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 By Hon. JOIIX II * EX 
 
 
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 EARLY CHICAGO: 
 
 A LECTURE, 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE 
 
 THE SUNDAY LECTURE SOCIETY, 
 
 AT McCORMICK HALL, 
 
 ON SUNDAY AFTERNOON, APRIL n, 1875, 
 " WITH SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES." 
 
 BY 
 
 HON. JOHN WENTWORTH, 
 
 LATE EDITOR, PUBLISHER AND PROPRIETOR OF THE "CHICAC 
 DEMOCRAT," THE FIRST CORPORATION NEWSPAPER : 
 
 MEMBER OF CONGRESS FOR THE CHICAGO 
 DISTRICT FOR TWELVE YEARS ; TWO TERMS MAYOJ 
 AND A SETTLER OF 1836.
 
 DEACCESSIONED BY 
 HICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 PRINTED COLLECTIONS 
 
 The likeness of Hon. John Wentworth, which we present 
 <in this Number, was engraved from the portrait painted by 
 George P. A. Healey, Esq., in 1857, for the City Hall. 
 That for No. Seven of our Series, entitled "Early Chicago" 
 was engraved from a photograph, by Fassett, representing 
 him as leaving his country residence, at Summit, to take 
 the cars for Chicago. F. 
 
 ,. - * *
 
 LU4- 
 
 EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 Ax the first organization of the Sunday Lecture Society, 
 it was resolved to have three lectures upon the History of 
 Chicago, with a view of exciting among our people a spirit 
 of historical research which would result in recovering lost 
 documents, and placing upon record the experience of our 
 early settlers. The first was to be delivered by Col. Gur- 
 don S. Hubbard, who was here in 1818. The second, by 
 Hon. William B. Ogden, our first Mayor. The third, by 
 myself, who published the first corporation newspaper, and 
 was its first Congressman. But Col. Hubbard's ill-health 
 required that he should try the climate of Florida. Mr. 
 Ogden, at the age of 70, concluded he would get married. 
 Not having been afflicted like either of these gentlemen, 
 the Committee desired that I should take the place of the 
 other two, and, in a single lecture, bring the history of 
 Chicago, from its first inhabitant, down to the day when 
 my original lecture"' was to have commenced, leaving that 
 for the next winter's course; thus writing a history of 
 Chicago with myself and my times left out. No "present nor 
 future historian can do this, unless he does as I shall do to- 
 day, stop shortly there. He might go a little period beyond 
 my arrival, but the first steam fire enginet would bring 
 him up. As it is, I shall have too many facts for any dis- 
 play of fancy; too much prose for poetry; too many nouns 
 for adjectives; and, in many instances, the main route will 
 
 * The Lecture referred to was delivered at McCormick's Hall, May 
 7, 1876, and has already been published in pamphlet form; and it 
 should be read in connection with this. 
 
 t Mayor Wentworth, during his first term, in 1857, introduced the 
 first steam fire engine into the City. It was called "Long John." 
 During his second term, 1861, he introduced two more, and called 
 them "Liberty" and "Economy," in honor of a favorite watchword 
 of his.
 
 4 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 be so circuitous that I shall have to "cut across the 
 prairie's" to reach my destination in season. I shall under- 
 take to do, this afternoon, what I never undertook before : 
 to withdraw my eyes from the audience, and confine them 
 to my manuscript. Already do I fear this embarrassment 
 so greatly that I am half inclined to do as they do with 
 long bills, in the Legislature, read my lecture by its title, 
 and then step to the front, and give you a talk. In which 
 event you will regret that you did not bring your lunch 
 with you. [See Supplement.] 
 
 If I should undertake to write the history of Chicago, 
 I should close my first chapter with the massacre, August 
 15, 1812. But who can tell me where I should begin it? 
 Justice to the subject, I am confident, would compel me 
 to begin so far back that not to allude to the discovery of 
 the continent, or, at least, to that of the mouth of the Mis- 
 sissippi, would subject me to the charge of treating the 
 memory of Christopher Columbus or Fernando De Soto 
 with great disrespect. Henry Brown, of this city, who 
 wrote, in 1844, a very good History of Illinois, asked a 
 friend what he thought of it. His reply was, " I see you 
 are a disbeliever in the Scriptural account of the creation 
 of the world." "Why so?" asked Judge Brown. "Be- 
 cause," was the reply, " in your extremely early beginning, 
 you make no mention of Adam." Yet, had he lived to 
 have written a second volume, his seemingly dry statement 
 of the result of his explorations into the unwritten traditions 
 of the past would elicit from every student of history the 
 warmest encomiums. Supposing George Bancroft had died 
 after he had written his first volume, what would the reader 
 have known about the United States? But Bancroft still 
 lives, and he is still writing. * And every new volume he 
 publishes makes the first one the more highly appreciated. 
 
 You cannot write history backwards. As the surveyors 
 say, " You must begin at the section corner." Those best 
 acquainted with Indian antiquities, give to Chicago a far- 
 reaching past. As there were Indians before the discovery 
 of the continent, there must have been conspicuous and 
 central points for councils, and Chicago was undoubtedly 
 one of them. 
 
 The name, or its spelling, or its pronounciation, may 
 have been different. But the Indians were not troubled 
 with dictionaries or spelling-books. There were no spell-
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 5 
 
 ing-schools among them. No book agent ever annoyed 
 their Boards of Education. John Quincy Adams, whose 
 seat was near mine in Congress, seeing me write " Chicago," 
 said: "That's the way everybody spells it now; but, under 
 my Administration, no two Government officers writing 
 from there ever spelled it the same way." He repeated 
 over a long list of the various ways in which it was formerly 
 spelled. Then he said: "I see you have not settled upon 
 your pronunciation yet, as members of your own delegation 
 pronounce it, differently," as we then did. 
 
 Prior to the time of the commencement of the Govern- 
 ment works upon our harbor, the River turned southward, 
 near the Michigan Central depot, and ran parallel with 
 Michigan avenue, full half a mile, leaving quite a large 
 tract of land at the east of it; and the entrance to the 
 harbor was from the south. This point of land was cut 
 through in 1833, and the River straightened to its present 
 position. After this, land formed very rapidly upon the 
 north side, and washed away as rapidly upon the south side 
 of. the piers. East of Michigan avenue, there was a large 
 tract of land, upon which there were houses, ornamental 
 trees, and bushes, and the grounds were highly cultivated. 
 Gradually the houses were undermined, and had to be re- 
 moved. Eventually, the avenue itself began to give way; 
 and, in a storm, the spray would reach the doors of the 
 houses upon the other side. Whilst this tract of land was 
 being washed away, skeletons, isolated bones, stones, and 
 metals of curious formation, and not indigenous to this 
 region, probably once used as personal ornaments or im- 
 plements of war, were found upon the beach. Sometimes, 
 after a storm, portions of a skeleton would project from the 
 banks, and wait for the next storm to entirely remove it. 
 A few Indians did not follow their tribes when they left, 
 and more would occasionally visit here. They were con- 
 sulted as to when the ground was used for burial purposes, 
 and when such ornaments were worn, or such implements 
 used in battle. But they had not even traditions upon the 
 matter. They were as much at a loss as to their origin as 
 our citizens were; and their traditions ran far back of the 
 first visit of the early French explorers. 
 
 The first written account of the North -West bears the 
 date of 1654, when two French fur-traders left Canada, 
 returned two years after, and gave such a glowing descrip-
 
 6 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 tion of this region as excited a general disposition to ex- 
 plore it. They were on Lake Superior, and went among 
 the Sioux, but there is no account that they came as far 
 south as Chicago. Yet there may have been white men 
 here even before that time. It is claimed, that there was 
 a missionary station at Mackinaw, about 1607. The place 
 thereof is still known as Point Ignace. It was there that 
 the remains of Father James Marquette were taken, about 
 1720, from the banks of Marquette River, over in Michi- 
 gan; where he died May 18, 1675, within a few days of 200 
 years ago. About the time of the establishment of this 
 station at Mackinaw, there was one established at Sand- 
 wich, Canada, opposite Detroit. It was not characteristic 
 of the early French explorers to go so far and then stop. 
 A new continent had been discovered, and France wanted 
 all of it that she could get. She sent her vessels up the St. 
 Lawrence River, to Anticosti Island, in 1634, and to the 
 site of Montreal the next year, before the most of the 
 Puritans and Pilgrims, who settled New England, were 
 born. The voyagers took along missionaries with theai; 
 quite as much because they were the best educated men 
 of the times, and devotees of govermental extension, as for 
 religious purposes. But the French made all their explo- 
 rations in the name of the Lord. Gen. Lewis Cass, how- 
 ever, whilst Minister to France, in gratification of an anti- 
 quarian taste, examined the papers relating to the early 
 French settlement in America, and he found that the re- 
 ports of these explorers were directed to His Majesty, the 
 King, instead of to His Holiness, the Pope. But, in those 
 days, the State and the Church were one, and the King, as 
 well as the Pope, could do no wrong. But things have 
 changed since. It is the Pope only, now, that can do no 
 wrong. There is certainly one wrong, however, that the 
 Pope used to do, that he cannot do now. He cannot save 
 a King when the people want his head. And even his 
 political power yields to the troops of Garibaldi, in Italy, 
 and the mandates of Bismark, in Germany. If the French 
 were at Mackinaw and Sandwich, about 1607, they must 
 have been at Chicago within a few years afterward, and 
 have established a missionary or military station here, and 
 have passed on and established other such stations; ap- 
 pearing to the Indians as angels of mercy, but taking pos- 
 session of the country for France. They needed no sol-
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 7 
 
 diers, as the early French missionaries gained such an in- 
 fluence over the Indians that, as subsequent history proves, 
 every Indian was a French soldier. Quebec was founded 
 in 1608, and Canada made a royal province of France in 
 1663. 
 
 In 1700, there were thirty-five of these missionary stations 
 or quasi -military posts located all the way from Frontenac 
 (now Kingston), on Lake Ontario, via Detroit, Mackinaw, 
 Green Bay, Chicago, Peoria, St. Louis, etc., to New Orleans. 
 About the same time, there was another route by land via 
 Fort Wayne to Chicago. 
 
 Their route out of Chicago was down the north fork of 
 the South Branch through Mud Lake, then called le petit 
 Jac, to the Desplaines River, and generally in the same little 
 boats with which they had passed over the lakes of the east. 
 This route, partially interrupted by the construction of the 
 Illinois and Michigan Canal, has been recently restored to 
 the condition it occupied for so many hundred years, and 
 the waters of Lake Michigan and of the Desplaines River 
 again mingle, after a few years of unnatural separation. 
 
 Napoleon used to say, that he always found the Lord on 
 the side where there was the most artillery. But here were 
 .a few traders, hunters, voyagers, explorers, and missionaries 
 who, without any artillery, extended the French Empire 
 over a larger tract of country than Napoleon would have 
 acquired with all his artillery if he had conquered Russia. 
 Beginning with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, her terri- 
 tory north of us extended to the Pacific Ocean; and west 
 of the Mississippi River, it embraced all territory to New 
 Orleans. When we bought Louisiana, in 1803, of Napoleon 
 for $15,000,000, it embraced Minnesota and Iowa. And 
 why was it that Chicago did not belong to France? Where 
 is the chapter of international law that allowed Gen. George 
 Rogers Clark (who had never been here) to annex us to 
 old Virginia, when the French had had a post here nearly 
 100 years before? History describes Father James Mar- 
 quette, who came to Montreal from France, as the first 
 European who ever set his foot upon Chicago soil. He 
 was at the Falls of St. Mary in 1668. In 1669, he was at 
 LaPointe, on Lake Superior. In 1671, he was at Macinaw. 
 But, as early as 1660, a mission was established on the 
 south side of the western extremity of Lake Superior, at a 
 place called Che-go-ime-gon. In 1671, French influence
 
 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 had become so extensive that they assembled, at what is 
 now Sault de Ste. Marie, a council of Indians representing 
 all the various tribes, and they accomplished the object of 
 their council by making them all allies of France. His 
 transactions were published in Paris in 1681; and, if the 
 object of his mission had not been quite as much govern- 
 mental as religious, this importance would not have been 
 attached to them. He acted upon the Napoleonic idea 
 that, in a war with Great Britain, the Lord would be upon 
 the side that had the most tomahawks and scalping-knives. 
 Marquette was undoubtedly the first white man who tarried 
 any length of time in Chicago. He was undoubtedly our 
 first clergyman. The church, however, in which he preached 
 was spared the necessity of extinguishment in the Chicago 
 fire. Without mentioning Chicago, however, history tells 
 us that Father Claude Allouez was at LaPointe, on Lake 
 Superior, as early as 1665, and that in 1668, he had a 
 council upon an island in Lake Superior, at which 3000 
 Pottawatomies were present, and these, be it remembered, 
 were our Chicago Indians. He organized a mission at 
 Green Bay, in 1669; where, it is claimed, that Sieur Jean 
 Nicollet was, about 1639. Unless he had previously been 
 among their tribe, or had French agents there, how were 
 they to understand his French or he their Pottawatomie 
 language? In 1673, Father Joliet joined Marquette, and 
 went upon an exploring tour to the Mississippi. Joliet 
 went back to Quebec, to announce the result of his explo- 
 rations. On his way, at Frontenac (now Kingston), he told 
 his story to Robert C. LaSalle, who saw, to use a modern 
 expression, " millions in it," and wanted to " put his money 
 where it would do the most good." He hastened to France 
 and secured the good-will of Louis XIV., by proposing a 
 union of the Canadas with the Mississippi Valley, and a 
 line of military posts from the lakes to the Mississippi; and 
 having cajoled the King into giving him a monopoly of the 
 fur trade in the west, the real object of his mission, he 
 hurried back. But he first secured the services of an ex- 
 perienced Italian navigator named Henry de Tonti, with 
 whom he arrived at Quebec, in 1678. He was soon after 
 joined by Father Louis Hennepin. He built the first sail 
 vessel that ever was upon the lakes, and named it the 
 Griffin. He went immediately into commerce, with Henne- 
 pin as chaplain and Tonti as chief superintendent. Tonti
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 9 
 
 passed the most of the winter of 1682 at Starved Rock, 
 near what is now Utica, LaSalle Co., in Illinois, waiting for 
 LaSalle and Hennepin to join him. During that year 1682 
 the French explored the Mississippi to the sea. Tonti 
 made reports to the Governor -General of Canada, who 
 transmitted copies to Paris. Thus, whilst Marquette was 
 our first clergyman, LaSalle was our first member of the 
 Board of Trade, -the first of that large number of men 
 who make such* slow progress toward the Kingdom of 
 Heaven that they let the camel beat them in getting 
 through the eye of a needle. Hence it is very proper that 
 the street upon which our Board of Trade stands should 
 be named for him. And how much of historical associa- 
 tion is there connected with the location of our Board of 
 Trade Block, fronting west upon a street named in honor 
 of the man first engaged in western commerce, north upon 
 of a street named in honor of the father of our country, 
 east upon a street named for Gen. George Rogers Clark, 
 who conquered this region from the British and the Indians, 
 and south upon one named for the father of the Constitu- 
 tion of his country. What four better emblems for a suc- 
 cessful Board of Trade man? The enterprise of LaSalle, 
 the moderation of Washington, the endurance of Clark, 
 and the judgment of Madison! From this period to 1795, 
 when General Anthony Wayne made the first land trade in 
 Chicago, it passes almost out of history; and, owing to the 
 tedium of this portion of my lecture, I suppose you, anxi- 
 ous for events nearer your time, are glad of it. 
 
 Yet I must say that never was so much territory ac- 
 quired in so short a time, and at so little expense, as the 
 French acquired in America. But where is that French 
 territory now? Napoleon the Great sold to us in 1803, for 
 $15,000,000, what Great Britain had not conquered from 
 France. And Napoleon the Little abandoned Mexico with- 
 out the force to protect Maxmilian, the Emperor, that he 
 himself sent there, from assassination. Indeed, it may be 
 asked, in view of recent events, if France has any power 
 anywhere. I allude not so much to the humiliation at- 
 tendant upon the recent German invasion as to the still 
 greater one of allowing its communes to destroy the monu- 
 ments to its glorious dead ; as if not satisfied with the 
 destitution of present glory, it would extinguish every me- 
 mento of the glory of its past. It was characteristic of the
 
 IO REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 French, whilst acquiring the right to all the Indian country 
 they could, to make the Indians do all the fighting against 
 other people who took land only for immediate wants. For, 
 whilst this same Frontenac, Governor -General of Canada, 
 was sending out his peaceful emissaries in the West, he was 
 sending out emissaries of an entirely different character in 
 the East. Fields were desolated and buildings conflagrated, 
 and there was scarce a hearthstone in New England that 
 was not stained with the blood of women and children. 
 And there is not a New Englander within the sound of my 
 voice who cannot repeat some wrongs inflicted upon his 
 ancestors, by Indians, stimulated by Frontenac's rewards 
 for captives and scalps. And, as death was preferred to 
 captivity, the scalps were the most numerous. These bar- 
 barities could not be justified by wars between France and 
 Great Britain; nor by any desire of the New Englanders to 
 extend their territory beyond immediate wants. For the 
 New Englanders came here with no particular love of their 
 mother country, and the French could easily have made 
 friends of them. They fled to America from- religious intol- 
 erance. Their settlements were compact, and they were 
 making no efforts to extend them. The French were hav- 
 ing the territorial extensions all their own way. The Pil- 
 grims and Puritans, busy in persecuting Quakers, hanging 
 witches, and punishing each other for violations of the Sab- 
 bath, had not got above tide-water when the French were 
 regaling themselves with the white-fish and trout of Lake 
 Superior, and getting themselves rich with the fur traffic. 
 But the French were determined to drive the English lan- 
 guage from the Continent, and had sought the alliance of 
 the "Indians for this purpose. They knew that wherever 
 the British went they went to stay. They knew that John 
 Bull had a foot of immense size, and that it was one of his 
 characteristics, when he once got it down, never to take it 
 up ; and she could have proved by any Irishman then, as 
 well as now, such was the case when he once got his foot 
 upon a nation's neck. Britain emancipates her blacks, but 
 her whites never. Little did the French then think that 
 the very colonies that they were using the Indians to per- 
 .secute were to be the only power that ever did make John 
 Bull take his foot from an inch of territory anywhere. 
 
 But you ask. what has all this to do with Chicago, our 
 present city, and why I do not talk of modern times, tak-
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. II 
 
 ing in the Great Fire.* A Boston editor says he will give 
 $500 to any Chicago man, woman, or child who can talk 
 ten minutes without mentioning the Great Fire. How long 
 have I been talking? To these impatient ones I will say, 
 " look at your city seal !" There you see an Indian with 
 his bow and quiver, facing an approaching vessel under 
 full sail. Above them both is a cradle containing an infant. 
 I was present at the first consultation about the city seal, 
 and the idea was that when barbarism gave way to civiliza- 
 tion, when the savages retreated before commerce, the infant 
 in the cradle was to wake up. I shall wake him up in due 
 time wake him amidst massacres, floods, and conflagra- 
 tions wake him amidst land speculations, Presidential 
 conventions, divorce cases, reformed churches, and decapi- 
 tated Bishops. Meanwhile, "Hush, my babe, lie still and 
 slumber!" 
 
 I want to inform you how near we came to being a 
 French city. Indeed, some people contend that the Ger- 
 mans mistook it for one, and captured it about the time 
 they did Paris. We were essentially French until the erec- 
 tion of the fort in 1804 brought the English language here. 
 As late as 1836, when I came here, the more intelligent of 
 the Pottawatomies spoke the French language quite as well 
 as the less intelligent inhabitants of Montreal and Quebec 
 now do. Those best posted in Indian antiquities claim 
 that the Pottawatomie, or Chicago Indians, were but an 
 offshoot from the numerous and powerful tribe of Illinois 
 Indians for whom our State was named, also a French- 
 speaking people. Thus, after several years of progress, we 
 have only got back to the starting point, once being Illinois 
 Indians, and now Illinois citizens ; once ruled by Indian 
 sachems, and now by sachems of another color, and some 
 of our tax-payers think that financially our present sachems 
 do not differ materially from the former ones. There were 
 many full-blood Indians who had been reared in French 
 families; and, to keep them from returning to their tribes, 
 when they arrived at maturity, they were told that they 
 were descendants of French noble families who had been 
 put to death in some of the various revolutions. A Rev. 
 Eleazer Williams, a prominent Protestant clergyman, who 
 had been a long while in the Indian missionary service, it 
 will be remembered, in his latter days came to the conclu- 
 
 * The fire of October 8th and gth, 1871.
 
 12 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 elusion that he was the legitimate son of the guillotined 
 Louis XVI., and he made so good a showing that the 
 Prince de Joinville, son of King Louis Phillippe, came out 
 to see him, while on a visit to the United States. A Rev. 
 Mr. Hanson wrote him up in Putnams Magazine, as the 
 real Louis XVII. But king stock took a fall about those 
 days, and he did not go to Paris to urge his pretensions. 
 It was a standing joke, in early times, when one could not 
 trace his parentage, to say, "Oh, call him a descendant of 
 the Royal family of France !" One of these pretenders to 
 descent from the nobility of France had been told that the 
 secret of his origin was locked up in the breast of an aged 
 Indian Chief who visited this city. With a few friends, he 
 sought out the Chief, and asked him if he could tell him 
 about his French ancestry. The reply was: "Your father 
 Indian, mother squaw, good French! My squaw got nine 
 papoose, all French." Thus ended the French nobility in 
 Chicago. 
 
 When the last war between Great Britain and France 
 broke out on the American Continent, the French had ex- 
 tended their power up the Ohio River, as far as Fort Du 
 Quesne, now Pittsburg, and were contemplating a line of 
 militia-posts from that place to Lake Ontario. Had they 
 succeeded in this, and held their power on this continent, 
 Chicago would certainly have been a French city; and, in 
 all probability, the Paris of America ; with the General 
 Assembly here, composed of delegates from Halifax, Que- 
 bec, Montreal, St. Louis, New Orleans, and the Pacific 
 cities. When the French defeated the British forces at 
 Fort Du Quesne, and left their Commander-in-Chief, Gen. 
 Braddock, dead upon the battle-field, they thought they 
 had inflicted a fatal blow upon British power in America, 
 but they inflicted a greater one when they left alive upon 
 the same battle-field the juvenile George Washington, des- 
 tined so soon to lead to glory the colonists, spurred to bat- 
 tle by the eloquence of John Adams in Faneuil Hall, and 
 of Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses of Virginia. 
 
 After the treaty of peace between Great Britain and 
 France, in 1763, by which the Canadas were ceded to 
 Great Britain, our relations to the two countries were en- 
 tirely reversed. Whatever prejudices existed against the 
 French, for their course in the past, were entirely obliter- 
 ated when Gen. Lafayette came to our relief, during our
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 13 
 
 revolutionary struggle. From that hour to this, there has 
 never been an unkind feeling between the two nations, save 
 from what Napoleon the Little wanted to do (but had not 
 the courage to do it) during the recent war of the slave 
 power against our Union. And, although the French used 
 every effort to reconcile the Indians to the Americans, they 
 continued our inveterate enemies, and would have massa- 
 cred Gen. Lafayette with the same ferocity as Gen. Wash- 
 ington. And, notwithstanding the halls of Parliament once 
 echoed with the indignation of British statesmen, and re- 
 peated protests were made to the French Government 
 against Indian barbarities, the British saw things in a differ- 
 ent light, and stimulated the Indians to even more hellish 
 cruelties than the French. Even after the American Inde- 
 pendence was secured, the Indians did not cease their 
 depredations. Like the Irishman, in the fight, they were 
 for hitting a head wherever they could find one. And they 
 kept Gen. Anthony Wayne very busy until he drove them 
 to a treaty at Greenville, Ohio, in 1795. Now, ladies and 
 gentlemen, I begin to get there. Now, look in the cradle ! 
 The baby begins to nestle ! But don't take him out ! For 
 Great Britain is to fire the Indian demons once more. An 
 awful massacre is in the distance. By that treaty, the 
 Indians ceded to the United States: "One piece of land, 
 six miles square, at the mouth of the Chicajo River, empty- 
 ing into the southwest end of Lake Michigan, where a fort 
 formerly stood." This was an old French fort, probably 
 built over 100 years before, by the earliest French explor- 
 ers. This was the first transaction, on record, in Chicago 
 real estate. But Gen. Wayne spelled Chicago with a "j." 
 The baby's name in 1795, was "jo." He had not got the 
 "go" then. It was Chica jo. 
 
 I have already told you how Chicago escaped from the 
 jurisdiction of the Indians, of the French, and the British. 
 Now I must tell to you of another escape. I mean from 
 the Southern Confederacy. For Virginia claimed us under 
 the conquest of Gen. George Rogers Clark, whose expedi- 
 tion she herself had fitted out, and the expenses thereof 
 had never been refunded to her. In 1778, her Legislature 
 created the county of Illinois, embracing all of our present 
 State. Our address then was Chicago, Va. And, but for 
 the Ordinance of 1787, which ceded the Northwestern Ter- 
 ritory to the United States, we might have been breeding
 
 14 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 slaves up to the time of Lincoln's Proclamation, and the 
 white laborers, who have done so much for the develop- 
 ment of our city, been entirely excluded. As it was, we 
 were only compelled to catch the slaves that others bred, 
 'whilst following .the old Indian trail to Canada and freedom. 
 
 But we made still another escape. You remember, some 
 years ago, that there were some politicians who were riding 
 a horse with a head upon both ends, called "Squatter 
 Sovereignty." Gen. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, claimed to 
 have discovered the original horse in the Presidential 
 woods. This horse did as much to precipitate our late 
 War of the Rebellion as all other things put together; as 
 its doctrine was that whoever got possession of a Territory 
 first had it. The original battle-ground was Kansas, where 
 .the friends of white labor and black labor struggled for 
 supremacy. Gen. Cass was, of course, riding his horse, as 
 fast as he could gallop, both ways, with the cry of " Squatter 
 Sovereignty forever." 
 
 Our first settler was a negro from San Domingo, who 
 drove his stakes about 1779, just across the river on the 
 North Side, named Jean Baptist Point au Sable, at what 
 was afterwards known as the old Kinzie place, a few rods 
 east from where we now are. He did his best to ingratiate 
 himself into the affections of the Indians, with the idea of 
 becoming a chief, and then sending back for more of his 
 countrymen, and planting a San Domingo colony here. 
 After living here a few years, and meeting with poor suc- 
 cess, in becoming chief, he removed to Peoria, then known 
 as Fort Clark, where he died. Had Au Sable succeeded 
 in his designs and the doctrine of squatter sovereignty pre- 
 vailed, how different would have been our condition? We, 
 white folks, would then have been compelled to ask for a 
 Civil-Rights bill to protect us whilst patronizing a negro 
 saloon or a negro theatre. 
 
 In 1800, Illinois was organized into a Territory with 
 Indiana, under the name of Indiana Territory, with Gen. 
 William Henry Harrison as Governor, and our seat of gov- 
 ernment was Vincennes, Ind., and then we were all Hoo- 
 siers. Our address then was Chicago, Ind. But Chicago 
 acquired no importance until 1804, when a fort was erected 
 here, named after Gen. Henry Dearborn, a conspicuous 
 officer of the American Revolution, and afterwards Secre- 
 tary of War.
 
 B^ HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 15 
 
 And with the troops came John Kinzie, father of the late 
 esteemed John H. and Robert A. Kinzie, whose children 
 still reside here. Mr. Kinzie was born in Quebec, in 1763, 
 and settled upon the premises of the original squatter 
 sovereign, Au Sable, and owned them until he died in Fort 
 Dearborn, Jan. 6, 1828,* and his son John H. Kinzie lived 
 upon them until his death, a few years ago. His house was 
 the first erected in Chicago, and it was standing long after 
 Chicago became a city. In 1809, we ceased to be Hoo- 
 siers, and became Suckers by the organization of Illinois 
 Territory, with Ninian Edwards as Governor, and with the 
 seat of Government at Kaskaskia. At the time of the mas- 
 sacre, in 1812, Chicago contained not to exceed a half- 
 dozen families, outside of the fort; and, if there are living 
 to-day any descendants of those inside or outside of the fort 
 at that time, besides the descendants of Mr. Kinzie, I knowfj^ 
 it not. Perhaps I should except a sister of the Indian chief q. / 
 LaFramboise, who was living in Mr. Kinzie's family, and ^ 
 who afterwards married John Baptiste Beaubien, who was 
 living at Mackinaw at the time it was taken, and whose 
 descendants are quite numerous in this vicinity. 
 
 In 1818, Illinois was admitted into the Union, and there- 
 by we made another very remarkable escape, that from 
 being Wisconsin Badgers. For, by the terms of the Ordi- 
 nance of 1787, three States were to be framed south of a 
 line drawn due east and west from the most southerly bend 
 of Lake Michigan, and two north of it. When Michigan 
 applied for admission into the Union, she claimed that, 
 under the terms of the Ordinance, she was entitled to To- 
 ledo, in Ohio, and Michigan City, in Indiana. It will be 
 remembered, that Michigan sent out troops to seize and 
 hold Toledo; but Ohio was prepared to give them so warm 
 a reception that history only records the number of water- 
 melon-patches that were attacked. When Wisconsin was- 
 preparing to apply for admission into the Union, she prof- 
 ited by the mistakes of Michigan, and came not with blun- 
 derbusses but with sweetmeats. Her newspapers called 
 attention to the fact that, from the southernmost bend of 
 Lake Michigan, as fixed by the Ordinance, our boundary 
 had been extended to the latitude of 42 degrees 30 minutes. 
 Her citizens sent men of talents all through the disputed 
 tract, public meetings were called, and not only was justice 
 pleaded, but the advantages were thoroughly discussed.
 
 1 6 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 Many settlements were unanimous, and others were divided 
 in favor of being united with Wisconsin. The disputed 
 tract had two Congressmen, the Hon. Joseph P. Hoge, of 
 Galena, now an eminent lawyer in SanFrancisco, and myself. 
 And Wisconsin, offered to make us the first two Senators, 
 and also offered to give the disputed tract the first Gover- 
 nor. It was proposed to enact a law submitting the bind- 
 ing force of the Ordinance of 1787 to the Supreme Court 
 of the United States. Our Chicago people were much 
 divided upon the question, and I really believe serious con- 
 sequences would have grown out of it but for the embar- 
 rassments that would be caused by having the Illinois and 
 Michigan Canal owned by two States. As an original 
 question, all the five States being out of the Union, there 
 is no doubt but Congress would have enforced the provi- 
 sions of the Ordinance, and Illinois been cut off from the 
 lakes, and her Legislature saved from the annoyance of 
 Chicago lobbyists. But might made right. Wisconsin be- 
 ing out of the Union, she could only come into it with 
 boundaries prescribed by a majority of the States in it, and 
 I lost the honor of being a Wisconsin United States Sena- 
 tor. But I am trespassing upon what should constitute a 
 second chapter in Chicago's history, embracing the period 
 from the massacre to its incorporation as a city. 
 
 It was upon the 7th of August, 1812, that a messenger 
 arrived from General Hull, then at Detroit, whose division 
 embraced Chicago and Mackinaw, as well as Detroit, an- 
 nouncing that war had been declared against Great Britain 
 on the i Qth of June, that Mackinaw had been taken by the 
 British on the lyth of July, and ordering the commandant, 
 Capt. Heald, to distribute the United States property to 
 the Indians in the neighborhood, abandon the fort, and 
 report to Fort Wayne, in Indiana, with his company of 
 about seventy-five men. Mark the difficulty of communi- 
 cating news in those days ! War declared June igth, not 
 known in Chicago till August 7th. Mackinaw taken July 
 1 7th, and not known until August 7th. But we got beauti- 
 fully even with Great Britain for her surprise of our fort at 
 Mackinaw, before the war ended. For, when the British 
 and American Commissioners met at Ghent, in 1814, to 
 make a treaty of peace, Britain stopped sending troops to 
 Gen. Packenham, at New Orleans. The treaty of peace 
 was signed Dec. i4th, 1814, and Gen. Jackson squared the
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 17 
 
 accounts for Mackinaw upon the day we celebrate, the 8th 
 of January thereafter. The British had not received the 
 news of peace, nor had our soldiers in the fort at Mackinaw 
 received the news of the declaration of war. Henry Clay 
 Avas one of the Commissioners, and I shall never forget, 
 in my early days in Congress, his expressions of regret that 
 the news of peace could not have reached this country 
 earlier, as the battle of New Orleans made a great man of 
 Andrew Jackson, defeated the re-election of John Quincy 
 Adams, put down the United States Bank, brought the 
 Democrats into power, and perhaps, if he were alive now, 
 he would say, caused the Rebellion. The surprise at Mack- 
 inaw, in 1812, proved a very important warning to the 
 people along the coast of the Western Lakes. For, as 
 towns began to multiply, the inhabitants saw, in case of 
 war, how quickly any of the British lake vessels could be 
 supplied with guns adequate to their destruction. During 
 the controversy upon the Oregon question, under President 
 Polk's administration, when war was considered imminent, 
 men were constantly devising plans for our lake defences, 
 .and all urged strengthening the fortifications at Mackinaw, 
 as there would be no hope for our Lake Michigan towns, if 
 the British should capture it again, or manage to get a war 
 vessel this side of it, even if we still held possession of it. 
 Mayor Augustus Garrett, of this city, called a meeting of 
 our prominent citizens, for consultation, and, to show my 
 constituents that I was fully alive to their interests, I made 
 a speech in Congress, so animated that the New York 
 Herald got up a caricature, representing the British Lion, 
 and myself behind it, with a club in my hands, entitled 
 " Long John, of Illinois, chasing the British Lion." I re- 
 member that Jefferson Davis, who was a member of Con- 
 gress from Mississippi, alarmed me very much, by asserting 
 that there was no way in which Chicago could be defended, 
 and that our shipping could not be got beyond the reach of 
 the enemies' guns. The Ogden-Wentworth Ditch, up the 
 South Branch, had not then been constructed. He also 
 said that such was the case with all our Lake Michigan 
 towns, save Calumet, now called South Chicago, and 
 that was the only harbor he would vote to improve under a 
 military necessity. This alarmed me the more, as there had 
 always been an influential party at Chicago who contended 
 that our city ought to have been, and would eventually be, 
 2
 
 1 8 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 there. Jefferson Davis was recognized as good authority on 
 this point, as soon after leaving West Point, he assisted in 
 the survey of the Upper Lakes, and in the construction of 
 Fort Winnebago, in Wisconsin, and is still remembered in 
 the W T est by many of its early settlers. A Wisconsin lady, 
 who attended many parties with him, when he was a young 
 lieutenant, recently described him to me as very retiring and 
 meditative, and always seemed to be contriving something, 
 or thinking of something outside of the company, and when 
 the rebellion broke out, she remembered this trait and now 
 has no doubt but that he was plotting treason. And, by 
 the way, she suggested that she knows a lady in Wisconsin 
 who might have been Mrs. Davis, and would have been 
 but for her father's constantly telling her that an army offi- 
 cer was just like a sailor, and had a lover in every port. 
 
 Whilst we were thus alarmed about the safety of our 
 towns, the Canadians were equally alarmed about theirs. 
 This led to a treaty, which provided that but one armed- 
 vessel should be kept by either country on the upper lakes, 
 and that vessel should carry but one gun. Hence our war 
 steamer, Michigan ! She has one gun ! And there is a 
 Canadian vessel that has one also. Now, when either 
 nation takes another gun on board, then comes war, under 
 the treaty. But this treaty effectually allayed the excite- 
 ment which Western men had created upon the subject of a 
 ship canal connecting the lakes with the rivers. Commo- 
 dore Maury, of our navy, and more recently of the rebel 
 navy, was one of the many very able writers and speakers in 
 our behalf. He treated the subject of Western naval defenses 
 so ably that his articles were copied all over the country,, 
 and he thus took the matter out of the hands of Western 
 men entirely. He elevated the ship canal above all local or 
 commercial considerations, and placed it upon the grounds 
 of a great national necessity. But, the war fever against 
 Great Britain having died away, and the people having had 
 time for reflection, our fear that, in any future war, Great 
 Britain could send war vessels through the Welland Canal, 
 is at once dispelled by the reflection that, if we had a ship 
 canal, long before war vessels could^ be .sent frora^^jgj^ 
 Orleans, up the Mississippi, through ft to Chicago, Canada 
 would be taken, and the Welland Canal would be ours. 
 And there is a general feeling among the people of the 
 United States, that a country of the resources of Canada,
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 19 
 
 that is so destitute of patriotic spirit, in this enlightened 
 age, when Republics are the order of the day, as to be the 
 only spot on the American Continent, owing sole allegiance 
 to a foreign monarchy, could not do us much harm in war. 
 There is not a people on earth of the intelligence and 
 wealth of the Canadians, who bear their yoke so easily; and 
 there is no hope of our ever making enough out of their 
 warlike spirit to scare our Government into making an ap- 
 propriation for a ship canal, so much needed for commer- 
 cial purposes. 
 
 History tells us that, had the commandant of the fort at 
 Chicago done either of two things, the massacre of 1812 
 could have been avoided. He could have abandoned it 
 instantaneously after receiving his order, and reached Fort 
 Wayne by a forced march, or he could have remained and 
 defended it. But the most friendly relations had always 
 existed between the occupants of the fort and the Indians, 
 and the commandant of the fort was ordered, when he left, 
 to distribute the surplus property in the fort to them. They 
 had passed in arid out, at their pleasure, ever since its con- 
 struction, and could have surprised it at any time. The 
 surprise of Gen. Harrison, at Tippecanoe, the fall before, 
 and the final defeat of the Indians there, had seemingly had 
 no bad effect upon those around Chicago. But the com- 
 mandant here was a circumlocutionist, and believed in red 
 tape. He took from the 7th to the i5th of August to 
 march his troops 'out of the fort, accompanied by the few 
 inhabitants of the place who had sought his protection, to 
 the most sudden and barbarous of deaths. Until within a 
 few years, there were high sandhills on the lake shore, 
 about a mile and a half from the fort, near the Illinois 
 Central round-house, from behind which the Indians rushed 
 upon their hellish work, sparing neither age nor sex. The 
 facts are too familiar to you to need a minute descrip- 
 tion here. 
 
 The news of the declaration of war was sent from Detroit 
 to Fort Wayne, the nearest military post to Chicago, at the 
 same time that it was sent to Chicago, and Cant. William 
 ^HM Wells, a^sMgliafof the wifeT of the commandant at 
 Chicago, at once collected a few friendly Indians, and 
 started to render assistance to th,e Chicago troops in reach- 
 ing Fort Wayne. He arrived just in time to share the fate 
 of the men whom he came to assist. But he fought so
 
 20 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 heroically, and destroyed so many of the fiends before he 
 fell, that many of them began to think he had a charmed 
 life, and their wrath was so great against him that, ere he 
 was cold in death, they cut out his heart, and distributed it 
 in pieces among the relatives of the Indians who had fallen 
 by his hand. When our city was laid out, one of its princi- 
 pal streets was named in honor of him. The savages killed 
 him, and worse than savages removed his name from the 
 street. For inefficient city officers allowed gamblers to 
 settle therein, and with them came the disciples of Poti- 
 phar's wife, and that crowd of moral and social outcasts 
 which gamblers instinctively draw around themselves, 
 wherever they go. And when, at last, more efficient offi- 
 cers exterminated them, the property-holders thought they 
 would wipe out the disgrace which official incompetency or 
 degeneracy had inflicted upon them, by erasing from the 
 street the name of one who so heroically gave up his life on 
 the ever-memorable i5th day of August, 1812. And the 
 same infamous crowd were recently about to inflict a 
 similar disgrace upon the street named in honor of Gen. 
 George Rogers Clark, when one of our Judges, knowing his 
 duty, dare do it, and gave them to understand that there 
 were laws in this city, and gamblers must obey them, as 
 well as the poor, hungry, and half-clad Communes. There 
 was once just such a crowd, confiscating property in a 
 certain sandy location, upon this, the North Side, not far 
 from here.* But there was a way found to save the value 
 of property, without changing the names of streets. What- 
 ever else may be said of our city, never let it be said again 
 that men in high official position had so gilded the worst of 
 all vices, gambling, that the names of streets had to be 
 changed, to save property from that depreciation and dis- 
 grace which all history and all Chicago experience tells us 
 never fails to attend its existence. 
 
 The Indians must have received the news of the war and 
 the fall of Mackinaw before the fort was evacuated. In 
 those days, every Indian was a British telegraph. For, 
 even after the French ceded the Canadas to the British, the 
 
 * This alludes to the summary destruction, by the Police, under the 
 administration of Mayor Wentworth, in 1857, of a large number of 
 wooden shanties, erected near the beach of the Lake, on the North 
 Side, without authority of law, and occupied by criminal classes.
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 21 
 
 latter were in the habit of assembling the Chiefs of all the 
 Indian tribes once a year, at Maiden, Canada, nearly oppo- 
 site Detroit, and distributing valuable presents among them. 
 And as early as the war of 1812, there were well-marked 
 Indian trails from every part of the Indian country, via 
 Detroit, to Maiden. The British could trust every Indian, 
 and send a message anywhere with him. The Americans 
 could not trust any message with an Indian, and if they 
 undertook to send a white man through the Indian country, 
 he was made to suffer the most distressing death. At any 
 rate, the Indians knew that the soldiers were to abandon 
 the fort, and they volunteered to escort them a certain dis- 
 tance on their march to Fort Wayne. 
 
 Thirsting for more blood, our Indians hastened to Fort 
 Wayne; and joining the Indians in that vicinity, they 
 attacked it, August 25th, in hopes of another massacre. 
 But it held out until relieved by Gen. Harrison's command, 
 Sept. 1 6th. The Indians there learned, if they did not 
 know it before, that Gen. Hull had surrendered his army at , . 
 Detroit, which he did without firing a gun, on the very day $* /"V" 
 G the massacre at Chicago ; and there lives at Chicago now 1 
 a gentlemen, Mark Beaubien, who was present, and wit- 
 nessed the indignation of our soldiers, as they stepped into 
 the boats that were to convey them across the Detroit River 
 to the British headquarters. They looked upon it more as 
 a betrayal than a surrender. 
 
 Our Indians then hurried on to unite with the British 
 army, and had a chance to slake their thirst for blood at the 
 terrible massacre at River Raisin, baser and more cowardly 
 than that at Chicago, because the Americans had sur- 
 rendered to the British army, which was in honor bound to 
 protect them. 
 
 John Kinzie, who had fled with his family from Chicago 
 to Detroit, was sezied by the order of the British General, 
 Henry A. Proctor, and imprisoned in Fort Maiden as a 
 spy; and there in that fort was all that was left of Chicago, 
 the balance dead, or supposed to be. It has been the for- 
 tune of our soldiers, from the days of the Revolution down 
 to and including those of our Rebellion, to meet with sad 
 reverses at first. But they have ever grown strong under 
 such reverses, and they just begin to fight successfully as 
 the war terminates. Our sole Chicago citizen remained a 
 prisoner until the ever-memorable words of Commodore
 
 22 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 Perry, uttered on the 29th of September, 1813, reached the 
 fort: "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." Now 
 hurrah for Chicago ! She had Fort Maiden all to herself. 
 She held the key to the position. No vessel could pass up 
 the Detroit River, except under her guns. The British had 
 fled from the fort where Mr. Kinzie was, leaving him the 
 sole occupant. Gen. Harrison retook Detroit, as it had 
 been surrendered, without firing a gun. Perry had swept 
 the lake, and our forces, in the presence of Chicago's sole 
 citizen, running up the stars and stripes, held Fort Maiden. 
 The day of jubilee had come. When the British retreated 
 up the Thames, our Indians went with them, under 
 Tecumseh, who had a commission as Brigadier-General; 
 and our army had no idea of letting them effect a union 
 ' with the troops that were fighting Gen. Brown's command 
 in the regions below. They were followed, Tecumseh fell, 
 and our Indians never recovered from its effects. In vain 
 did Black Hawk, in 1832, try to unite the various Indian 
 tribes in one common cause, against the United States. 
 They knew they had no Tecumseh, and left Black Hawk to 
 fight alone. After the death of Tecumseh, it came to light 
 that, in 1809, he had planned the entire destruction of the 
 people of Chicago, inside and outside the^fart; but some 
 unforeseen circumstance prevented it, just as it was upon 
 the point of execution. 
 
 When Col. Richard M. Johnson was a candidate for 
 Vice-President, upon the same ticket as Mr. Van Buren for 
 President, his opponents disputed that he was the man who 
 killed Tecumseh. Knowing that Shabonee,- one of the 
 Chiefs of the Pottawatomies, and who was with Tecumseh 
 when he fell, resided in this vicinity, I sought an interview, 
 but was told in advance that the only way I could interest 
 him was to make inquiries about Tecumseh, for whom he, 
 in common with all others of our Western Indians, had the 
 utmost adoration to the end of his life. Shabonee marked 
 upon the ground the position of the British and the Indians 
 when met by the pursuing Americans, Gen. Proctor in the 
 command of the one, and Tecumseh of the other. Then he 
 described the British as ignominiously fleeing, and leaving 
 the Indians to take care of themselves. He said the In- 
 dians had been betrayed by every party they had assisted. 
 The French first agreed to protect their hunting grounds 
 for them, but had made them over to the English, who, in
 
 BY HON. JOHN WEXTWORTH. 23 
 
 turn, had promised to protect their hunting grounds, and 
 then were keeping the most of their troops to fight Napo- 
 leon. The battle of the Thames was on the 5th of October, 
 1813, and the allied armies entered France in December 
 following, and sent Napoleon to Elba shortly after. He 
 said Tecumseh had become disgusted; and, if he could 
 have gotton out of the war, he never would have allowed 
 his tribes to fight the Americans again. Shabonee said 
 the British were flying and the Americans were charging 
 when Col. Johnson, wounded, fell from his horse. You 
 ought to have seen old Shabonee, at this part of his narra- 
 tion. No professed tragedian can do him justice. An 
 Indian talks much more with his countenance than the 
 white man. Up to this time, his countenance bore marks 
 of gloom, doubt, despair. He knelt down and defined Col. 
 Johnson's position. Then he ran back some distance, 
 turned, seized a club, and with the countenance of a fiend 
 incarnate, he gave Tecumseh's last rallying yell, and, brand- 
 ishing his club like an Indian tomahawk in one hand, and 
 his knife in the other, as if to take a scalp, he rushed to- 
 wards the spot where Col. Johnson was supposed to be 
 suffering from his wounds ; but, suddenly placing his hand 
 upon his side, as if shot, he fell, and imitated the dying 
 Tecumseh. His description of Col. Johnson's dress and 
 horse was very minute, and when I told it to Col. Johnson, 
 at Washington, he said he could have given no better des- 
 cription himself. Shabonee proved a good citizen, as did 
 the many Indian Chiefs who passed the remainder of their 
 days in this vicinity ; all saying that we had conquered the 
 French and British, and nothing could hinder our ultimate 
 possession of all their forests ; and all bearing witness that 
 the great Tecumseh would have settled down in peace 
 among the white folks, as they themselves were doing, could 
 he have been spared, cursing both French and British for 
 treachery and ingratitude. *Shabonee was the last of our 
 Indian Chiefs to die. He expired in the town o 
 Norman, on his farm of twenty acres, July lyth, 1859, aged 
 eighty-four, near Morris, Grundy County, in this State, leav- 
 ing a son, now living in Kansas, where also lives a grand- 
 son, who is one of the principal Chiefs of what was once 
 the powerful tribe of Pottawatomies. 
 
 From the massacre of 1812 to 1816, nothing has ever 
 been known of our infant. He slept on. . The stars of the 
 
 -/" * 
 d. ^o^M
 
 24 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 East may have shone upon him ; but there were no shep- 
 herds to be guided to his manger no Pharaoh's daughter 
 to nourish him in his seclusion. When the troops came 
 here in that year, to reconstruct the fort, they found every- 
 thing exactly as the massacre had left it. The bones of the 
 slain had never been disturbed, and the first work of the 
 soldiers was to collect and bury them. That same year, a 
 treaty was made at St. Louis, securing a strip of land, twen- 
 ty miles wide, from Ottawa to Chicago. Thus early was 
 the importance of the canal appreciated. Illinois Territory 
 became a State in 1818, and Gov. Bond, in his inaugural of 
 that year and his valedictory in 1822, called attention to the 
 subject ; and his successor, Gov. Coles, repeated his rec- 
 ommendation. In 1 8 1 8, when our esteemed fellow-citizen, 
 Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard, came to Chicago, there were but 
 two families outside of the fort, those of John Kinzie and 
 Antoine Oilmette (for whom the town of Wilmette, in Cook 
 Co., is named, where he passed the most of his days, leav- 
 ing several descendants). In 1821, the first steamer ever 
 upon the lakes, "Walk in the Water," made her first trip to 
 Green Bay, but there was no business to take her to 
 Chicago. Col. Hubbard came from Montreal, all the way 
 by water, in an open row-boat, called by the French, " bat- 
 teaux," coming via Toronto, Lake Simcoe, and Georgian 
 Bay. Gen. John McNeil, one of the heroes at the battle of 
 Lundy's Lane, Canada, in 1814, was stationed here soon 
 after the reconstruction of the fort, and he claimed that one 
 of his daughters was the first person ever born in the fort. 
 A few years ago, I met her upon Michigan Avenue, and 
 she said she had been trying to find the place upon which 
 she was born, claiming the honor of being the first person 
 ever born in the fort. As she was unmarried, I disliked to 
 ask her when it was. There are several persons now living 
 in Chicago, who claim the distinction of being the first 
 white person, now living, born here. Alexander Beaubien,. 
 son of the late John B. Beaubien, now present, was born 
 here, January 28th, 1822. There are ladies who claim a 
 prior birth, but they decline particular dates. Yet some of 
 the deceased children of John Kinzie and Col. William 
 Whistler, who built the Fort, in 1 804, were born before any 
 of them."* 
 
 * Ellen M. Kinzie, who married (i) Dr. Alexander Wolcott, of this 
 city, and (2) George C. Bates, of Detroit, Mich., born in 1805, has no
 
 BY HON. JOHN AVENT WORTH. 25 
 
 In 1821, General Lewis Cass came here in a birch-bark 
 canoe, and made a treaty with the Indians, which secured the 
 right to build a road, from Chicago to both Fort Wayne and 
 Detroit. Our Indians were so peaceably disposed, after the 
 fall of Tecumseh, that, from 1823, the Government made a 
 mere matter of convenience of our fort, often withdrawing 
 the troops entirely, until the great Black Hawk scare, in 
 1832. 
 
 In 1823, the late Archibald Clybourn, a Justice of the 
 Peace, early after the organization of Cook Co., whose 
 widow and children now reside in our city, came here, from 
 Virginia ; and it was then that Prof. William H. Keating, of 
 the University of Pennsylvania, visited here, and thus wrote : 
 " Their log or bark houses are low, filthy, and disgusting, 
 displaying not the least trace of comfort." Up to 1828, 
 only one sail vessel made trips to Chicago, and that to bring 
 supplies to the fort. The American Fur Company had done 
 all its business in row-boats, better known in those days 
 as Mackinaw boats. Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard made a trip, 
 around the lakes, from Detroit, in a sail vessel, that year. 
 Although the canal land grant was made in 1827, the law 
 under which it was commenced did not pass until the winter 
 of 1835-6. Our nearest land-office was in Southern Illinois, 
 at Palestine, Crawford County, until 1834, when one was 
 established at Danville, Vermillion County, a little further 
 north. There was none at Chicago until 1835, when our 
 present fellow-citizen, Col. Edmund D. Taylor, was ap- 
 pointed receiver. In 1830, there were only fifteen dwelling- 
 houses, only three of which remained in 1857, and less than 
 100 inhabitants; and the principal settlement here was at 
 the forks of the Chicago River, then called " Wolf Point/' 
 where there was a tavern, school-house, and meeting-house, 
 where Jesse Walker, a Methodist missionary, residing at 
 Plainfield, Will County, occasionally preached. There still 
 stands, at the northeast corner of Lake and Canal Streets, 
 a building known for many years as the " Green Tree 
 Hotel," erected in 1831, probably the oldest building in 
 Chicago. But there was still another small tavern, on the 
 
 competitor for being the first white child born in Chicago. And her 
 sister, Maria H. Kinzie, now the wife of General David Hunter, of the 
 U. S. Army, born in 1807, is the oldest white person living who was 
 born in Chicago.
 
 26 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 North Side, near the Forks, where Gen. Scott stopped, 
 when he came with the troops, in 1832, kept by Elijah 
 Wentworth, Sr. And there was another small tavern, kept, 
 in 1831, by Mark Beaubien, called the "Sauganash," on 
 the southeast corner of Lake and Market Streets, known as 
 the Wigwam lot, where Abraham Lincoln was nominated 
 for President. On the block north, at the corner of Frank- 
 lin and Water Streets, the Post-office was located, when I 
 came to Chicago. Mr. Beaubien also kept a ferry at Lake 
 Street, beyond which, on the South Branch, there was 
 neither bridge nor ferry. It was at this hotel, kept by the 
 late Aid. John Murphy, whose family still resides here, 
 whose widow is present upon the platform, that I took my 
 first meal, upon my arrival in this city. In 1830, the steam- 
 boat, Henry Clay, made trips to Green Bay, from Detroit, 
 solely in the fur-trade interest. There was no trade to take 
 her to Chicago. At that period, and for some time thereafter, 
 the South Side was one entire marsh, with several creeks 
 running into the river. There was a small bridge on Water 
 Street, over a stream which drained a slough, near State 
 Street, and there was often good duck shooting north of 
 Madison Street, some time after I came here. In 1836, 
 the forwarding houses were all upon the North Side. 
 
 Black Hawk, Chief of the united tribe of Sacs and Fox 
 Indians, was born about 1767, near the mouth of the Rock 
 River, and there were his headquarters, until he made a 
 treaty, ceding his lands to the United States, and agreeing 
 to go to Iowa. He went there, and settlers went upon his 
 lands, and had began to cultivate them, when he repudiated 
 his treaty, returned to Illinois, and commenced massacring 
 them. Before the United States could take up the matter, 
 the Governor called for troops, and most of the prominent 
 politicians volunteered their services, and raised more or 
 less soldiers, to go under their own particular leadership. 
 Black Hawk was chased up into Wisconsin, captured, and 
 sent to Washington, to see Gen. Jackson. Jack Falstaff 
 never slew as many men in buckram as each and every one 
 of these Illinois politicians did. Squads would often go out 
 from camp, and hasten back with accounts of their miracu- 
 lous escapes from large bodies of Indians, when there were 
 none in the vicinity. An alarm was given, one night, when 
 one of the most distinguished men in the State mounted 
 his horse, without unhitching him, and gave him a spur,
 
 BY HON. JOHN WEXTWORTH. 27 
 
 when, mistaking the stump to which he was tied for an 
 Indian taking hold of the reins, he immediately exclaimed : 
 " I surrender, Mr. Indian !" An alarm was given that a 
 large body of Indians was approaching the Kankakee set- 
 tlements : volunteers turned out, and found them to be 
 nothing but sand-hill cranes. If an Indian was found dead 
 on the prairie anywhere, several would exclaim: "That's 
 the one I killed." Mr. Lincoln had an inexhaustable sup- 
 ply of stories based upon his experience in this war, but he 
 never claimed that his services there made him President. 
 He made more, in his Presidential campaign, out of the 
 Tails he had split, than out of the Indian scalps he had 
 taken. 
 
 Gen. Scott arrived here with regular troops, to take the 
 conduct of the war out of the hands of the State authorities, 
 /O July^ 1832, in the steamer " Sheldon Thompson," Capt. 
 A. Walker, the first steamboat trip ever made to Chicago. 
 But his stay here was so delayed by the Asiatic cholera, in 
 its worst form, that he reached Rock Island, on the Missis- 
 sippi, late in August, and about the time that the war 
 Avas closed, by the capture of its leader, in Wisconsin. 
 Peace was made with the Indians in September of that 
 year. The cholera was so fatal, that thirty bodies were 
 thrown overboard, between here and Mackinaw, and about 
 100 died at Chicago. The deaths were so sudden, and the 
 burial so instantaneous thereafter, that the victims, in their 
 last agonies, feared that they would be buried alive, if it 
 could be called a burial ; for they were thrown into a pit, 
 at the northwest corner of !Lake Street and Wabash Avenue. 
 I have heard Gen. Scott describe this as the most affecting 
 scene of his life. Gen. Humphrey Marshall, a member of 
 Congress from Kentucky, who was then here as a Second 
 Lieutenant, gave me a description of the scene, and thought, 
 thickly settled as our city then was, he could find the place 
 where he assisted in depositing the remains of the victims, 
 many being thrown into the pit in a few hours after they 
 had assisted in depositing their comrades there. The peo- 
 ple all through the Fox and Rock River Valleys had fled to 
 Fort Dearborn, for protection against the Indians; but they 
 soon fled back, having a greater dread of the cholera than 
 of the Indians. The Black Hawk war, although barren of 
 importance in a military point of view, was of incalculable 
 advantage in bringing to notice the fertile country in the
 
 28 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 Fox, Rock, and Mississippi River Valleys, and expediting 
 their settlement. Chicago grew rapidly, under a develop- 
 ment of the agricultural resources of the West. From a city 
 importing breadstuff's, she soon became one exporting them. 
 
 Aug. 4, 1 830, Chicago was laid out into lots, by the Canal 
 Commissioners, and they were sold for from $10 to $60 
 each. In the winter of 1832-3, Col. Hubbard was a mem- 
 ber of the Illinois Legislature, and he introduced the first 
 Railroad bill ever introduced into that body. It passed 
 the House and was lost in the Senate, by the casting vote 
 of Lieut.-Gov. Casey. Congress had given the power to- 
 make either a railroad or a canal. On November 26th, 
 1833, the first newspaper, the Chicago Democrat, was estab- 
 lished. Up to the time of the fire, I had a complete file of 
 it, for over a quarter of a century, which I am trying to 
 replace, and will be very thankful to any who will send me 
 a single copy, or even a fractional copy of it. In the winter 
 of 1835-6, the canal bill was passed, and on the evening of 
 the 1 5th of January, 1836, our citizens assembled in mass- 
 meeting, and voted that twelve guns be fired for each man 
 that voted for the bill, and that the newspapers (there were 
 then two weeklies) be requested to publish their names in 
 large capitals, and the names of those who voted against 
 the bill in the smallest kind of italic letters. 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1836, every man, woman, and child 
 in the city, whose health would permit, went down to where 
 the canal was to be commenced, then called Canalport, and 
 celebrated the removal of the first shovelful of dirt by the 
 Canal Commissioners, of which Board, Col. G. S. Hubbard 
 was one, and he made a speech. Col. Edmund D. Taylor, 
 and Walter Kimball, late City Comptroller, both now living 
 in this city, were Marshals on the occasion. The late Dr. 
 William B. Egan delivered the oration. Near the place was 
 a living spring of water. They chopped up the lemons of 
 several full boxes, and threw them into the spring,* to make 
 lemonade for the temperance people. Then they spoiled 
 the lemonade, by emptying into it a whole barrel of whisky, 
 which so penetrated the fountain-head of the spring, that 
 
 * Several old settlers claim that this throwing whisky and lemons 
 into a spring also took place at the time that John Baptiste Beaubien 
 was elected Colonel of the Militia, at the house of Barney H. Laughton, 
 on the O'Plain River, where Riverside now is.
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 29 
 
 Bridgeport people feel the effects of it to this day ! All of 
 you who ever heard the late Dr. William B. Egan, the most 
 eloquent of the many eloquent Irish orators Chicago has 
 ever had, will remember how fond he was of quoting Pope's 
 poetry. Some of his auditors had quietly stolen away, and 
 (as they had supposed) unobserved by him, to slake their 
 thirst at this spring, when he brought down the crowd, by 
 pointing his finger at them, and exclaiming : 
 
 " Drink deep, or taste not that Pierian spring, 
 It's shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, 
 But drinking largely sobers you again. " 
 
 On the 25th of October, 1836, I arrived in this city, just 
 in time to assist in waking up the baby, and getting it out 
 of the cradle. Time was when I knew every man, woman, 
 and child in the city, and they all knew me. I do not 
 know but what the latter is true now. Hitherto, I have 
 spoken from tradition, from history, and from what living 
 persons have told me. From this time I can speak of events 
 passing under my personal observation, and in most of 
 which I have participated as much as any living man. I 
 arrived here in time to see the troops take their final depar- 
 ture from the fort. But it was not taken down until about 
 1855, when the Marine Hospital was erected near its site. I 
 was here when the first white man was hung in Chicago, on 
 the open prairie, a short distance south of the Court House. 
 I was upon the jury that convicted him. An editor abused 
 me, whilst upon the jury, and the Court sentenced him for 
 contempt. Wilbur F. Storey is not the first martyr. His 
 name is William Stuart, and he now lives in Binghamton, 
 N. Y. Our Judge E. S. Williams is not the first judicial 
 tyrant. His name was John Pearson,* and he now lives at 
 Danville, 111. Charles H. Reed is not the first persecutor 
 of the press. His name is Alonzo Huntington, and he lives 
 in Chicago now. Thus, we have been repeating history. 
 Tnat is all. There is nothing that you have now, that we 
 did not have years and years ago, except divorce cases ; 
 but we had but one Judge then, and only two terms of 
 court in a year, and if families quarreled, they had time to 
 cool off, make peace, and perhaps have another christening, 
 before the next term of court. 
 
 It was on Monday evening, the 23d of January, 1837, 
 
 * Hon. John Pearson, Judge of the Circuit in which Chicago was 
 located in 1837, died at Danville, 111., May 3Oth, 1875.
 
 30 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 that a meeting was called in the Saloon Building, southeast 
 corner of Lake and Clark Streets, for consultation upon a 
 City Charter. It was called by the order of the last Board 
 of Trustees of the Town of Chicago, of which body, Eli B. 
 Williams, now a resident of this city, was President. 
 
 The Chicago American of January 2ist, 1837, says: "The 
 interests of our town require a charter; the constant example 
 of our Eastern cities will justify us in altering it at every 
 session, until it meets the wants of a large commercial town." 
 However much we may have neglected other privileges 
 under our charter, we certainly have availed ourselves of 
 that of " altering it at every session," until it has become, 
 like the old lady's stocking, " darned so much that none of 
 the original remains." 
 
 The word saloon, in those days, had a different meaning 
 from what it does now. It would seem strange now to 
 announce that a court or meeting would be held, or a 
 lecture delivered in a saloon building. When first opened,, 
 it was the largest and most beautiful hall this side of Buffalo. 
 It was there that Stephen A. Douglas made his first speech 
 in Chicago. It was there that the first joint political discus- 
 sion was ever had in Northern Illinois, that between him, in 
 1838, and his competitor for Congress, John T. Stuart,, 
 now living at Springfield, 'in this State. At that meeting it 
 was that one of our citizens launched into the future, and 
 predicted that the child was already born who would live 
 to see a population of over 50,000 here. This prediction 
 seemed so preposterous at the time, that several persons at 
 once exclaimed "Town lots !" "Town lots !" as if he had 
 lots to sell, and was trying to sell them by humbugging the 
 people as to the town's future greatness. I think I made 
 about as wild a prophecy in 1843, when I, as member of 
 Congress, using the prospects of our city as a reason for 
 increased harbor appropriations, said: "In 1832, the neces- 
 sities of the Government, during the Black Hawk War, com- 
 pelled the first steamboat to make a trip to what is now the 
 great granary of the West the Garden City, "urbs in horto" 
 where I have the honor to reside a city not set on a hill, 
 yet it will never be hid a city this moment holding out 
 greater inducements for investments in real estate than any 
 in this broad country a city that will one day alone have 
 a member on this floor, and this more than one person now 
 alive will live to see."
 
 BY HON. JOHN WENTWORTH. 31 
 
 I not only lived to see this prediction verified, in 1865,, 
 but I, who made the prediction, was there myself to fulfil it. 
 And the man who occupied the same seat with me when I 
 made it, was President of the United States when I fulfilled 
 it Andrew Johnson. Chicago has had her one Represen- 
 tative in Congress. She now has her three. 
 
 Upon another occasion, at the same session, I soared 
 again into the realms of prophecy, as to the future character 
 of our people. It will be remembered that, at that time,, 
 our State, our county, our city, and our people, were in the 
 very midst of bankruptcy. I have not time here to minutely 
 describe our terrible situation financially. But we were 
 upon the eve of sending Commissioners to London, to 
 mortgage our canal, to raise the means to complete it, when 
 the Washington Globe made a furious onslaught upon any 
 such attempt, taking the ground that repudiation was dis- 
 graceful enough, but poverty and misfortune might excuse 
 that ; but for Illinois to sell herself for British gold was 
 infamous. The British Ambassador sent his private Secre- 
 tary to me, saying that the British steamer would leave New 
 York in forty-eight hours, and would take that article with 
 it; and, unless the same steamer took over some decided 
 expression with reference to the feelings of our people upon 
 the subject of repudiation, our Commissioners might as well 
 remain at home. Although the youngest member of our 
 Illinois delegation (indeed, I was the youngest member of 
 Congress), I sailed in as follows : 
 
 " Illinois will never repudiate a mill of her public debt, 
 but will struggle on as well as she can, under her mountain- 
 load of misfortunes. We are poor, but, thank God, we are 
 honest. Incorruptible, we suspect no man with British 
 gold coming to buy us, until the overt act. The young men 
 of Illinois expect, in their day, to see her out of debt ; and 
 they are all bent on paying interest, to some extent immedi- 
 ately, and that extent depends much' -very much on the 
 action of this Congress; and I may say the same of Indiana, 
 Michigan, and other Western indebted States. In these 
 views, I believe all my colleagues, and all our respective 
 constituents, and all the West, concur. We have a pride in 
 having our State solvent once more, and paying every cent 
 of her liabilities, without any legal quibbles, or dishonorable 
 compromises. And a glorious consummation will that be for 
 us all. For one, when it arrives, I would say, with the good
 
 32 REMINISCENCES OF EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 man of old, " Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in 
 peace, for mine eyes have seen thy salvation." Sir, I would 
 celebrate the day of such an event like a jubilee. Ay, sir, 
 next after the birthday of our Savior and the day on which 
 American independence was declared. I would worship 
 the day that redeems Illinois from bankruptcy and debt, 
 the day of her credit restored, and her honor regained." 
 
 The British gold came. You know the result. My eyes 
 saw the "salvation." But, unlike old Simeon, I was not 
 ready then to "depart in peace." 
 
 At that time, the northern half of Illinois had but two 
 members of Congress, the Hon. Joseph P. Hoge, of Galena, 
 and myself. And the district that I alone then represented 
 now has nearly half the members of this State, in Congress, 
 and full half its population, and more than half its wealth. 
 
 We finally agreed upon all the provisions of a City 
 Charter, and the Board of Town Trustees sent a messenger 
 by the stage coach with it to Vandalia, about 75 miles 
 below Springfield, where our legislature was in session. It 
 was soon enacted into a law, and we held an election under 
 its provisions May 2d, 1837.* Thus our infant's time had 
 come. We took it from its cradle, and placed it in the 
 arms of William B. Ogden, our first Mayor, and earth's 
 remotest bounds have contributed to its wealth, and won- 
 dered at its growth. [See Supplement.] 
 
 * For Names of Voters, see FERGUS' Directory for 1839.
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES. 
 
 SEPTEMBER IST, 1876. 
 
 THE FERGUS PRINTING COMPANY published my second 
 lecture, delivered Sunday afternoon, May 7th, 1876, as No. 
 Seven of their series of Historical Pamphlets, entitled 
 " Early Chicago." This led to a demand for the repub- 
 lication of my first lecture, delivered Sunday afternoon, 
 April nth, 1875. 
 
 Since the publication of the second lecture, I have been 
 furnished with additional documents, which I publish for 
 the benefit of the future historian of Chicago. If we except 
 the Indians, half-br6eds, the Canadian-French fur traders, 
 discharged soldiers, and officers of the Garrison, Chicago, 
 prior to the organization of Cook County, may properly 
 have been called a Virginia Settlement. The Supplemental 
 Notes to the second lecture should be read before these 
 notes can be appreciated. 
 
 VIRGINIANS. 
 
 There were Jonas Clybourn and his two sons Archi- 
 bald and Henley; John K. Clarke; David McKee, now 
 living near Aurora, 111. ; Rev. Jesse Walker; Benjamin Hall, 
 now living at Wheaton, 111.; David Hall; Samuel Miller; 
 John Miller; Jacob Miller; Archibald Caldwell, now living 
 at Kershena, Shawanaw Co., Wis. ; and perhaps others, all 
 from Virginia. 
 
 From Benjamin Hall, now living at Wheaton, DuPage 
 Co., Ill, the following facts, touching Chicago's early Vir- 
 ginia settlers, have been gathered :
 
 34 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
 4 He was born in Pearisburgh, Giles Co., Virginia, son of 
 
 4 Charles and grandson of David Hall; left there in 1831; 
 
 stopped in Michigan until the spring of 1832, when he came 
 to Chicago and engaged in the tanning and currying busi- 
 ness with John and Samuel Miller, who had come from Vir- 
 ginia before, him. He sought protection with the other 
 settlers in the Fort, after the news of Black Hawk's depre- 
 dations, until Gen. Scott arrived with the troops. He was 
 a resident of Chicago until the autumn of 1834. The 
 father of John and Samuel Miller left Pearisburgh at a 
 early day, and settled in Ohio. Their cousin, Jacob Mi 
 who was also a cousin of Mr. Hall, left Virginia with him, 
 in 1831. He went to California and died; but his family 
 is residing in Lake Co., IlU^Heniarjjiecl a widow J^ww^ 
 in Virginia, wkh^wo chjUro^^t^^Iarmon ttanirt now 
 
 living inyLak^^^aJSSMt leT miku nut "inf Waukegan ; and 
 
 Aramosa^KcuTtg^Avnb married George N. Powell, who kept 
 hotel, at Holstein, Cook Co., about 1836, and now lives 
 ^tofiw with her second husband, 7? Stfc&r\fi^. "g^^p^g^ 
 There was a Thomas Clybourn, who marriedaaaughter 
 of William Kinzie, who came to Chicago with Jacob Miller,, 
 but he left when the Black Hawk war broke out. Benja- 
 min Hall married (i) Sarah Bane, of Montgomery Co., Va., 
 and his oldest son, Edward B. Hall, was born at Chicago', 
 August 20, 1832; and he married (2) the widow of the late 
 Stephen Brown, and sister of Judge John D. Caton. Archi- 
 bald Clybourn's father was cousin to Mr. Hall's father. 
 Archibald Caldwell, the tavern-keeper, had left Chicago be- 
 fore Mr. Hall came here. Caldwell had brothers, but none 
 of them came to Chicago. David Hall, cousin to Benja^ 
 min Hall, and half-brother to James Kinzie, was in Chicago 
 several years before Benjamin, and was clerk for the Ameri- 
 can Fur Company under Col. John B. Beaubien some time. 
 He died at Elkhart, Ind., and his son, J. R. Hall, now lives 
 at Howard City, Kanzas. 
 
 There were taken by the Indians, about the time of the 
 American Revolution, from the vicinity of Pearisburgh, 
 Giles Co., Va., two girls, aged about 8 and 10 years, named 
 Margaret and Elizabeth McKinzie. Their relatives were 
 all murdered, except their father, who had heard nothing 
 of his daughters until near 25 years afterwards, when they 
 were found at or near Detroit. Margaret, the eldest, was 
 then the wife of John Kinzie, and had William Kinzie;,
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL. 35 
 
 James Kinzie, of Chicago; and Elizabeth Kinzie, married 
 Sam'l Miller. After separating from Mr. Kinzie, she married 
 Benjamin Hall, of Giles Co., Va., son of David, and uncle 
 of Benjamin, of Wheaton, 111. ; and had David Hall and 
 Sarah Hall. 
 
 Elizabeth McKenzie, the youngest, married 'a Scotchman 
 by the name of Clarke, and had John K. Clarke, and Eliz- 
 abeth Clarke, who married William Ahert, and settled at 
 Laporte, Ind. After separating from Mr. Clarke, she mar- 
 ried Jonas Clybourn, of Giles Co., Va., and had Archibald 
 Clybourn and Henley Clybourn. Jonas Clybourn died at 
 Westville, Ind., July 24, 1842. His son Archibald, born 
 in Giles Co., Va., August 28, 1802, died at Chicago, Aug. 
 23, 1872. 
 
 It was about 1800, when these two ladies were found by 
 their father, who induced them to return to Virginia with 
 him, and take their children with them. And, as all our 
 Virginia settlers were in someway related, except thejGov : 
 eminent' blacksmith, David McKee, it is probable that tm's 
 Virginia settlement owes its origin to the fact, that James 
 Kinzie and Elizabeth Kinzie came here to see their father, 
 who performed the marriage ceremony, as Justice of the 
 Peace for Peoria County, between Elizabeth Kinzie and 
 Samuel Miller, July 29, 1826. She died in 1832, leaving 
 children, whom her husband took to his father, at Laporte, 
 Ind. ; and he married a second wife, and died at Michigan 
 City. John Miller, his brother, died at Galesburg, Illinois, 
 leaving children. 
 
 William Kinzie, the oldest child of John and Margaret 
 (McKenzie) Kinzie, married in Giles Co., Va., and moved 
 to Elkhart, Ind. ; lived upon land belonging to his half- 
 brother, David Hall, and died there, leaving descendants. 
 
 When James Kinzie and John K. Clarke arrived at 
 maturity, they left Virginia in search of their fathers, and, 
 after a short absence, they returned to Virginia. When they 
 came back, Clarke's mother, who had married Jonas Cly- 
 bourn, came with her husband and family ; and, also, 
 James Kinzie's sister, Elizabeth, who married Samuel 
 Miller. 
 
 James Kinzie's mother never saw her first husband after 
 separation, as she and her second husband, Benjamin Hall, 
 remained in Virginia.
 
 ' 
 
 36 SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
 NEW ENGLANDERS. 
 
 The earliest New Englander here, who has descendants 
 now living, was Stephen J. Scott, a voter of 1830, who 
 arrived at Chicago, August 26, 1826, in the schooner Shel- 
 don, Capt. Sherwood. His wife was Hadassah Trask, and 
 they came from Connecticut. He died on board a ship, 
 on his way from California, Sept., 1852, and was buried on 
 the Peninsula. His wife died at Naperville, III. Sept., 
 1859. He lived at Gross Point, now Evanston, 111., at first. 
 At the time of the election of John B. Beaubien to the 
 office of Colonel, at the tavern of Barney H. Lawton, at 
 what is now Riverside, on the DesPlaines River, it was 
 kept by Stephen J. Scott. 
 
 Besides one dying young, they had five children : 
 
 Wealthy Scott married, January 23, 1827, David McKee. 
 They had a son, Stephen J. Scott McKee, born September 
 1 8, 1830. 
 
 Permelia Scott married, July 21, 1829, John K. Clarke, 
 and lives, a widow, at Deerfield, Take Co., 111. She had 
 Hadassah Clarke, married Walter Milieu. 
 
 Deborah Scott married (i), in Maryland, Munson Wat- 
 kins, and (2) July 21, 1829, Joseph Bauskey. No descend- 
 ants living. 
 
 Willis Scott married (i), November, 1830, Lovisa B. 
 Caldwell, who came from Virginia. He married (2) Sarah 
 Barney, and had Alice Lovisa, married to Arthur Warrington. 
 Mr. Scott lives in Chicago. 
 
 Williard Scott married, July 21, 1829, Caroline Hawley: 
 both, with their descendants, now living at Naperville, 111. 
 They had, besides two who died young, 
 
 (1) Thaddeus, born August 7, 1830, and died 1866, 
 leaving William H., born December 3, 1858. 
 
 (2) Williard, Jr., born October 9, 1835. 
 
 (3) Alvin, born May 28, 1838. 
 
 The next New Englander who voted here, prior to the 
 organization of Cook Co., who left descendants, was our 
 first lawyer, Russell E. Heacock, born at Litchfield, Conn., 
 in 1781. He reached here, from Buffalo, New York, in a 
 sail vessel, July 4, 1827, and has left numerous descendants.
 
 ""*>- cr" ir tf ~i - 
 
 REV. JESSE WALKER. 
 
 It is claimed that Rev. Jesse Walker, who voted here in 
 1830, was the first white settler in that portion of old Cook 
 Co. now known as Will Co., settling about 1826, at Walker's 
 Grove, now Plainfield. He was born in Buckingham Co., 
 Virginia, June 9,^1766. He was a Methodist clergyman, 
 and, as a missionary, had charge of the northern portion of 
 the State. He passed much of his later life in Chicago, and 
 finally settled on a farm near the old village of Cazenovia, 
 on the O'Plain River, in Leyden township, where he died, 
 October 4, 1835. His remains were taken to Plainfield. 
 One of his daughters married her cousin, the late Hon. 
 James Walker, of Plainfield, and another the late David 
 Everett, near the old village of Cazenovia, in Leyden town- 
 ship, in this county, on the O'Plain River. Rev. Jesse 
 Walker had a brother, David, who was the father of a large 
 family, at Ottawa, 111. ; and had another brother, who died 
 in Tennessee, leaving sons Alfred, John, and James. The 
 latter was the Capt. James Walker, of Plainfield, who mar- 
 ried the daughter of Rev. Jesse. 
 
 OUILMETTE, NOW WILMETTE. 
 
 Antoine Ouilmette, who was taxed here in 1825, and was 
 here at the time of the massacre of 1812, was a Frenchman ; 
 but his wife was a Pottawatomie, some say half French. 
 He lived upon his reservation, where now is the village 
 named for him, on the Milwaukee Railroad, a few miles 
 above Evanston, in this County. He moved to Council 
 Bluffs, Iowa, where he and his wife died. He had an 
 adopted daughter, Arkash Sambli, who married, August 3, 
 1830, John Mann, who, in early times, kept a ferry at 
 Calumet. His daughter Elizabeth married, May n, 1830, 
 Michael Welch (Chicago's first Irishman), and had Mary 
 Ann Welch; and, after his death, she married Lucius R. 
 Darling, now living at Silver Lake, Shawn ee Co., Kansas, to 
 which place also went Ouilmette's other children, nearly 
 all now living, viz. : Mitchell (died childless), Lewis, Josette 
 (married John Deroshee, and mentioned by Mrs. Kinzie, 
 in her " Waubun "), Francis, Sophia, and Joseph.
 
 38 SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
 BILLY CALDWELL AND SHABONEE. 
 
 William Hickling, of this City, has exhibited to me the 
 original of the following document, proving that Billy Cald- 
 well, our Justice of the Peace in 1826, was an officer in the 
 British service, after the treaty of peace ; and that he styled 
 himself Captain of the Indian Department, in 1816, at 
 Amherstburg, [Fort Maiden.] Mr. Hickling resided in 
 Chicago, before its incorporation, but resided many years 
 thereafter at Ottawa, and was a partner of George E. Wal- 
 Icer, nephew of Rev. Jesse. Whilst at Ottawa, the Indian 
 Chief, Shabonee, often visited him and remained with him 
 overnight. Not long before his death, he gave him the 
 document, asserting that he had always worn it upon his 
 person. The manuscript proves that Caldwell was a man 
 of education, as we all knew he was of intelligence. He 
 was educated by the Jesuits, at Detroit, and, at the time of 
 his death, he was Head Chief of the combined nation of 
 Pottawatomies, Ottawas, and Chippewas. He married a 
 sister of the Pottawatomie Chief, Yellow Head, and had an 
 only child, a swj, who died young. On the authority of 
 Shabonee, Mr. Hickling denies the commonly received idea, 
 that Caldwell was a son of Tecumseh's sister. He confirms 
 the report that he was the son of an Irish officer in the 
 British service, but he insists that his mother was a Potta- 
 watomie, and hence he became Chief of the Pottawatomies. 
 Tecumseh was a Shawnee, and, he contends, had but one 
 sister, Tecumapeance, older than himself, whose husband, 
 Wasegoboah, was killed at the battle of the Thames. She 
 survived him some time, but died in Ohio. 
 
 Shabonee (or Chamblee, in French) was an Ottawa 
 Indian, and a chief, born on the Ohio River. The certifi- 
 cate was undoubtably given him to assist him with the 
 British Government. At the commencement of the battle 
 of the Thames, or of Moravian Town (as Caldwell calls it), 
 the Indian Chiefs Tecumseh (Shawnee) (spelled Tecumthe 
 by many), Caldwell (Pottawatomie), Shabonee (Ottawa), 
 and Black Hawk (Sac), were, as Mr. Hickling learned from 
 Shabonee, sitting upon a log, in consultation. 
 
 The paper on which this document was written was a 
 half sheet of old-fashioned English foolscap paper, plainly 
 watermarked " C. & S., 1813," and is as follows:
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL. 39 
 
 " This is to certify, that the bearer of this name, Cham- 
 "blee, was a faithful companion to me, during the late war 
 with the United States. The bearer joined the late cele- 
 brated warrior, Tecumthe, of the Shawnee nation, in the 
 year 1807, on the Wabash River, and remained with the 
 above warrior from the commencement of the hostilities 
 with the United States until our defeat at Moravian Town, 
 on the Thames, October 5, 1813. I also have been witness 
 to his intrepidity and courageous warfare on many occa- 
 sions, and he showed a great deal of humanity to those 
 unfortunate sons of Mars who fell into his hands. 
 
 AMHURSTBURG, August i, 1816. 
 
 B. CALDWELL, CAPTAIN, I. D. 
 
 FIRST TAVERN LICENSE FOR CHICAGO. 
 
 County Commissioners' Court, Peoria Co., December 8, 
 1829. Present: Francis Thomas, George Sharp, and Isaac 
 Egman. 
 
 Ordered: That a License be granted to Archibald Cald- 
 well, to keep a tavern at Chicago, and that he pay a tax of 
 eight dollars, and be allowed the following rates, and give 
 a bond with security for one hundred dollars. 
 
 Each half-pint of wine, rum, or brandy 25 cts. 
 
 pint ii M it ii 37/4 
 
 half-pint gin 18^ 
 
 pint ,. 31^ 
 
 gill of whisky 6^ 
 
 half-pint n 12/^2 
 
 pint i' 18^ 
 
 breakfast, dinner, or supper. 25 
 
 night's lodging 12^ 
 
 Keeping horse over night on grain and hay. . 25 
 
 The same as above, 24 hours 37 /^ 
 
 Horse feed 12^ 
 
 Archibald Caldwell was born April 30, 1806, in Pearis- 
 burgh, Giles Co., Va., which place he left May 10, 1827, 
 with his wife, who was sister to Benjamin Hall, of Wheaton, 
 DuPage Co., 111., from whom he separated, and she became 
 the wife of Cole Weeks, a discharged soldier, who was a 
 voter here in 1826. Mr. Caldwell arrived in Chicago, July
 
 40 SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
 i, 1827. Willis Scott married his sister, Lovisa Caldwell,. 
 for his first wife. She come to Chicago with her cousin, 
 Archibald Clybourn, all the way on horseback, he having 
 been back to Virginia on a visit, and she made her home 
 with him until married. William Ahert, who married 
 Elizabeth Clark, half-sister to Clybourn, came with them to 
 Laporte, Ind., and settled there. Mr. Caldwell, in 1831, 
 moved to Green Bay, and, in 1834, piloted the schooner 
 Jefferson from that place to Chicago, where he remained 
 until 1835, an d then returned to Green Bay again. He 
 re-married, and now lives as Kenosha, Shawanaw Co., Wis., 
 and has ten chirdren living in the vicinity. He was cousin 
 to Archibald Clybourn, his mother being a sister to Jonas 
 Clybourn. He writes that he and James Kinzie built the 
 house together, and he sold his interest to Kinzie, after 
 living in it about one year. Whilst in Virginia, and before 
 coming to Chicago, he only knew Jonas Clybourn and 
 family, James Kinzie, and John K. Clarke, of those who 
 settled in Chicago. The tavern was a double log-house, 
 on the west side of the North Branch, a few rods up from 
 the main branch. He had a sign, with a wolf painted upon 
 it, but it had no name. The nearest house to his was 
 Alexander Robinson's [Ghe-che-pin-gua's]; and, besides 
 this, James Kinzie's store was the only building at the 
 forks of the river on the West Side at that time. He claims 
 that his father came from South Carolina, and was maternal 
 cousin to the late Hon. John Caldwell Calhoun, and that 
 the recent Senator Caldwell, of Kansas, was of the same 
 family. He was an Indian trader for many years, but he 
 is now a farmer. Mr. Caldwell remembers Dr. Alexander 
 Wolcott and Samuel Miller as living on the North Side. 
 
 On the South Side, were Col. John Beaubien and Russell 
 E. Heacock. In 1828, some soldiers came up from St. 
 Louis and occupied the Fort. 
 
 On the West Side, about 3 miles up the South Branch, 
 were living David Laughton, Barney H. Laughton, and 
 Cole Weeks. 
 
 On the West Side, about 3 miles up the North Branch, 
 were living Jonas Clybourn, Archibald Clybourn, and John 
 K. Clarke. '
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL. 41 
 
 OTHER TAVERNS IN CHICAGO AND VICINITY. 
 
 June 8, 1830, Alexander Robinson [Che-che-pin-gua] 
 and Mark Beaubien were licensed to keep tavern, upon 
 same conditions as Archibald Caldwell. Beaubien's was at 
 the Sauganash Hotel, corner of Lake and Market Streets. 
 Robinson's tavern was on the West Side, near Caldwell's. 
 Samuel Miller afterwards had a tavern on north side of 
 river, and east side of North Branch, near the Forks. 
 
 December 7, 1830, Russell E. Heacock was licensed to 
 keep tavern at his house, about five miles from Chicago, at 
 the same rate as the others. He was our first lawyer. He 
 died and was buried at his homestead, about one mile below 
 the Summit, on the Archer Road, in 1849, leaving several 
 children. His tavern was up the South Branch, at a place 
 then known as Heacock's Point. He was Justice of the 
 Peace, in 1833. His tavern was on South Side, on South 
 Branch of Chicago River, near the Rolling Mills, at a place 
 better known, in those days, as Hardscrabble. 
 
 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE UNDER FULTON CO. 
 
 Amherst C. Ransom,* June 17, 1823. 
 John Kinzie, December 2, 1823. 
 
 * This is the first Collector for Chicago, alluded to in my second 
 lecture as Rousser. He was taxed as of Peoria, in 1825. He is said 
 to have been a banker in Ohio, before he came to Illinois, and is re- 
 ported to have gone from Peoria to Gratiot's Grove, Wis. , then to the 
 lead regions, near Galena, thence to Chicago, and thence to Arkansas, 
 where he died. He is said to have had brothers-in-law, Elisha or 
 Josiah Fish or Fisk and Edmund Weed, taxed in Peoria Co., in 1825. 
 Weed afterwards lived at Racine, Wis. 
 
 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE UNDER PEORIA CO. 
 
 Billy Caldwell, [Sauganash], April 18, 1826. 
 James Walker, [lived at Plainfield], April 18, 1826. 
 Alexander Wolcott, [Indian Agent], December 26, 1827. 
 John B. Beaubien, [General], December 26, 1827. 
 John S. C. Hogan, [Post-Master], October 9, 1830. 
 Stephen Forbes, [First Sheriff], December 13, 1830.
 
 42 SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
 FIXING THE PLACE OF CHICAGO ELECTION. 
 
 FIRST CONSTABLE. 
 
 Peoria County Court, September 6, 1825. 
 
 Ordered : That the first precinct contain all that part 
 of the County east of the mouth of the DuPage River, 
 where it empties its waters into the Aux Plaines River, and 
 that the elections be held at the Agency House, or Cob- 
 Aveb's Hall. [Mrs. Kinzie, in her " Waubun," speaks of 
 "Cobweb Castle" as a nick-name for the Indian Agency 
 House, southwest corner of Wolcott (now State) and North 
 Water Streets, on North Side.] 
 
 At the same time, Ordered: 
 
 That Archibald Clybourn be appointed Constable 
 in and for the County of Peoria, and that the Clerk of this 
 County take his official bond. 
 
 CHICAGO'S VALUATION IN 1823. 
 Fulton County Court, June 3, 1823. 
 
 Ordered: That the Assessor levy a tax on all personal 
 property (household furniture excepted), and on all town 
 lots, of 50 cents upon the $100. 
 June 7, 1825. 
 
 Ordered: That there be paid out of the County 
 Treasury, to Abner Eads, the sum of $11.42, in State paper, 
 being the amount deducted from his account, for tax col- 
 lected at Chicago. 
 
 This shows that the valuation at Chicago, in 1823, was 
 $2284. This probably explains the order of April 27, 1824: 
 "That Abner Eads be relieved from paying the money tax 
 collected at Chicago by Ransom" [Amherst C. Ransom]. 
 
 CHICAGO BILLS AUDITED AT PEORIA. 
 June 1830. Archibald Caldwell, $5.50 for ironing a 
 turnpike scraper. This is the first official account of our 
 road improvements. Dec. 7, 1830. Henley Clybourn, $16, 
 for one day's services as Clerk' of Election, and bringing the 
 returns from Chicago. He was brother to Archibald 
 Clybourn. 
 
 FIRST TRUSTEES OF THE SCHOOL SECTION. 
 Dec. 8, 1829, Archibald Clybourn, Samuel Millar, and John B. Beau- 
 .bien were appointed Trustees Sec. 16, T. 38 N., Range 14, E. 3d P.M.
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL. 43 
 
 NUMBER OF VOTES AT THE FIRST ELECTION AFTER THE 
 ORGANIZATION OF COOK COUNTY, HELD AUGUST, 1832. 
 
 This was the year of the Black Hawk war, and also the 
 year that the cholera was first in Chicago. 
 
 FOR REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS. 
 
 Joseph Duncan (of Jacksonville) 94 
 
 Jonathan H. Pugh M 19 
 
 Archibald Clybourn i 1 14 
 
 FOR STATE SENATOR. 
 
 James M. Strode (of Galena) 81 
 
 James W. Stevensen (of Galena) 26 
 
 J. M. Gay 4 1 1 1 
 
 FOR REPRESENTATIVE. 
 Benjamin Mills (of Galena) 1 10 i jo 
 
 (Ly + ((jifitAA&^T^R SHERIFF. 
 
 StepYienJForbes . jy. 106 
 
 James ifinzie 2 108 
 
 FOR CORONER. 
 Elijah Wentworth, Jr 104 104 
 
 VOTERS AUGUST 4, 1834. 
 
 This shows an increase of over 400 voters in two years. 
 FOR GOVERNOR. 
 
 William Kinney (of Belleville) - - 201 
 
 Robert K. McLaughlin (of Vandalia) i o 
 
 Joseph Duncan (of Jacksonville) 309 
 
 James Adams (of Springfield) 8 528 
 
 FOR LIEUT. -GOVERNOR. 
 James Evans 190 
 
 Alexander M. Jenkins 190 
 
 William B. Archer (one of our first Canal 
 Commissioners, and for whom Archer 
 
 Avenue was named) 105 
 
 L. M. Thompkins 1486 
 
 At this time, Cook County embraced what is now Will, 
 DuPage, McHenry, and Lake Counties.
 
 44 SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
 FIRST FERRY. 
 
 June 2, 1829. 
 
 Ordered: That Archibald Clybourn and Samuel 
 Miller be authorized to keep a ferry across the Chicago 
 River, at the lower forks, near Wolf's Point, crossing the 
 river below the Northeast Branch, and to land on either 
 side of both branches, to suit the convenience of persons 
 wishing to cross. And that said Clybourn and Miller pay 
 a tax of two dollars, and execute a bond with security for 
 one hundred dollars. The rates for ferriage to be one-half 
 the sum that John L. Bogardus gets at his ferry, at Peoria. 
 
 Ordered: That the following rates be, and they are 
 hereby allowed to be charged and received by the different 
 ferries, by their respective owners, in this County, to wit : 
 
 For each foot passenger 6% cts. 
 
 n man and horse 12^ M 
 
 it Dearborn sulkey chair, with springs 50 n 
 
 ii one-horse wagon 25 ir 
 
 it four-wheeled carriage, drawn by two 
 
 oxen or horses 37^ " 
 
 ii cart with two oxen 37 /^ " 
 
 M head of neat cattle or mules 10 n 
 
 ii hog, sheep, or goat 3 n 
 
 ii hundredweight of goods, wares, and 
 merchandize, each bushel of grain 
 
 or other article sold by the bushel 6^ n 
 And all other articles in equal and just proportion. 
 
 FIRST FERRY AT CALUMET, NOW SOUTH CHICAGO. 
 County Commissioners' Court of Peoria Co., June Term, 
 1830. 
 
 Ordered: That William See [Rev.] be allowed to 
 keep a ferry across the " Callimink " [now South Chicago], 
 at the head of Lake Michigan, pay a tax of two dollars, and 
 charge the following rates : 
 
 Each foot passenger . $ 12}^ 
 
 n man and horse 25 
 
 ii wagon or cart drawn by two horses or 
 
 oxen 75 
 
 n four-horse wagon r oo 
 
 M one-horse carriage or wagon 37/4 
 
 Passed on 7th day of June, 1830.
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL. 45 
 
 \ 
 
 This Rev. Wm. See was a Methodist clergyman, and, according to 
 the Peoria records, the first clergyman of any kind to perform the mar- 
 riage ceremony at Chicago. He removed to Racine, Wis., where he 
 died. Our James Kinzie, who also died there, married a daughter of 
 his for his first wife. Mrs. Kinzie speaks of Mr. See, in her " Wau- 
 bun." James Kinzie's second wife was Virginia, daughter of Isaiah 
 Hale, of Virginia. 
 
 WAS CHICAGO EVER A PORTION OF VERMILLION CO.? 
 
 Erroneous statements, like the following, have found their 
 way not only into newspapers, but also into books: 
 
 "The property of Chicago was taxed, in 1827, by the 
 County of Vermillion, in this State, in whose limits it then 
 stood, at a trifle above $3, and Sheriff Reed paid it from his 
 own pocket, rather than make the trip from Danville to 
 collect it." 
 
 Now, the County of Vermillion was created by act of the 
 Legislature, January 18, 1826. Sec. i of the act denned 
 the boundaries as follows: "Beginning on the State line 
 between Illinois and Indiana, at the northeast corner of 
 Edgar County, thence west with the line dividing townships 
 number sixteen and seventeen, to the southwest comer of 
 township seventeen, north of range ten, east of the third 
 principal meridian, thence north to the northwest corner 
 of township twenty-two north, thence east to the State line, 
 thence south with the State line to the place of beginning." 
 
 Sec. 7 of the same act provides further, as follows: "That 
 all that tract of country lying east of range six, east of the 
 third principal meridian, west and north of Vermillion Co., 
 as far north as the Illinois and Kankakee Rivers, be, and the 
 same is hereby attached to said Vermillion Co., for all county 
 purposes." 
 
 At the first election in Vermillion Co., held March 6, 
 1826, William Reed had 57 votes, and Moses B. Vance 
 23 votes, for Sheriff. This Sheriff Reed may have supposed 
 that he had jurisdiction in Cook Co., but may never have 
 attempted to exercise it, for the reason stated. 
 
 The act forming Peoria Co. was approved January 13, 
 1825, and Chicago was assessed for that year in Peoria Co. 
 No other assessment for Chicago, in Peoria Co. nor in 
 Vermillion Co., can be found; but all the marriage licenses 
 were taken out at Peoria, our Judges of Election appointed 
 there, and election returns made there, until the organiza- 
 tion of Cook Co.; and the records of Vermillion Co. show 
 no attempt at jurisdiction over Cook Co.
 
 46 SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
 OTHER MARRIAGES RECORDED IN PEORIA. 
 
 By John Kinzie, Jan. 2, 1827, Peter LeClair [Peresh Leclerc?] to 
 Margaretta Peehequetarouri or (the writing may be) Perheguetaroui. 
 
 By Jesse Walker, a regular minister of Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 May 3, 1828, Vetal Vermit, at the house of David Walker, to Cornelia 
 Walker. This marriage was at Ottawa, 111., and the parties never 
 lived in Chicago. Vermit was a ferryman at Ottawa, and his widow 
 now lives at Thornton, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 By John B. Beaubien, Nov. 5, 1828, Joseph Pothier and Victoria 
 Maranda. 
 
 By Isaac Scarret, a missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 July 21, 1829, John K. Clarke to Permelia, daughter of Stephen J. 
 Scott, at the same time and place with her brother Williard Scott. 
 
 By Isaac Scarrett, missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at 
 Holderman's Grove [now Newark, Kendall Co.], July 21, 1829, Wil- 
 liard Scott to Caroline, daughter of Pierce Hawley. Mr. Hawley was. 
 originally from Vermont. He and his brother, Aaron, were taxed in 
 Fox River [Precinct No. 2, of Peoria Co.], in 1825. 
 
 By Rev. Wm. See, Nov. i, 1830, Willis Scott and Lovisa B. Cald- 
 well. She was sister to Archibald Caldwell, our first tavern-keeper ;. 
 an emigrant from Virginia. 
 
 GEN. SCOTT REPORTS HIS ARRIVAL AT CHICAGO 
 
 TO GOV. REYNOLDS. 
 
 (From the Louisville Advertiser, of July 2j, 1832.) 
 The following is the latest o'fficial intelligence from Chicago. We are 
 
 indebted to a commercial friend for it : 
 
 HEADQUARTERS N. W. ARMY, Chicago, July 75, 1832. 
 
 SIR : To prevent or correct the exaggerations of rumor in respect 
 to the existence of cholera at this place, I address myself to your Ex- 
 cellency. Four steamers were engaged at Buffalo, to transport United- 
 States troops and supplies to Chicago. In the headmost of these boats, 
 the Sheldon Thompson, I, with my Staff and four companies, a part of 
 Col. Eustis' command, arrived here on the night of the loth inst. On 
 the 8th, all on board were in high health and spirits, but the next 
 morning, six cases of undoubted cholera presented themselves. The 
 disease rapidly spread itself for the next three days. About one hun- 
 dred and twenty persons have been affected. Under a late Act of Con- 
 gress, six companies of rangers are to be raised, and marched to this- 
 place. Gen. [Henry] Dodge, of Michigan,* [Senator,] [then embrac- 
 ing Dodgeville, Wis.] is appointed Major of the battalion, and I have 
 seen the names of the Captains, but I do not know where to address 
 them. I am afraid that the report from this place, in respect to cholera, 
 may seriously retard the raising of, this force. I wish, therefore, that 
 your Excellency would give publicity to the measures I have adopted 
 to prevent the spread of this disease, and of my determination not to- 
 allow any junction or communication between uninfected and infected 
 troops. The war is not at an end, and may not be brought to a close 
 for some time. The rangers may reach the theatre of operations in 
 
 * Michigan then embraced what is now Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa. Major 
 Dodge, better known as Gen. Dodge, was afterwards Governor of Wisconsin, and 
 was U.S. Senator. He was father of Hon. Augustus C. Dodge, Burlington, Iowa.
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL. 47 
 
 time to give the final blow. As they approach this place, I shall take 
 care of their health and general wants. 
 
 I write in great haste, and may not have time to cause my letter to 
 be copied. It will be put in some post-office to be forthwith forwarded. 
 
 I have the honor to be, your Excellency's most obedient servant-, 
 
 WINFIELD SCOTT. 
 
 His EXCELLENCY Gov. JOHN REYNOLDS. 
 
 WHO BUILT THE FIRST DRAWBRIDGE AND THE 
 FIRST VESSEL AT CHICAGO? 
 
 NELSON R. NORTON, of Alden, Freeborn Co., Minnesota, under 
 date of August 25, 1876, writes as follows: 
 
 I came to Chicago Nov. 16, 1833. Soon after I arrived, I com- 
 menced cutting the lumber for a drawbridge, on the land adjoining 
 Michigan Avenue, afterwards owned by Hiram Pearsons. In March, 
 1834, I commenced building it, and I think it was completed by the 
 first of June. The first Steam- Boat that passed through it was the old 
 Michigan, with a double engine, commanded by Capt. C-Blake, and 
 owned by Oliver Newberry, of Detroit. *"~ 
 
 Credit me with building the first vessel at Chicago. I built the 
 sloop Clarissa, in the spring of 1835. This was the first sail vessel 
 launched on the west side of Lake Michigan, if not the first on the lake. 
 
 The first freight taken down the Lakes was in 1834, being a lot of 
 hides, from cattle that had been slaughtered for the Government troops. 
 
 I was born at Hampton, Washington Co., N.Y., on Nov. 8, 1807. 
 
 The bridge had an opening of 60 feet, with a double draw. I think,, 
 the length was 300 feet. This is the best of my recollection. The 
 width was 16 feet. It was located at Dearborn Street. I cannot state 
 the cost of the bridge. 
 
 I removed from Chicago in the spring of 1839. The militia of 
 Cook County was organized in 1834, by the election of John B. Beau- 
 bien as Colonel, at the tavern owned by Barney H. Lawton, near 
 Lyons, on the DesPlaines River [now Riverside; then kept by Stephen 
 J. Scott]. Respectfully yours, NELSON R. NORTON. 
 
 PEORIA COUNTY ASSESSMENT FOR 1825. 
 PERSONAL PROPERTY. 
 
 REAL ESTATE WAS NOT TAXABLE. 
 
 Whilst Chicago was a part of Peoria Co., it was divided into four 
 precincts or voting-places. The first included all territory north of the 
 confluence of the DuPage and DesPlaines Rivers, and was called Chi- 
 cago. Directly south of it was the second precinct, called Fox River ; 
 south of which was the third precinct, called Peoria ; embracing all the 
 settlements noted in the following list, except Chicago and Fox River. 
 Then there was a fourth precinct, embracing all the territory west of 
 the other three, known as Fever River, with a voting-place at or near 
 what is now Galena. The following list does not contain the names of 
 any person in the latter precinct. There were' fourteen tax-payers in 
 Chicago, and six in Fox River ; which included the present sites of 
 Morris, Ottawa, LaSalle, Peru, etc. John Dixon, then Clerk of the 
 County Commissioners' Court of Peoria Co,, was born Oct. 9, 1784, at 
 Rye, Westchester Co., N. Y., died at Dixon, Lee Co., 111., July 6, 1876.
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
 NAME AND RESIDENCE. 
 
 A very, Elias P., LaSalle Prairie, $ 200 oo 
 
 NAME AND RESIDENCE. 
 
 Hamlin, John, Peoria, $ 400 oo 
 
 Alscombe, Antoine, Trading House, 50 oo 
 
 Holland, William, Peoria, 800 oo 
 
 Allen, Archibald, Peoria, 150 oo 
 
 Hy4e, E. & N., Peoria, 700 oo 
 
 Beaubien, John B., Chicago, 1000 oo 
 
 Hawley, Aaron, Fox River, 200 oo 
 
 Beauchamp, Sr., Noah, Peoria, 20000 
 
 Hawley, Pierce, Fox River, 300 oo 
 
 Beauchamp, Jr., Noah, Peoria, 100 oo 
 
 Harlin, Joshua, Farm Creek, 150 oo 
 
 Barker, John, Peoria, 400 oo 
 
 Harlin, George, LaSalle Prairie, 150 oo 
 
 Bourbonne, Francis, Trading House, 200 oo 
 
 Hallock, Lewis, LaSalle Prairie, 50 oo 
 
 Blanchard, William, Ten Mile, 15000 
 
 Hunter, Jacob M., Peoria, 5000 
 
 Bethard, Elza, Ten Mile, 275 oo 
 
 Ish, George, Farm Creek, 250 oo 
 
 Bratton, Reuben, Ten Mile, 135 oo 
 
 Kinzie, John, Chicago, 500 oo 
 
 Banks, Thomas, Ten Mile, 50 oo 
 
 Love, Charles, Peoria, 150 oo 
 
 Baresford, Robert, Fox River, 50 oo 
 
 Love, George, near Little Detroit, 350 oo 
 
 Brierly, Thomas, near Little Detroit, 160 oo 
 
 Langworthy, Augustus, Peoria, 200 oo 
 
 Bogardus, John L., Peoria, 50000 
 
 Latham, J,, Peoria, 300 oo 
 
 Bryant, Joseph, Peoria, 300 oo 
 
 Latham, Philip, Peoria, zoc oo 
 
 Beabor, Louis, Trading House, 700 oo 
 
 Like, Daniel, Peoria, 50 oo 
 
 Bourbonne, Jr., Frs., Trading House, 100 oo 
 
 LaFramboise, Joseph, Chicago, 50 oo 
 
 Brown, Cornelius, Peoria, 150 oo 
 
 LaFramboise, C., Chicago, 100 oo 
 
 Barker, Andrew, Farm Creek, 100 oo 
 
 Latta, James, Illinois Prairie, 20000 
 
 Clybourn, Jonas, Chicago, 625 oo 
 
 Montgomery, Hugh, Mackinaw Point, 200 oo 
 
 Clarke, John K., Chicago, 250 oo 
 
 McNaughton, Alex., Mackinaw Point, 150 oo 
 
 Crafts, John, Chicago, 5000 oo 
 
 Moffatt, Alva, Peoria, 60 oo 
 
 Carroll, Stephen, LaSalle Prairie, 150 oo 
 
 Moffatt, Aquilla, Peoria, 40 oo 
 
 Cline, George, Illinois Prairie, 70 oo 
 
 Mather, David, Ten Mile, 20000 
 
 Cline, John, Illinois Prairie, 264 oo 
 
 McCormick, Levi, Illinois Prairie, 50 oo 
 
 Cromwell, Nathan, Illinois Prairie, 300 oo 
 
 McKee, David, Chicago, 100 oo 
 
 Curry, Hiram M., Ten Mile, 22500 
 
 McLaree, Jesse, Peoria, 25 oo 
 
 Cooper, Abner, near Little Detroit, 120 oo 
 
 Neeley, Henry, Peoria, 150 oo 
 
 Crocker, Austin, Farm Creek, 200 oo 
 
 Ogee, Joseph, Illinois Prairie, 200 oo 
 
 Camlin, Thomas, Farm Creek, 300 oo 
 
 Perkins, Isaac, Illinois Prairie, 400 oo 
 
 Clermont, Jerry, Chicago, . 100 oo 
 
 Phillips. John and William, Ten Mile, 400 oo 
 
 Coutra, Louis, Chicago, 50 oo 
 
 Patterson, John, Prince's Grove, 20 oo 
 
 Countraman, Fred, Fox River. 50 oo 
 
 Prince, Daniel, Prince's Grove, 200 oo 
 
 Dougherty, Allen S. , Mackinaw Point, 100 oo 
 
 Porter, Martin, Peoria, 100 oo 
 
 Dillon, Walter, Mackinaw Point, 250 oo 
 
 Piche, Peter, Chicago, 100 oo 
 
 Dillon, Nathan, Mackinaw Point, 400 oo 
 
 Redman, Eli, Mackinaw Point, 35 oo 
 
 Dillon, Absalom, Mackinaw Point, 200 oo 
 
 Redman, Henry, Mackinaw Point, 35 oo 
 
 Dillon, Thomas, Mackinaw Point, 300 oo 
 
 Ridgeway, John, LaSalle Prairie, 100 oo 
 
 Dillon, Jesse, Mackinaw Point, 727 oo 
 
 Robinson, Alexander, Chicago, 200 oo 
 
 Dillon, John, Mackinaw Point, 93 oo 
 
 Ransom, Amherst C. , Peoria, 100 oo 
 
 Davis, William, Mackinaw Point, 200 oo 
 
 Ramsay, John L., Fox River, 20000 
 
 Dixon, John, Peoria, 350 oo 
 
 Sommers, Jt>hn, Illinois Prairie, 300 oo 
 
 DuMont, Peter, Little Detroit, 50 oo 
 
 Scott, Peter, Mackinaw Point, 50 oo 
 
 Donahoue, Major, Ten Mile, 200 oo 
 
 Smith, Joseph, Farm Creek, 550 oo 
 
 Egman, Jesse, Illinois Prairie, 100 oo 
 
 Sharp, George, Peoria, 608 oo 
 
 Eads, William, Peoria, 350 oo 
 
 Stephenson, John, Ten Mile, 40 oo 
 
 Eads, Abner, Peoria, 800 oo 
 
 Stout, Ephriam, Sr. & Jr., 111. Prairie, 500 oo 
 
 Ellis, Levi, Illinois Prairie, 25 oo 
 
 Walker, Jesse, Fox River, 50 oo 
 
 Clark, William, Illinois Prairie, 250 oo 
 
 Thorp, Jonathan, Illinois Prairie, 100 oo 
 
 Field, Gilbert, LaSalle Prairie, 150 oo 
 
 Turner, Ezekiel, Illinois Prairie, 150 oo 
 
 French, Stephen, Farm Creek, 200 oo 
 
 Van Scoyk, Joseph, Peoria, ;fo oo 
 
 Fulton, Samuel, Peoria, 300 oo 
 
 Walker, Hugh, LaSalle Prairie, 50 oo 
 
 Fulton, James, Farm Creek, 12 50 
 
 Wolcott, Alexander, Chicago, 572 oo 
 
 Fulton, Josiah, Farm Creek, 150 oo 
 
 Wilmette, Antoine, Chicago, 400 oo 
 
 Fulton, Seth, Ten Mile, 100 oo 
 
 Weed, Edmond, Ten Mile, 174 oo 
 
 Fish, Elisha, Farm Creek, 2od oo 
 
 Wilson, Seth, Illinois Prairie, 200 oo 
 
 Funk, Jacob, Farm Creek, 500 oo 
 
 Wilson, Jacob, Ten Mile, 30000 
 
 Funk, Isaac, Peoria, 200 oo 
 
 Woodrow, Samuel, Illinois Prairie, 15000 
 
 Griffin, John, LaSalle Prairie, 50 oo 
 
 Woodrow, Hugh, Illinois Prairie, 250 oo 
 
 Gilbert, Levi, Illinois Prairie, 25 oo 
 
 Waters, Isaac, Peoria, TOO oo 
 
 Harrison, Jesse, Peoria, 50 oo 
 
 Total, $30,455 50 
 
 Smith, William. I called on him for the amount of personal property. He refused to 
 render the same. As near as I can ascertain, it amounts to $150. 
 
 I, John L. Bogardus, do hereby certify that the above is the assessment for the year 
 1825. JOHN L. BOGARDUS, Assessor. 
 
 To John Dixon, Esq., Clerk of County Commissioners' Court. 
 
 P.S. Amount received for tavern license, $20.
 
 
 INDEX 
 
 TO 
 
 EARLY CHICAGO:" -First Lecture, 
 
 (No. 8 of Fergus' Historical Series.) 
 BY 
 
 HON. JOHN WE NT WORTH, LL. D., 
 
 Delivered Sunday, April II, 1875. 
 [This Index was prepared by Mr. Wentsvorth, August, 1881.] 
 
 A. 
 
 Adams, James, 43. 
 
 Adams, John, 12. 
 
 Adams, John Q., 5, 17. 
 
 Ahert, William, 35, 40. 
 
 Allen, Archibald, 48. 
 
 Allouez, Claude, 8. 
 
 Alscomb, E. Antoine, 48. 
 
 Archer, William B., 43. 
 
 AuSable, Jean Baptiste Point, 14, 15. 
 
 Avery, Elias P., 48. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bancroft, George, 4. 
 
 Bane, Sarah, 34. 
 
 Banks, Thomas, 48. 
 
 Barney, Sarah, 36. 
 
 Baresford, Robert, 48. 
 
 Barker, Andrew, 48. 
 
 Barker, John, 48. 
 
 Bates, George C., 24. 
 
 Bauskey, Joseph, 36. 
 
 Beabor, Louis, 48. 
 
 Beaubien, Alexander, 24. 
 
 Beaubien, John Baptiste, 15, 24, 28, 
 
 34, 36, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 48. 
 Beaubien, Mark, 21, 26, 41. 
 Beauchamp, Noah, sr., 48. 
 Beauchamp, Noah, jr., 48. 
 Bethard, Elza, 48. 
 Bismark, Prince, 6. 
 Black Hawk (Indian chief), 22, 25, 
 
 26, 27, 30, 34, 38, 43. 
 
 Blake, Capl. Chelsey, 47. 
 Blanchard, William, 48. 
 Bogardus, John L., 44, 48. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 7, 9, 23. 
 Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, 9, 13, 
 
 23- 
 
 Bond, Shadrack, 24. 
 Bourbonne, Francis, sr., 48. 
 Bourbonne, Francis, jr., 48. 
 Braddock, Gen. , 12. 
 Bratton, Reuben, 48. 
 Brierly, Thomas, 48. 
 Brown, Cornelius, 48. 
 Brown, Henry, 4. 
 Brown, Gen. Jacob, 22. 
 Brown, Stephen, 34. 
 Bryant, Joseph, 48. 
 Bull, John, 10. 
 
 C. 
 
 Caldwell, Archibald, 33, 34, 39, 40, 
 
 41, 42, 46. 
 Caldwell, Billy (Sauganash, Indian 
 
 chief), 38, 39, 41. 
 Caldwell, Lovisa B., 36, 40, 46. 
 Caldwell, Alexander, 40. 
 Caldwell, Susan, (only child), 38. 
 Calhoun, John C., 40. 
 Camlin, Thomas, 48. 
 Carroll, Stephen, 48. 
 Casey, Zadoc, 28. 
 Cass, Lewis, 6, 14, 25. 
 Caton, John Dean, 34.
 
 50 
 
 Chamblee (Shabonee, Indian chief), 
 22, 23, 38, 39. 
 
 Che-che-pin-qua (Alexander Robin- 
 son, Indian chief), 40, 41, 48. 
 
 Clarissa (sloop), 47. 
 
 Clark, , 35. 
 
 Clark, Elizabeth, 35, 40. 
 
 Clark, Gen. George Rogers, 7, 9, 13, 
 20. 
 
 Clark, Hadassah, 36. 
 
 Clark, John K., 33, 35, 36, 40, 46, 
 48. 
 
 Clark, William, 48. 
 
 Clay, Henry, 17. 
 
 Clermont, Jerry, 48. 
 
 Cline, George, 48. 
 
 Cline, John, 48. 
 
 Clybourn, Archibald, 25, 33, 34, 35, 
 40, 42, 43, 44. 
 
 Clybourn, Henly, 33, 35, 42. 
 
 Clybourn, Jonas, 33, 35, 40, 48. 
 
 Clybourn, Thomas, 34. 
 
 Coles, Edward, 24. 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, 4. 
 
 Cooper, Abner, 48. 
 
 Countraman, Frederick, 48. 
 
 Coutra, Louis, 48. 
 
 Crafts, John, 48. 
 
 Crocker, Austin, 48. 
 
 Cromwell, Nathan, 48. 
 
 Curry, Hiram M., 48. 
 
 EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 Aramosa, 34. ( 
 
 34- 
 
 g, Lucius R., 37. 
 Davis, Jefferson, 17, 18. 
 Davis, William, 48. 
 Dearborn, Henry, 14. 
 Dejoinville, Prince, 12. 
 Deroshee, John, 37. 
 DeSoto, Fernando, 4. 
 Dillon, Absalom, 48. 
 Dillon, Jesse, 48. 
 Dillon, John, 48. 
 Dillon, Nathan, 48. 
 Dillon, Thomas, 48. 
 Dillon, Walter, 48. 
 Dixon, John, 47, 48. 
 Dodge, Henry, 46. 
 Dodge, Augustus C., 46. 
 Donahoue, Major, 48. 
 Dougherty, Allen S., 48. 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 30. 
 DuMont, Peter, 48. 
 Duncan, Joseph, 43. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eads, Abner, 42, 48. 
 Eads, William, 48. 
 Economy (fire-engine), 3. 
 Edwards, Ninian, 15. 
 Egan, William B., 28, 29. 
 Egman, Isaac, 39. 
 Egman, Jesse, 48. 
 Ellis, Levi, 48. 
 Eustis, Col. Abraham, 46. 
 Evans, James, 43. 
 Everett, David, 37. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fassett, Samuel M., 2. 
 
 Fergus, Robert, 2, 32. 
 
 F. [Fergus], 2. 
 
 Fergus Printing Company, 33 
 
 Field, Gilbert, 48. 
 
 Fish, Elisha, 41, 48. 
 
 Fish, Josiah, 41. 
 
 Fisk, Elisha. 41. 
 
 Fisk,toiatfUi y v*" V 
 
 Forbes,^fepherf, 41-43. ^ 
 
 Frontenac, Gen. Louis DeBuade, 10. 
 
 Fulton, James, 48. 
 
 Fulton, Josiah, 48. 
 
 Fulton, Samuel, 48. 
 
 Fulton, Seth, 48. 
 
 Funk, Isaac, 48. 
 
 Funk, Jacob, 48. 
 
 G. 
 
 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 6. 
 Garrett, Augustus, 17. 
 Gay, J. M., 43. 
 Gilbert, Levi, 48. 
 Griffin, John, 48. 
 Griffin (schooner), 8. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hale, Isaiah, 45. 
 
 Hale, Virginia, 45. 
 
 Hall, Benjamin, 33, 34, 35, 39. 
 
 Hall, Charles, 34. 
 
 Hall, David, ST., 34, 35.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 41. 
 
 Hall, David, jr., 33, 34. 
 Hall, Edward B., 34. 
 Hall, J. R., 34- 
 Hallock, Lewis, 48. 
 Hamlin, John, 48. 
 Hanson, Rev. , 12. 
 Harlin, George, 48. 
 Harlin, Joshua, 
 Harrison, Jesse, 48. 
 Harrison, William H., 14, 19, 21, 22. 
 Hawley, Aaron, 46, 48. 
 Hawley, Caroline, 36, 46. 
 Hawley, Pierce, 46, 48. 
 Heacock, Russell E., 36, 40, 
 Heald, Nathan, 16. 
 Healey, Geo. P. A. , 2. 
 Henry Clay (steamer), 26. 
 Hennepin, Louis, 8, 9. 
 Henry, Patrick, 12. 
 Hickling, William, 38. 
 Hoge, Joseph P., 16, 32. 
 Hogan, John S. C., 41. 
 Holland, William, 48. 
 Hubbard, Gurdon S., 3, 24, 
 Hull, William, 16,21. 
 Hunter, Gen. David, 25. 
 Hunter, Jacob M., 48. 
 . Huntington, Alonzo, 29. 
 Hyde, E. & N. (firm), 48. 
 
 25, 28. 
 
 Ish, George, 48. 
 
 I. 
 
 J- 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, 16, 17, 26. 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 40. 
 Jenkins, Alexander M., 43. 
 Johnson, Andrew, 31. 
 Johnson, Richard M., 22, 23. 
 Joliet, Rev. Louis, 8. 
 Joinville, Prince df, 12. 
 
 K. 
 
 Keating, William H., 25. 
 
 Kimball, Walter, 28. 
 
 Kinney, William, 43. 
 
 Kinzie, Ellen Marion, 24. 
 
 Kinzie, Elizabeth, 35. 
 
 Kinzie, James, 34, 35, 40, 43, 45. 
 
 Kinzie, John, 15, 21, 22, 24, 34, 35, 
 
 41, 46, 48. 
 Kinzie, John H., 15. 
 Kinzie, Juliette A., 37, 42. 
 
 Kinzie, Maria H., 25. 
 Kinzie, Robert A., 15. 
 Kinzie, W r illram, 34, 35. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lafayette, Marquis de, 12, 13. 
 
 Lafromboise, Claude, 48. 
 
 Lafromboise, Joseph, 15, 48. 
 
 Lafromboise, Josette, 15. 
 
 Langworthy, Augustus, 48. 
 
 LaSalle, Robert C., 8, 9. 
 
 Latham, J., 48. 
 
 Latham, Philip, 48. 
 
 Latta, James, 48. 
 
 Laughton, Barney H., 28, 36, 40, 47. 
 
 Laughton, David, 40. 
 
 LeClerc, Peresh, 46. 
 
 LeClair, Peter, 46. 
 
 Liberty (fire-engine), 3. 
 
 Like, Daniel, 48. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 14, 26, 27. 
 
 Long John (fire-engine), 3. 
 
 Louis XIV, 8. 
 
 Louis XVI, 12. 
 
 Louis XVII, 12. 
 
 Love, Charles, 48. 
 
 Love, George, 48. 
 
 M. 
 
 Madison, James, 9. 
 
 Mann, John, 37. 
 
 Maranda, Victoria, 46. 
 
 Marquette, James, 6, 7, 8, 9. 
 
 Marshall, Humphrey, 27. 
 
 Mather, D%vid, 48. 
 
 Maury, W^., 1 8. 
 
 Maximillian, Emperor, 9. 
 
 McCormick, Levi, 48. 
 
 McKee, David, 33, 35, 36, 48. 
 
 McKee, Stephen J. S., 36. 
 
 McKinzie, Elizabeth, 34, 35. 
 
 McKinzie, Margaret, 34, 35. 
 
 McLaree, Jesse, 48. 
 
 McLaughlin, Robert K., 43. 
 
 McNaughton, Alexander, 48. 
 
 McNeil, John, 24. 
 
 Michigan (steamboat), 47. 
 
 Millen, Walter, 36. 
 
 Miller, Jacob, 33, 34. 
 
 Miller, John, 33, 34, 35. 
 
 Miller, Samuel, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41, 
 
 42, 44. 
 Mills, Benjamin, 43.
 
 EARLY CHICAGO. 
 
 Moffatt, Alva, 48. 
 Moffatt, Aquilla, 48, 
 Montgomery, Hugh, 48. 
 Murphy, John, 26. 
 
 N. 
 
 Neeley, Henry, 48. 
 Xewberry, Oliver, 47. 
 Xicollet, Sieur Jean, 8. 
 Norton, Nelson R., 47. 
 
 O. 
 
 Ogden, William B., 3, 32. 
 Ogee, Joseph, 48. 
 
 Ouilmette (Wilmette), Antoine, 24, 
 37f 48. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pakenham, Gen. E., 16. 
 
 Patterson, John, 48. 
 
 Pearsons, Hiram, 47. 
 
 Pearson, John, 29. 
 
 Pee-he-que-ta-rou-ri, Margaretta, 46, 
 
 Perkins, Isaac, 48. 
 
 Perry, Commodore Oliver H., 22. 
 
 Phillippe, Louis, 12. 
 
 Phillips, John, 48. 
 
 Phillips, William, 48. 
 
 Piche, Peter, 48. 
 
 Polk, James K., 17. 
 
 Porter, Martin, 48. 
 
 Pothier, Joseph, 46. 
 
 Powell, George N., 34. 
 
 Prince, Daniel, 48. 
 
 Proctor, Gen. Henry A., 21. 
 
 Pugh, Jonathan H., 43. 
 
 Putnam's Magazine, 12. 
 
 . 
 
 Ramsay, John L., 48. 
 
 Ransom (or Rousser), Amherst C., 
 
 41, .42, 48. 
 Redman, Eli, 48. 
 Redman, Henry, 48. 
 Reed Charles H., 29. 
 Reed, William, 45. 
 Reynolds, John, 46. 
 Ridgeway, John, 48. 
 Robinson, Alexander (Che-che-pin- 
 
 qua, Indian chief), 40, 41, 48. 
 Rousser (or Ransom), A. C., 48. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sambli, Arkash, 37. 
 
 Sauganash (Billy Caldwell, Indian 
 
 chief), 38, 39, 41. 
 Scarrett, JRev. Isaac, 46. 
 Scott, Alice Lovisa, 36. 
 Scott, Alvin, 36. 
 Scott, Deborah, 36. 
 Scott, Peter, 48. 
 Scott, Permelia, 36, 46. 
 Scott, Stephen J., 36, 46-47. 
 Scott, Thaddeus, 36. 
 Scott, Wealthy, 36. 
 Scott, Williard, 36-46. 
 Scott, Williard, jr., 36. 
 Scott, Willis, 36, 40, 46. 
 Scott, William H., 36. 
 Scott, Gen. Winfield, 26, 27, 34, 46, 
 
 47- 
 
 See, Rev. William, 44, 45, 46. 
 Shabonee (Chamblee, Indian chief), 
 
 22, 23, 38, 39. 
 Sharp, George, 39, 48. 
 Sheldon (schooner), 36. 
 Sheldon Thompson (steamboat), 27, 
 
 46. 
 
 Sherwood, Capt.- , 36. 
 
 Smith, Joseph, 48. 
 Smith, William, 48. 
 Sommers, John, 48. 
 Stevensen, James W., 43. 
 Stephenson, John, 48. 
 Stewart, William, 29. 
 Storey, Wilbur F. , 29. 
 Stout, Ephriam, 48. 
 Strode, James M., 43. 
 Stuart, John T., 30. 
 
 T. 
 
 Taylor, Edmund D., 25, 28. 
 Tecumapeance, sister to Tecumseh, 
 
 38. 
 Tecumseh (Indian chief), 22, 23, 25, 
 
 38, 39- 
 
 Thomas, Francis, 39. 
 Thompkins, L. M., 43. 
 Thorp, Jonathan, 48. 
 Tonti, Henry de, 8, 9. 
 Trask, Hadassah, 36. 
 Turner, Ezekiel, 48. 
 
 V. 
 
 YanBuren, Martin, 22.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 53 
 
 Vance, Moses, B., 45. 
 VanScoyk, Joseph, 48. 
 Vermit, Vital, 46. 
 
 W. 
 
 Walker, Alfred, 37. 
 
 Walker, Capt. A., 27. 
 
 Walker, Cornelia, 46. 
 
 Walker, David, 37, 46. 
 
 Walker, George E., 38. 
 
 Walker, Hugh, 48. 
 
 Walker, Capt. James, 37-41. 
 
 Walker, James, 37. 
 
 Walker, Jesse, 25, 33, 37, 38, 46, 48. 
 
 Walker, John, 37. 
 
 Walk-in-the- Water (steamboat), 24. 
 
 Warrington, Arthur, 36. 
 
 Wasegoboah (Indian chief), 38. 
 
 Washington, George, 9, 12, 13. 
 
 Waters, Isaac, 48. 
 
 Watkins, Munson, 36. 
 
 Wayne, Anthony, 9, 13. 
 
 Weed, Edmond, 41, 48. 
 
 Weeks, Cole, 39, 40. 
 
 Welch, Michael, 37. 
 
 Welch, Mary Ann, 37. 
 
 Wells, William, 19. 
 Wentworth, Elijah, sr., 26. 
 Wentworth, Elijah, jr., 43. 
 Wentworth, John, 2, 3, 17, 20. 
 Whistler, William, 24. 
 Williams, Eleazer, n. 
 Williams, Eli B., 30. 
 Williams, Erastus $., 29. 
 Wilmette (Ouilmette), Antoine, 24 
 
 37, 48. 
 
 Wilmette, Elizabeth, 37. 
 Wilmette, Francis, 37. 
 Wilmette, Joseph, 37. 
 Wilmette, Josette, 37. 
 Wilmette, Louis, 37. 
 Wilmette, Mitchell, 37. 
 Wilmette, Sophia, 37. 
 Wilson, Jacob, 48. 
 Wilson, Seth, 48. 
 
 Wolcott, Alexander, 24, 40, 41, 48 
 Woodrow, Hugh, 48. 
 Woodrow, Samuel, 48. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Vellow Head (Indian chief), 38.
 
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