examined). z Asturina pucherani J. and E. Verreaux (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 350, 1855), based on a young bird of unknown locality, can be determined only by reexamina- tion of the type in the Norwich Museum. 462 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. This species is restricted to the swampy woods along the Atlantic coast of South America, from the Orinoco delta (Pedernales) south to Parnagua, in the Brazilian state of Parana. 1 ] [435. Morphnus 2 urubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin). Falco urubitinga Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 265, 1788 — based on "Urubi- tinga" (Brisson ex) Marcgrave, northeastern Brazil. Urubutinga urubutinga Reiser (1), p. 90, 1910 — Pe do Morro and Lag6a do Limoeiro, near Parnagua, Piauhy. Urubitinga 3 urubitinga Reiser (2), p. 204, 1925 — Piauhy. Recorded by Reiser from various places in Piauhy. The Brazilian Eagle is generally distributed in South America, from Colombia to Argentina.] [436. Leucopternis albicollis (Latham). Falco albicollis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 36, 1790 — Cayenne. Leucopternis albicollis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 68, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. A specimen was secured by Madame Snethlage at Tury-assu. This Hawk is rather widely diffused throughout Guiana, Ama- zonia, and Trinidad.] 437. Columba 4 picazuro Temminck. Columba picazuro Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 1, pp. ill, 449, 1813 — based on Azara, No. 317, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 86, 188 — Parnagua, Burity, Oro, and Bomfim, above Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, c? ad., Jan. 16, 1925 (Conover Coll., No. 3212). On comparing twenty specimens of this Pigeon from Bolivia (Buena vista), Argentina (Rio Colorado, Tucuman; Santa Ana, Mi- siones; Los Ingleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires) and Uruguay, I find so much individual variation in intensity of coloration both above and ! There is no reliable authority for its occurrence either in Colombia or Paraguay, sometimes included in its range. 2 Morphnus Dumont 1816 (type by subs, desig., Gray, 1840, Falco urubitinga Gmelin) replaces Urubitinga Lafresnaye 1842 (See Opinion 62 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature; Smithson. Inst. Pub., No. 2256, p. 147, 1914). 3 The generic name is erroneously credited to Gmelin 1788. 4 I do not see any practical advantage in splitting this genus into a number of more or less poorly denned groups, such as Picazuros, Notioenas, Lepidoenas, Chloroenas, etc. Brazilian Birds— Hellmayr. 463 below that the distinction of the proposed southern race C. p. ven- turiana Hartert 1 becomes very questionable. As far as color is concerned, the Ibiapaba bird, except in having a very slightly paler crown, is exactly duplicated by an adult male from Rio Colorado, Tucuman and another from Buenavista, Bolivia; but it is smaller than any other specimen seen by us. Pending the receipt of a topotypical series from Paraguay, it may provisionally stand under Temminck's term. This Pigeon is extensively distributed in the Catinga region of Brazil, having been taken at various localities between Piauhy and Parahyba in the north and Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul in the extreme south, and, furthermore, ranges into Uruguay, north- ern Argentina, and eastern Bolivia. [438. Columba speciosa Gmelin. Columba speciosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 783, 1789 — based on Buffon and Daubenton, PL Enl. 213, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 100, 188 — Miritiba, Maranhao; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 61, 1914 — Guimaraes, Maranhao. The late F. Schwanda shot a male at Miritrba, on October 1, 1907, which is now in the collection of the Vienna Museum, and Madame Snethlage records skins from Guimaraes, likewise in the coast region. The Trocal Pigeon is generally distributed throughout Central and South America, ranging as far south as Matto Grosso and Santa Catharina.] [439. Columba purpureotincta Ridgway. Columba purpureotincta Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, "1887," p. 594, note, Sept., 1888- — Demerara, British Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 68, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Madame Snethlage records a specimen of this Amazonian Pigeon from Tury-assu, northern Maranhao, which marks the eastern limit of its range.] 440. Columba rufina sylvestris Vieillot. Columba sylvestris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 26, p. 366, 181 8 — based on Azara, No. 319, Paraguay. Columba rufina silvestris Reiser (2), p. 189, 1925 — opposite junction of Barroca do Maranhao, Barra do Galiota, below Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. ^ov. Zool., 16, p. 260, 1909 — Mocovi, Prov. Santa Fe, Argentina. 464 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Maranhao: Tranqueira, two 0" o" ad., 9 imm., Aug. 18, 30, Sept. s, 1925 (Conover Collection). These specimens as well as two from the vicinity of Para agree with a series from Bahia, Sao Paulo, and Paraguay (Villa Rica), though in the birds from Bahia northwards the tail is possibly not quite so pronouncedly bicolor as in those from more southern local- ities. The divergency is, however, at best an average character, many northern examples being absolutely indistinguishable from Paraguayan topotypes. C. rufina syhestris ranges from northern Argentina, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraguay north to the south bank of the Amazon. North of the River and on the islands of Marajo and Mexiana it is replaced by an allied race with nearly uniform grayish brown tail or but a slight suggestion of a darker subterminal band. The late C. B. Cory 1 named it Columba rufina andersoni from a single adult male taken by M. P. Anderson on March 8, 1913, in the Serra da Lua, near Boa Vista, on the Rio Branco, but in default of satis- factory material its distinctness from C. r. rufina, of Guiana, cannot be considered as established. The few specimens available for com- parison 2 have the abdomen and under tail coverts decidedly darker gray and the subterminal portion of the rectrices more obscured than in C. r. rufina, suggesting an approach to the southern C. r. syl- vestris. A male from Barcellos, Rio Negro, while agreeing in tail- markings, is however, as pale-bellied as Guianan skins, and until a good series of typical rufina from French and British Guiana comes to hand, it is impossible to say whether C. r. andersoni is a valid race or not. 441. Zenaida auriculata noronha Chubb. Zenaida auriculata noronha Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 36, 191 1 — Fernando Noronha Island, off Brazil. Zenaida auriculata (not Peristera auriculata Des Murs) Reiser, pp. 87, 189 — Lake Parnagua, Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Santa Philomena, and Caitetu, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tranqueira, 0" ad., Aug. 31, 1925. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, five o* o* ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 14, 15, 16, 17, 28, 29, 1924; Arara, & ad., 9 ad., Jan. 31, 1925. ^ield Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 294, 191 5. 2 In addition to the type, I have examined an adult male collected by Natterer at the Forte Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, on December 12, 1831 (Vienna Museum); an adult male from Sao Natal, Maraj6, October 28, 1912 (H. Durck, Munich Museum); and finally an adult male secured on September 19, 1901, by Dr. Hag- mann at Nazareth, Mexiana (Museu Goeldi, No. 2278). Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 465 This series as well as three adults from Rio do Peixe, near Quei- madas, Bahia agree, in size and color, with two topotypes from Fernando Noronha, courteously lent by the authorities of the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, New York. Compared with ten skins of typical auriculata from central Chile, the Brazilian form is decidedly smaller (wing of males 133 to 137, rarely 141 and 142, against 147-157 mm.), and the anterior under parts are generally of a paler vinaceous pink color. In small size, it approaches Z. auric- ulata marajoensis Berlepsch, 1 from Marajo and Para, but is less vinaceous below, with the under tail coverts and middle of the lower abdomen light buff or pale ochraceous buff. The range of Z. a. noronha probably comprises the greater part of eastern and inner Brazil, since two adults from Matto Grosso (Cuyaba and Chapada) are apparently inseparable from the Piauhy series. No material is available from southern Brazil (Minas Geraes, Rio, Sao Paulo, Parana). 442. Scardafella squammata squammata (Lesson). Columba squamosa (not of Bonaterre 1792) Temminck (and Knip), Les Pigeons, 1, Colombes, p. 127, pi. 59, 18 10 — "dans le territoire de Bahin (sic) au Br6sil" = Bahia. Columba squammata Lesson, Traits d'Orn., p. 474, 1831 — based on Temminck, pl- 59- Scardafella squammata cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 6, 1 91 7 — Quixada, Ceara. Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, cf ad., Nov. 25, 1925. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two o* cf ad., June 10, 23, 1924; Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 1, 1925. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, four 0" d" ad., 9 ad., 9 juv., Dec. 23, 24, 1924, Jan. 7, 1925; Deserto, 9 ad., Apr. 14, 1925; Arara, d* ad., 9 ad., Jan. 22, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, two o" o" ad., two 9 9 ad., Aug. 1, 2, 22, 1913; Quixada, six cf cf ad., June, 1913. R. H. Becker. With a very satisfactory series of forty specimens before me, I can positively assert that there is no local variation in this race. Birds from Ceara and adjacent districts are exactly like others from x Zenaiia jessieae marajoensis Berlepsch, Ornith. Monatsber., 21, p. 149, 1913 — Hacienda Sao Andre, island of Marajo (type in Senckenbergian Museum, Frankfort examined). 466 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Matto Grosso (Piraputanga), Sao Paulo (Irisanga), and Paraguay (Villa Rica). 1 When describing 5. 5. cearae, the late C. B. Cory was misled by certain examples from Bahia (Macaco Secco, near Andarahy) and Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa), in which the under parts are stained by ferruginous soil. 5. s. squammata is peculiar to the table-land of Brazil, ranging from the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy, Ceara and Parahyba south to northern Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, and extending into Paraguay (Villa Rica). 443. Columbina 2 picui strepitans Spix. Columbina strepitans Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 57, pi. 85, fig. 1, 1825 — "in campis Piauhy" (type in Munich Museum examined). Columbina {Columbula) strepitans Reiser (1), p. 87, 1910 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. "Columbina strepitans Spix = Columbula picui (Tern.)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 191, 1925 — near Parnagua, Piauhy. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two o 71 c? ad., three 9 9 ad., Dec. 14, 17, 22, 1924, Jan. 10, 1925; Arara, two 9 9 ad., Jan. 23, 29, 1925. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 2, 1925. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Pedrinha, 6" ad., May 22, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum); immature (unsexed) from an unspeci- fied locality, type of C. strepitans Spix (Munich Museum). — Ceara: Quixada, 9 ad., June 19, 1913. R. H. Becker. In the light of this material, C. p. strepitans turns out to be a perfectly good race, although two of the characters, claimed by Chubb, 3 are seen to be of no consequence. Compared with twenty specimens of typical picui from Paraguay (Villa Rica), Argentina (Tapia, Tucuman; Tunuyan, Mendoza; Buenos Aires), the north- Brazilian birds are smaller (wing 86-88, against 90-94) and markedly palei, the back and inner secondaries being light grayish brown in- stead of drab, and the anterior under parts much less shaded with vinaceous, while the middle of the abdomen is more extensively white. Two from Ibiapaba, Piauhy, by their pale vinaceous fawn 'An adult female, collected on Sept. 20, 1925, by F. Schade, in the collection of H. B. Conover (No. 4099). ^Columbina Spix (Av. Bras., 2, p. 57, 1825), type by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Birds, 2nd edit., p. 75, 1841) Columbina strepitans Spix. 3 Ibis, 1910, p. 62. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 467 throat and breast, approach certain pale-colored examples of typical picui which, as a rule, has these parts of a darker shade, between light vinaceous fawn and vinaceous buff. The majority from the north, however, are decidedly paler. One from Ibiapaba, excepting a very faint pale drab grayish hue across the foreneck, is very nearly white underneath, and a female from Varzea Formosa, Ceara shows a delicate tilleul buff tinge on throat and chest. A Bahia trade skin and two adults from Joazeiro, Bahia, in the Vienna Museum are likewise referable to this pale race, whose range is apparently restricted to northeastern Brazil. 444. Chamaepelia 1 passerina griseola (Spix). Columbina griseola Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 58, pi. 75a, fig. 2, 1825 — "in sylvis fl. Amazonum" (type in Munich Museum examined; = 9 imm.). ''Chamaepelia passerina (L.) (=grisola Spix)" (sic) Reiser, pp. 87, 190 — Amaracao, coast of Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Dec. 7, 1923; Sao Luiz, d" ad., July 31, 1923. Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o* ad., May 17, 1905. F. Schwanda (Sophia Museum). Identical with specimens from the lower Amazon and Bahia. A series from British Guiana is on average somewhat paler, particu- larly below. Spix's Ground Dove inhabits the Guianas, Lower Amazonia west to the Rio Negro and Rio Madeira (Borba), and extends along the coast of eastern Brazil as far south as Bahia. 2 445. Chamaepelia minuta minuta (Linnaeus). Columba minuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 285, 1766 — based on "Turtur parvus fuscus americanus" Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 116, pi. 8, fig. 2, "San Domingo," errore; Cayenne substituted as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 119, 1902). Chamaepelia minuta Reiser, pp. 87, 190 — lower Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, o" imm., 9 juv., June 26, 1924; Victoria, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 15, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July 25, 1925 (Conover Collection). According to the decision of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Smithson. Inst. Pub., No. 2256, pp. 145-146, 1914), the original orthography Chaemepelia is to be altered to Chamaepelia. 2 Its reported occurrence in Paraguay and Misiones is doubtless due to confusion with C. m. minuta, while Boeck's record from Cochabamba, Bolivia, must refer to some other species. 468 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 20, 1925; Ibiapaba, two c? o" ad., 9 juv., Dec. 29, 30, 1924, Jan. 7, 1925 (Conover Collection). Ceara: Varzea Formosa, four cT c? ad., 9 ad., Feb. 25, March 2, 3, 1925 (Conover Collection). This series, as well as another from Bahia, agrees perfectly with specimens from British Guiana, while birds from Paraguay (Villa Rica), in the male sex, are generally of a purer, more uniform gray on the head and hind neck. The typical race of the Plain-breasted Ground Dove is widely distributed throughout the campo districts of Brazil, from Maran- hao, Ceara, and Pernambuco 1 south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, thence ranging into Paraguay. It is absent from the Amazon Valley, but reappears in the Urubamba Valley, eastern Peru, 2 in French and British Guiana, and in the savannas around Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, where it reaches the northern limit of its range. 3 In the arid littoral of Peru, from Lima to Libertad, it is repre- sented by a slightly smaller form of duller coloration, entitled to the name C. minuta amazilia Bonaparte, 4 while in Colombia and Central America the decidedly darker C. minuta elaeodes Todd takes its place. 446. Chamaepelia talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck). Columba talpacoti Temminck (and Knip), Les Pigeons, 1, Colombigallines, p. 22, pi. 12, 181 1 — "l'Amerique meridionale" = Brazil (auct. Brabourne and Chubb). Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, 9 ad., Dec. 10, 1925. Maranhao: Carolina, 9 ad., Nov. 13, 1925; Barra do Corda, o* ad., 9 ad., Sept. 16, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July 20, 23, 1925; Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, Rio Parnahyba, two cf c? ad., 9 ad., juv., June 8, July 5, 6, 1925; Sao Bento, d" ad., Sept. 12, 1923; Codo, Cocos, 9 juv., June 26, 1924. Piauhy: Arara, two o* cf ad., Jan. 21, Feb. 9, 1925; Ibiapaba, d" ad., Jan. 13, 1925. 1 Chamaepelia griseola (not of Spix) Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 357 (spec, in British Museum examined). 2 A single specimen was even recorded from Xeberos, northern Peru (see Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1867, p. 753; 1873, p. 306). 3 It is not found either in Trinidad or along the Caribbean coast of Venezuela. ^Chamaepelia amazilia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 2, p. 78, 1854 — Peru (the type examined in the Paris Museum is from Lima). Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 469 Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o" ad., 9 ad., two 9 9 juv., Feb. 24, 28, March 5, 1925. Not different from specimens from other parts of Brazil (Bahia; Sao Paulo; Matto Grosso), Misiones, and Paraguay (Villa Rica). C. arthuri Bangs and Penard 1 was evidently based on individual variants of the present species, since we find, in the same locality, specimens with plain dusky primaries, others with a distinct cinna- momeous tinge on the inner webs, and others again that are variously intermediate between these two stages. A male from Therezopolis, Rio has even more rufous on the primaries than a topotype of C. arthuri from Surinam. The under wing coverts are frequently mixed with rufous in specimens of true talpacoti from southern Brazil and Argentina. The Talpacoti Ground Dove has an extensive distribution in eastern South America. It ranges from the three Guianas all over Brazil south to Rio Grande do Sul, and west to northern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, and eastern Peru. In Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia (except the Cauca Valley), and Central America it is replaced by C. t. rufipennis (Bonaparte) which, though strongly marked, is ob- viously but a geographical representative. 447. Uropelia campestris (Spix). Columbina campestris Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 57, pi. 75, fig. 2, 1825 — "in campis Bahiae" (type in Munich Museum examined). Columbina ( Uropelia) campestris Reiser, pp. 87, 192 — Lag6a do Saco (road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena) and Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, three cT o* ad., June 20, 23, 30, 1924. Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, six o 71 o* ad., Nov. 28, Dec. 11, 14, 1925. "Iris blue, bare skin round the eye yellow or orange, feet yellowish brown, bill black." Identical with a series from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia in Field Museum. This delicately colored Ground Dove is one of the most character- istic species of the Brazilian table-land. 2 It ranges from Matto Grosso and western Minas Geraes (Paracatu) through Goyaz and x Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 45, 191 8 — Vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam. 2 Reiser's assumption (1. c, p. 192) that the center of its distribution lies in the Amazonian region is entirely unfounded. 470 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Bahia north to Piauhy, Maranhao, and the island of Marajo, 1 and extends west into the plains of eastern Bolivia. 448. Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez). Peristera pretiosa Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 175, 1886 — new name for Columba cinerea (not of Scopoli, 1786) Temminck (and Knip), Les Pigeons, 1, Colombes, p. 126, pi. 58, 181 1 — Bresil. "Claravis cinera ( = pretiosa)' 1 (sic) Reiser, pp. 88, 192 — Amaracao, coast of Piauhy. Maranhao: Tranqueira, 0* ad., Aug. 29, 1925 (Conover Collec- tion). Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Amaracao, 9 ad., Sept. 19, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). The specimens agree with others from Bahia and Sao Paulo. Though nowhere common, the Blue Ground Dove is extensively distributed throughout Central and South America down to Para- guay and northern Argentina, without undergoing any noticeable geographical variation. 449. Leptotila rufaxilla ruf axilla (Richard and Bernard). Columba {rufaxilla) Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 118, No. 74, 1792 — Cayenne. Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, 9 ad., Nov. 21, 1923. Very slightly paler above than specimens from Surinam and Brit- ish Guiana. L. r. rufaxilla is peculiar to the Guianas and Lower Amazonia, west to the Jamunda and Rio Madeira, and, like so many other Amazonian forms, extends east into the forested districts of northern Maranhao. 2 450. Leptotila verreauxi approximans Cory. Leptoptila ochroptera approximans Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 7, 1917 — Serra de Baturite, Ceara. Leptoptila ochroptera (not of Pelzeln) Reiser, pp. 88, 192 — Parnagua, Pedrinha, and numerous localities along the Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. ir rhe record from the Lagoa de Amapa, northern Para, by Goeldi (Ibis, 1897, p. 164) is open to doubt. *About the allied races, see Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, pp. 367-370, 1915. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 471 Maranhao: Tury-assu, o 71 ad., Nov. 26, 1923; Sao Luiz, 0" ad., Aug. 21, 1923; Grajahu, d" ad., Oct. 29, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, d" ad., two 9 9 ad., July 27, 29, 1925. Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 12, 1925; Deserto, d" ad., April 7, 1924; Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Dec. 26, 1924. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, cf ad., May 16, 1903; Pedrinha, cf ad., May 21, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Serra de Baturite, c? ad., July 19, 1913. R. H. Becker (type of subspecies). This series clearly indicates the validity of Cory's form approxi- mans, originally based on a single male in worn plumage from Ceara. Compared with a very satisfactory series of some twenty specimens from southern Brazil, the northern birds average smaller and paler, particularly on the under parts. The two skins from the forested coast district (Tury-assu, Sao Luiz) agree with those from the interior. L. v. approximans is very closely related to, and evidently but subspecifically distinct from, the eastern race of L. verreauxi, of Guiana and the north bank of the lower Amazon, 1 differing merely by decidedly grayish (instead of pale pinkish cinnamon) forehead, and the absence of the conspicuous vinaceous-russet tinge on the sides of the posterior crown behind the eye, besides some minor average characters. Its range extends southwards into northern Bahia, whence Field Museum has two perfectly typical examples from Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, and an adult female from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto; whereas an adult male from the latter locality, in size and coloration, closely approaches the larger, darker southern form, long known as x The earliest available name for it is Peristera brasiliensis Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 945, 1856), which antedates both Leptoptila verreauxi macconnelli Chubb (Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 32, 1917— British Guiana) and Leptotila verreauxi tenella Penard (Proc. New Eng. Zool. CI., 8, p. 35, 1923 — Schotelweg, Lelydorp, Surinam). As I have ascertained by careful comparison with material from various localities especially selected for that purpose, the type in the Paris Museum (an adult bird of unknown origin, brought by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire from his voyage to Lisbon) agrees with specimens from French and Dutch Guiana, from which those of British Guiana and the Rio Branco are in- separable. This race must, therefore, stand as Leptotila verreauxi brasiliensis (Bonaparte). Peristera brasiliensis Gray (List Spec. Brit. Mus., 4, Columbae, p. 54, 1856), being a pure nomen nudum, has no nomenclatorial standing, and Salvadori (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 556, 1893) is mistaken in listing as types, under L.ochroptera, two specimens in the British Museum. 472 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. ochroptera, 1 which ranges at least as far north as central Bahia, since two adults taken by R. H. Becker at Macaco Secco, near Anda- rahy, are indistinguishable from Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo birds. The southward extension of its range is hard to define, as no fast line can be drawn against L. v. chlorauchenia which differs solely by larger size. In the west, however, it seems to extend, without appar- ent change, across Matto Grosso and Bolivia to eastern Peru. Birds from the latter country, which have been described as Leptop- tila intermedia by Chubb, 2 I am unable to satisfactorily distinguish from a Brazilian series. 451. Penelope superciliaris jacupemba Spix. 3 Penelope jacupemba Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 55, pi. 72, 1825 — Presidio do Sao Joao, Rio de Janeiro (type in Munich Museum examined). Penelope superciliaris jacupemba Reiser, pp. 88, 195 — Lag6a Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy. Maranhao : Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July 26, 29, 1925; Tranqueira, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 21, 29, 1925. Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), lower Tocantins, o" ad., Jan. 27, 1926. Piauhy: Deserto, cf ad., 9 ad., 9 juv., April 5, 7, 1925. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Boa Vista, 0" ad., Dec. 18, 1906. F. Schwanda (Conover Collection). — Piauhy: Lagoa da Mis- sao, near Parnagua, two o"cf, 9 ad., May, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). 1 Leptoptila ochroptera Pelzeln (Orn. Bras., 3, p. 278, i87o)was published with- out any description and thus rests exclusively on the bibliographic references cited by its creator. The first quotation, Azara's No 320, is ambiguous and might refer just as well to L. ochroptera auct. as to L. reichenbachii Wagler's description appears to have been made from a bird o jthe " ochroptera" -chlorauchenia type, though the synonyms C. ruf axilla Rich. & Bern, and C. frontalis Temm. do not at all belong here. Wied's and Burmeister's accounts doubtless refer to L. reichenbachii, whereas L. rufaxilla Bonaparte and Reichenbach are indefinite mixtures of L. rufaxilla and L. reichenbachii. Under these circumstances, I am afraid that L. ochroptera Pelzeln will have to be dropped as undeterminable. The proper name for the south-Brazilian form appears to be Homoptila decipiens Salvadori (Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 6, p. 131, 1871 — Brazil), based on specimens lacking the attenuated outermost primary. 2 Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 17, 191 7 — "Central South Peru." — The type ex- amined in the British Museum is an adult male secured by H. Whitely, Jr., on August 19, 1874, at Huiro, Urubamba Valley, Peru, and agrees well with one from Chinchao, dept. Huanuco, in Field Museum. Chubb is quite confused in his description. 3 Two additional members of the Cracidae possibly occur in the region covered by the present paper. Marcgrave's "Mitu Poranga" (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 195) appears to be Crax sclateri sclateri Gray (nearest recorded locality Rio Araguaya, Goyaz), and the same author's "Mitu" (1. c, p. 194) forms the basis of Mitu mitu 'Linnaeus), known to range from Para to the confines of Peru. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 473 The more satisfactory material now available tends to show that the limits assigned to this form in my review of Spix's types 1 require modification. Penelope superciliaris Temminck 2 was originally based upon speci- mens secured by one of Count Hoffmannsegg's collectors in the vicinity of Para. Five skins from this district (Peixe-Boi; Igarape- assu; Rio Acara) and four from the Rio Madeira (Borba and Forte do Principe) are characterized by decidedly greenish general colora- tion, with rather narrow, deep hazel margins to the inner secondaries, wing coverts and tail coverts, and obsolete pale grayish or grayish buff superciliaries. Birds from eastern and southern Brazil are duller, more grayish, especially on the breast; the rufous markings on the wings and tail coverts are wider and paler, varying from hazel to ochraceous tawny, and the superciliary streak is much more strongly pronounced. For some time I was inclined to subdivide the inhabitants of eastern Brazil into a northern form with rufescent, and a southern one with grayish eyebrows, and while I have yet to see from the southern states specimens with intensely rufous superciliaries, the present series exhibits such a remarkable variation in this respect that I feel that much more material is needed before anything like a final conclusion can be reached. The type of P. jacupemba Spix, stated to be from the Indian Village Presidio of Sao Joao, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, agrees with certain northern examples, particu- larly an adult male from Deserto, Piauhy (Conover Collection, No. 3202), in having the superciliary streak slightly tinged with buffy: whereas in most of the other (twelve) specimens seen from southern Brazil this marking is of a clear ashy gray. A female from Deserto, Piauhy and the male from Santo Antonio, Goyaz, however, so closely approach the latter as to be almost indistinguishable. On the other hand, three individuals from the vicinity of Parnagua, Piauhy, in the Vienna Museum, as well as two females from Tranqueira and one from Fazenda Inhuma, obtained by Snethlage, are conspicuous by their light ochraceous buff to ochraceous tawny superciliaries, which join each other in front so as to form a distinct band across the forehead. For the present, I propose to unite, under Spix's name, the birds of eastern Brazil (from Maranhao to Rio Grande do Sul and Matto 'Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 690-691, 1906. 2 Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 3, pp. 72, 693, 1815. 474 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Grosso) and Misiones, restricting typical superciliaris to the Amazon Valley, from Para to the Rio Madeira. 452. Penelope jacu-caca Spix. Penelope jacu-caca Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 53, pi. 69, 1825 — near Pocoens Encima, state of Bahia (type in Munich Museum examined); Reiser, pp. 88, 193 — Lag6a Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy. Piauhy: Deserto, 9 ad., April 12, 1925 (Conover Collection). In addition, I have examined in the Vienna Museum three ex- amples secured by O. Reiser in the vicinity of Parnagua, in May, 1903 . The "Jacu acu" of the natives has been recorded only from the states of Piauhy and Bahia. In the Tring Museum there are three specimens collected by Alphonse Robert at Lamarao, near Bahia City, on May 19, 1901. P. jacu-caca is nearly related to P. ochrogaster Pelzeln, of Matto Grosso and Goyaz, and P. pileata Wagler, of Amazonia. They form a natural group in the genus, characterized by the narrow black streak, separating the white superciliaries from the unfeathered sides of the head, and may be conspecific. 453. Ortalis spixi Hellmayr. Ortalis spixi Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 693, 695, 1906 — Rio Itapicuni, Maranhao; Reiser (2), p. 196, 1925 — Riacho da Raiz, below Uniao, and Barra do Cocal, lower Parnahyba, Piauhy. Penelope araucuan Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 56, pi. 74, 1825 — part, female, Rio Itapicuni, Maranhao. Ortalis araucuan Reiser (1), p. 88, 1910 — Riacho da Raiz and Barra do Cocal, Piauhy. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., June 21, 1924 (Conover Col- lection). Goyaz: Santo Antonio, lower Tocantins, 9 ad., Feb. 24, 1926 (Conover Collection). This Guan is peculiar to northern Brazil south of the Amazon, ranging from the Tocantins east to the lower Parnahyba, Piauhy. Farther south and east, from Pernambuco to Minas Geraes and Espirito Santo, it is replaced by the very different 0. araucuan (Spix) [= albiventris (Wagler).] 454. Odontophorus capueira plumbeicollis Cory. Odontophorus plumbeicollis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1 , p. 294, 191 5 — Serra de Baturite, Ceara. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 475 Ceara: Serra de Baturite, d* (molting), July 21, 19 13. R. H. Becker (type). Compared with fourteen 0. c. capueira, from southern Brazil (Sao Paulo and Santa Catharina) and Misiones, the unique type differs very slightly by having the throat and foreneck vermiculated with blackish (instead of plain gray), the breast tinged with pale buffy brownish, the rufous frontal band and superciliaries somewhat narrower, and the hind neck almost devoid of light markings. The specimen being in rather poor condition, the validity of this form — which is at best a poorly marked subspecies — needs corroboration by additional material. 0. c. capueira is known to inhabit eastern Brazil, from Rio Grande do Sul as far north as southern Bahia, besides being found in Para- guay and Misiones. 455. Opisthocomus hoazin (Muller). Phasianus hoazin P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 125, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 337, Cayenne. Opisthocomus cristatus Martius, Reise Bras., 2, p. 829, 1828 — Rio Itapicuni, Maranhao. "Opisthocomus cristatus (Gm.) (= hoazin P. L. S. Muller)" (sic) Reiser, pp. 88, 196 — lower Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad. (molting), Oct. 31, 1923- The "Cigana" is generally distributed in the Amazonian forest region from the Guianas, the Orinoco Valley, and the Rio Meta south to the sources of the Rio Araguaya and Rio Madeira. [456. Crypturornis 1 soui soui (Hermann). Tinamus soui Hermann, Tab. Affin. Anim., p. 165, 1783 — based on "Le Soui" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 512 and Daubenton, PI. Enl. 829, Cayenne. Crypturus pileatus Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao. Crypturus soui Reiser (2), p. 244, 1925 — Miritiba. Reiser records two males taken by the late F. Schwanda at Miri- tiba on November 8, 1907, and February 4, 1908. We have no material ; but as specimens from the Para district appear to be insep- arable from Guianan skins, it may reasonably be assumed that they are referable to the typical race, which probably reaches the eastern 1 Crypturornis Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 74, 1922), type Tetrao cinereus Gmelin. 476 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. limit of its range in the forested coast belt of Maranhao, this being the case with many other Guianan and Lower-Amazonian species. In eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro, another closely allied form, C. soni albigularis Brabourne and Chubb 1 takes its place.] 457. Crypturornis undulatus vermiculatus (Temminck). Tinamus vermiculatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 62, pi. 369, 1825 — Brazil, coll. Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (type in Paris Museum examined). Crypturus adspersus (not of Temminck) Reiser, pp. 98, 245 — Santa Philomena, Cachoeiras, Una Sao Martin, and Caieara, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tranqueira, d* ad., Sept. 12, 1925 (Conover Col- lection). Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Caieara, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., Sept. 9, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). Allowing the usual amount of individual variation, these speci- mens agree well with others from western Minas Geraes (Rio Jordao, near Araguary) and Goyaz (Rio Araguaya). The type of T. vermic- ulatus, obtained by Saint-Hilaire in the interior of Brazil, I found to be referable to the same form, so there is no doubt as to its proper appellation. Salvadori's reference of a specimen from Piauhy to C. u. adspersus, as recorded by Reiser (1. c, p. 245), is certainly erroneous. Tinamus adspersus Temminck, 2 based on an example from the state of Para, appears to be restricted to the lower Amazon, from the Tapajoz to the Rio Madeira. The type agrees minutely with birds from the Rio Tapajoz (Villa Braga). While admitting that vermiculatus and adspersus are closely re- lated, I still hold that, if two forms be distinguished, the birds from the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy must go with vermiculatus, an arrangement which is, furthermore, supported by geographical con- siderations. The examination of much additional material, since dealing with this group, 3 leads me to the conclusion that the birds found in Para- guay, Bolivia, and Matto Grosso merely constitute a strongly marked race, the apparent gap being bridged over to a certain extent by J Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ,(8), 14, p. 320, 1914 — Rio de Janeiro. 2 Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 3, pp. 585, 751, 1815 — "dans la province de Para" type in Berlin Museum examined). 3 Abhhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 702-705. 1906. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 477 C. u. confusus Brabourne and Chubb, 1 from the left bank of the Rio Madeira. Therefore, their relationship appears to be more correctly ex- pressed by trinomial nomenclature as follows: (a) Crypturornis undulatus undulatus (Temminck). — Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, and western Matto Grosso. 2 (b) Crypturornis undulatus confusus (Brabourne and Chubb). — Only known from a single specimen from Humaytha, left bank of the Rio Madeira. (c) Crypturornis undulatus yapura (Spix). — Eastern Peru and northwestern Brazil (Rio Jurua and Rio Solimoes). (d) Crypturornis undulatus adspersus (Temminck). — Northern Brazil south of the Amazon, from the Tapajoz to the right bank of the Rio Madeira. 3 (e) Crypturornis undulatus vermiculatus (Temminck). — Eastern Brazil, from Maranhao and Piauhy south through Goyaz to western Minas Geraes and northern Sao Paulo. [458. Crypturornis noctivagus noctivagus (Wied). Tinamus noctivagus Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 160 (8vo ed., p. 158), 1820 — Muribecca, Rio Itabapuana, Espirito Santo. Crypturus noctivagus Reiser, pp. 98, 246 — Serra near Parnagua, and Saco Gorge on the road from Parnagua to Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy. Reiser found this scarce species on the dry slopes of the Serra near Parnagua, in southern Piauhy. Dr. Snethlage did not meet with it. C. n. noctivagus is restricted to eastern Brazil, ranging from Piauhy south to Rio Grande do Sul. It is apparently nowhere common. In British Guiana, Venezuela, and on the north bank of the Amazon (Obidos), it is replaced by C. noctivagus dissimilis Salvadori.] 459. Microcrypturus 4 tataupa tataupa (Temminck). Tinamus tataupa Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 3, pp. 590, 752, 1815 — based on Azara, No. 329 (Paraguay), and Brazilian specimens in the collections at Lisbon and Paris. *Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, p. 321, 1914 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira. 2 Three specimens from Molinas-cue, Paraguay {undulatus) and twelve from Buenavista, Bolivia (scolopax Bonaparte \radiatus Gray), in the Conover Collection, prove to be inseparable from each other. 3 C. undulatus simplex (Salvadori), from British Guiana and the Rio Branco, is doubtfully separable. *Microcrypturus Chubb (Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 28, p. 30, 1917; type Tinamus tataupa Temminck). 478 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Crypturus tataupa Reiser, pp. 98, 244 — Burity, near Parnagua, Santa Philo- mena, and Barroca do Maranhao, Piauhy. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" imm., Jan. 7, 1925 (Conover Collection). Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 21, 1925 (Conover Col- lection). Additional specimen. — -Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., July 30, 1 913. R. H. Becker. I cannot discover any racial variation in a large series from Para- guay, various parts of Brazil, and Argentina (Misiones and Tucu- raan). Even Peruvian birds 1 seem barely separable by reason of slightly deeper rufous brown backs and longer bills. M. t. tataupa ranges all over Brazil from Piauhy, Ceara, and Pernambuco south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso. 460. Microcrypturus parvirostris (Wagler). Crypturus parvirostris Wagler, Syst. Av., Genus Crypturus, sp. 13, 1827 — Brazil, Spix coll.; we suggest Bahia (type in Munich Museum examined). Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July 19, 31, 1925. Piauhy: Arara, o 71 ad., Jan. 29, 1925. Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, c 71 ad., July 30, 1913. R. H. Becker. These examples appear to be identical with others from Bahia (Sao Marcello, Rio Preto), Sao Paulo (Victoria), and Paraguay (Villa Rica). Birds from the Rio Madeira (Humaytha) and Peru (Santa Ana, Urubamba) are somewhat smaller. In the north, this species ranges to the island of Marajo and the south bank of the Amazon, but the center of its distribution lies in the semiarid table-land of Brazil. 461. Nothura boraquira (Spix). Tinamus boraquira Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 63, pi. 79, 1825 — "in campis petrosis districtus adman tini" 2 (type in Munich Museum examined). Nothura boraquira Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 10, 1907 — Parnagua, Piauhy; Reiser (2), p. 248 — Parnagua, Pedrinha, Burity, Rio Fundii, and Caitetu, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. 1 Crypturus tataupa peruviana Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 293, 191 5 — San Ram6n, dept. Junfn, Peru. 2 Reinhardt (Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist.Foren., 1870, p. 5i)deniesits occurrence in Minas Geraes, and it is quite possible that the type came from Bahia or Piauhy rather than from the diamond district. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 479 Ceara: Quixada, 9 ad., June 30, 1913; Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Aug. 30, 1913. R. H. Becker. Not quite so grayish as the type and specimens from Lamarao, near Bahia City, but doubtless belonging to the same form. The characters of this very distinct species have been set forth in my review of Spix's types. 1 N. boraquira is now known to be rather common in northeastern Brazil, its range extending from Bahia north to Ceara and Piauhy. Three recently collected specimens from Buenavista, Bolivia, in the Conover Collection, tend to confirm my belief that N. marmorata Gray 2 is inseparable, despite its widely remote habitat. 462. Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Reiser. Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Reiser, Anzeiger Ak. Wiss. Wien, 42, p. 324, 1905 — Palmeirinhas (type) and Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; idem, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 98, 1910; p. 247, 1925 — same localities. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., July 7, 1924. — Wing, 185; bill 42 (Conover Collection). Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Palmeirinhas, d" ad., May 10, 1903 (type); Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, cf ad., July 26, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). The two original specimens, when compared with a large series of typical rufescens 3 from Sao Paulo, Parana, Minas Geraes, and Matto Grosso, 4 are indeed more grayish (less buffy) on the belly, and have the upper parts grayish brown rather than brownish, with the pale transverse bands more whitish. Two skins from Humaytha (left bank of the upper Rio Madeira) are very similar. Still I feel a little doubtful about the validity of the race, since the bird procured by Dr. Snethlage is barely distinguishable from certain Sao Paulo and Paraguayan (Villa Rica) examples. If there are two races in Brazil, the range of R. r. catingae would seem to be singularly restricted. Birds from Lamarao, near Bahia City, are nowise different from those of more southern localities, and 'Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 705-706, 1906. 2 List Birds Brit. Mus., 5, Gallinae, p. 104, 1867 — Bolivia (type examined). 3 Tinamus rufescens Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 3, pp. 552, 747, 1815 — Brazil (described from a single specimen in the Paris Museum). — The type no longer exists in the French National Collection, but doubtless came from southern Brazil. We suggest Sao Paulo as type locality. 4 Five skins from Matto Grosso (R. r. alleni Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 28, p. 30, 1917 — Chapada) are exactly like a series from Sao Paulo. 480 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. the type of Rhynchotus fasciatus Spix 1 is likewise a normal example of typical rufescens. More material from the northern states is needed before the status of R. r. catingae can be definitely established. [463. Cariama cristata (Linnaeus). Palamedea cristata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 232, 1766 — based on "Cariama" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 203, northeastern Brazil. Dicholophus cristatus Reiser, pp. 93, 221 — Parnagua, Pe do Morro, and other localities, Piauhy. Reiser found the Seriema at numerous places in Piauhy. This singular bird is widely distributed in the table-land of Brazil.] [464. Eurypyga helias helias (Pallas). Ardea Helias Pallas, Neue Nord. Beytr., 2, p. 48, pi. 3, 1781 — Brazil. Eurypyga helias Reiser, pp. 93, 221 — Riacho da Raiz and Barra do Cocal, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. The Vienna Academy Expedition met with the Sun Bittern on the Rio Parnahyba, and an immature female was collected on August 31, 1903, at Barra do Cocal, Piauhy.] 465. Rallus longirostris crassirostris Lawrence. Rallus crassirostris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 20, 187 1 — Bahia. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., 9 ad., March 19, 22, 1924. - — Wing (male) 143, (female) 126; bill 54, (female) 46. "Iris brown, feet reddish brown, bill reddish brown, base of man- dible red." These specimens agree with another from Iguape, Sao Paulo, which I take to be R. crassirostris. Material of typical R. longi- rostris from Guiana not being available, I am unable to make out whether the Brazilian is really separable and how far its range ex- tends to the north. 466. Pardirallus maculatus maculatus (Boddaert). Rallus maculatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl.,p. 48, 1783 — based on "Rale tachete\ de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl. 775, Cayenne. Ceara: Quixada, 9 ad., June 22, 1913. R. H. Becker. I have also seen a young bird from Sao Lourengo, Pernambuco, in the Tring Museum. *Av. Bras. 2, p. 60, pi. 76c, 1825 — Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 481 This Rail is widely distributed in South America, ranging south to Paraguay and Argentina. 467. Aramides mangle (Spix). Gallinula mangle Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 74, pi. 97, 1825 — "ad litora maris in locis paludosis, arbustis mangliferis obsitis"; we suggest coast of Bahia (types in Munich Museum examined). Aramides mangle Reiser, pp. 95, 229 — Amaracao, delta of the Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 12, 1925 (Conover Collection). The Vienna Academy Expedition also obtained a single male near Amaragao, Piauhy, of this Rail, which is peculiar to eastern Brazil, from Piauhy south to Rio de Janeiro. [468. Aramides ypecaha (Vieillot). Rallus ypecaha Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 568, 1819 — based on Azara, No. 367, Paraguay and Buenos Aires. Aramides gigas Reiser (1), p. 96, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy. "Aramides ypacaha (=gigas Spix)" Reiser (2), p. 230, 1925 — Lag6a near Fa- zenda do Santo Antonio, Lake Parnagua, and Brejao, Piauhy. The Ypecaha Rail was met with by O. Reiser at various localities in Piauhy. Specimens from eastern Brazil (Gallinula gigas Spix) 1 do not seem to differ from others taken near Buenos Aires, in spite of the range being apparently discontinuous. The species has been found in Paraguay, Uruguay, and the adjacent provinces of Argentina, and again in northern Minas Geraes (Contendas), Bahia (near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco) and Piauhy, but there is no record from the intervening territory. Examination of a larger series from Brazil may yet reveal some geographical variation.] 469. Aramides cajanea cajanea (Muller). Fulica cajanea P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 119, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PL Enl. 352, Cayenne. Aramides cayanea Reiser, pp. 95, 230 — below Colonia Floriano and Caicara, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., July 8, 1924 (Conover Collec- tion) . x Av. Bras., 2, p. 75, pi. 99, 1825 — Contendas, Minas Geraes (type in Munich Museum examined). 482 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Additional specimens. — Maranhao: B6a Vista, 9 ad., Nov. 23, 1907. F. Schwanda (Conover Collection). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, c? imm., Aug. 1, 1913. R. H. Becker. The B6a Vista bird is an extremely pale variety, having the breast even lighter in color than A. albiventris, of Yucatan, while the two others do not differ from average examples from British Guiana and Paraguay. It is now generally conceded 1 that the brownish wash on the hind crown has no geographical significance and cannot possibly be used for the discrimination of races in South America. In my re- view of Spix's types 2 I called attention to the pale grayish olive back in a pair from the Rio Boraxudo, state of Parana, Brazil, suggesting the probable existence of a separable southern race (A. cajanea ckiricote [Vieillot]). 3 Four topotypes from Villa Rica, Para- guay, in the Conover Collection, however, do not support this view, since three of them are indistinguishable from Guianan specimens picked at random. In French and Dutch Guiana as well as in Lower Amazonia (Borba, Rio Madeira; Rio Curicuriari, above Barcellos, Rio Negro; Para) specimens with remarkably dark under parts are occasionally met with, but as they are associated with normally colored birds, I do not see how Fulica ruficollis Gmelin 4 and Aramides cajanea grahami Chubb 5 can be anything but individual variants of A. cajanea, although I have to admit that this dark "stage" is not represented by a single example in the large series examined from southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. The types of Aramides cajanea venezuelensis Cory 6 and A. cajanea peruviana Cory, 6 from Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela, and Moyo- bamba, Peru are likewise based on individual variation, and can be exactly matched by specimens from other localities. 7 !See Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 712-713, 1906 and Bangs, Amer. Natur., 41, p. 180, 1907. 2 Loc. cit., p. 713, 1906. 3 Rallus chiricote Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 551, 1819 — based on Azara, No. 368, Paraguay. 4 Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 700, 1789 — based on "Black-bellied Gallinule" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 3, (1), p. 253, Cayenne (type in Vienna Museum examined). *Ibis, (11), 1, p. 53, 1919 — Para (type in British Museum examined). 6 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 296, 1915. 7 It may be stated here that Chubb (Ibis, 1919, p. 52) is no doubt confused in calling the back of A. c. cajanea "rufous brown." The anterior upper parts in these Rails vary from medal bronze and buff y olive to grayish olive, but are never brown or rufous. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 483 [470. Creciscus melanophaius lateralis (Lichtenstein). Crex lateralis Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 79, 1823 — Brazil (excl. cit. Azara, No. 376) ; type locality Bahia (see Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 96, 1854). Ortygometra (Creciscus) melanophaea Reiser (1), p. 96, 1910 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy. Creciscus (Ortygometra) melanophaeus Reiser (2), p. 230, 1925 — same locality. Piauhy: Santa Philomena, 9 ad., July 16, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). On comparing twenty specimens of this Crake from various local- ities I notice that birds from Bahia northwards to British Guiana may generally be distinguished from those of Paraguay, Argentina (Buenos Aires), and southern Brazil (Rio to Santa Catharina) by having the lores, auricular region, and cheeks pinkish cinnamon rather than grayish. The difference, however, is not quite constant. Of two specimens from British Guiana (C. melanophaius maccon- nelli Chubb), 1 one is identical with Bahia skins, while the other in the decidedly grayish sides of the head resembles topotypical melano- phaius, from Paraguay. In Upper Amazonia, from southeastern Colombia to eastern Peru, another nearly allied race, C. m. oenops (Sclater and Salvin), is found.] 471. Creciscus viridis viridis (Miiller). Rallus viridis P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 120, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 368, Cayenne. Maranhao: Ponto (Canella), 9 ad., Aug. 29, 1924; Fazenda In- huma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 3, 5, 1925. I am unable to find any appreciable difference between ten skins from French and Dutch Guiana and fifteen from eastern Brazil (Para, Maranhao, Pernambuco, Bahia, and Ilha Grande, near Rio de Janeiro). Peruvian birds are slightly different and may stand as C. viridis facialis (Tschudi). 2 [472. Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein). Crex galeata Lichtenstein, Verz. Saugeth. und Vogel Berliner Mus., p. 36, 1818 — based on Azara, No. 379, Paraguay. Gallinula galeata Reiser (2), p. 231, 1925 — Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy. Recorded by Reiser from the Rio Taquarussu in southern Piauhy.] J Birds Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 75, 1916 — Bonasica River. 2 Crex facialis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843 — Peru (type in Neuchatel Museum examined; =juv.). 484 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. [473. Ionornis martinica (Linnaeus). Fulica martinica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 — Martinique. Porphyriola martinica Reiser (2), p. 231, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. A few were observed by Reiser on the shores of Lake Parnagua, in southern Piauhy.] [474. Aramus scolopaceus (Gmelin) subsp. Ardea scolopacea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 647, 1789 — based on Buffon and Daubenton, PI. Enl. 848, Cayenne. Aramus scolopaceus Reiser, pp. 93, 220 — Parnagua, Piauhy. Reiser records the Limpkin from Parnagua, Piauhy. In the ab- sence of specimens, I am unable to ascertain whether they are referable to typical scolopaceus or to the larger southern A. s. carau Vieillot, which ranges at least as far north as Minas Geraes, since the type of Rallus ardeoides Spix, 1 in size, agrees with a topotypical example of the latter form from Paraguay.] [475. Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert). Scolopax caudatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 57, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 976, Cayenne. Theristicus caudatus Reiser, pp. 92, 211 — Burity, Fazenda Enseada, and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. The Curicaca was noticed by the members of the Vienna Acad- emy Expedition at various localities in Piauhy from the vicinity of Parnagua north to below Estreito, on the Rio Parnahyba. We have an adult male from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, which, except for the sexual difference in size, agrees well with a female from near Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Brazilian Guiana. This Ibis is widely distributed in northern and eastern South America, ranging from Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana all over Brazil south to northern Argentina and Paraguay. It was first de- scribed under its Brazilian vernacular name by Marcgrave, 2 who met with it along the Rio Sao Francisco, at Itapuama, and other places in northeastern Brazil.] x Av. Bras., 2, p. 72, pi. 91, 1825 — near Contendas or Riachao, Minas Geraes (type in Munich Museum examined). 2 Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191, 1648. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 485 [476. Phimosus infuscatus 1 nudifrons (Spix). Ibis nudifrons Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 69, pi. 86, 1825 — Sao Francisco River, Brazil. Plegadis nudifrons Reiser, pp. 92, 212 — Parnagua, below Sao Estevao and above Colonia Floriano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. O. Reiser took an immature bird on the shore of Lake Parnagua and noticed other individuals along the banks of the Rio Parnahyba. When separating the Venezuelan form, 2 I was mistaken in assum- ing the bill and bare part of the head to be yellow in Brazilian birds. As a matter of fact, in freshly killed specimens, the bill is clay-color or chamois, and the face brick red, both parts fading to yellow in Museum skins. In birds from the Orinoco Valley and Rio Chaura, near Merida, Venezuela, the bare part of the head is dark carmine, while the bill is decidedly wood brown, with a blackish tip. This northern form may, therefore, stand as P. infuscatus berlepschi. Spix's Bare-faced Ibis is peculiar to Brazil south of the Amazon, ranging from Piauhy down to Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and west to Matto Grosso.] 477. Guara rubra (Linnaeus). Scohpax rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 — based on Catesby (Bahama Islands), Brisson (Cayenne), etc. Guara rubra Reiser, pp. 92, 213 — Amaragao, coast of Piauhy. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 18, 1924. Widely distributed in eastern tropical America, from the West Indies south to southeastern Brazil. 3 [478. Mycteria americana Linnaeus. Mycteria americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — based on "Jabiru-guacu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200, northeastern Brazil. 4 *In spite of Messrs. Berlepsch and Hartert's contrary contention (see Nov. Zool., 9, p. 123, 1902, note) I do not see how we can avoid using Ibis infuscata Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 75, 1823) for the Paraguayan form of this Ibis, in view of his quoting Azara's No. 365, where an excellent description is given. 2 Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 247, 1903. 3 The most southerly locality on record appears to be Guaratuba, on the coast of the Brazilian state of Parana, where Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 9, p. 353, 1822) found the Red Ibis very abundant. 4 See Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 711, 1906. 486 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Tantalus loculator Reiser, pp. 92, 124 — B6a Vista, near Brejao (road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena) and below Villa Nova, Rio Parna- hyba, Piauhy. The Wood Ibis was observed by the members of the Vienna Academy Expedition.] [479. Ardea cocoi Linnaeus. Ardea Cocoi Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 237, 1766 — based on Brisson, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 92, 215 — Parnagua, Lake Parnagua, Brejao, and Rio Parna- hyba, Piauhy. The Cocoi Heron was met with by the Vienna Academy Expedi- tion. Generally distributed in eastern South America.] [480. Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin). Ardea egretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 629, 1789 — based on Buffon's "Grande Egrette," Cayenne, Santo Domingo, and Louisiana; Reiser (1), p. 92, 1910 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. Herodias egretta Reiser (2), p. 215, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Lag6a do Rio Fundu, and Amaracao, Piauhy. Recorded by Reiser from Piauhy. Generally distributed through- out temperate and tropical America.] [481. Egretta thula thula (Molina). Ardea thula Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782 — Chile. Ardea candidissima Reiser (1), p. 92, 1910 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. Herodias candidissima Reiser (2), p. 216, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Lag6a do Rio Fundu, Colonia Floriano and Amaracao, Piauhy. The Snowy Egret, widely diffused in North and South America, is recorded by Reiser from various localities in Piauhy.] [482. Florida caerulea (Linnaeus). Ardea caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 — "America septentrionalis" = Carolina (ex Catesby) accepted as type locality. Florida coerulea Reiser, pp. 92, 217 — Amaragao, coast of Piauhy, and Miritiba, Maranhao. Specimens of the Little Blue Heron were listed by Reiser from the coast districts of Piauhy and Maranhao.] 483. Hydranassa tricolor tricolor (Muller). Ardea tricolor P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. Ill, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 350, Cayenne. Hydranassa tricolor Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 407, 1907 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao. Florida tricolor Reiser, pp. 92, 217 — coast of Piauhy. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 487 Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad. (in breeding plumage), Dec. 27, 1923. — Wing 230; tail 80; bill 84. With somewhat longer wings, but otherwise agreeing with Gui- anan examples. The Tricolored Heron ranges from British Guiana south along the coast to the delta of the Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Allied races are found in Trinidad, the West Indies, Central America, and southern North America. 1 484. Butorides striata (Linnaeus). Ardea striata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 144, 1758 — Surinam. Butorides striata Reiser (1), p. 93, 1910 — coast of Piauhy; idem (2), p. 219, 1925 — Manias, lower Parnahyba, Piauhy. Butorides virescens (not of Linnaeus) Reiser (2), p. 219, 1925 — Amaracao, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., 9 imm., Aug. 27, 31, 1923. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 juv., Dec. 14, 1924. Like specimens from Guiana and other parts of Brazil. I have little doubt that the bird from Amaracao mentioned by Reiser will also turn out to belong to B. striata, which, in juvenile plumage, is often very hard to distinguish from B. virescens. No representative of the latter species has ever been found in eastern South America, although local races are known to inhabit the island of Tobago and the extreme northwest of the continent (Colombia and adjacent section of Venezuela). The Black-crowned Heron is widely diffused in South America, ranging from Trinidad and Venezuela south to Argentina and Para- guay. I am not able to satisfactorily separate the southern form B. s. cyanura, recently revived by Wetmore. 2 [485. Nyctanassa violacea violacea (Linnaeus). Ardea violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 — based on Catesby, Carolina. Nyctanassa violacea Reiser, pp. 93, 217 — coast of Piauhy. Reiser found the Yellow-crowned Night Heron in the delta of the Rio Parnahyba, where a young individual was obtained on Sep- tember 16, 1903. Widely distributed in warm temperate and tropical America.] x See Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50, 1906. 2 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 55, 1926. 488 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. [486. Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus). Cancroma cochlearia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 233, 1766 — based on Brisson, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 93, 218 — Ilha do Meio, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. The Vienna Academy Expedition met with a flock of the Boatbill on May 22, 1903, in the Ilha do Meio, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.] [487. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert). Ardea naevia Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 56, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PL Enl. 939, Cayenne. Nycticorax tayazu-guira Reiser, pp. 93, 218 — Lake Parnagua, Colonia Floriano and Caicara, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Recorded by Reiser from various localities in Piauhy. Specimens from eastern Brazil, at least as far south as Bahia, appear to me indistinguishable from Guianan birds, while Night Herons from the United States average slightly larger.] [488. Philherodius pileatus (Boddaert). Ardea pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 907, Cayenne. Nycticorax pileatus Reiser, pp. 93, 218 — below Uniao and Riacho Novo, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. The Capped Heron, a species of wide distribution in Guiana, Amazonia, and Brazil south to Santa Catharina, was repeatedly met with by the Vienna Academy Expedition on the banks of the Rio Parnahyba, in Piauhy.] [489. Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot). Ardea marmorata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 415, 1817 — based on Azara, No. 353 (= juv.), Paraguay. Tigrisoma marmoratum Reiser, pp. 93, 219 — Lake Parnagua, Brejao, and Riacho da Raiz, Piauhy. Piauhy: Lake Parnagua, two 9 9 ad., 9 imm., o* imm., May and June, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). Maranhao: Primeira Cruz, cf ad., Sept. 28, 1906. F. Schwanda (Tring Museum). Although it has not been possible to examine topotypical Para- guayan material, it seems pretty certain that the Tiger Bittern from northeastern Brazil is referable to T. I. marmoratum, as defined by the late Count Berlepsch. 1 Compared with T. I. lineatum, of Guiana 'Journ. Orn., 35, pp. 30-31, 1887. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 489 and Amazonia, the adults merely differ in larger size, wider black crown-streaks, and more extensive feathering at the base of the lower mandible. Two apparently immature specimens correspond to T. bahiae Sharpe, 1 and clearly show that this supposed species is nothing but an intermediate stage of plumage, 2 as pointed out by Reiser. Marcgrave's "Soco" 3 no doubt refers to the juvenile dress of the present form. T. I. marmoratum obviously replaces the Amazonian T. I. linea- tum 4 in the Brazilian highlands, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. Its exact range and that of the black-headed T. fasciatum, probably another representative form, have yet to be worked out.] 490. Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas (Vieillot). Ardea erythromelas 6 Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 14, p. 422, 1 81 7 — based on Azara, No. 360, Rio Paraguay. Maranhao: Sao Bento, cf ad., 9 juv., Aug. 27, Sept. 14, 1923. Vieillot's Least Bittern, which is clearly conspecific with the North American form, has a wide range in tropical South America, extend- ing from Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad to Paraguay and southern Brazil. 491. Jacana spinosa 6 jacana (Linnaeus). Parra Jacana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 — based on "Jacana quarta species" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191, northeastern Brazil); "Spur- winged Water-hen" Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 305, pi. 357, Surinam) and "Le Chirurgien brun" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 125) in part; 7 Surinam (ex Edwards) accepted as type locality (auct. Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908). *Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 196, pi. 2A, 1898— Bahia. 2 A similar "phase" also occurs in the Guianan T. I. lineatum (cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, pp. 136-137, 1922). 3 Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 199, 1648. 4 The name of the Guianan Tiger Bittern may have to be changed, since Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 239, 1766) chiefly rests on "Le Heron, du Bresil" of Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 441, 1760) who, while referring to Marc- grave's "Soco," appears to have described a young bird from Cayenne sent by Artur to the Reaumur Collection. Ardea soco Wagler (Syst. Av., 1, Genus Ardea, sp. 30, 1827), on the other hand, covers both T. lineatum and T. marmoratum, because of references and habitat. 5 Misprinted erythromelas. 6 Fulica spinosa Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 — based exclu- sively on "The Spur-winged Water Hen" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 48, pi. 48), in spite of the (evidently erroneous) locality Carthagena, is clearly referable to the Central American Jacana, both figure and description in Edwards's work being quite explicit with respect to the trifid posterior margin of the frontal shield. 'Neither the reference in Hernandez's work, quoted by Brisson, nor the speci- men from Santo Domingo in the Reaumur Collection belongs to the present form. 49° Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. Jacana jacana Reiser, pp. 95, 229 — north of Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Lagda do Rio Fundii, Brejao, Rio Taquarussu, Poty, near Therezina, Riacho da Raiz, and Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Bento, 0" ad., Aug. 31, 1923; Sao Francisco (op- posite Amarante), Rio Parnahyba, cf ad., July 5, 1925. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., 9 juv., Dec. 31, 1924, Jan. 5, 1925; Deserto, 9 ad., c? imm., March 28, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, d", 9 ad., June 10, 24, 1 9 13. R. H. Becker. The Rufous-backed Jacana is remarkably uniform throughout its range, birds from so widely remote sections as Guiana, eastern Brazil, and Paraguay being perfectly alike. Specimens from northern Vene- zuela (Maracay, Aragua) are darker chestnut on the back and may stand as J. spinosa intermedia (Sclater), while western Ecuador is tenanted by the well-marked /. 5. scapularis Chapman, 1 distinguished by its lighter back, black stripe along the scapulars, and almost white (instead of greenish) outermost primaries. The two dark Jacana forms inhabiting Colombia and eastern Panama, /. melanopygia (Sclater) and /. hypomelaena (Gray), 2 while requiring further investigation as to their interrelations and ranges, are also clearly conspecific. [492. Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus). Tringa morinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based on Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 72, pi. 72, coast of Florida. Arenaria interpres (not Tringa interpres Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 95, 1910 — coast of Piauhy. Arenaria interpres morinella Reiser (2), p. 228, 1925 — coast of Piauhy. The Ruddy Turnstone is a winter visitor to Brazil. Reiser shot several specimens about the middle of September 1903 among the lagoons on the north coast of Piauhy, near Amaracao.] x Amer. Mus. Novit., 31, p. 3, 1922 — Chone, prov. Manabi, Ecuador. 2 Elliot (Auk, 5, p. 296, 1888) was the first author to misapply Gmelin's name nigra to the Black Jacana of eastern Colombia. Parra nigra Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 708, 1789) was solely and exclusively based on "Jacana tertia species" of Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191), and what- ever this rather obscurely described bird from northeastern Brazil may be, it certainly is not P. hypomelaena which has never been found outside of Colombia and Panama. Lichtenstein (Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for 1816-17, p. 158, 1819) suggests its identity with J. s. jacana, attributing the discrepancies in the description to a possible transposition of the color-terms for upper and under parts. Unfortunately, there is no figure of this bird among Marcgrave's original drawings in the Menzel Collection. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 491 493. Hoploxypterus cayanus (Latham). Charadrius cayanus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 749, 1790 — based on Buff on and Daubenton, PI. Enl. 633, Cayenne. Hoploxypterus cayanus Reiser, pp. 93, 223 — Parnagua, Piauhy and Miritiba, Maranhao. Piauhy: Deserto, c? ad., Apr. 4, 1925; Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Jan. 9, 1925- Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, three 9 9 ad., d" juv., Dec. 10, 14, 21, 1925 (Conover Collection). The Spur-winged Plover ranges from Guiana and southern Vene- zuela (Orinoco basin) through Amazonia to southern Brazil. 494. Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus (Wagler). Charadrius lampronotus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, Genus Charadrius, sp. 48, 1827 — part, adult ptil. aest. (type from Brazil in Munich Museum examined). 1 Belonopterus cayennensis (not Parra cayennensis Gmelin) Reiser (2), p. 223, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Lag6a Missao, and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Miritiba, two cf cf ad., April 10, 1910, April 23, 1907. F. Schwanda (Conover Collection). These specimens as well as an adult female secured by R. H. Becker at Cidade da Barra, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, in Field Mu- seum agree with a series from Matto Grosso, northeastern Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones; Cambaceres, prov. Buenos Aires) and Uru- guay, in having a distinct black stripe along the middle of the fore- neck, connecting the black of the throat with that of the breast. They are somewhat lighter on the sides of the head and neck, thereby approaching B. c. cayennensis, from Amazonia and Guiana, but this slight divergency should be confirmed by a larger series. B. c. lampronotus thus seems to range over the greater part of the Brazilian table-land, while B. c. cayennensis replaces it in the savannas of Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, and northern Brazil, south to the banks of the Amazon. 2 Although Cayenne is included in its range, and the characters shown by birds from that country are considered to be probably seasonal, Wagler, in the first place, clearly had the southern form in mind, as is evident from the passage "stria a mento in collo antico medio ad pectus ducta .... nigerrimis." Besides, the only specimen in the Munich Museum, named C. lampronotus, dating from the time previous to Wagler's death is from Brazil, and belongs to the race to which both Peters (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923) and Wetmore (Bull. U. S- Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 169-170, 1926) have restricted the term lampronotus. 2 The subspecific pertinence of the Lapwings recorded by Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 84, 1914) from the islands of Marajo and Mexiana in the delta region has yet to be ascertained. 492 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. [495. Squatarola squatarola cynosurae Thayer and Bangs. Squatarola squatarola cynosurae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 5, p. 23, 1914 — Baillie Island, Arctic America. Charadrius squatarola Reiser, pp. 94, 224 — Amaracao, Piauhy. Reiser met with flocks of this winter visitor in the lagoons near Amaracao, on the coast of Piauhy, where a female was shot on September 19, 1903.] 496. Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia (Ord). Charadrius ivilsonia Ord in Wilson's Amer. Orn., 9, p. 77, pi. 73, fig. 5, 1814 — "shores of Cape Island" =Cape May, New Jersey. Eudromias wilsoni Reiser (1), p. 94, 19 10 — coast district of Piauhy. "Charadrius wilsoni (Ord) =Ochthodromus wilsonia (Ord)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 224, 1925 — Amaracao, Piauhy. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, o* ad., 9 ad., March 8, 1924. Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Amaracao, cf ad., four 9 9 ad., Sept. 14, 15, 17, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). Like the type of Charadrius crassirostris Spix, 1 with which it was directly compared, our male has but a few feathers behind the auric- ulars faintly tipped with pinkish cinnamon, while the jugular band, in both, is blackish, indistinctly edged with pale brownish. They are matched by numerous individuals from the United States and the Bahamas, but are very different from a series of fifteen males from Aruba, Bonaire, Aves Island, Margarita, and Trinidad, 2 all of which have the crown, sides of head, and jugular band strongly suf- fused with bright rufous (varying from sayal brown to orange cinnamon). The same applies to the female which differs from ten specimens of the Caribbean breeding race by the complete absence of any rufescent tinge whatsoever on head and jugular band, and cannot be distinguished from females of Wilson's Plover. Only two (out of five) birds obtained by Reiser at Amaracao, coast of Piauhy, in September, 1903, show a slight cinnamon tinge behind the auric- ulars and in the jugular band, such as is frequently observed in specimens taken in the United States. Under these circumstances, I cannot but maintain my former contention 3 that the birds occurring in winter time on the coast of eastern Brazil are migrants from the United States. ! Av. Bras., 2, p. 77, pi. 94, 1825 — Brazil (locality not specified). 2 Pagolla wilsonia cinnamomina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 8, p. 113, 191 9 — Sabanilla, Colombia. "Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 715, 1906. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 493 Although Mr. Todd 1 dissents from this view, it seems extremely unlikely that all of the numerous examples taken in Brazil should be immature (those examined in the present connection have every ap- pearance of being adult). Besides, it must be remembered that P. w. cinnamomina has not yet been met with outside its breeding range, and is most probably a resident, non-migratory form. [497. Charadrius hiaticula tundrae (Lowe). Aegialitis hiaticula tundrae Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 36, p. 7, 1915 — Valley of the Yenisei, eastern Siberia. Aegialitis hiaticula (not of Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 100, 225 — Miritiba, Maranhao. The late F. Schwanda shot a molting female on October 11, 1907, at Miritiba, Maranhao. Hartert, to whom the specimen, now in the Vienna Museum, was submitted, believes it to be referable to the dark race breeding in eastern Siberia. Doubtless a rare straggler to South America.] 498. Charadrius collaris Vieillot. Charadrius collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 27, p. 136, 1818 — based on Azara, No. 392, Paraguay. Aegialitis collaris Reiser, pp. 94, 225 — below Therezina, Ilha Sao Martin, and Amaracao, Piauhy. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 juv., Dec. 26, 1924 (Conover Collection). On examining a large series of Azara's Ringed Plover I notice considerable individual variation in size and, while admitting that specimens from southern South America average slightly larger, the difference does not seem to be constant enough to warrant the recog- nition of two geographic races, as has been advocated by Hartert and Jackson. 2 499. Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin). Scolopax grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 — based on "Brown Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Z00L, 2, p. 464, coast of New York. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, two d" o 71 ad., March 10, 19, 1924. The Dowitcher, a winter visitor to South America, has previously been recorded from various other localities along the Brazilian coast (Marajo; Cajetuba, near Para; Bahia). One of Snethlage's examples *Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 415, 191 1; 1. c., 14, p. 186, 1922. 2 Ibis, 1915, pp. 530-531. 494 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. is in full winter dress, while the other already shows a few feathers of the nuptial plumage. [500. Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus). Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 252, 1766 — based on Bris- son, Orn., 5, p. 222, pi. 25, fig. 2, Santo Domingo. Ereunetes pusillus Reiser, pp. 95, 228 — Amaracao, Piauhy. The Semipalmated Sandpiper, a common winter visitor in South America, was met with by Reiser in the coast district of Piauhy, in September, 1903.] [501. Canutus canutus rufus (Wilson). Tringa rufa Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 43, pi. 57, fig. 5, 1813 — middle Atlantic states, probably New Jersey. Tringa canuti (not Tringa canutus Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 94, 1910 — coast of Piauhy. Tringa canuti rufa Reiser (2), p. 227, 1925 — coast of Piauhy. This great wanderer was collected by the Vienna Academy Ex- pedition near Amaracao, north coast of Piauhy, late in September, 1903J 502. Pisobia fuscicollis (Vieillot). Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 34, p. 461, 1819 — based on Azara, No. 404, Paraguay. Maranhao: Carolina, lower Tocantins, three 9 9 ad., Nov. 6, 1925 (Conover Collection). Bonaparte's Sandpiper is a common winter visitor to South America. 503. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot). Tringa minutilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 466, 1819 — "a Halifax et dans la Nouvelle Ecosse, mais .... beaucoup moins nombreux que dans les iles Antilles." Limonites minutilla Reiser, pp. 95, 228 — above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, and Amaracao, Piauhy. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 9 ad., March 8, 1924. Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., Jan. 8, 1925 (Conover Collection). The Least Sandpiper is likewise a common winter visitor in South America. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 495 [504. Crocethia alba (Pallas). Trynga {alba) Pallas in Vroeg, Cat., Adumbrat., p. 7, 1764 — coast of North Sea, Holland. Calidris arenaria Reiser, pp. 95, 228 — Amaragao, Piauhy. Specimens of the Sanderling, another winter visitor from the north, were taken on September 14, 1903, near Amaracao, along the coast of Piauhy, by members of the Vienna Academy Expedition.] [505. Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). Tringa macularia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based on "Spotted Sandpiper" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 139, pi. 277, lower figure; near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Actitis macularius Reiser, pp. 95, 227 — Amaragao, Piauhy. A common winter visitor to South America, which was observed and secured by O. Reiser along the Rio Parnahyba and on the coast of Piauhy in September, 1903.] [506. Numenius hudsonicus Latham. Numenius hudsonicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 712, 1790 — based on "Eski- maux Curlew" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, No. 364, pi. 19, Hudson Bay; Reiser, pp. 94, 226 — Amaracao and Ilha Grande, Piauhy. Specimens of the Hudsonian Curlew were shot by members of the Vienna Academy Expedition on the coast of Piauhy around the middle of September, 1903.] 507. Himantopus himantopus mexicanus (Muller). Charadrius mexicanus P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl. p. 117, 1776 — based on "L'Echasse du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 36, 1760, Mexico. Himantopus mexicanus Reiser, pp. 94, 225 — Ilha Grande (Lake Parnagua) and Manias, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Mangunca Island, d" ad., Feb. 27, 1924. A perfectly typical example of the American Stilt, without trace of a white band across the upper back, and with the white restricted to the anterior crown, and doubtless a migrant from the north. Reiser (1. c, p. 225) states that a male from Parnagua, Piauhy, resembles the southern H. h. melanurus in having a white band across the hind neck, but agrees in dimensions with H. h. mexicanus. There is no definite breeding record for any Stilt in northern Brazil, though it would appear from Wied's 1 description that the ^eitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (1), p. 741, 1832. 496 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. birds he found breeding in abundance on the sand banks of the Rio Belmonte, Bahia, belonged to the present form rather than to H. h. melanurus, the northern limits of whose range have yet to be deter- mined. 508. Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae (Vieillot). Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 356, 1 8 16 — based on Azara, No. 387, Paraguay. Gallinago paraguayae Reiser, pp. 95, 229 — Parnagua, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., one (unsexed) adult, Aug. 31, Sept. 14, 1923. In addition, we have several specimens obtained by R. H. Becker at Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia. The Brazilian skins agree in every respect with twelve others from Villa Rica, Paraguay, collected by F. Schade, in the Conover Collection. With a very satisfactory series of nearly fifty examples of this Snipe from Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil before me I have no difficulties in recognizing the two races discriminated by Mrs. Meinertzhagen 1 and Dr. Wetmore. 2 However, I cannot agree with these authors in the application of Vieillot's name. Azara clearly describes the breeding species of Paraguay, which, so far as I can see, is indistinguishable from the Brazilian bird (S. braziliensis Swainson) ; whereas the occurrence in Paraguay of the southern race, with buffy, more coarsely marked foreneck, even in winter time, has yet to be proved. C. p. paraguaiae is, therefore, the proper name of the Snipe breeding from Colombia and Guiana south to Uruguay and Buenos Aires, Scolopax braziliensis Swainson and Scolopax frenata Lichten- stein 8 being synonyms. The breeding form of southern Argentina and Chile, migrating northward in winter, will have to stand as Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King). [509. Rynchops nigra intercedens Saunders. Rhynchops intercedens Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 4, p. XXVI, 1895 — type from Sao Paulo, Brazil, in British Museum. ^bis, 1926, pp. 506, 509. 2 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 161-162, 1926. 3 Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 75, 1823. — Though published without any description, 5. frenata, by the added reference to "Becassime (sic) Azar. 387," becomes virtually a valid name for the species described under that name. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 497 Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 98, 1910 — Ilha Grande, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy. Rhynchops nigra inter cedens Reiser (2), p. 242, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Urubu Grande, Manga, Colonia Floriano, Sao Goncalinho and Queimadas, Rio Parna- hyba, Piauhy, and B6a Vista, Maranhao. The Southern Skimmer has been recorded by Reiser from many localities in Piauhy and B6a Vista, northern Maranhao. We have no material from northern Brazil.] 510. Sterna superciliaris Vieillot (subsp.?). Sterna superciliaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 32, p. 176, 1819 — based on Azara, No. 415, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 97, 242 — Remanso do Arasa and near Therezina, Rio Parnahyba, and near Amaracao, Piauhy. Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 ad., 9 juv., July 30, 31, 1923. The adult female as well as an unsexed adult from Marajo, while somewhat smaller (wing 170-178 mm.), agree with specimens from southern Brazil and Argentina in decidedly gray back, compara- tively narrow black loral streak, and wholly yellow bill, without black tip. In size, they closely approach 5. albifrons antillarum Les- son, but this form is paler above, with more black in the loral region, and has the bill as a rule tipped with black. Three specimens from Inagua Island (Bahamas), however, lack the black tip and run very close to the female from Maranhao. It will be remembered that Reiser 1 recorded both 5. superciliaris and 5. antillarum from Amaracao, in the coast region of Piauhy. However, I cannot help thinking that they all belong to one and the same systematic unit which occupies, geographically as well as tax- onomically, an intermediate position between these two allied forms, and may prove to be separable from either. [511. Phaetusa simplex simplex (Gmelin). Sterna simplex Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 606, 1789 — based on "Simple Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 3, (2), p. 355, Cayenne. Phaethusa magnirostris Reiser (1), p. 97, 1910 — Piranha, Lake Parnagua, and Cocal, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. "Phaethusa (magnirostris Licht.) chloropoda" (not Sterna chloropoda Vieillot) Reiser (2), p. 240, 1925 — same localities. Reiser records the Large-billed Tern from Lake Parnagua and the sand banks of the Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. We have no material x Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, pp. 97, 241, 1910-25. 498 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. from this state, but as birds from Pernambuco are referred by Wet- more 1 to the dark-backed northern race, there can be hardly any doubt that those from Piauhy likewise belong to it.] [512. Larus cirrocephalus cirrocephalus Vieillot (?). Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e'd., 21, p. 502, 1818 — Brazil, coll. Delalande, = Rio de Janeiro; Reiser (2), p. 242, 1910 — Sao Luiz and Miritiba, Maranhao. Larus atricilla (not of Linnaeus?) Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Maranhao. Reiser refers a male in winter plumage, obtained by F. Schwanda at Miritiba on January 26, 1908, to this species, which otherwise is not known to occur farther north than Rio de Janeiro. The iden- tification seems to be open to doubt, the same example having pre- viously been listed as L. atricilla, a species more likely to be met with in Maranhao.] [513. Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus). Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 232, 1766 — based on Marcgrave's "Anhima" (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 215) and Brisson's "Kamichy" (Orn., 5, p. 518, Cayenne); Reiser, pp. 96, 233 — Remanso de Coco, Rio Parnahyba, Maranhao. The Vienna Academy Expedition met with the Screamer on the shores of Lake Parnagua in Piauhy and again on the Maranhao side of the Rio Parnahyba. The Inhuma has an extensive range in tropical South America, stretching from Ecuador, Venezuela and Guiana down to southern Brazil.] [514. Cairina moschata (Linnaeus). Anas moschata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 — "India," errore, = Brazil (see Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 131, 1902). Cairina moschata Reiser, pp. 96, 233 — Lagda do Saco and lower Parnahyba, Piauhy. The Muscovy Duck was met with during the Vienna Academy Expedition at various localities in Piauhy.] [515. Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering. 2 Anas carunculata (not of Vieillot 181 6) Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. KL.for 1816-17, p. J 7 6 . I & 1 9 — based on "Ipecati Apoa" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218, and Azara, No. 428 (Paraguay). ^ull. U. S. Nat. Mus. f 133, p. 141, 1926. 2 Most probably conspecific with the Old World species (5. melanota). Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 499 Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 72, 1907 — new name for Anas carunculata Lichtenstein; idem, 1. c, p. 408 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao. " Sarcidiornis carunculata (Illig.) ( — Sylvicola Ihering)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 234, 1925 — below Nova York and Manias, Piauhy. Recorded by Reiser from the lower Parnahyba.] [516. Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus). Anas viduata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 205, 1766 — Carthagena, Colombia. Dendrocygna viduata Reiser, pp. 96, 235 — Lake Parnagua, Lag6a do Rio Fundu, and Manias, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Recorded by Reiser from several localities in Piauhy.] 517. Dendrocygna autumnalis discolor Sclater and Salvin. Dendrocygna discolor Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 161, 1873 — "Venezuela, Guiana et Brasilia," type from Maroni River, Surinam; Reiser, pp. 96, 236 — Lake Parnagua, Rio Taquarussu and Urubu Grande, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d\ two .9 9 ad., March 1, 1925 (Cono- ver Collection). Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d" ad., Jan. 8, 1925 (Conover Collection). Generally distributed in South America. 518. Nettion brasiliense (Gmelin). Anas brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 517, 1789 — based on "Mareca alia species" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 214, northeastern Brazil. Nettion brasiliense Reiser (2), p. 237, 1925 — Lake Parnagua and Rio Parna- hyba, Piauhy. Maranhao: Primeira Cruz, cf ad., June 30, 1906. F. Schwanda (Conover Collection). The Brazilian Teal has an extensive range in South America. [519. Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus). Anas dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 201, 1766 — based on "La Sarcelle, de Sainte-Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 472, pi. 41, fig. 2, Santo Domingo. Erismatura {Nomonyx) dominica Reiser (2), p. 238, 1925 — Inhuma, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Reiser shot an immature female of this duck near Inhuma, Rio Parnahyba, on July 22, 1903. The species is widely distributed throughout tropical America.] 500 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII. [520. Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus). Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 — based on "An- hinga" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218, northeastern Brazil) and Brisson (Cayenne) ; Reiser, pp. 97, 239 — mouth of Pedra-Farada and above Sao Estevao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. The Vienna Academy Expedition met with the Water Turkey at various localities on the middle and upper stretches of the Rio Parnahyba.] [521. Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus (Humboldt). Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool. et Anat. Comp. 1, p. 47, 1805 — near Banco, Rio Magdalena, Colombia. 1 Phalacrocorax vigua Reiser (2), p. 239, 1925 — Barra do Amaracao, Piauhy, and Barra do Tutoja, Maranhao. Observed by O. Reiser along the coast of Piauhy and Maranhao. The Cormorant is generally distributed in South America.] [522. Colymbus dominicus brachyrhynchus Chapman. Colymbus dominicus brachyrhynchus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 12, p. 255, 1899 — Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil. Podicipes (sic) dominicus Reiser (1), p. 97, 1910 — Canto Grande, Rio Parna- hyba, Piauhy. Podicipes dominicus brachyrhynchus Reiser (2), p. 240, 1925 — same locality. The only record of this Grebe is a young male secured by Reiser on July 28, 1903 at Canto Grande, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.] 523. Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus). Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — based on Catesby, Carolina. Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., March 8, 1925. Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., July 30, 1913; Quixada, 9 juv., June 27, 1913. R. H. Becker. These specimens appear to me indistinguishable from others taken in the United States and, therefore, do not belong to P. p. antarcticus (Lesson), of southern South America. 2 [524. Rhea americana americana (Linnaeus). Struthio americanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 155, 1758 — based on "Nhanduguacu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 190, Sergipe and Rio Grande (do Norte). ^ee Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 39, p. 142, 1926. *See Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 49, 1926. Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 501 Rhea americana macrorhyncha Reiser (2), p. 249, 1925 — Apertada Hora, Santo Antonio de Gilboez, and Grotao, Piauhy. The typical form of the Nandu, redescribed by Sclater as R. macrorhyncha from Pernambuco, ranges south at least into Bahia. No material is available.! .c HAW* 1 ■ K'W ov ^N wS DEX Current name: new names in bol aburri, Aburria. . Aburria aburri . . Accipiter pileatus acanthinus, Scelop Accipiter pileatus, superciliosi tinus acer, Tyranniscus A croleptes violaceu Actitis macularia . macularius. acuminatus , Colub Oxybelis. . . acutipennis, Capri Chordeiles . acutus, Crocodylu Typhlops. . adspersus, Cryptur Aegialitis collar is . hiaticula. . . tundrae. . . . aequinoctialis, Bu Falco aestiva, Amazona. Chrysotis . . aestivus, Psittacus. affinis, Elaenea. . . Empidagra. Suiriri Agama tuberculatz Agelaeus cyanopus frontalis . . . Agelaius cyanopus frontalis. . . agilis, Lanius .... Mabuya. . . Scincus. . . . Vireosylva . Agkistrodon intern Agyrtria bahiae. . . nigricauda . nitidifrons . Agyrtrina leucogas nigricauda. nitidifrons . akeleyi, Barbus. . Akodon macronyx. megalonyx . michaelseni valdivianus. . . , vestitus alba, Crocethia Trynga albescens, Synallaxis . onyms and secondary references in italics, Page albicollis, Caprimulgus 400 Falco 462 Leucopternis 462 Nyctidromus 400 Porzana 40 albigula, Cranioleuca 56 albigularis, Falco 455 albilinea, Chloroenas 33 albinucha, P achyrhamphus 326 Xenopsaris 326 albipectus, Thryophilus 255 Thryothorus 255 albiventer, Fluvicola 306 Hirundo 266 Iridoprocne 266 Muscicapa 306 Planesticus 249 Turdus 249 albiventris, Fluvicola 306 Tachycineta 266 albivertex, Elaenia 327 Elainea 327 albogularis, Loxia 294 Sporophila 294 alboguttata, Ameiva 156 Alcedo amazona 421 americana 421 inda 42 1 maculata 426 torquata 42 r ilegriae, Picumnus 419 illapallensis, Mabuya 170 illeni, Chrysomitris 297 illeni, Notiomys 124 .lleni, Spinus 297 illigator chiapasius 227 cynocephalus 216 latirostris 216 niger 214 palpebrosus 210 punctulatus 226 sclerops 225 trigonatus 209 ilsophis portoricensis 160 maurocephala, Pachysylvia 262 Sylvia 262 maurocephalus, Leptopogon 333 maurochalinus, Planesticus 250 Turdus 250 maurospiza moesta 294 mazona aestiva 449 xanthops 449 mazona amazonica 449