Vol. I NIVERS1TY OF ILLINOIS CIRCULAR ISSUED QUARTERLY March, 1915 k No. 3 Entered as Second Class Matter, October 16th, 1914, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of Congress, August 24th, 1912 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS College of Medicine PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS CHICAGO The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN ,: v ' * i" MAV> - "78 L161 — O-1096 JT2V THE EFFECTS OF HIGHER STANDARDS OF ADMISSION UPON ATTENDANCE AT MEDICAL SCHOOLS By Edmund Janes James, Ph.D., LL.D. President University of Illinois Assuming that the attendance at a college of medicine is approximately constant from year to year, it is evident that any increase in the requirements for admission to that col- lege is likely to result in a substantial decrease in the num- ber of those who will be able to matriculate in the year im- mediately following the change. For the prospective matric- ulants in any given year are of two general classes: namely, persons who have so planned their preparation as to com- plete the exact amount of work required for entrance to the medical college, and a considerably smaller number of per- sons who have completed a high school course and in addi- tion an amount of college work varying from that of a single semester to a full college course. The addition of a year of college work to the entrance requirements of a medical school in any given year will result in the exclusion of all of the prospective students of the first class mentioned and even a few of the second class. In the succeeding year the enrollment of new students ought naturally to be nearly normal. But if for that year the entrance requirements are again raised, there will or- dinarily be a second considerable decrease in the number of matriculants. For not only will all those prospective stu- dents of the first class still be insufficiently prepared for matriculation, but a much larger proportion of those of the second class will be unable to meet the additional require- ments. The above statements are fully confirmed by the experi- ence of the medical colleges of the country. During the last ten years seventy-eight medical colleges in the United States have so raised their entrance standards as to require for admission one or more years of collegiate work in addition to a standard four-year high school educa- tion. This improvement is due in large measure to the ac- tivity of the American Medical Association, which through its Council on Medical Education has labored unceasingly in an effort to elevate the standard of medical education in this country. Since 1904 the number of medical colleges has been re- duced, chiefly by the elimination of those of low grade, from one hundred and sixty to about one hundred. Of these, eighty-two now require for admission the completion of one or more years of college work. Of the eighty-two, thirty- seven have fixed two years or more of college work as a pre- requisite for admission. The adoption of a higher standard resulted in the case of nearly every college in a very considerable loss in attend- ance. Reports from fifty-four of these colleges indicate that forty-nine suffered a loss in the matriculation of freshmen students ranging from three to ninety-six per cent upon the adoption of their present requirements. The average loss of the forty-nine colleges was over sixty per cent. Of the other five colleges from which information is available four showed a slight gain and one experienced no change when the pres- ent requirements were adopted. It should be noted, how- ever, that of the four just mentioned two suffered a loss of sixty-six and seventy-one per cent respectively in the number of matriculations immediately following the first advance in the entrance requirements. Among the most noteworthy losses experienced upon the adoption of the present requirements for admission are the following : In the University of Alabama School of Medicine the number enrolled in the freshman class fell from thirty- seven to nine upon the adoption of a year of collegiate work as a prerequisite in 1914, a loss of approximately seventy- 4 five per cent. In the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, the number fell similarly from thirty-six to thir- teen, a loss of sixty-four per cent. Other decreases of the same kind were those of the University of California Med- ical Department, from thirty-one to eight, a seventy-four per cent loss ; Cornell University Medical College from one hun- dred five to ten, a ninety per cent loss; University of Colo- rado Medical Department from thirty-four to eleven, a sev- enty per cent loss; Georgetown University Medical Depart- ment from fifty-six to thirteen, a seventy-seven per cent loss ; Hahnemann College and Hospital, Philadelphia, from thirty- seven to eight, an eighty per cent loss ; University of Kansas from thirty-three to fourteen, fifty-eight per cent; Univer- sity of Louisville Medical Department, from ninety-five to four, ninety-six per cent ; University of Michigan College of Medicine, from one hundred forty-four to forty-eight, sixty- seven per cent; Ohio State University College of Medicine, one hundred fourteen to forty-one, sixty-four per cent ; Syra- cuse University College of Medicine, from forty-two to thir- teen, sixty-nine per cent; Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, from twenty-three to Hve f seventy-nine per cent ; Women 's Medical College of Philadelphia, from twenty- six to seven, seventy-three per cent; and Yale University Medical Department, from fifty-eight to fifteen, seventy-four per cent. The College of Medicine of the University of Illinois es- tablished as its entrance requirements for 1913-14 the com- pletion of fifteen units of secondary work and one year of work in a recognized college or university. The require- ments for 1914-15 included an additional year of college work. In common with those other medical schools which have recently advanced their requirements for admission the College of Medicine of the University of Illinois experienced in consequence the expected decrease in the number of ma- triculants from one hundred twenty-five to sixty-one in 1913 and from sixty-one to twelve in 1914. In this connection it may be of interest to state that twenty-one applicants for admission in 1914 were rejected who, with a little more preparation and the passing of a few not difficult examina- tions, might have qualified for admission. Of these twenty- one candidates for admission three held collegiate credits from institutions not recognized; the secondary credits offered by three persons were adjudged insufficient; one candidate was unable to secure a letter of honorable dis- missal ; the college credits offered by one candidate consisted only of the work required for the degree of D.D.S.; three had deficiencies in certain prescribed subjects altho having a sufficient total number of hours of college credit, and ten candidates would have required to be allowed a larger num- ber of conditions than the regulations of the college permit. In the institutions already referred to the attendance has in nearly every instance again become normal, after a rea- sonable time, and such institutions showed gains in matricu- lation in 1914 over that of the year in which the present re- quirements first went into effect, ranging from eight to four hundred and seventy-five per cent. Some of the more note- worthy of these instances of recuperation are : The Bellevue Hospital Medical College, a gain of one hundred seventy- seven per cent; University of California Medical Depart- ment, four hundred thirty-seven per cent; Johns Hopkins University Medical Department, three hundred seventy per cent; University of Iowa College of Medicine, one hundred seventy per cent ; University of Kansas School of Medicine, three hundred per cent; University of Michigan College of Medicine, one hundred eight per cent; Syracuse University College of Medicine, one hundred thirty per cent ; University of Vermont College of Medicine, one hundred fifty-eight per cent ; University of Utah College of Medicine, four hundred seventy-five per cent; Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, one hundred eighty per cent ; and Western Reserve University Medical College, three hundred thirty- three per cent. These percentages seem large, but that, of 6 course, is because the bases were freshman enrollments, which under the new conditions were small. It may reasonably be expected that until it becomes ad- visable to advance again the requirements for admission to the College of Medicine of the University of Illinois, a sat- isfactory increase will be observed in the number of matricu- lants each succeeding year from this time forth. Of this all may be sure, that the various administrative officers and instructors of the College and the University will labor unceasingly for the steady improvement of ihe facilities offered in this college, so that those who seek to prepare themselves here may be able to secure a prepara- tion in no respect inferior to that afforded by any other medical school in the country. Our alumni can do the college a real service by calling the attention of all their acquaintances and of future med- ical students to these facts. The College of Medicine of the University of Illinois is now registered with all the State boards as in the first class. The State of Illinois stands be- hind the institution. MILK EPIDEMICS OF SEPTIC SORE THROAT IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR RELATION TO STREPTOCOCCI* David John Davis, M.D., Ph.D. (Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago) In England epidemics of sore throat, bearing some rela- tion to the milk supply, were recognized as early as 1880 (Rugby). Since then a number of such epidemics have oc- curred and in those in which the etiology was investigated, streptococci were uniformly found to be the infectious agent. In some of these epidemics there were reasons to believe that udder or teat infections were the source of the organisms; in others the evidence seemed to point to a milker or handler as the source. ♦Reprinted from Science, N. S., Vol. XL., No. 1037, Pages 717-720, November 13, 1914. 7 In the United States the first epidemic of sore throat rec- ognized as having a definite relation to the milk supply ap- peared in Boston in 1911 and was carefully investigated by Winslow. 1 There is no doubt, I think, that many such epi- demics have occurred in the past in this country, as well as in other countries, but on account of the almost universal prevalence of ordinary colds and sore throats their epidemic character and origin were not recognized. Indeed, in the medical literature there are references here and there to out- breaks of severe colds and other similar infections associated with serious and fatal complications, such as peritonitis. It is not unlikely that such epidemics originated from a con- taminated milk supply since we know that these milk epi- demics are, as a rule, serious infections followed often by severe complications. In the case of milk epidemics of scar- let fever, diphtheria and typhoid fever, it may be pointed out that formerly their possible relation to the milk supply was not recognized or was denied, and only recently, when more intensive studies of such epidemics were made, has their true relation to milk supply been established. Since the Boston epidemic of 1911, similar outbreaks have been reported from Chicago, Baltimore, Boston (1912), Con- cord, N. H., Cortland and Homer (N. Y.), Wakefield and Stoneham (New York) and Jacksonville, 111. The number of persons stricken in these various epidemics has been esti- mated as follows: Boston, 1,400; Chicago, 10,000; Balti- more, 1,000; Boston (1912), 227; Concord, 1,000; Wakefield and Stoneham, 1,000; Cortland and Homer, 669; Jackson- ville, 348 ; making a total of nearly 16,000. Probably many more than this number were affected, since the above are all conservative estimates. This number is sufficient to give one some idea of the magnitude and importance of this type of infection. In all, the onset, the character of the symptoms, and the later complications are strikingly alike and, it may be said, V. Inf. Die., 1912, X., 73. 8 they agree in this respect with the epidemics in England. Furthermore, the relation to the milk supply appears to be unquestionable in all. The interesting fact stands out that there is a certain uniformity in the reports in that the con- taminated milk, though used perhaps by a small proportion of the people, still furnished a very high proportion (70, 80 or 90 per cent) of the reported cases. The remainder of the cases probably resulted from personal contact or from some other means. Streptococci were unquestionably the cause of the disease in the various epidemics, being found abundantly in the throats or in the secretions of the sick persons in all the cases investigated. This fact is of great importance because it establishes definitely the etiology, and since the clinical symp- toms in all the epidemics are so strikingly uniform, we may consider these infections as a definite clinical entity. They should, I think, take their place and be considered in text- books in medicine along with other infectious diseases, such as scarlet fever, measles, typhoid fever and the like. As regards the nature of the streptococci, there is a fair degree of uniformity so far as the reports of the various in- vestigators permit one to judge. They are all virulent, usu- ally highly so, for animals. In general, they correspond, with only slight variations, in their morphology, in their cul- tural characteristics, and in their biological properties. In certain respects there seem to be some slight differences be- tween these streptococci and the ordinary Streptococcus pyo- genes, and these differences have been sufficient to lead to the use of the special term Streptococcus epidemicus for them. It should be stated that it may be questioned whether or not the differences between them and the Streptococcus pyogenes are sufficient to justify such a distinction. They may be simply highly virulent strains of ordinary Streptococcus pyogenes whose properties have been modified by animal passage. In some of the reports, particularly the earlier ones, and this is especially true of the English epidemics, descriptions of 9 the streptococci are not given in detail. In certain instances this could not be done because the epidemic was practically- over before its study was undertaken. It is unfortunate that this is so, because it is very important that the organisms from each of these epidemics be carefully studied in order that the results may be correlated. It may not be out of place here to call the attention of physicians and health officials to the im- portance of such studies. Especially should the local physi- cians and health officers in small communities and towns be on the lookout for such epidemics, for it is they who meet these cases early, the time most suitable naturally for the iso- lation and study of the causative agent. Such physicians and health officers should see to it that a careful baeteriologic study be undertaken as soon as possible. If they have not the means at hand or for any reason do not care to undertake such a detailed study, they should send the material to some labora- tory where this can be done. The writer would be glad to examine such organisms with a view to identification, and re- quests any who may desire to do so to send such material to him. It may be stated that in the future it is probable that the small community will be affected by such milk epidemics more frequently than the larger cities, since the milk products are apt to be less carefully handled and pasteurization will less often be required than in larger places. One of the properties noted in the streptococci from nearly all the epidemics is that of hemolyzing blood when the colonies are grown on human or rabbit blood agar plates. While there has been slight variations in the strains studied, they have been strikingly alike in this respect. By hemolysis is meant that a well-defined wide clear zone appears about the colonies in 24 hours at incubator temperature. It does not mean a slight halo occurring about the colonies nor does it mean a slight narrow ring of cleared media developing perhaps after 48 hours or more as occurs with certain strains of organisms. This property is of great importance because it is a very ready 10 and practical means of differentiating such organisms from the common Streptococcus lacticus (Bad. gilntheri) which is not hemolytic. The latter is practically always present in nor- mal milk, and so far as we know is of no sanitary significance. It should be pointed out that there are other perhaps more reliable but less practical means of determining the hemolytic power of bacteria than the simple plate method. I refer to such methods as those of Lyall 2 and Marmorek 3 which should be used as confirmatory tests, where they are of real value. It is not to be understood that every hemolytic strepto- coccus is necessarily virulent or dangerous to man. But find- ing them in any considerable number in milk should make one very suspicious of udder disease, and such milk should at once be excluded from use. The question of the source of streptococci causing these epidemics of sore throat is an important one. Two possible sources are recognized : the one bovine — the udder or teats of the cow; the other human — some lesion in the throats, hands, etc., of a milker or handler. It is a difficult matter to abso- lutely prove in a given case whether or not the infection is bovine or human in origin. This is because practically iden- tical hemolytic streptococci occur in the diseased udders of cows and also in the throats and on the hands of milk han- dlers. Furthermore, both streptococcal infections of udders in cows and streptococcal infections in the human are rela- tively common ; consequently, in an investigation of large num- bers of cows and of milk handlers, as is usually necessary in studying these epidemics, one is very apt to find instances of one or the other and hence draw conclusions accordingly. On the other hand, the real source of streptococci may be over- looked on account of some hidden focus of infection in the throat or tonsils of a milker which could not be detected in an ordinary throat examination. Or a cow might be suffering with inflammation of the udder and discharging millions of 2 Jour. Med. Research, 1914, XXX., 487. *Ann. de VInst. Past., 1902, XVI., 172. 11 streptococci in the milk and still, as the writer has shown ex- perimentally, the udder may show no physical signs of disease and might thereby escape detection on inspection. For these reasons it is readily seen how one might be misled in his con- clusions when looking for the ultimate source of streptococci causing an epidemic. In the Boston epidemic the source of the streptococci was not clear, Winslow stating that it was probably a carrier. In the Chicago epidemic, certain facts suggest that the origin was bovine, but absolute proof was lacking. Stokes and Hatch- ell from their investigations of the Baltimore outbreak "feel reasonably sure the infection was caused by streptococci of the epidemicus type from cases of mastitis among the herds sup- plying the dairy." 4 In the report of the Concord, N. H., epi- demic, made by Mann 5 no mention is made of a possible bovine source. There was evidently sufficient opportunity for con- tamination of the milk by human carriers on the farms sup- plying the milk. In the Wakefield and Stoneham (N. Y.) epi- demic reported by Morse 6 a very definite connection seemed to exist between the epidemic and a throat abscess in one of the milkers. In the report of the Cortland and Homer epi- demic made by North, White and Avery, the statement is made that "two cows having inflamed udders in the herd of Dairy X were undoubtedly responsible for the epidemic of septic sore throat." 7 At Jacksonville, 111., the epidemic, studied by Dr. J. A. Capps and the writer, 8 was caused by hemolytic streptococci and from two cows supplying milk to Dairy X the same organisms were isolated. No suspicious human carriers could be found on the farms or among the milk handlers. From the above it is seen that bovine and human sources are suspicious, and perhaps each or both at times may be re- public Health Reports, 1912, Vol. 27, p. 1923. Mour. of Inf. Dis., 1913, 12, 481. *Am. Jour. Pub. Health, 1914, 4, 506. 'Jour. Inf. Disease, 1914, 14, p. 132. "Arch, of Int. Med., 1914, 14, 650. 12 sponsible. It is known that human streptococci may be highly virulent for cows 8 and the reverse may also very probably be true. In an analysis of milk organisms, therefore, the fact that hemolytic streptococci have been the cause in probably all the sore throat epidemics centers our attention at once upon this type of streptococcus. As yet there is no evidence that other types have any sanitary significance whatever so far as sore throat or any other human disease is concerned. I therefore call attention to the fact that in any investigation of milk streptococci, whether from the standpoint of pure or applied bacteriology, the relation of the streptococcci to hemo- lysis of blood should be carefully noted. It is well known, of course, that hemolysis may not be an absolutely stable prop- erty in any given strain. A strain may occasionally alter its power in this respect just as it may change its fermentative properties under certain conditions. For practical purposes, however, it is of very great value, as I believe every one who has occasion to work with pathogenic streptococci will admit. Furthermore, the fact that the hemolytic property cannot be correlated with other properties such as those of fermentation does not detract from its value as a differentiating feature, but rather adds to it. The question of pasteurization is an interesting one in re- lation to these infections. In the case of at least four of the epidemics in this country the infected milk had been pasteur- ized by the * 'flash" method and the evidence in all indicated quite clearly that the milk was contaminated before pasteuri- zation. Nothing further need be said, therefore concerning the absolute inefficiency of the " flash' ' method. The harm it may do by giving the people a sense of false security is also self-evident. In the remaining epidemics the milk was con- sumed raw. It would seem that our only safeguard against such epidemics is efficient pasteurization not only of the milk and cream, but also of the material entering into the manu- facture of other milk products. It is a point of some impor- •Davis and Capps. Jour. Inf. Bis., 1914, 15, 135. 13 tance that it is not uncommon for firms to sell pasteurized milk, but to sell cream in the raw state. The latter of course may be even more dangerous than milk. The question as to what constitutes efficient pasteurization for streptococci is one that evidently requires further study. It is commonly stated in the literature that pathogenic strep- tococci are killed at relatively low temperatures (52°-54° C. for 10 minutes, Sternberg). Undoubtedly for many strains this is altogether too low. The recent work of Ayers and John- son 9 indicates that the thermal death point of typical strepto- cocci varies considerably and one of 22 strains studied by them resisted heating for 30 minutes at 62.8° C. (145° P.), the usual temperature for pasteurizing. Furthermore, their via- bility in milk and milk products should be carefully studied since we know the media may exert an important effect on the resistance of organisms to heat. The pasteurization process may therefore have to be modified accordingly to meet these demands. QUINE LIBRARY. The library has endeavored to keep pace with the improve- ments made in the other departments of the College of Med- icine of the University of Illinois. It is the aim of the library committee to build up a medical library that will be one of the valuable assets of the college — a practical working library that will be as useful a workshop and as well equipped in mate- rials as are the various laboratories of the college. Ever increasing demands are being made on the resources of the library, by the large number of men who spend their entire day at the college, by the senior students who have thesis work requiring much library research, by the under- classmen and the practicing physicians who are quickly at- "Jour. of Agricultural Research, 1914, 2, p. 321. 14 tracted to an institution which supplies them with the mate- rials they need in their daily work. The library completely outgrew its quarters in the south- east part of the building and an additional room across the hall from the main library has been fitted up as an annex and furnished to serve the combined purpose of study room and stack room. A dental department has been added, and while the num- ber of dental books is not great, every volume has been care- fully selected and no dead material is found in this recently established branch. The statistics of the growth of the library since July 1, 1913, show that nearly 3,000 volumes have been added during this time. By far the greater part of this growth is due to one large donation. The library had long been the storehouse for this collection known as the Columbus Memorial Library, but it was not until the fall of 1913 that the volumes became an integral part of the library and were accessioned and cat- alogued. About 600 new books have been added by purchase and the remainder of the additions have come as individual donations and through the regular process of binding the cur- rent volumes of periodicals. Departmental libraries have been started in the depart- ments of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chem- istry, Pathology and Experimental Medicine, only such books going to these special libraries as are necessary in the technical work of the several departments. Over 200 periodicals are regularly received, 112 from America, 73 from Germany, 12 from England, 15 from France, 3 from Italy, 4 from Canada, 1 from Japan and one from the Canal Zone. One hundred and seventy-five journals are re- ceived as paid subscriptions, and the remainder are sent to the library as complimentary copies through the generosity of the publishers. The efforts of the library committee are concentrated on an effort to complete the more important sets of foreign peri- 15 odicals which presents unusual difficulties owing to the Euro- pean war. Practically every important set of the American medical journals has been completed and is now at the dis- posal of the patrons of the library. A fireproof building to house this increasing collection of valuable books is the most urgent need of the library at the present time, and it is hoped that before another number of the bulletin is issued definite steps may have been taken look- ing toward some adequate protection for this collection of books which is constantly growing in size and in value. MEDICAL RESEARCH CLUB OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. With the completion of a short but successful series of meetings last year the Medical Research Club of the Univer- sity of Illinois is commencing its second year with bright prospects for continued prosperity. The distance from Ur- bana makes it practically impossible for members of the Col- lege of Medicine faculty to attend meetings of the various scientific organizations at the University. Secondly, the na- ture of the investigative work carried on by the medical fac- ulty is more or less closely related and specific in character. Hence, for the purpose of having a society whereby the mem- bers might have helpful suggestions and sympathetic criticism of their endeavors, the Medical Research Club was formed. According to its constitution "the object of this club shall be the stimulation of scientific research among its members. " Any person with requisite scientific training who is carrying on meritorious scientific investigation is eligible to active mem- bership. The present membership is sixteen, the majority of whom are devoting their entire time to teaching and research. Last year the affairs of the club were ably conducted by Dr. D. J. Davis as president and Dr. Wm. II. Welker as secre- tary. For the present year Dr. Welker has been elected pres- ident and Dr. J. J. Moore secretary. 16 The following papers have been presented before the Club : "Some Observations on the Decapitated Young Nee turns.' * Dr. A. C. Eycleshymer. "Experimental Bovine Mastitis Produced with Strepto- cocci of Human Origin. " Dr. D. J. Davis. "Candy Medication." ta t» j -n J Dr. Bernard Fantus. "A Contribution to the Independence of the Lobes of the Liver. ' ' Drs. F. K. Bartlett and Harry J. Corper. "The Appearance of Non-colloidal Ninhydrin Reacting Substances in the Urine under Normal and Pathological Con- ditions and During Pregnancy." Drs. F. H. Falls and Wm. H. Welker. "Prophylactic Vaccine Therapy in Experimental Strep- tococcal Arthritis." ^ x x , r Dr. J. J. Moore. "A Non-emetic Preparation of Ipecac." Dr. Bernard Fantus. "Protein Poison and the Tonsil." Dr. W. H. Burmeister. "A Disease Resembling Scurvy Caused by Feeding Milk to Guinea Pigs." Drs. J. J. Moore and D. J. Davis. "The Experimental Acclimatization of the Philippine Monkey to the Tropical Sun." Dr. A. 0. Shaklee. "The Toxicity of Rattlesnake Serum and Bile with a Note on the Effect of Bile on the Toxicity of Venom. ' ' Drs. Wm. H. Welker and John Marshall. 17 1 ' The Milk Epidemic of Septic Sore Throat at Jacksonville, Illinois." Dr. D. J. Davis. "The Antidotal Value of Fuller's Earth in Alkaloidal Poisoning.' ' Dr. Bernard Fantus. "The Effects of the Long- Continued Feeding of the Sa- ponin from Quillaja Saponaria. ,, Drs. C. L. Alsberg and C. S. Smith. "On the Occurrences of a 9 mm. Human Embryo in the Margin of a Full Term Placenta." Dr. R. L. Moodie. 1 * On the Specificity of Placental Proteins in Skin Reactions of the Human Body. ' ' Drs. F. H. Falls and F. K. Bartlett. ' ' Complement Fixation in Hodgkin 's Disease. ' ' Dr. J. J. Moore. These papers, with others to be presented this year, are to be published as the collected researches of the Club. Reprints of most of these articles can be obtained from the authors by those especially interested in any individual piece of work. J. J. MOORE, Secretary. ALUMNI NEWS. This being the first of a series of articles of interest to the Alumni, it is the object of the officers to acquaint the Alumni Body concerning future plans and work. As you all know, the Alumni Association has been very busy in the past few years in aiding the Medical Department and hopes to continue the good work whenever possible. The upbuilding of our Medical Department in both finances and 18 enrollment can be brought about more rapidly and efficiently by real active support from the Alumni than by all other causes combined. Some of our Alumni have earned enviable reputations because of their excellent work, but they enjoy the same as individuals and not as Alumni of the University of Illinois because there has been no concerted effort on the part of the Alumni to make such facts known. In the future we expect each alumnus to send in such information as will keep the Alumni posted concerning progress in our own ranks. It has been rumored that we may hold our graduating exer- cises at the University, thus enabling our Alumni to be present at the General Alumni Exercises at the University every year. This step would keep us in closer touch with the University than ever before and would demonstrate conclusively that we are part of a great University, and not a small independent organization with a doubtful future. We must have closer co-operation to achieve results, and the first step in the right direction is to address all correspond- ence to Dr. Frank Chauvet, Secy., 726 S. Crawford Ave., Chi- cago, and pay your dues promptly to Dr. Robt. Morris, Treas., 4301 Ellis Ave., Chicago. Respectfully submitted, J. M. BERGER, President. THE COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY. The College of Dentistry University of Illinois is a new institution ; new in equipment, new in spirit, new in organiza- tion and hope. It is now an organic department of the Uni- versity of Illinois, and therefore under the direct supervision of President James. This fact alone gives it high ground. The equipment is scarcely surpassed in any modern dental college. General Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, General Bacteriology and General Pathology are taught in the College of Medicine by members of the medical faculty who are also 19 members of the dental faculty. These men have shown a keen interest in the education of dental students, and are making a worthy contribution to modern dental education in the splen- did manner in which the fundamental subjects are taught. The department requires full fifteen units of work from an accredited high school, or equivalent institution of learning, for admission. We feel that the Alumni of the College of Medicine may do a splendid thing for the dental department by sending us desirable young men for the study of dentistry. The new note in Medicine — facial infections — calls for a new type of dentist. The faculty of the College of Dentistry is committed to the problem of preparing this new type of dentist. The depart- ments of Medicine and Dentistry of the University of Illinois have a splendid opportunity to make a well-rounded contribu- tion to the weal of society. We ask your sympathy and co- operation. We hope you will refer prospective students of dentistry to us. FREDERICK B. MOOREHEAD, Dean.