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 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 
 
 m 1 1 1985 
 
 
 
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 OCT 2 1986 
 
 
 
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 DEC 18 1991 
 
 
 
 SEP 30 «« 
 
 
 
 J\)L2' 
 
 .2003 
 
 L16I— O1095 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/planningforrestoOOuniv 
 
M d 5 mi 
 
 PLANNING FOR 
 THE RESTORATION, 
 
 MAINTENANCE, 
 
 AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 OF CRYSTAL LAKE 
 
 v. 
 
 Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning 
 Environmental Land-Use Workshop Class 
 UP 338-L(1983) 
 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 
 
 LIBRARY U. .,- ;.. '• 
 
 i->T^ n • srr. r 1^1 
 
 m 
 
K 
 
 r. 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Chapter Page 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 45 
 48 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 66 
 74 
 78 
 
 84 
 85 
 
 87 
 
 100 
 117 
 122 
 128 
 
 129 
 133 
 150 
 151 
 156 
 157 
 
 I. 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 II. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 III. 
 
 Lake Restoration 
 
 
 A. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 
 B. 
 
 Methods 
 
 
 C. 
 
 Findings 
 
 1. Sediment Removal 
 
 2. Sediment Disposal 
 
 3. Water Source 
 
 4. Slope Stabilization 
 
 5. Revegetation 
 
 
 D. 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 IV. 
 
 Water Quality Monitoring and Vascular 
 
 
 A. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 
 B. 
 
 Methods 
 
 
 C. 
 
 Findings 
 
 1. Water Quality Monitoring 
 
 2. Vascular Plants 
 
 
 D. 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 V. 
 
 Fis 
 
 heries Stocking and Management 
 
 
 A. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 
 B. 
 
 Methods 
 
 
 C. 
 
 Findings 
 
 1. Fish Removal 
 
 2. Fish Restocking 
 
 3. Fish Habitat Development 
 
 4. Fish, Management and Monitoring 
 
 
 D. 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 VI. 
 
 Funding, Present and Future Lake Use 
 
 
 A. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 
 B. 
 
 Methods 
 
 
 C. 
 
 Findings 
 
 
 D. 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 
 E. 
 
 Appendix A 
 
 
 F. 
 
 Appendix B 
 
 VII. 
 
 Ref 
 
 erences — ' 
 
 / 
 
 
LIST OF TABLES 
 
 Table IIl-l - }|ydraulic dredging cost estimates. 
 
 Table III-2 - Cost estimates for hydraulic hedging (15,000 cy) sup- 
 plementing dragline dredging (35,000 cy) of sediment. 
 
 Table III-3 - Cost estimates for dragline dredging after partial draw- 
 down. 
 
 Table III-4 - Advantages and disadvantages of sediment removal alter- 
 natives. 
 
 Table III-5 - A list of plants recommended for planting along the shore- 
 line of Crystal Lake. 
 
 Table IV-1 - A list of tests that can be performed by model DR/1 
 (Hach, 1982). 
 
 Table IV-2 - A list of tests that can be performed by model DREL/4 
 (Hach, 1982). 
 
 Table IV-3 - Benefits and limitations of mechanical control measures 
 (Bates, 1976). 
 
 Table IV-4 - Benefits and limitations of chemical control measures 
 (Bates, 1976). 
 
 Table IV-5 - Benefits and limitations of biological control measures 
 (Bates, 1976). 
 
 Table V-1 - Illinois Department of Conservation recommendations for 
 type and number of fish/acre. 
 
 Table V-2 - Illinois Natural History Survey recommendations for type 
 and number of fish/acre. 
 
 Table V-3 - Fender's Fish Hatchery recommendations for type and number 
 of fish/acre. 
 
 Table V-4 - Fish prices at the John B. Fitzpatrick ashery Management 
 Service. 
 
 Table V-5 - Fish prices at Fender's Fish Hatchery. 
 
 Table V-6 - Estimated expenditures incurred by Illinois Department of 
 Conservation's fish stocking recommendations. 
 
 Table V-7 - Estimated expenditures incurred by Illinois Natural History 
 Survey's fish stocking recommendations. 
 
 ii 
 
LIST OF TABLES (continued) 
 
 Table V-8 - Estimated expenditures incurred by Fender's Fish Hatchery's 
 fish stocking recommendations. 
 
 Table V-9 - Recommended stocking densities for adult fish and respec- 
 tive costs. 
 
 iii 
 
LIST OF FIGURES 
 
 Figure II-l - Diagram of steps leading to eutrophication of a lake and 
 the subsequent infringement on recreational potential. 
 
 Figure II-2 - Steps and time sequence involved in hydraulic method. 
 
 Figure II-3 - Steps and time sequence involved in complete drawdown 
 and excavation method. 
 
 Figure II-A - Steps and time sequence involved in hydraulic and shore- 
 line dragline method. 
 
 Figure 11-5 - Steps and time sequence involved in partial drawdown 
 and dragline within shoreline basin method. 
 
 Figure III-l - Illustration of a hydraulic dredge in use. 
 
 Figure III-2 - Illustration of a dragline crane in use. 
 
 Figure III-3 - Illustration of rip rap, a technical method for bank 
 stabilization. 
 
 Figure III-4 - Illustration of geo-textiles, a technical method for 
 bank stabilization. 
 
 Figure III-5 - Illustration of gabions, a technical method for bank 
 stabilization. 
 
 Figure III-6A- Top view of docks. 
 
 Fugure III-6B- Side view of docks. 
 
 Figure III-7 - Proposed locations for t-docks. 
 
 Figure III-8 - Shoreline areas to be revegetated. 
 
 Figure III-9 - Cross-section of land area revealing area aquifers. 
 
 Figure IV-1 - Recommended planting locations for cattails and arrowheads. 
 
 Figure V-1 - Recommended fish species to be stocked in Crystal Lake 
 (Smith, 1979). 
 
 Figure V-2 - Recommended fish species to be stocked in Crystal Lake 
 (Smith, 1979). 
 
 Figure V-3 - Comparison of irregular contour of lake bottom which in- 
 creases fish habitat with that of a regular homogenous 
 type lake bottom. 
 
 iv 
 
LIST OF FIGURES (continued) 
 
 Figure V-4 - Irregular lake bed topography which provides habitat. 
 
 Figure V-5 - Cross-section of a wide and narrow littoral shelf. 
 
 Figure V-6 - Diagram of a 1:10 and a 1:3 littoral shelf slope. 
 
 Figure V-7 - Cross-section of littoral shelf showing placement of large 
 rocks to provide stabilization. 
 
 Figure V-8 - Brush unit for artificial reefs (Prince, et.al., 1977). 
 
 Figure V-9 - Different tire units to be used in the artificial reefs 
 (Prince, et.al., 1977). 
 
 a) Single-tire unit 
 
 b) Triangular tire unit 
 
 c) Pyramid tire unit 
 
 Figure V-10 - High profile tire unit (Prince, et.al., 1977). 
 
 Figure V-11 - Artificial structures for fish spawning. 
 
 a) Box frames filled with gravel 
 
 b) Concrete blocks and PVC pipes 
 
 Figure V-12 - Recommended locations of small and large artificial reefs 
 in Crystal Lake. 
 
SECTION I. RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 After thorough evaluation of the information obtained during the 
 study, the following recommendations are proposed for implementation by 
 the Urbana Park District to restore Crystal Lake to a no re appropriate 
 recreational facility: 
 
 1. Based upon economic, environmental, and social costs , complete 
 drainage and sediment excavation is recommended to deepen and re- 
 contour the lake bottom. 
 
 2. If complete drainage is not possible, due to inclement weather 
 conditions or the location of groundwater aquifers, the hydraulic 
 dedege-dragline crane alternative, described within the report, is 
 recommended as an alternative to sediment removal. 
 
 3. The Champaign County Fairgrounds should be used for final disposal 
 of the lake sediment. Temporary disposal during the fair period 
 (ie. June 1 - August 1) in the vicinity of the Crystal Lake Park 
 playground area is recommended. 
 
 4. A well and pump are recommended to provide a new water supply for 
 Crystal Lake. 
 
 5. A professional evaluation of the existing lake outflow structure 
 should be made to determine its potential for rehabilitation to meet 
 the needs of the Park District, If results varrant, a new structure 
 should be installed during the first phase of the project. 
 
 6. A combination of technical and revegetation methods should be im- 
 plemented to control slope erosion along the banks of Crystal Lake. 
 Geo-textiles and gabion mattresses are recommended technical methods. 
 T-shaped docks are suggested to provide access and control over-use 
 of critical shoreline areas. 
 
 7. Shoreline revegetation, according to suggested plant species contained 
 within the report, should begin in late summer or early fall after 
 dredging is completed. Dead or dying trees along the shoreline 
 
 need to be removed. 
 
 8. Following dredging and refilling an initial test for chemical con- 
 stituents of lake water should be conducted. 
 
 9. Water quality testing for phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, and 
 transparency should be performed monthly from October through April 
 and twice a month from May through September. 
 
10. Water samples for chemical analysis should be collected from at least 
 three permanent locations within the lake; a) a deep station; b) a 
 shallow station; and c) a station near the outflow structure. 
 
 11. A Hach Chemical Test Kit should be purchased by the Park District 
 
 to be used by Park District personnel for testing water samples col- 
 lected from Crystal Lake. Continued use of a secchi disk is recom- 
 mended to measure lake transparency. 
 
 12. Planting of cattails and arrowheads is recommended at specific loca- 
 tions to provide bank and bottom stabilization, fish habitat, and to 
 guard against erosion. 
 
 13. A plant management program should be implemented as soon as possible. 
 Pulling of new shoots, algae raking, and use of specific herbicides 
 are suggested. 
 
 lA. Prior to lake dredging, larger game fish should be removed from 
 
 Crystal Lake, retained in a local pond, and eventually returned to 
 the lake following restoration. All other fish should be destroyed; 
 Rotenone is the suggested toxicant for fish removal. 
 
 15. Following restoration, Crystal Lake should be restocked with fish. 
 The recommended fish for restocking are: Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth 
 Bass, Redear Sunfish, Fathead Minnow, and Channel Catfish. 
 
 16. During dredging, the lake bottom should be irregularly contoured, 
 with depths over 12 feet in at least 25% of the lake. 
 
 17. Artificial structures, including brush and tire reefs of varying 
 sizes, should be utilized to provide adequate fish habitat. 
 
 18. A fisheries monitoring program, consisting of annual inventories of 
 each population, is recommended as a component of the fish management 
 program. 
 
 19. Fish size limits are not initially recommended for bass. 
 
 20. It is recommended that the Park District continue to seek external 
 funding from private as well as public sources. It is rot recommended 
 that the Park District delay restoration until such funding is attained. 
 
SECTION II. INTRODUCTION TO UP 338-L WORKSHOP REPORT 
 by 
 L. L. Osborne, Ph.D. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Many lakes throughout the world are undergoing accelerated aging 
 which can be attributed to poor land use practices within the watershed 
 and to insufficient management of the lake system. Lakes are important 
 to urban inhabitants, providing not only a recreational center, but also 
 contributing to flood control, and in some instances serving as a source 
 of potable water supplies. 
 
 Illinois has over 80,000 surface water impoundments, totaling over 
 280,000 acres. The majority of Illinois lakes are very small, generally 
 less than 10 acres in size and are generally man-made. Stout (1980) 
 reported that less than six percent of the water impoundments within the 
 state of Illinois are natural, but rather potholes excavated during con- 
 struction, or are former bends (oxbows) of a river channel (as in the 
 case of Crystal Lake) which have been effectively blocked at both the 
 inflow and outflow. More importantly, the soils of raich of Illinois 
 are very fertile which provides a more than adequate natural source of 
 nutrients to most lakes. This natural nutrient supply in conjunction 
 with intensive agricultural activities such as fertilization and tillage 
 contributes excessive amounts of nutrients and sediment to these natural 
 catch basins. 
 
 Despite the relatively large amount of water impoundments within 
 the state of Illinois, the immediate vicinity of Urbana-Champaign is 
 substantially below the state average for aquatic recreational facili- 
 ties (Clark, Dletz, and Assoc, 1978). The primary aquatic recreational 
 
area for Urbana residents is Crystal Lake (Section 8, Township 19, 
 Range 9 East, 3rd Principal Meridian) located in the north-north-west 
 portion of the city of Urbana, Illinois. 
 
 Crystal Lake is typical of most Illinois lakes; it is relatively 
 small (approximately 7 acres), it is a man-made oxbow lake, and suffers 
 from rapid anthropogenic induced lake aging. Lake aging is a natural 
 process which is the basis of study of many freshwater ecologists. 
 Man-induced nutrient loading (primarily phosporus and nitrogen based 
 nutrients) and increased sedimentation greatly accelerates the natural 
 aging process of lakes. This process is referred to as eutrophication. 
 Eutrophication is characterized by a reduction in the quality of lake 
 water due to the accumulation of decaying organic matter, decreased 
 lake volume attributable to increased sedimentation and the deposition 
 of partially decomposed organic materials, and increases in the produc- 
 tion and standing crop of nuisance weeds, algae, and aquatic plants 
 (Figure II-l). 
 
 Associated with the above water quality changes are an increased 
 probability of fish kills due to diurnal fluctuations in the oxygen con- 
 centration of the water and the build-up of toxic compounds from decom- 
 position of organic materials and the metabolism of various species of 
 blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) . The latter are primarily responsible for 
 the foul odor associated with eutrophic lakes. Depletion of oxygen is 
 generally insufficient to kill all species of fish within the lake. 
 Rather, only the most oxygen sensitive species are eliminated from the 
 system. Unfortunately, the oxygen sensitive species in this area are 
 generally the primary game fish. 
 
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Successful restoration of lakes suffering from intense eutrophication 
 has been performed (eg. Lake Paradise, Illinois). Many times, however, 
 the cost of such efforts are prohibitive. Thus, it is important that 
 any individual or organization undertaking such a project be aware of 
 the costs and more importantly, be provided vjith adequate information 
 on the various approaches to restoration. 
 
 The appropriate approaches for the successful restoration of a lake 
 are in most instances site specific, requiring consideration of the sur- 
 rounding land-use activities, a knowledge of the sources of the problem 
 and consideration of the costs, and ultimate uses cf the feke. The fol- 
 lowing report contains a detailed plan for the restoration of Crystal 
 Lake conducted by the UP 338-L Environmental Land Use Workshop class from 
 the University of Illinois, Department of Urban and Regional Planning. 
 The class was under the supervision of Prof. Lewis L. Osborne. A list 
 of workshop participants is contained within the report. 
 
 The principle objectives of this study were: 
 
 1. to provide an evaluation of the procedures available for the 
 restoration of Crystal Lake, and a course of action for restor- 
 ing the lake to a condition that will provide a reasonable and 
 lasting recreationally and aesthetically pleasing public use 
 area; 
 
 2. to provide an estimate of present lake use and provide an es- 
 timate of future lake use through 1993 of the lake following 
 restoration; 
 
 3. to develop a water quality monitoring program to be used as an 
 early warning system by the Urbana Park District; 
 
 4. to provide an initial fish restocking and subsequent management 
 program with a habitat development protocol. 
 
 In conducting this investigation, attention was given to the needs 
 
 of local residents, and considerations given to the potential environmental 
 
and economic concerns of the Urbana I'ark District. Further, particular 
 attention was given to the development of a water quality and fish mon- 
 itoring program to be implemented by the Park District. The latter was 
 felt to be of particular importance so as to provide the Park District 
 with the capabilities of assessing future lake quality deterioration 
 before costly mitigating and restorative measures had to once again be 
 taken. Throughout the report, our research group worked on the assump- 
 tion that the three city storm sewers entering the lake will be removed 
 and discharged into the Saline River as recommended ii the Clark, Dietz, 
 and Associate report. Without such changes in storm sewer discharges, 
 it is felt that the procedures outlined within this report are of only 
 very temporary value. Furthermore, the need for a specially designed 
 levee to reduce the amount of flood water overflow from the Saline River 
 was also deemed appropriate (see Clark, Dietz, and Assoc. Report). 
 Unfortunately, personnel with the appropriate expertise were not avail- 
 able within the class to adequately assess the necessary engineering 
 requirements. 
 
 In conducting this study, the ten member class broke up into one of 
 four separate working groups, each of which was assigned one of the 
 principle project objectives previously listed. The students gathered 
 information through verbal and written correspondence with recognized 
 experts, readings of scientific literature, and by contacting various 
 contractors and local authorities. The following report is a compilation 
 of that information. The recommendations contained within the report 
 are based upon the data obtained and an evaluation of the information 
 as it related to the needs of the Urbana Park District within the 
 
capabilities of the class members. 
 
 Figures II-2 through II-5 contain an overall restoration plan and 
 a time sequence for implementation of each project component discussed 
 within the text for the four means of lake sediment renoval examined 
 within the report. Sections III through VI contain detailed assessments 
 of major study categories from the four project objectives outlined 
 earlier. Discussions of the information accumulated en each specific 
 aspect of the study are contained within each of the leport sections. 
 
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SEDIMENT EXCAVATION AND DISPOSAL 
 BANK STABILIZATION AND REVEGATATiON 
 
SECTION III - SEDIMENT REMOVAL-DISPOSAL AND BANK STABILIZATION 
 by 
 K. Guiney, L. Marshall-Lewis, B. Lewis, and L. Raymon 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Crystal Lake is no longer a high quality water resource for the city 
 of Urbana. It has rapidly deteriorated, filling in with sediments re- 
 sulting from storm sewers and urban runoff. As it is the only public 
 freshwater lake in Urbana, its importance to the community cannot be 
 understated. 
 
 The workshop's goal of preparing a plan to rehabilitate Crystal 
 Lake began with the development of objectives aimed at upgrading its 
 aesthetic and recreational qualities. The objectives are: 
 
 1. How to remove and dispose of the existing sediments. 
 
 2. Methods to stabilize highly eroded areas along the shoreline. 
 
 3. Limit access to control erosion. 
 
 4. Review maintenance techniques such as outflow structure and 
 water source. 
 
 To meet these objectives, the lake's problems were assessed, solu- 
 tions developed, and alternatives were proposed and evaluated. Criteria 
 used to evaluate these were cost, environmental impacts, time, and ef- 
 fectiveness. A comprehensive view was taken in developing alternatives. 
 Particular emphasis was placed on environmental damage, sociological 
 effects on nearby residents, and the needs of special groups such as the 
 elderly and handicapped. 
 
 METHODS 
 
 The first phase of the methodology was a literature search. Material 
 directly related to the subject was scarce. I'fhat material was found was 
 
 14 
 
generally in the form of case studies which made it difficult to relate 
 to the Crystal Lake Project. One good source was found on the subject 
 of slope stabilization, along with another on revegetation. Material 
 on dredging, sediment removal, water supply, etc. was usually vague and 
 not relevant to this study. 
 
 The majority of the information used in Section III was obtained 
 from personal communications. Contacts within the areas of construction, 
 engineering, academia, the public sector, trucking, and waste management 
 were made. Some were interviewed in person while others were contacted 
 by telephone. In the case of dredging and slope stabilization, informa- 
 tion was sent by mail. Frequent trips to Crystal Lake for observations 
 were interspersed after information was acquired. Adjustments in pro- 
 posals and/or work-in-progress were made if necessary. Areas requiring 
 additional information were pinpointed and the information gathering 
 process repeated. 
 
 Among the first contacts were professors at the University of 
 Illinois. It was anticipated that these professionals vould have informa- 
 tion on the most up-to-date techniques and procedures. This was not as 
 prevalent as had been anticipated. One important contact was Dr. R.C. 
 Hiltibran, retired professor. Natural History Survey. He provided leads 
 to other lakes in the Champaign-Urbana area that have employed dredging 
 and sediment removal, what methods were used, and an idea of the probable 
 success of each method. Another contact within the University was Profes- 
 sor A. Nieto, civil engineering. A discussion on methods of slope stabil- 
 ization produced simple, feasible, and economical ways to deal with the 
 erosion problem. Professor Nieto was also cited by another contact as 
 
 15 
 
the expert in the field of the engineering capacity of the soils in the 
 Champaign-Urbana area (in conjunction with the construction of the 
 sediment ponds). 
 
 Others contacted outside the University included: Oene Sanks , 
 Urbana Park District, Keith Kessler, director, Champaign County Fair- 
 grounds, Richard Sheets, Western Lion (waste management). Still other 
 contacts included businesses and sales representatives from the Champaign- 
 Urbana area and out-of-state. For a complete listing cf all contacts, 
 see the Reference section at the end of this report. 
 
 FINDINGS 
 Sediment Removal 
 
 This section comprises one component of an overall effort to develop 
 a plan for the successful restoration of Crystal Lake. The objectives 
 of this section were to: 
 
 1. Examine methods of lake sediment removal; and 
 
 2. Evaluate the applicability of each method in relation to the 
 particular needs and physical characteristics of Crystal Lake. 
 
 The criteria employed in the evaluation of each method were the 
 costs of implementation and completion of sediment removal, the possible 
 environmental impacts to the surrounding area during the removal opera- 
 tion, and the social concerns of local residents and park users, such as 
 noise, aesthetics, and period of lake inavailability. 
 
 The three sediment removal methods considered for the project were 
 
 were hydraulic floating dredging, lake drawdown and sediment excavation, 
 
 and shoreline dredging. Due to the location of roads and the probable 
 
 damage to vegetation and landscape, shoreline dredging was eliminated as 
 
 16 
 
a principle removal technique. Shoreline dredging with a dragline crane 
 was, however, considered for use in coniunction with the other two 
 sediment removal techniques. 
 
 Four alternatives were developed using the above sediment removal 
 techniques. The alternatives evaluated in this findings section are: 
 hydraulic dredging alone. Alternative 1; hydraulic dredging combined with 
 shoreline dredging, Alternative 2; partial drainage followed by shoreline 
 dredging in the lake basin. Alternative 3; and complete drainage and 
 sediment excavation. Alternative A. The principle methods of sediment 
 removal will now be discussed. 
 
 Hydraulic dredging consists of the use of a floating dredge operated 
 on the lake surface, as illustrated in Figure III-l. The barge-like 
 structure has an extendable arm apparatus with an attached cutting device 
 which removes the sediment from the lake bottom. The sediment, along 
 with water drawn from the lake (five to six times the amount of water as 
 sediment) , is sucked into a pipe and travels to either a dewatering pond, 
 sediment pond, or containment pond (sturcture). There, the water level 
 is allowed to rise, and the sediment settles to the bottom. Cleaner 
 water from the top flows back to the lake by gravity, either through 
 pipes (tile) or other means. After filling, the sediment takes approxi- 
 mately one and one-half to three months to dry to a transportable con- 
 dition. 
 
 Lake drawdown and sediment excavation is a fairly simple removal 
 technique. Water in a lake is removed through a large water punp. If 
 necessary, pits are dug or constructed (natural or artificial reservoir), 
 that draw all of the water to where the water pump operates. After a 
 
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drying period, the lake b.isin is suitable for excavation with bulldozers 
 and endloaders. The desired depths and contours are then excavated and 
 the lake refilled. 
 
 Shoreline dredging, used in the combination Alternatives 2 and 3, 
 described above, involves use of a mechanical dredge such as illustrated 
 in Figure III-2, The shoreline dredge operates by scraping the bottom 
 of the lake with a scoop bucket pulled by lines attached to the dredge 
 and the opposite side of the lake. The use of shoreline dredging will 
 be described in more detail for each of the alternatives that combine 
 shoreline dredging with the other two principle sediment removal methods. 
 
 The following section describes the four previously mentioned alter- 
 natives, and the implications involved with the inplementation of each; 
 their economic, social, and environmental advantages and disadvantages. 
 The alternatives are evaluated in sequential order. 
 
 Alternative 1, Hydraulic Dredge 
 
 The volume of water in Crystal Lake will not likely be great enough 
 to complete sediment removal with hydraulic dredging x a sole means of 
 removal. Thus, were Alternative 1 employed, an additional v/ater source 
 would be necessary. Because of the large sediment pond(s) size(s) 
 required, and the additional costs involved, the alternative of using 
 two rotating dewatering ponds was developed. Each of the two struc- 
 tures would hold and drain one month's dredged product if made at a 
 capacity of 15,000 cubic yards. The operation would utilize two removal 
 periods of three to four months. Thus, the entire operation time for this 
 alternative is between six and eight months. 
 
 19 
 
Figure III-2. Illustration of a dragline crane in use. 
 
The procedures involved in hydraulic dredging for Crystal Lake 
 include: constructing the dewatering ponds (two weeks construction time), 
 and supplying an additional water source, discussed in the VJater Source 
 FINDINGS section, prior to operating the dredge. A sediment survey would 
 be necessary in the beginning as well, as with all of the alternatives, 
 to determine the amount of sediment to be removed. For comparative 
 purposes, a conservative estimate of 50,000 cubic yards of sediment was 
 made. There are many options in the size and number <f sediment ponds 
 that would be used to dewater the removed sediment. The containment 
 ponds mentioned for Alternative 1 take into account the anticipated size 
 of the disposal site. 
 
 The type of dewatering ponds which follow are designed to moderately 
 reduce erosion. Cost estimates, listed in Tables III-l and III-2, are 
 for construction of the following dewatering structures: Tyce C basins, 
 drained through manholes sitting upright at the top level of the water 
 (additional monholes are stacked when the sediment level rises) , into 
 48 inch pipes (tile) routed back to the lake. 
 
 The various alternatives that the Park District has to operate a 
 hydraulic dredge are: purchase and operation by Park District personnel; 
 rental and operation by Park District personnel; and, obtaining the service 
 from area contractors. Purchase or rental of a new dredge wuld be pro- 
 hibitively expensive, so these figures are not shown, to make comparison 
 of the other options clearer. The cost estimates for each option are 
 provided in Table III-l. 
 
 With the purchase option there is the cost advantage if the resale 
 of the dredge is successful. The dredge's value will depreciate by 
 
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Job and/or Equipment Service Costs 
 
 Hydraulic Dredging $41,500 
 
 Launching and Removing 
 
 Dredge $10,000 
 
 Dragline Dredging 
 
 inc. Trucks $126,000 
 
 Dewatering Pond 
 
 construction (§19,000 cy $53,200 
 
 Total Costs $230,700 
 
 TABLE III-2. Cost estimates for hydraulic dredging (15,000 cy) supple- 
 menting dragline dredging (35,000 cy) of sediment. 
 
roughly $10,000 after the appioximately 625 hours of operation at 
 Crystal Lake. Thus, the dredge could possibly be sold for $45,000 - 
 $65,000. If resale is feasible and timely. Alternative 1, purchase, would 
 be cost-competitive with the other alternatives. 
 
 The use of hydraulic dredging involves a few serious environmental 
 concerns. Although little erosion will occur to the lake, there is a 
 good possibility of water damage at the dewatering site. The velocity 
 of the water-sediment mixture, regardless of how well controlled, will 
 result in extensive erosion to the dewatering area. Additional environ- 
 mental and social disadvantages and advantages are listed in Table III-4. 
 
 Another concern in relation to sediment ponds is safety. Renters 
 of hydraulic dredges usually require that the containment ponds be 
 fenced in to restrict access. The costs of fencing for the pond(s) 
 would need to be added to those of Alternatives 1 and 2. 
 
 Alternative 1 does have a significant social advantage, as the oper- 
 ation could take place during the winter. 
 
 Alternative 2, Hydraulic and Shoreline Dredging 
 
 To minimize erosion and costs associated with hydraulic sediment 
 removal, shoreline dredging can be used to reduce the aiount of hydrau- 
 lically dredged water-sediment! materials. The hydraulic dredge could be 
 used on areas inaccessible to the dragline crane dredge. The shoreline 
 dredge would, in Alternative 2, operate behind the trees of the shoreline, 
 by dragging a bucket across the bottom of the lake. The sediment is 
 scooped into the bucket and deposited in trucks. Implementation of this 
 alternative would require an evaluation of the shoreline to determine 
 
 24 
 
the best access points for the dragline crane, l^ere vegetation is too 
 dense or areas are not wide enough, the hydraulic dredge will have to 
 be used. Construction of a sediment pond(s) will be necessary if Alter- 
 native 2 is used, as was previously discussed. The cost estimates 
 given in Table III-2 allow for 15,000 cubic yards to be removed with the 
 hydraulic method and 35,000 cubic yards by the dragline crane. 
 
 Utilization of the above alternative will involve lower costs, as 
 hydraulic dredging is more expensive per cubic yard and the cost of con- 
 struction of the sediment pond(s) required with hydraulic dredging is 
 high. With Alternative 2, the majority of the sediment can be removed 
 at a lower cost, without costs for dewatering pond construction that 
 are incurred in Alternative 1. 
 
 The environmental considerations for Alternative 2 are presented in 
 Table III-A. Because shoreline dredging does not involve the transport 
 of the volume of water that is required in Alternative 1, the environ- 
 mental impacts to the dewatering area will be reduced. However, some 
 erosion will occur to the shoreline. 
 
 Socially, this alternative is advantageous as it takes two to three 
 months and can be undertaken in the winter. Additional social advantages 
 and disadvantages can be found in Table III-4. 
 
 Alternative 3, Partial Drainage and Dragline Dredging in lake Basin 
 
 For Alternative 3, the lake can be drained to dry the in-lake shore- 
 line banks a distance of 25 feet into the middle of the lake. The reduced 
 water volume would increase the operation's efficiency, as less water will 
 be involved in the removal process. Most vegetation areas along the 
 
 25 
 
Job and/or Equipment Service Costs 
 
 Drainage $25,000 
 
 Sediment Removal 
 
 @ $3.60/cy $180,000 
 
 Total Costs $205,000 
 
 TABLE III-3. Cost estimates for dragline dredging after partial drawdown. 
 
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shore will remain undisturbed. Two to four areas of 20-25 feet wide will 
 be required for equipment access. 
 
 The major advantage associated with this alternative is its low 
 cost. Table III-3 shows estimated costs for Alternative 3. Because the 
 sediment will be partially dried, dragline dredging will be more cost- 
 efficient than Alternative 2. Erosion will be minimal also. Shoreline 
 damage will result from the operation of the dragline, requiring bank 
 reconstruction. 
 
 The Saline Ditch may experience flooding or erosion from the drain- 
 age of Crystal Lake. Damage that the Park District would be held liable 
 for should be minimal if discharge from the lake is regulated in some 
 manner, such as pumping, or if lake discharge is directed through the 
 outflow structure. 
 
 Alternative A, Complete Drawdown and Excavation 
 
 Complete drawdown and sediment excavation involves drainage similar 
 to Alternative 3 and as described in the first summary of lake drainage 
 and excavation. However, a longer drying period, continuous pumping of 
 water, and possible reservoir construction might be necessary. The dry 
 sediment will be removed with light and efficient equipment. The primary 
 advantages, as listed in Table 1II-4, come from the use of smaller equip- 
 ment, reducing costs and minimizing erosion. As with Alternative 3, 
 there will be the possibility of environmental damage to the Saline Ditch. 
 
 The estimated total costs for Alternative 4 are approximately 
 $200,000. The cost-efficiency and environmental advantages described 
 earlier, as well as others, are presented in Table Ill-it. 
 
 29 
 
The major disadvantage of Alternative 4 is the length of time re- 
 quired for completion. The drying time will depend, to an extent, on 
 the amount of rainfall during the process. The majority of the slopes 
 in the vicinity are minimal, so drainage of rainwater, after rerouting 
 of the storm sewers, should not he excessive. 
 
 Conversion to Alternative 3 (i.e. partial drainage and dragline 
 dredging) may be required if it is found that inclement weather conditions 
 prohibit complete drying of the lake bed and sediments. If the Park 
 District simply wanted to speed up the time for completion cf the opera- 
 tion, the areas that were not drying thoroughly could be dredged with a 
 dragline crane. 
 
 Most likely, the areas that might accumulate rainfall will be ac- 
 cessible from the steeper slopes that the water flowed iito the lake off 
 of. As the steepest slopes generally will need to be physically recon- 
 structed and stabilized, operating a dragline crane from these locations 
 should not increase bank reconstruction and stabilization costs. 
 
 In addition to the time required for completion of Alternative 4, 
 the basin's condition while drying is a social concern. The above dis- 
 advantage would require that some measure be taken to restrict access 
 to the lake. 
 
 If complete drainage is implemented, the Illinois State Geological 
 Survey should be contacted and inquiries made as to the possibility of 
 their personnel conducting core borings. Borings should reveal any geo- 
 logical characteristics which might prevent complete drainage. Complete 
 drainage may not be possible if, in digging the reservoir or water 
 drawing pit, a sand and/or gravel aquifer is encountered. 
 
 30 
 
Each alternative has certain advantages and disadvantages associated 
 with its use, which are outlined in Table III-A. The principle advan- 
 tages and disadvantages of each method of sediment removal are summarized 
 in the following list. (A - advantage, D - disadvantage.) 
 
 1. Hydraulic Dredging, Alternative 1. 
 
 A - The most favorable aspect is that the shoreline banks of 
 the lake remain undisturbed. 
 
 D - The strongest negative aspect is the erosion related to 
 drainage of the sediment-water mixture. 
 
 2. Hydraulic Dredge Supplemented with Shoreline Dredging, Alter- 
 native 2. 
 
 A - Less erosion than hydraulic dredging. 
 
 D - Disturbance to shoreline vegetation. 
 
 3. Partial Drainage and Dragline Dredging, Alternative 3. 
 
 A - Cost-efficient, as well as less erosion than the two pre- 
 vious alternatives. 
 
 D - Bank destabilization; additional reconstruction costs. 
 
 4. Complete Drainage and Sediment Excavation, Alternative 4. 
 
 A - Cost-efficient, minimal erosion and disturbance to the 
 shoreline. 
 
 D - Length of park inavai lability. 
 
 After comparison of the advantages and disadvantages related to 
 
 each alternative, lake drawdown and excavation appears to offer the most 
 
 net advantages. Most importantly, cost-efficiency and idnimal erosion 
 
 are the principle advantages of Alternative 4. If in the unfortunate 
 
 circumstance that inclement weather prevents drying of the lake bed. 
 
 Alternative 3 can be Implemented by simply contracting a shoreline 
 
 dredge. 
 
 31 
 
Sediment: Disposal 
 
 After the lake sediment is removed, it must be transported to either 
 a temporary or permanent location. This can be accomplished by trucking 
 or piping the sediment. If trucks are used, care should be taken to 
 maintain clean streets, so area residents do not complain. Watertight 
 trucks, along with street sweepers, may be necessary. The city of Urbana 
 has an ordinance requiring trucks to have watertight beds, so enforcement 
 will be imperative. If the sediment is piped, as in the case with the 
 Mudcat alternative, the sediment can be located up to 5,000 feet from 
 its ultimate destination without additional pumps or pipes. The sedi- 
 ment can be temporarily disposed of in drying ponds at the existing 
 playground, on Park District land. 
 
 The Mudcat alternative will require partial drying of the sludge 
 before it can be used or transported. Two ponds large enough to each con- 
 tain a month's worth of sludge, or about 15,000 square yards, can be used 
 in rotation. Sufficient drying will occur after m to three months. 
 It can then be transported to a permanent location. 
 
 Permanent locations, including Western Lion Ltd's Urbana landfill, 
 the county fairgrounds, and farmers, are available for either the wet or 
 dried sludge. To make disposal most cost-efficient for the Park District, 
 it is preferable that the eventual user pay any trucking costs. Mr. 
 Richard Sheets, operator of Western Lion, has agreed to accept all of the 
 sediment, to be used as an additional layer of soil at the landfill. 
 The existing layer of clay used to cover daily operations at the landfill 
 is not conducive to vegetation, so Mr. Sheets has expressed the desire 
 
 32 
 
to use the sediment in his efforts to revegetate the site. 
 
 The Champaign County Fairgrounds is another final disposal site. 
 Mr. Keith Kessler, fairgrounds manager, has agreed to take all the wet 
 sediment provided operations cease between June 1 and August 1. The 
 sediment can be retained in rectangular or square holding structures ap- 
 proximately three to five feet high, or a height necessary to confine the 
 sediment. Mr. Kessler has proposed spreading the sediment in pastures 
 around the track, or on the infield after it is dry. 
 
 Farmers are another possible dipposal solution. The availability 
 of the sediment could be publicized in local newspapers. To ensure tliat 
 the sediment meets EPA standards, it must be tested for levels of heavy 
 metals and other contaminants. Provided that the sediment meets these 
 federal and state standards, it can be made available to local farmers 
 or gardeners to utilize. 
 
 Cost estimates for trucks holding ten cubic yards range between 
 $35-40 per hour. Assuming a round trip distance of two miles, it is anti- 
 cipated that two to three trips per hour can be made between the lake 
 and the landfill per truck. 
 
 Water Source 
 
 A new water source for Crystal Lake is needed to refill the lake and 
 permit the flow through of water. The inflow of water combined with the 
 outflow structure will create a current in the feke. This current will 
 aid in preventing stagnation and associated algal blooms. 
 
 Alternative water sources for Crystal Lake include: 
 
 1. A well and piunp 
 
 33 
 
2. A connection to the city water supply 
 
 3. Diverting the Saline Ditch 
 
 A. Tertiary treated sewage effluent 
 
 In choosing a water source, water quality and cost were the basic 
 criteria with reliability a secondary consideration. The water quality 
 of alternatives two and four are expected to be detrimental to the lake. 
 City water is chlorinated, which would be harmful to the aquatic life in 
 the lake (Osborne, 1981). The sewage effluent would, in reality, contain 
 too many nutrients. This would just aggravate the condition of the lake 
 until a situation similar to the one faced now occurs. Also, tertiary 
 treatment has a tendency to be unreliable, with frequent breakdowns of 
 the system. The water from the Saline may deteriorate in the future, 
 due to future urbanization, thereby forcing the Park District to find 
 a new source. All three of the above alternatives are potentially costly 
 and therefore not economically feasible. 
 
 Slope Stabilization 
 
 The erosion on the banks around Crystal Lake is caused by two 
 factors: 
 
 1. Surface runoff, compounded by overuse; and 
 
 2. The natural wave action of the water. 
 
 The runoff carries sediment into the lake. The continuation of these 
 processes over time can degrade the quality of the lake, resulting in 
 a situation similar to the one being faced today. Therefore, it is im- 
 portant that surface runoff be controlled. To accomplish this there 
 are two objectives: 
 
 34 
 
1. To stabilize the banks through technical methods and/or 
 revegetation; and 
 
 2. To control access to the banks to prevent overuse. 
 
 1.. Technical Methods of Bank Stabilization 
 
 A. Rip Rap 
 
 Rip rap (Figure III-3) is a method where the shore is covered with 
 a layer of stones and/or boulders. According to personal communication 
 with Professor Nieto, the coverage needs to be two inches deep. This 
 method is generally applicable under any conditions. One exception is on 
 very steep slopes. Another advantage of this method is that it conforms 
 to the contour of the bank, and if dark stones are used, a rather natural 
 looking setting can be achieved. 
 
 The limitations of rip rap include the availability of suitable 
 size stones and the associated costs of quarrying, transport, and place- 
 ment of the material. The stones may need to be compacted by a truck 
 or some other similar vehicle. 
 
 B. Geo-textiles 
 
 Geo-textiles are a type of fabric designed for use in the engineer- 
 ing field (Figure III-4). It is used for road construction and lining 
 hazardous waste ponds. There is one type of fabric designed for slope 
 stabilization. This fabric is specially designed to handle surface 
 runoff while protecting the soil underneath. The fabric also allows 
 seepage of water to the soil below. Although this fabric is relatively 
 new, the lifespan is estimated to be in the fifty year plus range. 
 
 The major limitation of this method is that proper installation 
 
 is essential to ensure effectiveness. Therefore, it may be necessary 
 
 35 
 
[MJJLo III-l. Illustration o- rip rap, a technical nethoc for bank 
 stabilization. 
 
FIGURE III-4. Illustration of geo-textlle, a technical method for bank 
 stabilization. 
 
to hire special personnel to install the product. A layer of dirt or 
 rip rap may be needed on top of the fabric to conceal the unnatural 
 appearance of the material. 
 
 C. Gabion mattresses 
 
 Gabion mattresses are wire boxes filled with rocks and boulders 
 implanted along the shore with an apron (Figure III-5) . Gabions are 
 flexible and can withstand freeze-thaw conditions as well x contour 
 along the bank. Although they are wire boxes, they can be filled with 
 dirt to allow vegetation to grow out of the boxes to give them a more 
 natural appearance. 
 
 There are some limitations to the use of gabion nat tresses. First, 
 very steep and very shallow slopes require special treatment such as 
 grading the bank. The second major limitation is in regard to the soil 
 type. Fine soil will wash out from underneath the gabion mattress unless 
 special precautions are taken. These include the use of a permeable 
 membrane placed behind the structure, at additional cost. 
 
 D. Miscellaneous methods 
 
 A number of other methods should also be mentioned. These include 
 flagstones, railroad ties, steel sheet retaining walls, and concrete 
 seawalls. Although the above methods are relatively inexpensive, each 
 has distinct disadvantages relative to Crystal Lake's needs. Flagstones 
 can develop a slippery surface, making them hazardous to the public. 
 Railroad ties often contain creosote which is detrimental to aquatic 
 life. Steel sheet and concrete retaining seawalls have an exaggerated 
 unnatural appearance that would be difficult to camouflage with plants. 
 
 38 
 
FIGURE III-5. Illustration of gabions, a technical method for bank 
 stabilization. 
 
2. Controlling access 
 
 Overuse is a prime contributor to the erosion cf the banks along 
 Crystal Lake. One of the objectives of this project is to develop a 
 method of controlling access to the banks to prevent overuse and there- 
 fore future erosion problems. Since Crystal Lake is the only recreational 
 body of water in Urbana, it is faced with a high level of use. This 
 is especially true during fishing season (the warm months). Furthermore, 
 results of our survey indicate that lake usage will likely increase 
 following restoration (see section 6). 
 
 One problem that may have caused the overuse is the limited amount 
 of shoreline and the large number of people requiring access to the shore. 
 Another possibility is that the devoted fishermen were jockeying for 
 position along the banks to find the best fishing spots. This project 
 is assuming that the first situation mentioned above is the cause of 
 overuse. A definitive study of the question is beyond the scope of this 
 workshop. Whatever the reason, it must be recognized that Crystal Lake 
 is a public lake and the whims of a few devoted fishermen must not take 
 precedence over the requirements of the general public. 
 
 Therefore, the problem to be overcome included the following char- 
 acteristics: 
 
 1. How to increase access to the lake while decreasing the amount 
 of shoreline used; 
 
 2. How to make the changes in a "neutral" manner, so that they 
 would not disrupt the natural appearance of the lake; 
 
 3. What would be the most economical and feasible method; and 
 
 4. To make the lake accessible to the handicapped. 
 
 With these considerations in mind, the solution became clear - docks. 
 
 AO 
 
The Clark, Dietz report mentioned these and it seems a logical conclusion 
 to the problem. Docks are a universal solution to the problem of access 
 to water and would seem to be an acceptable solution for Crystal Lake 
 (Figure III-6) . 
 
 There are special considerations that need to be dealt with in 
 regard to the Crystal Lake project. The size of the lake is a prime con- 
 sideration. The docks cannot be too large or they will be out of propor- 
 tion with the lake. In keeping with federal and state guidelines, the 
 docks will have to be made accessible to the handicapped. Additional 
 consideration will be how the construction of the docks may affect the 
 development of a quality fishing environment. 
 
 As previously mentioned, a study determining the exact amoimt of 
 use the lake receives is not possible within the framework of this work- 
 shop. Because of this, a definitive number of docks needed cannot be 
 determined. However, after examining the pattern of overused spots along 
 the banks, the suggested number of docks to be constructed is five 
 (Figure III-7) . 
 
 The docks will utilize the same amount of space along the shoreline 
 that two or three people would normally occupy. However, the docks will 
 be designed to accomodate between five and ten people ±1 the same amount 
 of space. This will allow people access to the lake in a less environ- 
 mentally destructive and more safe fashion (Figure III-7). 
 
 This method is more acceptable than an alternative of fencing off 
 the areas. The docks will serve as a focus to direct traffic along the 
 banks. This, in combination with the replanting of areas that have 
 been designated off limits, will help discourage entrance to the banks. 
 
 41 
 
>-««a«a^V 
 
 rifiUKii lll-f^A. Top view of docks. 
 
I 
 
 ^iFgii><r><i><jc><j><nr^c><a><3b><T><T><Jc><ri 
 
 FIGURE III-6B. Side view of docks, 
 
DOCKS 
 
 AREAS REQUIRING TECHNICAL STABILIZATION 
 
 FIGURE III- 7. Proposed locations for T-docks. 
 
Revegetation 
 
 Many areas along the shoreline of Crystal Lake are rot suffering from 
 severe erosion, but could become so if steps are not taken to stabilize 
 the soil. It is the purpose of this section to discuss the current con- 
 ditions of the vegetation at Crystal Lake and what can be done to improve 
 the aesthetic quality of the shoreline. 
 
 Inspection of the banks reveals many areas where there is a need for 
 revegetation. Erosion has occurred at these points because of heavy 
 foot traffic. Fishermen looking for new areas seem to be the main cause, 
 and the primary purpose of revegetation would be to restrict access to 
 the shoreline and to stabilize the banks to prevent excessive erosion. 
 There are approximately 850 linear feet of shoreline that leeds revegeta- 
 tion (Figure III-8) . Some revegetation will take place in conjunction 
 with structural methods to improve bank stabilization. Much of the plant- 
 ing will take place in areas where vegetation already exists, but ground- 
 cover has been worn away, exposing soil. 
 
 Plants possess several functions other than their aesthetic qual- 
 ities. Furthermore, plants can screen unwanted views, act as barrires, 
 and restrict the flow of runoff enabling the water to soak into the soil 
 and not erode it. Plants also provide food and cover for wildlife, which 
 is important in an urban area such as Urbana. 
 
 The selection of plants for revegetation of the shoreline will de- 
 pend on four criteria: 
 
 1. Hardiness to climatic conditions of Illinois; 
 
 2. Site-specific conditions; 
 
 3. Functional considerations; and 
 
 45 
 
<5>- 
 
 REVEGETATED AREAS 
 
 FIGURE III-8. Shoreline areas to be revegetated. 
 
4. Aesthetic considerations. 
 
 Secondly, the individual conditions of the shoreline should be 
 analyzed. Specific site conditions include the composition of the soil, 
 and the amount of sun or shade that falls on the site. Information taken 
 from a soil survey map indicates that the soils should permit most plants 
 to be grown with a minimal amount of soil preparation. Each site is 
 different with respect to sun or shade conditions and must be inde- 
 pendently evaluated as such. 
 
 Plants will need to form a barrier against people walking up to and 
 along the bank. The structure of each plant is a major consideration. In 
 areas where bank degradation has occurred, plants with thorns or dense 
 branching should be selected to act as a barrier. Since minimal care 
 will be given to the plants, species should be chosen that are hardy 
 and maintenance- free. During the first few growing seasons, all new 
 plants should be protected from foot traffic until they have become estab- 
 lished. 
 
 The selection of proper plants can add to the aesthetic quality 
 already existing in the park. Although this aspect is not of primary im- 
 portance, it is a benefit that should not be overlooked. Existing plant- 
 ings are arranged in informal shapes, giving the park a natural character. 
 Plants chosen should display the same natural feature in their form and 
 their placement around the lake's edge. This should supplement the 
 natural landscape that has matured there. 
 
 Costs for revegetating the shoreline will depend on two factors, 
 the type of species chosen and the quality of plants used. On the aver- 
 age, plants will range from $10 to $15 per plant. Some species will be 
 
 47 
 
more expensive than others because of market supply. Generally, ground- 
 covers are less expensive than shrubs. Prices will vary depending on the 
 availability from nursery supplies. In addition to replanting, other 
 costs to be considered are soil preparation before planting and main- 
 tenance during the early years. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS 
 Sediment Removal 
 
 Based on the criteria of costs, social impacts, and environmental 
 .considerations, it is recommended that the Park District proceed with 
 lake drainage and sediment excavation to restore Crystal Lake. Although 
 the process is lengthy. Alternative 4 promises to offer few negative envi- 
 ronmental impacts, and also lower costs. Functional to the lower costs 
 and less environmental damages, the fewer truck trips and less leakage 
 of water from the trucks are also social advantages. 
 
 Alternatively, if the Park District does not want to pit the lake 
 out of commission for any summer season at all, Alternative 2, Hydraulic 
 Dredge Supplemented with Dragline Crane, is recommended. The rain advan- 
 tage of Alternative 2 is that it is relatively cost-efficient and mini- 
 mizes erosion. 
 
 Sediment Disposal 
 
 Based on these findings, it is recommended that the fairgrounds be 
 utilized for final disposal of the sediment. As the park and fairgrounds 
 are both public, it is recommended that the sediment be used for a public 
 benefit. It will be more cost-efficient to do this, as Mr. Sheets has 
 
 48 
 
not conunitted hinself to pay for disposal. The fairground land is also 
 much closer than the landfill, which will save time and energy involved 
 with transportation to the landfill. This alternative has the additional 
 advantage of eliminating the problem of street cleaning. It will, how- 
 ever, necessitate the operation of the project during times when the fair 
 is not going on. This appears to be the principle drawback. The sedi- 
 ment removed during the two months during which the fair is being held 
 could be temporarily stored at the present Park District playground, and 
 then trucked to the fairgrounds after the fair is over. The sediment will 
 have to be partially dried, which would require the construction of 
 drying beds, within the confines of the Park. Furthermore, the disposal 
 of sediment at the fairgrounds must be artificially retained until suf- 
 ficient vegetation can be established tp prevent sediment erosion onto 
 surrounding areas and eventually into the Saline Ditch. Such retainers 
 are, however, simple to construct and operate. 
 
 Water Source 
 
 After evaluating the available options for a new water source, it 
 is recommended that the first alternative, a well and pump, be used. 
 
 As discussed in the Clark, Dietz report, the well should be drilled 
 into either the lower or middle aquifer (Figure III-9) . Discussions with 
 two private contractors indicated that a flow of 200 to 225 gallons per 
 minute is the amount needed to create a current ir Ihe lake. This is 
 the same as in the Clark, Dietz report. The three estimates for this rate 
 obtained from local drilling contractors ranged from $3,000 to $A,000 
 for a 200 feet deep well and pump. However, if it is determined that a 
 
 A9 
 
Scientific Name 
 
 Common Name 
 
 Hypericum pro 11 f icum 
 Pachysandra terminalis 
 Vinca minor 
 
 Groundcover 
 
 Crownvetch 
 
 Shrubby St. Johnswart 
 
 Japanese Spurge 
 
 Periwinkle 
 
 Shrubs 
 
 Berberis julianae 
 Crataegus oxycantha 
 Elaeagnus umbellata 
 Ligustrum amu rense 
 Pvracantha coccinea 
 
 ' ■ — . ■ — 
 
 Robina hispida 
 
 Wintergreen Barberry 
 English Hawthorn 
 Cardinal Autumn Olive 
 Amur Privet 
 Scarlet Firethorn 
 Bristly Locust 
 
 TABLE III-5. A list of plants recommended for planting along the shore- 
 line of Crystal Lake. 
 
greater flow is necessary, the costs will increase accordingly. It is 
 possible, with a large pump, to see flows up to 3,000 gallons per minute. 
 
 Other factors that should be taken into consideration before pump- 
 ing the water into the lake include: 
 
 1. The chemical composition of the water (i.e. are there traces of 
 heavy metals or other signs of contamination?); and 
 
 2. The temperature of the water - is the water in a temperature 
 range that will accomodate the desired aquatic life in the lake? 
 
 This type of information will only be available after consulting with an 
 
 engineer or a drilling contractor, or by examining groundwater chemical 
 
 data at the Illinois State Water Survey. 
 
 Outflow Structure 
 
 An outflow structure is important to assist in creating a current 
 in Crystal Lake. The current structure at the north end of the bke 
 is in poor repair. Due to this, it is difficult to assess the condition 
 of the structure and its potential for rehabilitation. It is recom- 
 mended that the structure be cleaned up and that a professional engineer 
 be hired to fully evaluate the condition of the existing structure. If 
 a new outflow structure is needed, the construction would have to take 
 place in the first phase of the project. It is possible that it could be 
 done in conjunction with draining the lake, if that dredging method is 
 approved. There is also the possibility of inflow of water from the 
 Saline Ditch and the accompanying trash fish. This inflow would degrade 
 the quality of the water and aquatic life in the restored lake. 
 
 Although the present workshop does not have the technical knowledge 
 to fully evaluate the outflow structure, there are at least Wo factors 
 that this structure should possess. The first is a backflow valve to 
 
 UBilAKY 
 
 51 
 
 ii 
 
 a '•■ » 
 
prevent the introduction of water and fish from the Saline into Crystal 
 Lake while still allowing water from Crystal Lake to flow into the Saline. 
 A filter system should also be investigated. This system would prevent 
 the clogging of the pipe between the lake and the Saline with sediment 
 and other debris. The filter could be placed outside the pipe where 
 routine cleaning would be possible. 
 
 Bank Stabilization 
 
 It is recommended that a combination of technical methods and re- 
 vegetation be used to control slope erosion on the banks of Crystal Lake. 
 There should be two technical methods used: the geo-textiles and gabion 
 mattresses. The geo-textiles are recommended due to their long lifespan 
 and because they were designed specifically to handle surface runoff and 
 because of their low costs. The fabric should be used on the areas 
 under the docks where it will not be seen, therefore removing the need 
 to cover it with rip rap. Gabions can be used in areas that have been 
 designated in need of technical stabilization but that will not be a 
 dock access area. The geo-textile fabric can be placed underneath the 
 gabions if it is determined that there is silty soil along the banks. 
 The docks combined with revegetation will control access to the shore 
 and control bank erosion (Figure III 10). 
 
 Shoreline Revegetatio n 
 
 A suggested plant list which meets the above criteria is included 
 in Table III-5. Although incomplete, the list provides a starting 
 point which can be added on to. Several plants should be used from the 
 
 52 
 
list to provide a variety of texture and torm to the existing landscape 
 in till' park. 
 
 Replanting should take place in late summer or early fall after 
 the dredging has finished. Only after all construction along the shore- 
 line is completed should preparation start for replanting. This will 
 avoid costly mistakes of destroying shrubs that wire planted beforehand. 
 
 From the observations made at the park, it is suggested that dead 
 or dying trees be cleared along the shoreline. It is clear that the 
 visual appeal is from views across the lake to other areas of the 
 park. A balance should be maintained between existing trees and new 
 vegetation being planted. A Landscape Architect or Horticulturist is 
 recommended to mark these trees for removal before dredging takes place. 
 
 53 
 
WATER QUALITY MONITORING 
 AND VASCULAR PLANTS 
 
I 
 
 SECTION IV. WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND VASCULAR PLANTS 
 by 
 B. Begolka and M. Chawla 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 A water quality monitoring program, and a plan for the use and con- 
 trol of aquatic vascular macrophytes following sediment removal, were 
 developed for Crystal Lake. 
 
 The purpose of lake monitoring is to develop an early warning system 
 which can be used to detect excessive nutrient loading within the lake. 
 Water quality is affected by all watershed activities and characteristics 
 which substantially dictate what aquatic life forms can exist within the 
 lake. Water quality is reflected in the species composition and diver- 
 sity, population density, and physiological condition of indigenous com- 
 munities of aquatic organisms (Cairns and Dickson, 1973). The present 
 poor water quality of Crystal Lake can be primarily attributed to an 
 overloading of nutrients, i.e. phosphorus and nitrogen, and excessive 
 sediment inputs. A water quality monitoring system is therefore of 
 prime importance as it can serve as an early warning system to detect 
 chemical imbalances in the lake ecosystem. 
 
 Phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, and transparency are most 
 indicative of the trophic condition of a lake (Kothandaraman and Evans, 
 1983). Phosphorus is usually the most important nutrient controlling 
 lake productivity (U.S. EPA, 1980), and the orthophosphate form is an 
 important measure of trophic state. Dissolved orthophosphate approxi- 
 mates the soluble reactive phosphorus that can be immediately used by 
 photosynthetic organisms. Phosphorus depletion usually occurs during 
 algal blooms in eutrophic lakes, when concentrations are reduced by 
 
 56 
 
excessive consumption, by algal cells. 
 
 Nitrogen is also an important plant nutrient as it is both required 
 by photosynthetic organisms and sometimes in limited supply within lakes. 
 When the weight ratio of total nitrogen to total phorphorus (N:P) is 
 less than 15:1, nitrogen is likely to be the limiting nutrient (U.S. EPA, 
 1980). 
 
 Dissolved oxygen is required by all aerobic aquatic organisms for 
 survival. Measurement of dissolved oxygen and vertical temperature pro- 
 vides information on layering of water bodies, mixing, and on the occur- 
 rence and extent of potential oxygen deficits. Dissolved oxygen is the 
 amount of oxygen in solution in the water and thus available to aquatic 
 organisms. If sufficiently depleted, fish and other organisms may suf- 
 focate, and the quality of their habitat will be adversely affected. 
 Oxygen depletion occurs when decay of organic matter such as fallen 
 leaves, macrophyte kills, and normal respiration of aquatic organisms 
 remove dissolved oxygen from water faster than it is Eplaced by reaera- 
 tion or photosynthesis (U.S. EPA, 1980). 
 
 Lake transparency can indicate the amount of suspended matter within 
 the lake, may present an indirect measure of algal blooms or the degree 
 of eutrophication, and approximates the depth at which photosynthesis 
 can occur. 
 
 A plan for the use and control of aquatic vascular macrophytes 
 following restoration was developed. Presently, the turbid water of 
 Crystal Lake has substantially reduced the amount of light reaching the 
 lower portions of the lake; therefore, submerged vascular macrophytes 
 are virtually non-existent and the emergent species are limited to a few 
 
 57 
 
shoreline areas. Aquatic macrophytes are an important part of a lake's 
 ecosystem providing fish habitat, bank stabilization, and lake bottom 
 stabilization. Although vascular macrophytes are important to the lake, 
 they can become a problem if their growth becomes excessive. 
 
 Management techniques, if started at the completion of lake restor- 
 ation, should control the growth of vascular macrophytes. If such growth 
 becomes excessive, the control measures discussed in a later section of 
 this report (see FINDINGS) can be implemented. 
 
 METHODS 
 
 The information contained in this report was obtained through a 
 variety of sources including a literature review of pertinent information, 
 and through personal communications. 
 
 Information regarding the critical nutrient levels (phosphorus and 
 nitrogen), dissolved oxygen, and transparency was obtained from Donna 
 Sefton (1983). These critical levels can provide an early warning to 
 possible future nuisance growths of aquatic plants. Information on the 
 use of a Hach-kit was obtained from Culligan, Inc. (Champaign, IL) . 
 Additional information about Hach-kits was also received from Prof. 
 Osborne (1983). A Hach-kit provides a battery of tests that can be per- 
 formed to test water quality. 
 
 Information ou aquatic plants was obtained from Pam Tazik (1983), 
 who provided various articles on the use of management techniques; a 
 handbook on aquatic plants of Illinois, differentiating native from exotic 
 species; as well as specific planting instructions for cattails and 
 arrowheads. Additional information on aquatic plant control vas obtained 
 
 58 
 
from Dr. Hiltibran (1983) who cited both benefits and limitations of 
 various control measures, and literature on the use of endothal (chem- 
 ical control). The information obtained from these valuable sources 
 was carefully evaluated and is presented here as it applies to Crystal 
 Lake. 
 
 FINDINGS 
 
 Water Quality Monitoring 
 
 Lake monitoring involves the measurement of such basic physical and 
 chemical parameters as phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, and water 
 transparency. These parameters describe lake trophic state (U.S. EPA, 
 1980). If acceptable lake trophic conditions are to be maintained, paran- 
 eter levels should be maintained in accordance with Illinois EPA regu- 
 lations. The appropriate parameter levels are described below. 
 
 Phosphorus may exist within lake systems as orthoinoganic phosphate, 
 metaphosphate, and organic phosphorus. Of these, only inorganic ortho- 
 phosphate (PO^ ) is commonly measured. Orthophosphate supplies an 
 essential nutrient necessary to aquatic plant growth (Baas, Westerdahl, 
 and Perrine, 1976). Total lake phosphorus level should n>t exceed 
 .05 mg/1 to maintain acceptable trophic condition. However, it should 
 be noted that nuisance algae and plant growths may result from .02 mg/1 
 phosphorus (Sefton, 1983). 
 
 The production level refers to the total amount of living matter 
 produced in a lake per unit time (Sefton, 1982). Because phosphorus 
 frequently controls lake production level, it is an important measure of 
 trophic state. During the summer, phosphorus in the uppermost layer of a 
 
 59 
 
lake (epiliranion) is present in its bound form (i.e. metaphosphate) as 
 part of living organisms. Organic phosphorus from fallen leaves, decay- 
 ing plants, and dead organisms is often converted to inorganic forms by 
 bacteria in the upper layers (Baas, et.al., 1976). Additional sources 
 of phosphorus include urban runoff, use of fertilizers in the area, and 
 animal wastes. As sediments settle during lake stratification, phos- 
 phorus concentrations in surface waters gradually decline. Phosphate 
 returns to the epilimnion primarily during spring and fall turnovers when 
 massive lake mixing occurs. There it may contribute to algal blooms 
 (Baas, et.al., 1976). 
 
 Nitrogen, as a basic constituent of amino acids, is essential to 
 all living organisms (Baas, et.al., 1976). The most abundant gas in the 
 atmosphere, nitrogen can undergo various transformations in nature. 
 Nitrogen in natural waters generally occurs as nitrate, organic nitrogen, 
 and ammonia nitrogen (Kothandaraman and Evans, 1983). Nitrate nitrogen 
 (N02~), and to a lesser extent, ammonia (NH^ ) can be utilized by aquatic 
 plants and algae to support growth. Sewage discharges, nitrogen-based 
 fertilizers, nitrogen-rich soil, and contaminated runoff all produce 
 excessive in-lake levels of ammonia and organic nitrogen. Levels of ni- 
 trate nitrogen should not exceed 0.3 mg/1. Nuisance growths may occur 
 at levels as low as 0.1 rag/1 (Sefton, 1983), according to Illinois EPA. 
 
 Dissolved oxygen is necessary to maintain aerobic conditions in 
 waters and is considered a primary indicator of the aiitability of sur- 
 face waters for support of aquatic life (Krenkel and Novotny, 1980). 
 Because low levels of dissolved oxygen in water usually indicate the 
 presence of decomposing organic matter, dissolved oxygen is an important 
 
 60 
 
indicator of lake condition. Dissolved oxygen enters the water through 
 gas exchange at the water surface (aeration), and is distributed through- 
 out the lake by vertical mixing and diffusion (Baas, et.al., 1976). 
 In- lake oxygen concentration decreases when the decomposition of such 
 organic matter as fallen leaves, macrophyte kills, and the normal respir- 
 ation of aquatic organisms, removes dissolved oxygen from water faster 
 than it can be replaced by reaeration or photosynthesis. Dissolved 
 oxygen generally ranges from 0-15 mg/1. The Illinois Pollution Control 
 Board general use standard states that dissolved oxygen should not be 
 less than 6 mg/1 during at least 16 hours of every 24 hour period, nor 
 less than 5 mg/1 at any time (Sefton, 1983). 
 
 Transparency is an indication of light penetration into water bodies. 
 It provides a general index of water clarity, and physical properties 
 including water color, turbidity, dissolved and suspended organic and 
 inorganic material. Severe erosion of urban runoff can greatly reduce 
 water clarity. Spring and fall turnovers, which contribute to algal 
 blooms, also lessen transparency. This reduction in lake transparency 
 limits the amount of light available to aquatic plants for photosynthesis. 
 
 Quantitative analysis of nutrient concentrations (phosphorus and 
 nitrogen) and dissolved oxygen can be conducted by use of a Hach-kit, 
 while transparency can be measured using a secchi disk. These analyses 
 should be conducted at regular intervals at the same locations each time. 
 
 Hach-kit model DR/1 is compact, easy to operate, and completely 
 portable. It comes with a colorimeter and a pH meter. It has been designed 
 for more than 50 different water and wastewater tests. A list of tests 
 that can be performed by this model is given in Table IV-1. (Ilach, 1982). 
 
 61 
 
TEST 
 
 RANCE 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 Barium 
 
 Boron 
 
 Bromine 
 
 Cadium 
 
 Chlorine, Free 
 Chlorine, Total 
 Chromate, Sodium 
 Chromium, Hexavalent 
 Chromium, Total 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 Color 
 
 Copper 
 
 Copper, Dissolved and 
 
 Total Recoverable 
 Cyanide 
 
 Cyanuric Acid 
 
 Detergents 
 
 Fluoride 
 
 Hydrazine 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Iron, Ferrous 
 
 Iron, Total (2 ranges) 
 
 Lead 
 
 Manganese, High Range 
 
 Manganese, Low Range 
 
 Mercury 
 
 Molybdenum, Molybdate 
 Nickel (2 ranges) 
 Nitrogen, Ammonia 
 *Nitrogen, Nitrate 
 
 *Nitrogen, Nitrate, Low Range 
 Nitrogen, Nitrite, Low Range 
 Nitrogen, Nitrite, High Range 
 Oil in Water 
 Oxygen Demand, Chemical (COD) 
 
 0-1 mg/1 
 0-300 mg/1 
 0-15 mg/1 
 0-A mg/1 
 0-70 ug/1 
 
 0-1.7 mg/1 
 0-1.7 mg/1 
 0-1000 mg/1 
 0-0.5 mg/1 
 0-0.5 mg/1 
 
 0-1.2 mg/1 
 0-500 units 
 0-3 mg/1 
 
 0-2 iTOg/1 
 0-0.2 mg/1 
 
 0-50 mg/1 
 0-0.2 mg/1 
 0-2 mg/1 
 0-0.3 mg/1 
 0-6 mg/1 
 
 0-2 mg/1 
 
 0-2 mg/1, 0-0.9 mg/1 
 
 0-150 ug/1 
 
 0-10 mg/1 
 
 0-0.6 mg/1 
 
 3 ug/1 and up 
 
 0-50 mg/1 
 
 0-2 mg/1, 0-0.6 mg/1 
 
 0-3 mg/1 
 
 0-30 mg/1 
 
 0-0.3 mg/1 
 0-150 mg/1 
 0-0.2 mg/1 
 0-80 ppm 
 0-900 mg/1 
 
 TABLE IV-1. A list of tests that can be performed by model DR/1 (Hach, 
 ;982). 
 
TEST 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Oxygen Demand, Chemical 
 Ozone 
 PH 
 
 Phenol 
 *Phosphate, Ortho, High Range 
 
 0-150 mg/1, 0-1500 mg/1 
 0-1.2 mg/1 
 2-12 pH units 
 0-0.2 mg/1 
 0-20 mg/1 
 
 *Phosphate, Ortho, Low Range 
 Phosphate, Total Inorganic 
 Phosphate, Total Organic and 
 
 Inorganic 
 Potassium 
 Selenium 
 
 0-3 mg/1 
 
 0-20 mg/1, 0-3 mg/1 
 
 0-20 mg/1, 0-3 rag/1 
 0-10 mg/1 
 0-1.0 mg/1 
 
 Silica, High Range 
 
 Silica, Low Range 
 
 Sulfate 
 
 Sulfide 
 
 Tannin, Lignin 
 
 Turbidity 
 Volatile Acids 
 
 Zinc 
 
 0-70 rag/1 
 0-3 mg/1 
 0-150 mg/1 
 0-0.9 mg/1 
 0-6 mg/1 
 
 0-500 FTU 
 0-2500 mg/1 
 0-1.5 mg/1 
 
 TABLE IV -1. Continued. 
 
This model is priced at $585,00, A second, more sophisticated model, 
 DREL/4 includes spectrophotometer, digital titrator and titration car- 
 tridges, a built-in conductivity meter, and a portable pH meter. The 
 basic DREL/4 is priced at $1180.00 and DREL/4 with conductivity meter is 
 priced at $1350.00 (Hach, 1982). A list of the tests that can be performed 
 by this model is provided in Table IV-2 (Hach, 1982). 
 
 Both of these models perform similar tests with the exception of 
 DREL/4 measuring dissolved oxygen and DR/1 measuring chemical oxygen 
 demand. Since DREL/4 has a built-in spectrophotometer, digital titra- 
 tor, and a conductivity meter, it is priced higher than DR/1. Both of 
 these models can be purchased from Hach Chemical Company in Ames, Iowa 
 (1-800-247-3990). For the water quality tests needed to be performed for 
 Crystal Lake, model DR/1 would suffice. 
 
 Secchi disk visibility is a measure of lake water transparency - 
 its ability to allow vertical light penetration. Even though the secchi 
 disk transparency is not an actual quantitative indication of light 
 transmission, it provides both an index and a means of oamparing similar 
 bodies of water, or the same body of water at different times (Kothan- 
 daraman and Evans, 1983). Secchi disk is a white disk, 20 cm in diameter, 
 which can be lowered into the water on a calibrated line to the point 
 where it disappears. It is then raised until it just reappears. The 
 average of the two depths is the secchi disk transparency (U.S. EPA, 
 1980). The secchi disk transparency of the Illinois lakes sampled in 
 the past by Illinois EPA ranged from 3 inches (7.62 cm) to 17 feet 
 (5.19 m) . The majority have average transparencies of less than 4 feet 
 (1.22 m) (Sefton, 1983). 
 
 6A 
 
TEST 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Acidity 
 Alkalinity 
 Bromine 
 Calcium 
 Carbon Dioxide 
 
 Chloride 
 Chlorine, Total 
 Chromate, Sodium 
 Chromium, Hexavalent 
 Color 
 
 0-250 mg/1 
 0-250 mg/1 
 0-40 mg/1 
 0-100 mg/1 
 0-100 mg/1 
 
 0-125 mg/1 
 
 0-1.7 mg/1, Ot-2.0 mg/1 
 
 0-1000 mg/1 
 
 0-0.5 mg/1 
 
 0-500 units 
 
 Conductivity 
 Copper 
 Fluoride 
 Hardness, Total 
 Iodine 
 
 Iron, Total 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Nitrogen, Ammonia 
 *Nitrogen, Nitrate 
 *Nitrogen, Nitrate 
 
 *Oxygen, Dissolved 
 
 PH 
 
 pH, Wide Range 
 
 Phosphorus, Reactive 
 *Phosphorus , Acid Hydrolyzable 
 
 0-20,000 mhos/cm 
 
 0-3.0 mg/1 
 
 0-2.0 mg/1 
 
 0-250 mg/1 
 
 0-6 mg/1, 0-70 mg/1 
 
 0-2.0 mg/1 
 
 0-10 mg/1 
 
 0-2.0 mg/1, 0-3.0 mg/1 
 
 0-30 mg/1 
 
 0-.02 mg/1 
 
 0-4 mg/1, 0-20 mg/1 
 0-14 units, 2-12 units 
 4-10 units 
 0-2.0 rag/1, 0-3.0 mg/1 
 
 *Phosphorus, Organic and 
 Acid Hydrolyzable 
 
 Residue, Nonfiltrable 
 
 Silica 
 
 Sulfate 
 
 Sulfide, Hydrogen 
 *Turbidity 
 
 0-500 mg/1 
 
 0-2.0 rag/1, 0-3.0 mg/1 
 
 0-150 mg/1 
 
 0-5.0 mg/1 
 
 0-500 NTU 
 
 TABLE IV-2, A list of tests that can be performed by model DREL/4 
 (Hach, 1982). 
 
Monitoring of lake trophic condition using the indicators described 
 above is necessary if the effects of lake restoration are to be main- 
 tained. 
 
 Vascular Plants 
 
 The second component of this study deals with the use and control of 
 vascular plants following restoration. Mulligan (1969) states that 
 vascular plants are important to the aquatic environment for the fol- 
 lowing reasons. 
 
 1. Produce oxygen through photosynthesis; 
 
 2. Slow water movements and provide habitats for sessile benthic 
 organisms (those living on the bottom of the lake); 
 
 3. Provide surfaces for attachment by bacteria and aquatic insects; 
 
 4. Serve as food, nest-building material, and sites for egg at- 
 tachment for aquatic insects and fish; 
 
 5. Provide nesting sites for fish; 
 
 6. Protect small fish from predation; 
 
 7. Convert inorganic material to organic matter; 
 
 8. Anchor the soil in place by means of their root systems, there- 
 by providing lake bottom stabilization; 
 
 9. Provide controlled access to fishing in certain areas of the 
 lake. 
 
 This investigation into the use of vascular macrophytes in the lake 
 has led to the conclusion that native species will colonize and grow on 
 their own, but specific species' planting was recommended for bank stabili- 
 zation, fisheries, and deterrents to fishing in critical areas. Species 
 found to be native to this region are listed in Lueschow (19 72). From 
 this list cattails and arrowheads were found suitable for Crystal Lake. 
 
 66 
 
We recommend that cattails and arrowheads be planted in the areas indi- 
 cated in Figure IV-1. 
 
 Cattails (Typha spp.) are tall, erect, perennial plants with joint- 
 less stems, 2-ranked, linear, sheathing leaves, and thick branching root- 
 stocks (Muenscher, 194A) . They usually produce a long stalk with a seed 
 spike at the end. The two types of cattails found in Illinois are 
 narrow-leaf and broad-leaf. Cattails grow along the water's edge in 
 shallow waters, provide shallow lake bottom stabilization, and gjard 
 against soil erosion. 
 
 Cattails must be transplanted from an existing area into the new lake 
 by digging up the root balls of the young plants. They are then planted 
 in several inches of silt about one to two feet apart, up to two feet 
 out from the shore (Tazik, 1983). The plants must be continually covered 
 with water at the new site. 
 
 Arrowhead plants ( Sagittaria spp.) usually have arrowhead-shaped 
 leaves and tiny white flowers. This perennial plant grows along the 
 edge of lakes and ponds in shallow water and is sometimes known as duck 
 potato because of its tuberlike root (Illinois DOC, 1983). Arrowhead 
 plants also provide shallow bottom stabilization, and giard against soil 
 erosion. 
 
 Arrowheads can be planted in the same manner as cattails, but care 
 must be taken because of its small root system. Arrowheads can also be 
 propagated by planting seeds in the same manner as the cot ball (Tazik, 
 1983). Both cattails and arrowheads can be obtained from lakes or rivers 
 in this area (i.e. Lake of the Woods, Homer Lake, Sangamon River, etc.). 
 
 Control of aquatic vascular macrophytes is very inportant in maintaining 
 
 67 
 
•:-i^i^5^? Cattails 
 ■-•>■'■•■•.•• 
 
 FIGURE IV- 1. Reconunended planting locations for cattails and arrowheads, 
 
the lake in its restored condition. If left uncontrolled, vascular macro- 
 phytes will grow and spread throughout the lake, causing a major reduction 
 in lake use. Therefore a management program begun at the completion of 
 restoration will be the best and most economical form of aquatic plant 
 ("weeds") control in Crystal Lake over a long period cf time. The manage- 
 ment program would consist of keeping new aquatic vascular macrophyte 
 growths to a minimum in most of the lake and allowing them to grow to a 
 certain density in specific areas where shoreline stabilization or fish 
 habitats are needed. The management techniques can be divided into 
 three categories: mechanical, chemical, and biological. 
 
 Mechanical control consists of pulling, raking, cutting, and removal 
 of nuisance growths. The simplest method entails pulling off new shoots 
 of emergent and submergent growths, and raking algae from the surface of 
 the water. Other mechanical control methods consist of cutting and raking 
 of nuisance plant growths with the help of commercial harvesting equip- 
 ment. The benefits and limitations of these are listed in Table IV-3 
 (Bates, 1976). 
 
 The second management technique involves the use of chemical con- 
 trols. Of the numerous techniques which have been employed as control 
 measures, chemical control has been the most widely used method. It has 
 the greatest utility and justification in highly eutrophlc lakes in which 
 the nutrient supply cannot be effectively controlled and where other 
 management alternatives are infeasible (Dunst, et.al., 197A). Chemical 
 controls of aquatic weeds make use of herbicides. An ideal aquatic herbi- 
 cide must meet the following criteria (Lueschow, 1972): 
 
 1. Quick and efficient destruction of the nuisance plant; 
 
 69 
 
BENEFITS 
 
 LIMITATIONS 
 
 Non-polluting 
 
 Do not harm fish 
 
 Target-specific 
 
 Add no toxic materials 
 
 No license required 
 
 Remove nutrients 
 
 Lake can remain open during 
 such an operation 
 
 Very expensive 
 
 Slow 
 
 Less desirable a)ecies may succeed 
 
 Problem of transporting and stor- 
 ing harvested plant matter 
 
 Labor intensive 
 
 Rapid growth of cut weeds 
 
 TABLE IV-3. Benefits and limitations of mechanical controls (Bates, 1976) 
 
2. Non-toxic to other desirable organisms (fish, arthropods, etc.); 
 
 3. Non-toxic to water users; 
 
 4. Easy and safe to apply; 
 
 5. Readily confined to specific areas; 
 
 6. Breakdown to harmless products with no residue potential. 
 
 Five suitable aquatic herbicides were considered for use in recreational 
 waters. These are: 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid), Silvex 
 (2-2 ,4,5-trichlorophenoxy propionic acid), the potassium salt of endo- 
 thal (l,2-dicarboxy-3,6-endoxoxy cyclohexane) marked as Aquathol, 
 Diquat, and Copper Sulfate (CuSO, ) . 
 
 2,4-D is a common agricultural herbicide. It kills by disrupting 
 the pattern of cell division in the actively reproducing portions of 
 leaf, stem, and roots (Lueschow, 1972). Herbicides of this type usually 
 take four to six weeks to kill a plant. Most applications of 2,4-D 
 are made in late May or early June, and best results are achieved when 
 the plants are most actively growing (Lueschow, 1972). 
 
 Silvex, like 2,4-D, is a phenoxy compound that kills a plant by 
 overstimulation of the meristem regions of the root, taves, and stem 
 (Lueschow, 1972). It is usually used in combination with endothal com- 
 pounds to produce a more effective kill. Labeling restrictions for both 
 2,4-D and Silvex restrict swimming for one day, and three days for other 
 water uses (Lueschow, 1972). 
 
 Aquathol is perhaps the most widely used aquatic herbicide in this 
 area (Hiltibran, 1983). The endothal compounds are contact herbicides 
 that cause the plants to die and go down three to five days after treat- 
 ment (Lueschow, 1972). A wide margin of safety exists between the use 
 
 71 
 
rates and toxicity to desirable fish and fish-food organisms (Lueschow, 
 1972). The addition of silvex to endothal effectively broadens the 
 species spectrum and adds to efficiency by preventing regrowth from roots 
 that are difficult to control with a contact herbicide (Lueschow, 1972). 
 
 Diquat is a quaternary ammonia compound that is particularly safe 
 for fish and fish-food organisms (Lueschow, 1972). Like aquathol, diquat 
 acts as a contact herbicide and is rapidly absorbed by the plant tissue 
 causing a rapid kill. Diquat is effective on filamentous algae and is 
 most efficient on plants without extensive root systems (Lueschow, 1972). 
 It is particularly successful on floating plants. The Urbana Park Dis- 
 trict presently uses diquat to control duckweed on Crystal lake. 
 
 Since the early part of this century, copper sulfate has been used 
 for algae control. When copper sulfate is applied directly to the sur- 
 face algae, it acts to interfere with vital physiological processes. 
 Often the algal cells turn grey shortly after treatment (Lueschow, 
 1972). Copper sulfate is also toxic to fish and fish-food organisms at 
 approximately 1 ppm (Lueschow, 1972). The benefits and limitations of 
 chemical control measures are listed in Table IV-A (Bates, 1976). 
 
 Herbicide applications should be done in the spring when plants are 
 young, before they reach the seeding stage (Illinois DOC, 1983). Most 
 applications should be performed before July 1, except for algae, which 
 can be treated through the summer months (Illinois DOC, 1983). One 
 treatment is usually necessary during each growing season. 
 
 Biological control is a third management technique used in the con- 
 trol of aquatic vascular macrophytes. The common biological controls are 
 non-selective weed-eaters such as herbivorous fish (Chinese grass carp), 
 
 72 
 
BENEFITS 
 
 LIMITATIONS 
 
 Ease of application 
 
 Rapid die-off 
 
 Safe when used correctly 
 
 (i.e. when label restric- 
 tions are followed) 
 
 Labor-conserving 
 
 Some are target-specific 
 
 High initial cost 
 
 Some agents are toxic to fish 
 and other aquatic organisms 
 
 May be followed by algal bloom 
 
 Repeated application necessary 
 
 May damage desirable species 
 
 TABLE IV-4. Benefits and limitations of chemical control measures 
 (Bates, 19 76). 
 
which have been successful in controlling plant growth in Arkansas lakes, 
 crayfish, and snails. Crayfish and snails will enter the lake on their 
 own. The hybrid and Chinese grass carp might be introduced, but are at 
 this time illegal, although they are present in the Mississippi River. 
 These biological controls require periodic surveillance and manipulation 
 in order to avoid unwanted side effects and costs. The cost-efficiency 
 of biological control depends on type of plants, densities, area to be 
 controlled, and the specificity of control measures. The benefits and 
 limitations of biological control measures are listed in Table IV-5 
 (Bates, 1976). 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 For the first objective, to provide a water quality monitoring pro- 
 gram to be used as an early warning system, the following recommenda- 
 tions are proposed for implementation by the Urbana Park District. 
 
 1. Phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, and transparency should 
 be tested. 
 
 2. These tests should be conducted once a month from October to 
 April and more often (i.e. at least twice a month) from May to 
 September. 
 
 3. The tests to be performed during the months of May through 
 September should be conducted once between the first and fif- 
 teenth and once between the sixteenth and thirty-first of each 
 month (Sefton, 1982). 
 
 U. Water samples for chemical analysis should be collected from at 
 least three proposed locations: a) a deep station, b) a shallow 
 station, and c) a station near the outflow. These samples should 
 be collected from the same stations each month. 
 
 5. Water samples for chemical analysis diould be obtained at one 
 meter intervals commencing from the surface of the lake. 
 
 6. A Hach-kit should be purchased (model DR/1 or DREL/A) to test for 
 inorganic orthophosphate, nitrate nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen. 
 
 7A 
 
BENEFITS 
 
 LIMITATIONS 
 
 Low application cost and 
 persistence 
 
 Nutrient removal 
 
 May yield economic by- 
 products 
 
 Reach unaccessible areas 
 
 Host specificity is very criti- 
 cal to establish correctly 
 
 May damage desirable species 
 
 Suitable species are relatively 
 
 new 
 
 TABLE IV-5. Benefits and limitations of biological control measures 
 (Bates, 19 76). 
 
7. Continued use of a secchi disk is suggested to measure lake 
 transparency as presently utilized by the Urbana Park District. 
 
 8. An initial test for chemical constituents of lake water follow- 
 ing restoration should be conducted. This test could be carried 
 out by the Natural History Survey (Aquatic Chemistry), Illi- 
 nois State Water Survey (Aquatic Chemistry), or by a limnology 
 class offered at the University of Illinois (Prof. Lynch, Dept. 
 of Ecology, Etology, and Evolution). 
 
 For the second objective, the use and control of vascular plants, 
 
 the following recommendations are proposed for inplementation by the 
 
 Urbana Park District. 
 
 1. Planting of cattails and arrowheads is suggested at specific 
 locations (Figure IV-1) to provide bank and bottom stabiliza- 
 tion, fish habitat, and guard against soil erosion. 
 
 2. Cattails and arrowheads should be planted diring their repro- 
 ductive cycle (i.e. early spring). 
 
 3. The planting for cattails and arrowheads should start at the 
 shoreline and go out about two feet. These plants could be 
 spaced one to two feet apart depending on how quickly the estab- 
 lished population is desired (Tazik, 1983). 
 
 4. For management techniques, the pulling of rew shoots and raking 
 of algae; use of Aquathol, Diquat, and Copper sulfate; crayfish 
 and snails; should be considered if growth of aquatic plants 
 becomes excessive. 
 
 5. A combination of these three management techniques is suggested 
 to provide a balanced management approach. 
 
 76 
 
FISHERIES STOCKING 
 
 AND 
 
 MANAGEMENT 
 
SECTION V: FISHERIES STOCKING AND MANAGEMENT 
 by 
 M. I. Braga and D. Fields 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Lakes, like living organisms, go through an aging process (eutro- 
 phication) , characterized by an increase in the fertility of the water, 
 attributable to the addition of plant nutrients. 
 
 Natural eutrophication is usually a very slow process and the en- 
 richment of the water is caused by plant and animal matter, as well as 
 soil particles, being carried into the lake by natural runoff. As time 
 goes on, the lake will become more shallow due to sedimentation and will 
 develop algal blooms as a result of increased fertility. 
 
 The action of man in the environment may significantly accelerate 
 the eutrophication process, through drainage of municipal and industrial 
 waste waters and agricultural and urban runoffs. "As a result, lakes be- 
 come unattractive for bathing, boating, and other water-oriented recrea- 
 tions and result in severe economic loss to established resorts. The 
 former users of such lakes are forced to travel elsewhere at added ex- 
 pense. Fish production often increases but the species composition chan- 
 ges. Economically important species such as trout decline or disappear 
 and are often replaced by coarser fish of lower economic value" (OECD, 
 1982). 
 
 The fish community in Crystal Lake is presently suffering from the 
 effects of man-induced eutrophication. The sediments and nutrients brought 
 in by urban runoff and bank erosion have changed the environmental struc- 
 ture of the lake; it is now more shallow and contains excessive growths 
 of aquatic plants. The water is more turbid and less oxygenated 
 
 78 
 
(especially in summer), which constitutes a less than optimal condition 
 for warm-water fish. As a result, fish species (hat require water of a 
 better quality are not able to maintain healthy populations in Crystal 
 lake. 
 
 The fish remaining in eutrophic lakes often become stunted, which 
 means that they will still reproduce but do not grow to their full po- 
 tential. Stunted fish are characterized by large heads and anall bodies, 
 which is indicative of insufficient food supply or intense competition 
 for a limited resource. 
 
 Appropriate lake management can slow down the eutrophication pro- 
 cess. The reduction of sediment and nutrient inputs into the lake pro- 
 vides an obvious starting place. Fish populations should iso be managed 
 to help maintain a balanced relationship among the different species. 
 The condition of the fish community in the lake can also be used to eval- 
 uate the degree of success achieved by any restoration efforts. 
 
 The implementation of a fisheries program and its long-term manage- 
 ment is part of a larger project concerning the rehabilitation of Crystal 
 Lake as a recreational resource for the Champaign-Urbana area. Fish 
 restocking and management programs will be coordinated with other aspects 
 of the restoration process in such a manner that good recreational fish- 
 eries will become available by the time the lake is re-opened to public 
 
 use. 
 
 The four major objectives of the proposed fisheries program are: 
 
 1. Removal of all existing fish from the lake. 
 
 2. Restocking the fish populations of Crystal Lake. 
 
 3. Improvement of the fish habitat structure within the lake. 
 
 79 
 
A. Design of a fisheries management program for Crystal Lake. 
 It is anticipated that implementation of the following e commendations will 
 result in an enhanced fisheries within Crystal Lake. This, in turn, 
 should provide an additional recreational resource for Champaign-Urbana 
 area residents. 
 
 Recommended actions and procedures necessary to meet these ob- 
 jectives are outlined below. 
 
 Removal of all existing fish from the lake 
 
 This objective involves two different actions. First, as many as 
 possible of the adult desirable fish will be removed alive and trans- 
 ferred to temporary holding ponds until they may be returned to Crystal 
 Lake, following completion of construction work. The second step en- 
 tails removing all remaining fish from the lake. This aztion is important 
 to insure that no undesirable fish species will remain in Crystal Lake 
 after the restoration work is completed, thus providing the restocked 
 fish with a habitat free of undesirable competitors, and lake managers 
 with a better chance to develop healthy fish populations. Two alterna- 
 tive methods of accomplishing this task were considered: 1) the intro- 
 duction of predator fish into the lake, and 2) the use of a fish toxicant 
 to kill all the remaining fish, followed by their total Emoval. Accord- 
 ing to Lopinot (1973), "Fish toxicants represent one cf the most effective 
 tools available to the fishery management biologist for the enhancement 
 of fish population and angling quality." The toxicant rethod was chosen 
 as it is more likely to give sure and relatively fast results in removing 
 the fish from Crystal Lake. The total fish removal will also promote the 
 
 80 
 
decrease of nutrients present in the lake by eliminating part of the 
 organic matter present, thus helping to avoid any future eutrophication 
 problems that may occur after restoration is completed. 
 
 Restocking the fish population of Crystal Lake 
 
 The first decision was to determine a suitable combination of fish 
 species to inhabit the lake. The fish community should maintain a 
 healthy balance among the populations using the resources available from 
 the lake while providing the fishermen with a diverse selection of fish. 
 The following recommendations of the species to be stocked were based 
 upon these parameters: 
 
 1. morphological characteristics of Crystal Lake 
 
 2. expected water quality in the lake 
 
 3. availability of sport fish for recreation 
 
 4. availability of food for the fish 
 
 5. good fish diversity 
 
 6. balanced, self-sustained aquatic community 
 
 After considering various fish species as possible components of 
 the restocking program, the following combination was selected: 
 
 1. Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) 
 
 2. Smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolmieui ) 
 
 3. Redear sunf ish ( Lepomis microlophus ) 
 
 4. Fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) 
 
 5. Channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) 
 
 This combination is likely to promote a balanced, self-sustained 
 fish community in Crystal Lake while providing the fishermen with diverse 
 
 81 
 
recreational fisheries. This report also makes recommendations on the 
 density and age group of the fishes to be stocked and includes a stocking 
 tine chart for the different species. These recommendations are based 
 primarily on information obtained from staff members of the Illinois De- 
 partment of Conservation, the Illinois Natural History Survey, and several 
 commercial fish hatcheries that were contacted for this purpose. A cost 
 estimate for the restocking program is also included in this section. 
 
 Improvement of the fish habitat structure 
 
 To achieve the goal of establishing a healthy, self-sustained fish 
 population in Crystal Lake, the availability of habitat structure for the 
 restocked fish must be considered. The term habitat structure refers to 
 the physical characteristics and components of the lake that provide 
 shelter and nesting grounds for aquatic organisms. The quantity of fish 
 habitat is very important as both too little and too much structure may 
 have deleterious effects on the fish population. In the case of too 
 little structure there will not be enough shelter and nesting grounds for 
 the fish. On the other hand, too much structure will make fish unavail- 
 able for the predators (Crowder and Cooper, 1979). 
 
 The value of habitat structure in fish productivity and angling suc- 
 cess in standing waters is well documented in the literature (e.g. 
 Johnson and Stein, eds., 1979). Artificial structures are known to be 
 good fish concentrators because they provide shelter. Specially de- 
 signed artificial structures are also good at providing spawning habitat 
 required by certain fish species, thus increasing their productivity. 
 More recently, many fishery biologists were successful in showing that 
 
 82 
 
artificial structures increase the available habitat for attachment of 
 periphyton, an important food item especially for sunfish. The addition 
 of these structures to standing water bodies may actually improve the 
 food resources for the fish (Prince and Maughan, 1978). Within the above 
 context, periphyton is defined as "the total assemblage of plant and ani- 
 mal communities attached to any firm substrate and also the free-living 
 macro and the micro-organisms found swimming, creeping, or lodged among 
 the attached forms" (American Public Health Association, 1971, in Prince, 
 Strange, and Simmons, Jr., 1976). 
 
 The types of environmental structures considered in this report are: 
 
 1. those provided by the lake morphology. These include contour 
 shapes, bottom irregularities, type of bottom sediment (i.e. 
 sand, silt, or gravel), and depth; 
 
 2. living structures, represented mainly by aquatic macrophytes; 
 and 
 
 3. artificial structures, such as submerged reefs, brush, logs, 
 barrels, etc. 
 
 The final section includes recommendations on types and amount of 
 
 artificial structures needed to enhance the fisheries in Crystal Lake, 
 
 their location and distribution within the lake, and the compatibility 
 
 of such structures with other planned lake uses (i.e. skating, boating, 
 
 etc.). Also included are directions for how to build and install some 
 
 of these artificial structures. 
 
 Design of a fisheries management program for Crystal Lake 
 
 We agree with George Bennett when he said that "one would be naive 
 
 to expect any combination of fishes stocked in a man-made lake or pond to 
 
 be productive of good fishing for an indefinite period of time. Too man 
 
 83 
 
 y 
 
of the integrated forces and counterforces that are active for promoting 
 the well-being of a fish population in a primitive environment are ab- 
 sent from a man-made and man-dominated lake" (Bennett, 1962). For this 
 reason, this report also deals with the design of a fisheries management 
 program which basically consists of an annual inventory of the fish pop- 
 ulation in Crystal Lake, done by recognized professionals in the field. 
 The inventory should produce information such as estimated size and struc- 
 ture of the fish populations, evidence of overharvest, evidence of stunt- 
 ing of any fish population, or the need for additional stocking of fish. 
 The management program also includes suggestions for fishing regu- 
 lations such as minimum size of fish that may be kept by the fishermen. 
 Finally, recommendations regarding the use of fish for macrophyte con- 
 trol, if these ever become a problem in Crystal Lake, are also presented. 
 
 METHODS 
 
 The present situation of the fish populations in Crystal Lake was 
 presented by Gene Sanks, of the Urbana Park District, who conducted a 
 tour of the lake and pointed out the different problems in the area. 
 This provided an opportunity to examine a sample of different fish from 
 the lake, most of which exhibited signs of stunting. 
 
 Two methods were used in searching for possible solutions for the 
 fisheries problem in Crystal Lake. First, direct consultation with pro- 
 fessionals in the field of fisheries management, mainly from the Illi- 
 nois Department of Conservation, Illinois Natural History Survey, the 
 Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution of the University of 
 Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and personnel from several fish hatcheries. 
 
 84 
 
Information from the literature available at the Natural History Survey 
 Library, Biology Library, and the Main Library at the University of Illi- 
 nois campus at Urbana-Champaign was also used. 
 
 The following factors were considered for the final recommendations: 
 
 1. expected use of Crystal Lake as a recreational fisheries re- 
 source; 
 
 2. integrity of the aquatic community; 
 
 3. lake aesthetics; and 
 
 4. cost of the operation. 
 
 The first three factors had a stronger influence oi the decision- 
 making process. Cost was not a major constraint as all the options ex- 
 amined had a low cost relative to the overall cost cf restoring Crystal 
 Lake. 
 
 FINDINGS 
 
 The information gathered as a result of this study will be presented 
 next under each of the four following objectives. 
 
 Fish Removal 
 
 Some of the fish species that were selected to be restocked are al- 
 ready inhabiting Crystal Lake. The bigger individuals of these species 
 couid be saved and used later as a part of the restocking program. 
 
 For this purpose, Crystal Lake could be shocked, and the bigger 
 desirable fish collected and transported to a temporary holding pond. 
 The Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) has a pond that could be used 
 to retain the fish until the restoration work in Crystal Lake is com- 
 pleted. Members of the INHS could conduct the locking of the bke and 
 
 85 
 
transport the fish to the holding pond. 
 
 After most bigger desirable fish are removed, a fish toxicant can 
 be applied to Crystal Lake to kill all remaining fish. There are a 
 number of toxicants that can be used to kill fish, with Rotenone ard 
 Antimycin commonly used. Rotenone is frequently employed by the Illinois 
 Department of Conservation (IDOC) and INHS. Rotenone was selected as the 
 alternative to by more fully investigated. 
 
 Rotenone is a plant byproduct. It is degraded by sunlight in a 
 few hours, the actual time depending on the amount and intensity of sun- 
 light during application. If faster detoxification is needed, potassium 
 permanganate can be added to the water (Gumming, 1975). 
 
 The fish-killing action of Rotenone is faster in warm water than in 
 colder water. Most of the dead fish will float to the surface and can 
 be removed with the use of nets. The bigger fish can be consumed as 
 food since Rotenone is destroyed during the cooking process. The re- 
 maining fish may either be disposed of at the Champaign-Urbana landfill, 
 or used as soil fertilizer. 
 
 Rotenone costs about $30-$50 per gallon. The actual amount of 
 toxicant needed in Crystal Lake will depend on the volume of water in the 
 lake at the time of application. It is anticipated that the amount of 
 Rotenone needed will be in the order of 12 to 25 gallons. 
 
 The application of Rotenone has to be done by someone licensed for 
 this purpose. Both the IDOC and the INHS have people cpalified to perform 
 this job, and will do it if contacted well in advance. The professional 
 in charge of applying the Rotenone will decide on concentration and 
 methods of application. However, Todd Powless (per. comm.) from the INHS 
 
 86 
 
gave the following suggestions: 
 
 1. Apply Rotenone at a concentration of 4 ppm to insure a total 
 fish kill, including more hardy species such as carp and cat- 
 fish; 
 
 2. Use a hose to send the Rotenone mixture to the deepest parts of 
 the lake. This may not be necessary if the lake is drained to 
 a shallower depth before applying the toxicant; 
 
 3. Apply the Rotenone from a motorboat. The propeller action helps 
 mix the toxicant more thoroughly in the lakevater. 
 
 It is of maximum importance that no water from Crystal Lake be al- 
 lowed to flow into the Saline Ditch from the time Rotenone is applied 
 until all the toxicant is degraded. 
 
 The best time for the application of Rotenone will vary depending 
 on which sediment removal method is to be employed. If complete drain- 
 age and sediment excavation is performed, the Rotenone should be applied 
 after the lake has been partially drained. The application of Rjtenone 
 at this point is easier because of the reduced volume of water, thus 
 concentrating fish in the deeper parts of the lake. The removal of the 
 dead fish becomes easier because the dry lake margins facilitate the use 
 of nets, and there is also a smaller water surface area to be cleaned. 
 
 If a hydraulic method is used to remove the sediment, such as the 
 Mudcat, the Rotenone should be applied before the sediment removal starts. 
 In this manner, any dead fish not removed by the nets can be sucked up 
 along with the sediment. 
 
 Fish Restocking 
 
 The first requirement for implementing good recreational fisheries 
 in Crystal Lake is the existence of a source of water for the lake which 
 
 is plentiful, reliable, and of good quality. The various possible water 
 
 87 
 
sources, previously discussed in Chapter 111, in relation to their suit- 
 ability for sustaining good Tlsh populations, were examined. It is 
 agreed that groundwater would be the preferred option for maintenance of 
 the aquatic community, provided it is aerated before going into the lake. 
 Aeration by the cascade method, described in the Clark, Dietz report, 
 would be enough to provide the water with enough dissolved oxygen for 
 the fish. 
 
 Another factor that affects the quality of the fisheries to be. de- 
 veloped in Crystal Lake is the availability of food for all fish in the 
 lake, including the newly hatched ones. The existence of a diverse 
 community of aquatic microorganisms should provide the necessary food 
 for the smaller fish. The aquatic microorgainsms will colonize Crystal 
 Lake by themselves after the lake is refilled. However, in order to speed 
 up the process, the lake could receive plankton samples obtained from 
 other lakes nearby, such as Homer Lake and Clear Lake, the latter at 
 Kickapoo State Park. These samples would provide Crystal Lake with a 
 combination of different algae and microorganisms, thus boosting the 
 development of a diverse aquatic community in the lake. The INHS uses 
 tViis procedure to improve the aquatic microorganism community in their 
 experimental ponds after they are drained and refilled prior to commenc- 
 ing with a new experiment (Powless, per. comm. ) . Some of the staff per- 
 sonnel involved in this activity could advise and telp the Urbana Park 
 District in conducting this operation in Crystal Lake. 
 
 Many different species of fish were considered as possible options 
 for stocking In Crystal Lake. Two of these, black crappie ( Pomoxis 
 nigromaculatus ) and white crappie ( Pomoxis annularis ), are commonly 
 
 88 
 
stocked as sport fish in lakes throughout Illinois. These species, how- 
 ever, have a high reproductive rate and thus tend to overpopulate a lake, 
 often becoming stunted. Also, when stocked together with largemouth 
 bass, crappie many times outcompete bass, and eventually overpopulate 
 and become stunted (Lopinot, 1972). 
 
 Another very common fish in Illinois water bodies is the bluegi]!, 
 frequently stocked as a forage fish for the bass. This fish presents 
 the same basic problem as the crappie, tending to overpopulate lakes and 
 become stunted. 
 
 For the above reasons, none of these three fish species, although 
 commonly used in stocking programs throughout Illinois, were included 
 in our list of fish recommended for stocking in Crystal Lake after restor- 
 ation work is completed. 
 
 The final list of fish to be stocked in Crystal lake vas selected 
 using information from the literature and from direct consultation with 
 staff members from the INHS and IDOC. It was agreed that the lake should 
 be stocked with adult and young fish of each species. The five species 
 considered for stocking, along with a brief description of their life 
 history, are listed below: 
 
 - Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) , Figure V-1, are abundant 
 throughout the states of Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana. Wannwater fish 
 found in virtually all types of water, they are intolerant of excessive 
 turbidity and siltation and of low dissolved oxygen conditions. Finger- 
 lings eat primarily zooplankton; as the young get larger they ingest 
 aquatic insects and small fish. Adults are principally piscivorous. In 
 Illinois, the largemouth bass matures usually at two years; spawning 
 
 89 
 
Largemouth bass 
 
 * 
 
 •^^^iJil^SiU. 
 
 
 Smallmouth bass 
 
 
 FIGURE V-1. Recommended fish species to be stocked in Crystal Lake 
 (Gutth, 1979). 
 
occurs in May and June, with nesting activities beginning when the water 
 temperature reaches 60 F. The male bass prepares the nest on a sub- 
 strate of sand, gravel, roots, or aquatic vegetation at depths from 
 12 inches to 7 feet. Habitat or environmental manipulation is considered 
 one of the best tools a resource manager may implement in the management 
 of largemouth bass. These include placement of gravel spawning boxes, 
 installation of brush shelters, and control of excessive weed growth 
 (Mraz, et.al., 1961). 
 
 - Smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieui ) , Figure V-1, is widely 
 distributed in Indiana, Kentucky, and the northern two-thirds of Illi- 
 nois. They prefer deeper and cooler waters than the largemouth bass. 
 Due to intolerance to turbid waters, a clean unsilted bottom is an es- 
 sential requirement for substantial populations. Feeding habits are 
 similar to those of the largemouth bass. Generally, they are unable to 
 compete with the largemouth bass (Bennett and Childers, 1961). The con- 
 ditions at Crystal Lake will not be very favorable for the establishment 
 of a substantial population of smallmouth bass. However, the introduction 
 of smallmouth in Crystal Lake should be attempted because of its relatively 
 low cost and of the added benefits in the event the smallmouth succeeds 
 
 in getting established in the lake. 
 
 - Redear sunfish ( Lepomis microlophus ) , Figure V-2, occurs through- 
 out Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. The redear thrives best in warm, 
 clear, quiet water with standing aquatic vegetation. Young eat zoo- 
 plankton and green algae; adults eat plankton, some iisects, snails, and 
 a few small fish. Redear usually become sexually mature at 1 year and 
 spawn in May and June; eggs are laid in nests within or near vegetation 
 
 91 
 
Rcdcar sunfish 
 
 d^M^/m^ 
 
 Channel catfish 
 
 Fathead minnow 
 
 
 FIGURE V-2. Recommended fish species to be stocked in Crystal Lake 
 (Smith, 19 79). 
 
in waters less than 10 feet deep. Some individuals may spavm several 
 times a year. Redear grows well, reproduces moderately, and is thought 
 to be suitable for stocking with largemouth bass in ponds. The adult 
 redears are sport fish, while the young provide forage for the bass. 
 As a sport fish, the redear grows larger than the bluegill and is con- 
 sidered more difficult to catch because it inhabits deeper water. 
 
 - Channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) , Figure V-2, occurs through 
 Illinois, Indiand, and Kentucky. The catfish may be found in muddy 
 water even though it prefers clearer water, and is also tolerant of 
 standing water. Young eat insect larvae, zooplankton, and some algae; 
 adults have been found to eat a tremendous variety of materials. Chan- 
 nel catfish mature between 5 and 8 years of age and 12 to 13 inches in 
 length. They spawn in semi dark, secluded nests under rocks, in. log 
 jams, holes, and other protected sites. Spawning occurs from May to 
 July. They will not spawn in transparent ponds unless a dark place is 
 provided, such as submerged barrels or 10 gallon cans. Channel catfish 
 are frequently stocked with bass and sunfush, but vill rarely reproduce 
 successfully under these conditions. If spawning occurs, (he tiny fry are 
 quickly devoured by the predating bass and sunfish (Lopinot, 1972). 
 Periodic restocking is recommended to keep the populations at sufficient 
 levels. 
 
 - Fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) , Figure V-2, is one of the 
 common and characteristic minnows of the Prairie regions. It has high 
 tolerance for high temperature, high turbidity, and low levels of dis- 
 solved oxygen. Adults are commonly 1.6 to 2.8 inches long. Its food 
 consists mostly of algae and other plant material, but aquatic Insects 
 
 93 
 
are also eaten. Spawning occurs from the end of May to early August; 
 a female may spawn 12 or more times in a season. A diversity of objects 
 such as boards, rocks, and tree-roots may be utilized for spawning. The 
 fathead minnow is not very tolerant of competition and is seldom abundant 
 in habitats that support a large variety of other fish (Pflieger, 1975). 
 
 Crayfish will likely colonize Crystal Lake on their own after the 
 lake is filled. If possible, this process should be expedited by stocking 
 these organisms. Crayfish serve as another food source for the bass and 
 also were shown in some instances to have a beneficial influence in keep- 
 ing the growth of aquatic macrophytes under control (Saiki and Tash, 
 1979). 
 
 Largemouth bass and smallmouth bass are recommended as the main sport 
 fishes in Crystal Lake. The redear sunfish would be the principal forage 
 fish, also acting as a sport fish. Fathead minnows should be stocked 
 mainly to add diversity to the system, and although they also constitute 
 another potential food source for the bass, it is not likely that they 
 will attain population sizes large enough to provide a principle food 
 source for bass. Although channel catfish will have to be partially re- 
 stocked in Crystal Lake every year, their introduction is advantageous 
 because they constitute an additional option for the fishermen, while 
 also adding to the diversity of the fish community. 
 
 Another important point considered for this study is the stocking 
 schedule for the different fish species. An experiment conducted in 
 Missiouri evaluated two different stocking methods for farm ponds (Dillard 
 and Hamilton, 1969). The first method consisted of stocking largemouth 
 
 94 
 
bass in the summer, and bluegills and channel catfish in the fall; the 
 second method recommended is a single stocking time for all fish species 
 in the fall. The results of that experiment showed that the different 
 methods had little influence on sizes attained by the various fish age 
 classes. However, the first method appeared to result in better fish 
 population structures. The first method gives an extra age class of 
 bass which will increase predation pressure on the bluegills, thus pro- 
 viding better growth conditions for both bass and bluegills. The extra 
 age group of bass has the additional advantage as the first cohort 
 enters the creel a year earlier and thus relieves the fishing pressure 
 on the bass stocked sooner. 
 
 The stocking of fingerlings (fish up to one year old) in Crystal 
 Lake can be done through the IDOC. The DOC's district biologist should be 
 contacted at least one year prior to the stocking date to assure avail- 
 ability of fish. The district biologist will then determine the quanti- 
 ties needed for each of the fish species requested by the Urbana Park 
 District. The fish are ordered by the IDOC from the Sand Ridge Hatchery 
 in Manito, IL. , and are available for a $25.00 stocking fee in addition 
 to the rate of $1.00 per acre. Crystal Lake could be completely stocked 
 with fingerlings at the cost of $33.00. 
 
 In relation to the stocking of adult fish, three suggestions about 
 the densities at which each fish species should be introduced in Crystal 
 Lake were obtained. 
 
 Table V-1 displays the suggestions made by the IDOC (Lutterby, per. 
 coram.). The IDOC also recommended stocking 200 bluegill/acre. These 
 will not be considered in the calculation of stocking costs because 
 
 95 
 
Fish Number/Acre 
 
 largemouth bass 80 
 
 smallmouth bass 40 
 
 redear sunfish 200 
 
 channel catfish 100 
 
 TABLE V-1. IDOC reconmendations for type and number of fish/acre. 
 
bluegill were eliminated as an potion for Crystal Lake. There was also a 
 recommendation for restocking 50 channel catfish/acre every year. 
 
 Table V-2 contains the INHS recommendations (Powless, per. comm. ) . 
 
 Table V-3 shows the recommendations made by Fender's Fish Hatchery 
 (per. comm.). The hatchery reconmiended buying smaller fish instead of 
 adults. According to this source, the fish size would be initially smal- 
 ler but would grow to adult size within one year and the operation would 
 be less expensive. Fender's Fish Hatchery also recommended stocking 
 150 perch/acre (3 to 5 inch size). As with the bluegill, the perch will 
 not be included in the calculation of costs for the stocking of Crystal 
 Lake. 
 
 A list of private fisheries is available from the IDOC. Of all the 
 hatcheries contacted by us, only two presently had the Kquested fish 
 available. These two fish hatcheries were: 
 
 A. John B. Fitzpatrick Fishery Management Service. 21A E. North St., 
 Dwight, IL 60420. (815)584-2545. The prices furnished for 
 
 the fish already include delivery costs, and are displayed in 
 Table V-4. 
 
 B. Fender's Fish Hatchery. Route 1, Baltic, OH 43804. (614)622-0681. 
 The prices for the fish do not include delivery costs. They are 
 displayed in Table V-5. 
 
 The costs for stocking Crystal Lake with adult fish were estimated 
 using the prices from Fender's Fish Hatchery, as that was the hatchery 
 that could currently supply most of the recommended fish. The cost for 
 stocking minnows was calculated using the price from the John B. Fitz- 
 patrick Fishery. The assumptions made for the cost estimates were: 
 
 1. largemouth bass at an average length of 10 inches; 
 
 2. smallmouth bass at an average length of 8 Inches; 
 
 97 
 
Fish Number/Acre 
 
 largemouth bass 50 
 
 smallmouth bass 50 
 
 redear sunfish 50 
 
 channel catfish 30 
 
 fathead minnow 20 lbs. 
 
 TABLE V-2. INHS recommendations for type and number of fish/acre. 
 
 Fish 
 
 Size 
 
 Number/acre 
 
 6 to 7 in. 
 
 150 
 
 2 to 4 in. 
 
 150 
 
 3 to 5 in. 
 
 150 
 
 3 to 5 in. 
 
 200 
 
 largemouth bass 
 smallmouth bass 
 redear sunfish 
 channel catfish 
 
 TABLE V-3. Fender's Fish Hatchery recommendations for type and number 
 of fish/acre. 
 
 Fish Size Price $ 
 
 channel catfish 9 to 13 in. .80 each 
 
 fathead minnow adult 2.50/lb. 
 
 TABLE V-4. Fish prices at the John B. Fitzpatrick Fishery Management 
 Service. 
 
Fish 
 
 Size 
 
 Price $ 
 
 largemouth bass 
 
 3 to 4 in. 
 
 4 to 6 in. 
 6 to 7 in, 
 over 8 in. 
 
 ,35 each 
 ,55 each 
 .80 each 
 .25 per in. 
 
 smallmouth bass 
 
 2 to 4 in. 
 4 to 7 in. 
 over 7 in. 
 
 , 35 each 
 ,15 per in. 
 ,20 per in. 
 
 redear sunfish 
 
 3 to 5 in. 
 5 to 6 in. 
 
 ,25 each 
 , 50 each 
 
 channel catfish 
 
 3 to 5 in. 
 5 to 7 in. 
 7 to 9 in. 
 
 , 35 each 
 , 50 each 
 ,75 each 
 
 TABLE V-5. Fish prices at Fender's Fish Hatchery. 
 
3. all prices do not include delivery; and 
 
 A. all calculations assume Crystal Lake is eight acres in size. 
 
 The cost estimates for each of the three stocking schemes are 
 listed in Tables V-6, V-7, and V-8. It is important to remember that 
 the cost for stocking Crystal Lake will likely be bwer than estimated, 
 depending upon the number of fish saved in the shocking operation. 
 
 One probelm that should be avoided in Crystal Lake is the initial 
 overstocking of fish. Overstocking reduces fish growth due to excessive 
 competitive pressure and will cause fish to be too small by the time 
 they reach their harvest time. Once a lake is overstocked, significant 
 reductions of the fish populations is a very difficult task, which fre- 
 quently can only be achieved by more drastic means, such as the use of 
 fish toxicants. On the other hand, if the lake is understocked, new 
 fish may always be added. This course of action should be preferred over 
 the other extreme of overstocking and all the subsequent problems it may 
 create. 
 
 Fish Habitat Development 
 
 The fish habitat in Crystal Lake was divided into three different 
 categories to facilitate the development of their study. It is important 
 to remember that in the lake, all three types of habitat structure inter- 
 act with each other, and the results from improving the characteristics 
 of each of the three variables may be more noticeable than just acheiving 
 optimal conditions in one category and neglecting the others. 
 
 The findings of this study concerning the improvement of the fish 
 habitat in Crystal Lake will be presented next under each of the three 
 
 100 
 
Fish 
 
 Numb 
 
 er/Acre 
 
 $/Flsh 
 
 Total Cost ($) 
 
 largemouth bass 
 
 
 80 
 
 2.50 
 
 1600.00 
 
 smallmouth bass 
 
 
 40 
 
 1.60 
 
 512.00 
 
 redear sunfish 
 
 
 200 
 
 .50 
 
 800.00 
 
 channel catfish 
 
 
 100 
 
 .75 
 
 1600.00 
 4512.00 Total 
 
 TABLE V-6. Estimated expenditure incurred by IDOC's fish stocking 
 recommendations. 
 
 Fish 
 
 Numb 
 
 er/Acre 
 
 $/Fish 
 
 Total Cbst ($) 
 
 largemouth bass 
 
 
 50 
 
 2.50 
 
 1000.00 
 
 smallmouth bass 
 
 
 50 
 
 1.60 
 
 640.00 
 
 redear sunfish 
 
 
 50 
 
 .50 
 
 200.00 
 
 channel catfish 
 
 
 30 
 
 .75 
 
 180.00 
 
 fathead minnow 
 
 
 201bs. 
 
 2.50/lb. 
 
 400.00 
 2420.00 Total 
 
 TABLE V-7. Estimated expenditure incurred by INHS's fish stocking 
 recommendations . 
 
 Fish 
 
 Number/Acre 
 
 largemouth bass 
 smallmouth bass 
 redear sunfish 
 channel catfish 
 
 150 
 150 
 150 
 200 
 
 $/Fish 
 
 .80 
 ,35 
 ,25 
 ,35 
 
 Total Cost ($) 
 
 960.00 
 420.00 
 300.00 
 560.00 
 2240.00 Total 
 
 TABLE V-8. Estimated expenditure incurred by Fender's Fish Hatchery 
 fish stocking recommendations. 
 
Fish 
 
 Number/Acre 
 
 $/Fish 
 
 Total ($) 
 
 largemouth bass 
 
 80 
 
 .25/in. 
 
 1600.00 
 
 smallmouth bass 
 
 40 
 
 .20/in. 
 
 512.00 
 
 redear sunfish 
 
 200 
 
 .50 each 
 
 800.00 
 
 channel catfish 
 
 100 
 
 . 75 each 
 
 1600.00 
 
 fathead minnow 
 
 201bs. 
 
 2.50/lb. 
 
 AOO.OO 
 
 4912.00 Total 
 
 TABLE V-9. Recommended stocking densities for adult fish, and respective 
 costs. 
 
different categories of habitat structure. 
 
 A. Lake morphology 
 
 This category includes the fish habitat provided by the physio- 
 graphic characteristics of the lake. These include lake contour, shape, 
 bed topography, type of bottom sediment, and depth. The information pre- 
 sented below was obtained mainly from a study on procedures for the 
 development of fisheries production of surface mined iinds (Leary, 1980). 
 
 Depth is a very important lake characteristic. It can determine the 
 possible recreational uses for the lake and can influence the type of 
 aquatic organisms that will be able to colonize the lake, due to the 
 volume of water in the lake and the amount of sunlight ftiat will reach 
 the bottom. In order to accommodate a diverse fish population, a lake 
 should have a depth greater than 12 feet in at least 25% of the lake sur- 
 face area. Some places should be as deep as 18 to 20 feet; these offer 
 better habitat for fish like the smallmouth bass and dLso act as a refuge 
 for the fish during winter, when shallower areas of ttie lake may freeze. 
 
 The lake contour should be irregular to create coves and bays along 
 the shore (Figure V-3). This configuration decreases the .visual field of 
 the fish, thus creating more sheltered areas. Many fish species are ter- 
 ritorial, especially during spawning season, and will not reproduce well 
 if there are other fish within sight of their nests. 
 
 The lake bed topography should be irregular, with holes, peaks, and 
 rocks, to create more fish habitat (Figure V-4) . The irregularities also 
 diminish the visual range of the fish, thus creating more sheltered 
 spaces for prey fish and some raacroinvertebrates, such as the crayfish. 
 
 103 
 
+ 10 - 
 
 RREGULAR 
 
 — 10 - 
 
 PREFERRED TO 
 
 REGULAR 
 
 FIGURE V-3. Comparison of irregular contour of lake bottom which in- 
 creases fish habitat with that of a regular homogenous type 
 lake bottom. 
 
PREFERRED TO 
 
 SCULPTURED EDGE 
 
 PLAIN EDGE 
 
 ;'F^ i'y^K-^' f-- ■ " • ' ■■.•■ 
 
 FIGURE V-4. Irregular lake bed topography which provides habitat. 
 
The littoral shelf consists of the shallower areas along the margins; 
 it is there that most of the aquatic plants will grow and m)st fish will 
 spawn. The littoral areas should amount to approximately 20% of the sur- 
 face area, and should have depths in the range of 2 to 5 feet. Areas 
 less than 2 feet should be kept to a minimum to limit the growth of aquatic 
 macrophytes in the lake. The width of the littoral shelf can be adapted 
 to the needs of each region of the lake; it could be widened where fish 
 spawning is desired, and narrower in fishing areas, boating areas, or 
 where extensive growth of aquatic macrophytes is not desired (Figure V-5) . 
 
 The slopes along the lake bottom are also a very important feature 
 of lake morphology, as they determine the rate at which lake depth 
 changes with distance. The slopes should be gentle in the littoral areas, 
 in the range of 1:10 to 1:20, but should increase abruptly to at least 
 a 1:3 ratio beyond that point (Figure V-6). This rapid increase in 
 depth with distance will help confine the growth of aquatic macrophytes 
 to the littoral shelf, by limiting the amount of light ftiat will reach 
 the bottom for photosynthesis. 
 
 The addition of large rocks along the margins for bank stabilization 
 will also increase fish and invertebrate habitat in the ike (Figure V-7). 
 
 B. Living Structures 
 
 Living structures are mainly represented by aquatic macrophytes, which 
 probably will establish themselves in the first years after the lake is 
 filled. 
 
 The aquatic macrophytes are very important in providing shelter for 
 the young fish, and also furnish essential habitat for the micro and 
 
 106 
 
NARROW SHELF 
 
 
 ^<«n nf a wide and narrow littoral shelf. 
 FIGURE V-5. Cross-section of a wiae an 
 
1:10 SLOPE 
 
 
 ^•U>-V:'.-\'-*":K'\.-:;'"r7>>.,^ 
 '-VK^->•y^•>■w•■•■•''^^^^v^;v^f^>^^^ 
 
 FIGURE V-6. Diag 
 
 ,^ o£ a l:10 and a l: 3 littoral shelf slope. 
 
FIGURE V-7. Cross-section of littoral shelf showing placement of large 
 rocks to provide stabilization. 
 
macroinvertebrates in the lake, which are at the base of the food web in 
 an aquatic community. The excessive growth of these plants, however, may 
 pose a serious problem to the fish populations because they will provide 
 excessive cover for the forage fish. One common way to control macrophyte 
 growth in lakes is by mechanical means, in which case it is recommended 
 that the trimming of the plants be done in rectangular dtrips (Crowder and 
 Cooper, 1979), approximately 2-3 feet wide. This pattern should be fol- 
 lowed in order to leave enough patches of macrophyte where the young 
 fish and invertebrates can still thrive. This strip pattern will also 
 provide enough feeding edges for the larger fish. 
 
 C. Artificial structures 
 
 The artificial structures more closely analyzed in this study were 
 the artificial submerged reefs and the special structures for spawning. 
 
 "An artificial reef may be described as any collection of rigid struc- 
 tures placed close together in an aquatic environment to improve fish 
 habitat" (Prince et.al., 1977). "Reef structures should be bulky, 
 possess many cavities, and have several entrances. Reef structures that 
 arise well above the bottom provide more shelter and surface area than 
 do low-profile structures. These, however, may be better for shallow 
 water and can be used to increase spawning area" (Prince et.al., 1977). 
 
 The main objective in investigating the use of artificial reefs was 
 to assess their value as shelters for the fish. A study in Smith Moun- 
 tain Lake, Virginia, showed that largemouth bass are highly structure 
 oriented (Prince and Maughan, 1979). They prefer brush shelter areas, 
 
 whereas the smallmouth bass do not show the same preference (Vogele and 
 
 110 
 
Rainwater, 1975). Studies comparing the suitability of brush shelters 
 and tire reefs in providing shelter showed that: 
 
 1. brush shelters are more efficient to concentrate bass than tire 
 shelters (Wege and Anderson, 1979); 
 
 2. largemouth bass are more attracted to high profile tire units, 
 while the sunfish prefer the triangular unit frince aid Maughan, 
 1979b); 
 
 3. brush shelters were found to concentrate crayfish (Rodeheffer, 
 1945). 
 
 The main purpose in using submerged artificial reefs in Crystal Lake 
 will be to increase the shelter areas available to the fish, especially 
 in the deeper regions where the aquatic macrophytes are not expected to 
 grow significantly. Floating reefs were eliminated from consideration 
 because they would interfere with other uses of the lake, such as boating, 
 while simultaneously impairing the aesthetic quality of the lake. 
 
 Both brush shelters and tire reef units were evaluated for installa- 
 tion in Crystal Lake. The costs of artificial reefs can be closely 
 controlled by using cheap and durable construction material, such as 
 scrap automobile tires and old Christmas trees. Their construction is 
 fairly simple and can be done as a community project (Prince aad Maughan, 
 1978). It is recommended that the Urbana Park District hiild these reefs, 
 possibly offering this activity as a summer job for students. 
 
 The following directions for the construction of these habitat 
 structures were obtained from a publication entitled "How to Build a 
 Freshwater Artificial Reef" (Prince et.al., 1977), 
 
 The brush shelters may consist of old Christmas trees. A 3/8 inch 
 
 hole is drilled at the base of the trunk of each tree and a piece of 
 
 steel bar stock forced into the hole. The butt of the tree is then put 
 
 111 
 
into a 5 gallon can filled with concrete to three quarters of its capacity 
 (Figure V-8) . These single tree units may be connected with poly- 
 propelene line at the time of installation. 
 
 Tire reefs consist of assemblages of four types of tire units. 
 
 The first type is the single tire unit. For these, a nnnber 10 can 
 filled with concrete is pushed between the sidewalls into the body of the 
 tire as a ballast. Two large air holes are drilled or cut in the tread 
 portion opposite the can to allow trapped air to escape (Figure V-9a) . 
 
 The next J:ype of tire unit is the triangle unit. For the construc- 
 tion of these, three tires are tightly lashed together to form a triangle 
 of tires whose tread portions are in contact with the ground. One num- 
 ber 10 can filled with concrete is forced between the sidewalls of one 
 of the tires. To assure sinking, large holes are drilled through the 
 tops of all three tires (Figure V-9b). 
 
 For the pyramid tire unit, three tires are put together to form a 
 cylindrical assembly. Two of these three tire assemblies are then roped 
 together to form a base of 6 tires. A third assembly is lashed on top 
 of the middle of the base to form a pyramid. Six number 10 cans filled 
 with concrete are forced between the side walls of the base tires to 
 anchor the unit. The upper tread portions of all but the middle tire of 
 the top assembly are drilled to allow air to escape. The air trapped in 
 the undrilled tire assures that the unit will sink to ai upright position 
 to the bottom (Figure V-9c). 
 
 To put together a high-profile tire unit, a large truck tire is 
 
 placed horizontally on flat ground. Four holes are drilled in the upper 
 
 sidewall dividing the tire into quarters. The holes are then enlarged 
 
 112 
 
FIGURE V-8. Brush unit for the artificial reefs (Prince, et.al., 1977). 
 
a) Single Tire Unit 
 
 b) Triangular Tire Unit 
 
 c) Pyramid Tire Unit 
 
 FIGURE V-9. Different tire units to be used in the artificial reefs 
 (Prince, et. al., 1977). 
 
by cutting out a wedge toward the center of the tire with a saber saw 
 (use knife blade insert). Four 10-feet pieces of reinforcing bar are 
 each bent perpendicular 2 feet from their ends. These bent ends are then 
 pushed down through the holes, and opposite bars are welded together in 
 the center of the tire. The tire is then filled with concrete. The re- 
 sulting base tire has four vertical rods rising from it. Two tires are 
 then drilled and slashed further with a saber saw to allow rods to be 
 driven through each. These tires are then threaded down the reinforcing 
 rod parallel to each other above the base tire. Parallel tires are suc- 
 cessively forced down the rods to form right angles with the tires below. 
 A horizontal tire threaded over the ends of the rods is used to cap the 
 structure. The tips of the rods are bent to hold the tires in place 
 (Figure V-10) . The complete unit weighs several hundred pounds and must 
 be handled with the aid of heavy equipment. It is recommended that they 
 be put in place before the lake is refilled. 
 
 The recommended amounts of cover for fish in a ^ke vary from 0.72 
 (Wege and Anderson, 1979) to 0.25% of the lake surface area (Prince et.al., 
 1977). 
 
 Another efficient way to improve the amount of shelter for the 
 fish in the lake is to dump any trees and branches that may have to be 
 removed from areas adjacent to the lake into the lake. 
 
 This study also analyzed some artificial structures especially de- 
 veloped to improve spawning sites for fish. 
 
 Largemouth bass prefer to spawn on gravel rather than on silt or 
 
 sand as it is easier for the fish to keep their eggs free of dirt when the 
 
 nest is made on a gravel bed. Artificial spawning areas for the bass can 
 
 115 
 
FIGURE V-10. High profile tire unit (Prince, et.al., 1977). 
 
be created with the use of a box-frame, or approximately 1 sq. yd., filled 
 with gravel and placed in water 2 to A feet deep (Figure V-lla). These 
 boxes should be installed at a density of 20/acre (Powless, per. coram.); 
 they should not be so close together that the fish could see each other, 
 unless there is something between the boxes, such as submerged brush or 
 log. 
 
 Fathead minnows will place their eggs on the underside of leaves, 
 rocks, or inside holes in logs. Concrete blocks, and 6-8 inch diameter 
 pvc pipes cut longitudinally can be used to improve spawning areas for 
 the minnows (Figure V-llb). 
 
 Channel catfish will only reproduce in dark places. For them, 
 50 gallon drums can be installed on metal rods and put in water 4 feet 
 deep, preferably on a sloping surface, with the entrance hole facing the 
 deeper part of the slope. These structures should be installed at a 
 density of 10/acre. 
 
 Fish Management and Monitoring 
 
 The structure of the fish populations in a lake is a very good 
 indicator of the overall "health" of the system. Lakes stocked with 
 both largemouth bass and bluegill, and which have suitable population 
 structure, will present the following signs (Dillard aid Ibmilton, 1969): 
 
 1. bass fry and/or finger ling present; 
 
 2. moderate numbers of all size forage fish; 
 
 3. good number of "keeper" size bass and bluegill. 
 
 In the case of an unsuitable population structure, the lake will 
 
 present the following signs: 
 
 117 
 
a) Box frames filled with gravel 
 
 b) concrete blocks 
 
 c) PVC pipes 
 
 FIGURE V-11, Artificial structures for fish spawning. 
 
Illllll Boat Dock 
 ^P Fishing Dock 
 
 ^i; S m a 1 1 R e e f 
 
 •jI^ Large Reef 
 
 FIGURE V-12. Recommended location of small and large artificial reefs 
 in Crystal Lake. 
 
1. no bass fry or fingerling present; 
 
 2. complete lack of forage fish; 
 
 3. large population of undesirable fish; 
 
 4. excessive numbers or lack of particular size groups of forage 
 fish. 
 
 The implementation of a fish monitoring program in Crystal Lake 
 would be beneficial because it could uncover any early changes in the 
 fish population structures. These changes, if discovered early in the 
 process, can give information to the park manager as to how the problem 
 could be solved before it becomes too serious. 
 
 Fish monitoring is also an important tool in cbtaining evidences 
 of overharvest of any fish population, stunting, and/or the need for 
 additional stocking of any fish species. A fisheries monitoring program 
 would be necessary to pinpoint, early in the process, any problems that 
 might be affecting the fish populations. 
 
 The monitoring of the fish populations in Crystal Lake could be 
 done by three different groups of people: 
 
 1. The IDOC will normally accept this kind of request if contacted 
 well in advance. 
 
 2. The INHS also has qualified personnel to perform ftiis job and 
 could be contacted for this purpose. 
 
 3. The students from the Fish and Wildlife Management class at the 
 Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution from the Univer- 
 sity of Illinois, could conduct an evaluation of the fish popu- 
 lations in Crystal Lake as part of their course requirements. 
 Prof. James Karr, responsible for that class, was contacted 
 during the study and considered the idea as a possibility. 
 
 One commonly-used fish management tool is the institution of minimum 
 
 size limits for sport fish, such as bass. For largemouth bass, it is 
 
 generally recommended that fish smaller than 12 inches should be protected 
 
 120 
 
from harvest. More recent studies, however, suggest that different 
 types of size limits should be applied in different situations (Anderson, 
 1978). In cases when bass populations are depleted and reproductive 
 success is low, the protection of bass in general, and of quality size 
 bass in particular, would be recommended. Minimum lengths of 15 to 18 
 inches might be applied as long as bass populations are low. If the num- 
 ber of bigger bass is depleted due to natural mortality and/or angling, 
 but the smaller bass are still plentiful, harvest should be aimed at 
 where the surplus is evident - bass less than 12 inches long. According 
 to Anderson (1978), a third approach would be to protect a size range of 
 bass from 12-15 inches, which shsuld include the individuals with the best 
 reproductive capacity. 
 
 The implementation of any policy concerning size limits for bass 
 in Crystal Lake should take into account three main factors: 
 
 1. the fishing pressure on the bass population after the lake is 
 reopened to the public; 
 
 2. the problems of enforcing such a policy; 
 
 3. the fact that Crystal Lake is mainly a Kcreational resource for 
 the Champaign-Urbana area. 
 
 If overharvest of bass ever occurs, restocking can always be Im- 
 plemented. On the other hand, if the bass are overprotected, they may 
 end up overpopulating the lake, thus creating more serious problems for 
 the management of the fish populations in Crystal lake. 
 
 Another important problem concerning the fisheries management in 
 Crystal Lake is the introduction of extraneous fish into the system. The 
 development of populations of fish such as bluegill, carp, and crappie 
 may seriously jeopardize the population structures of the more desirable 
 
 121 
 
fish. For this, the outfall structure of Crystal Lake should lave a 
 system to prevent water from the Saline entering the lake. Accidental 
 introductions of extraneous fish are, however, likely to happen sooner 
 or later, mainly at the hands of children and fishermen. In order to 
 delay and/or decrease this problem, the people using the park should be 
 made aware of the problems that may develop from apparently sporadic and 
 innocuous introductions of fish to Crystal Lake. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 The following are recommended in relation to each one of the four 
 main objectives. 
 
 Fish Removal 
 
 The bigger, desirable fish should be removed from Crystal Lake by 
 shocking and transported to a temporary holding pond, prior to the be- 
 ginning of any sediment removal activity. It is recommended that the 
 INHS be contacted to perform this job. These bigger fish should be re- 
 turned to the lake after the restoration work is completed. 
 
 The remaining fish should be killed with the use of Rotenone, and 
 removed as much as possible from the lake. It is recommended that the 
 IDOC's district biologist be contacted well in advance to conduct the 
 Rotenone application. In the event that the IDOC is unavailable to 
 perform this job, the INHS should be contacted for the same purpose. 
 
 Fish Restocking 
 
 Recommendations concerning th^ restocking of fish in Crystal Lake are: 
 
 122 
 
1. Use of groundwater as a water source for Crystal Lake. 
 
 2. Crystal Lake should be inoculated with plankton samples from 
 lakes nearby before the lake is completely filled up, preferably 
 a month or more before the restocking of fish takes place. 
 
 3. Stock Crystal Lake with both adult and fingerling fish of the 
 following species: largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, redear 
 sunfish, fathead minnow, and channel catfish. 
 
 4. Largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and fathead minnow should be 
 stocked first , if possible in early spring but no later than 
 early summer. Redear sunfish and channel catfish should be 
 stocked in mid to late fall. The above recommendations concern 
 the adult fish; the fingerlings should be stocked at the time 
 indicated by the IDOC's district biologist. 
 
 5. The stocking of fingerlings should be done through the IDOC, 
 at densities recommended by their district biologist. 
 
 6. The recommendation concerning the initial stocking densities for 
 adult fish is a combination of the three different suggestions 
 obtained during this study. The recommended stocking densities 
 and costs are presented in Table V-9. It is important to remember 
 that the larger desirable fish that were taken from the lake be- 
 fore the restoration process will then be returned to the lake. 
 This will hopefully make a sizeable contribution to the stocking 
 efforts and will help decrease the costs of purchasing adult fish. 
 
 7. The channel catfish should be restocked annually, at a density 
 of 50 fish/acre. This quantity can be adjusted in the future 
 to match smaller or greater fishing pressures on the catfish 
 population. 
 
 8. The stocking of crayfish is recommended to help control macro- 
 phyte growth in the lake. 
 
 9. A reduction in the cost of stocking Crystal lake can be achieved 
 by acquiring smaller fish. Although this could be done to a 
 limited extent, we do not recommend the indiscriminate use of 
 this procedure. It is important to remember that Crystal Lake 
 is going to be used as a recreational resource, and as such, 
 fish of good sizes should be made available to the public as 
 soon as possible. Also, we should remember that the cost of 
 restocking the lake is relatively small when compared to the 
 total cost of restoring Cyrstal Lake. 
 
 Fish Habitat Development 
 
 Our recommendations toward the imporvement of the fish habitat in 
 
 12 3 
 
Crystal Lake are: 
 A. Lake morphology 
 
 1. The depth should be greater than 12 feet in at least 25% of 
 the lake surface. Some places should be as deep as 18-20 feet. 
 
 2. The bed topography should be irregular. 
 
 3. The littoral areas should represent approximately 20% of the 
 surface area, and should have depths in the range of 2 to 5 feet. 
 Areas less than 2 feet deep should be kept to a minimum. 
 
 4. The littoral shelf along the lake margin should not be wider 
 than 6 feet, to limit growth of aquatic macrophytes, with the 
 exception of the ice skating area. The littoral shelf could be 
 wider than that around the islands, to allow for plenty of 
 habitat for the spawning fish. 
 
 5. The slopes should be of 1:10 to 1:20 ratio in the littoral area 
 and increase abruptly to 1:3 beyond that point. 
 
 6. No alterations are recommended in the lake contour because of 
 the disturbance and bank destabilization that would be created. 
 
 Living structures 
 
 1. If the aquatic macrophytes ever need to be trimmed by mechanical 
 means, the process should leave strips of plants approximately 
 2-3 feet wide. 
 
 C. Artificial structures 
 
 1. Submerged artificial reefs should be installed in Crystal Lake. 
 They should amount to 0.25% of the surface area, which for 
 Crystal Lake represents 0.02 acres, or 870 sq. ft. It is recom- 
 mended that this lower value of reef coverage be used as it is 
 likely that Crystal Lake will present, in a few years, a good 
 amount of cover from aquatic macrophytes. 
 
 The artificial reefs should be composed of both brush and tire 
 units. 
 
 The implementation of two bigger reef areas in the middle of the 
 lake, and five smaller ones near the fishing docks (Figure V-12) , 
 is recommended. These smaller reefs will attract fish to the 
 fishing area; their half-moon shape should allow for diversity of 
 fishing sites (reef X non-reef areas) at all docks. 
 
 124 
 
2. The larger reefs should consist of an assemblage of brush 
 shelters and all kinds of tire units. Each larger reef should 
 have at least one high-profile tire unit, which should be put In 
 place before the lake is filled up. The smaller units can be 
 either dropped from a boat or placed on top of the ice at the end 
 of winter, so that they will submerge as soon as the ice cover 
 melts in spring. 
 
 3. The five smaller reefs should be comprised of brush shelters 
 and the two smaller tire units, i.e., the single and Ihe tri- 
 angular units. 
 
 4. Any trees cleared during the restoration process should be 
 dumped in Crystal Lake to improve fish habitat. 
 
 5. Artificial structures should be installed for the spawning of 
 largemouth bass and fathead minnows. These structures should be 
 placed preferably around the islands and in other secluded 
 areas, to avoid public interference and vandalism. 
 
 6. The installation of artificial structures for spawning of cat- 
 fish is not recommended because even if reproduction is suc- 
 cessful, most of the catfish fry are likely to be eaten by the 
 bass and sunfish. 
 
 Fish Management and Monitoring 
 
 Recommendations concerning the implementation cf a fisheries manage- 
 ment program in Crystal Lake are: 
 
 1. Implementation of a fisheries monitoring program, which would 
 consist of one annual inventory of the fish populations in 
 Crystal Lake. This inventory and the interpretation of its re- 
 sults should be conducted by the IDOC. If the IDOC is unavailable 
 for any reason, the INKS should be contacted for the suae pur- 
 pose, and, as a last resort, the fish inventory could be con- 
 ducted by the students from the University of Illinois. 
 
 2. The information obtained from the monitoring program should be 
 used to pinpoint possible problems affecting the fish popula- 
 tions in Crystal Lake. 
 
 3. The initial implementation of any size limit policy for the bass 
 is not recommended. This management tool, however, should be 
 kept in mind in case the fish monitoring program indicates any 
 problem in the structure of the bass population in the future. 
 
 125 
 
A. There should be serious efforts on the part of the Crystal Lake 
 Park administration to try to reduce the possibility of intro- 
 duction of extraneous fish species into the lake. It is 
 recommended that signs be posted in strategic locations around 
 the lake, such as close to the fishing docks, informing the 
 public of the jeopardizing effect of such introductions on the 
 fish populations in the lake. 
 
 126 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FUNDING, PRESENT AND FUTURE 
 LAKE USE 
 
 By Mary Martin and Lori Ward 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ' "■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
SECTION VI. FUNDING, PRESENT AND FUTURE LAKE USE 
 by 
 Mary Martin and Lori Ward 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Crystal Lake Park is the largest park in Champaign-Urbana, sited on 
 a 90 acre tract in northwest Urbana adjacent to the County Fairgrounds 
 and Busey Woods. Many past observers have noted the beauty of the Park's 
 7 acre lake, a beauty intensified by the rarity of area surface waters. 
 However, eutrophication has wrought many changes in the character of the 
 lake since its formation. 
 
 Once-common fish have been replaced with less desirable species, 
 and some game fish populations have become stunted (see section V) ; lake 
 surface has become unsightly and difficult to traverse (see section IV) ; 
 lake depth has decreased dramatically (see section III). It is likely 
 that such changes have prompted diminished recreational use of Crystal 
 Lake. Implementation of proposed restorational procedures detailed within 
 this report should much improve lake conditions. It was unknown whether 
 such restoration would prompt an increase in lake usership sufficient to 
 warrant increasing the supply of other Park services. 
 
 An examination of present recreational use of Crystal Lake and 
 estimation of future lake use following restoration through 1993 was 
 therefore conducted. This study incorporated the following elements: 
 
 1. Mail and telephone surveys of Chanpaign-Urbana household's 
 current use of Crystal Lake; 
 
 2. Projection of Champaign-Urbana population through 1993. 
 
 The use of such methods to estimate present, and expected future, recre- 
 ational use is well-documented.^ Various sources were also contacted to 
 
 assess the potential availability of funding for lake restoration. 
 
 128 
 
Surveys of current and projected lake use should estimate Champaign- 
 Urbana households' valuation of both Crystal Lake, and its restoration. 
 The Park District might include such information in an analysis of the 
 costs and benefits of Crystal Lake restoration. Similarly, the availa- 
 bility of funding will also influence total project value. Such values 
 might be used to rank various lake restoration alternatives, and to rank 
 lake restoration itself among those projects potentially funded by the 
 Park District. 
 
 METHODS 
 
 An examination of potential lake restoration funding sources, pre- 
 sent recreational use of Crystal Lake and estimation of future lake use 
 following restoration through 1993 was conducted using the following 
 methodology: 
 
 See: International City Management Association, Using Productivity 
 Measurement; A Manager's Guide to More Effective Services , Management 
 Information Service Special Report no. 4 (Washington, D.C.: International 
 City Management Association, 1979); Kenneth Webb and Harry P. Hatry, 
 Obtaining Citizen Feedback: The Application of Citizen Surveys to 
 Local Governments (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1973); 
 Hatry and Dunn, Measuring the Effectiveness of local Government Services ; 
 and Hatry et.al.. How Effective Are Your Community Services? for a 
 defense of survey research. 
 
 See: Seymour M. Gold, "Recreation Space, Services, aid Facilities," 
 The Practice of Local Government Planning (Washington, D.C.; Interna- 
 tional City Management Association, 1979); F. Stuart Chapin, Jr. and 
 Edward J. Kaiser, Urban Land Use >HLanning (Urbana, II.: University of 
 Illinois Press, 1979) for a defense of population projections and 
 estimations of future recreational demand. 
 
 129 
 
1. Personal communications with potential sources of funding for 
 lake restoration; 
 
 2. Mail and telephone surveys of Champaign-Urbana households; 
 
 3. Projection of Charapaign-Urbana population through 1993, and of 
 Crystal Lake usership through 199 3. 
 
 A vareity of sources (References VI) were contacted by telephone to 
 
 determine the probable availability of lake restoration funding. Their 
 
 listing is not exhaustive, but illustrative of the major funding sources 
 
 that might be examined. These sources' responses are examined within 
 
 the following section (Findings VI). 
 
 Mail and telephone surveys of Champaign-Urbana households were used 
 to assess present lake use and usership. Both survey populations were 
 drawn randomly from the 1982 Champaign-Urbana Telephone Directory ; page, 
 column, and line numbers were selected from a table of standard statis- 
 tical formula (Krueckeberg and Silvers, 197A) set for a 90" confidence 
 interval. 
 
 Eight hundred mail surveys were mailed to randomly-selected Champaign- 
 Urbana households. Each survey contained a detachable cover letter de- 
 scribing survey purpose and procedures; a sketch of Champaign-Urbana 
 census tracts; and fifteen questions addressing each household member's 
 present lake use, expected post-restoration lake use, and individual 
 characteristics (APPEITOIX A). Surveys were double-posted and addressed 
 for return mailing. Their design obviated the need for envelopes. 
 
 Heeding Sudman's warnings concerning typical 30% survey response 
 
 rates (Sudman, 1957), eight hundred sirveys were mailed in hopes of 
 
 garnering the two hundred seventy-one responses needed to accurately 
 
 analyze results within a 90% confidence interval. However, initial 
 
 130 
 
return rate failed to approach the 30% expected response rate. Follow- 
 up was therefore begun upon passage of the deadline for survey return 
 stated in the cover letter. This follow-up consisted of radio, tele- 
 vision, and newspaper public affairs messages and classified advertise- 
 '"snts as well as limited telephone contact with mail 
 
 survey non-respondents. These methods were chosen for their ability to 
 reach large numbers of area residents while respecting time and budget 
 constraints. 
 
 Telephone surveys differed from mail surveys in extent and delivery. 
 Two female questionors delivered 271 telephone surveys between 9:00a.m. 
 and 10:00p.m. on both weekdays and weekends. Each survey consisted of a 
 brief explanation of survey purpose, and eight of the fifteen questions 
 appearing within the mail survey. Unlike mail surveys, 
 
 in which each household member was requested to respond, telephone ques- 
 tionors surveyed only that individual answering the telephone. Non- 
 respondents consisted largely of individuals who could not be reached, 
 in addition to a small number who refused to participate in the survey. 
 
 Mail and telephone surveys were initially analyzed separately. The 
 overwhelming majority of mail survey respondents failed to Eink question 
 alternatives as instructed, but rather ranked all affirmatives equally. 
 However, because those surveyed by telephone were also not requested to 
 rank listed alternatives, incorrect mail survey completion facilitated 
 comparison of telephone and mail survey responses. Numbers were assigned 
 each possible question response, then talleyed. Cross-tabulations and 
 frequency distributions were then performed. 
 
 Telephone survey responses were analyzed similarly. Identical nail 
 
 131 
 
and telephone survey question responses were numbered identically to ease 
 intersurvey comparison. 
 
 Cross-tabulations were performed to determine the strength of 
 associations between such telephone survey items as: awareness of Park 
 location with Park visitation (in total, and by sex); Park visitation by 
 respondents sex, location, and length of residence; number of activities 
 performed in conjunction with other activities by frequency; and by sex 
 and location of respondent. Potential lake improvements prompting in- 
 creased lake usership were tabulated by location, age, and activities 
 performed at Crystal Lake Park in 1982. Respondents were characterized 
 by sex, age, household size, location, and length of Esidence. 
 
 Cross-tabulation made among mail survey items include the following: 
 awareness of Park location with Park visitation; Park visitation by 
 respondents' sex, location, and length of residence; activity performed 
 at Crystal Lake with activities engaged in elsewhere; activities performed 
 by frequency; and by age and sex of respondent. Potential lake improve- 
 ments prompting increased lake use were again correlated with respond- 
 ents' age and location, as well as with activities performed elsewhere, 
 and with explanation of activity performance elsewhere. Respondents were 
 grouped according to age, sex, location, conveyance, marital status, 
 household size, frequency of lake use, and length of residence. 
 
 Estimation of Crystal Lake usership through 1993 was developed as a 
 function of both projected Champaign-Urbana population through 1993, and 
 of present lake usership. As already noted, mail and telephone survey 
 content was used to estimate present lake usership. Comparison of tele- 
 phone and combined survey findings was done to conjecture the appearance 
 
 132 
 
of mail survey results had they been received in more significant number. 
 
 FINDINGS 
 
 Through use of the previously described methodology, determinations 
 of the potential availability of lake restoration funding, present and 
 expected post-restoration lake use were generated. 
 
 A variety of primarily public sources were contacted concerning 
 restoration funding (References VI). Of these sources, four might provide 
 monies for Crystal Lake restoration. These include: 
 
 1. Federal Clean Lakes Act Funding. 
 
 2. Illinois Department of Conservation Land and Water Conservation 
 
 funding. 
 
 3. Joyce Foundation grant. 
 
 4. United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 
 Community Development Block Grant. 
 
 The Federal Clean Lakes Act authorizes state disbursement of three-stage 
 funding for long-term lake rehabilitation. Each state "ranks" its water- 
 bodies on the basis of criteria outlined within the Clean Lakes Program 
 Guidance Manual (U.S. E.P.A., 1980). Classification criteria Include 
 lake recreational value, public ownership and access, area population 
 size, integration with other environmental programs, and expected dura- 
 tion of restoration improvements gained (U.S. E.P.A., 1980). 
 
 Lakes are ineligible for restoration funding until assigned a rank 
 within the state. Although the Urbana Park District is now assembling 
 data needed for such classification. Crystal Lake has not yet been ranked 
 and is therefore not currently eligible to receive funding. No new ap- 
 plications for Clean Lakes funding are now being processed. Although new 
 
 133 
 
project funding may resume in 1985, this is uncertain. Additionally, 
 if lake restoration begins as proposed in Spring 1984, Crystal Lake may 
 become ineligible to receive Clean Lakes funding in 1985. Because the 
 Clean Lakes Act emphasizes long-term restoration, it could be concerned 
 with storm sewer redirection rather than dredging. Availability of Clean 
 Lakes funding, then, is problematic. (U.S. E.P.A., 1983). 
 
 Illinois Department of Conservation Land and Water Conservation grants 
 are made available "to acquire or develop land for outdoor recreation." 
 The Park District has applied for such funding and should learn of the 
 grant decision in January, 1984 (Ebetsch, 1983). 
 
 The Joyce Foundation, a private organization based in Chicago, 
 may also supply grant monies for lake rehabilitation. The Foundation is 
 described within a pamphlet available through the Foundation. Such 
 funding can be sought through application to the Foundation Program 
 Director. A letter outlining restoration costs and objectives is first 
 requested (Carey, 1983). 
 
 The Park District may jointly apply for a United States Department 
 of Housing and Urban Development Community Development Block Grant 
 (CD. E.G.) with the city of Urbana. It is unknown whether or not Crystal 
 Lake restoration is an eligible use of such funding. Typically, CD. B.C. 
 funding of lake restoration is awarded where the waterbody serves as a 
 public water supply. The Park District can apply for such funding through 
 the City of Urbana Department of Community Development (Grants Department 
 United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1983). 
 
 Present lake use findings were developed through the application of 
 frequency distribution analysis and cross-tabulation of mail and telephone 
 
 134 
 
survey responses. 
 
 Cross-tabulations were performed on telephone survey responses to 
 discover possible correlations between awareness of Park location; ParTc 
 visitation with respondent sex and location; number of activities per- 
 formed by respondent sex, location, and age; and respondent attributes 
 including sex, age, location, and household size. 
 
 Sixty-nine percent of the two-hundred seventy-one individuals con- 
 tacted had visited Crystal Lake Park. Of those who had never visited 
 the Park, 54% were unaware of Park location. 
 
 Table VI-1 reveals a strong correlation between Park awareness 
 and visitation among both males and females (refer to Table VI-I). 
 Seventy-six percent of all females had visited the Park, while 60% of 
 those not visiting were also aware of Park location. Although a smaller 
 percentage of all males were likely to be aware of Park location, aware 
 males had a greater tendency to visit Crystal Lake. Only 38% of male 
 nonvisitants expressed awareness of Park location. Fifty-four percent of 
 all non-visitants were male, and the remaining 46% female. 
 
 Associations were then sought between activities performed, sex, 
 age, and household size. The most common number of activities performed 
 by men was four, with 29% of the males in all age cohorts performing 
 four acts. Women most commonly performed three acts at the Park, with 
 31% of the women questioned choosing this response. Among those Park 
 visitants, 85% of the males questioned performed from one to five of the 
 activities noted in Telephone Survey Question 3 during 1982. Another 13% 
 performed no named activities, but did visit the Park. Similarly, 78Z 
 of all female park visitants performed between one and five survey-named 
 
 135 
 
Phone Survey 
 
 (0 
 
 in 
 
 lU 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 to 
 
 )-l 
 
 
 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 Total 
 
 Ul 
 
 Male 
 
 93 
 
 20 
 
 113 
 
 (U 
 
 >> 
 
 Female 
 
 95 
 
 18 
 
 113 
 
 
 Male 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 o 
 
 Female 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 Total 
 
 188 
 
 83 
 
 271 
 
 TABLE VI-1. Compiled telephone survey results of Crystal Lake Park 
 
 awareness (ie. location) and Park visitation in relation to the 
 sex of the respondent. Values within matrix represent number of 
 respondents within each category. 
 
 (0 
 
 4J 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 O (U 
 
 u C 
 0) o 
 
 §u 
 OJ 
 Z Ph 
 
 Male 
 ABC 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 
 Age Group ^^^^^^ 
 
 EFABCDEF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 TABLE VI-2. Compiled telephone survey results of the number of activ- 
 ities performed by age (see Appendix B, Question E for codes) 
 and sex of Park visitors. 
 
activities in 1982. An additional 15% performed non-named Park activi- 
 ties (see Table VI-2). However, breakdown by respondent sex and number 
 of activities performed by age cohort is more interesting. One hundred 
 percent of the number of activities performed between the ages of 0-9 
 were male. Seventy-one percent of gross totaled activities performed by 
 those aged 10-lA were done by women, however, and 73% of acts done by 
 those aged 15-24 were performed by women. Men performed 57%, 63%, and 
 59% of acts done by persons aged 25-44, 45-64, and 65 and over, respec- 
 tively. 
 
 Males surveyed performed 268, and females 234, named activities at 
 Crystal Lake Park in 1982. Hales composed 73% of those who boated, 86% 
 of those who fished, and 55% of those who described themselves as sitting 
 or walking by the lake. Men also made up 37% of those who ice skated, 
 45% of those playing at the playground, 47% of nature observer, and 42% 
 of individuals attending children. Males most heavily fished, sat/walked 
 by the lake, observed nature, and attended children (see Table VI-3). 
 
 Correlations were further sought between activities performed by 
 location. Table VI-5 distinguishes respondents by sex, location, and 
 surveyed activities performed. The majority of activities were performed 
 by respondents located within census tracts 3, 13, 12.02, 57, and 5, 
 respectively. Interestingly, although several immediately neighboring 
 census tracts did reflect higher than average number of Park activities 
 performed, higher numbers were generated from the area southwest of 
 Crystal Lake (including southwest Champaign) » Of those located in non- 
 adjacent census tracts, males frequently responded that they fished, 
 boated, or observed nature, and sat/walked by the lake. Females most 
 
 137 
 
Activities Performed 
 
 X 
 
 C/3 
 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 Male 
 
 27 
 
 43 
 
 13 
 
 70 
 
 23 
 
 65 
 
 27 
 
 Female 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 57 
 
 28 
 
 73 
 
 37 
 
 Total 
 
 37 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 127 
 
 51 
 
 138 
 
 64 
 
 TABLE VI-3. Compiled telephone survey results of the type of activities 
 (see Appendix B, Question 7 for activity codes) performed by 
 Crystal Lake visitors in relation to their sex. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Age 
 
 
 
 
 Household 
 
 Size 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D E 
 
 F 1 
 
 '^ 
 
 3 4 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 X 
 
 Male 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 43 35 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 15 25 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0) 
 
 en 
 
 Female 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 50 27 
 
 14 
 
 42 
 
 53 
 
 25 35 5 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 67 
 
 93 62 
 
 39 
 
 72 
 
 88 
 
 40 60 10 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 TABLE VI-4. Compiled telephone survey results of the sex, ^e (see 
 
 Appendix B, Question 12 for age group codes) and household size 
 of Crystal Lake Park users. 
 
often observed nature or sat/walked by the lake (see Table VI-5). 
 
 Mail survey cross-tabulations were performed to gleam possible asso- 
 ciations among such items as: Park awareness and visitation; activities 
 done by age and sex of respondent; user attributes including sex, age, 
 household size, marital status, and length of residence. Correlations 
 were also drawn between location and frequency of visitation of respond- 
 ent. Location was also correlated with sex and length of residence. 
 
 Eighty-seven percent of respondents had visited Crystal Lake. A 
 slightly higher percentage of males visited the lake than did females, 
 although this was offset by a slightly larger total of female, over male, 
 visitants. Of those nonvisitants, only 33% of the males were aware of 
 Park location, in comparison with a 62% awareness of nonvlsiting women. 
 Such results are similar to those received in the telephone survey (see 
 Table VI-6) . 
 
 Activities performed are again correlated by respondent age and 
 sex. Males between the ages of 25-44 most frequently performed activities 
 among males, followed closely by those aged 45-64. Among females, those 
 aged 25-44 were also most likely to perform cited activities. Both males 
 and females were almost equally likely to most frequently sit/walk by 
 the lake, seconded by observing nature (see Table VI-7). 
 
 Location was originally assumed to be correlated with activity per- 
 formance. However, analysis of telephone survey response has revealed 
 oneven results. Such analysis has seemed to apply fairly strong corre- 
 lations between number of activities performed and both adjacent census 
 tract locations and quite distant locations. Analysis of mil survey 
 correlation between location and frequency of visitation (see Table VI-8) 
 
 139 
 
Sex aod -Activities 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Male 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Femal 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 / 
 
 10 
 
 A 
 
 J 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 E-i 
 
 12.01 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 12.02 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 (0 
 
 c 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 lA 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 
 5A 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 0' 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 56 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 57 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 30 46 13 67 20 56 27 
 
 6 26 46 23 60 27 
 
 451 
 
 TABLE VI-5. Compiled telephone survey results of the type of activi- 
 ties (see Appendix B, Question 7 for activity codes) performed at 
 Crystal Lake and the census tract location (see Appendix A map) 
 of Park visitors. 
 
en 
 
 (0 
 
 c 
 
 (U 
 
 u 
 n) 
 
 CO 
 
 PL, 
 
 Park Visitation 
 Yes No Total 
 
 
 Male 
 
 46 
 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 j« 
 
 Female 
 
 49 
 
 5 
 
 54 
 
 o 
 
 Male 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Female 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 Total 
 
 95 
 
 14 
 
 
 TABLE VI-6. Compiled mail survey results of Crystal Lake Park aware- 
 ness (ie. location) and Park visitation in relation to the sex 
 of the respondents. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Male 
 
 
 
 
 
 Female 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D E 
 
 F A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D E 
 
 F 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •a 
 
 e ^ 
 
 o 
 
 <4-l n 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 0) 
 P-, 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9 12 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 10 8 
 
 1 
 
 01 
 
 -H 
 
 '-' E 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 11 6 
 
 1 
 
 <: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 1 
 
 
 
 None 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 
 
 TABLE VI-7. Compiled mail survey results of the type of activities (see 
 Appendix B, Question 7 for codes) in relation to the sex and age 
 (see Appendix B, Question 12 for age group codes) of survey re- 
 spondents 
 
How Often Visited 
 
 Daily Weekly Monthly 
 
 At least 
 
 A times 
 
 At least 
 
 once 
 
 Never 
 
 Total 
 
 
 •1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 6 
 0) 
 
 12.01 
 
 
 
 •a 
 
 •H 
 
 12.02 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 <u 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 V!, 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 (0 
 
 c 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 54 
 
 3 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 5 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 4 
 9 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 10 
 3 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 11 
 
 7 
 6 
 12 
 5 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 TABLE Vl-8. Compiled mail survey results of the rate of Crystal Lake 
 Park use in relation to the census tract residence (see Appendix 
 A map for codes) of respondents. 
 
reveals that frequency may be much more strongly correlated with location 
 than is number of activities performed. Those performing a large number 
 of Park activities while living in relatively distant tracts may then 
 visit the Park much more infrequently than would individuals closer to 
 Crystal Lake. These two types of users will place different demands upon 
 Crystal Lake services. Visitation and location were further correlated 
 by sex and length of residence (see Table VI-9). Expected future lake use 
 was addressed through analysis of survey results on expected post-restor- 
 ation lake usership and projections of Champaign-Urbana population through 
 1993. 
 
 Tables VI-10 and VI-11 are compilations of Information obtained from 
 surveys which would likely increase Park use if specific facility improve- 
 ments were made. Of those surveyed by telephone, 13% stated an intention 
 to visit Crystal Lake more often if lake surface were cleaner; 15X would 
 increase visitation if more pleasant odors were achieved; 14% related 
 increased use to bank revegetation; and 9% to the presence of more fish 
 within the lake (see Table VI-10 for details). Respondents to the mail 
 survey also supported the above improvements although the inportance at- 
 tached to each specific improvement were somewhat different. Mail survey 
 responses suggest 19.5% increase in usership if lake odor and surface 
 cleanliness were improved, while 14% linked increase use to bank revege- 
 tation and 8% to more fish (Table VI-11). 
 
 Census tract residence of telephone respondents was not related to 
 survey response but was important in the mail survey. This is likely 
 attributable to interest by near-Park households, prompting higher responses 
 from residence in the immediate vicinity of the Park. Individuals within 
 
 143 
 
Length of Pvesidence 
 
 Male 
 Visited Not Visited 
 
 Female 
 Visited Not Visited 
 
 less less less less 
 
 one 1-4 5-9 10+ one 1-4 5-9 10+ one 1-4 5-9 10+ one 1-4 5-9 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ID 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.01 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •H 
 05 
 
 12.02 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-J 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 0) 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1 12 
 
 3 28 
 
 2 22 3 23 
 
 TABLE VI-9. Compiled mail survey results of Park visitation in rela- 
 tion to the sex, census tract residence (see Appendix A map for 
 codes) and length of residence at present location for respondents. 
 
Items Which Would Increase Lake Usership 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 •H 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-t 
 
 12.01 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 42 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 12.02 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 4J 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 51 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 (0 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 0) 
 
 53 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 46 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 35 18 18 30 72 56 34 62 22 32 27 
 
 406 
 
 TABLE VI-10. Compiled telephone survey results of Park improvements 
 which if implemented (see Appendix B, Question 10 for facility 
 codes) would increase Park visitation rates in relation to the 
 census tract location of respondents (see Appendix A for map). 
 
Items \'Jhich Would Increase Lake Usership 
 ABCDEFGHIJK 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 A 
 5 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12.01 
 
 12.02 
 
 13 
 
 lA 
 
 15 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 
 60 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 21 17 14 17 51 37 13 51 19 13 
 
 262 
 
 TABLE VI- 11. Compiled mail survey results of Park improvements which if 
 implemented (see Appendix B, Question 10 for facility codes) would 
 increase Park use in relation to the census tract location of the 
 respondents (see Appendix A map). 
 
four non-adjacent Park census tracts (ie. 5, 12.01, 57, and 13; Appendix A 
 map) generated 43% of the items which would increase individual uscrship 
 in the telephone surveys. In the mail survey, 24% of the items generating 
 increased usership were produced by census tract 54 (just east of the 
 Park), 14,5% was produced by tract 57 (south east Urbana) , and 107, pro- 
 duced by tract 56 (Urbana north of Florida and south of Washington street. 
 
 It is expected that reasons for using recreational facilities other 
 than Crystal Lake Park would be of value in future Park management. 
 These data are presented in Table VI-12. 
 
 Projection of Champ aign-Urb ana area population was also performed 
 to acquire information for predicting future demands upon local resources. 
 Although the cohort-survival method, which was employed in our analysis, 
 does not incorporate such influences as migration, changing economic 
 base, etc. on the final estimate, it docs utilize birth and survival 
 rates and local population figures. The projected population estimates 
 obatined using the above methodology are presented in Table VI-14. The 
 Illinois Bureau of the Budget has recently completed population projec- 
 tions for Champaign County. The Champaign County Regional Planning Com- 
 mission, however, has not yet developed such projections for Champaign 
 and Urbana, although they anticipate the availability cf the figures in the 
 near future. Thus, the projections in Table Vl-14 are based upon the 
 limited amount of information available. 
 
 147 
 
Number of 
 Activity Responses 
 
 Boating 11 
 
 Fishing 12 
 
 Ice Skating 12 
 
 Sitting or Walking by lake 37 
 
 Playing at Playground 22 
 
 Observing Nature 53 
 
 Attending Children 13 
 
 TABLE VI- 12. Compilation of mail survey results on recreational activi- 
 ties of respondents performed in the area at locations other than 
 Crystal Lake Park. 
 
 Number of 
 Reason Respondents 
 
 Deeper Lake 7 
 
 Better Boating 8 
 
 Better Lake Odor 11 
 
 Better Skating 10 
 
 Able to Swim in Lake 10 
 
 More Fish Stocked in Lake 13 
 
 Better Quality of Fish Stocked 13 
 
 Greater Variety of Activities in Area 15 
 
 Better Provisions for Handicapped 5 
 
 Better Transportation 
 
 Closer to Home 19 
 
 TABLE VI-13. Compilation of reasons given in mail survey responses for 
 performing recreational activities at locations other than Crystal 
 Lake Park. 
 
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RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 The availability of funding for lake restoration, the importance 
 residents attach to Crystal Lake, and the potential impact of population 
 increase and restoration upon demand for park services can all affect 
 the type and timing of restoration undertaken by the ark District. 
 
 An examination of the probability of obtaining funding for lake 
 restoration, present lake use, and post-restoration lake use through 1993 
 has revealed information relevant to such concerns, permitting the formu- 
 lation of the following recommendations. 
 
 It is recommended that the Park District continue to seek funding 
 from private as well as public sources, including the Joyce Foundation, 
 and HUD Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) funding. Although 
 Federal Clean Lakes funding is highly problematic, Illinois EPA has recom- 
 mended that the Park District continue lake testing should such funding 
 become available. Because future availability of such is uncertain, 
 however, it cannot be recommended that the Park District indefinitely 
 delay restoration. 
 
 Surveyed expected post-restoration lake use and population forecasts 
 through 199 3 suggest the increased future demand for Crystal Lake as a 
 natural and recreational resource. Analysis of present lake use implies 
 that individuals are willing to travel to Crystal Lake from southwestern 
 Champaign, for both fishing and non-fishing purposes. Crystal Lake 
 might then be assessed as a valuable area resource. It is recommended 
 that this value be included in an analysis of potential costs and bene- 
 fits associated with the restoration of Crystal Lake. 
 
 150 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Mail questionaire sent to local residents and 
 the accompaning cover letter. Numbers on city 
 map represent census tract codes used in 
 survey for the twin cities of Urbana-Champaign. 
 
 151 
 
(0 
 
 Q 
 
 CO 
 
 o. 
 
 (0 
 
 c 
 
 (0 
 
 11 )ctober I983 
 
 Dear Crystal Lake Park Area lIour.choM: 
 
 i'he Urbana Park District is looking at ways to improve the condition 
 of Crystal Lake. It is considering deepening the lake, removing 
 surface algae, restocking the lake with fish, and making other 
 improvements. 
 
 Deforf' lake improvement is be^^n, tin; lark District wishe:; to discover 
 which changes community members miRht most prefer, students from the 
 University of Illinois are working with the Park District to conduct 
 this survey. It asks how each inembfr of your household uses Crystal 
 Lake now, and how household members might use the lake in the future 
 if certain chanj^es were made. 
 
 Please read and answer as many questions as possible. 
 
 Survey results will be tabulated and made available through the Urlana 
 Park District. i'he actual survey form you return will not he kept. 
 Your name, address, telephone numbfjr, and any information that might 
 identify you also will not be kept. 
 
 Your participation in this survey is voluntary. Survey results will 
 help to determine what kinds of changes are made at Crystal Lake. If 
 you have any questions or comments about the survey, please contact me. 
 
 CO 
 
 10 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 (D 
 (A 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 13 
 
 X3 
 
 m 
 O 
 
 m 
 
 0) 
 
 u 
 
 O o 
 
 _ CD 
 
 c 
 a> 
 
 O 
 
 To Return This Survey: 
 
 1) Fold the survey so that our preprinted address is shown. 
 No envelope is needed. 
 
 2) Staple or tape shut the folded survey form. 
 
 3) Mail the survey to the eiddress shown by November 1, 1983' 
 The survey has alreauiy been stamped. 
 
 Thank you. 
 
 Lewis L. Osborne, Ph.D. 
 
 Assistant i'rofessor 
 
 Dept. of Urban and Hegional Planning 
 
 333-71?.? 
 
Please have each member of your household complete this survey. 
 
 In Questions (^) through (9) and (11), please mark as many answers as you feel apply, and 
 number these from most frequent use to least frequent use. For example, in Question (4), 
 if you most often walk to Crystal Lake, drive there less often, and never reach the lake 
 any other way, mark 'WALK'- 1, 'CAR'- 2, and leave the other answers blank. 
 
 (1) Before receiving this survey, 
 were you aware of the location 
 nf Crystal Lake Park? 
 
 (?) Have you ever visited Crystal 
 Lake Park? 
 
 (3) Place an 'X' in the box where 
 your dwelling is located in 
 the drawing below. 
 
 
 Person 
 A 
 
 Person 
 B 
 
 Person 
 C 
 
 Person 
 D 
 
 Person 
 
 E 
 
 Pe: 
 
 J 
 
 YES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NO 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 YES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
How do you usually get to 
 Crystal Lake? 
 
 WALK 
 
 uicycll; 
 
 MOTOi.OYCLi: 
 CAH 
 
 MJ3 
 TAXI 
 
 Approximately how often did you 
 visit Crystal Lake during I98;?? 
 
 DAILY 
 
 WEEKLY 
 
 MONTHLY 
 
 AT LEA13T ^ TIMES 
 
 AT LEAST 1 TIME 
 
 NilT AT ALL 
 
 During which season did you 
 visit Crystal Lake most often 
 during I982? 
 
 SPRING 
 
 SUMMER 
 
 FALL 
 
 WINTER 
 
 (7) In which "activities did you engage BOATINQ 
 while at Crystal Lake during I982? 
 
 FISHING 
 
 ICE SKATING 
 
 SITTING OR WALKING BY THE LAKE 
 
 PLAYING AT THE PLAYGROUND 
 
 OBSERVING NATURE 
 
 ATTENDING CHILDREN 
 
 In which of these activities did WJATING 
 you engage at places other than FISHINg" 
 Crystal Lake during I982, - 
 
 within the Champaign-Urbana ICE SKATING^ 
 
 area? SITTING OR WALKING BY THE LAKE 
 
 PLAYING AT THE PLAYGROUND 
 
 OBSERVING NATURE 
 ATn-lNDING CHILDREN 
 
 Pei-:-.nn 
 
 A 
 
 I'crson 
 
 iercon 
 
 C 
 
 Pc m on 
 
 Person I Per 
 
 i. F 
 
•lol 
 
 (r 
 
 (9) Why did you perform those DhlKPEfi LAKE 
 
 activities marked in Question^^j,gj^ BOATING 
 (o; at places other than 
 Crystal Lake Park? BliTTEH LAKE OUOR 
 
 uEiTEK l;kai'1Nl; 
 
 ABLE SWIM IN LAKE 
 
 MORE FISH STOCKED IN LAKE 
 
 EilTER QUALITY FISH STOCKED IN LAKE 
 
 GREATER VARIETY ACTIVITIES IN AREA 
 
 BE'n'EH PROVISIONS FOR ilANDIGAPPEU 
 
 EETPSR TRmSPnRTATT'U 
 
 CLOSER TO H''m\: 
 
 MORI'; i-'irjii 
 
 LARGER FISR 
 
 '/.' uld y lu probably use 
 
 Jrystal Lake: 
 
 More iften (mark-+), 
 
 Less jften (mark -), GREATER VARIETY FISH 
 
 or an I'jqual Amount (mark =), 
 
 if the following changes 
 
 were made? 
 
 LAKE DEEPENED 
 LAKE SURFACE CLEANER* 
 LAKE BANKS REVEGETATEd" 
 FLOATING FISHING PLATFORMS' 
 
 MORE PLEASANT LAKE ODOR. 
 BETTER ICE SKATING 
 
 STORI-rWATER DIVERTED F'ROM LAKe' 
 
 lETfER PROVISIONS FOR HANDICAPPED 
 
 '•'hat is y->ur sex? 
 
 HAUi 
 FEMALE 
 
 , irj In which range does your 
 age fall? 
 
 0-9 YEARS- 
 g-l'i YEARS, 
 15-2^ YEARS. 
 25-^4^4 YEARd 
 ^3-&^ YEARS 
 65 AND OVER 
 
 •^ijj A hat is your marital SINGLIL 
 
 status? MARRIED. 
 
 widowed/divorced/separated 
 
 (I'O including yourself, how many 
 
 -nembers are there in your household? 
 
 (15; Mow T.any years has your houseliold 
 
 lived at its current address, or in 
 the immediate area? 
 
 Person 
 
 Person 
 
 b 
 
 Person Person ' Persor' 
 
 C D E 
 
APPENDIX B, Codes used in Tables for presentation in Section VI of 
 mail survey responses. 
 
 Questionaire Number Code - Answer 
 
 1 A = Yes; B = No 
 
 2 A = Yes; B = No 
 
 4 A = Walk; B = Bicycle; C = Motorcycle; 
 D = Car; E = Bus; F = Taxi 
 
 5 A = Daily; B = Weekly; C = Monthly; 
 
 D = At least four times; E = At least one 
 time; F = Not at all 
 
 6 A = Spring; B = Summer; C = Fall; 
 D = Winter 
 
 7 and 8 A = Boating; B = Fishing; C = fce Skating; 
 
 D = Sitting or walking by lake; E = Playing 
 at playground; F = Observing nature; 
 G = Attending children 
 
 9 A = Deeper lake; B = Better boating; 
 
 C = Better lake odor; D = Better skating; 
 E = Able to swim in lake; F = More fish 
 stocked in lake; G = Better quality fish 
 stocked in lake; H = Greater variety activites 
 in area; I = Better provisions for handicapped; 
 J = Better transportation; K -= Closer to 
 home 
 
 10 A = More fish; B = Larger fish; C = Greater 
 
 variety fish; D = Lake deepened; E - Lake 
 surface cleaner; F = Lake banks revegetated; 
 G = Floating fishing platforms; H = More 
 pleasant lake odor; I = Better ice skating; 
 J = Storrawater diverted from lake; 
 
 K = Better provisions for handicapped 
 
 11 A = Male; B = Female 
 
 12 A = 0-9 yrs; B = 10-14 yrs; C = 15-24 yrs; 
 
 D = 25-44 yrs; E = 45-64 yrs; F - 65 and over 
 
 12 A - Single; B = Married; C - Vidowed/divorced/ 
 
 separated 
 
 156 
 
SECTION VII. REFERENCES 
 
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 Bates, R. , and J. Hentges. 1976. Aquatic weeds - eradicate or culti- 
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 Benz, D. State Soil Conservation Service. Champaign, XL. 
 
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 157 
 
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 158 
 
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 161 
 

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