\\ ." S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAwi, J AiGN BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-840O UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN DEC 16 19 15 JAM 10 m JAN 2 OCT 14 992 OCT 1 2 19W Ntt 09 OCT 10 K "^o 4 DEGlin998 JUL3 9 JIN 20 o * ?non 2081 996 1999 L161 O-1096 MARTIN'S WORLD'S FAIR ALBUM-ATLAS Containing- artistic half-tone illustrations of the World's Fair Palaces, and many of Chicago's mammoth buildings that are the marvel of the age; likewise of the civic and military Dedication parades. A historical review of States and Nations, with tinted maps, forms an interesting feature of " "" 'the work. A brief sketch of former world's fairs; discourses on the life of Columbus; manners, customs, and religion of the American Indian; Chicago's early history; Chicago in flames; Chicago of to-day; etc., etc. In short the work is a perfect encyclopedia of authentic, useful, very interesting and carefully selected information. C. FtOF>F* & SONS, CHICAGO. U. OF ILL LIB, ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OK CONGRES.i, 1892 BY J. F. MARTIN, CHICAGO, IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS AT WASHINGTON, D. C, COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION is not only a commemoration of the paramount event of modern times the discovery of America four hundred years ago by Christopher Columbus but among the grand events of its character it stands pre-eminent in the world's history. It is the culmination of all the progress made by the nations of the earth in the centuries that have passed, and the gathering together of all that science, art, and ingenuity has produced for the benefit of mankind, not only for the present day, but for generations yet unborn, who will learn of this " festival of all nations " through history's portrayal by pen and picture. IT is A COMPREHENSIVE PICTURE OP THE CIVILIZATION OP TO-DAY. The design of this work is to present, in the most attractive form possible, authentic general information, compiled from official sources, relative to this great exposition; its inception and progress; as well as of the great metropolitan city in which it is held. The Opening Chapter of the work presents to the reader beautiful half-tone illustrations of the World's Fair buildings which stand forth as the marvel of the present century, accompanying which are appropriately illustrated descriptions of the buildings, giving their location, cost, and dimensions. In the Second Chapter the reader finds himself both charmed and amazed, as from page to page is unfolded a panoram- ic view of many of Chicago's most attractive sights and places of interest, such as her sky-piercing structures, street-scenes, park and stock yavd views, monuments, etc., together with many other objects of universal and unceasing interest. Portraits of the World's Fair officials form the introduction to the Third Chapter, which is devoted to miscellaneous information relative to the Columbian Exposition; including the President's proclamation to all nations. A complete history of the Dedication of the World's Fair Palaces is given in the Fourth Chapter, giving a minute and glowing description of the civic and military parades, the order in which they marched, and a report in full of the addresses delivered on the occasion. The Fifth Chapter is composed of a series of interesting discourses on the Life of Columbus by prominent Chicago divines. The lessons taught by these discourses and the conclusions drawn therefrom, viewed from so many standpoints, makes this an especially valuable chapter of the work. A brief historical review of all the States and foreign countries that will exhibit, together with tinted maps of the same, constitutes the Sixth Chapter, and in view of their participation in bringing together at the World's Fair the greatest and grandest exhibition of their products known to man, reference to the same in the manner indicated cannot fail to be of more than usual interest. The Eighth Chapter, containing a brief history of Previous World's Fairs, beginning with the first held in London in 1851, down to the latest held in Paris in 1889, will enable the reader to intelligently institute a comparison between former World's Fairs and the great Columbian Exposition of 1893. A highly fascinating subject in connection with tne history of the Columbian Exposition is a brief history of the manners, customs and religion of the wonderful race that inhabited the North American Continent when discovered by Columbus. The subject is given added interest by the half- tone engravings of Indian villages, Indian chiefs, and individual members of their tribes, all of which are given in the Ninth Chapter of this work. Chicago of 1892 and 1893 is the attraction of the world. Going back a few brief years we find a small village, forming the nucleus from which has grown, like magic, a mighty city. The early history of this city, which is, during the Columbian Exposition the host of all nations, is given in the Tenth Chapter, accompanied by illustrations of buildings and local events of that time. On October 8th, 1871, the world was electrified by the news that the rapidly growing City of Chicago was laid in ashes. The Eleventh Chapter gives a thrilling account of this, the saddest event of Chicago's history. The illustrations taken at the time shown in this connection vividly portray the city in flames as well as her square miles of devastated ruins. The last Chapter is entitled ''Chicago of To-Day. " and gives in brief a description of all the points of interest in this great city an Exposition in itself and just the information desired by visitors and strangers in Chicago. BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE WORLD'S FAIR GROUNDS AXD BUILDINGS. POPULAR verdict pronounces the Administration Building gem and crown of the Exposition palaces. It is located at the west end of the great court in the southern part of the site, looking eastward, and at its rear are the transportation facilities and depots. This imposing edifice cost $450,000. The architect is Richard M. Hunt, of New York, President of the American Institute of Architects, to whose established reputation it is a notable contribution. It covers an area of 260 feet square and consists of four pavilions 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square and connected by mm a great central dome 120 feet in diameter and 220 feet in height, leaving at the center of each facade a recess 82 feet wide, within which are the grand entrances to the building. The general design is in the style of the French renaissance. The first story is in the Doric order, of heroic proportions, surrounded by a lofty balustrade and having the tiers of the angle of each pavilion crowned with neat artistic sculpture. The second story, with its lofty and spacious colon- nade, is of the Ionic order. The four great entrances, one on each side of the building, are feet wide and 50 feet high, and covered by semi-circular arched vaults, richly coffered. In the rear of these arches are the entrance doors, and above, great screens of glass, furnishing abundant light to the central rotunda. COl_t_JVii3iAis: ( AVING oeen delightfully located, the Government Building is set off to great advantage, being placed near the lake shore, south of the main lagoon and of the area reserved for foreign Nations and States, and east of the Woman's Building. The buildings of Eng- land, Germany, and Mexico are near by to the northward. The Government Building was designed by Architect Windrim, now succeeded by W. J. Edbrooke. It is classic in style, and bears a strong resemblance to the National Museum and other government buildings at Washington. It covers an area of 350 by 420 feet, is constructed of iron, brick, and glass, and cost $400,000. Its leading architectural feature is a central octagonal dome 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high, the floor of which will be kept free from exhibits. The building fronts to the west, and connects on the north by a bridge over the lagoon, with the building of the Fisheries exhibit. The south half is devoted to the Post Office Depart- ment, Treasury Department, War Department, and Department of Agriculture exhibits; the north half to the exhibits of the Fisheries Commission, Smithsonian Institute, and Interior Department. The allotment for the several department exhibits is: War Department, 23,000 square feet; Treasury, 10,500 square feet; Agriculture, 23,250 square feet; Interioi, 24,000 square feet; Post Office, 9,000 square feet; Fishery, 20,000 square feet. NCOMPASSED by luxuriant shrubs and beds of fragrant flowers, like a white silhouette against a background of old and stately oaks, is seen the Woman's Building, situated in the northwestern part of the Park, with a generous distance on either side from the Horticultural Building and the Illinois State Building, and facing the great lagoon with the Flowery Island as a vista. A more beautiful site could not have been selected for this daintily designed building. The president of the Board of Lady Managers quickly discovered in the sketch submitted by Miss Sophia G. Hayden, of Boston, that harmony of grouping and gracefulness of details which indicate the archi- tectural scholar, and to her was awarded the first prize of $1,000, and also execution of design. The principal facade has an extreme length of 400 feet, the depth of the building half the distance. Italian renaissance is the style selected. A wide stair case leads to the center pavilions, with an open colonnade, where are located the Hanging Gardens. The whole floor of the south pavilion is devoted to the retrospective exhibit; the one on the north to reform work and charity organization. In the second story are located the ladies' parlors, committee rooms, etc. The building is encased in staff, and as it stands, with its mellow decorated walls, bathed in the bright sunshine, grace and harmony are depicted from all standpoints. COI^TLJMBIAINI -- ; ( EAUTIFUL architecture, which has its inspiration in early Italian renaissance, is strikingly displayed in the Hall of Mines and Mining, and with which sufficient liberty is taken to in- vest it with the animation that should characterize a great general Exposition. It is located at the southern extremity of the western lagoon or lake, and between the Electricity and Transportation Buildings. The architect is S. S. Beman, of Chicago. There is a decided French spirit pervading the exterior design, but it is kept well subordinated. In plan it is simple and straightforward, embracing on the ground floor spacious vestibules, restaurants, toilet rooms, etc. On each of the four sides of the building are placed the entrances, those of the north and south fronts being the most spacious and prominent. To the right and left of each entrance, inside, start broad flights of easy stairs leading to the galleries. The gal- leries are 60 feet wide and 25 feet high from the ground floor. The main front looks southward on the Central Court, and northward on the middle lakes, and an island gorgeous with flowers. Between the main entrances and the pavilions are richly decorated arcades, forming an open loggia on the ground floor, and on the gallery floor level a deeply recessed promenade, which commands a fine view of the lakes and islands to the northward, and the great Central Court on the south. These covered promenades are each 25 feet wide, and 230 feet in length. k HE MACHINERY HALL, of which Peabody & Stearns, of Boston, are the architects, has been pronounced by many architects second only to the Administration Building in the mag- nificence of its appearance. This building measures 8?0 by 500 feet, and with the large Machinery Annex and Power House, cost about $1,200,000. It is located at the extreme south end of the Park, midway between the shore of Lake Michigan and the west line of the Park. It is just south of the Administration Building, and across a lagoon from the Agricultural Building. The building is spanned by massive arched trusses, and the interior has the appearance of three railroad train-houses side by side, surrounded on all four sides by a gallery 50 feet wide. The trusses are built separately, so that they can be taken down and sold for use as railroad train houses. All of the buildings on the grand plaza are designed with a view to making a grand background for display, and, in order to conform to the general richness of the court and add to the striking appearance, the two facades of the machinery hall on the court are rich with colonnades and other features. The design follows classical models throughout, the detail being followed from the renaissance of Seville and other Spanish towns, as being appropriate to a Columbian celebration. An arcade on the first story admits passage around the building. The exterior of the building is in staff, colored. XV O KIND'S COI^TLJlVl:B:i:A.:iN[ EXPOSITION. HE FISHERIES BUILDING is one of the largest and most artistic of the Exposition palaces, and embraces a large central structure with two smaller polygonal buildings connected with it on either end by arcades. The extreme length is 1,100 feet and the width 200 feet. It is located to the northward of the U. S. Government Building. In the central portion is the general Fisheries exhibit. In one of the polygonal buildings is the Angling exhibit and in the other the large Aquaria. To the close observer the exterior of the building cannot fail to be exceedingly interesting, for the architect, Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, exerted all his ingenuity in arranging innumerable forms of capitals, modillions, brackets, cornices and other ornamental details, using only fish and other sea forms for its motif of design. The roof of the building is of old Spanish tile, and the side walls of pleasing color. The cost is about $200,000. In the center of the polygonal building is a rotunda 60 feet in diameter, in the middle of which is a basin or pool 26 feet wide, from which rises a towering mass of rocks, covered with moss and lichens. From clefts and crevices in the rocks crystal streams of water gush and drop to the masses of reeds, rushes, and orna- mental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench, and other fishes disport. From the rotunda, one side of the large series of Aquaria may be viewed. HE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING stands at the head in size and sym- metrical proportions. It measures 1,687 by 787 feet, and covers nearly thirty-one acres, being the largest exposition building ever constructed. Within the building a gallery 50 feet wide extends around four sides, and projecting from this are 86 small galleries, 12 feet wide, from which visitors may survey the vast array of exhibits and the busy scene below. The main roof is of iron and glass, and arches an area of ?85 by 1,400 feet, and has its ridge 1^0 feet from the ground. The building, including its galleries, has about 40 acres of floor space. The long array of columns and arches, with its facades, etc., are very elaborately ornamented with female figures, symbolical of the various arts and sciences. The exterior of the building is covered with staff, which is treated to represent marble. The huge fluted columns and the immense arches are apparently of this beautiful material. The building occupies the most conspicuous place on the grounds. It faces the lake, with only lawns and promenades between. North of it is the United States Government Building, south the harbor and in-jutting lagoon, and west the Electrical Building and the lagoon, separating it from the great island, which in part is wooded and in part resplendent with acres of bright flowers of varied hues. The whole combine to make a grand and picturesque scene. . BOUNTEOUS decorations form but a minor part in one of the most magnificent structures raised for the Exposition, such is the Agricultural Building. The style of architecture is classic renaissance. This building is put up very near the shore of Lake Michigan, and is almost surrounded by the lagoons that lead into the Park from the lake. It is 500 by 800 feet; its north line is almost on a line with the pier extending into the lake, on which heroic columns, emblematic of the Thirteen Original States, are raised. The east front looks out into a harbor which affords refuge for numerous pleasure craft; the west, faces a branch of the lagoon that extends along the north side. With these picturesque surroundings as an inspiration, the architects have brought out designs that have been pronounced all but fault- less. The main entrance leads through an opening 64 feet wide into a vestibule, from which entrance is had to the rotunda, 100 feet in diameter. This is surmounted by a mammoth glass dome, 1 20 feet high. All through the main vestibule statuary has been designed, illustrative of the agricultural industry. There are also similar designs grouped about all of the grand entrances in the most elaborate manner. The corner pavilions are surmounted by domes 96 feet high, and above these tower groups of statuary. The design for these domes is that of three women, of herculean proportions, supporting a mammoth globe, emblematic of the world's gathering. JQI ROM the Grecian-Ionic in style, and a pure type of the most refined classic architecture, is the Art Palace. The building is oblong, and is 500 by 320 feet, intersected north, east, south, and west by a great nave and transept, 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, at the intersection of which is a great dome, 60 feet in diameter; it is 12"> feet to the top of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal statue of the type of the famous figure of Winged Victory. On either side are galleries 20 feet wide and 24 feet above the floor. The collections of sculpture are displayed on the main floor of the nave and transept, and on the walls of the ground and galleries are ample areas for displaying paintings and sculptured panels in relief. The corners made by the crossing of the nave and transept are filled with small picture galleries. Around the entire structure are galleries, 40 feet wide, forming a continuous promenade. Between this promenade and the naves are the smaller rooms devoted to private collections of paintings and the collections of the various art schools. On either side of the main building, and connected with it by handsome corridors, are very large annexes, which are also utilized by various art exhibits. The building is located in the northern portion of the Park, facing the lagoon. The immediate neighborhood is ornamented with groups of statues, replica ornaments of classic art, Grecian art, etc. <-^,T.l COI^tJUVIBlAlSt ^VERY effort will be put forth to make the Electrical Building the seat of the most novel and brilliant exhibit in the whole Exposition. The building is 145 feet wide and 700 feet long, the major axis running north and south. The south front is on the great Quadrangle or Court; the north front faces the lagoon; the east front is opposite the Manufactures Building, and the west faces the Mines Building. The general scheme of the plan is based upon a longitudinal nave, 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same width and height. The second story is composed of a series of galleries connected across the nave by two bridges, with access by four grand staircases. The area of the galleries in the second story is 118,- 546 square feet. At each of the four corners of the building there is a pavilion, above which rises a light open spire or tower 169 feet high. There is an open portico extending along the whole of the south facade. The appearance of the building is that of marble, but the walls of the hemicycle and of the various porticos and loggia are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these places being enriched with scagliola, and the capitals with metallic effects in bronze. Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, are the architects. The cost of the building is about $175.000. The east and west pavilions are composed of two towers 168 feet high. -.- -,.._- ..-*>">>. ROM every point of view the Horticultural Building presents an imposing appearance. It is situated immediately south of the entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway Plais- ance, and faces east on the lagoon. In front is a flower terrace for outside exhibits, including tanks for Nymphasa and the Victoria Regia. The building is 1,000 feet long, with an extreme width of 2^0 feet. The plan is a central pavilion with two end pa- vilions each connected with the central one by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts each 88 by 270 feet. The courts are beautifully decorated in color and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. The center pavilion is roofed by a crystal dome 187 feet in diameter and 11? feet high, under which are exhibited the tallest palms, bamboos, and tree ferns that can be procured. There are galleries in each of the pavilions. The galleries of the end pavilions are designed for cafes, the situation and the surroundings being particularly adapted to recreation and refreshment. These cafes are surrounded by an arcade on three sides from which charming views of the grounds can be obtained. The front of the flower terrace, with its low parapet between large handsome vases, which borders the water, forms a boat landing at its center; this makes a highly convenient and attractive feature, and, with its fleet of pleasure boats, reminds one of Venice, *.'-%.,-"> 'N exceedingly important part of the northern architectural court of the Exposition is the Transportation Building. It is situated at the southern end of the west flank, between the Horticultural and Mines Buildings. Facing eastward, it commands a view of the floral island and an extensive branch of the lagoon. It is exquisitely refined and simple in architectural treatment, although it is very rich and elaborate in detail. In style it savors much of the Romanesque. Viewed from the lagoon, the cupola forms the effective southwest accent of the quadrangle, while from the cupola itself, reached by eight elevators, the Northern Court, the most beautiful effect of the entire Exposition, may be seen in all its glory. The main entrance to Transportation Building consists of an immense single arch highly enriched by carvings, bas-reliefs and mural paintings, the entire feature forming a rich and beautiful, yet quiet, color climax, for it is treated in leaf and is called the golden door. Numerous minor entrances are from time to time pierced in the walls, and with them are grouped terraces, seats, drinking fountains, and statues. Alhough its architecture savors of the Romanesque, to the initiated the manner in which it is designed on axial lines and the solicitude shown for fine proportions, with the subtle relation of parts to each other, will at once suggest the methods of composition followed at the ECOLE DES BEAUX ARTS in a manner to elicit the highest admiration. H r- 09 C 5 z o 5 K r- B c B F i. H hi B n z D ! M fi D 5 OB &G 5 BE B 6 ol g H a K o o 4 g v. - d B H o 2 03 o M H O (4 c o B D CO M aa o o 2 g a ^H P n ! 2 i E PALMKR HOUSE, STATE COB. MONROE STS. COURT HOUSE AND CITY HALL, CLARK STREET, WASHINGTON STREET. THE AUDITORIUM, MICHIGAN AVENUE. CONGRESS STREET. GRAND PACIFIC HOTEL, COR. CLARK AND JACKSON STREETS. MARSHAL FIELD'S WHOLESALE WAREHOUSE, ADAMS ST., FIFTH AVE. MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.'S MAIL OKUER ESTABLISHMENT. MICHIGAN AVK.NUE. SIEGEL, COOl'ER & CO.'S MAMMOTH RETAIL STORE, STATE, VAX BUREN AND CONGRESS STREETS. POST OFFICE AND CTJSTOM HOUSE, CLARK STREET, ADAMS STREET. STATE STREET, LOOKING NORTH FROM MADISON. MADISON STREET, WEST FROM STATE STREET OLD EXPOSITION BUILDING. THE HAYMARKET SQUARE SCENE OF THE HAYMARKET RIOT. RESIDENCE OF POTTER PALMF.R RESIDENCE OF NAT. JONES. RESIDENCE OF EDWARD AYERS. THE SHELDON RESIDENCE. DEARBORN AVENUE. MICHIGAN AVENUE. THE LAKE SHORE DRIVE. FAIRVIEW. NORTH SIDE PUMPING STATION, VIEW IN GAEFIELD PARK BANQUET ROOM, AUDITORIUM. DINING ROOM. PALMER HOUSE. STAGE, AUDITORIUM. :;;;5S-""W"v; '*"*'* *xKxmmij8Sisy$gii GRAND OPERA HOUSE. VIEW IN THE CASINO. AUDITORIUM PROMENADE. WHEAT PIT, BOARD OP TRADE INTERIOR OF GUNTHER'S STORE. VIEW FROM LIGHTHOUSE. UNJON STOCK YARDS UNfON STOCK YARPS. --, LAKE FRONT PARK. CHICAGO RIVKR, CLAHK STREET BRIDGE LOOKING WEST. CHICAGO RIVER, AT KUSH STREET. LOOKING EAST. VIEW IN WASHINGTON PARK VIEW IN LINCOLN PARK. JACKSON PARK, VIEW IN LINCOLN PARK. FLORAL MOUND. LINCOLN PARK. .-..,:, i , GATES AJAR, WASHINGTON PARK. VIEW IN WASHINGTON PARK GRANT MONUMENT. LINCOLN PARK. c o z M j v, I fc fc X H i p fe O H I EB H 8 5 i o 91 MRS. POTTER PALMER, President of the Lady Board of Managers. T. W. PALMER, President World's Columbian Commission. ORIGINAL OFFICIALS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. T. DICKINSON, JAMES ALLISON, PROF. A. P. BARRETT, THOS. w. PALMER, GEORGE R. DAVIS, ,- National Commission. Chief Manufacturers Dep't. Chief Dep't Electricity. Pres't Nat'l Commission. Director General. EAnoDY, CAPT. COLLINS, E. E. JAYCOX, w. I. BUCHANAN, f Dep't Liberal Arts. Chief Fish and Fisheries. Traffic Mgr. World's C. E. Chief Agriculture. PROF. PUTNAM, Chief Ethnology. ACKERMAN, WILLARD A. SMITH, tor World's Col. Ex. Co. Chief Transp'n Exhibits. JOHN THORP, Head Floriculture Dep't. HALSEY C. IVES, Chief Dep't Fine Arts. W. T. BAKER, F. J. V. SKIFF. MAJ. MOSES P. HANDY, Pres't World's Col. Exp. Chief Mines and Mining. Chief Dep't Pub' y and Pro'n J. W. SAMUELS, Chief Horticulture. WALKER TERN, JOSEPH HIRST. Chief Foreign Affairs. ' Installation Office. LIEUTENANT ROBINSON, BENJAMIN BUTTERWORTH, Chief Machinery Dep't. Ex. Sec'y World's Col. Ex. E. W. COTTRELL, A. F. SEEBERCER, Chief Dep't Live Stock. Treas. World's Col. Exp. ' EING so advantageously located it is not sur- prising that Chicago was selected as the location for the World's Fair in 1893. It fully indicates the strong impression made upon representatives from all sections of the United States as to its fitness for this vast under- taking. There is no other city in the Union which for position alone can compare with Chicago; centrally located, with thousands of miles of direct railroad connections, it is equi- distant to Spain and Japan. London, Canton, Buenos Ayres and St. Petersburg. Mexico and Montreal are brought to its gates. Still fur- ther, Chicago is entitled to the World's Fair from its rank as a cosmopolitan city, being the second city on this continent in population, and seventh in the world. Outside of London it is doubtful if any city in the world can show as large and as varied a population as this city. The site adopted for the great Exposition is that portion of the cele- brated South Park system of Chicago known as Jackson Park and Midway Plaisance. Having in view the comfort and convenience of the hundreds of thousands of our citizens and those from abroad, this site affords ad- vantages which upon reflection must be appreciated and clearly under- stood by the practical mind. This beautiful location is within easy distance of the center of the business portion of Chicago, and is accessible by means of the most complete transportation facilities. Jackson Park has a frontage on Lake Michigan of one and one-half miles, and contains nearly 553 acres of ground. The Midway Plaisance, which forms the connecting link between Jackson and Washington Parks, is one mile long and 600 feet wide, making an additional area of about 80 acres. The illustrations of buildings shown in this volume give a very com- plete idea of the plans contemplated in this stupendous work. The fine architectural groupings and grandeur of ornamental design will, collec- tively, excel all previous attempts at any Exposition. The plan of arrangements for the grounds present features in landscape effects, 7 statuary, fountains, inland lakes, ornamental bridges, avenues and floral designs so artistic in their beauty as to command the admiration of the world. The frontage of the grounds on Lake Michigan affords grand opportunities for marine displays of the most magnificent character, and which will be taken full advantage of by the management to furnish beautiful attractions which otherwise could not be attempted. It may be said to be assured that the exhibits at the Exposition will cover a wider range and be far more numerous than were ever before gathered together. The whole world is interested and all the nations of the earth will participate with the grandest and most creditable charac- teristic exhibits of their arts, sciences, natural resources, customs, condi- tion and progress of their people. From far-away India, Burmah, Siam, China, Japan, Persia, Islands of the Pacific, Australia, Tasmania, Egypt, Turkey and the strange lands of the mysterious and almost unknown Africa will come attractions of interesting character. All the European nations display great interest in the Exposition, and all give assurance of their unqualified support and co-operation. Their finest collections of art will be gathered here, and each country promises t,> display in the most conspicuous manner its varied resources. All of the countries of South and Central America with Mexico are making the most elaborate preparation for an extensive exhibit of their splendid resources and pro- ducts. Millions of money will be expended by these foreign countries, and the beauty of the Exposition will be enhanced thereby to a greater degree. Many of the foreign countries construct buildings of the finest character and design in which to make their separate exhibits. FOREIGN PARTICIPATION. N the table given below will be found a list of all foreign na- tions and colonies, and where they have determined to par- ticipate in the Exposition, the amounts of their appropria- tions made or officially proposed, as far as information con- cerning them has been received at the World's Fair head- quarters. It is safe to say that foreign representation will be larger and more genera) than at any previous World's Exposition; Argentine Republic, $100,000 Victoria, $97,330 WHAT THE UNITED STATES WILL DO. Austria, 102,300 West Australia. Belgium, 57,900 Greece, .... 57,900 ^**sL,-JREAT interest is being taken by foreign countries in the Bolivia, 30.700 Guatemala, 200,000 jjejg World's Fair, and they are emulated on a broad scale by the Brazil, .... 600,000 Hawaii, T^^/lf United States Government, and the States and Territories of Bulgaria, Hayti, . , . . 25,000 the Union. The United States Government has erected a China, 500,000 Honduras, 20,000 grand structure, in and around which to display such articles Colombia, 100,000 Hungary (informal), and materials as illustrate the functions and administrative faculty of Costa Rica. 150,000 Italy, the government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, tend- Denmark, (>7,000 Erythia, ing to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to Danish West Indies, . 1,200 Japan, .... 630 765 the wants of the people. For this purpose and for other necessary ex- Ecuador, 125,000 Liberia, .... penses, Congress has appi-opriated $1,500,000. Besides this princely sum, Egypt (informal). . Madagascar, . it has donated $2.500,000 in silver half-dollar souvenirs, which the Fair France 733,400 Mexico, .... 50 000 authorities will sell at a premium, and from which they expect to realize Algeria, Morocco, 150.000 & t least $5.000,000. The government has also appropriated $500,000 for French Guiana. . Netherlands, diplomas and awards, to be given meritorious exhibits. The subjoined Germany, 690,200 Dutch Guiana, . 10,000 table shows the States and Territories that will participate, and the Great Britain, 291,990 Dutch West Indies. . 5 000 amounts which each has set aside for its exhibit: Bahamas, . Nicaragua, so'ooo Arizona, . . . $ 30,000 Montana, . . . $ 50,000 Barbadoes, . 5,840 Norway, 56,280 California, . . . 300.000 Nebraska, . . . 50.000 Bermuda. . 2.920 Orange Free State. 7,500 Colorado, . . . 100.000 New Hampshire, . . 25,000 British Guiana. . 25,000 Paraguay, 100,000 Delaware, . . . 10,000 New Jersey, . . 70.000 British Honduras, 7,500 Persia, .... Idaho, .... 20,000 New Mexico, . . 25,000 Canada. 100,000 Peru, .... 140,000 Illinois, .... 800,000 New York, . . . 300 000 Cape Colony, 50,000 Portugal (informal). Indiana, . . . 75,000 North Carolina, . . 25,000 Ceylon, 63,600 Madeira, Iowa, .... 130,000 North Dakota, . . 25,000 Fiji, .... Roumania, Kentucky, . . . 100,000 Ohio, .... 125,000 India Jamaica, 24,333 Russia, .... Salvador, 46,320 12,500 Louisiana, . . . 36,000 Pennsylvania, . . 300,000 Maine, .... 40.000 Rhode Island, . . 50.000 Leeward Islands. 6,000 San Domingo, 25,000 Maryland. . . . 60.000 Vermont, . . . 15.000 Malta, Servia, .... Massachusetts. . . 150,000 Washington. . . 100.000 Mashonaland. Siam, .... Michigan, . . . 100,000 West Virginia, . 40,000 Mauritius, . Spain, .... 14,000 Minnesota, . . . 50,000 Wisconsin. . . . 65,000 Newfoundland, . Cuba, .... 25,000 Missouri, . . . 150,000 Wyoming, . . . 30,000 New South Wales. . 243,c'25 Porto Rico, New Zealand, Switzerland, 23,160 Total, ... .... $3 446 000 Queensland, Sweden, 53,600 South Australia, Transvaal, In several States the appropriations made are only preliminary, and Straits Settlements, . Turkey, will be largely increased. A number of States, which, owing to consti- Tasmania. . 10,000 Uruguay, 24,000 tutional or other prohibitive reason, made no World's Fair appropria- Trinidad, . 15,000 Venezuela, tions, have held State conventions and formed organizations of the stock subscription sort for raising the amounts deemed necessary for credita- Total. J 6,936,063 ble representation. Combined with the enterprising work and encouraging promises of all the countries of the earth, there is also positive assurances from thousands of individual interests in all parts of the world that encourages the management to expect such a display of the resources and products of the human race as to outshine anything of the kind ever attempted. Thirteen departments have been organized, in which all material things known to man have been carefully and respectively classified, and every facility will be provided to enable exhibitors to display their special prod- ucts to the best advantage. Large as is the area for the forthcoming Exposition, it will require the greatest circumspection on the part of those entrusted with the allot- ment of space to make it adequate for the large mass of exhibitors who are preparing to display their varied resources. This condition gives assurance of a larger number of exhibits than at any previous World's Fair. The number of applications is increasing daily, and by the time of the allotment of space, there is no doubt but that every foot of space will be more than covered by the demand from exhibitors. This fact alone assures the success of the Fair. EXPOSITION FINANCES. T the inception of the enterprise Chicago provided $10,000.000, of which $5.000,000 was in subscriptions to the capital stock of the World's Columbian Exposition, and $5,000,000 was in bonds, voted by the City Council of the City of Chicago. Subscriptions tj the capital stock are continually being made, and now aggregate nearly six millions. The subscriptions to the capital stock are paid on the call of the Directory, as the money is need- ed in the prosecution of the work. Under the supervision of the Na- tional Commission, the Exposition has assumed a broader scope than was at first comtemplated. The enlargement involved a great additiodal ex- pense, which the government promptly provided for, in part at least, by the appropriation of $2,500,000 in silver half-dollar souvenirs. BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. |Y comparison a person can form an idea of the size of the great Fair buildings. The area under roof will equal that of the Paris, in 1889, the Philadelphia, in 1876, and the Vienna, in 1873, combined. In all there will be over 150 acres under roof, not including the space covered by the buildings devoted to foreign States' and Governments' buildings lining each side of the Midway Plaisance. The dimensions of the various buildings are as follows: BUILDINGS. Mines and Mining, .... DIMENSION IN FEET. 350 x 700: AREA ACHES 5 6; COST. $ 260 000 Manufactures and Liberal Arts, . Horticulture, Electricity Woman's, ...... Transportation, ..... Administration, . . . Fish and Fisheries, .... 787 x!687; 250 xlOOO; 345 x 700; 200 x 400; 250 x 960; 260 x 260; 163 x 363; 30.5; 5.8; 5.5; 1.8; 5.6; 1.6; 1.4; 1.100,000 300,000 375,000 120.000 280,000 450,000 ) Two Annexes, Agriculture, Annex, ...... 135 diam.; 500 x 800; 328 x 500; .8; 9.2; 3.8; \ 200,000 540,000 ) Assembly Hall, etc., 450 x 500; 5.2; \ 200,000 Machinery, Annex, Power House, Fine Arts, Two Annexes, Forestry, 500 x 850: 490 x 551; 80 x 600; 320 x 500; 120 x 200; 200 x 500; 9.8; 6.2; 1.1; 3.7; 1.1; 2.3; f 1200,000 | 500,000 100,000 Saw Mill Dairy, Live Stock (three), .... 125 x 300; 95 x 200; 65 x 200; .9; .5; .9; 35,000 30.000 ) Live Stock Sheds, .... 40.0: \ 150,000 Casino 175 x 300; 1.2; 150,000 1JJ. J.' c United States Government, Battle Ship, Illinois State, Two Annexes, . . . * . 350 x 420; 348 x 69; 160 x 450; 3.4: .3; 1.7; .3; 400,000 100,000 250,000 Grand Totals, 150.1; $6,740,000 The Exposition buildings, not including those of the Government and Illinois, have also a total gallery area of 45.9 acres, thus making their total floor space 196 acres. The Fine Arts Building has 7,885 lineal feet, or 145,852 square feet of wall space. The annexes are scarcely loss beautiful than the main buildings. The live-stock sheds, which will cover an immense area as indicated, are to be constructed as inexpensively as possible without marring the general architectural effect. The power house, pumping works, etc., are to be exhibits in themselves, and so constructed as to be readily inspected by visitors. The total cost of the Exposition structures is about $8,000,000. There will be a reproduction of the famous Spanish convent La Rabida. GENERAL INFORMATION. BOARD OP LADY DIRECTORS. |NE notable particular wherein the World's Columbian Exposi- tion differs from any previous World's Fair is the prominence of women in its management. The act of Congress authoriz- ing the holding of the Exposition also created a Board of Lady Managers, consisting of two members, with alternates, from every State and Territory, eight members and alternates at-large, and nine from the City of Chicago. Recognizing as its first duty the pro- motion of the general interests of the Exposition, the Board has rendered valuable assistance to the National Commissioners in influencing favora- ble State legislation, in arousing enthusiasm, and in formulating plans for the development of local resources. In addition, it holds and exer- cises a dual function, the guardianship of women's special interests. There will be no separate exhibit of women's work, the Board having de- cided that to be inexpedient; but in the Woman's Building, which is de- signed for administrative and other purposes, will be a showing of such things as women are particularly and vitally interested in, and which do not properly belong to the general competitive classification. Every de- partment of the entire exposition is as open to women as to men, and the act of Congress gives the Board the right to representation on all juries of award where women's work is concerned. So great, indeed, has the importance of the Board become, that it has long since been recognized as an all-pervading and influential factor of the entire international en- terprise. The Lady Managers have invited the women of all countries to participation in the Exposition. Numerous foreign committees, com- posed of women, have already been formed, and are now Li successful co- operation with the official Board. This Board has instituted, in connec- tion with the Model Hospital of the Woman's Building, a Department of Public Comfort, which promises to become a novel and excellent feature of the Exposition. This is intended to be supplementary to the Hospital, and to provide for such cases of slight illness or accidents as do not re- quire medical attendance. The main room will be in the Woman's Buil- ding, but branches will be established in every division of the Exposi- tion, and all of them will be under the supervision of the Lady Managers. WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY. This c institutes the intellectual and moral branch of the Exposition. Its motto is: "Not Things, but Men," and is organized to provide for the presentation, by papers, addresses and discussions, of the mental and moral status and achievements of the human race. Under its auspices a series oi Congresses will be held in Chicago, during the progress of the Exposition, in which it is already assured, will participate a great many of the ablest living representatives in the various fields of intellectual effort and mental endeavor. The Auxiliary embraces between fifteen and twenty main departments, such as Literature, Government, Music, Education, Science, Art, Engineering, etc.. in each of which are subdi- visions. A program is being arranged for congresses in each of these departments and divisions, in which specialists and advanced thinkers may participate in discussing the vital aud important questions, and pre- senting the latest and best achievements of the human mind in each. During the Exposition the Auxiliary will have the use of the magnificent permanent Art Palace, which the Chicago Art Institute, aided by the Exposition Directory, is erecting on the lake front. This will have two large audience rooms, each of 3,500 capacity, and from twenty to thirty smaller rooms, of capacity ranging from 300 to 750. The great Audito- rium will also be utilized for the larger congresses, and numerous other halls are available when required. Each congress will be supervised by a committee of persons actively interested in its particular field, accept- ance of such responsibility having already been given. It is the inten- tion to publish their proceedings in enduring form. THE MIDWAY PLAISANCE, Connecting Jackson Park with Washington Park, will be occupied throughout its entire length by Exposition features, largely of a foreign character, such as the Bazaar of all Nations; Streets in Cairo; Street in Constantinople; Moorish Palace; Maori Village; etc., to which concessions have been granted, and which, in their production, will represent the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Panoramas, cycloramas, the sliding railway, etc., will also be located there. A single entrance fee of probably 50 cents, will entitle visitors to see the entire Exposition proper; the special attractions on Midway Plaisance will make a moderate additional charge. MEDICAL BUREAU. This Bureau will be in charge of an eminent physician, with an ample corps of assistants and trained nurses. Hospitals will be located at several points on the grounds. In case of sickness or accident the ambulance corps will be called to convey the sick or injured to the nearest hospital, where everything necessary for their immediate com- fort and relief will bo provided. This service is intended for emergencies requiring immediate attention. RESTAURANTS. According to present plans, fully 150 restaurants and cafes will be in operation in the various buildings and about the grounds. These will be conveniently distributed and will have an estimated seating capacity of from 60,000 to 80,000 people. TRANSPORTATION. The exposition is located within easy distance of the center of the business portion of Chicago, and accessible by means of the most complete transportation facilities. All public passenger railways, whether steam, cable, electric or horse, as well as the great number of steamboats on Lake Michigan, will deliver passengers conveniently near the numerous entrances to the grounds. With these unlimited facilities it is estimated that more than 100,000 people per hour can be carried to and from the grounds. An intramural elevated railroad will convey visitors to all parts of the grounds, making it easy to go from one point to another without walking. The distances on the grounds are so great that visitors will find this arrangement to be a great source of convenience and comfort. Other means of transit will also be provided inside the grounds. One of these, and in fact the most attractive of all, will be the means of water transit through the lagoons, canal and basin; the waterways inside the grounds cover an area of about eighty-five acres. Here will be provided launches and small craft of all kinds. One can board these boats and travel a distance of nearly three miles, passing on the route all of the principal buildings and points of attraction. It will be one of the grandest sights of the world and one to leave an everlasting impression on the minds of those who view it. No visitor at the Fair should fail to take this short voyage. It will be a pan- orama of beautiful architecture, landscape effects, floral designs, statuary, fountains, etc.. such as has never before been witnessed by human eye. POLICE AND FIRE PROTECTION. The Exposition management fully appreciates the necessity for pro- tecting the interests of the visitor and the exhibitor. A large, well organized and disciplined force of police will be constantly on duty to attend to everything pertaining to the welfare and protection of the enormous crowds which will daily be present. The average daily atten- dance will probably reach not less than 150,000 people, and on many days this number will be more than doubled. The buildings and valuable property of exhibitors will be protetced by a fire department of the highest standard of efficiency. Batallions of firemen, with every modern appliance of machinery, will be located in various parts of the grounds. This force will be on duty day and night, A perfect system of electric signals for use in case of fire will be employed. MUSIC AT THE FAIR. Among the most entertaining features of the Exposition will be the great Music Hall and its attractions. On the shore of Lake Michigan, at the end of the basin, is being erected a beautiful building to be used ex- clusively for musical entertainments, taking the form of concerts and fes- tivals, and producing the grandest works of the greatest composers. The musical programs will be of the highest standard, and in their produc- tion will certainly take rank with the greatest musical occasions in the history of the divine art. The celebrated artists of the world will be gathered together to make these entertainments complete. Great cho- ruses are now being drilled and instructed in the works that will be pro- duced. This work of preparation will continue assiduously until the opening of the Fair. The orchestra is to be chosen from the list of the finest artists in America. In addition to these arrangements there will also be an opportunity to listen to the most famous military bands of the world. Many of the foreign governments propose to send their greatest band organizations; these, with the noted bands of the United States, will furnish such a quality of military music as has never been heard be- fore. These arrangements for the pleasure of the visitors will be a source of enjoyment and do much to make the World's Columbian Expo- sition even greater as the historical event of the nineteenth century. THE PRESIDENT'S PROCLAMATION. HEREAS, Satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provision has been made for adequate grounds and buildings /or the use of the World's Columbian Exposition, and that a, sum not less than $10,000,000, to be used and expended for the purposes of said Exposition, has been provided in accordance with the conditions and requirements of Section 10 of an Act entitled "An Act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding an Inter- national Exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and the products of the soil, mine and sea, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois," approved April 25, 1890. Now, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said Act, do hereby declare and proclaim that such International Exhibition will be opened on the first day of May, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed before the last Thursday in October of the same year. And ip the name of the Government and of the People of the United States, I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of an event that is pre-eminent in human history and of lasting interest to mankind by appointing representatives thereto, and sending such ex- hibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as will most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, industries and their progress in civilization. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington this twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety, and in the independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth. By the President: JAMES G. ELAINE, Secretary of State. BENJ. HARRISON. ACT OF CONGRESS. The following it the Act of Congress creating the World's Colum- bian Commission: An Act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding an Inter- national Exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and the prod- uct of the soil, mine and sea, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois : WHEREAS. It is fit and appropriate that the four hundredth anni- versary of the discovery of America be commemorated by an exhibition of the resources of the United States of America, their development, and of the progress of civilization in the New World; and WHEREAS, Such an exhibition should be of a national and interna- tional character, so that not only the people of our Union and this conti- nent, but those of all nations as well, can participate, and should there- fore have the sanction of the Congress of the United States; therefore, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, that an Exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and products of the soil, mine and sea, shall be inaugurated in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-two, in the City of Chicago, in the State 01 Illinois, as hereinafter provided. SEC. 2. That a Commission consisting of two commissioners from each State and Territory of the United States and from the District of of Columbia and eight commissioners at large, is hereby constituted to be designated as the World's Columbian Commission. SEC. 3. That said commissioners, two from each State and Territory, shall be appointed within thirty days from the passage of this act, by the President of the United States, on the nomination of the Governors of the States and Territories, respectively, and by the President eight commissioners at large and two from the District of Columbia; and in the same manner and within the same time there shall be appointed two alternate commissioners from each State and Territory of the United States and the District of Columbia, and eight alternate commissioners at large, who shall assume and perform the duties of such commissioner or commissioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the said commission; and in such nominations and appointments each of the two leading political parties shall be equally represented. Vacancies in the commission nominated by the Governors of the several States and Terri- tories, respectively, and also vacancies in the commission at large and from the District of Columbia, may be filled in the same manner and un- der the same conditions as provided herein for their original appointment. SEC. 4. That the Secretary of State of the United States shall, im- mediately after the passage of this Act, notify the Governors of the several States and Territories, respectively, thereof and request such nominations to be made. The commissioners so appointed shall be called together by the Secretary of State of the United States in the city of Chicago, by notice to the Commissioners, as soon as convenient after the appointment of said Commissioners, at said first meeting, shall organize by the election of such officers and the appointment of such committees as they may deem expedient, and for this purpose the Commissioners present at said meeting shall constitute a quorum. SEC. 5. That said commission be empowered in its discretion to ac- cept for the purposes of the World's Cjlumbian Exposition such site as may be selected and offered and such plans and specifications of buildings to be erected for such purpose at the expense of and tendered by the corporation organized under the laws of the State of Illinois, known as "The World's Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety-two:" PRO- VIDED, That said site so tendered and the buildings proposed to be erected thereon shall be deemed by said commission adequate to the purposes of said Exposition: AND PROVIDED, That said commission shall be satisfied that the said corporation has an actual bona fide and valid subscription to its capital stock which will secure the payment of at least five millions of dollars, of which not less than live hundred thousand dollars shall have been paid in, and that the further sum of five million dollars, making in all ten million dollars, will be provided by said corporation in ample time for its needful use during the prosecution of the work for the complete preparation for said Exposition. SEC. 6. That the said commission shall allot space for exhibitors, prepare a classification of exhibits, determine the plan and scope of the Exposition, and shall appoint all judges and examiners for the Exposition, award all premiums, if any, and generally have charge of all intercourse with the exhibitors and the representatives of foreign nations. And said commission is authorized and required to appoint a Board of Lady Man- agers of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said commission. Said board may appoint one or more members of all committees authorized to award prizes for exhibits which may be pro- duced in whole or in part by female labor. SEC. 7. That after the plans for said Exposition shall be prepared by said corporation and approved by said commission, the rules and reg- ulations of said corporation governing rates for entrance and admission fees, or otherwise affecting the rights, privileges or interests of the ex- hibitors or of the public, shall be fixed or established by said corporation, subject, however, to such modification, if any, as may be imposed by a majority of said commissioners. SEC. 8. That the President is hereby empowered and directed to hold a naval review in New York Harbor, in October, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, and to extend to foreign nations an invitation to send ships of war to join the United States navy in rendezvous at Hamp- ton Roads, and proceed thence to said review. SEC. 9. That said commission shall provide for the dedication of the buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition in the said City of Chi- cago on the twenty-first day of October, eighteen hundred and ninety- two, with appropriate ceremonies, and said Exposition shall be open to visitors not later than the first day of May, eighteen hundred and ninety- three, and shall be closed at such time as the commission may determine, but not later than the thirtieth day of October thereafter. SEC. 10. That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified by the commission that provision has been made for grounds and buildings for the uses herein provided for, and there has also been filed with him by the said corporation, known as "The World's Colum- . bian Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety -two," satisfactory proof that a sum not less than ten million dollars, to be used and expended for the purposes of the Exposition herein authorized, has in fact been raised or provided for by subscription or other legally binding means, he shall bo authorized, through the Department of State, to make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the Exposition will open and close, and the place at which it will he held; and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the commission, for publication in their respective countries, and he shall, in behalf of the Government and people, invite foreign nations to take part in the said Exposition and appoint representatives thereto. SEC.11. That all articles which shall be imported from foreign coun- tries for the sole purpose of exhibition at said Exposition, upon which there shall be a tariff or customs duty, shall be admitted free of payment of duty, customs fees or charges, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but it shall be lawful at any time during the exhibition to sell for delivery at the close of the Exposition any goods or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the Exposition buildings or on its grounds, subject to such regulations for the security of the revenue and for the collection of the import duties as the Secre- tary of the Treasury shall prescribe: Provided, That all such articles when sold or withdrawn for consumption in the United States will be sub- ject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of importation, and all penalties prescribed by law shall be applied and enforced against such articles, and against the per- son who may bo guilty of any illegal sale or withdi-awal. SEC. 12. That the sum of twenty thousand dollars, or as much there- of as may be necessary, be, and the same is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the remainder of the present fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury for purposes connected with the admission of foreign goods to said exhibition. SEC. 13. That it shall bo the duty of the commission to make report from time to time to the President of the United States of the progress of the work, and. in a final report, present a full exhibit of the results of the Exposition. SEC. 14. That the commission hereby authorized shall exist no longer than until the first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight. SEC. -15. That the United States shall not in any manner, nor under any circumstances, be liable for any of the acts, doings, proceedings or representations of the said corporation organized under the laws of the State of Illinois, its officers, agents, servants, or employes, or any of them, or for the service, salaries, labor or wages of said officers, agents, ser- vants or employes, or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, or for any certificates of stocks, bonds, mortgage? or obligations of any kind issued by said corporation, or for any debts, liabilities or ex- penses of any kind whatever attending such corporation or accruing by reason of the same. SEC. 16. That there shall be exhibited at said Exposition, by the Government of the United States, from its Executive Departments, the Smithsonian Institute, the United States Fish Commission and the Na- tional Museum, such articles and materials as illustrate the function and administrative faculty of the Government in time of peace and its resources as a war power, tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people; and to secure a complete and harmonious arrangement of such a Government exhibit, a board shall be created to be charged with the selection, preparation, arrangement, safe-keeping and exhibition of such articles and materials as the heads of the several departments and the directors of the Smithsonian Institu- tion and National Museum may respectively decide shall be embraced in said Government exhibit. The President may also designate addi- tional articles for exhibition. Such board shall be composed of one person to be named of each Executive Department, and one by the directors of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, and one by the Pish Commission, such selections to be approved by the President of the United States. The President shall name the chairman of said board, and the board itself shall select such other officers as it may deem necessary. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to place on exhibition, upon such grounds as shall be allotted for the purpose, one of the life-saving stations authorized to be constructed on the coast of the United States by existing law, and to cause the same to be fully equipped with all apparatus, furniture and appliances now in use in all life-saving stations in the United States, said building and appa- ratus to be removed at the close of the exhibition and re-erected at the place now authorized by law. SEC. 17. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause a suitable building or buildings to be erected on the site selected for the World's Columbian Exposition for the Government exhibits, as provided in this act, and he is hereby authorized and directed to contract therefor, in the same manner and under the same regulations as for other public build- ings of the United States: but the contracts for said building or build- ings shall not exceed the sum of four hundred thousand dollars, and for the remainder of the fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June thir- tieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, there is hereby appropriated for said building or buildings, out of any money in the treasury not other- wise appropriated, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars. The Sec- retary of the Treasury shall cause the said building or buildings to be constructed as far as possible of iron, steel and glass, or of such other material as may be taken out and sold to the best advantage; and he is authorized and required to dispose of such building or buildings, or the material composing the same, at the close of the Exposition, giving pref- erence to the City of Chicago, or to the said World's Exposition of eight- een hundred and ninety-two to purchase the same at an appraised value to be ascertained in such manner as he may determine. SEC. 18. That for the purpose of paying the expenses of transporta- tion, care and custody of exhibits by the Government and the mainte- nance of the building or buildings hereinbefore provided for, and the safe return of articles belonging to the said Government exhibit, and for the expenses of the commission created by this act. and other contingent ex- penses, to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon itemized accounts and vouchers, there is hereby appropriated for the remainder of this fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary: Provided, That the United States shall njt be liable, on account of the erection of buildings, expenses of the commission or any of its officers or employes, or on account of any ex- penses incident to or growing out of said Exposition, for a sum not ex- ceeding in the aggregate one million five hundred thousand dollars. SEC. 19. That the Commissioners and alternate Commissioners ap- pointed under this act shall not be entitled to any compensation for their services out of the Treasury of the United States, except their actual expenses for transportation and the sum of six dollars per day for sub- sistence for each day they are necessarily absent from their homes on the business of said commission. The officers of said commission shall receive such compensation as may be fixed by said commission, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, which shall be paid out of the sums appropriated by Congress in aid of such Exposition. SEC. 20. That nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to create any liability of the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obli- gation incurred, nor for any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury of the United States in support or liquidation of any debts or obligations created by said commission in excess of ap- propriations made by Congress therefor. SEC. 21. That nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to over- ride or interfere with the laws of any State, and all contracts made in any State for the purposes of the Exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof. SEC. 22. That no member of said commission, whether an officer or otherwise, shall be personally liable for any debtor obligation which may be created or incurred by the said commission. Approved, April 25, 1890. Under the provision of said Act upon the nomination by the Gover- nors of the States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, the Presi- dent appointed two Commissioners to represent each State, Territory and the District of Columbia; and eight Commissioners from the country at large, to be constituted and designated as the World's Columbian Commission. RULES AND REGULATIONS. RULE 1. Exhibitors will not be charged for space. A limited amount of power will be supplied gratuitously. This amount will be settled definitely at the time space is alloted. Power in excess of that will be furnished by the Exposition at a fixed price. Demands for such excess must bo made before the allotment of space. RULE 2. Any single piece, or section, of any exhibit of greater weight than 30,000 pounds will not be accepted if machinery is required for its installation. RULE 3. Exhibitors must provide, at their own expense, all show- cases, cabinets, shelving, counters, fittings, etc.. which they may require, and all countershafts, pulleys, belting, etc., for the transmission of power from the main shafts. RULE 4. Exhibitors will be confined to such exhibits as are specified in their application. When the allotment of space is definitely made, exhibitors will be notified of their allotment of space and its location, and will be furnished with a permit to occupy such space, subject to the general rules and regulations adopted for the government of the Exposition and the special rules governing the Department in which their exhibit will be made. RULE 5. Special rules will be issued governing each department and the sale of articles within the buildings or on the grounds. RULE 6. Decorations, signs, dimensions of cabinets, shelving, coun- ters, etc., and the arrangement of the exhibits must conform to the gen- eral plan adopted by the Director General. RULE 7. Reasonable precautions will be taken for the preservation of exhibits, but the World's Columbian Exposition will not be responsible for any damage to. or for the loss or destruction of, an exhibit, resulting from any cause. RULE 8. All packages containing exhibits intended for the several departments must be addressed to the "Director General, World s Col- umbian Exposition. Chicago. Illinois. U. S. A." In addition, the follow- ing information must be written on the outside of each package; (a.) Department in which exhibit is to be installed. (b.) The State or Territory from which the package comes. (c.) The name and address of the exhibitor. (d.) The number of the permit for space. (e. ) Total number of packages sent by the same exhibitor. The se- rial number must be marked on each package, and a list of the contents enclosed in each package. Freight must be prepaid. RULE 9. Favorable terms will be arranged by which exhibitors may insure their own goods. Exhibitors may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their goods during the hours the Exposition is open to the public. Such watchmen will be subject to the rules and regulations governing employes of the Exposition. RULE 10. The expense of transporting, receiving, unpacking and arranging exhibits, as well as their removal at the close of the Exposi- tion, shall be paid by the exhibitor. RULE 11. If no authorized person is at hand to take charge of ex- hibits within a reasonable time after arrival at the Exposition buildings, they will be removed and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may concern. RULE 12. The installation of heavy articles requiring foundations should, by special arrangement, begin as soon as the progress of the work on the buildings will permit. The general reception of articles at the Exposition buildings will commence November 1st, 1892. and no article will be admitted after April 10th, 1893. Space not taken possession of April 1st, 1893, will revert to the Director General for re-assignment. RULE 13. If exhibits are intended for competition it must be so stated by the exhibitor, or they will be excluded from e xamination for award. RULE 14. The Chief of each Department will provide cards of uni- form size and character, which may be affixed to exhibits, and on which will be stated only the exhibitor's name and address, the name of the ar- ticle or object exhibited, and its catalogue number. RULE 15. articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medicines, nostrums and empirical preparations whose in- gredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Exposition. RULE Hi. Exhibitors' business cards and brief descriptive circulars only may be placed within such exhibitors' space for distribution. The right is reserved by the Director General to restrict or discontinue this privilege whenever, in his judgment, it is carried to excess or becomes an annoyance to visitors. RULE 17. The Chief of each Department, with the approval of the Director General, has the power to order the removal of any article he may consider dangerous, detrimental to, or incompatible with the object or decorum of the Exposition, or the comfort and safety of the public. RULE 18. Exhibitors will be held responsible for the cleanliness of their exhibits and the space surrounding the same. All exhibits must be in complete order each day, at least thirty minutes before the hour of opening. No work of this character will be permitted during the hours the building is open to the public. In case of failure on the part of any exhibitor to observe this rule, the Chief of the Department may adopt such means to enforce the same as circumstances may suggest. RULE 19. The removal of exhibits will not be permitted prior to the close of the Exposition. RULE 20. Sketches, drawings, photographs or other reproductions of articles to be exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor and the Director General; but general views of portions of the interiors of the buildings may be made by the approval of the Direc- tor General. RULE 21. Immediately after the close of the Exposition, exhibitors must remove their effects, and complete such removal before January 1st. 1894. Goods then remaining will be removed and disposed of under the direction of the World's Columbian Exposition. RULE 22. An official catalogue will be published in English. French, German and Spanish. The sale of catalogues is reserved exclusively by the Exposition Company. RULE 23. Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby agrees to conform strictly to the rules and regulations established for the govern- ment of the Exposition. RULE 24. Communications concerning the Exposition, applications for space, and negotiations relative thereto, should be addressed to the "Director General, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A." RULE 25. The management reserves the right to construe, amend or add to, all rules and regulations, whenever it may be deemed neces- sary for the interest of the Exposition. GEORGE R. DAVIS, Director General. REGULATIONS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS. 1. The Exhibition will be held on the shore of Lake Michigan, in the City of Chicago, and will be opened on the first day of May, 1893, and closed on the 30th day of October following. 2. All governments have been invited to appoint commissions for the purpose of organizing their departments in the Exhibition. The Di- rector General should be notified of the appointment of such foreign commission as soon as the appointment is made. Diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be furnished to the for- eign commissions on or before January 1, 1892, indicating the localities to be occupied by each nation, subject, however, to revision and read- justment. 3. Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto must be conducted with the commission of the country where the article is pro- duced. 4. Foreign Commissioners are requested to notify the Director- General not later than June 1, 1892, whether they desire any increase or diminution of the space offered them, and the amount. 5. Before November 1, 1892, the foreign Commissions must furnish the Director-General with approximate plans showing the manner of allotting the space assigned to them, and also with lists of their exhibitors and other information necessary for preparation of the official catalogue. Products brought into the United States at the ports of Portland. Maine. Boston, New York. Philadelphia. Baltimore, Tampa. New Orleans, San Francisco, Wilmington, Portland, O., Port Townsend, Wash., Seattle, Wash., and Chicago, 111., or at any other port of entry intended for dis- play at the Internatioial Exhibition, will be allowed to go forward to the Exhibition building, under proper supervision of customs officers, without examination at such ports of original entry, and at the close of the Exhi- bition will be allowed to go forward to the port from which they are to be exported. No duties will be levied upon such goods, unless entered for consumption in the United States. (!. The transportation, receiving, unpacking and arranging of the products for exhibition will be at the expense of the exhibitor. 7. The installation of heavy articles requiring special foundations or adjustment should, by special arrangement, begin as soon as the pro- gress of the work upon the building will permit. The general reception of articles at the Exhibition buildings will commence on November 1, 1892, and no article will be admitted after April 10, 1893. 8. Space assigned to foreign Commissions and not occupied on the 10th day of April. 1893. will revert to the Director-General for readjustment. 9. If products are intended for competition it must be so stated by the exhibitor; if not. they will be excluded from the examination by the international juries. 10. An Official Catalogue will be published in English, French, Ger- man and Spanish. The sale of catalogues is reserved to the World's Columbian Exposition. The twelve departments of the classification which will determine the relative location of articles in the Exhibition except in such collec- tive exhibits as may receive special sanction also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as follows: A. Agriculture. Forest Products, Forestry, Machinery and Applian-] B. Viticulture, Horticulture, Floriculture. [ces. C. Live Stock; Domestic and Wild Animals. D. Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus for Fishing. E. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. F. Machinery. G. Transportation: Railways, Vessels, Vehicles. H. Manufactures. J. Electricity. K. Fine Arts: Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative. L. Liberal Arts: Education, Engineering, Public Works, Architec- ture, Music and the Drama. M. Ethnology, Archaeology, Progress of Labor and Invention, Iso- lated and Collective Exhibits. 11. Foreign Commissions may publish catalogues of their respect- ive sections. 1 2. Exhibitors will not be charged for space. A limited quantity of steam and water power will be supplied gratu- itously. The quantity of each will be settled definitely at the time of the allotment of space. Any power required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be furnished by the World's Columbian Exposition at a fixed price. Demands for such excess of power must also be settled at the time of the allotment of space. 13. Exhibitors must provide at their own cost all show cases, shelv- ing, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require, and all counter- shafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the transmission of power from the main shafts in the building where the exhibit is located. All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in conformity with the general plan adopted by the Director General. The World's Columbian Exposition will take precautions for the safe preservation of all objects in the Exposition; but it will in no way be re- sponsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by fire or other- wise, however originating. 14. Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors or for- eign commissions may insure their own goods. Foreign commissions may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their goods during the hours the Exposition is open to the public, subject to the rules and regulations of the Exposition. 15. Foreign commissions, or such agents as they may designate, shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacking and arrangement of ob- jects, as well as for the removal at the close of the Exposition; but no person shall be permitted to act as such agent until he can give to the Director General written evidence of his having been approved by the proper commission. 16. Each package must be addressed "To the Commission (name of country) at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, United States of America," and should have at least two labels affixed to different but not opposite sides of each case, and give the following information: 17. (1) The country from which it comes; (2) Name of firm of the exhibitor; (3) Residence of the exhibitor; (4) Department to which ob- jects belong; (5) Total number of packages sent by that exhibitor; (6) Se- rial number of that particular package. 18. Within each package should be a list of all objects. 19. If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their ar- rival at the Exposition buildings, they will be removed without delay and stored at the risk and cost of whomsoever it may concern. 20. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent nostrums and empirical preparations, whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted. 21. The removal of goods on exhibition will not be permitted prior to the close of the Exhibition. 22. Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other reproduction of ar- ticles exhibited will only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor and Director General; but views of portions of the building may be made upon the Director General's sanction. 23. Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors shall remove their effects, and complete such removal before January 1, 1894; goods then remaining will be removed and sold for expenses, or other- wise disposed of under the direction of the World's Columbian Exposition. 24. Each pel-son who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges and agrees to be governed by the rules and regulations established for the government of the Exhibition. Special regulations will be issued concerning the exhibition of fine arts, awards, the organization of the international juries, and sale of special articles within the buildings, and on other points not touched upon in these preliminary instructions. 2f>. All communications concerning the Exhibition will be addressed to the Director General, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illi- nois. U. S. A. The management reserves the right to explain or amend these regu- lations whenever it may be deemed necessary for the interest of the Ex- hibition. GEORGE R. DAVIS. Director General. WORLDS COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. COMMISSIONERS AT LARGE. COMMISSIONERS. A. G. Bullock, Worcester, Mass. Gorton W. Allen, Auburn, N. Y. P. A. B. Widener, Philadelphia, Pa. T. W. Palmer, Detroit, Mich. R. W. Furnas, Brownville, Neb. William Lindsay, Frankfort, Ky. Henry Exall, Dallas, Tex. MarkL. McDonald. Santa Rosa, Cal. COMMISSIONERS OF THE ALTERNATES. Henry Ingalls, Wiscasset, Me. L. Fitzgerald, New York, N. Y. J. W. Chalfant, Pittsburgh, Pa. James Oliver, South Bend, Ind. H. G. Parker, St. Louis, Mo. Patrick Walsh, Augusta, Ga. H. C. King, San Antonio, Tex. Thomas Burke, Seattle, Wash. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES. Alexander T. Britton, Washington. E. K. Johnson, Washington. Albert A. Wilson. Washington. Dorsey Clagett, Washington, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia. Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mass., Michigan, COMMISSIONERS OP THE STATES. COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES. F. G. Bromberg, Mobile. G. L. Worth, Montgomery. O. R. Hudley, Huntsville, W. S. Hull, Sheffield. J. D, Adams, Little Rock. J. T. W. Tillar, Little Rock. J. H. Clendening, Fort Smith. Thomas H. Leslie, Stuttgart. M. H. de Young, SanFranc'o. G. Hazleton, San Francisco. William Porsyth, Fresno. R. E. Goodell, Leadville. F. J. V. Skiff, Denver. L. Brainard. Hartford. R. D. Stephens, Sacramento. H. B. Gillespie, Aspen. O. C. French, New Windsor. C. F. Brooker, Torrington. T. M. Waller, New London. C. R. Baldwin, Waterbury. Geo. V. Massey. Dover. W. H. Porter, Wilmington. C. F. A. Bielby, De Land, R. Turnbull, Monticello. L. McLaws, Savannah. C. H. Way, Savannah. G. A. Manning, Post Falls. J. E. Stearns, Nama. C. H. Deere, Moline. A. T. Ewing. Chicago. T. E. Garvin, Evansville. C. P. Richards, Georgetown. W. Saulsbury, Dover. Dudley W. Adams, Tangerine. J. T. Bernard, Tallahassee. J. Longstreet, Gainesville, J. W. Clark, Augusta. A. J. Crook, Hailey. John M. Burke, Wardner. L. Funk, Shirley. D. Smith, Springfield. W. E. McLean. Terre Haute. E. B. Martindale, Indiana'lis. C. M. Travis, Crawfordsville. J. Eiboeck, Des Moines. W. F. King, Mt. Vernon. C. N. Whiting, Whiting. J. Hayes, Red Oak. C. K. Holliday, Jr.. Topeka. M. D. Henry, Independence. J. R. Burton, Abilene. J. Bennett, Richmond. P. W. Lanyon, Pittsburg. D. N. Comingore, Covington. J. A. McKenzie, Oak Grove. J. S. Morris, Louisville. D. B. Penn, Newellton. A. Le Due, New Orleans T. J. Woodward, NewOrlea's. P. J. McMahon, Tangipahoa. A. R. Bixby. Skowhegan. W. G. Davis, Portland. J. Hodges, Baltimore. L. Lowndes, Cumberland. F. W. Breed, Lynn. T. E. Proctor, Boston. M. H. Lane, Kalamazoo. J. A. Boardman, Bangor C. S. Edwards, Bethel. G. M. Upshur, Snow Hill. D. E. Conkling, Baltimore. G. P. Ladd, Spencer. C. E. Adams, Lowell. E. B. Fisher, Grand Rapids. C. H. Richmond, Ann Arbor. G, H. Barbour, Detroit. COMMISSIONERS. Minnesota, M. B. Harrison, Duluth. O. V. Tousley, Minneapolis. Mississippi, J. M. Bynum, Rienzi. Robert L. Saunders, Jackson. Missouri, T. B. Bullene, Kansas City. C. H. Jones, St. Louis. Montana, L. H. Hershfield, Helena. A.H.Mitchell, Deer Lodge Cy Nebraska, E. Martin, Omaha. A. G. Scott, Kearney. Nevada, J. W. Haines, Genoa. George Russell, Elko. New Hamp- Walter Aiken, Franklin. shire, C. D. McDuffle, Manchester. New Jersey, William J. Sewell, Camden. Thomas Smith, Newark. New York, C. M. Depew, New York. John Boyd Thatcher, Albany North A. B. Andrews, Raleigh. Carolina, T. B. Keogh, Greensboro. North H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks. Dakota, Martin Ryan. Fargo. Ohio, Harvey P. Platt, Toledo. William Ritchie, Hamilton. Oregon, H. Klippel, Jacksonville. M. Wilkins, Eugene City. Pennsylv'a, W. McClelland, Pittsburgh. J.W.Woodside, Philadelphia. Rhode L. B. Goff, Pawtucket. Island, G. C. Sims, Providence. South A. P. Butler, Columbia. Carolina, J. R. Cochran. Anderson. South Merrit H. Day, Rapid City. Dakota, W. Mclntyre, Watertown. Tennessee, L. T. Baxter, Nashville. T. L. Williams, Knoxville. Texas, A. M. Cochran, Dallas. John T- Dickinson, Austin. ALTERNATES. T. C. Kurtz, Moorhead. Muret N. Leland, Wells. P. W. Collins, Summit. J. H. Brinker, West Point. O. H. Picher, Joplin. R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph. B. F. White. Dillon. . T. E. Collins, Great Falls. W. L. May. Fremont. J. Lauterbach, Fairbury. E. Strother, Virginia City. R. Ryland, Reno. G. VanDyke, Lancaster. F. E. Kaley, Milford. F. S. Pish, Newark. E. A. Stevens, Hoboken J. H. Breslin, New York. . J. Roosevelt, Hyde Park. Elias Carr, Old Sparta. G. A. Bingham, Salisbury. C. H. Stanley, Steele. Peter Cameron, Tyner. Lucius Cron, Piqua. A. Pluemer, Cincinnati. J. L. Morrow. Heppner. W. T. Wright, Union. R. B. Ricketts, Wilkes-Barre, J. K. Hallock, Erie. J. Hazard. Providence. L. Spencer, Newport. E. L. Roche, Charleston. J. W. Tindell, Sumter. S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket. L. S. Bullard, Pierre. R. Strong, Knoxville. A. B. Hurt, Chattanooga. L. McDaniel, Anderson. H. B. Andrews, San Antonio, COMMISSIONERS. Vermont, H. H. Mclntyre, W. Rando'h B. B. Smalley, Burlington. Virginia, V. D. Groner, Norfolk, J. T Harris, Harrisonburg. Washing'n, Henry Drum, Tacoma. C. B. Hopkins, Spokane Falls. West J. D. Butt, Harper's Ferry , Virginia, J. W. St. Clair, Fayetteville. Wisconsin, P. Allen, Jr., Mineral Point. J. N. Coburn, LaCrosse. Wyoming, A. C. Beckwith, Evanston. Henry G. Hay, Cheyenne. ALTERNATES. A. F. Walker, Rutland, H. Atkins, Montpelier. C. A. Heermans, Christianb'g. A. McDonald, Lynchburg. G. F. Cummin, Cheney. C. B. Bagley, Seattle. John Corcoran, Wheeling. W. Vrooman, Parkersburg. D. W. Curtis, Ft. Atkinson. Myron Reed, Superior. A. S. Mercer, Cheyenne. J. J. McCormick, Sheridan. COMMISSIONERS OF THE TERRITORIES. COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES. Arizona, G. F. Coats, Phoenix. W. L. Van Horn, Flagstaff. W. Zeckendorf, Tucson. H. H. Logan, Phoenix. New T. C. Gutierres, Albuquerque. L. C. Tetard, E. Las Vegas. Mexico, R. M. White, Hermosa. C. B. Eddy, Eddy. Oklahoma, O. Beeson, Reno City. J. D. Miles, Kingfisher. Utah, Alaska, J. Wallace, Oklahoma City. J. W. McNeal, Guthrie. F. J. Kiesel, Ogden. W. M. Ferry, Park City. P. H. Lannan, Salt Lake Cy. C. Crane, Kanosh. E. De Groff, Sitka. C. Spuhn, Ktllisnoo. L. L. Williams, Juneau. N. A. Fuller, Juneau. BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. Section 6 of the Act of Congress creating the World's Columbian Commission, authorized and required said Commissioners to appoint ''a Board of Lady Managers, of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said Commission." In pursuance of this authority the World's Columbian Commission authorized the appointment of two Lady Managers from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia, eight Managers at Large and nine from the City of Chicago, with alternates respectively. List of Officers, Lady Managers and Alternates of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commission: President, Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago. First Vice-President, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of New York. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine. Third Vice-President, Mrs. Charles Price, of North Carolina. Fourth Vico-President, Miss Katherine L. Minor, of Louisiana. Fifth Vice-President, Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, of the Dist. of Columbia. Sixth Vice-President, Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, of Colorado. Seventh Vice-President, Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty, of Wisconsin. Eighth Vice-President, Mrs. Margaret Elaine Salisbury, of Utah. Vice-President-at-Large, Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Montana. Secretary, Mrs. Susan Gale Cook. Knoxville, Tenn. Office, Chicago. COMMISSIONERS AT LARGE. LADY MANAGERS. Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, New York. Mr: " M. C. Cantrill,Georgetown,Ky. ' " M. S. Lockwood, Wash'n, D. C. ' " J. J. Bagley, Detroit, Mich. Miss E. A. Ford, New York. Mrs. M. S. Harrison, Helena, Mont. Miss C. E. Dennis, Auburn, N. Y. " I. A. E. Tyler, Philadelp'a, Pa. Mrs. G. R. Yarrow, Philadelphia.Pa. " R. Ryan, Austin, Tex. " L. C. Baxter, Navasota, Tex. LADY COMMISSIONERS FROM THE STATES. LADY MANAGERS. ALTERNATES. ALTERNATES. B. C. Truman, Los Angles, Cal. N. H. Banks, Morganfield, Ky. J. B. Stone, Worcester, Mass. S. Colfax, South Bend, Ind. H. A. Peck, Kansas City, Mo. Ala. Ark. Miss H T. Hundley, Mooresville. Miss S. T. Smith, Birmingham. Mrs. A. M. Fosdick, Mobile. Mrs. L. L. Werth, Montgomery. J. P. Eagle, Little Rock. " R. A. Edgerton, Lie Rock. Cal. " P. P. Rue, Santa Rosa. " J. R. Deane, San Francisco. Col. " R. J. Coleman, BeunaVista. " S. R. Ashley, Denver. Conn. Miss F. B. Ives, New Haven. Mrs. I. B. Hooker, Hartford. Del. " M. R. Kinder, Milford. " J. F. Ball, Wilmington. Fla. " M. C. Bell, Gainesville. Miss E. N. Beck, Tampa. Ga. Mrs. W. H. Felton, Cartersville. " C. H. Olmstead, Savannah. Idaho " J. C. Straughan, Boise Cy. 111. " R. J. Oglesby, Elkhart. ' F. W. Shepard, Chicago. M. D. Rogers, Fort Smith. " W. B. Empie, Newport. " T. Fair, San Francisco. " F. E. Wait, San Francisco. " W. F. Patrick, Leadville. " M. D. Thatcher, Pueblo. " A. B. Hinman, Stevenson. " V. T. Smith, Hartford. " M. E. Torbert, Milford. " T. F. Armstrong, Newark. " C. M. Reed, S. Jacksonville. " H. K. Ingram, Jackson vi'e. " M. T. McLaws, Augusta. " G. W. Lamar, Savannah. " A. M. Farnum, Post Falls. " E. R. Miller, Pocatello. " M. L. Gould, Moline. " F. B. Phillips, Bloomington. LADY MANAGERS. Ind. Mrs. W. Reitz, Evansville. " V. C. Meredith, Cambridge. Iowa. " W. S. Clark, Des Moines. Miss O. E. Miller, Cedar Rap'ds. Kan. Mrs. J. S. Mitchell, Leavenwo'h. " H. A. Hanback, Osborne. Ky. " J. W. Faulkner. Lancaster. Miss C. D. Payne, Henderson. La. " K. L. Minor, Houma. " J. Shakspere, New Orleans. MaineMrs. E. C. Burleigh, Augusta. " L. N. Stevens, Portland. Md. " W. Reed, Baltimore. " A. Thomson, Mt. Savage. Mass. " R. S. Frost, Chelsea. " J. H. French, Boston. Mich. " E. J. Howes, Battle Creek. " S. S. Angell, Ann Arbor. Minn. " F. B. Clarke, St. Paul. " H. F. Brown, Minneapolis. Miss. " J. W. Lee, Aberdeen. " J. M. Stone, Jackson. Mo. Miss P. Couzins, St. Louis. " L. M. Brown, Kirkwood. Mont. Mrs. E. Rickard, Butte City. " L. R. Toole, Helena. Neb. " J. S. Briggs, Omaha. " E. C. Langworthy, Seward. Nev. " E. M. Russell, Elko. " E. M. Stevenson. Carson Cy N. H. " M. B. Ladd, Lancaster. " D. Hall, Dover. N. J. Miss M. E. Busselle, Newark, Mrs. M. B. Stevens, Hoboken. N. Y. " R. Trautman, N. Y. City. " W. C. Whitney, N. Y. City. N. C. " G. W. Kidder, Wilmington. " C. Price, Salisbury. ALTERNATES. Miss S. W. Ball, Terre Haute. " M. H. Krout, Crawfordsv'Je. Mrs. I. F. Hendricks. Council Bl. Miss M. B. Hancock. Dubuque. Mrs. S. B. Lynch, Leavenworth. ' J. H. Haynes, Fort Scott. Miss Sarah F. Holt, Frankfort. Mrs. A. B. Castleman, Louisville. " B. S. Leathers. NewOrlea's. " B. H. Perkins, N. Orleans. " S. H. Bixby, Skowhegan. Miss K. H. Locke, Bethel. Mrs. J. W. Patterson, Baltimore. " E. Roman, Cumberland. " A. F. Palmer, Cambridge. Miss M. C. Sears, Boston. Mrs. F. P. Burrows, Kalamazoo. Miss A. M. Cutcheon, Detroit. Mrs. P. B. Winston, Minneapolis. " M. M. Williams, Little Falls. " G.M.Buchanan.HollySpr'gs. Miss V. Davis, Beauvoir. Mrs. P. Moore, Kansas City. " A. L. Swart, St. Louis. " F. L. Worden, Missoula. " M. D. Cooper. Bozeman. " M. A. Martin. Broken Bow. " L. A. Bates, Aurora. Miss M. E. Davies, Genoa. Mrs. M. D. Foley, Reno. " F. H. Daniell, Franklin F'ls. Miss E. J. Cole, Lake Village. Mrs. A M. Smith, Newark. " J. Pope, N. Y. City. " A. M. Palmer, N. Y. City. " S. S. Gotten, Falkland. Miss V. S. Divine, Wilmington, LADY MANAGERS. ALTERNATES. N.Dk. Mrs. S. McLaughlin, Gr'd Fo'ks. Mrs. A. V. Brown, Lisbon. ' W. B. McConnell, Fargo. Ohio, " M. A. Hart, Cincinnati. " W. Hartpense, Harrison. Ore. " E. W. Allen, Portland. " M. Pay ton, Salem. Penn. " M. E. McCandless, Pittsb'rg. " H. A. Lucas, Philadelphia. R'de " A. Starkweather, Pawtuck't. Isl'd.Miss C. F. Daily, Providence. Sou'h V. J. S. R. Thomson, Spartanb'g. Car. Mrs. E. M. Brayton, Columbia. Sou'h Dak. Tenn. Tex. Vt. Va. Wash. West Va. Wis. Wyo. J. R. Wilson, Deadwood. Helen M. Barker, Huron. L. Gillespie, Nashville. S. G. Cooke, Knoxville. I. L. Turner, Ft. Worth. M. A. Cochran. Dallas. E. M. Chandler, Pomfret. E. V. Grinnell, Burlington. " F. C. Holley, Bismarck " H. T. Upton, Warren. " A. S. Bushnell, Springfield. ' A. R. Riggs, Portland. " H. E. Sladden, Eugene Cy. " S. Plumer, Franklin. " Mrs. W. S. Elkins, Phila. " G. A. Mumford, Pawtucket. Miss L. P. Bucklin, Providence. " F. Cunningham, Charlest'n. " C. A. Perry, Walhalla. Mrs. M. Daniels, Waterloo. " M. J. Gaston, Deadwood. " C. Mason, Memphis. " C. J. McClung, Knoxville. Miss H. E. Harrison, Waco. Mrs. K. C. McDaniel, Anderson. " M. G. Hooker, Brattleboro. " T. J. Cochrane. Groton. " J. S. Wise, Richmond. " K. S. G. Paul, Harrisonburg. Miss M. Harris, Staunton. " M. D. Owings, Olympia. Mrs. C. W. Griggs, Tacoma. " A. Houghtor, Spokane Falls. Miss J. H. Stinson, Colfax. " W. N. Linen, Martinsburg. Mrs. G. W. Black, Halltown. " L. I. Jackson, Parkersburg. Miss A. M. Mahan, Fayetteville. ;( F. B. Ginty, Chippewa Falls. Mrs. S. S. Fifield, Ashland. " W. P. Lynde, Milwaukee. " J. M. Smith, Mineral Point. " F. H. Harrison, Evanston. " E. A. Stone, Evanston. " F. E. Hale, Cheyenne. Miss G. M. Huntington, Saratoga. COMMISSIONERS FROM THE TERRITORIES. LADY MANAGERS. Ariz. Mrs. T. J. Butler, Prescott. Miss L. Lovell, Tucson. , Alas'aMrs. A. K. Delaney, Juneau. ALTERNATES. Mrs. G. Hoxworth, Flagstaff. " H. J. Peto, Tombstone. Miss M. Stevenson. Juneau. N. M. " F. L. Albright, Albuquer'e. " E. L. Bartlett, Santa Fe. Mrs. L. D. Campbell, Eddy LADY MANAGERS. Oklo- Mrs. M, P. Beeson, Reno City, homa, " L. D. Miles, Kingfisher. Utah, " T. A. Whalen, Ogden. ALTERNATES. Mrs. J. Wallace, Oklohoma City. " M. S. McNeal, Guthrie. S. B. Emery, Park City. M. B. Salisbury, Salt Lake. Miss Keogb, Salt Lake City. COMMISSIONERS FROM THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. LADY MANAGERS. ALTERNATES. Mrs. John A. Logan, Washington. Mrs. E. D. Powell, Washington. " Beriah Wilkins, Washington. " E. C. Wimsatt, Washington. COMMISSIONERS FROM THE CITY OF CHICAGO. Mrs, LADY MANAGERS. Bertha M. H. Palmer. S. Thatcher, Jr., River Forest. Jennie Sanford Lewis. James A. Mulligan. Frances Dickinson, M. R. M. Wallace. Myra Brad well. James R. Doolittle, Jr. Matilda B. Carse. ALTERNATES. Mrs. Sarah T. Hallowell. " George L. Dunlap. " L. Brace Shattuck. " Annie C. Meyers. " Martha H. Ten Eyck. ' M. I. Sandes, Ravenswood, 111. " Leander Stone. " Gen'l A. L. Chetlain. Frances E. Willard, Evanston, 111. BOARD OF CONTROL OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. Hon. Edwin Willits, Chairman. Sevellon A. Brown, Chief Clerk of the Department of State, to rep- resent that department. Allured B. Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Depart- ment, to represent the Treasury Department. Major Clifton Comly, TJ. S. A., to represent the War Department. Captain R. W. Meade, U. S. N., to represen* the Navy Department. A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster General to represent the Post Office Department. Horace A. Taylor, Commissioner of Railroads, to represent the De- partment of the Interior. Elijah C. Foster, General Agent of the Department of Justice, to represent that department. Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, to represent the Department of Agriculture. Dr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institute, to represent that Institution and the National Museum. J. W. Collins, Assistant-in-Charg-e Division of Fisheries, to represent the United States Fish Commission. ADMINISTRATIVE AND DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION. The administration and control of the affairs of the Exposition have been conferred upon the two bodies designated respectively as the World's Columbian Commission, and the World's Columbian Exposition, the latter being incorporated under the laws of the State of Illinois, and both bodies acting through the executive department and committees and the Board of Reference and Control, as herein enumerated. OFFICERS OF THE COMMISSION. President, Thomas W. Palmar, Michigan. VICE-PRESIDENTS. First. T. M. Waller, Connecticut. Fourth. G. W. Allen, New York. Second. M. H. de Young, California. Fifth. A.B.Andrews, Third. D. B. Penn, Louisiana. North Carolina. Director-General, Geo. R. Davis. Secretary, J. T. Dickinson. OFFICERS OF THE EXPOSITION. President, H. N. Higinbotham. Vice-Presidents, Ferd. W. Peck, Robert A. Waller. Secretary, Howard O. Edmonds. Attorney, William K. Carlisle. Auditor, W. K. Ackerman. Treasurer, Anthony F. Seeberger. Traffic Manager, E. E. Jaycox. BOARD OF REFERENCE AND CONTROL. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. T. W. Palmer. M. H. de Young. Geo. V. Massey. E. B. Martindale. J. A. McKenzie. William Lindsay. J. W. St. Glair. T. M. Waller. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Wm. T. Baker. Potter Palmer. Edwin Walker. Ferd. W. Peck. Thos. B. Bryan. Lyman J. Gage. H. N. Higinbotham. Fred. S. Winston. DEPARTMENTS OF THE EXPOSITION. George R. Davis, Director-General. Department A. Agriculture, Food and Food Products, Farming Machinery and Appliances. W. I. Buchanan, Chief. Department B. Horticulture. John M. Samuels, Chief. Department C. Live Stock Domestic and Wild Animals. E. B. Cottrell, Chief. Department D. Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus ol Fishing. J. W. Collins, Chief. Department E. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. Frederick J. V. Skiff. Chief. Department F. Machinery. L. W. Robinson, Chief. Department G. Transportation Exhibits, Railways, Vessels and Vehicles. Willard A. Smith, Chief. Department H. Manufactures. James Allison, Chief. Department J. Electricity and Electrical Appliances. J. P. Barrett, Chief. Department K. Fine Arts, Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative. Halsey C. Ives, Chief. Department L. Liberal Arts, Education, Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, Music and the drama. S. H. Peabody, Chief. Department M. Ethnology; Archaology, Progress of Labor and In- vention Isolated and Collective Exhibits. F. W. Putnam, Chief. Department N. Forestry and Forest Products. T. B. Keogh, Chief. Department O. Publicity and Promotion. Moses P. Handy, Chief. Department P. Foreign Affairs. Walker Fern, Chief. Secretary of Installation, Jos. Hirst. BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION. D. H. Burnham, Chief. BOARD OF ARCHITECTS. By recommendation of the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, approved by the Board of Directors at its meet- ing of January 9, 1891, the following architects \vere constituted a board to decide, in conference with the Chief of Construction, upon the pre- liminary problems in arrangement and grouping of buildings and their architecture, submitted to them. The general arrangement and harmony of the buildings, which promise to be among the most attractive features of the Exposition, were decided upon by the Chief and staff and the Board, and the designs cf the proposed buildings of the Exposition were allotted among the architects by the Chief of Construction, as follows: Robert M. Hunt, of New York, Administration. W. L. B. Jenny, of Chicago, Horticulture. McKim, Mead & White, of New York, Agriculture. Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago, Transportation. George B. Post, of New York, Manufactures. Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, Fisheries. Burling & Whitehouse, of Chicago, Casino and Entrances. Peabody & Stearns, of Boston, Machinery. S. S. Beaman, of Chicago, Mines and Mining. Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, Electricity. C. B. Atwood, of Chicago, Art and Forestry, WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATIOX-SCE.VE ON STATE STREET, CIVIC PARADE. civic CHICAGO'S GRAND DEMONSTRATION IN HONOR OF COLUMBUS AND THE WORLD'S FAIR. ' HE 20th of October, 1892. the day preceding the official dedication of the World's Fair palaces, was set apart for Chicago's celebration of the the discovery of America byColumbus. That demonstration is now a matter of history, and in many respects was grander and more impos- ing than any before ever held, not merely on account of the great numbers taking part, but from its heterogeneous composition includ- ing more notable personages than had ever r before been seen in one parade, combined with f^ / the many orders of associations representing F^SSS^^ every class of American citizens. There were Governors and their staffs, in far greater num- bers than any previous parade could boast: there were orators and prelates; city officials; orders comprising merchants and millionaires; orders comprising' the clerks, the mechanics, the laboring classes the bone and sinew of the country; and there were the school children, the lads and the lasses who will soon take the places of their fathers and mothers in managing public affairs and moulding the opinions for the coming generations. About 75.000 was a very conservative estimate of the number of those in line, which took fully three hours to pass a given point, the pedestrains marching twenty abreast, and the carriages four. The parade formed in Lake Front Park, and at a quarter to twelve the signal gun was fired for the march to commence. The line of march was over Congress to Wabash, Wabash to Lake, Lake to State, State to Adams. Adams to Franklin, Franklin to Van Buren, VanBuren to Michi- gan Avenue, where they disbanded. The city was in holiday attire, with buildings bedecked from cornice to sidewalk with the national colors, in streamers and Hags. All business was suspended, and the streets were cleared of all vehicles, not a single one being allowed in the central portion. This was a wise and necessary provision, for the business thoroughfares were packed with the thousands of Chicago's citizens and the thousands of visitors from all over the country, many of whom had journeyed hundreds of miles to witness this great demonstration. A million of people was a fair estimate of the number of spectators who were that day gathered in a half mile square of the center of this great city. The reviewing stand, occupied by Vice President Morton, the Fair officials, and representatives of foreign governments, was placed on Ad- ams street, in front of the Post Office, on either side of which were tiers of seats occupied by 2,500 children, so dressed and arranged as to repre- sent two enormous American flags. The following is the order of the procession, with names of the dif- ferent orders and societies of which it was formed, accompanied by hun- dreds of bands of every description : Chief of Police McClaughry and assistants. Mounted police and police on foot. Sousa's Chicago's band. Mexican national band. Grand Marshal Major General Nelson A Miles and numerous staff. FIRST GRAND DIVISION. Col. M. D. Birge and aids in command. Chicago Hussars, escort to City officials and Governors of States. Mayor Washburne, City officials and City Council, in carriages. Grand Army of the Republic, by posts. Governors of States and Territories, who, with their staffs, occupied over one hundred carriages; with mounted escort. Carlisle, Pa., Indian School, composed of 305 native Indian boys. CIVIC SECOND QfiAND DIVISION. Gen. A. G. Hawloy in command, with numerous aids. Independent Order of Foresters, by courts, comprising 10,000 men. Italian Societies of 2,500 men. Italian Democratic Club of 500 men, accompanied by a float of "Col- Umbus Discovering America." Grecian Brotherhood Association, composed of 300 men. Patriotic Order of Sons of America, with 8,000 men in line. Orangemen in full regalia. Patriotic Guard of the United States. Chicago Turners Societies, 2.500 men in line. Veterans of the German army, 500 men. Military Order of St. George aud Scottish Societies. Croatien Benevolent Society and Polish Societies, with 5,000 men. Swedish and Scandinavian Societies, with about 10.000 men in line. Englewood Light Infantry. County Democratic Marching Club, with 250 moh. Fullerton Avenue Cadets, 100 in line. High School Boys. Englewood Guards. Sons of Veterans. Float representing U. S. S. Monitor, with 50 men, drawn by 10 horses. Modern Woodmen of America. Uniform Rank of Royal Arcanum. Ninth Batallion Infantry. Uniform Rank Knights of Pythias (colored.) THIRD GRAND DIVISION. P. J. Cahill in command, with aids. Catholic Order of Foresters, with 9,534 men in line. Uniform Rank of Catholic Order of Foresters, 850 men in Hibernian Rifles, 699 men in line. Ancient Order of Hibernians, 2.000 men. Float ' 'Columbus. " Archdiocesan Union. 4.000 men in line. Catholic Knights of America, 1,000 men in line; Catholic Benevolent Legion, 800 men. St. Miehael Parish Societies, 2,500 men. United Polish Societies, 8,000 men in line; St. John Baptist Society, 1,000 men in line. Consolidated Temperance Societies, fiOO men in lind. Gaelic Societies, 500 men in line. Consolidated Church Societies. WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE OF REVIEWING STAND ON DAY OF CIVIC PARADE. WOBLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE ON STATE STREET, CIVIC PARAD3. WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION VIEW ON STATE STREET, SHOWING DECORATIONS. OF" A GLOWING DESCRIPTION OF THE EXERCISES. VIEWS AND INCIDENTS OF THE GRAND PARADES. SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES IN FULL,. FIREWORKS AND OTHER EVENTS IMMORTALIZING THE GREATEST AND GRANDEST OCCASION IN THE HISTORY OF OUR NATION. "ELLOW as a matin bell, t clear and pene- trating an an Alpine horn, says The Chicago Times of Oct. 22, 1892, the voice of a silver-throated bugle at dawn arouses the city and the world. It is dedication day. The gleaming palaces built by Chicago enterprise are to be formally consecrated to a universal exposition of in- dustry, art and science. It is tho four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of the western hemisphere by Christopher Columbus. From every quarter of the globe nations have sent their representatives to witness the most imposing ceremonies ever enacted in the new world. The blue coated trumpeter is winding a blast at break of day that will be heard around the earth. A city of temples and palaces, more stupendous in design, more magnificent in splendor than any described in the pages of mediaeval romance or existed in the wildest nights of oriental conception an enchanted capital conceived and reared within a twelve-month by master minds has been formally presented to the republic for the purpose of an exposition, whereto every nation will bring its choicest treasures. It has been solemly dedicated to the purpose of a jubilee which is the cynosure of every nation and tribe of man. Within these colossal temples the fruits of the earth, the flowers of the field, the products of the sea, the wealth of the mines will be gathered for the inspection of mankind. Labor, brains, and capital have been levied upon to fill these palaces of splendor. Genius and science have gleaned the illimitable harvest fields of God to provide a feast for the children of men. It is the apotheosis of the discovery of America. It is the hour of triumph of the possession of his Godlike gift to humanity and to freedom. Again the bugle winds. The day is breaking. The city stirs. There is a muffled sound of feet. Flags, which drooped listlessly the livelong night along their halyards, undulate proudly in the morning breeze. A purple mist, giving promise of a perfect day, hangs over lake and land and bathes the city's spires and domes and towers in a flood of opalescent glory. The sun emerges from the deep blue plain of Lake Michigan. Black-mouthed dogs of war bellow and roar and growl in the offing. The reverberations of the thunder of the guns fill earth and sky and sea with hoarse music. It is dedication day. It is the climax of four centuries. The city is awake. A crash of trumpets; rifts of gleaming steel; colors dip and rise; the park echoes to the tramp of steed and bugle blast. Ten thousand men in blue are under arms. Within the city twice 200.000 citizens debouch upon the avenues and boulevards; a countless throng invades the esplan- ade. An hundred thousand guests are stirring too. Inspiring strains of music echo through the streets. The city is a wild-rose wilderness of color. The October sky, aflame with blue and golden tints, broods over all. Not more beneficent was the day 400 years ago, when the admiral of the ocean sailed out of Palos in quest of lands beyond mysterious seas. With faith unshadowed by the night, undazzled by the day ; With hope that plumed him for the flight, and courage to assay. God sent him from the crowded ark, Christ-bearer, like the dove, To find o'er sundering waters dark, new lands for conquering love. Only one name is spoken. Only one name is inscribed upon the ban- ners of both hemispheres. It is the name of Columbus. It is blazoned high upon the temples of government and palaces of art and commerce. It is echoed in the tramp of the armies of the republic and voiced in the rumble of the chariot wheels in the mighty procession of the world's dignitaries. It is rung triumphantly out in the blasts of trumpets and the crash of bands. It rests upon the tongues of orators and dwells upon the lips of reverend teachers of divinity. It is chorused by 5,000 voices, filling the cyclopean arches of the great ceremonial hall with the echoes of its frame. It inspires the poet with thoughts that spring like fiery lances of living light from Vulcan's forge. It is heard in the hoarse thunder of artillery and re-echoed from the white domed battlements of the titanic structures at Jackson park. It is diapasoned in the muffled murmer of the restless waves. It is inscribed upon the banners of all the the nations of the earth and uttered in reverential accents by croziered prelates of the church of God. Prom flashing steel, and bugle blast, and speech and song the tribute springs, while all the wide world listens and applauds, for mankind is apotheosizing the discovery of half the globe, which, until four centuries ago, had existed only in dream and fable. Four hundred times has the earth completed its annual journey around the sun since the adventurous Genoese mariner changed the map ol the world and gave to posterity a heritage far richer than fiction could depict. And so in the midst of a continent, more imperial in its resources than any on which shines the sun. and in a city whose marvelous growth and prosperity is the wonder of the century, the nations of the world, by their representatives, assemble to honor the memory of the man who gave such an imperial domain to the sons of men, and rendered such an imperial city possible. The hour of 10 approaches. On Michigan Avenue a scene is pre- sented which scoffs at tongue or pencil. The lofty Auditorium tower looks down upon the most august assemblage the world has ever wit- nessed. Representatives of the mightiest republic on earth, scions of royalty, counselors of kaisers, ministers of kings, governors of States, ambassadors, warriors, statesmen, churchmen, gather there to be con- veyed to the exposition grounds. A long line of handsome carriages, magnificent in their appointments, line the curb stone as far as the eye can reach. They contain men whose names are know round the globe. Besides the distinguished officials of the exposition, who are the hosts, there are the Vice President of the United States, representing Presi- dent Harrison. Then come the members of the cabinet the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, the Attorney General, the Postmaster General, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secre- tary of the Interior, and the Secretary of Agriculture. As this group of national celebrities enters carriages and is whirled away down the ave- nue, a storm of cheers rises, swells and thunders from a hundred thous- and throats. It is taken up by thousands more until lost in the distance. Following the representatives of the great republic comes the diplo- matic corps. The old world renders homage to the new. Crowns are doffed before the citizen. The republic is higher than the monarchy. In gilded trappings of royalty the long line of diplomats and plenipoten- tiaries takes seats in the vehicles provided. The uniformed representa- tives of empires and kingdoms are chaperoned by these plainly dressed citizens of the republic, the Hon. Thomas B. Bryan, the Hon. F. H. Win- ston, and the Hon. Lambert Tree. It is an object lesson that never will be forgotten. The brilliantly arrayed attaches of the governments of the old world represent Italy, Russia, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, Corea, Switzerland, Great Britain, Belgium, China. Portugal. Denmark. Japan, France, Germany and Spain. The new world is present in the persons of ambassadors from Mexico, Argentine, Nicaragua. Brazil, Peru, Costa Rica and Chili. The islands of the sea are represented by Hawaii. The patriotism of the American citizen, however, rises above country, and the hoarse thunder of welcome that greets the dignitaries of lands beyond the sea is spontaneous and genuine. OF" And now follows a host of men of distinction that bewilders the vis- ion. Amid a continuous bombardment of cheers that thunders along the boulevard for miles, hundreds of carriages speed quickly away contain- ing venerable members of the Supreme Court of the United States, members of the Supreme Court of Illinois, Speaker Crisp, of the national House of Representatives, and Mayor Washburne. A kindly cheer is taken up and repeated from throat to throat as a gray-haired old gentle- man enters a carriage. It is ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes. His es- cort is Senator John Sherman, of Ohio, and Lyman B. Gage, ex-president of the World's Columbian exposition. Are all the famous men of the world here? Nearly all. Now come carriages containing the Senate of the United States; following are mem- bers of the House of Representatives, officers of the United States army, arrayed in all the pomp and circumstance of war, distinguished naval of- ficers these are the recipients of an ovation long to be remembered. The Governors of States follow. This is the most brilliant and daz- zling feature of the parade of dignitaries. Governors! There are enough of them to form a battalion, and they look like soldiers, every one. Sur- rounded by glittering staffs, accompanied by military escorts, outriders, and buglers, they give the imposing parade a picturesque and martial appearance. Many of them are mounted, and with their escorts in bril- liant uniform; provoke the enthusiasm of the multitudes which line the thoroughfare into a tempest of applause that drowns the senses and dulls the ear with its continuous din. Governors scores of them. Governors of States richer than the proudest kingdoms of Europe. Governors of States whose boundaries are sentineled by heaven-kissed peaks crowned by eternal snow. Gov- ernors of States laved by the murmuring billows of the southern seas, and Governors of States whose citizen soldiery could carry the eagles of the republic across the continent of Europe and plant them on the lofty crags of Caucasus. It is dedication day indeed. More carriages. Now rolling noiselessly down the boulevards to- ward the white-domed park are the equippages containing ex-cabinet of- ficers, orators, cardinals, archbishops, and chaplains; commissioners of foreign governments to the World's Columbian Exposition; consuls from foreign governments; the World's Columbian commissioners, headed by the second, third, fourth and fifth vice presidents thereof. Will the line never end? There is more inspiring flourish of trumpets; the flags wave more proudly. The vast multitude breaks into a roar of welcome that drowns the blare and crash of music. A handsome carriage containing a dainty, sweet-faced woman. Ah! Her name is a household word in more than a score of tongues. It is Mrs. President Palmer. Following in carriages are the members of the board of lady managers. The applause that greets them is deafening. Now comes the board of directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, headed by the second vice president thereof and director of works. Following are the members of the board of management United States government exhibit, the department chiefs, the staff officers of the director of works, and the City Council of Chicago. As the magnificent procession wheels and rolls swiftly down the handsome boulevard, a battery belches forth a salute of twenty-one guns. The mighty tempest of cheers that leaps from the throats of the watch- ing myriads of people drowns the voice of the artillery. A thousand mounted men in magnificent uniform form the escort for the great pro- cession. It is a pageant that would excite the envy of monarchs. Such is the procession of invited guests, which forms on Michigan avenue near the Auditorium and goes in carriages and on horseback to Jackson park to participate in the ceremonies of the dedication of the exposition buildings. Never in the history of mankind have so many rep- resentatives of the various nations of the earth been assembled in one place and for one purpose. Never before has been witnessed such an as- semblage of statesmen, potentates, rulers, officials, soldiers, sages, di- vines, governors, financiers, thinkers and men of executive ability. Down through Michigan avenue, along Thirty-fifth street and Grand boulevard to Washington park the great procession moves. All along the distance of six miles the stately mansions are adorned with flags and streamers, with banners and shields, until the avenues present a canyon of living color. The boulevards are packed with people from the Audi- torium to the reviewing ground. It is a procession besides which, those wherein the captive monarchs of the east trudge at Ccesar's chariot wheels, pale into petty insignificance. For this is a triumph of peace, wherein almost every nation and tongue upon the globe join in universal tribute to the achievement of man. It forms the prelude to the most colossal exposition of the triumphs of civilization that the mind of man has yet conceived or attempted to put into execution. At Washington park the pageant assumes a more martial aspect. The military arm of the republic rises in graceful salute to the civil power. More than 10,000 national and state troops, the flower of the military service of the country, are massed by brigades on the east side of the parade grounds. Infantry, cavalry, artillery, with banners gleam- ing in the sunlight, stand in martial array, while bands crash and officers brilliantly mounted dash hither and thither. Two hundred thousand spectators occupy all the space beyond the confines of the parade ground. Hundreds of carriages filled with handsomely dressed ladies and gentle- men are drawn up at the sides. There is a word of sharp command. WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE ON MICHIGAN AVENUE, DAY OF MILITARY PARADE. WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE ON MICHIGAN AVENUE, MILITARY PARADE. Swarthy troopers straighten up in their saddles. There is a rattle of steel and fluttering of guerdons. The head of the procession appears from Grand boulevard. First there is a squadron of dragoons. As the car- riages containing Vice President Morton appears through the trees there is a volcano of flame and smoke. The ground trembles. The artillery thunders a deep welcome, which is speedily drowned by a hundred thousand voices. In the midst of the tempest of sound an officer rides out of the smoke and salutes. The grim guns continue to thunder as the carriages wheel into position in parallel lines on the west side of the field. Then the troops wheel by battalions and pass in review before the vice president and visitors. Flags are dipped and cheer after cheer proclaims the loyalty and enthusiasm of the defenders of the republic. With the steadiness of a machine the brilliant army of 10,000 men wheel by columns, and turning towards the east become the escort of the Columbian guests through Midway Plaisance to Jackson park and the manufactures and liberal art building, where the dedication exercises took place. From Washington park to Jackson park the parade assumes its true proportions. It is a glittering cavalcade of citizens and soldiery, witnessed by count- less numbers of people. As the head of the procession, which is several miles in length, enters the gates a battery on the lake shore fires the national salute, which is returned by the men of war in the offing. The national colors are run to the tops of the lofty domes and towers and the scene becomes one of unexampled majesty and magnificence. Fags and banners fly from every point on the immense palaces of industry and art, and amid the triumphant music of bands, the deep-toned voices of artil- lery, and the shouts of nearly 200,000 people, the long line of carriages pass hurriedly to the entrance of the colossal ceremonial hall and the occupants are speedily swallowed up in its awe-inspiring depths. The parade is at an end. Already 150,000 people have gathered beneath the gigantic roof. A sea of human faces stretch far away on either side. The hum of voices fills the great building like the muttering of a distant storm. As the head of the procession reaches the main entrance a band strikes up a national air and the great audience rises and cheers until the hollow dome thunders and roars iu concord. So the august guests of Chicago are welcomed to the world's fair. And what do the wonder-stricken visitors see? Palaces more mag- nificent than ever graced Babylon, Athens or Rome in their palmiest days. The grandeur of Greece and the glory of Rome are eclipsed on the shores of Lake Michigan. The marvelous beauty of Venice has been surpassed in the new world. The marques and minarets of Byzantium are reproduced on a more stately scale. The Roman Coliseum becomes a puny barrack besides the magnificent structure which covers thirty acres of ground, and will contain a half a million people. The roof is like the sky supported by the pillars of Hercules. So vast, so heaven- reaching that the crowd of 100,000 guests occupy but a small portion of the space beneath the great glass ceiling. It is one of the most remarkable scenes ever witnessed. Upon a raised platform holding several thousand people, Vice President Morton and his associates, diplomats, governors and other distinguished guests, are seated. Above, behind, and at either side droop hundreds of flags and banners of all nations, while from its lofty perch a gigantic stone eagle keeps watch and ward over the assemblage. In front and to the right of the guests' platform stretches an ocean of faces. Acres of chairs are filled with expectant men and women. To the left rises tier after tier of chairs, reaching to a hight of fifty feet. Here are seated 5,000 singers. Five thousand voices which as one cry in tones of exultation and triumph : Hail _ Spirit 0[ Freedomi Hail , The audience breathes the spirit. Each is a freeman, everyone a king. Rising like a flood of melody to drown the sense, the notes of Sousa's New Marine Band fills the gigantic building with the "Columbian March." The elfect is to prepare the mind for what is to follow. The music dies away and a profound hush follows. Bishop Fowler, arrayed in the sacred vestments of his holy office, invokes the divine blessing. Mayor Washburne, in behalf of a city of a million and a half inhabitants, extends a welcome to the guests, to the exposition, and to the hospitality of the great west. There is a burst of applause at the close, and then the feature of the day an experience that touches the soul. From the lips of 5,000 singers burst forth the opening stanzas of the Columbian ode. The past rises before 100,000 minds as a picture. Over the wide unknown, Far to the shores of Ind, All through the dark alone, Like a feather blown by the wind. It is a picture of the admiral of the seas plowing ocean's awful soli- tude with his puny caravels in search of islands beyond the utmost purple horizon. It is an awe-inspiring moment. Men of every kindred and tongue are seated upon the platform, but the music speaks a common tongue that is not heard but felt. As the 5,000 voices rise in unison pouring forth a Niagara of triumphant harmony, the mighty audience that stretches away into the magnificent distance sways and trembles as a for- est is shaken and blown about by a mighty tempest. The spirit of the past has been invoked. It is omnipresent. Alone ! alone ! Behind wide walls of the sea, And never a ship has flown A prisoned world so free. OI^ 'TMES High over all the people the vast arched roof seems like the sky of an enchanted world. Two hundred and thirty feet overhead is the ze- nith, and stretching away into seemingly illimitable distances the great steel arches grow themselves as the music rises. Five thousand voices ! Now the music swells and fills the thirty-acre temple of art and science from nave to dome. It roars like the furnace of the Cyclops, and anon dies away like the whisper of winds amid a for- est of waving pines. Then rising- trim aphantly it pervades the air with the magnificent fury of the tempest. It is calling the world to arms I .i) ! clan on clan ! Now it is the morning stars singing- together. There is heard the deep diapason of the Niagara, the distant thunder of the Alpine ava- lanche, the steady baritone of the impetuous mountain torrent, the wild ecstasy of a cataract, the silver-throated trumpet, and above all the rest the jubilant, piercing notes of a skylark soaring upward to the sun- Hall, spirit of freedom, hail ! Unfurl thine impalpable wings. So high and higher above the voice of the tempest, the thunder of cataracts, the roaring of torrents, and the resonant cry of trumpets rises the lark-like treble war cry. Then the music dies away, leaving eddies of harmony floating among the far-away arches, and filling the intoxicated senses with the perfume of a dream. But through the mists and shadows of four Centuries the song-dream woos back to earth the son of the Genoese wool-comber. Under the inspiration of the hour the vast audience reads the story of four centuries ago as from an open book. The sailor boy of Genoa once more bends his sail to the breezes in the Levant, unsheathing his sword in behalf of John of Anjou, chasing- fickle fortune up and down the Mediterranean sea. Soldier of fortune, adventurer, privateer, he is lay- ing the foundation of a fortune of posterity. He is poring over quaint old maps and charts of an imperfect globe. Over the rim of the horizon is a mysterious problem he longs to solve. It is the twilight of geo- graphic knowledge. The quadrant is an experiment. Out beyond the golden and purple gates of sunset is a shadowy world, templed with cas- tles of gold and peopled with a race of gods. The Egyptian legend told by Plato of the lost Atalantis has passed into current belief. The islands of the Brandan and the Seven Cities of the Sea still find places on midae- val maps. Again the music swells into weird, wondrous volume. Col- umbus is an applicant for aid at the court of Portugal. His story is laughed to scorn, and he presents himself before the royal house of Leon and Castile. In the presence of Ferdinand and Isabella at Cordova, sneered at in the congress at Salamanca, fighting the battles of Spain at Malaga and Grenada, assisting in expelling Boabdil, the last Moorish king, from Alhambra, begging from door to door, seeking shelter at the gray old hillside convent of Lu Rabida, he finds an ardent ally in the holy prior. Juan Perez de Marchena. The music rises to a triumphant climax. The gray -haired mariner makes his final appeal to the king and queen at Santa Fe. It is not in vain. The mystery of the ocean is to bo unlocked. The jewels of the queen are pledged to the discovery of the missing half of a world. The admiral of the seas pushes the prows of his tiny caravels full into the face of the setting sun and sails away, amid the laughter of men and tears of women, over ocean's uncertain billows, in search of hidden continents and mysterious isles, set like stars in the midst of the trackless firmament. The wave-beaten fleet is seen plowing the lonely deep, baffled by calms and tossed by storms. It is morning. Three white-winged barks rest at anchor off a green, low isle embosomed on a sapphire sea. The dawn which purples the sails of the Spanish squadron marks an epoch in the history of the world second only to the death of the Son of Man upon the rugged, tear-stained slopes of Calvary. It opens up to man another world of infinite promise, of inexhaustable possibility. And now the melody soars into the realms of celestial harmony. It becomes an anthem of humanity. Down through the centuries floats a vision of the budding and unfolding and blooming of a virgin world. Lo ! unto thee the ever-living past, Ushers a mighty pageant, bids arise Dead centuries freighted with visions vast, Blowing dim mists into the future's eyes. One hundred thousand enraptured listeners catch the inspiration of the theme. A Niagara of applause drowns the dying echoes of the song The present is visible. It is magnificent in form and majestic in move- ment. With a triumphant climax four centuries fade from sight and a group of the mightiest palaces ever reared by the hand of man comes into view. The prophecies of the admiral of the seas have been realized. It was the waking dream of the Genoese navigator that somewhere amid the weary reaches of gleaming billows, rising and swelling between cloud-capped Teneriffe and far Cathay, there lay a land templed with sky-kissing castles, peopled with gods, and watered by winding rivers rippling over Pactolian sands. His mortal vision never rested upon the enchanted gardens of Hesperides, but his adventurous keel clove a shin- ing path across the sea and others found the gateway to the lost Atalantis. Again the wave of harmony rises and floods the magnificent distances of this mighty pantheon of modern civilization. It is the present. The triumphs of four centuries of struggles for liberty and enlightment is the theme. The dreams and legends of the past become merged with the WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE AT MIDWAY PLAISANCE, MILITARY PARADE. WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE AT MIDWAY PLAISAXCE, MILITARY PARADE. results of Columbus' search for hidden worlds. Perhaps the spectral mariner standing on the prow of the Santa Maria, rocked by an opaline sea, is gazing with contented eyes down the misty, shadowy vistas of the centuries into the gleaming glory of the sunset, and views the great results of his own dauntless quest. He sees all the globe astir to fill the palaces erected to the glory of his discoveries. He sees the most mar- velous city ever built by the hands of mortals drawing to itself the tribute of nations that Caesar never knew. He sees scores of highways of steel reaching from its gates to every nook and corner of the continent which he gave to humanity. He sees within her ports more prows than ever stirred the shining Bosphorus or passed the lofty pillars of Hercules. He sees upon her curving shores palaces glittering like mountain peaks across the waves and greater, grander far than Rome e'er builded or that from which the Moorish king was exiled. He sees all things small and great gathered here to inaugurate the mightiest exposition the world ever witnessed. He sees representatives of every nation and both hemi- spheres proclaiming the greatness and the glory of the most powerful republic on earth. He hears the songs of poets, sees the masterpieces of painters and the triumphs of the sculptor's art laid at the feet of the Goddess of Liberty Genius, science, labor, statesmanship, commerce, capital, education, religion pouring forth their treasures to deck the brow of the mightiest imperial city of the western continent. Not con- tent with levying tribute of sea and land, the sentient arm of science wrests trophies from the skies and lays the secret of the stars upon the conqueror's shield. Genius has yoked the thunderbolt and made it a beast of burden unto man by day, a lamp by night. Of all this the present jubilee is the fullness of the token given four centuries ago. For this the nations of the earth assembled at Chicago to dedicate the greatest exposition of the age. The music dies away like a passing storm. The story of the dedica- tion is an epic poem worthy of Homer's quill, for it is the finale of a drama in which the whole world takes part. The ceremonies are majestic in their simplicity, awe-inspiring in their character, impressive in their motives and results. The story is told elsewhere in detail. In the presence of the assembled dignitaries of the old wovld and the high officials of the new appropriate medals are presented to the artists who have builded and decorated the great palaces of science and art at Jack- son park. Honored are these whose fertile brains and skillful hands have wrought lines of beauty in stone, and earth, and wood. Thunders of applause testify to the appreciation of their noble work. President Higinbotham, in words dignified by the importance of the event, formally presents in behalf of the World's Culumbian Exposition the buildings to the national Columbian Commission. There is a burst of applause when President Palmer accepts the gift and presents the same to the United States. The millions of dollars worth of buildings are now in the custody of the republic. As Vice President Morton, representing the United States govern- ment, rises to accept the gift there is an outburst of applause that for a time renders speech making impossible. Gracefully and in impressive words the Vice President formally dedicates the buildings to the use of the World's Columbian Exposition to be held in 1893, and in which all the nations of the earth are to participate. Handel's immortal "Hallelujah Chorus," from the "Messiah," appro- priately follows. As the 5.000 voices in the chorus soar and swell into ecstatic realms the great audience, swept away by the enthusiasm of the song and the inspiration of the song, rise and cheer again and again. The first oration of the day follows. With lips anointed by the honey of Hybla, Henry Watterson pours out a flood of eloquence that at once enraptures and transfixes the avdience by its marvelous force and impet- uosity. Again and again the great building is shaken with applause. Chauncey M. Depew's oration is one of his best efforts, and thunders of applause greet the great orator when he concludes. "In Praise of God" is sung by the chorus, and a strange hush falls over the sea of humanity. Clad in the crimson garb of his high office his eminence Cardinal Gibbons steps to the front of the platform, and, with uplifted hands, invokes the blessing of God upon the great exposition and its purposes. It is an impressive scene, and when the prayer is con- cluded a strange silence prevails. Following the invocation is the bene- diction by the Rev. H. C. McCook, of Philadelphia. The great audience that has remained in the building for several hours, rises slowly as if loath to leave the scene of so impressive and distinguished a ceremony. As the crowds file slowly out of the great hall the deep-toned thunder of a battery on the lake shoi-e proclaims that the great event has been con- cluded. The World's Columbian buildings have been formally dedicated to the greatest exposition the world has witnessed since the beginning of time. The history of the day is not completed by the great civil and mili- tary parades and dedicatory ceremonies at Jackson Park. The reception at night by the auxiliary congress of the World's Columbian Exposition and the magnificent display of fireworks in each of the three great di- visions of the city would, under ordinary circumstances, be regarded as crowning events. To the public especially the latter feature formed the most popular feature of the day, while the address by Archbishop Ireland at the reception upon matters pertaining to the world's fair will prove interesting to millions of American people. The congress auxiliary, under the able leadership of President Bon- ney has justly merited its title by its active work in behalf of the exposi- tion along the lines it has chosen, and the Auditorium reception is not the least of its triumphs. Already aglow with the spirit of patriotism and fealty to the exposition the magnificent tribute paid to the objects of the world's fair kindled that patriotism and enthusiasm to fever heat. It is a magnificent audience that assembles at the Auditorium, already renowned for its famous gatherings. Archbishop Ireland's address is burning with zeal, and the reception is only second in importance to the exercises as Jackson Park. It is an appropriate rounding out of a day so fraught with history and so rich in events. It is a fitting finale of dedi- cation day. < But dedication day is not yet ended. The skies are aflame with light. The heavens are being bombarded with balls of fire. A million people are witnessing the firey siege. The gigantic pyrotechnical displays, involving an outlay of many thousands of dollars, are taking place in Washington, Lincoln and Garfield Parks. The three great divisions are out gazing upon the gorgeous spectacles, From the summit of the Audi- torium tower it looks as if the city was being shelled by a powerful ene- my from three different directions. The air is filled with thousands of rockets, Roman candles, saucissons, tourbillions, and strange devices for making vari-colored lights. Serpents of flame crawl across the black horizon, to be succeeded by volcanic explosions of blood-red flame Rock- ets pierce the night with adder-like tongues of flame, and balloons go reeling and staggering across the sky in countless numbers. The night is filled with flame, and the waters are lit up with the explosions of the pieces. North, south and west the skies portend a burning city. Far into the night the bombardment continues, and then dies slowly out, like an enemy retiring sullenly from a determined but unsuccessful siege. An occasional rocket alone marks the presence of the discomfited foe; then darkness remains unbroken save by the lights of the great city. Countless thousands of people wend their way homeward. Tattoo has been sounded hours ago in the military camp at Jackson Park. Lights are out. The day is dead. The world's fair palaces have been dedicated. ORDER OF PARADE. IT PROCEEDS FROM THE AUDITORIUM TO JACKSON PARK. The following is the composition of the big parade by sections, and the order in which they marched, a description of the scenes having previously been given: Major-Genei'al Miles in command, assisted by his numerous aides. 9 An escort of 1.000 troops in line. Three batteries of light artillery under Major W. H. Randolph. Gen. Eugene A. Carr and staff. United States Signal Corps. Fifth Cavalry from Fort Reno. Detachment of troops from Fort Riley, Kansas. Detachment of troops from Fort Sheridan. Fifth Cavalry mounted band of twenty pieces from Ft. Riley, Kansas. Sixth Cavalry, Capt. C. P. West in command. Ninth Cavalry, Capt.Gerrard in command. Four carriages containing Committee on Ceremonies of the World's Columbian Commission, Director General, and National Commissioners. One carriage containing Vice President Morton; President of the World's Columbian Exposition, and President of the World's Columbian Commission. One carriage containing the First Vice Presinent of the World's Columbian Exposition, and First Vice President of the World's Colum- bian Commission. Carriages containing cabinet officers. Fifteen carriages containing the diplomatic corps. Carriages containing Ex-President Hayes. John Sherman and Lyman J. Gage. Twelve carriages containing senators of the United States. Forty carriages containing representatives of the United States. Carriages containing representatives of the army and navy. Carriages containing Governors and their staffs of the States and Territories of the United States, as follows: New York Gov. Roswell P. Flower and staff. Massachusetts Gov. Win. E. Russell and staff. New Hampshire Gov. H. A. Tuttle and staff. Connecticut Gov. Buckley and staff. Maryland Gov. Frank Brown and staff. Vermont Gov. L. K. Fuller and staff. Rhode Island Gov. D. Russell Brown and staff. Delaware Gov. S. J. Reynolds and staff. North Carolina Gov. Holt and staff. New Jersey Adjt. Gen. W. S. Striker, representing Gov. Leon Abbott and staff. Pennsylvania Gov. Robert E Pattison and staff. Kentucky Gov. John Young Brown and staff. Ohio Gov. William McKinley and staff. Louisiana Lieut. Gov. A. L. Parlonge and staff. Indiana Gov. Ira Chase and staff. Illinois Gov. Joseph W. Fiferand staff. Maine Gov. Edwin C. Burleigh and staff. Missouri Gov. D. R. Francis and staff. Michigan Gov. E. B. Winans and staff. Iowa Gov. Hoi-ace Bois and staff. Wisconsin Gov. George Peck and staff. California Gov. H. H. Markham and staff. Minnesota Gov. W. R. Merriam and staff. Nebraska Gov. James E. Boyd and staff. Colorado Gov. Routt and staff. North Dakota Gov. A. H. Burke and staff. South Dakota Gov. A. C. Mellette and staff. Montana Gov. J. K. Toole and staff. Virginia Gen. J. P. Stern, representing Gov. P. W. McKenney. West Virginia Gov. Fleming and staff. Washington Gov. Allen Muir and staff. Carriages containing the orators and chaplains. Fifteen carriages containing commissioners of foreign governments to the World's Columbian Exposition. Five carriages containing consuls from foreign governments. Thirty carriages containing the World's Columbian Commission at Large. Twenty carriages containing the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition. Carriages containing lady representatives of the thirteen original States. Ten carriages containing Board of Directors of the World's Colum- bian Exposition. Three carriages containing Board of Managers of the U. S. exhibit. Seven carriages containing the department chiefs. Eighteen carriages containing staff officers of the Director of Works. Thirty carriages containing members of the City Council of Chicago. REVIEW OF TROOPS. The following is the order in which the regulars and State militia, to the number of 10,000 men, passed the reviewing stand, they marching from Washington to Jackson Parks: First line Two battalions of United States infantry and the battalion of marines. Two regiments of Ohio troops. Four regiments of Indiana troops. "> Second line Three regiments of Illinois troops. One regiment of Missouri troops. One regiment of Michigan troops. Third line One regiment of Iowa troops. Two regiments of Wis- consin troops. One regiment of Minnesota troops. The regular and State troops passed in the following order: OHIO BRIGADE. Eight Regiment Ohio National Guards, Col. Geo. Geigar in com- mand; full regimental band of forty pieces. Fourteenth Regiment O. N. G., Col. A. B. Coit; full regimental band of forty pieces. Cleveland Grays, Capt. W. C. Morrow; full uniformed band of thirty- seven pieces, and drum major. Fifth Ohio N. G., Maj. D. W. Johns in command. IOWA BRIGADE. Brig. Gen. W. L. Davis and staff in command. First Regiment, Col. Frank W. Mahin; full regimental band of forty pieces. Second Regiment, Col. P. W. McManus in command. Third Regiment, Col. F. F. Lambert; 300 men. Fourth Regiment, Col. Reilly; 280 men. Fifth Regiment, Col. Culver; 200 men. Sixth Regiment, Col. W. Clidemain: 350 men. The U. S. Infantry Brigade, comprising the First Second and Third Infantry Regiments, Col. F. F. Townsend in command. Fifteenth U. S. Infantry, Col. R. E. A. Crofton in command; Fif- teenth Regiment band; 337 men. Second Regiment Infantry, comprising the Forts Snelling and Lea- ven worth battalions. Fort Snelling battalion, Capt. E. C. Mason in command; 280 men; band of twenty-two pieces. Fort Leavenworth battalion, Capt. J. M. D. Sareno in command; 227 men; band of twenty-five pieces. Fort Omaha battalion, Lieut. Col. J. B. Park in command; 279 men; band of twenty-one pieces. For Wayne battalion, Maj. Coates in command; band of twenty-four pieces; 270 men. Marine Corps, Maj. R. W. Huntington in command: marine band of fifty pieces. INDIANA BRIGADE. First Regiment, Maj. G. Pennington in command; band of 32 pieces. Second Regiment, I. N. G., Col. W. B. McKee in command; band of 32 pieces. Fourth Regiment, Col. G. W. Gunder in command. Third Regiment, Col. G. S. Harte in command. 01^ MINNESOTA BRIGADE. Brig. Gen. W. B. Bend and staff in command; Third Regiment band. Third Regiment, M. N. G., Col. F. P. Wright; 400 men. WISCONSIN BRIGADE. First Regiment W. N. G., Lieut. Col. B. F. Parker in command; 1st Regiment band. Second Regiment, Lieut. Col. Auer; 2nd Regiment band. 800 men. Independent Cavalry Company from Milwaukee, Capt. W. J. Grant. MICHIGAN BRIGADE. Col. E. W. Brown with staff in command. First Battallion, Lieut. Col. John Bennett; 200 men. Second Battalion, Col. Chas. L. Boynton; 200 men. Third Battalion, Major F. H. Case; 225 men. MISSOURI BRIGADE. Fifth Regiment, Col. W. K. Coffee; 512 men. Signal Corps of Denver, First Lieut. W. A. Nelson in command. ILLINOIS BRIGADE. First Brigade Brig. Gen. Chas. Fitzsimmons and staff. First Regiment, Col. C. R. C. Koch; 450 men. Second Regiment, Col. L. S. Judd; 700 men. Third Regiment, Col. Bennett; 462 men. Battery D, Capt. Edgar P. Tobey; 80 men. Troop A, Capt. Paul B. Lino; 60 men. Second Brigade Fourth Regiment, Col. R. M. Smith; 508 men. Fifth Regiment, Col. J. S. Culver; 492 men. Sixth Regiment, Col. Wm. Clendenin; 460 men, with band. ADDRESSES IN FULL. DELIVERED AT THE DEDICATION OF THE WORLD'S FAIR PALACES. INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS BY GEO. R. DAVIS. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: By virtue of my official position it is my pleasurable duty to present the noted personages who at this hour, in theij several functions, are to contribute to the exercises with which we here dedicate the grounds and buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition. In a presence so vast, on an occasion so preeminent in the progress of universal affairs I am moved by emotions that can sweep a human heart but once in life. Awe overmasters inspiration, and both are lost in gratitude that I am permitted to inaugurate these ceremonies. The citizens of our common country may be pardoned the pride and satisfaction with which we study the historic steps by which our people have been led to their present exalted position. Of the great nations of the world the United States is the youngest; our resources are equal to those of any other nation. Our sixty millions of people are among the most intelligent, cultured, happy, and prosperous of mankind. But what we are and what we possess as a nation is not ours by purchase nor by conquest, but by virtue of the rich heritage that was spread out beneath the sun and stars, beneath the storms and rains and dews, beneath the frosts and snows, ages before a David, a Homer, or a Virgil sang, or before Italy's humble and immortal son had dreamed his dream of discovery. This rich heritage is ours, not by our own might, not even by our own discovery, but ours by the gift of the Infinite. It was fitting that on the threshold of another century we reverentially pause in the presence of the world, and with confession and supplication, with thanksgiving and devotedness, with praise and adoration, acknow- ledge our dependence on the Creator of the aniverse, the God of nations, the Father of mankind. Nature has given us a virgin soil of incomparable richness and variety. Our climate is so diversified that all the fruits of tree and vine ripen under our autumnal skies. The great seas that form our boundaries and with their ebb and flow bathe our shores are rich with all the treasures of the deep. The granite vaults of our mountain chains are stored with untold mineral wealth. In the prodigality of nature bountiful provision has been made for our multiplying people, and in times of emergency from ouf great abun- dance we may succor and comfort the distressed and afflicted of other lands. A single century has placed this people side by side with the oldest and most advanced nations of the world nations with a history of over a thousand years. But in the midst of our rejoicing no American citizen should forget our national starting point and the quality of the manhood on which was laid the very foundation of our government. Our fathers were born un- der foreign flags. The very best brain, and muscle, and conscience of the older governments found their way to this western continent. Our ancestors had the map of the world before them; what wonder that they chose this land for their descendants ! Over the cradle of our national infancy stood the spirit and form of the completed civilization of other lands, and the birth-cries of the republic rang out over the world with a voice as strong as a giant of a thousand years. From the morning of ouf history the subjects of all nations have flocked to our shores and have entered into our national life and joined in the upbuilding of our institu- tions. They have spaded and planted, they have sown and gathered, they have wrought and builded, and to-day, everywhere over all this land may be seen the products and result of this toil, constituting our na- tional prosperity, promoting our national growth. To all such the doors of the nation are ever open. The World's Columbian Exposition is the natural outgrowth of this nation's place in history. Our continent, discovered by Christopher Col- umbus, whose spirits were revived as his cause was espoused by the gen- erous-hearted Queen of Spain, has, throughout all the years from that time to this, been a haven to all who saw here the promise of requited toil, of liberty and of peace. The ceaseless, resistless inarch of civilization westward, ever west- ward, has reached and passed the great lakes of North America, and has founded on their farthest shore the greatest city of modern times. Chi- cago, the peerless, has been selected for the great celebration which to- day gives new fire to progress and sheds its light upon ages yet to come. Established in the heart of this continent, her pulse throbs with the quickening current of our national life. And that this city was selected as the scene of this great commemorative festival was the natural out- growth of predestined events. Here all nations are to meet in peaceful, laudable emulation on the fields of art, science and industry, on the fields of research, invention and scholarship, and to learn the universal value of the discovery we commemorate; to learn, as could be learned in no other way, the nearness of man to man, the Fatherhood of God, and the brotherhood of the human race. This, ladies and gentlemen, is the exalted purpose of the World's Columbian Exposition. May it be fruitful of its aim and of peace forever to all the nations of the earth. MAYOR WASHBURNE'S ADDRESS. Mr. President, Representatives of Foreign Governments, Ladies and Gentlemen: This day is dedicated by the American people to one whose name is indissolubly linked with that of our continent. This day shall add new glories to him whose prophetic vision beheld in the stars which guided his audacious voyage to a new world and a new hope for the peo- ples of the earth. The four centuries passing in review have witnessed the settlement of a newly discovered continent, the founding of many nations, and the establishment in this country of more than sixty millions of people whose wonderful material prosperity, high intelligence, political institutions, and glorious history have excited the interest and compelled the admi- ration of the civilized world. These centuries have evolved the liberty-loving American people, who are gathered here to-day. We have with us the pioneer, bearing in his person the freedom of his western home the aging veteran, whom all nations honor, without whose valor government, liberty and patriot- ism would be but idle words. We have with us builders of cities, found- ers of States, dwellers in the forests, tillers of the soil, the mechanic and the artisan, and noble women, daughters of the republic, not less in pat- riotism and deserved esteem than those who seem to play the larger part in building up a State. There are gathered here our Vice President and stately Senate, our grave and learned Judges, our Congress and our States, that all mankind may know this is a Nation's holiday, and a people's tribute to him whoso dauntless courage and unwavering faith impelled him to travel undis- mayed the unsailed waste of waters, and whose first prayer upon a wait- ing continent was saluted on its course by that banner which knows no creed, no faith, no nation that ensign which has represented peace, progress and humanity for nineteen hundred years the holy banner of the cross. Those foreign nations which have contributed so much to our growth will here learn wherein our strength lies that is not in standing armies, not in heredity and birth, not even in our fertile valleys, not in our com- merce or our wealth, but that we have built and are building upon the everlasting rock of individual character and intelligence, seeking to se- cure an education for every man, woman and child over whom floats the Stars and Stripes, that emblem which signifies our government and our people. That flag guards to-day 21.500,000 school children of a country not yet four centuries old and who outnumber nearly four times the popula- tion of Spain in 1492. This is our hope in the future the anchor of the republic and a rainbow of promise for the centuries yet to come. As a mark to public gratitude it was decided to carry down into his- tory through this celebration the appreciation of this people for him before whose name we all bow to-day. You, sirs, are the chosen representatives of our people you, into whose keeping we intrust our property and our rights you, whose every act becomes a link in that long chain of history which spans 400 years without a break and whose every link signifies a struggle and victory for man you. who represent that last and most perfect experiment of human government, have by your official acts honored this young city OF* with your choice as the most fitting place to mark this country's dawn. She accepts the sacred trust with rivalry towards none and fellow- ship for all. She stands ready to fulfill the pledges she has made. She needs no orator to speak her merits, no poet to sing her glories. She typifies the civilization of this continent and this age; she has no hoary locks, no crumbling ruins; the gray-haired sire who saw her birth to-day holds on high his prattling grandchild to see the nations of the earth within her gates. Over the very spot whereon we stand, within the memory of men still living, the wild fowl winged their migratory flight. Less than a century ago the site of this young city was unknown; to-day a million and a half people support her honor, enterprise and thrift. Her annual commerce of one billion and a half tells the eloquent story of her material greatness. Her liberality to all nations and all creeds is boundless, broad as humanity, and high as the dome of heaven. Rule Britannia, the Marseilles, die Wacht am Rhein, and every folk song of the older world has drifted over the Atlantic's stormy waves, and as each echo, growing fainter with advancing leagues, has reached this spot it has been merged into that one great chorus: "My Country, 'Tis of Thee, Sweet Land of Liberty, of Thee I Sing." This, sirs, is the American City of your choice. Her gates are open, her people at your service. To you and those you represent we offer greeting, hospitality and love. To the Old World, whose representatives grace this occasion, whose governments are in full accord with this enterprise, so full of meaning to them and to us; to that Old World whose children braved unruly seas and treacherous storms to found a new State in an unknown land, we give greeting, too, as children greet a parent in some new home. We are proud of its ancestry, for it is our own. We glory in its history, for it was our ancestral blood which inscribed its rolls of honor, and if to-day these distinguished men of more distinguished lands behold any spirit, thing, or ambition which excites their praise, it is but the outcropping of the Roman courage on a new continent in a later age. Welcome to you men of older civilizations to this young city whose most ancient landmark was built within the span of a present life. Our hospitalities and our welcome we now extend without reserve, without regard to nationality, creed or race. MRS. POTTER PALMER'S ADDRESS. Official representation for women upon so important an occasion as the present is unprecedented. It seems peculiarly appropriate that this honor should have been accorded our sex when celebrating the great deeds of Columbus, who, inspired though his visions may have been, yet required the aid of an Isabella to transform them into realities. The visible evidence of the progress made since the discovery of this great continent will be collected six months hence in these stately buildings now to be dedicated. The magnificent material exhibit, the import of which will presently be eloquently described by our orators, will not, however, so vividly represent the great advance of modern thought as does the fact that man's ''silent partner" has been invited by the government to leave her retirement to assist in conducting a great national enterprise. The provision of the act of Congress that the Board of Lady Managers appoint a jury of her peers to pass judgment upon woman's work adds to the significance of the innovation, for never before was it thought necessary to apply this fundamental principle of justice to our sex. Realizing the seriousness of the responsibilities devolving upon it, and inspired by a sense of the nobility of its mission, the board has from the time of its organization attempted most thoroughly and most con- scientiously to carry out the intentions of Congress. It has been able to broaden the scope of its work and extend its influ- ence through the cooperation and assistance so generously furnished by the Columbian Commission and the Board of Directors of the Exposition. The latter took the initiative in making an appropriation for the Wo- man's Building, and in allowing the Board to call attention to the recent work of women in new fields by selecting from their own sex the archi- tect, decorators, sculptors and painters to create both the building and its adornment. Rivalling the generosity of the directors, the National Commission has honored the Board of Lady Managers by putting into its hands all of the interests of women in connection with the Exposition, as well as the entire control of the Woman's Building. In order the more efficiently to perform the important functions as* signed it, the boy.rd hastened to secure necessary cooperation. At its request women were made members of the World's Pair boards of almost every State and Territory of the Union. Inspired by this success at home, it had the courage to attempt to extend the benefits it had received to the women of other countries. It officially invited all foreign govern- ments which had decided to participate in the Exposition to appoint committees of women to cooperate with it. The active help given by the Department of State was invaluable in promoting this plan, the success of which has been notable, for we now have under the patronage of roy- alty, or the heads of government, committees composed of the most in- fluential, intellectual and practical women in France. England, Germany, DEMDI CAPTION Austria, Russia, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, Japan, Siam, Algeria, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Brazil, the Argentine Re- public, Cuba, Mexico and Nicaragua, and although committees have not yet been announced, favorable responses have been received from Spain, Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama, and the Sandwich Islands. No organization compared to this has ever before existed among women. It is official, acting under government authority and sustained by government funds. It is so far-reaching that it encircles the globe. Without touching upon politics, suffrage or other irrelevant issues, this unique organization of women for women will devote itself to the promotion of their industrial interests. It will address itself to the for- mation of a public sentiment which will favor woman's industrial equal- ity and her receiving just compensation for services rendered. It will try to secure for her work the consideration and respect which it de- serves, and establish her importance as an economic factor. To this end it will endeavor to obtain and install in these buildings exhibits showing the value of her contributions to the industries, sciences and arts, as well as statistics giving the proportionate amount of her work in each and every country. Of all the changes that have resulted from the great ingenuity and inventiveness of the race there is none that equals in importance to wo- man the application of machinery to the performance of the never-end- ing tasks that have previously been hers. The removal from the house- hold to the various factories where such work is now done of spinning, carding, dyeing, knitting, the weaving of textile fabrics, sewing, the cutting and making of garments, and many other laborious occupations has enabled her to lift her eyes from the drudgery that has oppressed her since prehistoric days. The result is that women as a sex have been liberated. They now have time to think, to be educated, to plau and pursue careers of their own choosing. Consider the value to the race of one-half of its members being enabled to throw aside the intolerable bondage of ignorance that has always weighed them down ! See the innumerable technical, pro- fessional and art schools, academies and colleges, that have been sud- denly called into existence by the unwonted demand ! It is only about one hundred years since girls were first permitted to attend the free schools of Boston. They were then allowed to take the places of boys for whom the schools were instituted during the season when the latter were helping to gather in the harvest. It is not strange that woman is drinking deeply of the long-denied fountain of knowlege. She had been told, until she almost believed it, by her physician that she was too delicate and of too nervous an organi- zation to endure the application and mental strain of the school room; by the scientists that the quality of the gray matter of her brain would not enable her to grasp the exact sciences, and that its peculiar convolu- tions made it impossible for her to follow a logical proposition from pre- mise to conclusion; by her anxious parents that there was nothing that a man so abominated as a learned woman, nothing so unlovely as a blue- stocking, and yet she comes smiling from her curriculum with her hon- ors fresh upon her, healthy and wise, forcing us to acknowledge that she is more than ever attractive, companionable and useful. What is to be done with this strong, self-poised creature of glowing imagination and high ideals, who evidently intends, as a natural and inherent right, to pursue her self-development in her chosen line of work? Is the world ready to give her industrial and intellectual inde- pendence and to open all doors before her? The human race is not so rich in talent, genius, and useful creative energy that it can afford to allow any considerable proportion of these valuable attributes to be wasted or unproductive, even though they be possessed by women. The sex which numbers more than one-half the population of the world is forced to enter the keen competition of life with many disadvan- tages, both real and factitious. Are the legitimate compensation and honors that should come as the result of ability and merit to be denied on the untenable ground of sex aristocracy? We are told by scientists that the educated eye and ear of to-day are capable of detecting subtle harmonies and delicate gradations of sound and color that were imperceptible to our ancestors; that artists and musicians will consequently never reach the last possible combination of tones, or tints, because their fields will widen before them, disclosing, constantly, new beauties and attractions. We cannot doubt that human intelligence will gain as much by development; that it will vibrate with new power because of the uplifting of one-half of its members and of that half which is, perhaps, conceded to be the more moral, sympathetic and imaginative from darkness into light. As a result of the freedom and training now granted them we may confidently await, not a renaissance, but the first blooming of the perfect flower of womanhood. After centuries of careful pruning into coven- tional shapes to meet the requirements of an artificial standard, the shears and props have been thrown away. We shall learn by watching the beauty and vigor of the natural growth -in the open air and sunshine, how artificial and false was the ideal we had previously cherished. Our previous efforts to protect nature will seem grotesque, for she may always be trusted to preserve her types. Our utmost hope is that women may become a more congenial companion and fit partner for her illustrous mate, whose destiny she has shared during the centuries. We are proud that the statesmen of our own great country have been the first to see beneath the surface and to understand that the old order of things has passed away and that new methods must be inaugurated. We wish to express our thanks to the Congress of the United States for having made this great step forward, and also for having subsequently approved and indorsed the plans of the Board of Lady Managers, as was manifested by their liberal appropriation for carrying them out. We most heartily appreciate the assistance given us by the President of the United States, the Department of State, and our Foreign Ministers. We hope to have occasion to thank all of the other great departments of the government before we finish our work. Even more important than the discovery of Columbus, which we are gathered together to celebrate, is the fact that the general government has just discovered woman. It has sent out a flash light from its heights so inaccessible to us, which we shall answer by a return signal when the Exposition is opened. What will be its next message to us? PRESIDENT HIGINBOTHAM S ADDRESS. President Higinbotham of the World's Columbian Exposition, ad- dressing Director of Works Burnham and others, said: It becomes my agreeable duty, on behalf of the Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, to receive from you these buildings, which represent your thought, skill, and labor as master artists of con- struction. It is difficult to command language fully adequate to express our satisfaction with your achievements. We have observed with admiration she rapid development of your plans until there stand before us to-day structures that represent the ripest wisdom of the ages. Never before have men brought to their task greater knowledge, higher aims, or more resolute purpose. Never before have such mag- nificent fruits been the result of thought and toil. The earth and all it contains have been subservient to your will. You have pursued your work loyally, heroically, and with an unselfish devotion that commands the applause of the world. Your country and the nations of the earth will join us in congratulating you upon the splendid issue of your plans and undertakings. We accept these buildings from you, exulting in the belief that these beautiful structures furnish proof to the world that, with all our material growth and prosperity since the Columbian discovery of America, we have not neglected those civilizing arts which minister to a people's refinement and become the chief glory of a nation. "Peace hath her victories, . No less renowned than war." In this Exposition, one of the adorning victories of our age of peace, you take conspicuous part, and the work accomplished reflects, and will continue to reflect, honor alike upon yourselves and upon your country. In recognition of your faithful and efficient services, and in order to commemorate more substantially than by mere words the successful ter- mination of your great work as Master Artist of Construction, the Board of Directors have issued this medal, which I have the honor to present to you. A simple token it is, which finds its real and abiding value not in its intrinsic worth but rather in the high merit which receives and the grateful appreciation which bestows it. Then addressing President T. W. Palmer of the World's Columbian Exposition he continued: But yesterday these surrounding acres composed a dismal morass a resting-place for the wild fowls in their migratory flight. To-day they stand transformed by art and science into a beauty and grandeur unri- valed by any other spot on earth. Herein we behold a miniature representation of that marvelous ma- terial development and that unprecedented growth of national great- ness, which, since the day of Columbus, have characterized the history of this New World. The idle boy, strolling the shore of this inland sea, carelessly threw a pebble into the blue waters. From that center of agitation there spread the circling wave, which fainter and still fainter grew, until lost at last in the distant calm. Not so did the great thought come and van- ish which has culminated in these preparations for the World's Colum- bian Exposition. It was not the suggestive impulse of any single brain or locality that originated this noble enterprise. From many minds and many localities there seemed to come spontaneously and in unison, the suggestions for a Columbian celebration. Those individual and local sentiments did not die out like the waves, but in an inverse ratio grew more and more powerful, until they mingled and culminated in the grand and universal resolve of the American people. ''It shall be done." To-day, sir, on behalf of the Board of Directors, representing the citizens of Chicago, to me has been assigned the pleasant duty of pre- senting to the World's Columbian Commission these buildings, for dedi- cation to the uses of the World's Columbian Exposition, in celebration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. In viewing the work thus far accomplished, we gladly acknowledge ourselves debtors to the patriotic pride of our fellow-citizens throughout the land: to the kindly interest manifested by the President of the Uni- ted States; to the generosity of the Congress; to the hearty sympathy of the civilized nations of the earth, and to the efficient cooperation of the honorable commission which you represent. O!F- XVOFfct^tVS The citizens of Chicago have cherished the ambition to furnish the facilities for the Exposition, which in character should assume a nation- al importance. They entertain the pleasing hope that they have not come short of the nation's demand and of the world's expectation. Per- mit us, sir, to believe that this was not a narrow ambition, born of local pride and selfishness, that asked for the location of the World's Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago. Rather let it justly be said that it was in view of the fact that 25.000.000 of people live within a radius of 500 miles of Chicago, and that standing here, so near the center of population, Chicago would be accessible to a larger number of American people who are the creators of our wealth and prosperity, than would any city on our continent. The citizens of Chicago have been actuated by the most pat- riotic sentiments in asking for the location of the Exposition at this place. Animated by the most public spirited motives, they have made such preparations for the Exposition as we trust you cannot but look on with satisfaction. The fidelity and remarkable skill of the master artists of construc- tion must be the justification for the pride with which we point to the structures which rise about us in such graceful and magnificent propor- tions. In furnishing grounds and buildings which should meet the mod- ern demand for utility and scientific adaptation, we have not done vio- lence, let us hope, to that growing love for the beautiful which gratifies the eye and educates the taste. Nature, science and art have been called upon to contribute their richest gifts to make these grounds and buiJd- ings worthy of your acceptance. The Board of Directors now beg leave to tender to the World's Col- umbian Commission and to the Nation these buildings, in fulfillment of Chicago's pledge and in honor of the great event we celebrate. PRESIDENT T. W. PALMER'S ADDRESS. When a structure designed for a beneficent purpose has reached completion and is about to be devoted to its object it is deemed fitting, in accordance with a custom which sprang from the aspirations of man, and which has received the sanction of successive generations, that its intent and aim shall be declared amid imposing ceremonies, and the good will of the present and the blessings of the future invoked upon it. If this occasion shall have as one of the results the inauguration of another festal day to enlarge the too meager calendar of our people, the world will be richer thereby, and a name which has been hitherto held in vague and careless remembrance will be made a vital and elevating force to mankind. Anniversaries are the punctuations of history. They are the em- phases given to events, not by the song of the poet, or the pen of the rhetorician, but by the common acclaim of mankind. They are the mon- uments of the heroes and the saviors of the race. They are the Mem- nons which fill the heart with promise, the eve with gladnes, and the ear with song. The teacher of Socrates, when dying, was asked what he wished for a monument. He answered: ''Give the boys a holiday." It was a happy thought to have linked with the achievements of Columbus and Pinzon, which doubled the area of the habitable globe, an undertaking whereby we hope to illustrate the fact that they also made possible more than a duplication of blessings to mankind. As these great men died ignorant of the magnitude of their work, may we not hope that this Exposition will accomplish a greater good than will be revealed to us to-day, be its outcome never so brilliant? May we not hope that lessons here learned, transmitted to the future, will be potent forces long after the multitudes which will throng these aisles shall have measured their span and faded away? Four hundred years ago to-day Rodrigo de Triana, from the prow of the Pinta, cried. ''Land'" That cry marked the commencement of an era wherein has been condensed more of good import to the race than in any other. To-day at the flood-tide of that era, we are reminded of what that cry involved and of how much there is yet to do to give it its fullest significance. There are no more continents to discover, but there is much to do to make both hemispheres the home of intelligence, virtue and consequent happiness. To that end no one materia 1 thing can contribute more than expositions to which are invited, in a fraternal spirit, all nations, tribes, and people, where each shall give and receive according to their respec- tive capacities. The foundations of civilization have been laid. Universal enlight- ment, now acknowledged as the safe substructure of every State, receives an added impulse from the commingling of peoples and the fraternization of races, such as are ushered in by the pageant of to-day. Hitherto the work of the National Commission and of the Exposition company has been on different but convergent lines; to-day the roads unite, and it may not be amiss at this time to speak of the work already done. Two years ago the ground on which we stand was a dreary waste of sand-dunes and quagmires, a home for wild fowl and aquatic plants. Under skilled artists, supplemented by intelligence, force, industry, and money, this waste has been changed by the magic hand of labor to its present attractive proportions. I do not speak of this work as an artist, but as one of the great body of laymen whom it is the high calling of art to uplift. To me it seems that, if these buildings should never be occu- pied, if the exhibit should never come to attract and educate, if our people could only look upon these walls, towers, avenues and lagoons, a result would bo accomplished by the influence diffused well worth the cost. It was an act of high intelligence which, in the beginning, called a congress of the most eminent of our architects for consultation and con- certed action. No one brain could have conceived this dream of beauty or lured from fancy and crystalized in form these habitations where art will love to linger and science, Cornelia-like, shall expose her children to thoss who ask to see her jewels. Of the commission and its agencies, its Director-General and the heads of its departments, its agents and envoys, I, although a part of that national organization, may be permitted to speak. Called together by the president two years ago, its organic law difficult of construction, with room for honest and yet contradictory opinions, it has striven honestly, patriotically, and diligently to do its whole duty. Through its agencies it has reached to the uttermost parts of the earth to gather in all that could contribute to make this not only the museum of the savant and the well read, but the kindergarten of child and sage. ) The National Commission will, in due time, take appropriate action touching the formal acceptance of the buildings provided under their direction by the World's Columbian Exposition Company for this Na- tional and International Fair, and to you, Mr. President, as the highest representative of the Nation, is assigned the honor of dedicating them to the purposes determined and declared by Congress. In behalf of the men and women who have devoted themselves to this great work, of the rich who have given of their abundance, and the poor who have given of their necessities; in behalf of the architects who have given their ideals a local habitation and a name, and the artists who have brought hither the three graces of modern life, form, color and melody, to decorate and inspire; of the workmen who have prepared the grounds and reared the walls; in behalf of the chiefs who have organ- ized the work of the exhibitors; in behalf of the City of Chicago, which has munificently voted aid, of the Congress which has generously given of the national moneys; in behalf of the World's Columbian Commission, the World's Columbian Exposition Company, and the Board of Lady Managers, I ask you to dedicate these grounds and buildings to human- ity, to the end that all men and women of every clime may feel that the evidence of material progress which may here meet the eye is good only so far as it may promote that higher life which is the true aim of civili- zation that the evidences of wealth here exhibited and the stimulus herein given to ind ustry are good only so far as they may extend the area of human happiness. VICE PRESIDENT MORTON'S ADDRESS. The dedicatory address was delivered by the Vice President of the United States, as follows: MR. PRESIDENT: Deep, indeed, must be the sorrow which prohib- its the President of the United States from being the central figure in these ceremonials. Realizing from these sumptuous surroundings, the extent of design, adequacy of execution, and vastness of results, we may well imagine how ardently he has aspired to be officially and personally connected with this great work, so linked to the past and to the present of America. With what eloquent words he would have spoken of the heroic achievements and radiant future of his beloved country. While fondly anguished in his most tender earthly affection, he would not have us delay or falter in these dedicatory exercises, and we can only of- fer to support his courage by a profound and universal sympathy. The attention of our whole country and of all peoples elsewhere con- cerned in industrial progress is to-day fixed upon the City of Chicago. The. name of Chicago has become familiar with the speech of all civil- ized communities. Bureaus are established at many points in Europe for the purpose of providing transportation hither, and during the com- ing year the first place suggested to the mind when men talk of America will be the City of Chicago. This is due not only to the Columbian Ex- position, which marks an epoch, but to the marvelous growth and energy of the second commercial city of the Union. I am not here to recount the wonderful story of this city's rise and advancement, of the matchless courage of her people, of her second birth out of the ashes of the most notable conflagration of modern times, nor of the eminent position she has conquered in commerce, in manufactures, in science and in arts. These are known of all men who keep pace with the world's prog- ress. I am here in behalf of the government of the United States, in be- half of all the people, to bid all hail to Chicago, all hail to the Colum- bian Exposition. From the St. Lawrence to the gulf, and from the peerless cosmopol- itan capital by the sea to the Golden Gulf of California, there is no longer a rival city to Chicago, except to emulate her in the success of this work. New York has signalized the opening of this new era by a commem- orative function instructive to the student, encouraging to the philan- thropist, and admonitory to the forces arrayed against liberty. Her houses of worship, without distinction of creed, have voiced their thanks to Almighty God for religious freedom: her children to the number of five a:id twenty thousand have marched under the inspira- tion of a light far broader than Columbus, with all his thirst for know- ledge, enjoyed at the University of Pavis; and for three successive days and nights processional progress on land and water, aided by Spain, and Italy, and France, saluted the memory of the great pilot with the fruits of the great discovery in a pageant more brilliant than that at Barcelona, when, upon a throne of Persia fabrics, Ferdinand and Isabella disregar- ded the etiquette of Castle and Aragon and received him standing, atten- ded by the most splended court of Christendom. And what a spectacle is presented to us here. As we gaze upon these munificent erections, with their colnmns and arches, their entabalatures adornments, when we consider their beauty and rapidity of realization, they would seem to be evoked at a wizard's touch of Aladdin's lamp. Praise for the organization and accomplishment, for the architect and builder, for the artist and artisan, may not now detain me, for in the year to come, in the mouths of all men it will be unstinted. These are worthy shrines to record the achievements of the two Americas and to place them side by side with the arts and industries of the elder world, to the end that we may be stimulated and encouraged to new endeavors. Columbus is not in chains nor are Columbian ideas in fetters. I see him, as in the great picture under the dome of the capital, with kneeling figures about him, betokening no longer the contrition of his followers but the homage of mankind, with erect form and lofty mien animating these children of a new world to higher facts and bolder theories. We may not now appreciate the character and value of our national exhibit. Rather may we modestly anticipate that a conservative award will be made by the world's criticism to a young nation eagerly listening to the beckoning future, within whose limits the lightning first plucked from heaven at the will of man, where the expansive power of steam was first compelled to transport mankind and merchandise over the water- ways of the world, where the implements of agriculture and handicraft have been so perfected as to lighten the burdens of toil, and where the subtle forces of nature, acting through the telegraph and telephone, are daily startling the world by victories over matter, which in the days of Columbus might have been reckoned among the miracles. We can safely predict, however, ;hose who will come from the near and distant regions of our country and who will themselves make part of the national exhibit. We shall see the descendants of the loyal cavaliers of Virginia, of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England, of the sturdy Hol- landers who in 1624 bought the 22,000 acres of the Island of Manhattan for the sum of $24, of the adherents of the old Christian faith who found a resting place in Baltimore, of the Quakers and Palatine Germans who settled in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, of the Huguenots, who fled from the revocation of the edict of Nantes to the banks of the Hudson in the North and those of the Cooper and Ashley Rivers in the South, of the refugees from Salzburg in Georgia, and of Charles Edward's Highlanders in North Carolina. With them also we shall have in person, or in their sons, the thousands of others from many climes who, with moderate fortunes, have joined their future to that of the great republic, or who with sinewy arms have opened our waterways and builded our ironways. We trust that from the lands beyond the seas many will come to en" gage in fraternal competition or to point us to more excellent standards. If they shall find little in our product to excite their admiration, we shall welcome them to the atmosphere of the New World where some of the best efforts have been made in the cause of freedom and progress by Washington, and Franklin and Lafayette; by Agassiz, and Lincoln and Grant; by Bolivar, and Juarez, and Toussaint L'Ouverture; by Fulton, and Morse, and Edison. Columbus lived in the age of great events. When he was a child, in 1440, printing was first done with movable types; seven years later the Vatican Library, the great fountain of learning, was founded by Nicho- las the Fifth; and 1455 is given as the probable date of the Mazarine Bible, the earliest printed book known. It was not until fully a hundred years after the discovery that Galileo, pointing his little telescope to the sky,found the satellites of Jupiter and was hailed Columbus of the heavens. His character was complex, as was that of many of the men of his time who made their mark in history. But his character and attain- ments are to be estimated by these of his contemporaries and not by other standards. Deeply read in mathematical science, he was certainly the best geographer of his t>me. I believe, with Castelar, that he was sincerely religious, but his sincerity did not prevent him from indulging in dreams. He projected, as the eloquent Spanish author says, the pur- chase of the holy places of Jerusalem, in the event of his finding seas of pearls, cities of gold, streets paved with sapphires, mountains of emer- alds and rivers of diamonds. How remote, and yet how marvelous has been the realization! Two products of the Southern continent, which he touched and brought into the world's economy, have pr jved of inesti- mable value to the race, far beyond what the imagined wealth of the In- dies could buy. The potato brought by the Spaniards from what is now the Republic of Ecuador in the beginning of the century following the discovery, has proved next to the principal cereals to be the most valuable of all plants for human food. It has sensibly increased the wealth of nations and added immeasurably to the welfare of the people. More certain than other crops, and having little to fear from storm or drought, it is hail*"! as an effectual barrier against the recurrence of famines. OF* Nor was the other product of less importance to mankind. Peru- vian hark comes from a tree of spontaneous growth in Peru, and many other parts of South America. It received its botanical name from the wife of a Spanish viceroy, liberated from an intermittent fever by its use. Its most important base, quinine, has come to be regarded, as nearly as may be, as a specific for that disease, and also for the preser- vation of health in certain latitudes, so that no vessel would dare to ap- proach the east or west coast of Africa without a supply, and parts of our own land would be made partially desolate by its disappearance. No words that I could use could magnify the blessings brought to mankind by these two individuals of the vegetable kingdom from the shores of the New World. Limited time for preparation does not permit me to speak authori- tatively of the progress and proud position of our sister republics and of the Dominion of Canada to demonstrate the moral and material fruits of the great discovery. Concerning ourselves the statistics are familiar and constitute a marvel. One of the States recently admitted, the State of Montana, is larger than the empire of Turkey. We are near the beginning of another century, and if no serious change occurs in our present growth, in the year 1935, in the lifetime of many now in manhood, the English-speaking republicans of America will number more than 180.000.000. And for them John Bright, in a burst of impassioned eloquence, predicts one people, one language, one law and one faith; and all over the wide continent, the home of freedom and a refuge for the oppressed of every race and every clime. The transcendent feature in the character of Columbus was his faith. That sustained him in days of trial and darkness, and finally gave him the great discovery. Like him let us have faith in our future. To insure that future let the fountains be kept pure, public integrity must be preserved. While we reverence what Garibaldi and Victor Emanuel fought for the union of peoples we must secure above all else what Steuben and Kosciusko aided our fathers to establish liberty reg- ulated by law. If the time should ever come when men trifle with the public con- science, let me predict the patriotic action of the republic in the lan- guage of Milton: "Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man after a sleep, and shaking her invincible locks; methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kindling her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam; purging and unsealing her long-abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly radiance; while the whole noise of timorous and nocking birds, with those also who love the twilight, flutter about, amazed at what she means," Mr. President, in the name of the President of the United States, I hereby dedicate these buildings and their appurtenances, intended by the Congress of the United States for the use of the World's Columbian Exposition, to the world's progress in art, in science, in agriculture and in manufactures. I dedicate them to humanity. God save the United States of America. HENRY WATTERSON S ADDRESS. Among the wonders of creative and constructive genius in the course of preparation for this Festival of the Nations, whose formal and official inauguration has brought us together, will presently be witnessed upon the margin of the interocean which gives to this noble and beautiful city the character and rank of a maritime metropolis, a spectatorium, where- in the Columbian epic will be told with realistic effects surpassing the most splendid and impressive achievements of the modern stage. No one who has had the good fortune to see the models of this extraordinary work of art can have failed to be moved by the union, which it embodies, and of the antique in history and the current in life and thought, as, beginning with the weird mendicant fainting upon the hillside of Santa Rabida it traces the strange adventures of the Genoese seer from the royal camp of Santa Pe to the sunny coasts of the Isle of Inde; through the weary watches of the endless night, whose sentinel stars seemed set to mock but not to guide; through the trackless and shoreless wastes of the mystic sea, spread day by day to bear upon every rise and fall of its heaving bosom the death of fair, fond hopes, the birth of fantastic fears; the peerless and thrilling revelation, and all that has followed to the very moment that beholds us here, citizens, freemen, equal shareholders in the miracle of American civilization and development. Is there one among us who does not thank his Maker that he has lived to join in this universal celebration, this jubilee of mankind? I am appalled when I reflect upon the portent and meaning of the proclamation which has been delivered in our presence. The painter employed by the king's command to render to the eye some particular exploit of the people, or the throne, knows in advance precisely what he has to do; there is a limit set upon his purpose; his canvas is measured, his colors are blended, and. with the steady and sure hand of the master, he proceeds, touch upon touch, to body forth the forms of things known and visible. Who shall measure the canvas or blend the colors that are to bring to the mind's eye of the present the scenes of the past in Ameri- can glory? Who shall da.re attempt to summon the dead to life, and out of the tomb of the ages recall the tones of the martyrs and heroes whose voices, though silent forever, still speak to us in all that we are as a nation, in all that we do as men and women? We look before and after, and we see through the half-drawn folds of Time as through the solemn archways of some grand cathedral the long procession pass, as silent and as real as a dream; the caravels, toss- ing upon Atlantic billows, have their sails refilled from the east and bear away to the west; the land is reached, and fulfilled is the vison whose actualities are to be gathered by other hands than his who planned the voyage and steered the bark of discovery; the long-sought golden day has come to Spain at last, and Castilian conquests tread upon one another fast enough to pile up perpetual power and riches. But even as simple justice was denied Columbus, was lasting tenure denied the Spaniard. We look again and we see in the far Northeast the Old-World strug- gle between the French and English transferred to the New, ending in the tragedy upon the heights above Quebec; we see the sturdy Puritans in bell-crowned hats and sable garments assail in unequal battle the savage and the elements, overcoming both to rise against a mightier foe; we see the gay but dauntless cavaliers, to the southward, join hands with the Roundheads in holy rebellion. And, low down from the green- walled hills of New England, out of the swamps of the Carolinas, come faintly to the ear like far-away forest leaves stirred to music by autumn winds, the drum-taps of the revolution; the tramp of the minute-men, Israel Putnam riding before; the hoof-beats of Sumter's horse galloping to the front; the thunder of Stark's guns in spirit- battle; the gleam of Marion's watch-fires in ghostly bivouac; and there, there in serried, saint-like ranks on fame's eternal camping-ground stand The old Continentals, In their ragged regimentals. Yielding not. as amid the singing of angels in heaven, the scene is shut out from our mortal vision by proud and happy tears. We see the rise of the young republic; and the gentlemen in knee- breeches and powdered wigs who signed the Declaration and the gentle- men in knee-breeches who made the Constitution. We see the little Nation menanced from without. We see the riflemen in hunting shirt and buckskin swarm from the cabin in the wilderness to the rescue of country and home; and our hearts swell to a second and final decree of independence won by the prowess and valor of American arms upon the land and sea. And then, and then since there is no life of nations or of men with- out its shadow and its sorrow there comes a day when the spirits of the fathers no longer walk upon the battlements of freedom; and all is dark: and all seem lost save liberty and honor, and, praise God, our blessed Union. With these surviving, who shall marvel at what we see to-day; this land filled with the treasures of earth; this city, snatched from the ashes, to rise in splendor and renown passing the mind to preconceive? We are met this day to honor the memory of Christopher Columbus, to celebrate the four-hundredth annual return of the year of his trans- cendent achievement, and, with fitting rites, to dedicate to America and the universe a concrete exposition of the world's progress between 1492 and 1892. No twenty centuries can be compared with those four centu- ries, either in importance or in interest, as no previous ceremonial can be compared with this in its wide significance and reach; because since the advent of the son of God, no event has so great an influence upon human affairs as the discovery of the Western Hemisphere. Each of the centuries that have intervened marks many revolutions. The merest catalogue would crowd a thousand pages. The story of the least of the nations would fill a volume. In what I have to say upon this occasion, therefore, I shall confine myself to our own; and, in speaking of the United States of America, I propose rather to dwell upon our character as a people, and our reciprocal obligations and duties as an aggregation of communities, held together by a fixed Constitution, and charged with the custody of a union upon whose preservation and perpetuation in its original spirit and purpose the future of free popular government depends, than to enter into a dissertation upon abstract principles, or to undertake an historic essay. We are a plain practical people. We are a race of inventors and workers, not of poets and artists. We have led the world's movement, not its thought. Our deeds are to be found not upon the frescoed walls, or in ample libraries, but in the machine shop, where the spindles sing and the looms thunder; on the open plain, where the steam plow, the reaper, and the mower contend with one another in friendly war against the obduracies of nature; in the magic of electricity as it penetrates the darkest caverns with its irresistible power and light. Let us consider ourselves and our conditions, as far as we are able, with a candor untinged by cynicism and a confidence with no air of assurance. A better opportunity could not be desired for a study of our peculiari- ties than is furnished by the present moment. We are in the midst of the quadrennial period established for the selection of a Chief Magistrate. Each citizen has his right of choice, each has his right to vote and to have his vote freely cast and fairly counted. Whenever this right is assailed for any cause, wrong is done and evil must follow, first to the whole country, which has an interest in all its parts, but most to the "community immediately involved, which must actually drink of the cup that has contained the poison, ot^ The abridgement of the right of suffrage, however, is very nearly proportioned to the ignorance or indifference of the parties concerned in it, and there is good reason to hope that with the expanding intelligence of the masses and the growing enlightenment of the times, this particular form of corruption in elections will be reduced below the danger-line. To that end, as to all other good ends, the moderation of public sen- timent must ever be our chief reliance, for when men are forced by the general desire for truth, and the light which our modern vehicles of information throw upon truth, to discuss public questions for truth's sake, when it becomes the plain interest of pnblic men. as it is their plain duty, to do this, and when, above all, friends and neighbors cease to love one another less because of individual differences of opinion about public affairs, the struggle for unfair advantage will be relegated to those who have either no character to lose or none to seek. It is admitted on all sides that the current Presidential campaign is freer from excitement and tumult than was ever known before, and it is argued from this circumstance that we are traversing the epoch of the commonplace. If this be so, thank God for it ! We have had full enough of the dramatic and sensational and need a season of mediocrity and repose. But may we not ascribe the rational way in which the peo- ple are going about their business to larger knowledge and experience, and a fairer spirit than have hitherto marked our party contentions'? Parties are as essential to free government as oxygen to the atmos- phere, or sunshine to vegetation. And party spirit is inseparable from party organism. To the extent that it is tempered by good sense and good feeling, by love of country and integrity of purpose, it is a supreme virtue; and there should be no gag short of a decent regard for the sen- sibilities of others put upon its freedom and plainness of utterance. Otherwise the limpid pool of democracy would stagnate, and we should have a republic only in name. But we should never cease t j be admon- ished by the warning words of the Father of his Country against the ex- cess of party spirit, reinforced as they are by the experience of a century of party warfare; a warfare happily culminating in the complete tri- umph of American principles, but brought many times dangerously near to the annihilation of all that was great and noble in the national life. Sursum Corda. We have in our time seen the republic survive an irrepressible conflict, sown in the blood and marrow of the social order. We have seen the Federal Union, not too strongly put together in the first place, come out of a great war of sections stronger than when it went into it, its faith renewed, its credit rehabilitated, and its flag sa- luted with love and homage by 70,000,000 of God-fearing men and women thoroughly reconciled and homogeneous. We have seen the Federal Constitution outlast the strain, not merely of a reconstructory ordeal and a Presidential impeachment, but a disputed coiint of the Electoral Vote, a Congressional deadlock and an extra constitutional tribunal, yet stand- ing firm against the assaults of its enemies, whilst yielding itself with admirable flexibility to the needs of the country and the time. And finally, we saw the gigantic fabric of the Federal Government transferred from hands that held it a quarter of a century to other hands without a protest, although so close was the poll in the final count that a single blanket might have covered both contestants for the Chief Magisterial office. With such a record behind us, who shall be afraid of the future? The young manhood of the country may take this lesson from those of us who who lived through times that did indeed try men's souls when, pressed down from day to day by awful responsibilities and sus- pense, each night brought a terror with every thought of the morrow, and when, look where we would, there were light and hope nowhere that God reigns and wills, and that this fair land is and has always been in his own keeping. The curse of slavery is gone. It was a joint heritage of woe, to be wiped out and expiated in blood and flame. The mirage of the Confed- eracy has vanished. It was essentially bucolic, a vision of Arcadia, the dream of a most attractive economic fallacy. The Constitution is no longer a rope of sand. The exact relations of the States to the Federal Government, left open to double construction by the authors of our or- ganic being because they could not agree among themselves and union was the paramount object, has been clearly and definitely fixed by the last three amendments to the original chart, which constitute the real treaty of peace between the North and the South, and seal our bonds as a nation forever. The republic represents at last the letter and spirit of the sublime declaration. The fetters that bound her to the earth are burst asunder. The rags that degraded her beauty are cast aside. Like the enchanted Princess in the legend, clad in spotless raiment and wearing a crown of living light, she steps in the perfection of her maturity npon the scene of this, the latest and proudest of her victories, to bid a welcome to the world ! Need I pursue the theme? This vast assemblage speaks with a res- onance and meaning which words can never reach. It speaks from the fields that are blessed from the never-failing waters of the Kennebec and from the farms that sprinkle the valley of the Connecticut with mimic principalities more potent and lasting than the real; it speaks in the whirr of the mills of Pennsylvania, and in the ring of the wood-cutter's ax from the forests of the lake peninsulas; it speaks from the great plan- tations of the South and West, teeming with staples that insure us wealth and power and stability; yea, and from the mines and forests and OF- THE quarries of Michigan and Wisconsin, of Alabama and Georgia, of Ten- nessee and Kentucky, far away to the regions of silver and gold, that have linked the Colorado and the Rio Grande in close embrace, and an- nihilated time and space between the Atlantic and the Pacific: it speaks in one word from the hearthstone in Iowa and Illinois, from the home in Mississippi and Arkansas, from the hearts of 70,000,000 of fearless, free- born men and women, and that one word is "Union !" There is no geography in American manhood. There are no sec- tions to American fraternity. It needs but six weeks to change a Ver- monter into a, Texan, and there never has been a time when upon the battlefield or the frontier, Puritan and Cavalier were not convertible terms, having in the beginning a common origin, and so diffused and di- luted on American soil as no longer to possess a local habitation, or a nativity, except in the national unit. The men who planted the signals of American civilization upon that sacred rock of Plymouth Bay were Englishmen, and so were the men who struck the coast a little lower down, calling their haven of rest after the great republican commoner, and founding by Hampton Roads a race of heroes and statesmen, the mention of whose names brings a thrill to every heart. The South claims Lincoln, the immortal, for its own; the North has no right to reject Stonewall Jackson, the one typical Puritan soldier of the war, for its own ! Nor will it ! The time is coming, is almost here, when hanging above many a mantel-board in fair New England glorifying many a cottage in the Sunny South shall be seen together, in everlasting love and honor, two cross-swords carried to bat- tle respectively by the grandfather who wore the blue, and the grand- father who wore the gray. I cannot trust myself to proceed. We have come here not so much to recall bygone sorrows and glories as to bask in the sunshine of pres- ent prosperity and happiness, to interchange patriotic greetings and in- dulge good auguries, and, above all, to meet upon the threshhold the stranger within our gate, not as a foreigner, but as a guest and friend, for whom nothing that we have is too good. From wheresoever he cometh we welcome him with all our hearts; the son of the Rhone and the Garonne, our godmother, Prance, to whom we owe so much, he shall be our Lafayette; the son of the Rhine and the Moselle, he shall be our Goethe and our Wagner; the son of the Cam- pagna and the Vesuvian Bay, he shall be our Michael Angelo and our Garibaldi; the son of Arragon and the Indes, he shall be our Christopher Columbus, fitly honored at last throughout the world. Our good cousin of England needs no words of special civility and courtesy from us. For him the latch-string is ever on the outer side; though, whether it be or not, we are sure that he will enter and make himself at home. A common language enables us to do full justice to one another at the festive board or in the arena of debate, warning both of us in equal tones against further parley on the field of arms. All nations and all creeds be welcome here; from the Bosphorus and the Black Sea. the Viennese woods and the Danubian plains; from Hol- land dike to Alpine crag; from Belgrade and Calcutta and round to China seas and the busy marts of Japan, the isles of the Pacific and the far-away capes of Africa Armenian, Christian and Jew the American, loving no country except his own, but loving all mankind as his brother, bids you enter and fear not; bids you partake with us of the fruits of 400 years of American civilization and development and behold these tro- phies of 100 years of American independence and freedom ! At this moment in every part of the American Union the children are taking up the wondrous tale of the discovery, and from Boston to Galveston, from the little log school house in the wilderness to the tow- ering academy in the city and the town, may be witnessed the unprece- dented spectacle of a powerful nation captured by an army of Lilliputs, of embryo men and women, of topling boys and girls, and tiny elves scarcely big enough to lisp the numbers of the national anthem; scarce strong enough to lift the miniature flags that make of arid street and autumn wood an emblematic garden, to gladden the sight and to glorify the red, white and blue. See "Our young barbarians all at play." for better than these we have nothing to exhibit. They, indeed, are our crown jewels; the truest, though the inevitable, offsprings of our civilization and development; the representatives of a manhood vitalized and invigorated by toil and care, of a womanhood elevated and inspired by liberty and education. God bless the children and their mothers ! God bless our country's flag ! And God be with us now and ever, God in the roof-tree's shade and God on the highway, God in the winds and waves, and God in all our hearts ! CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW'S ADDRESS. This day belongs not to Americans but to the world. The results of the events it commemorates are the heritage of the people of every race and clime. We celebrate the emancipation of man. The preparation was the work of almost countless centuries, the realization was the reve- lation of one. The cross on Calvary was hope; the cross raised on San Salvador was opportunity. But for the first, Columbus would never have sailed, but for the second there would have been no place for the planting, the nurture, and the expansion of civil and religious liberty. Ancient history is a dreary record of unstable civilizations. Each reached its zenith of material splendor, and perished. The Assyrian, Persian, Egyptian. Grecian, and Roman Empires were proof of the possibilities and limitations of man for conquest and intellectual development. Their destruction involved a sum of misery and relapse which made their crea- tion rather a curse than a blessing. Force was the factor in the govern- ment of the world when Christ was born, and force was the sole source and exercise of authority both by Church and State when Columbus sailed from Palos. The wise men traveled from the east towards the west under the guidance of the Star of Bethlehem. The spirit of equality of all men before God and the law moved westward from Calvary with its revolu- tionary influence upon old institutions to the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus carried it westward across the seas. The emigrants from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, from Germany and Holland, from Sweden and Denmark, from France and Italy have, under its guidance and inspi- ration, moved west, and again west, building States and founding cities until the Pacific limited their march. The exhibition of arts and scien- ces, of industries and inventions, of education and civilization which the Republic of the United States will here present, and to which, through its Chief Magistrate, it invites all nations, condenses and displays the flower and fruitage of this transcendent miracle. The anarchy and chaos which followed the breaking up of the Roman Empire necessarily produced the feudal system. The people preferring slavery to annihilation by robber chiefs became the vassals of territorial lords. The reign of physical force is one of perpetual struggle for the mastery. Power which rests upon the sword neither shares nor limits its authority. The king destroys the lords, and the monarchy succeeded feudalism. Neither of these institutions considered or consulted the people. They had no part but to suffer or die in this mighty strife of masters for the mastery. But the throne, by its broader view and greater resources, made possible the construction of the highways of free- dom. Under its banner races could unite, and petty principalities be merged, law substituted for brute force, and right for might. It founded and endowed universities a:id encouraged commerce. It conceded no political privileges, but unconsciously prepared its subjects to demand them. Absolutism in the State and bigoted intolerance in the Church shackled popular unrest and and imprisoned thought and enterprise in the fifteenth century. The divine right of kings stamped out the faintest glimmer of revolt against tyranny; and the problems of science were solved or submerged by ecclesiastical decrees. The dungeon was ready for *he philosopher who proclaimed the truths of the solar system or the navigator who would prove the sphericity of the earth. An English Gladstone, or a French Gambetta, or a German Bismarck, or an Italian Garibaldi, or a Spanish Castelar would have been thought monsters, and their deaths at the stake, or on the scaffold, and under the anathemas of the church would have received the praise and approval of kings and nobles, of priests and peoples. Reason had no seat in spiritual or tem- poral realms. Punishment was the incentive to patriotism, and piety was held possible by torture. Confessions of faith extorted from the writhing victim on the rack were believed efficacious in saving nis soul from fires eternal beyond the grave. For all that humanity to-day cherishes as its best heritage and choicest gifts, there was neither thought nor hope. Fifty years before Columbus sailed from Palos, Guttenberg and Faust had forged the hammer which was to break the bonds of superstition and open the prison doors of the mind. They had invented the printing press and movable types. The prior adoption of a cheap process for the manufacture of paper at once utilized the press. Its first service, like all of its succeeding efforts, was for the people. The universities and the schoolmen, the privileged and the learned few of that age, were longing for the revelation and preservation of the classic treasures of of antiquity hidden and yet insecure in monastic cells and libraries. But the first born of the marvelous creation of these primitive printers of Mayence was the printed Bible. The priceless contributions of Greece and Rome to the intellectual training and development of the modern world came afterwards, through the same wondrous machine. 55 The force, however, which made possible America, and its reflex influence upon Europe, was the open Bible by the family fireside. And yet neither ths enlightenment of the new learning, nor the dynamic power of the spiritual awakening, could break through the crust of caste which had been forming for centuries. Church and State had so dextrously inter- woven the bars of privilege and authority that liberty was impossible from within. Its piercing light and penetrating heat must penetrate from without. Civil and religious freedom are founded upon the individual and his independence, his worth, his rights, and his equal status and opportunity. For his planting and development a new land must be found, where, with limitless areas for expansion, the avenues of progress would have no bars of custom or heredity, of social orders or privileged classes. The time had come for the emancipation of the mind and soul of humanity. The factors wanting for its fulfillment were the New World and its discoverer. God always has in training some commanding genius for the control of great crises in the affairs of nations and peoples. The number of these leaders is less than the centuries, but their lives are the history of human progress. Though Caesar, and Charlemagne, and Hildebrand, TME: and Luther, and William the Conqueror, and Oliver Cromwell, and all the epoch-makers prepared Europe for the event, and contributed to the result, the lights which illuminate our firmament to-day are Columbus the discoverer, Washington the founder, and Lincoln the savior. Neither realism nor romance furnishes a more striking and pictur- esque figure than that of Christopher Columbus. The mystery about his origin heightens the charm of his story. That he came from among the toilers of his time is in harmony with the struggles of our period. For- ty-four authentic portraits of him have descended to us, and no two of them are counterfeits of the same person. Strength, intellectuality and stupidity, high moral purpose and brutal ferocity, purity and licentious- ness, the dreamer and the miser, the pirate and the puritan, are the types from which we may select our hero. We dismiss the painter, and piercing with the clarified vision of the dawn of the twentieth century the veil of 400 years, we construct our Columbus. The perils of the sea in his youth upon the rich argosies of Genoa, or in the service of the licensed rovers who made them their prey, had developed a skillful navigator and an intrepid mariner. They had given him a glimpse of the possibilities of the unknown beyond the highways of travel which aroused an unquenchable thirst for adventure and re- search. The study of the narratives of previous explorers and diligent questionings of the daring spirits who had ventured far towards the fa- bled west gradually evolved a theory which became in his mind so fixed a fac t that he could inspire others with his own passionate beliefs. The words, ''that is a lie," written by him on thema r gin of nearlyevery page of a volume of the travels of Morco Polo, which is still to be found in a Genoese library, illustrate the skepticism of his beginning, and the first vision of the New World the fufillment of his faith. To secure the means to test the truth of his speculations, this poor and unknown dreamer must win the support of kings and overcome the the hostility of the church. He never doubted his ability to do both, though he knew of no man living who was so great in power, or lineage, or learning that he could accomplish either. Unaided and alone he suc- ceeded in arousing the jealousies of sovereigns and dividing- the councils of ecclesiastics. "I will command your fleet and discover for you new realms, but only on condition that you confer on me hereditary nobility, the Admiralty of the ocean, and the Vice-Royalty and one-tenth of the revenues of the New World," were his haughty terms to King John of Portugal. After ten years of disappointment and poverty, subsisting most of the time upon the charity of the enlightened monk of the Convent of Rabida, who was his unfaltering friend, he stood before the throne of Ferdinand and Isabella, and, rising to imperial dignity in his rage, em- bodied the same royal conditions to his petition. The capture of Granada, the expulsion of Islam from Europe, and the triumph of the cross aroused the admiration and devotion of Christendom. But this proud beggar, holding in his grasp the potential promise and dominion of El Djrado and Cathay, divided with the Moslem surrender the attention of sovereigns and of bishops. France and England indicated a desire to hear his theories and see his maps, while he was still a sup- pliant at the gates of the camp of Castile and Aragon, the sport of its courtiers and the scoff of its confessors. His unshaken faith that Chris- topher Columbus was commissioned from heaven, both by his name and by divine command to carry ''Christ across the sea" to new continents and pagan peoples, lifted him so far above the discouragements of an empty purse and a contemptuous court that he was proof against the rebuffs of fortune or of friends. To conquer the prejudices of the clergy, to win the approval and financial support of the State, to venture upon that unknown ocean, which, according to the beliefs of the age, was peopled with demons and savage beasts of frightful shape, and from which there was no possibility of return, required the zeal of Peter the Hermit, and chivalric courage of the Cid, and the imagination of Dante. Co/um- bus belonged to that high order of cranks who confidently tread where 'angels fear to tread," and often become the benefactors of their country or their kind. It was a happy omen of the position which woman was to hold in America, that the only person who comprehended the majestic scope of his plans, and the invincible quality of his genius, was the able and gra- cious queen of Castile. Isabella alone of all the dignitaries of that age shares with Columbus the honors of his great achievement. She arrayed her kingdom and her private fortune behind the enthusiasm of this mystic mariner, and posterity pays homage to her wisdom and faith. The overthrow of the Mohammedan power in Spain would have been a forgotten scene in one of the innumerable acts in the grand drama of history had not Isabella conferred immortality upon herself, her husband and their dual crown by her recognition of Columbus. The devout spirit of the Queen and the high purpose of the explorer inspired the voyage, subdued the mutinous crew, and prevailed over the raging storms. They covered, with the divine radiance of religion and humanity, the degrad- ing search for gold, and the horrors of its quest, which filled the first century of conquest with every form of lust and greed. The mighty soul of the great Admiral was undaunted by the ingrati- tude of Princes and the hostility of the people by imprisonment and neglect. He died as he was securing the means and preparing a cam- paign for the rescue of the holy sepulcher at Jerusalem from the intidel. He did not know, what time has .evealed, that while th-} mission of the crusades of Godfrey of Bouillon, and Richard of the Lion Heart was a OF* bloody and fruitless romance, the discovery of America was the salvation of the world. The one was the symbol, the other the spirit; the one death, the other life. The tomb of the Savior was a narrow and empty vault, precious only for its memories of the supreme tragedy of the cen- turies, but the new continent the home and temple of the living God. The rulers of the Old World began with partitioning the New. To them the discovery was expansion of empire and grandeur to the throne. Vast territories, whose properties and possibilities were little understood, and whose extent was greater than the kingdoms of the sovereigns, were the gifts to court favorites and the prizes of royal approval. But indi- vidual intelligence and independent conscience found here haven and refuge. They were the passengers upon the caravels of Columbus, and he was unconsciously making for the port of civil and religious liberty. Thinkers, who believed men capable of higher destinies and larger responsibilities, and pious people who preferred the Bible to that union of Church and State where each serves the other for the temporal benefit of both, fled to these distant and hospitable lands from intolerable and hopeless oppression at home. It required 300 years for the people thus happily situated to understand their own power and resources and to break bonds which were still reverenced or loved, no matter how deeply they wounded, or how hard they galled. The nations of Europe were so completely absorbed in dynastic diffi- culties and devastating wars, with diplomacy and ambitions, that they neither heeded nor heard of the growing democratic spirit and intelli- gence in their American colonies. To them these provinces were sources of revenue, and they never dreamed that they were also schools of liberty. That it exhausted three centuries under the most favorable conditions for the evolution of freedom on this continent demonstrates the tremen- dous strength of custom and heredity when sanctioned and sanctified by religion. The very chains which fettered became inextricably woven with the habits of life, the associations of childhood, the tenderest ties of the family, and the sacred offices of the church from the cradle to the grave. It clearly proves that if the people of the Old World and their descendants had not possessed the opportunities afforded by the New for their emancipation, and mankind had never experienced and learned the American example, instead of living in the light and glory of nineteenth century conditions they would still be struggling with medieval problems. The northern continent was divided between England, Prance and Spain, and southern between Spain and Portugal. Prance, wanting the capacity for calonization, which still characterizes her, gave up her western possessions and left the English, who have the genius of univer- sal empire, masters of North America. The development of the experi- ment in the English domain makes this day memorable. It is due to the wisdom and courage, the faith and virtue of the inhabitants of this ter- ritory that government of the people, for the people and by the people was inaugurated, and has become a triumphant success. The Puritan settled in New England and the Cavalier in the South. They repre- sented the opposite of spiritual and temporal life and opinions. The processes of liberty liberalized the one and elevated the other. Wash- ington and Adams were the new types. Their union in a common cause gave the world a republic both stable aud free. It possessed conserva- tism without bigotry, and liberty without license. It founded institu- tions strong enough to resist revolution, and elastic enough for indefinite extension to meet the requirements in government of ever enlarging the areas of population and the needs of progress and growth. The Mayflower, with the Pilgrims, and a Dutch ship laden with African slaves were on the ocean at the same time, the one sailing for Massachusetts and the other for Virginia. This company of saints and first cargo of slaves represented the forces which were to peril and res- cue free government. The slaver was the product of the commercial spirit of Great Britain and the greed of the times to stimulate produc- tion in the colonies. The men who wrote in the cabin of the Mayflower the first charter of freedom, a government of just and equal laws, were a little band of protestants against every form of injustice and tyranny. The leaven of their pi inciples made possible the Declaration of Indepen- dence, liberated the slaves, and founded the new Commonwealths which form the Republic of the United States. Platforms of principles, whether by petition, or protest or statement, have been as frequent as revolts against established authority. They are parts of the political literature of all nations. The Declaration of Independence proclaimed at Philadelphia, July 4th, 1776, is the only one of them which arrested the attention of the world when it was published, and has held its undivided interest ever since. The vocabulary of the equality of man had been in familiar use by philosophers and statesmen for ages. It expressed noble sentiments, but their application was lim- ited to classes or conditions. The masses cared little for them, nor re- membered, them long. Jefferson's superb crystalization of the popular opinion, that ''all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, lib- erty and the pursuit of happiness," had its force and effect in being the deliberate utterance of the people. Tt swept away in a single sentence Kings and nobles, peers and prelates. It was magna charta, and the pe- tition of rights planted in the virgin soil of the American wilderness, and bearing richer and riper fruit. Under its vitalizing influence upon the individual, the farmer left his plow in the furrow, the lawyer his books and briefs, the merchant his shop, and the workman his bench, to THE; enlist in the patriot army. They were fighting for themselves and their children. They embodied the idea in their Constitution, in the immor- tal words with which that instrument of liberty and order began. "We, the people of the United States, do ordain." The scope and limitations of this idea of freedom have neither been misinterpreted nor misunderstood. The laws of nature in their applica- tion to the rise and recognition of men according to their mental, moral, spiritual, and physical endowments are left undisturbed. But the acci- dent of birth gives no rank and confers no privilege. Equal rights and common opportunity for all have been the spurs of ambition and the motors of progress. They have established the common schools and built the public libraries. A sovereign people have learned and enforced the lesson of free education. The practice of government is itself a liberal education. People who make their own laws need no law-givers. After a century of successful trial the system has passed the period of experiment, and its demonstrated permanency and power are revolu- tionizing the governments of the world. It has raised the largest armies of modern times for self-preservation, and the successful termination of war returned the soldiers to the pursuits of peace. It has so adjusted itself to the pride and patriotism of the defeated that they vie with the victors in their support and enthusiasm for the old flag and our common country. Imported Anarchists have preached their baleful doctrines, but have made no converts. They have tried to inaugurate a reign of terror under the banner of the violent seizure and distribution of pro- perty only to be defeated, imprisoned, and executed by the law made by the people and enforced by juries selected from the people. Socialism finds disciples only among those who were its votaries before they were forced to fly from their native land, but it does not take root upon Ameri- can soil. The state neither supports nor permits taxation to maintain the church. The citizen can worship God according to his belief and conscience, or he may neither reverence nor recognize the Almighty. And yet religion has flourished, churches abound, the ministry is sus- tained, and millions of dollars are contributed annually for the evange- lization of the world. The United States is a Christian country and a living and practical Christianity is the characteristic of its people. Benjamin Franklin, philosopher and patriot, amused the jaded courtiers of Louis XVI. by his talks about liberty, and entertained the scientists of Prance by bringing lightning from the clouds. In the reckoning of time the period from Franklin to Morse, and from Morse to Edison is but a span, and yet it marks a material development as mar- velous as it has been beneficent. The world has been brought into con- tact and sympathy. The electric current thrills and unifies the people of the globe. Power and production, highways and transports have been so mutiplied and improved by inventive genius that within the century of our independence 64,000,000 of people have happy homes and improved conditions within our borders. We have accumulated wealth far beyond the visions of the Cathay of Columbus, or the El Dorado of De Sota. But the farmers and freeholders, the savings banks and shops illustrate its universal distribution. The majority are its possessors and administra- tors. In housing and living, in the elements which make the toiler a self-respecting and respected citizen, in avenues of hope and ambition for children, in all that gives broader scope and keener pleasure to existence, the people of this republic enjoy advantages far beyond those of other lands. The unequal and phenomenal progress of the country has opened wonderful opportunities for making fortunes and stimulated to madness the desire and rush for the accumulation of money. Material prosperity has not debased literature nor debauched the press; it has neither para- lyzed nor repressed intellectual activity. American science and letters have received rank and recognition in the older centers of learning. The demand for higher education has so taxed the resources of the ancient universities as to compel the foundation and liberal endowment of colleges all over the Union. Journals remarkable for their ability, independence, and power find their strength not in the patronage of government or the subsidies of wealth, but in the support of a nation of newspaper readers. The humblest and poorest person has in periodicals, whose price is counted in pennies, a library large, fuller, and more varied than was within the reach of the rich at the time of Columbus. The sum of human happiness has been infinitely increased by the millions from the Old World, who have improved their conditions in the New. and the returning tide of lessons and experience has incalculably enriched the Fatherlands. The divine right of Kings has taken its place with the instruments of mediaeval torture among the curiosities of the antiquary. Only the shadow of kingly authority stands between the government of themselves, by themselves, and the people of Norway and Sweden. The union in one Empire of States of Germany is the symbol of Teutonic power and the hope of German liberalism. The petty despotisms of Italy have been merged into a nationality which has centralized its authority in its ancient eapitol on the hills of Rome. France was rudely aroused from the sullen submission of centu- ries to intolerable tyranny by its soldiers returning from service in the American Revolution. The wild orgies of the reign of terror were the revenges and excesses of the people who had discovered their power but were not prepared for its -beneficent use. It fled from itself into the arms of Napoleon. He, too, was a product of the American experiment. He played with kings as with toys, and educated France for liberty. In the processes of its evolution from darkness to light it tried Bourbon and THIS -\*/ Orleanist and the third Napoleon, and east them aside. Now in the full- ness of time, and through the training in the school of hardest experi- ence, the French people have reared and enjoy a permanent republic. England of the Mayflower and of James II, England of George III and of Lord North, has enlarged suffrage, and is to-day animated and governed hy the democratic spirit. She has her throne, admirably occupied by one of the wisest of sovereigns and best of women, but it would not sur- vive one dissolute and unworthy successor. She has her hereditary peers, but the House of Lords will be brushed aside the moment it resists the will of the people. The time has arrived for both a closer union and greater distance between the Old World and the New. The former indiscriminate wel- come to our prairies, and the present invitation to these palaces of art and industry, mark the passing period. Unwatched and unhealthy im- migration can no longer be permitted to our shores. We must have a national quarantine against disease, pauperism and crime. We do not want candidates for our hospitals, our poorhouses or our jails. We can- not admit those who come to undermine our institutions and subvert our laws. But we will gladly throw wide our gates for and receive with open arms those who, by intelligence and virtue, by thrift and loyalty, are worthy of receiving the equal advantages of the priceless gift of American citizenship. The spirit and object of this exhibition are peace and kinship. - Three millions of Germans, who are among the best citizens of the republic, send greeting to the Fatherland their pride in its glorious his- tory, its ripe literature, its traditions and associations. Irish, equal in number to those who remain upon the Emerald Isle, who have illustrated their devotion to their adopted country on many a battlefield, fighting for the Union and its perpetuity, have rather intensified than diminished their love for the land of the shamrock and their sympathy with the as- pirations of their brethren at home. The Italian, the Spaniard and the Frenchman, the Norwegian, the Swede and the Dane, the English, the Scotch and the Welsh, are none the less loyal and devoted Americans because in this congress of their kin the tendrils of affection draw them closer to the hills and valleys, the legends and the loves associated with their youth. Edmund Burke, speaking in the British Parliament with prophetic voice, said: ''A great revolution has happened a revolution made not by chopping and changing of power in any of the existing States, but by the appearance of a new State, of a new species, in a new part of the globe. It has made a great change in all the relations and balances and gravitations of power as the appearance of a new planet would in the system of the solar world." Thus was the humiliation of a successful re- volt tempered to the motherland by pride in the State created by her children. If we claim heritage in Bacon, Shakspeare and Milton, we also acknowledge it was for liberties guaranteed Englishmen by sacred charters our fathers triumphantly fought. While wisely rejecting throne and caste and privilege and an established church in their new- born State, they adopted the substance of English liberty and the body of English law. Closer relations than with any other lands, and a com- mon language rendering easy interchanges of criticisms and epithet, sometimes irritate and offend, but the heart of republican America beats with responsive pulsations to the hopes and aspirations of the people of Great Britain. The grandeur and beauty of this spectacle are the eloquent witnesses of peace and progress. The Parthenon and the cathedral exhausted the genius of the ancients and the skill of the medieval architects in hous- ing the statue or spirit of deity. In their ruins or their antiquity they are mute protests against the merciless enmity of nations, which forced art to flee to the altar for protection. The United States welcomes the sister republics of the Southern and Northern Continents and the nations and peoples of Europe and Asia, of Africa and Australia, with the prod- ucts of their lands, of their skill and of their industry to this city of yes- terday, yet clothed with royal splendor as the Queen of the Great Lakes. The artists and architects of the country have been bidden to design and erect the buildings which shall fitly illustrate the height of civilization and the breadth of our hospitality. The peace of the world permits and protects their efforts in utilizing their powers for man's temporal wel- fare. The result is this Park of Palaces. The originality and boldness of their conceptions, and the magnitude and harmony of their creations, are the contribution of America to the oldest of the arts, and the cordial bidding of America to the peoples of the earth to come and bring the fruitage of their age to the boundless opportunities of this unparalleled exhibition. If interest in the affairs of this world is vouchsafed to those who have gone before, the spirit of Columbus hovers over us to-day. Only by celestial intelligence can it grasp the full significance of this spectacle and ceremonial. From the first century to the fifteenth counts for little in the history of progress, but in the period between the fifteenth and twentieth are crowded the romance and reality of human development. Life has been prolonged, and its enjoyment intensified. The powers of the air and the water, the resistless forces of the elements, which in the time of the dis- coverer were the visible terrors of the wrath of God, have been subdued to the service of man. Art and luxuries which could be possessed and enjoyed only by the rich and noble, the works of genius which were read Of and understood only by the learned few, domestic comforts and surround- ings beyond the reach of lord or bishop, now adorn and illumine the homes of our citizens. Serfs are sovereigns, and the people are kings. The trophies and splendors of their reign are commonwealths, rich in every attribute of great States, and united in a republic whose power and prosperity, and liberty and enlightenment, are the wonder and admira- tion of the world. All hail, Columbus, discoverer, dreamer, hero and apostle. We here, of every race and country, recognize the horizon which bounded his vision and the infinite scope of his genius. The voice of gratitude and praise for all the blessings which have been showered upon mankind by his adventure is limited to no language, but is uttered in every tongue. Neither marble nor brass can fitly form his statue. Continents are his monument, and unnumbered millions, past, present and to come, who enjoy in their liberties and their happiness the fruits of his faith, will reverently guard and preserve, from century to century, his name. ODEX BY MISS HARRIET MONROE. READ AND SUNG AT THE DEDICATORY CEREMONIES OF THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Columbia; on thy brow are dewy flowers Plucked from wide prairies and mighty hills. Lo! toward this day have the steadfast hours, Now to thy hope the world its beaker fills. The old earth hears a song of blessed themes, And lifts her head from a deep couch of dreams Her queenly nations, elder-born of time, Troop from high thrones to hear, Clasp thy strong hands, tread with thee paths. Lovingly bend the ear. [sublime. Spain, in the bordered robes of chivalry, Comes with slow foot and inward brooding eyes, Bow to her banner! 'twas the first to rise Out of the dark for thee. And England, royal mother, whose rignt hand Molds nations whose white feet the ocean tread, Lays down her sword on thy beloved strand To bless thy wreathed head; Hearing in thine her voice, bidding thy soul Fulfill her dream, the foremost at the goal. And France, who once thy fainting form upbore, Brings beauty now where strength she brought of yore. France, the swift-footed, who with thee Gazed in the eyes of Liberty. And loved the dark no more. Around the peopled world Bright Banners are unfurled. The long procession winds from shore to shore. The Norseman sails Through icy gales To the green Vineland of his long-ago, Russia rides down from realms of sun and snow. Germany casts afar Her iron robes of war, And strikes her harp with thy triumphal song. Italy opens wide her epic scroll, In bright hues emblazoned, with great deeds writ long, And bids thee win the kingdom of the soul. And the calm Orient, wise with many days, From hoary Palestine to sweet Japan, Salutes thy conquering youth; Bidding thee hush while all the nations praise, Know, though the world endure but for a span, Deathless is truth. Lo ! unto these the ever-living past Ushers a mighty pageant, bids arise Dead centuries, freighted with visions vast, Blowing dim mists into the future's eyes. Their song is all of thee, Daughter of mystery. Alone ! Alone ! Behind wide walls of sea ! And never a ship has flown A prisoned world to free. Fair is the sunny day On mountain, and lake and stream, Yet wild men starve and slay, And the young earth lies adream. Long have the dumb years pressed with vacant eyes, Bearing rich gifts for nations throned afar, Guarding thy soul inviolate as a star, Leaving thee safe with God till man grow wise. At last one patient heart is born Fearless of ignorance and scorn, His strong youth wasteth at thy sealed gate- Kings will not open to the untrod path. OF- His hope grows sere while all the angels wait, The prophet bows under the dull world's wrath. Until a woman fair As morning lilies are Brings him a jeweled key And lo ! a world is free. Wide swings the portal never touched before, Strange luring winds blow from an unseen shore, Toward dreams that cannot fail He bids the three ships sail, While man's new song of hope rings out against the gale. Over the wide unknown, Par to the shores of the Ind, On through the dark alone, Like a feather blown by the wind; Into the west away, Sped by the breath of God, Seeking the clearer day Where only his feet have trod; From the past to the future we sail; We slip from the leash of Kings. Hail, spirit of freedom hail! Unfurl thy impalpable wings! Receive us, protect us, and bless Thy knights who brave all for thee. Though death be thy soft caress, By that touch shall our souls be free Onward and ever on. Till the voice of despair is stilled, Till the haven of peace is won, And the purpose of God fulfilled. O strange, divine surprise! Out of the dark man strives to rise, And struggles inch by inch with toil and tears; Till, lo! God stoops from His supernal spheres, And bares the glory of His face, Then darkness flies afar. This earth becomes a star Man leaps up to the lofty place. We ask a little all is given, We Seek a lamp God grants us heaven, So these who dared to pass beyond the pale, For an idea tempting the shrouded seas, Sought but Cathay. God bade their faith prevail To find a world blessed his purposes! The hero knew not what virgin soil [he laid Laughed through glad eyes when at her feet The gaudy trappings of man's masquerade. She who had dwelt in forests, heard the roll Of lakes down thundering to the sea, Beheld the gleaming mountain heights Two oceans playing with the lights Of eve and morn ah' what should she With all the out-worn pageantry Of purple robes and heavy mace and crown? Smiling she casts them down, Unfit her young austerity Of hair unbound and strong limbs bare and brown. Yet they who dare arise And meet her stainless eyes Forget old loves, though crowned queens these be, And wither her winged feet fare They follow though death be there So sweet, so fleet, so goddess-pure is she. Her voice is like deep rivers that do flow Through forests bending low. Her step is softest moonlight, that doth force The ocean to its course. Gentle her smile, for something in man's face. World worn, timeweary, furrowed deep with tears, Thrills her chaste heart with a more tender grace. Softly she smooths the wrinkles from his brow, Wrought by the baleful years, Smiles sunshine on the hoar head, whisper slow New charges from the awakened will of truth Words all of fire that thrill his soul with youth, Not with his brother is man's battle here. The challenge of the earth, that AdamTieard, His love austere breathes in his eager ear, And lo! the knight who warred at love's command And scarred the face of Europe, sheathed his sword, Hearing from untaught lips a nobler word, Taking new weapons from an unstained hand. With ax and oar, with mallet and with spade, She bids the hero conquer, unafraid Though cloud-veiled Titans be his lordly foes Spirits of earth and air, whose wars brook no repose. For from far-away mountain and plain. From the shores of the sunset sea. The unwearying rulers complain, complain. And throng from the wastes to defend their reign, Their threatened Majesty, The low prairies that lie abloom Sigh out to the summer air; Shall our dark soil be the tomb Of the flowers that rise so fair ? Shall we yield to man's disdain, And nourish his golden grain? We will freeze, and burn, and snare. Ah ! bid him beware ! beware ! And the forests, heavy and dark and deeo With the shadows of shrouded years, In a murmurous voice, out of age-long sleec, Ask the winds: What creature rude Would storm our solitude ? Hath his soul no fears, no tears ? The prone rivers lift up their snow-crowned heads, Arise in wrath from their rock-hewn beds, And roar: We will ravage and drown Ere we float his white ships down, And the lakes from a mist Of amethyst Call the storm-clouds down and grow ashen and brown. And all the four winds wail : Our gales shall make him quail, By blinding snow, by burning sun His strength shall be undone. Then men in league with these Brothers of wind and waste Hew barbs of flint, and darkly haste OF* Prom sheltering tents and trees; And mutter : Away ! away ! Ye children of white-browed day ! Who dares profane our wild gods' reign We torture and trap and slay. Child of the light, the shadows fall in vain. Herald of God, in vain the powers conspire. Armed with truth's holy cross, faith's sacred fire, Though often vanquished, he shall rise again, Nor rest till the wild lords of earth and air Bow to his will, his hurdens glad to bear. The angels leave him not through the long strife, But sing large annals of their own wide life, Luring him on to freedom. On that field, From giants won, shall man be slave to man ? Lo ! clan on claa, The embattled nations gather to be one, Clasp hands as brothers 'neath Columbia's shield, Upraise her banner to the rising sun. Along her blessed shore One heart, one song, one dream Man shall be free forevermore, And love shall be supreme. When dreaming kings, at odds with swift-paced time, Would strike that banner down, A nobler knight than ever writ or rhyme With fame's bright wreath did crown, Though armed hosts bore it till it floated high Beyond the clouds, a light that cannot die ; Ah 1 hero of our younger race ! Great builder of a temple new ! Ruler, who sought no lordly place ! Warrior, who sheathed the sword he drew ! Lover of men, who saw afar A world unmarred by want or war, Who knew the path, and yet forbore To tread, till all men should implore; Who saw the light, and led the way Where the gray world might greet the day; Father and leader, prophet sure, Whose will iB vast works sb.aU endure. How shall we praise him on this day of days, Great son of fame who has no need of praise ? How shall we praise him ! Open wide the doors Of the fair temple whose broad base he laid. Through its white halls a shadowy cavalcade Of heroes moves o'er unresounding floors Men whose brawned arms upraised these col- umns high, And reared the towers that vanish in the sky The strong who, having wrought, can never die. And lo ! leading a blessed host comes one Who held a warring nation in his heart; Who knew love's agony, but had no part In love's delight; whose mighty task was done Through blood and tears that we might walk with joy, And this day's rapture own no sad alloy. Around him heirs of bliss, whose bright brows wear Palm-leaves amid their laurels ever fair. Gaily they come, as though the drum Beat out the call their glad hearts knew so well. Brothers once more, dear as of yore, Who in a noble conflict nobly fell. Their blood washed pure yon banner in the sky, And quench the brands laid 'neath these arches high; The brave who, having fought, can never die. Then surging through the vastuess rise once more The aureoled heirs of light, who onward bore Through darksome times and trackless realms of ruth The flag of beauty and the torch of truth. They tore the mask from the foul face of wrong; Even to God's mysteries they dared aspire; High in the choir they lit yon altar-fire, And filled these aisles with color and with song; The ever-young, the unfallen, wreathing for time Fresh garlands of the seeming-vanished years; Faces long luminous, rempte. sublime, And shining brows still dewy with cur tears. Back with the old glad smile comes one we Knew We bade him rear our house to-day. But Beauty opened wide her starry way, And he passed on. Bright champions of the true, Soldiers of peace, seers, singers ever blest From the wide ether of a loftier quest Their winged souls throng our rites to glorify The wise who. having known, can never die. Strange splendors stream the vaulted aisles along To these we loved celestial rapture clings, And music, borne on rythm of rising wings, Floats from the living dead, whose breath is song. Columbia, my country, dost thou hear ? Ah ! dost thou hear the songs unheard of time? Hark ! for their passion trembles at thine ear. Hush! for thy soul must heed their call sub- lime. Across wide seas unswept by earthly sails, Those strange sounds draw thee on, for thou shalt be Leader of nations through the autumnal gales That wait to mock the strong and wreck the free. Dearer, more radiant than of yore. Against the dark 1 see thee rise; Thy young smile spurns the guarded shore. And braves the shadowed ominous skies. And still that conquering smile who see Pledge love, life, service, all to thee. The years have brought thee robes most fair, The rich processional years, And filletted thy shining hair, And zoned thy waist with jewels rare, And whispered in thine ears Strange secrets of God's wondrous ways, Long hid from human awe and praise. For lo ! the living God doth bare his arm, No more he makes his house of clouduand gloom Lightly the shuttles move within his loom; Unveiled his thunder leaps to meet the storm. From God's right hand man takes the powers that sway A universe of stars. He bows them; he bids them go or stay; He tames them for his wars, He scans the burning paces of the sun, And names the invisible orbs whose courses run Through the dim deeps of space. He sees in dew upon a rose impearled The swarming legions of a monad world Begin life's upward race. Voices of hope he hears Long dumb to his dispair, And dreams of golden years Meet for a world s j fair. For now democracy doth wake and rise From the sweet sloth of youth. By storms made strong, by many dreams made wise, He clasps the. hand of truth. Through the armed nations lies his path of peace, The open book of knowledge in his hand. Food to the starving, to the oppressed release, And love to all he bears from land to land. Before his march the barriers fall, The laws grow gentle at his call. His glowing breath blows far away The fogs that veil the coming day, That wondrous day When earth shall sing as through the blue she rolls, Laden with joy for all her thronging souls, Then shall want's call to sin resound no move Across her teeming fields. And pain shall sleep Soothed by brave science with magic lore, And war no more shall bid the nations weep. Then the worn chains shall slip from man's desire, And ever higher and higher His swift foot shall aspire; Still deeper and more deep His soul its watch shall keep. Till love shall make the world a holy place, Where knowledge dares unveil God's very face. Not yet the angels hear life's last sweet song, Music unutterably pure and strong From earth shall rise to haunt the peopled skies When the long march of time, Patient in birth and death, in growth and blight, Shall lead men up through happy realms of light Unto his goal sublime. Columbia! Men beheld thee rise A goddess from the misty sea. Lady of joy, sent from the skies, The nations worshipped thee. Thy brows we re flushed with dawn's first light; By foamy waves with stars bedight Thy blue robe floated free. Now let the sun ride high o'erhead, Driving the day from shore to shore, His burning tread we do not dread, For thou art evermore Lady of love whose smile shall bless, Whom brave deeds win to tenderness, Whose tears the lost restore. Lady of hope thou art. We wait With courage thy serene command. Through unknown seas, toward undreamed fate We ask thy guiding hand. On! though sails quiver in the gale! Thou at the helm. \vo cannot fail, On to God's time-veiled strand! Lady of beauty! thou shalt win Glory and power and length of days. The sun and moon shall be thy kin, The stars shall sing thy praise. All hail! we bring thee vows most sweet To strew before thy winged feet. Now onward be thy ways! HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE. BY THOMAS CLOW. Columbia's sons may well be proud To own their land of birth. So long concealed by ocean's shroud, Which seemed a dark and wondrous cloud To bravest ones on earth. Beneath that cloud there lay concealed, A land more wondrous still, O'er which God placed it as a shield Till man should need a wider field His mission to fulfill. Its mountain ranges, to near each pole, With mineral wealth abound; From them, its mighty rivers roll Through fertile plains, on which the whole That man may need is found. From where Magellan's currents boil, To Arctic's chilling wave; The range of climate, fruits and soil, May well reward the sons 01 toil With all that man should crave. When time was ripe, the genius came To part that ocean shroud; Columbus was the hero's name, Let every nation breathe his fame And sound his praises lond. For God endowed him for his work, With courage that would dare; Faith, which sustains when all is dark, The hope to cheer and eye to mark With judgment true and rare. To brave an unknown stormy deep, We must have courage fair; When superstition's specter keep Its dark unknown, where terrors sieep, We must have courage rare. He breathed his courage into those, These terrors had unnerved; Cheered them with hope, nor did disclose His own dark fears, for as the rose His purpose never swerved. When doubts and fears were left behind, And on firm land he trod; Our hero, with a noble mind Gave half the world to poor mankind, The glory unto God. Well may we guess, and well believe The purposes divine; An open field where man may leave The old and worn, the new receive, "New bottles for new wine." Four hundred years, but partly show The purpose which he served; Great Nations from his work do grow, One hundred millions, to him owe The name he well deserved. "Columbia" glorious name, Euphonius and grand: Let us be just to hero's fame; Discard the unjust, poor aud tame, And hail Columbia's land. What SHOULD a grateful world rear To such a hero's name? Would marble monument appear Fit tribute to a name so dear, Enduring as his fame? God reared his monument on high; Its base, Columbia's plains; Her vast cordillera the die, While towering peaks which pierce the sky, A fitting shaft remains. Why has it borne another's name? Four hundred years of wrong Should mantle every cheek with shame; "Columbia" would the hero's fame, While Time endures prolong. OPENINGS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. AN A*CCOUNT OF THE EXERCISES ANI) EVENTS OF THE GREAT OCCASION, WITH FULL TEXT OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND'S ADDRESS AND 'THE PROPHECY." T is the first of May. Chicago is astir with the dawn. The envelop- ing mist which greeted the anxious eyes of early risers gives way by 9 o'clock to promise of a glorious day. Patches of blue fleck the sky of gray, and at last the sun itself turns out with all the crowd to see the president. At 9 o'clock the president leaves the Lexington, escorted by company B, Seventh United States caval^', the dashing Chicago hussars, and troop A of the Illinois National Guard. It is one of the most noted processions that ever rode down Michigan avenue. There is the president of the United States, and his official cabinet; the duke of Veragua, the guest of the United States, with his glittering retinue, the governor of Illinois, the mayor of Chicago, and scores of high officials of nation, state, and cit\ - ; world's fair officials and distinguished guests from home and abroad in- vited to participate in the august ceremonies. Michigan avenue and all the boulevards leading to Jackson Park are atlame with flags and bunting and alive with cheering thousands who line the route to testify their welcome to President Cleveland and the living descendant of the admiral of the seas in whose honor the greatest exposi- tion on earth is about to be proclaimed. The march to the exposition grounds is an unbroken ovation. As the glittering pageant enters Midway plaisance, the sun bursting forth, lights up a scene nowhere else on earth to be witnessed. A glittering fleeting panorama of all nations of the world greets the president's eyes. He is cheered in almost as many languages as are spoken by mankind. Arabs in gorgeous trapping greet the nation's ruler. He is saluted by grave Turks, and greeted by Soudanese, Javanese, Chinese, Japanese, and Cin- galese with equal zest. The entrance of the official procession to Jackson park is announced by a roar like that of distant thunder. It is taken up by the watching thou- sands and carried to every nook and corner of the spacious grounds, and 350,000 voices join in welcoming the nation's guest and ruler. And what a crowd ! From break of day it had been pouring into the park by every gate and turnstile like a resistless stream of lava, overflowing all boundaries, and checked only by the white walls of the massive temples of art and industry. It flows, and ebbs, and circles, and whirls, and surges like a mighty torrent into every vacant space, and masses itself around the administration building like a mighty sea whose waters roar like the voice of an approaching tempest. It is 11 o'clock, and the president, accompanied by Director General Davis, appears upon the platform at the east front of the administration building. There is an outburst of cheers that sounds like the hoarse thunder of a hundred field pieces. Closely following comes the duke of Veragua and staff. Another roar of welcome and the great raised plat- form fills up too fast. Behind and above are seated the royal commissioners of foreign coun- tries with their staffs, arrayed in glittering regalia making a sea of ever- changing color. In the 3,000 faces that rise tier and tier back to the towering structure whose gorgeous dome hangs like a golden ball against the sky there are thousands known to all the world. Nobles, famous soldiers and sailors, statesmen and jurists of high renown, and beautiful women whose faces are transfigured by the scene. Stretching away to the great fountains and flanking the basin on either side even to massive peristyle is a sea of upturned faces so dense that one can literally walk upon the living waters. There is a crash of music. The ceremony has begun. Thomas' orches- tra plays the "Columbian March" and then deep silence broods upon the sea of humanity. Dr. Milburn is invoking the throne of grace, and although his words reach only a few in the vast crowd the angel of peace is fanning the fevered faces of the multitude with her drooping wings. The ceremony is brief, as follows: Prayer, Rev. W. H. Milburn, D. D.; Poem, "The Prophecy," W. D. Croffut. read by Miss Jessie Couthoui ; Music, orchestral overture, "Rienzi," Wagner ; Address by Director General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposition ; Address and opening of the World's Columbian Exposition by the President of the United States ; Starting of machinery ; National salute ; Official reception of the President of the United States and the officials of the World's Columbian Exposition and the World's Columbian Commission by the foreign commissioners in the manufactures and liberal arts building. It is high noon at Jackson Park. Director General Davis has delivered his address and is loudly cheered. Now a scene never before witnessed occurs. As President Cleveland rises to deliver his address a wave of enthusiasm sweeps over the sea of humanity, causing it to rock and roar like the mighty ocean. Ten acres of people are cheering and swinging their hats in the air. A hundred OPENING OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, MAY 1, 1893.-PRESIDENT CLEVELAND SPEAKING. OPEN-ING- OF THE WORLD'S thousand handkerchiefs appear and flutter in the breeze. It is like a sud- den fall of gigantic snowtlakes. Standing there erect and calm the presi- dent gazes upon a scene never to be forgotten. In the presence of 350,000 expectant people gathered from every clime and race ; beneath the luminous countenance of a relenlant sun; in the shadow of the domes and pillars of a great, white city such as mortals never reared before ; surrounded by a vision uf pomp and splendor un- paralled in the history of the world the citizen-president of the United States touches the golden electric key which opened the greatest exposition of the century to all nations. It marks the beginning of an olympian era, the reign of peace and good will to men, battles won by force of intellect alone. So it is fitting that the people's chosen magistrate, arrayed in the simple garb of a citizen of the republic, should use the wand of science instead of the chieftain's sword in emphasizing the greatest victory ever won by the arms of science, genius and art. Before him sit the Arts and Sciences bending to their sweeps ; the her- ald, Fame, with outspread wings, and Time, the pilot leaning hard upon his helm, seen through a mist of interlacing fountain jets, and beyond the stately colonade through which the gray-eyed baby billows peep and laugh. Beside him stand the men who lately rubbed Aladdin's lamp and there arises aeain to human eyes the vision of old Norumbega a vast phantasm of architecture glittering with domes and towers crowned with banners flaunting to the sky, for here "in this new world which is the old," the forums and basilicas of the Caesars have yielded up with interest their rich inheritance of ordered beauty to the sons of men who "sit at the eternal loom of Time and weave the drapery of the living God." President Cleveland has spoken. Thousands of watches held in tremb- ling hands announce the time. Nine momentous minutes have slipped away while his words of counsel and of cheer are falling like a benediction upon the surging human sea that beats against the presidential dais on every side. Then this calm, self-possessed citizen-magistrate touches the golden key, Aladdin like, and the surging human sea becomes a tempest- driven ocean of applauding men. The ponderous mechanism within machinery hall becomes a sentient, waking, moving, speaking giant with lungs of steam and muscles of gleaming steel. Up from the sleeping fountains rise thousands of streams of water, painting miniature rainbows on towering facades and stately peristyle. From a thousand halyard peaks as many rosebud spheres of color bloom and burst upon the pulsing air. It is as if the potent rod of Amphion had called to life the sleeping roses in the gardens of the wind sprites. Tremb- ling for a moment, then swelling and bursting into sprays of flashing color, they spread their red, and blue, and white, and scarlet wings upon the COLTTMBIA.'N' EXPOSITION". eager breeze like souls of living, flying things. "Old glory" from its lofty staff above the president leaps like a tricolored fountain of silken flame far into space, trailing its snowy stars across the sky like some newer, nearer firmament, then, rising, falling, rocking on the billowy air, a luminous sail upon an opalescent sea. Now the hoarse thunder of heavy guns mingles with the shouts and cheers from countless throats, and over all, the deep, sweet music of the German bells booming a royal greeting to the master minds that planned and executed so great an enterprise. So the World's Columbian Exposition is formally opened to the world. PRESIDENT CLEVELAND'S ADDRESS. I am here to join my fellow citizens in the congratulations which befit this occasion. Surrounded by the stupendous results of American enter- prise and activity, and in view of magnificent evidences of American skill and intelligence, we need not fear that these congratulations will be exag- gerated. We stand to-day in the presence of the oldest nations of the world and point to the great achievements we here exhibit, asking no allowance on the score of youth. The enthusiasm with which we con- template our work intensifies the warmth of the greeting we exten.d to those who have come from foreign lands to illustrate with us the growth and progress of human endeavor in the direction of a higher civilization. We who believe that popular education and the stimulation of the best impulses of our citizens lead the way to a realization of the proud national destiny which our faith promises gladly welcome the opportunity here afforded us to see the results accomplished by efforts which have been exerted longer than ours in the field of man's improvement, while in appreciative return we exhibit the unparalled advancement and wonder- ful accomplishments of a young nation, and present the triumphs of a vigorous, self-reliant and independent people. We have built these splendid edifices, but we have also built the magnificent fabric of a popular government, whose grand proportions are seen throughout the world. We have made and here gathered together objects of use and beauty, the pro- ducts of American skill and invention ; we have also made men who rule themselves. It is an exalted mission in which we and our guests from other lands are engaged, as we co-operate in the inauguration of an enter- prise devoted to human enlightenment ; and in the undertaking we here enter upon we exemplify in the noblest sense the brotherhood of nations. Let us hold fast to the meaning that underlies the ceremony, and let us not lose the impressiveness of this moment. As by a touch the machinery that gives life to this vast exposition is now set in motion so at the same instant let our hopes and aspirations awaken forces which in all time to come shall influence the welfare, the dignity, and the freedom of mankind. THE PROPHECY BY W. D. CBOFFUT. READ BY MISS JESSIE COUTHOUI AT THE OPENING OF THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Sadly Columbus watched the nascent moon Drown in the gloomy ocean's western deeps, Strange birds that day had fluttered in the sails And strange flowers floated round the wandering keel And yet no land. And now, when thro' the dark The Santa Maria leaped before the gale, And angry billows tossed the caravels As to destruction. Gomez Rascon came With Captain Pinson thro' the frenzied seas, And to the admiral brought a parchment scroll, Saying: "Good master, read this writing here An earnest prayer it is from all on board. The crew would fain turn back in utter fear ; No longer to the pole the compass points ; Into the zenith creeps the northern star. You saw but yester' eve an albatross Drop dead on deck beneath the flying scud, The devil's wind blows madly from the east Into the land of Nowhere, and the sea Keeps sucking us adown the maelstrom's maw. Fraricisco says the edge of earth is near, And off to Erebus we slide unhelmed. Last Sunday night Diego saw a witch Dragging the Nina by her forechains west And wildly dancing on a Dolphin's back ; And, as she danced, the brightest star in heaven Slipped from its leash and sprang into the sea, Like Lucifer' and left a trail of blood. I pray thee, master, turn again to Spain Obedient to the omens, or, perchance, The terror-stricken crew, to escape their doom May mutiny and " "Gomez Rascon, peace." Exclaimed the admiral. "Thou hast said enough. Now, prithee, leave me. I would be alone." Then eagerly Columbus sought a sign. In sea and sky and in his lonely heart, Finding, instead of presages of hope. The dark and ominous portents of despair. The wild winds roared around him and he heard Shrill voices cry "Return, return, return ;" He thought of Genoa and dreams of youth, His father's warnings and his mother's prayers, Confiding Beatrix and the prattling babe, The life and mirth and warmth of old Castile, And tempting comfort of the peaceful land, And wild winds moaned "Return, return, return." As thus he mused he paced the after deck And gazed upon the luminous waves astern. Strange life was in the phosphorescent foam, And thro' the goblin glow there came and went Life elfin shadows on an opal sea, Prophetic pictures of the land he sought. He saw the end of his victorious quest He saw, ablaze on Isabella's breast, The gorgeous Antillean jewels rest The islands of the west. He saw invading Plenty, dispossess Old Poverty, the land with bounty bless, And thro' the wretched caverns of distress Walk star-eyed Happiness. He saw an empire, radiant as the day, Harnessed to law, but under Freedom's sway, Proudly arise, resplendent in array, To show the world the way. He saw celestial Peace in mortal guise, And, filled with hope and thrilled with high emprise, Lifting its tranquil forehead to the skies, A vast republic rise. He saw, beyond the hills of golden corn, .Beyond the curve of Autumn's opulent horn, Ceres and Flora laughingly adorn The bosom of the morn. He saw a cloth of gold across the gloom, An arabesque from Evolution's loom, And from the barren prairies driven spume Imperial cities bloom. He saw an iron dragon dashing forth Along an iron thoroughfare, South, North, East, West Uniting in beneficent girth Remotest ends of earth. He saw the lightning run an elfin race Where trade, love, grief and pleasure interlace, And absent friends in Ariel's embrace Communing face to face. He saw Relief thro' deadly dungeons grope ; Foes turn to brothers, black despair to hope, And cannon rust upon the grassgrown slope And rot the gallows rope. He saw the babes on Labor's cottage floor The bright wall hung with luxury more and more, And Comfort, radiant with'abounding store Wave welcome at the door. He saw the myriad spindles flutter round ; The myriad mill-wheels shake the solid ground; The myriad homes where jocund joy is found, And love is throned and crowned. He saw exalted Ignorance under ban, Though panoplied in force since time began, And Science, consecrated, led the van, The providence of man. The pictures came, and paled, and passed away. And then the Admiral turned as from a trance, His lion face aglow, his luminous eyes Lit with mysterious fire from hidden suns; "Now, Martin, to thy waiting helm again, Haste to the Pinta fill her sagging sails. For on my soul hath dawned a wondrous sight. Lo; thro' this segment of the watery world 1 Uprose a hemisphere of glorious life, A realm of golden grain and fragrant fruits, And men and women wise and masterful, Who dwelt at peace in rural cottages And splendid cities bursting into bloom- Great Lotus blossoms on a flowery sea; And happiness was there and bright-winged hope- High aspiration, soaring to the stars; And then methought, O, Martin, thro' the sterm A million faces turned on me and smiled Now go we forward forward, fear avaunt; I will abate no atom of my dream Though all the devils of the underworld Hiss in the sails and grapple to the keel. Haste to the Pinta, westward keep her prow, For I have had a vision full of light; Keep her prow westward in the sunset's wake From this hour hence, and let no man look back." Then from the Pinta's foretop fell a cry, A trumpet song: "Light-ho! Light-ho! Light-ho!" PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. GUEST OF THE UNITED STATES. ARKANSAS. CALIFORNIA. CONNECTICUT. STHTE BUILDINGS. JltfOFZLD'S COLU7UVBIKIS EXPOSITION. n DELAWARE. FLORIDA. IDAHO. STFTTB BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COLVTCBIKN EXPOSITION. INDIANA. IOWA. KANSAS. KENTUCKY. STKTE BVIL.DINGS, WORLD'S COLVJUVBIHN EXPOSITION. LOUISIANA. MAINE. MARYLAND. MASSACHUSETTS. STHTE BWILDINGS. in^ORLD'S COL.U7UTBIKN EXPOSITION. MICHIGAN. MINNESOTA. MISSOURI. MONTANA. STPCTE BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COLU7UTB1KIS EXPOSITION. NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEBRASKA. NEW JERSEY. NEW YORK. STHTE BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COLW7USBIKN EXPOSITION. NORTH DAKOTA. OHIO. PENNSYLVANIA. RHODE ISLAND. STKTE BUILDINGS. iniORLD'S COLW7USBIHN EXPOSITION. SOUTH DAKOTA. TEXAS. VIRGINIA. VERMONT. STKTE BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COLUWBIKN eXPOSITION. WASHINGTON. WEST VIRGINIA. WISCONSIN. STHTE BUILDINGS, inORI-D'S COLV7UVBIHN UTAH. EXPOSITION. BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COL.UWB1KN EXPOSITION. THE FERRIS WHEEL, MIDWAY PLAISANCE, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION Highest Point of Wheel, 264 ft. Highest Line of Vision, .... 353 ft. Total Weight of Wheel and Machinery, 4,300 tons. Time Required for One Trip, - 20 minutes. Carrying Capacity 36 Cars, - - 2, 160 persons. Duplicate Engines 1,000 Horse Power each. FOREIGN COUNTRIES THAT WILL EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. PEW brief facts concerning' foreign countries which have arranges to make exhibits at the World's Fair are given in the following pages. A fair idea can be formed as to the nature of the exhibits to be made by these countries by noting the list of leading pro- ducts mentioned, and can see that every conceivable product of art, manufacture and industry under the sun, will be most fully and advantageously displayed. Each in their particular line combine to make a gorgeous display never equaled. They will spare neither labor nor capital to make the World's Columbian Exposition one of the greatest and grandest events in the world's history. All nations on our globe will meet in one vast conclave and the interchange of man's labor and progress in the last few generations, will prove a mutual benefit. And the rapid advance of civilization and the blessing of "peace and good will on earth" will be clearly depicted. NORTH AMERICA. CANADA, | AID to have been discovered by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497. The French took possession of the country in 1525, and founded the first settlement at Quebec in 1608. It continued under French control until 1763, when it was all ceded to Great Britain. The "Dominion of Canada" includes the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, British Columbia, and the territories Alberta, .Assina- boia, Athabasca, Keewatin, Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territory. It includes all of the country lying north of the United States, excepting Alaska, has an area of 3,470,392 square miles, and a population in 1887 of 4,750,000. With an area nearly as great as the United States, it does not contain as many inhabitants as does the State of New York. It is a de- pendency of Great Britain, ruled by a Governor General aided by a cabinet. In 1890 there were completed in the Dominion of Canada, 14,188 miles of railroad, besides 812 miles more in course of construction. The Canadian Pacific Railway, 2.906 miles in length, crosses the whole of the Dominion from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and to aid in the construction of which, the government contributed a grant in the form of a guaranteed loan of $12.500,000. It has 29.439 miles of telegraph in operation. The principal industries in the eastern provinces are lumbering and fishing. The central regions are agricultural. The almost uninhabited regions of the north yield valuable furs in great quantities. Ottawa is the capital. NEW FOUNDLAND. EW FOUNDLAND has an area of 40,200 square miles, and a population of 179,507 in 1881, and is an independent British colony not yet incorporated with Canada. It is an island situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is claimed from un- authentic sources to have been discovered by the Norwegians in 1000 A. D. and re-discovered by John Cabot in 1497. The government is administered by a Governor and an executive council nominated by the Crown of England. New Foundland is the nearest land on the Western Continent to England and the old continent, and was consequently selec- ted as the terminal of the first Trans- Atlantic cable, it being 1,665 miles west of Galway, Ireland. An American company has in contemplation the building of a railroad on the island. The principal exports are cod- fish, cod and seal oils, seal skins and copper oi-e. Its chief industry is fishing. St. Johns is the capital and largest city. MEXICO JS our nearest neighbor on the south, with an area of 743,948 square miles, and a population in 1887 of 10,460,723 of which twenty per cent, only are white. It is a Republic, with Gen. Diaz as President. Its history dates back to the seventh cen- tury, when it was inhabited by the Toltecs, who were succee- ded in the twelfth century by the Aztecs, whose domination may be said to have closed with the conquest of Cortez in 1519, for although the race has maintained occupation of the Mexican territory, its existence as a nation ceased with the Spanish occupation. The Toltees and Aztecs came from the north, and were comparatively a peaceful race, founding cities, establishing roads and tilling the soil. The city of Mexico was founded by them in 1325, and on the arrival of the Spaniards their empire was found to extend from ocean to ocean. The Spaniards remained in almost undisputed possession of the country until 1861, when Maximilian, under authority of France, invaded the country and established himself as Em- peror. His reign, however, was short lived, he being captured and shot in 1866. A Republic was soon after established, which has continued to the present time. Mexico had 3,570 miles of railroad open in 1885, be- sides over 5,000 miles of projected lines, much of which has now been completed. In 1886 there were 12.700 miles of telegraph and 892 postoffices. It being a tropical country, its exhibits will partake of that nature, con- sisting chiefly of coffee, tobacco, indigo, drugs, hides and fruits together with relics of its ancient times. Its capital is the City of Mexico, with a population of 300.000. It is justly entitled by reason of its population, intelligence, culture, beautiful location, historical, political and com- mercial pre-eminence to its reputation as one of the celebrated cities of the world. Mexico is rapidly adopting a system of railroads, though at present It has but one. Transportation is mainly by mules. CENTRAL AMERICA. GUATEMALA. HIS is the most northern of the Republican States of Central America, establishing its independence in 1839, after having for eighteen years formed a part of the Confederation of Cen- tral America. The country is well watered, and its soil pro- ductive. The climate is hot and unhealthy near the coast, but more temperate and salubrious in the higher regions. The Republic is divided into twenty-two departments, a*nd is traversed east and west by an elevated mountain chain. It has a number of volcanos, and earth- quakes are numerous. There are 112 miles of railway open and more in course of construction; with 3,000 miles of telegraph in operation. It comprises an area of 46,774 square miles, and had in 1884 a population of 1,278.311. The principal exports are coffee, cochineal, indigo, sugar, tobacco and fruits. Its crop of coffee in 1880 exceeded 42,000,000 pounds. New Guatemala, with a population of 59,039, is the capital. COSTA RICA. OSTA RICA became a republic in 1721. It is the most southern State of Central America. Fully one third of its inhabitants are Indians or aboriginees. It contains an area of 23,200 square miles, with a population in 1885 of 213,785. The chief products are coffee, sugar, maize, cocoa, sarsaparilla, cedar and fruits. It has a railway and 450 miles of telegraph. The country is rich in minerals, but for want of capital and skilled labor the mines are practically unworked. The imports are dry goods, hardware, and pro- visions, from the United States, Germany and England. The total value of exports in 1885 was $3,297,000; and exports, $3,661,000. The capital and chief city is San Jose, with a population of 25,000, situated on the Cathargo river. Its port and chief one in the Republic is Punta Arenas. HONDURAS. NOTHER Central American Republic, established its indepen- dence of Spain in 1838. It is the middle State of Central America, with an area of 46,400 square miles, and a population of 458,000, mostly of aboriginal blood. There have been no regular elections of Presidents in recent years, and none have served the full term of office, having been put to death or deposed from power. It has thirty-seven miles of railroad and 1,800 miles of telegraph. Its capital is Tegucigalpa having a population of about 12,000. Its pro- ducts are mahogany, fruit, cotton, cattle, sugar, coffee and india rubber. There are rich grades of mineral lying undeveloped in its mountain ran- ges, which is attracting the attention of capitalists. NICARAGUA, |HE largest of the Central American States, was declared a Republic in 1858. It contains an area of 49,500 square miles, with an estimated population of about 300,000, of whom only about 20.000 are whites, the rest being Indians and mixed blood. It is traversed by two ranges of mountains. The Rio Coco, the Escondido and the San Juan, are the principal rivers; all of them flow into the Caribbean Sea. Nicaragua Lake, a sheet of fresh water 110 miles long by 30 to 50 br.oad, is within the Republic. It has 120 miles of railway, and 1,300 miles of telegraph. Its present capital is Managua, built on the slope )f an active volcano and therefore liable to destruction. The chief occupation of its inhabitants is cattle raising. F~O RESIGN COUNTRIES SAN SALVADOR. |HIS is the smallest in area, but second in population of the Cen- tral American Republics. It contains 7,235 square miles, ex- tending along- the Pacific coast for 170 miles, with a general breadth of 43 miles. The population in 1885 numbered 634.- 210. Its mineral resources are not great, but ricli veins of silver are found in Tabanco, also iron mines near Santa Anna. The only river of importance is the Lempa. Earthquakes are frequent. The na- tive population are engaged largely in agricultural pursuits. Its chief exports are indigo, coffee, tobacco, sugar, rice and cedar. It has one railway, and 1.259 miles of telegraph. San Salvador is the capital, with a population of 13.274, and was founded in 1528. It has been repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes, tho last time on April 16, 1864, when it was overwhelmed by almost total ruin. BRITISH HONDURAS. SjlBOUT 7.562 miles of territory is covered by this Colony in Cen tral America. It abuts on the Atlantic.and is bounded on the north by Yucatan and Mexico, on the west and south by Guatemala, and on the east by the Caribbean Sea. The coun- try is chiefly a primeval forest, with sandy plains. The soil is exceedingly rich, and sugar canes have ratooned for twenty years with- out deterioration. In 1881 it had a population of 27,452. The staple pro- ducts are the natural woods of the colony, mahogany and logwood. Fruits are also extensively grown. Balize is the capital, with a varying popula- tinon of from 8,000 to 16,000. WEST INDIES. CUBA, |UCH the largest and richest of the West Indies. It is a Spanish possession, and was discovered by Columbus on his first voyage in 1492, and derives its name from the Indians who previously inhabited the island. It has an area of 43,319 square miles, and a population of 1,500.000. The chief agricultural products are sugar, coffee, tobacco, and fruits. Havana cigars are sold the world over, being of a high grade. The Catholic religion is the only one that is tolerated. The inhabitants are of four classes Spaniards, Creoles, free negroes and slaves. Havana is the capital. JAMAICA. |VERYTHING in the line of tropical vegetable products are largely produced, they including all those common to the tropics, and everything grows luxuriantly and in abundance. It is the largest of the British West Indies, having a popula- tion of about 700,000 to an area of 4.200 square miles. Kings- ton is the capital. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1492. SAN DOMINGO. AIR progress is said to be made in San Domingo, but the interior is entirely without roads, although a railway is being constructed between Samana and Santiago. It occupies the eastern portion of the island of Hayti, one of the West Indies, and adopted a republican form of government in 1844. It comprises an area of 18,046 square miles, and an estimated population in 1885 of 400,000. San Domingo, the capital, is the oldest settlement of European origin in America, having been founded by Bartolomeo Colum- bus in 1494. The chief products are tobacco, coffee, logwood and cocoa. HAYTI, apart of the island of that name, adopted are- publican form of government in 1867, when it threw off the yoke of Prance. It contains an area, including the islands of Tortuga, Gonave, etc., of 10,205 square miles, and a popula- tion estimated at 800,000, of whom nine-tenths are negroes the rest mulattoes. It is the most fertile spot in the West Indies, while its harbors offer excellent facilities for foreign commerce. The language of the country is French, though most of the people speak a debased dia- lect called Creole French. The religion is Roman Catholic. The products are mahogany, coffee and cocoa. Port au Prince is the capital. PORTO RICO |ROANS under Spanish rule, notwithstanding its repeated but fruitless efforts to gain her independence. It is situated east of the island of San Domingo, having an area of 3,500 square miles, or rather less than that of the island of Jamai- ca. It had a population at the last census of 754.313. of whom more than half were whites. Its chief products are sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco, fruits and rice. A large proportion of the tobacco crop is sent to Havarma to be manufactured into cigars. St. Johns is the capital. SOUTH AMERICA. BRAZIL ARGENTINE. JHIS South American republic, with Buenos Ayres as its capi- tal, includes the fourteen provinces of the Rio de la Plata, of which Buenos Ayres is the principal, and a large extent of territoi-y not yet organized in the interior of South America. It has an area of 1,357,896 square miles, or over one-third of that of the United States. Its population is estimated at over 3,500,000, which is annually being increased by immigration at least 100.000, most of whom are from Italy, Spain and France. Silver ore, copper, sulphur, coal and alum have been found, but as yet have not been worked very extensively. By a treaty in 1881, with Chile, the territories of Patago- nia and Terra del Fuego were divided between these two republics. In 1880 there were 4,150 miles of railway in operation, and an additional ],000in course of construction. At the same time it had 13.645 miles of telegraph lines. The rearing of live stock is the chief industry of the country. Millions of cattle wander at will over the plains, and of mules and horses there are immense herds. Its chief exports are wool, skins, bones, rice, sugar and untanned hides, the latter coming to this country by the ship-load. BOLIVIA. HIS republic and Paraguay are the only South American coun- tries without a seaboard. It is situated in the central-west- ern portion of the continent, bounded by Peru and Chile on the west, Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay, Argentine and Chile on the south. It has an area of about 700,000 square miles, and a population in 1883 of 2.324.000, composed principally of the aboriginal or Indian race. Its mines and tropical products are its chief sources of revenue. The silver mines of Potosi are supposed to be prac- tically inexhaustible, while gold, copper, lead, tin, zinc, salt and sulphur are also found. Its agricultural products consist chiefly of rice, barley, oats, maize, cotton, cocoa, potatoes, fruits and India rubber, the latter being of the finest quality, and quantity almost without limit. Bolivia is without railroads, and has only one telegraph line, 180 miles in length. La Paz is the capital and chief city, with a population of 26,000. It was founded in 1548, and contains many fine public buildings. UT lately has been added to the republics of South America, and is the largest country on that continent. It has a coast line on the Atlantic ocean 3, 700 miles long, and comprises an area of 3.119,764 square miles, nearly equaling in extent the United States. It has a population of 14, 002.335, of whom over 1.000,000 are slaves, Brazil being the only country on the Western con- tinent where slavery exists legally. A bill for the gradual emancipation of its slaves passed its legislative body in 1885. The country is well watered, the principal river being the Amazon, the largest but not the longest in the world. Its agricultural products are very extensive and abundant. Sugar, coffee, tobacco, India rubber, maize, beans and nuts are among the leading articles produced. The coffee being mainly shipped from Rio Janeiro, is the Rio of commerce. In 1889 the country possessed 5,281 miles of railroad, 1.300 miles in course of construction, and 3.000 more projected. It 1890 it possessed 6,700 miles of telegraph lines. The capital is Rio Janeiro, with a population of about 450,000. CHILE. |URING the late unpleasantness between the United States and Chile, that South American republic was made familiar to us though the press, and the name became a household word to us. That misunderstanding has, happily, been amicably ad- justed. Chile is situated on the western coast, and extends from Peru on the north to Cape Horn on the south, with an extreme length of 2,200 miles and an average breadth of 100 miles. Chile is di- vided into twenty-three provinces, with an aggregate area of 293,970 square miles, and a population in 1891 of 2,716,400. Roman Catholic is the religion of the State, although all creeds are tolerated and protected. Agriculture is carried on quite extensively, but the main source of reve- nue is in its mineral wealth. The mountains contain precious stones, gold, silver, copper, lead and iron. The chief exports are metals, flour, wheat, hides and tallow. In 1891, Chile had 1,700 miles of railway and 13,730 miles of telegraph lines. Santiago is the capital, with a popula- tion in 1891 of 200,000. Chile, previous to its discovery by white man, was inhabited by a race of semi-civilized Indians, who were conquered by Pizarro in 1540. The country continued as a province of Spain until 1818, when it obtained its independence, which it has maintained ever gince, increasing in prosperity and all the concomitants of civilization. S COLOMBIA JDOPTED a republican form of government in 1861. It is situat- ed in the most northwestern part of South America, includes the Isthmus of Panama, and has a coast line both on the At- lantic and Pacific oceans. It comprises an area of 504,773 square miles, and possesses a population of about 4.000.000, more than one-half of whom are whites and ha-lf-castes. Its inhabitants rank first among the South Americans in point of literature and scien- tific culture. Its chief articles of export are coffee and cinchona, or Pe- ruvian bark, although tobacco, bannanas, wheat and other cereals are extensively produced. The mineral productions are gold, silver, iron, copper, platinum and precious stones. It has but 218 miles of railway; the line connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans is 47 miles in length. It has also 2,800 miles of telegraph lines. Bogata is the capital and chief city, with a population of 100,000. ECUADOR |OSSESSES a republican form of government, which it adopted in 1830. It lies on the west coast of South America, and is intersected by the equator. It comprises an area of 248,370 square miles, and had in 1885 a population of 1,004,651, mostly descendants from the Spaniards and aboriginal Indians. The country is subject to volcanoes and earthquakes. The chief product of export is cocoa. Among its other products are nuts, vegetable ivory, cotton, coffee, India rubber, bark, tobacco, fruits and sarsaparilla. Its minerals consist of gold, quicksilver, lead, iron, copper and emeralds. There are about one hundred miles of railway in operation, with more projected, and about 400 miles of telegraph lines. Quito is the capital, with a population of 80,000. GUIANA, ITU ATED on the northeast coast of South America, comprises an area of 202,952 square miles, and has a population of about 353.000. It is divided into three nearly equal parts British, French and Dutch Guiana, each being a colony of the country after which it is named. Georgetown is the capital of the British province, Paramaribo of the Dutch, and Cayenne of the French. Sugar, coffee, cotton and indigo are the chief products. PARAGUAY, ISCOVERED by Sebastian Cabot in 1526, adopted a republican form of government in 1870. It is the smallest of the South American States, is without seaboard, and is situated in the central-southern part of the continent. It comprises an area variously estimated at from 60,000 to 92.000 square miles, and a population of 346,000, two-thirds of whom are females. The govern- ment offers great inducements to immigrants. The southern portion is one of the most fertile districts of South America. The chief articles of export are mate, or Paraguay tea plant, and tobacco. The number of horned cattle in the republic in 1884 was 600,000. The only railroad is a short line from Asuncion to Paraguari 15 miles. There are about 100 miles of telegraph lines. Asuncion is the capital, with a population of about 16,000. PERU S also a republic, which form of government it adopted in 1856, although it has been self-governing since 1824, when freedom from Spanish rule was secured. It is situated on the west coast of South America, directly north of Chile, and is about 1,300 miles in length. It is divided into nineteen provinces, with an estimated area of 463,747 square miles, and a population of about 2,622,000. There are besides about 350,000 civilized Indians. At the time of the discovery of the new world, Peru, like Mexico, was inhabited by Indians, considerably advanced in civilization, governed by a race of princes called Incas. In 1532 it was invaded by Pizarro, a Spaniard, with a band of bold followers, who captured the territory, its immense miner- al wealth being the great attraction. Its rich and practically inexhaust- ible mines have been worked for centuries, and continue to be one of Peru's chief sources of revenue, and produce large quantities of silver, quicksilver and copper. Its principal exports are guano, nitre of soda, sheep, alpaca wool, sugar and Peruvian bark. It has twenty-two lines of railway, embracing 2,030 miles, and over 2,000 miles of telegraph lines. The capital and chief city is Lima, with a population of 101,488. Callao, six miles away, is its seaport. Lima ranks as the handsomest city in all South America, and has a large foreign trade. The public buildings and churches are magnificent in architecture and size. Its university was the first educational establishment of the kind in the New World. Earthquakes have frequently visited the city and country around. The value of the exports and imports amounts annually to about $30,000,000. URUGUAY, )CATED south of and adjoining Brazil, was formerly under the rule of that power, but obtained its independence and adopted a republican form of government in 1830. It is al- most square in shape, its length and breadth being about 300 miles. It has an area of 73,538 square miles, and a population estimated at 651.112, chiefly of Spanish origin. Very little is known of the interior of Uruguay, further than it is mainly a vast plain, suitable for grazing. In 1888 it was officially estimated that there were in the republic 6,119,482 head of cattle and 15,921,069 sheep. In 1891 it had 538 miles of telegraph in operation. The capital and only city of prominence is Montevideo, with a population of 134,346. It stands on a small penin- sula, and is surrounded by a wall and fortifications. The harbor is large and safely sheltered. Its export trade is extensive, commanding as it does almost the entire commercial trade of the republic. The history of Montevideo is the history of Uruguay. VENEZUELA. |HE republic of Venezuela was formed in 1830, having formerly been a Spanish province. It is the most northerly of the South American States, and comprises twenty -one provinces, with an area of 632,695 square miles, and a population in 1884 of 2.121. 988. consisting chiefly of colored races, Indians and negroes. A tribe of Indians called the "dirt-eaters," from their habit of eating a kind of edible dirt, live on the banks of the Oronico, and are a very degraded race. Its principal river is the Oronoco, the source of which has never been visited by white man. The coast of Venezuela was discovered by Columbus in 1498, on his second voyage. On the fol- lowing year Americus Vespucius visited the country and found an In- dian village which they called Venezuela, or Little Venice, which name afterwards spread to the whole country. Owing to the richness of the soil and the heat of the climate, fine harvests are produced. Its chief exports are coffee, cocoa, sugar, tobacco, indigo, hides and ores. Both iron and copper are abundant, though as yet the mines are worked but little. In 1884 there were 102 miles of railway, and 270 more under construction, and 1.145 miles of telegraph lines in operation. Its capital is Caraccas, with a population of 55,638. It is situated twelve miles from the coast, and has an extensive foreign trade through its seaport, La Guayra. Earthquakes are frequent. Valencia, Bolivar, Cumana, Mar- acaibo and Maturin are other important cities. EUROPE. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY ORMS a bipartite State of Austria and Hungary, each having a separate parliament but one hereditary monarch. Its pres- ent ruler is Franz Joseph I, who took the throne in 1848. The State religion is Roman Catholic, but toleration is ex- tended to all forms of belief. Education is compulsory and general. Military service is obligatory on all men who have completed their twentieth year. In 1887 the strength of the army was 284.495 men peace footing, and 1,071,034 war footing. It is the largest monarchy, next to Russia, in Europe, embracing 240,982 square miles, with a popu- lation in 1884 of 39.224,511. Three-fourths of the country is mountainous, where are found valuable minerals. The forests yield good timber, and the plains and valleys, grain and grapes. Its chief exports are cereals, wood, glass, animal products and beer. As a wine-producing country it is second only to France. Its capital is Vienna, with a population of 1,315,626. BELGIUM. |ELGIUM is the name given by the French to the Netherlands (often called Holland) after the Revolution. It is an heredi- tary monarchy, with Leopold II as ruler, who ascended the throne in 1865. Nearly the entire population is Roman Cath- olic, and thirty-two per cent of inhabitants above fifteen years of age are unable to read and write. Belgium is one of the small- est and most densely-populated of the European States, having an area of 11.373 square miles and a population of 6,093,798. On its soil was fought the famous battle of Waterloo, between the French under Napo- leon and the English and their allies under the Duke of Wellington. There were killed in the battle about 70.000 men, of whom the French lost 40,000. There is no country in the world in which agriculture has attained a higher state of perfection, little more than one-eighth of the whole country being all that is not cultivated. The chief products are wheat, rye, barley, oats, flax, hemp; tobacco and potatoes. Copper, zinc, lead, iron and coal also abound, Belgium being richer in the latter min- eral than any other European country, excepting England. Brussels is the capital, with a population of 477,398. DENMARK. 1HE constitution of Denmark, which received the royal sanction in 1866, places the executive power in the hands of the king and his council, and the amending- or making of laws with the king and legislature jointly. The king must be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. The present ruler i a Christian IX, who ascended the throne in 1803. Denmark was formerly a part of Sweden, from which country it separated in 1523. It comprises an area of 14,124 square miles, with a population in 1884 of 2.045,179, which is almost entirely Scandinavian. The surface is generally low, dykes being necessary to keep the sea from invading the land. Attend- ance at school is obligatory from the age of seven to fourteen. The army consists of all able-bodied young men in the kingdom who have reached the age of twenty-two, who are liable to eight years of service. Nearly one-half its inhabitants live exclusively by agriculture, and one-fourth by manufactures and trade. The principal exports are agricultural pro- duce. Copenhagen is the capital, and has a population of 375,251. In 1891, there were 1,214 miles of railway open, and 3,674 miles of telegraph. FRANCE, FTER having been a monarchy for centuries, adopted a repub- lican form of government in 1875, and enjoys the distinction of being the only republic of any size on the Eastern Conti- nent. The present President is M. Carnot, who took the oath of office in 1887, holding it for seven years, at an annual sal- ary of $120,000. All religions are equal by law, and any sect which has 100,000 adherents is entitled to assistance from the State. Public edu- cation is entirely under the supervision of the government. Military service is compulsory. It has a standing army of 573,277 men, and a navy of about 40,000 men. The country has a history dating back of the Chris- tian era, and has produced many eminent men, prominent among whom stand Charlemagne and Napoleon. Its present area is 204,177 square miles. In 1886 it possessed a population of 38,318,903. France possesses one of the finest climates in Europe, and has a soil that is generally fer- tile. Its mineral resources are extensive, consisting of copper, lead, an- timony, silver, coal and iron, the latter being fround nearly all over the country. The total area of the French provinces and colonies is 766,387 quare miles, with a population af about 26,000,000. A remarkable fact worthy of mention is that in all the French colonies there are not over a half million Frenchmen. The principal products of France are grain, potatoes, sugar and grapes; and its manufactures, silk, wine, cloth and ornaments. The total mileage of railroads in 1891 was 29,683, with over 48.000 miles of telegraph lines. Paris is the capital and metropolis of the republic. It has a population of 2,344,550, and is by many considered the most beautiful city in the world. GERMANY. HE constitution of this empire bears date of 1871, and is formed of a number of comparatively independent States. The su- preme direction of the military and political affairs of the country is vested in the king of Prussia, who as such bears the title of Deutsche Kaiser. The present emperor is Wil- helm II, who ascended the throne on the death of his father in 1888. Absolute liberty is guaranteed all religious sects, two-thirds of the pop- ulation being Protestant and one-third Catholic. Education is compul- sory and general. Every German is liable to military service, seven years being the length of service required, three of which must be spent in actuul service, and four in the army of the reserve. The army on a peace footing was in 1887 about 450,000 men, and the total war strength about 2,650.000. The navy is manned by 17,472 sailors. The Germans are remarkable for their attainments in science, literature and art, as well as for their military prowess. The empire is composed of twenty- six States, with an area of 212,028 square miles, and a population in 1880 of 45.234,061. It has also colonies with an area of 933.150 square miles, and a population of 5,500,000. Agriculture and the rearing of live stock is the principal occupation of the inhabitants of Germany. Its principal exports are linens, woolen, hardware, corn, wool, wine and horses. Brewing is also quite an extensive business. Prussia has fully one hun- dred mineral springs, many of which are noted. Its mineral resources are also very considerable. The total length of railways in the empire in 1891 was 26,263 miles, of which three-fourths belong to the State. It has also 67.416 miles of telegraph lines. The capital and chief city of the empire is Berlin, with a population of 1,575.485. It is built on a sandy, sterile plain. It is now one of the finest and most important cities of the world. Its manufactures and commerce are extensive, and it ia noted for its many fine and imposing buildings. Its great university and royal library, educational and scientific institutions are celebrated for their excellence. The principal branches of industry are engine build, ing, iron casting and the manufacture of woolen and silken goods. Ger- many sends annually more emigrants to the United States than any other European country, except Great Britain. GREAT BRITAIN. REAT BRITAIN is an hereditary monarchy, having 1 its sole legislative power vested in Parliament, which consists of a House of Lords and House of Commons. The members of the latter are elected by the people, while members of the House of Lords become so by heriditary right, or by creation of the sovereiga. The union of Ireland and England was made permanent in 1800. Victoria, the present queen and ruler, ascended the throne in 1838, when but nineteen years of age, and under her wise reign England has attained the greatest prosperity it ever possessed. Britain was known to the Phoenicians four centuries before the Christian era, and was resor- ted to for the purpose of obtaining tin, of which it possessed rich mines. It was made a Roman province by Caesar, and was held by that country for nearly four hundred years. It subsequently was conquered by the Danes, and afterwards by the Angles and Saxons, and hence the English people are called the Anglo-Saxon race. Its material greatness exceeds that of any other country, ancient or modern. While the British Isles, composed of England, Ireland and Scotland, comprises only 121,115 square miles, and a population of 36,400,000, Great Britain and its possessions have an area of 8,991,254 square miles, and a population of 315,885,000. The Protestant Episcopal is the established church of the kingdom, but all other denominations are tolerated. In 1886 the army comprised 151,- 867 men. The navy of Great Britain is the largest ever known, and is manned by 60,632 men. Agriculture is carried on quite extensively, but in manufactures, with the exception of the United States, she surpasses any other country in the world, both in variety and amount. The mines of the British Isles supply nearly one-half of the coal, iron and tin used in the world, one-third of the lead, and great quantities of salt and copper. Its merchant marine is also the greatest in the world, employing 18,791 vessels, manned by 198,781 seamen. In Great Britain there was in 1885, about 19,100 miles of railway, and 30.276 miles of telegraph lines. London is the capital, and the largest city in the world, having in 1886 a population of 4,149,533, and an area of about 120 square miles. GREECE. JHE civilization of Europe began in Greece, it having been intro- duced from the Egyptians and Phcenicians. Its history dates back to 1400 B. C. although much of it is fabulous. It was in the zenith of its power about 300 years before the Christian era, and produces many eminent men whose writings and works of art are admired to this day. From first to last Greece was divi- ded into numerous States, mostly independent. Its present government is that of a limited monarchy, with George I as king. It comprises an area of 25.014 square miles, with a population of 2,187,208. Agriculture is the chief pursuit of the inhabitants, and grain, grapes, figs, etc., are the principal products. In 1891, Greece had 452 miles of railroad, besides 127 miles in course of construction; it has also 3.720 miles of telegraph lines. The trade of the country is largely carried on by water, the Greeks being the best navigators of the Mediterranean and Black seas. Athens, with a population of 107,251, is the capital and chief city. It was one of the most famous cities of antiquity, the great center of learning and art, but now mostly noted for its ruins. ITALY, LIMITED monarchy, has the legislative authority vested jointly with the king and parliament. The present ruler is Umberto I, who succeeded to the throne in 1878, on the death of his father, Victor Immanuel II. While Catholicism is the ruling religion, all creeds are tolerated, the power of the church being subordinated to the authority of the civil government. The history of Italy dates back to 753 B. C., when the foundations of Rome were laid, it being named after Romulus, the leader. It became under Julius Caesar, about the time of the Christian era, the most power- ful nation on the globe, continuing her supremacy several hundred years, nearly every nation in the world as then known being subject to her power. Rome at this time had a population of over 3,000,000, and to be a . Roman citizen was a great honor. It began to decline about the middle of the fourth century, and in another hundred years the last vestige of the great empire had vanished. > Since that time it has never attained the rank of even a second-rate government. In its palmy days it produced many great men, in government, literature and art, names which are to this day household words. It also has the honor of being the native country of Columbus, he having been born in Genoa. Italy comprises an area of 114,410 square miles, and a population in 1890 of 30,947,306. Italy is justly celebrated for its climate and scenery. Agriculture is the lead- ing occupation. Its principal exports are olive oil, wine, silk, hemp, fruits, artistic works, etc. In 1890 it had 8,098 miles of railway and 21,900 miles of telegraph lines. Its volcano, Vesuvius, is a great attrac- tion for tourists. Rome is the capital, with a population at present of 273,268, and contains many ruins and objects of great interest. It is sur- rounded by a wall twelve miles in length, and containing sixteen gates. It was built on seven hills, and has been called the Eternal City. Naples is the largest city in Italy, with a population of 463,172. NETHERLANDS, IORMERLY called Holland, is situated adjoining Belgium, with an area of 12,648 square miles, and a population of 4,336,- 012. It was formerly united with Belgium, but the latter country obtained its independence in 1830. The government of the Netherlands is a limited monarchy, its present ruler being Princess Wilhelmina, twelve years of age, with her mother as Re- gent. Entire liberty of conscience is granted members of all church de- nominations. The surface is mostly low and flat, parts being below the sea level, the water kept from overflowing the land by dykes or levees, maintained at great cost. The chief products are potatoes, rye, barley, oats, wheat, chicory, madder, flax, tobacco and dairy products. The prin- cipal manufactures are linen, damasks, cotton, woolen and silk fabrics and genevra. In 1885 it had 1,542 miles of railway, and 2,938 miles of telegraph lines. Hague is the capital, with a population of 138,696. PORTUGAL. , is a limited monarchy, its present ruler being Luis I. who became king in 1861. It has a history antedating that of the Roman empire, of which it was for a time a part. In the fifteenth century it reached its greatest prosperity and power, being at that time the greatest maritime country in Europe. But its decline was as rapid as its rise, and its position among the great powers is now inconsequential. It is the most westerly king- dom of Europe, comprising an area of 34,501 square miles, and a popula- tion in 18S1 of 4.708,178. It also possesses colonies with a total area of 705.258 square miles, and a population of 3,331,762. The cultivation of the vine and olive is among the chief occupations of the inhabitants, the rich red wine called "port" coming from Oporto, one of its leading cities. Wine is its chief exp )rt. It had in 1886 about 950 miles of railway. Lis- bon i the capital, with a population of 246,343. ROUMAN1A |OMPRISES a part of the great plain of South Russia, by which country it is bounded on the north and east. It 1887 its area was estimated at 48,307 square miles, and population at 5,376,- 000. The soil is one of the richest and most productive in Europe. It has a monarchial form of government with the legislative power vested in a constitutional assembly. The present ruler is Carol I, who was proclaimed king in 1881. Agriculture forms the lead- ing industry. Its chief exports are wheat, barley, maize and salt. In 1887 it had 1.100 miles of railway, with 562 in course of construction, and 3.256 miles of telegraph lines. Bucharest is the capital, with a popula- tion of 221,805. RUSSIA, UJHE largest monarchy in the world, comprises about one-seventh of the territorial surface of the globe, and approaching very nearly in extent the dominion under English rule. In addi- tion to its territory in Europe, of which it contains one-half, it comprehends a third of Asia; comprising a total area of nearly 11,000,000 square miles, with a population of about 200,000,000. A large portion of the Russian territory is unfit for cultivation, much of it being covered with snow for the greater part of the year. It has, how- ever, largo plains with a fertile soil, and forests of timber which are estimated to cover 500,000,000 acres. Agriculture forms the leading occupation, and with its wide scope of country, its products include every variety but the tropical; the chief are grain, timber, hides, hemp, wool and linseed. The established religion of the empire is Greco-Russian, with the Czar at its head. Russia is an absolute monarchy, with the will of the Czar alone as law. Alexander III is the present Czar, ascending the throne in 1881. The great mass of the Russians are without educa- tion, it having been the policy of the government in times past to keep the common people in ignorance. The army of Russia on a peace footing comprises about 800,000 men. and on a war footing, 1.866,353. Its navy is manned by about 30,000 men. In 1886 there were 17,021 miles of railway in operation and 856 miles more in course of construction. It had also 68,238 miles of telegraph lines. The capital is St. Petersburgh, with a population in 1884 of 929,100. SERVIA, ITUATED south of Austria, has an area of 18,800 square miles, with a population estimated at 1.902,419. The surface of the country is mountainous, containing extensive forests, rich valleys and plains. The religion of the Servians is the Greek orthodox, but is independent of the Patriarch at Constanti- nople. In 1886 there were 247 miles of railway and 1,646 miles of tele- graph lines in the country. Its chief exports are cereals, hides, prunes, wines and live animals. Belgrade, the capital, has a population of 38,210. pi" O F* El I G 3NI SPAIN. EOAUSE Spain's ruler furnished Columbus in 1492 with the means of discovering America, she occupies rather an impor- tant position in the minds of Americans at the present time. Spain is a constitutional, monarchy, with the executive power vested in the king, and legislative with the king and Cortes. Alfonso XIII, born after his father's death, succeeded to the throne in 1886, his mother being queen regent during his minority. In the six- teenth century Spain was the richest and most powerful monarchy in Europe. It lies to the south of France, and has an area of 197,767 square miles, and a population of 16,968,178. The Roman Catholic is the State church of Spain, and while private worship is allowed protestants, all public announcement of the same is strictly prohibited. The islands of Porto Rico in the West Indies, are the principal Spanish possessions, although nearly all of South America is held by descendents of Spain and Portugal. Its principal exports are wine, silk, quicksilver, iron ore, fruits, olive oil, grain, cork and salt. It had in 1887, about 5,164 miles of railway and 1,512 more in course of construction; also possessed 11,150 miles of telegraph lines. Madrid, the capital, has a population of 397,816. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 3UTHERAN Protestant is recognized as the State religion. The present charter establishes fundamental laws on the terms that the union of these two countries shall be indissolu- ble and irrevocable, without prejudice, however, to separate government of Sweden and Norway. The present ruler is Oscar II, who ascended the throne in 1872. Sweden has an area of 170,- 979 square miles, and a population of 4,744.409; Norway, an area of 123,205 square miles, and a population of 1,925,000. Fishing and ship building are the leading industries. The chief exports are timber, fish oil, furs and ice. Sweden had in 1890, 1,646 miles of railway belonging to the State and 3,038 miles of private railroad, and 6,919 miles of telegraph lines. Norway in 1891, had 971 miles of railway, and 5,649 miles of tele- graph. Stockholm is the capital of Sweden, and has a population of 243,- 500 in 1891. Christiana is the capital of Norway, and has a population of 130,027. The legendary history of Sweden forms part of Scandinavian history. It was settled at the same time as Norway and Denmark, by numerous and barbarous clans. Swedish and Norwegian history begins properly in about the ninth century, when its inhabitants were called Northmen or Norsemen. SWITZERLAND STAINED its freedom and has been a republic since 1848, hav- ing been formerly under French control. It comprises an area of 15,892 square miles, with a population in 1884 of 2,906,- 752. The population is composed of three nationalities Ger- man, French and Italian, the German predominating. It is the most mountainous country of Europe, the Alps intersecting it in all directions, and its unrivaled scenery attracts tourists from all over the world. The forests cover about one-sixth of the surface of the country. Agriculture is followed chiefly in the valleys. Its manufactures are ex- tensive, consisting of silks, cottons, linens, lace, cloaks, watches, gloves and porcelain. It has 1,925 miles of railway, and 4,349 miles of telegraph lines. Berne is the capital, with a population of 44,086. TURKEY. |HE laws of the empire are based on the precepts of the Koran, and the will of the Sultan is absolute so far as it is not in oppo- sition to the Mohammedan religion. The present Sultan is Abdul-Hamid II, who succeeded to the throne in 1876. The kingdom exists solely by the suffrance of the great powers of Europe, being wholly unable to defend itself. Turkey in Europe, for- merly very extensive, now comprises an area of only 63,850 square miles, and a population of 4,790,000. The soil is for the most part fertile, but from various causes but little progress has been made in agriculture. The cultivated products are the cereals and fruits. Its manufactures are almost entirely domestic. In 1866 Turkey had 904 miles of railway open and 14,617 miles of telegraph lines. Constantinople is the capital, with a population in 1885 of 1,200,000. ASIA. CHINA, INCLUDING its territories, form a vast empire in Eastern Asia, containing an area of about 4,540,000 square miles, or rather more than one-twelfth of the globe. The population of the empire has been variously estimated at from 256,000,000 to -536,000,000, no system having ever been adopted to deter- mine what it is. China has no extended commerce with the world at large, not desiring to trade with foreign nations. Its principal exports are tea and silk. Tea is the most celebrated of its products. A great part of China has a fertile soil, and the chief occupation of tho inhabit- ants is agriculture, rice and millet, the chief food of tho people, and tea, sugar and cotton being the chief products. Their manufactures are quite extensive, but almost wholly by hand, and with very simple instru- ments. The people do not possess much skill, but are very industrious. The government is that of absolute monarchy, and the prevailing re- ligion one founded by Confucius, 500 years B. C. Education is compul- sory. China is the most ancient of the present civilized countries, and for the past twenty centuries has made but little advancement, although some progress has been made in the last few years. Pekin. the capital of the Chinese empire, has a population variously estimated at from ono to two millions, and is surrounded by high walls thick enough to allow twelve horsemen to ride abreast upon them. Tho wall that bounds China on the north is 1,500 miles long, and from twenty to thirty feet high. It is said to have been completed 214 years before Christ. In the Chinese language there are a prodigious number of characters, some placing the useful part at 25,000 in number. INDIA. |OST of the country which lies south of Turkestan and the Him- alaya mountains, and between Persia and China, is included in India. It is under the control of Great Britain, and ex- tends over a territory as large as Europe, without Russia, having an area of 1,573,504 square miles, and a population es- timated at 254,000,000. Of tho total population, over one-fourth, includ- ing 19,000,000 females, are connected with agriculture, and over twenty millions are engaged in small manufactures. The principal products are cotton, wheat, jute, rice, tea, coffee and untanned hides. The exports in 1885 aggregated $425,000,000. There are 13,305 miles of railway, and in 1884 there were 23,304 miles of telegraph lines. The principal religions are those of Hindus and Mohammedan, which number together nearly 240,000,000, there being only about 2,000,000 Christians. Education of late years is making considerable progress. Calcutta is the capital, with a population of 871,504. Bombay, the next largest city, has 773,193 in- habitants. Madras, population 405,848, capital of the presidency of the same name, is situated on the western shore of the Bay of Bengal, Hy- derabad, population 354,692, capital of the Nizam's territories, is situated on the Mussi. Lucknow, population 261,303, capital of Oudh, located on the Gumti. Benares, population 199,700, on the Ganges. Delhi, popula- tion 173,393, capital of the province of the same name. JAPAN. |HIS ancient and extensive empire consists of several large and many small islands, said to comprise in all 3,800 in number, situated to the north and east of China. It comprises an area of 148,456 square miles, and a population of 37,017,302. The government is an absolute monarchy, the power of the Mika- do being absolute and unlimited. The country is quite mountainous, and not more than one-sixth of the territory is available for agriculture. The principal agricultural products are rice, barley, wheat and beans. Tho chief manufactures are those of silk and cotton, japanned ware, porcelain and bronze. The religion is mainly Buddhism, but Christianity is spreading among the people. Education is compulsory. In 1885 there were 250 miles of railroad, and over 5,000 miles of telegraph lines. To- kio, formerly called Yeddo, is the capital, with a population of 902,837. PERSIA. DUCATION is possessed in a rudimentary form by the popula- tion of Persia to a greater extent than any other country in Asia. It is situated in Western Asia, adjoining the Red Sea, and contains an area of 610, OdO square miles, and population of 7,653,000. Its ruler is called the Shah, whose power is absolute, only so far, however, as it is not opposed to the teachings of the Moham- medan religion, which is professed by nearly all the inhabitants. Nearly three-fourths of its area is a desert, occupying the central portion of the territory. The borders are mountainous, with fertile valleys. The articles of export are chiefly wheat and opium. The chief manufacture is that of silk of the finest quality. Other manufactures include brocade, embroidery, dyes, carpets, cotton and woolen fabrics, felts, shawls, etc- There are only 30 miles of railroad, and 3,824 miles of telegraph lines in the territory. The capital is Teheran, with a population of about 200,000, situated about seventy miles south of the Caspian sea. AUSTRALIA, DEPENDENCY of Great Britain, is the largest island on the globe, being in fact more of a continent. Its area is nearly three million square miles, or about the size of the United States, exclusive of Alaska. Its population is estimated a 2,300,000. The interior consists in a great part of a sandy and stony desert, but nearly all the coast and eastern portion of Australia is a rich grazing country. The latter region is well adapted to the rais- ing of sheep, of which there were in 1882 upward of seventy-two millions. The island is divided into five provinces New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. Its products include those produced in the temperate zones. Large quantities of dia- monds and precious metals are annually mined. Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, is the largest city, with a population of 325,000. The other large cities are Sydney, Wellington and Brisbane. AFRICA. EGYPT, |OMINALLY a province of Turkey, but practically independent, is one of the oldest countries in the world, its history dating back of any authentic record. It possesses works of that early period that are to this day the wonder of the world. Its pyramids, tombs and monuments of its kings, have an antiqui- ty beyond the researches of history. The base of the largest covers eleven acres of ground, with a perpendicular height of 500 feet; it con- tains a room thirty-four feet long and seventeen broad, in which there is a marble chest, but without contents. The Catacombs, Sphynx, Ruins of Thebes, etc., are great attractions to travelers. The Labyrinth is partly under ground and cut out of marble rock, consisting anciently of twelve palaces and three thousand chambers. Egypt comprises an area estimated at 212.000 square miles, and a population in 1877 of 5,517,000. The chief exports are grain, beans, cotton, sugar, skins and feathers. Its religion is Mohammedan. The Nile is the leading and almost the only river, its annual inundations making a fertile country of what would- otherwise be a barren waste. Cairo is the capital and largest city, with a population of about 400,000. LIBERIA. JHIS republic, with a form of government framed after that of the United States, is situated on the west coast of Africa, containing 14,300 square miles, and a population estimated at 1,068.000, most of whom are aboriginals. The principal ex- ports are coffee, sugar, ginger, ivory, indigo and caoutchouc. Monrovia, the capital, has a population of about 13,000. MADAGASCAR, LARGE island situated east of Africa, is under the protec- torate of France, with a Queen as its present ruler. It is the largest of the African Islands, having an area of about 228.600 square miles, and a population of 3,500,000. The island is rich in minerals of every description, and produces an abund- ance of rice, silk, spices, cotton and valuable timber. ALGERIA, IITUATED on the north coast of Africa, is also a French colony. Its area is about 198,000 square miles, and population about 2,560,000. Its mineral resources are considerable, and the cereals and olives are produced in the fertile region bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. The Mohammedan is the pre- vailing religion. Algiers is the principal city; population 56,800. MOROCCO, HE largest of the Barbary States, is situated in northwest Af- rica, and contains an area of about 200,000 square miles, and a population of from five to eight millions. The empire is absolute monarchy. Among the chief products are wheat, barley, corn, oil and fruits. There are three capitalsFez, Morocco and Maquinez, the former the largest; population about 80,000. CAPE COLONY |S an extensive British province, situated in the extreme south- ern part of Africa, with an area of 211,471 square miles, and a population of 1,129,648. The colonists engage in the pro- duction of wine and wool, in rearing horses, cattle, sheep and ostriches, the culture of barley, wheat and oats, and mining of copper, coal and diamonds. Capo Town is the capital; pop. 35,000. ORANGE FREE STATE, ATED in the south of Africa, is separated from Cape Colony by the Orange river. It has a republican form of govern- ment. Its area is estimated at 70,000 square miles, and pop- ulation at 133.618. The principal exports are wool, hides and ostrich feathers. The State contributes annually $10,000,000 to education. Bloemfontein is the capital; population 2,567. DISCOURSED ON OF" BY CHICAGO DIVINES, SUNDAY, OCT. 16, 1892. NO USE FOR ICONOCLASTS. BISHOP FALLOWS SAYS COLUMBUS' IMPERFECTIONS NEED NOT BE DWELT UPON. ISHOP FALLOWS preached at St. Paul's Reformed Episcopal church on "The Gift of the Old World to the New." The Bishop said in part: "Very naturally and properly, too, upon this Sunday preceding the formal dedication of the World's Exposition, our thoughts are turned to the man who gave the new world to the old. I have little respect for those who try to bring out the imperfections that cling to the character of Columbus. It is not nec- essary to deify him to give his just dues, and it is not necessary to dwell on his foibles and failings. A great historical character is like the sun; he has spots, but we need not be par- ticularly anxious to bring them into notice. The Spaniards came to this new world and the most terrible crimes in history were committed by them. The French came, but no progressive steps were taken by them, and it was found that another race and another religion must leave their impress upon the new lands given as a priceless gift to the old world. It was the broad scheme of Christian civilization, where men might find a congen- ial home and a religion which they now claim as a birthright. "It is perfectly proper that our Roman Catholic citizens should have a recognition in the great ceremonies. Columbus belonged to their church, and it would bo the height of impropriety to debar them from a prominent part in the exercises. I only want to remind them that Col- umbus found America, but protestants created this new continent. We ourselves are the best gift of the old world to the new, whether made in our lifetime or that of our ancestors." In the evening. Bishop Fallows' subject was "The Gift of the New World to the Old." He said in the course of his address: "I may embrace the subject in a single phrase the gift of American manhood. It was the manhood sustained by truth that pushed forward the great reforms that we have experienced in this country. Infidelity never did it, and I challenge any to prove it did. I have yet to see an infidel who is sacrificing his personal welfare to benefit others, and when the men of this country banded themselves together and made a stand against the mightiest power in the world, they did so because they felt that the Almighty was with them. Their guns were loaded with a prin- ciple which brought down not a man but a system. We have given to the old world a lesson that the citizen soldier, fired with the love of country, can do vastly more than the hirelings of a great standing army. We have expanded our common school system till countries of the old world have modeled theirs by ours. Our poets, our historians, our nov- elists have taken their places with the best of those of the old world." "We are about to open a great exposition and it is a pity that the whole world cannot be present. Let us hope it will be celebrated and dignified in every way and that the new world will give to the old the best that can be found in the whole world." AMERICA NO SECTARIAN HERITAGE. REV. P. BRUSHINGHAM'S DISCOURSE. Rev. 3. P. Bushingham preached at the Ravenswood M. E. church on "The Columbian Celebration." The church was decorated for the occasion, and music of a patriotic as well as devotional character was rendered. The texts were from Hebrews xi, 8, "And he went out not orst THE; or*- knowing whither he went," and from Acts xxvii, 27, ''About midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country." Among other things, Mr. Bushingham said: " The nations and the churches of Christendom do not honor simply a name, are not deifying a man, but pause to feel the force of the great idea for which the word Columbus stands. While we should not with- hold the meed of praise to the genius, faith, and heroism of Christopher Columbus we must, nevertheless, recognize him as but a servant to carry forward the great plans of divine providence. Columbus discovered America, but the Almighty God discovered Columbus. "It is childishly absurd for any one branch of the Christian church to lay exclusive claim to the great discoverer. If Columbus belonged to any branch of Christendom it must have been that only one which existed at the time of his voyage of discov ry. I have no sympathy with this spirit of narrow sectarianism, wherever found. I would not discount the noble faith of Queen Isabella because she did not happen to be a protestant. "In these days we think of a fact in history which began in prayer and ended in praise. Columbus and his sailors planted the cross before a new continent, symbolizing the fact that one day in seven was to be God's day and that the country was to be God's country. It seems in poor taste for the scoffing atheist to lampoon the faith of the mighty mariner. "Columbus had faith in God and in himself, but he made navigation a study. He had the spirit of originality. He knew land could be found in the west from the very nature of the case. The stories of other navi- gators and the authority of learned writers and his own study gave him faith. While others doubted he believed, and trusted while they scoffed. He prayed and fasted while his sailors mutinied. For eighteen long years he waited before he saw the triumph of his ideas. "Columbus opened a larger space for the increasing millions of the old world and opportunity for experiments in free government. We have a government of the people, for the people and by the people, yet it is all experimental. Our institutions are in their infancy and we must not shut our eyes to dangers threatening us. The investigations of the depart- ment of state disclose the fact that Europe is dumping systematically on our shores her convicts, diseased people, paupers and idiots. A moral quarantine must be established for America's future to be as great as her past." VINDICATION OF THE DISCOVERER. DORE'S ELOQUENT TRIBUTE TO THE GREAT CATHOLIC NAVIGATOR. Worshipers at the Cathedral of the Holy Name were reminded on glancing at the pulpit all brilliant with the stars and stripes, that the Catholic church was honoring the memory of Columbus. A very large congregation attended the mass celebration at 10:30, at which an eloquent discourse on Columbus was deli /ered by Father J. P. Dore. "There lies in the human heart," said Father Doro, "an instinct that that prompts us to keep alive the memory of illustrious names. We cling to the names of the world's greatest with all the tenacity of heartfelt gratitude and they live upon the lips of men long after they have finished their labors. The world inscribes upon its pillars the names of its heroes, its statesmen, its philosophers, its poets, and commits them to the keep- ing of the future. But frequently we find the memory to be but the shadow of a name once great. It is only when their efforts, by the grace of God, have affected the entire world, when as the Creator's instrument, subservient to His will they have accomplished great things, that their memory lives. Future generations in the study of their lives and charac- ters behold the Christian influence that prevailed, the love of God that was implanted in their mortal souls. And it is the memory of such a one we celebrate to-day, the memory of him who first planted on this continent the cross of Jesus Christ, of him whose life was devoted to science and religion, the learned, the saintly Columbus." After giving a sketch of the life of Columbus, the preacher continued: "If we wish to estimate his merits, if we wish to recognize and to acknowledge what we owe him, we must bring home to ourselves the value and importance of the services he rendered for the world and for faith. After all, what would our lives be if faith did not enlighten them? Without the presence of faith there is no foundation of hope, no motive for charity. Without faith man would find himself here, not knowing whence or why he came, or whither the years are bearing him away. Reason would find the limit of its sway, life would be a mystery. But with faith there comes a change. It is faith that rolls away the mists that dim the intellect and dispels the doubts that crowd the mind. This same faith was the power that attended the great Columbus. Should he not then be honored by us as Catholics, should not his name be ever on our lips, should not his memory be cherished in our heart of hearts and his virtues be made the standard and the model of our lives? Imbued with the doctrine of Jesus Christ, Columbus yearned to save the souls of the thousands he foresaw living in the land of his discovery. Imbued with the living faith he longed to reclaim the sepulchre with the wealth of the new world. "His whole life was one living act of faith. Before leaving his own land to sail the unknown seas he received devoutly the sacraments of penance and of the eucharist, and as he stepped on the Santa Maria he begged the blessing of the good Father Perez. Thus fortified by God's grace and surrounded by the praying multitude, the Christ bearer began his voyage. At night in midocean, commander and crew chanted solemn- OK OP* ly the Salve Regina, the Ave Maris Stella, begging the mother of God to guide their vessels aright. "He implored his men to have faith and confidence in God, and he himself prayed with unremitting vigor. At last his prayers were heard, the cry of land! land! greets his ears, and the shores of the continent are reached. Columbus springing forward with the cross blessed by the good priest, plants it on the newly discovered soil, falls on his knees and with his followers give thanks to the Almighty. Columbus offered up this new land to Jesus Christ and called it Holy Saviour. "Such was the character of the discoverer, at all times working for the greater honor and glory of God. Listen to the glowing tribute paid him by that distinguished American writer, Washington Irving: 'He was devoutly pious,' says Irving, 'religion mingled with the whole course of his thoughts and actions and shone forth in his most private and un- studied writings. Whenever he made any great discovery he celebrated it by solemn thanks to God. The voice of prayer and the melody of praise rose from his ships when they first beheld the new world. Every even- ing hymns were chanted by the crew, and in the beantif ul groves border- ing the wild shores of this heathen land the holy sacrifice of the mass was offered. All his great enterprises were undertaken in the name of the holy trinity, and he partook of communion previous to embarkation. He was a firm believer in the efficiency of vows, and penances and pil- grimages, and resorted to them in times of difficulty and danger. The religion thus deeply rooted in his soul diffused a sober dignity and benign composure over his whole demeanor. His language was pure and guarded and free from all imprecations, oaths and other irreverent expressions.' "That is the opinion of a protestant writer. He admires the sterling character of our Columbus; he extols him for his love for the faith, and implies that through faith his greatness was secured. "What a man then for us to revere! Never could we find greater self-sacrifice, greater humility than in the life of him whose name to-day is on every lip in the civilized world. "In his life what a rebuke is there for the lukewarm, the indifferent Catholic, who esteems his faith as little or nothing compared with the things of this world. From Columbus let them learn the lesson taught now as it was in his day, for his faith was ours, that God is our creator, that to him we owe everything, from him comes all of comfort and good we possess here below, and that the return he demands for all is our love and obedience. At this time, especially, when the world at large is hon- oring his memory, when acts of thanksgiving are ascending to the throne of the Most High for the blessings this land of Columbus has received, what a consolation is the church, what a proud moment for us to point with exultant joy to the man and say 'he was a Catholic pure and holy.' As Catholics we rejoice in this grand celebration, and who shall deny us the right? Why will the tongues of bigots dare attack the religion in which was born, nurtured and carried out the great discovery of this land? Did it not have its origin in a Catholic mind; was it not blessed by a Catholic priest, and was it not materially aided by the Catholic queen of Spain, the noble Isabella, who said 'I will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary funds. "As Catholics we assert without fear the right to celebrate the feast of Columbus; we ask favor from no quarter, we make no apology, but when narrow-minded men will give utterance to expressions such ?,s have appeared of late, we fling the lie back in their faces and stand as Catho- lics, as citizens of a great and glorious republic, on a continent first dis- covered by an uncanonized Catholic saint. We are Americans; we enjoy the liberty, civil and religious, that this law gives us; we are as ready now to protect it as in days gone by, and at the same time we are, thank God, Catholic believers in the faith of Jesus Christ; subjects of religious belief in his vicar on earth, the bishop of Rome. "May this land of Columbia ever prosper; may peace and content- ment ever be hers; may God in his mercy ever protect it from war and strife; may her citizens be loyal; may this ever be the land of the brave and the home of the free, the refuge, the protector of the exiles from foreign shores, the greatest, the grandest country on the face of God's green earth. To you, Columbus: "God sent thee from the crowded ark, Christ-bearer like the dove, To find, o'er sundering waters dark, New lands for conquering love," CATHOLICS BROUGHT AMERICA FORTH. FATHER CASHMAN PREACHES OF THE BIRTH OF THE NEW CONTINENT. Were Columbus a canonized saint, the services in his honor at St. Jarleth's Catholic church could not have been more elaborate and impres- sive. Low masses were celebrated from early morning by the several priests connected with St. Jarleth's parish, but the ceremony of the day was set for 10:45 o'clock. At that hour the thanksgiving high mass of the Holy Ghost was sung. The singing and music incidental to the mass were excellently given by a trained choir of fifty voices and orchestra. A distinguished ecclesiastic from Rome, who was visiting Father Cash- man, Rev. D. Kenna, was celebrant of the mass. Father O'Connor offi- ciated as deacon, Father Cox as subdeacon, and Father Cashman as mas- ON THIS OF* COl^tJM BtJS. tev of ceremonies. The big church was thronged. After the first gospel Father Cashman ascended the pulpit. He said: "All the world knows that Columbus discovered America. All Americans ought to know who Columbus was, what manner of man he was, and what were the motives that moved him and the influences that inspired him. The Atlantic ocean was to the people of the middle ages what the Hyperborean sea was to the Romans a wild waste of endless waters over which hung everlasting night and eternal death. We know now, but Columbus did not know then, that bold voyagers from northern Europe discovered America before the great Genoese set foot on the soil of this country. Historical proofs abound going to show that as early as the sixth century an Irish Monk. St. Brendan, was one of those who came before Columbus. Ancient Irish literature teems with references to the saint's discovery, and an Irish Christian brother, Gerald Griffin, who made a mark among men of letters of his day in London, embodied in a beautiful poem the Irish traditions in reference to the existence of 'Hy Brazil, the isle of the blest," America.' Coming to the character of Columbus, the preacher paid a glowing tribute to the great navigator: "His faith in the existence of a land beyond the ocean was only ex- celled by his faith in the teachings of the church to which we catholics are proud to belong. It was because of his faith that he set forth on his mission of discovery. He had heard of India and of the great wealth of that country. His idea was that India extended to where he found Amer- ica. He was fired with the idea of driving the Turks out of the Holy Land. This task needed money for its accomplishment, and Columbus set forth to get it with a pure heart and the heroic determination of a crusader. We all know the sequel. "While we laud Columbus, let us not forget the Catholic priest, Father Perez, who influenced Isabella to assist Columbus, and let us not forget that Catholic queen of Spain for enabling him to make the voyage. Ignorant snarlers may bray until they get tired, but braying cannot change the facts of history. These facts show that Catholics discovered this land, that they explored and colonized it, that they fought and died for it when it was in danger; and these facts, too, enable us to say that for our faith to continue, to flourish here, means the perpetuation of the republic. From Columbus to the Catholics whose names are signed to the declaration of American independence, and from them to the gallant Sheridan, a long line of the members of our church have left us a herit- age which we should cherish as a precious possession. If we so cherish it, we must be good Americans. A good Catholic must be a loyal citizen. When men and nations fall away from religion, they become a prey to materialism and selfiishness, and then greed for gain leads to injustice. The history of all civil society proves that when justice can be trampled on with impunity then comes the cataclysm. The further we get from God the nearer we get to mammon, expediency becomes the rule, the classes and the masses differentiate, and soon is heard the rumble of rev- olution. In such times it is our duty to cleave to the faith as did Colum- bus and the crusaders, otherwise the historian at no distant day may hp- gin to chronicle the story of our country's decline and fall." DR. HIRSCH ON AMERICA S DISCOVERY. ETHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COLUMBUS' ACCIDENT. Dr. E. G. Hirsch delivered a discourse before a large congregation in Sinai Temple. Every seat was occupied. The platform was decorated with American flags and banners. Busts of Washington, Lincoln and Columbus were appropriately draped. The choir sang national hymns. Dr. Hirsch's subject was: "The Moral Significance of the Discovery of America." The speaker said in part : ' 'There are moments in the life of each individual soul, that are given to deeper reflection when doubt crowds upon it, when life itself seems a burden of accidents. During the sober reflections of these moments we look back upon the experience of the past. A gleam comes that unravels the interwoven fabrics of history. And the movements on the chess board of time that forged the links of the centuries reveal themselves to us and are as an open book. "The question arises, was the discovery of America a mere accident or was it by providential direction? The thinker looking backward con- siders October 12, 1492, a turning point in the history of the world. Then he wonders how a mariner whose original purpose was the discovery of a passage to the Indies found a world. Columbus' intent, when he sailed out of the harbor of Palos, was to enrich the coffers of his country. We all know the history of that tempestuous voyage, resulting in stum- bling upon this continent. We can say that Columbus' discovery was accidental; we have the proof. Greater than Columbus is America. Columbus was simply an instrument in the hands of providence. "Looking backward over four hundred years let us embrace with one sweeping glance the ending of the fifteenth century. In Constantinople the crescent has been victorious over the cross. Guttenberg has invented printing. The Hussite war has been terminated. The reformation is approaching. Martin Luther is advancing and having recognition Copernicus, the astronomer, is growing to manhood. Ferdinand and Isabella are on the throne of Spain. The differences of York and Lan- ON TtiiEO OF" COI^TLJ IVIBUS. caster are ending, and Henry the VII is creating modern England. Italy cherishes the master of painting. Venice glories in republican splendor, and Alexander Borgia is seated in the pontifical chair at Rome. In Florence Savonarola is preaching a new reformation. This is the state of Europe when the discovery of a new world dawns a period of uphea- vals in art, and literature, science and religion. This was the era when a new world was discovered for a nobler and newer humanity. What the North American continent has done for civilization is a matter of history. No country can boast of such natural possessions as the new continent. The ancient forests have stored up their treasures for us. We ask for a tribute from the rivers; they do not deny us. We dive down into the depths of the ocean and are rewarded. It is not necessary for me to tell of the secreted treasure in the bowels of the earth awaiting discovery, of the black diamonds, metals and life sustaining waters. It is needless to mention the vastness of our surface wealth, our cereals, that help to nourish the world, and other sources of wealth in the cata- logue of our possessions. It is in obedience to an impulse that we seek to learn of the age of Columbus and other men who held aloft the torch of larger opportunity. "The constitution of the United States embodies the principles sounded from the housetops by the ancient Hebrews, religion is the privilege of the individual soul. Just because the election of religion was left to the individual is our supremacy over monarchial countries. The vital principle of religion is individual responsibility to a higher source of life-obligation to God. The responsibility of the individual and the authority of man are the moral significance of the discovery of America not the discovery of virgin soil. A government of the people, by the people and for the people is not a theory but a practical ex- perience, and under such a government the arts and sciences will nourish. We are on the threshold of the twentieth century, and an era of liberty." KNEW NOT WHERE HE WAS GOING. COLUMBUS A HERO, YET A CEEATUKE OF HIS AGE AND RACE. Rev. John R. Gow, pastor of the Hyde Park Baptist Church, took for his subject ''The Faith Element in the Voyage of Columbus." He com- pared the navigator's sailing with the journey of Abraham when he sep- arated from Lot in the land of Egypt. He said: 'Each departed 'knowing not where he was going,' each was called, and each obeyed. Each went to discover that which to him should be for an inheritance. Columbus was a devotee of faith, and upon his per- ilous journey he went in perfect trust in God. Columbus lived in an age of exploration, superstition and prejudice. But it was an age when all minds were directed in the pursuit of knowledge. He Was a hero, and yet a creature of his age and race. Columbus was foremost among con- temporaneous explorers in making new discoveries, and his earnest zeal was not without avail. The west depended upon the east for its luxuries, and one of the most potent incentives, which ultimately resulted in the explorations of Columbus, was the necessity for a new source of supply which the nobility demanded. 'The gates to China were closed against the west. The war with the Turks destroyed ihe commerce of that country, and with a view to a new passage to Asia, Columbus departed on his perilous journey. Through innumerable hardships, beaten back by contending elements, surround- ed by mutinous seamen, harassed by doubt, but determined in spirit, with face ever set toward the unknown west, he sailed on and on; till at last, through faith in God and the dispensation of an all-wise providence he set foot upon America, taking possession of it in the name of the God he so faithfully served." MORAL RESULTS OF THE DISCOVERY. M. M. MANGASARIAN'S LECTURE ON COLUMBUS. Before the Ethical Culture society, at the Grand Opera House, Pro- fessor M. M. Mangasarian lectured on ''Christopher Columbus and the Moral Results of the Discovery of America." Reviewing the life of Columbus, Mr. Mangasarian said he was bred in an age of superstition, when the growth of mind was shackled. In his Italian home he dreamed as a boy, of the Indies beyond the western sea, and in his manhood, indomitable will and great courage brought a grand realization of those dreams. Columbus' project was received with mocking by a supersti- tious age which would accept the supernatural, but had no place in its faith for the great deeds of a courageous mind. "When America was discovered, the modern spirit was born," said the lecturer. "Great and new ideas sprang up in Europe, but they were lost in the stubble of old forms and superstitions. In this new land to which Columbus gave civilized existence these ideas found a soil suitable for their growth and expansion. "The mind of Europe was strong, but the body was weak and corrupt. In the virgin soil of America the mind spread. The new land had been able to teach older Europe that a nation can exist where men shall be equal, where property shall be protected, and where the humblest born may attain the loftiest position. All this change in the fact of the modern world had come from the immense courage and the untarnished mind of the great discoverer. Devout Catholic that he was, he O1M THIS Ot<" COI^TLJ XIQUS. beyond the rule of priestcraft and superstition and opened to the world a garden for the planting of the seeds of new thought. His discovery, America, had changed modern Enrope. Its example had melted old conventionalities and superstitions, broken down barriers between the high and low, and taught the people of this ancient civilization the usefulness of freedom of thought and action. It was the irony of fate that such a man should die in poverty, unrewarded for his most magnificent achievement." Mr. Mangasarian took to task recent writers who have sought to un- der estimate the value of Columbus' work by attacking his moral charac- ter. Musty old documents and unpublished letters had been produced, he said, to prove the errors of the discoverer's young manhood, and to show that in his voyage of discovery he was simply a vagabond and a gold hunter. The man who, seeing the lily, cared to point to the mud as the birthplace of the beautiful flower, was not to be admired. Columbus must be measured not by his origin, or by possible personal lapses. His glory was in what he did, and he had made possible the great moral agency of the new world. COLUMBUS AND WASHINGTON. TWO TYPES COMPARED BY REV. MONTGOMERY THROOP. Rev. Montgomery Throop, of All Saints' church, preached on ''Col- umbus and Romanism." ''During the last few weeks the Roman Catholics have, by the use of our newspapers, used every effort possible to associate themselves prom- inently with the Columbus celebration. It is no new thing for church people in general to strive for notoriety. If we look back a few years to the centennial of the adoption of our constitution we will observe that our church is the last one to find fault with the Roman Catholics. By using our imagination we cannot conceive that George Washington be- longed to any church but ours. His character shows it. "On the other hand, Columbus is connected in the same way with the Catholic Church. I do not desire to censure him for the means he used in keeping his crew ignorant of his voyage, but he had a great moral weakness in connection with his great strength, not only in his own life, but as a governor and administrator. While he desired the In- dians to be converted and civilized, he was ready to burn them at the stake if they did not worship as he desired. "We can safely say that Washington and Columbus were the fruits of two different systems, and while we give the latter all the praise and glory that belong to him, let us think of this, our nineteenth century;' the progress of our republican freedom; the election of our rulers by the people, our public schools; our religious freedom, and in what light he would consider it. Although we cannot fail to admire his intrepidity, let us not forget the Norsemen who settled in the borders of our own ter- ritory, and to them belong the first honors. We are their descendants. "At the beginning of our second century of national life, we are be- set with dangers arising from the presence of the inferior races of south- ern Europe. These races desire to rule, and if they should gain that power in this country, we would rapidly find ourselves in the same posi- tion as the countries of South America. We have lost much of the zeal which belongs to the Catholic Church of this nation. That which our forefathers cast aside we have taken up. and we have taken much which we ought to have left alone. Our representative men can compare with the Roman, as Columbus compares with Washington. These two are men who achieved greatness, not by enthusiasm, but by an unswerving pupose which never forgets the presence of God." AMERICA WITH A LARGE A. REV. MR. DELANO WANTS NATIONAL CUSTOMS RESPECTED AS WELL AS COLUMBUS. "I am more interested to know what is to become of America in the next fifty years than I am to know perfectly the man who discovered it," said Rev. Henry A. Delano in beginning his sermon before a large con- gregation at the First Baptist Church in Evanston. He continued: "I am more anxious to know whose hands will guide the craft from this on than I am about the hands that guided the first bark to our shores. Those hands are dust, and those brave hearts fast asleep, but I know many a hand with ten fingers aching to grasp the reins of this gov- ernment and run it for the selfish aggrandizement of the few. There is enough of past achievement to celebrate that is glorious and magnificent without splitting hairs over the discoverer of America. If Columbus was the fortunate mariner, I would not pluck one feather from his plum- age, nor even disturb the ruffle about his neck. If he it was who first planted the cross here, I say amen, and by that sign we conquer. But I am more interested in the men who developed this land than I am in the man who found it; more interested in the men who saved it by their blood than I am in the men who first sighted shore. "The grand exposition year which is to be inaugurated the present week, is not so much an illustration of what was found, as it is a revela- tion of what has been made. Columbus found a chaos. The foreigner landing here to-morrow ought to find a cosmos. It is a new world we OIM TI-IEJ OF* are putting on exhibition is it not? I know of some persons who want to make it as much like the old one as possible. God pity the servile and namby-pamby American who, in an hour like this, is running after rel- ics who is more careful to have Spain, Portugal or France, foreign faith, foreign ideas, foreign fashions or foreign Sunday consulted, than the principles, the deeds and the customs of his own land. I am in favor of the utmost courtesy and fairness toward all without, but I protest against the idea of arraying the goddess of American liberty in the cos- tume of centuries gone by. If I know anything about American history I think the stars and stripes good enough for her. I want to see liberty of conscience and speech, fair and honorable concessions made to every man, every sect, every church and institution, but I want the fundamen- tal ideas of this government honored by every citizen, its flag respected its laws obeyed, its language taught and spoken, and if the citizen can't do that, let him go and discover something of his own. I do not want this great celebration to be a revamping of Columbus alone nor his pe- culiar faith. "No sect, no hierarchy, no class, no race, no condition save that which is American in its spirit, patriotic in its genius and loyal to the back bone to every thread of the American flag, every star in its blue square, every hope it stands for, and every principle it symbolizes. Hands off, and a fair, genial, fraternal, patriotic show, not only of what has been, but of what is and is to be. "I am a friend of every sincere, intelligent faith, of every honest and pure creed, of every pure principle of republicanism, but I am most, and to-day and forever, an American, and that.spelled with ,n A as large as North America tself." BISHOP CHENEY'S SERMON ON THE INDEBTEDNESS OP THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION TO THE PAST AND PRESENT INFLUENCES OF RELIGION. The missionary hymn, "From Greenland's Icy Mountains," was sung to the tune "Cruger," before the reading of the communion service, and the congregation and choir joined heartily in the singing of "God Bless Our Native Land" to the tune "America" before the sermon. The subject of Bishop Cheney's discourse was, "What the Columbian Exposition Owes to Christianity." The question was, had the religion of Christ revolutionized the moral aspect of the world, said the bishop. All history stood ready to prove that it had. It was easy to snow that it had been a moral fight. His task that morning lay iu a different direction, and it was an appropriate one on account of the near approach of the dedication ceremonies of the great world's fair. Had they ever noticed that when an electric light was burning the shadows around it were dark? It had been charged against Christianity that, while it made the conscience light and clear, it made the intellect dark. It had been said that Christianity encouraged the emotional and dampened the practical. What had Christianity done for the intellectual cultivation of the people? He did not ask, What had Christianity done to educate a class? When recently one hundred miners were entombed a glorious work was done by the rescuing party, when some of them were brought to the surface of the ground. Such a work was done by the philosophers of Greece and Rome. They brought out an educated class. They never attempted to enlighten the mass of mankind. It was reserved for Christianity not only to save more than a class, but to enlighten a people who were enveloped in darkness. Rome had its great teachers of art, philosophy and sciences, but their aim was only to teach a class. The 60,000,000 slaves and the populace living on the bounty of the rich were not troubled. They did not care to learn and nobody cared to teach them. The public school boy of to-day knew more about Rome than any of those persons did. How was it that he came to do so? The lawyer says that the law of the present day comes from the old Roman law; the poet declares that his inspiration has been derived from Homer and Virgil; the orator points to Demosthenes and Cicero, and the philosopher owes much of his reasoning to Plato and Aristotle. How did the world in the nineteenth century come to have in its possession all the literary treasures which were written before the Christian era? When Rome fell into the hands of the Goths all learning perished. Libraries made campfires for the savage hordes; literature was blotted out. Who saved what is possessed to-day? The church of Christ and the church alone. The bishop had no words of palliation for the errors of the clergy of the dark ages, but they and they alone pre- served the literature that remained to this day. In their cloisters and monasteries they hid for a thousand years all those treasures. Hallam, the historian, said: "Religion alone made a bridge and linked the two periods of ancient and modern civilization." The church has also broken down the wall between the classes. In olden days the only place where the peasant and the lord where on equality was where the church came in. No matter how humble his origin, if a man entered the church he became a peer with the rest. Cardinal Wolseley was the son of a butcher. The church produced pub- lic schools. In the second century when the old Christians were dying out the only way was to educate the young. When the Goths and Van- dals buried Rome under ignorance, the clergy undertook to give educa- tion to the young. As early as 529 a council of the church ordered that ON THE every priest should make his home a school for the young. The synod of Orleans in 729 ordered that all children, rich and poor, should go to school, and made teaching free. The emperor, Charlemange, also ordered that the clergy should teach. When Alfred the Great founded the great universaties he established free schools where the bible was the text book. Not a university exists in Europe, which has not been established by Christian princes or clergy. In this country, who were the founders of Harvard and of Yale, and the great university in Chicago? In America $4.000,000,000 has been spent in education. Who gave it? Not the advocates of infidelity, but the friends of Christian culture. In what countries had inventive science shown itself? The Indians, Arabs and Chinese are the same as they were one thousand years ago. Under Mahommedanism. Buddism and idolatry there has been stag- nation, except where the inhabitants have been brought into contact with Christianity. It was easy to say that the church had closed the doora to science. How came it to pass that in the religions in which the church was dominant science made the greatest progress. James Watt was a Scotchman, but how was it possible that the steam engine could be discovered in a Christian country? Morse and Eddy were Americans, yet they discovered telegraphy and electricity. The great exposition which will open next year will demonstrate to the world that progress only exists in Christian countries. Humboldt had said that it was the tendency of the Christian mind to gather from tho order and beauty of nature the goodness of a creator. Huxley said that the religion which made men's thoughts to turn towards science was tho religion of Jesus Christ. The bishop had not read the hard things that had been said about Columbus, but he believed he was a man actuated by the desire to place Christianity in heathen lands. How much did the Columbian exposition owe to Christianity? It owed everything. There would be in the coming exposition only what had been born of Christianity, nourished by Christianity and pushed to its development by Christianity." FOR THE WORLD'S REGENERATION. FINDING OP THE NEYT WORLD PART OF THE SCHEME OF SALVATION. Services in honor and memory of Columbus were held in the Church of the Sacred Heart, Nine teeth and Johnson streets, at 10:30 o'clock. Tho large house of worship was completely filled, and many stood out- side the doors. Father Walter Hill*preached on the discovery of Amer- ica, but the exercises were for the most part musical, the regular choir being augmented by several soloists and a string orchestra. Fathers Masterson and Ward acted as deacons, while Father Corbett celebrated solemn high mass. Father Hill's sermon, which was a review of the life of the discov- erer of the new worM, w'th morals drawn from his example, was listened to most attentively. His words seemed to have all the more weight for his patriotic surroundings. The pulpit from which he spoke was en- twined with red, white and blue, while to his right a draped portrait of Columbus smiled upon the congregation. The national colors were con- sidered sacred enough to be wrapped round and round the tabernacle it- self, and all through the church flags and banners were hung. In beginning the speaker told of the opposition Columbus encoun- tered in making his project clear to the people of the old world and the privations to which he was subjected, drawing therefrom the lessons of perseverance and assiduity. Blind prejudice, he said, was a most diffi- cult thing to overcome, and that Columbus overcame it showed him to be a great man. Americans should be grateful for the advantages they en- joy over all other nations, especially for the freedom of religious thought that is here afforded to all men. Of all classes the Catholics should be the most thankful, and it was fitting they of all others should celebrate the triumphs of a man of their own creed, who had done so mnch' for them. They should show this by taking an active part in all matters pertaining to the discovery of America and the world's fair which cele- brated this epoch in the history of nations, and should conduct themselves so as to make the best citizens. Father Hill said he had no doubt but that America was a country chosen of God, where all might worship him as their consciences dic- tated, and not at tho commands of others, who could see only their own selfish hearts. The discovery of America was only a part of the general scheme of the Creator, and Columbus was the divine instrument used in carrying it out. Advantages so generously given to a great people should be used not carelessly, but with the thought always in mind of their great value. COLUMBUS DAY AT EPIPHANY. SERVICES AND DISCOURSE IN TUNE WITH THE EVENTS OF THE WEEK. American flags hung in graceful folds above the chancel of the Church of the Epiphany, and the desk from which the Rev. T. N. Mor- rison preached an eloquent Columbian sermon was draped with the stars and stripes. The special service in honor of the discovery which the whole world is celebrating, attracted an audience that filled to overflow- OlSt OF- ing the handsome church at Ashland boulevard and West Adams street. A superb musical program preceded the sermon. Beginning with the organ prelude, the surpliced choir entered, the processional hymn being Come ye faithful, raise the anthem, Cleave the skies with shouts of praise. After the Psalms came the "Te Deum," Dy kes, in F; the"Jubilate Deo," Sullivan, in D; and Hayden's anthem: The heavens are telling the glory of God, The wonder of his work displays the firmament. Mr. Morrison chose his text from Hebrews xi, 8: "By faith Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which he should afterwards re" ceive for an inheritance, obeyed, and he went out not knowing whither he went." The pastor said: "In studying the history of human progress the wonder is not so much that man has achieved great things, but rather that discoveries, inventions and improvements have been so long delayed. Celebrating at this time the discovery of America we cannot but admire the man who in God's providence was mastered by the conviction of the rotundity of the earth. Driven by his destiny from land to land and from court to court amid the sneers of the learned and the anathemas of the theologians, the contempt of courtiers; in poverty and disappointment; pressing his con- victions on every man he met; with courage and faith sailing out into the unexplored sea, on and on, until at last he beheld the land he had sought by faith, and knelt down, thanked God, and knew not himself how he had set forward the hands on the dial which measures man's life upon earth. We admire the man. Honor Columbus, the great discoverer, each century, as one by one the generations come and go on this great continent. Honor Columbus, as in this happy land a great people work out the problems of self-government. "The thoughtful will consider this week the meaning of this event, and as it finds place in the course of human development see God in his- tory and know that all things come in the fullness of time. We will read in this event a story like unto Abraham's of old; a man called of God, a man of faith going out by faith not knowing whither he went; a man in whom all the nations of the earth are blessed. We are the heir of all the ages. I want something better than an ode to Columbus, but let us sing that with a will. His fortunate destiny saw the harvest ripening; the world was on the eve of another seed-sowing; already a premonition of a change was agitating the world; the hands on the great clock were slowly approaching high noon; the hour struck and the new day of mod- ern life had begun. The Lord called Columbus and said: 'Get thee up from thy kindred and thy father's house.' At last he prayed in the church at Palos, and out into the west he sailed, and on Oct. 12. 1892, he saw the land locked in God's purpose until the hour from the knowledge of all Europe. "Columbus has filled his destiny. He died discarded, a failure as a colonizer and governor, and the iron entered his soul. 'I will wear those chains,' he said, 'as an evidence of the gratitude of princes.' He died a Christian. He who cannot read in our history a purpose must be blind to the meaning of events, must be destitute of that spirit which seeks a phi- losophy of history. "In God's providence we have been trying experiments; self-govern- ment, universal suffrage, popular education, the entire separation of church and state. Our experiments have proven successful. A great multitude lives in peace, and no sectional discord threatens the continu- ance of the national life. Yet, we cannot this day think only of ourselves. The gospel of Jesus Christ has not been preached in vain. Those mighty buildings down on the lake front are witnesses to something more than the enterprise and energy of Chicago. They tell of more than our ad- vancement in art and the mechanics. They stand as a witness to the fact that our civilization is Christian." The services closed by singing ''America," the entire congregation taking part. COLUMBUS AND HUMAN PROGRESS. LESSONS DRAWN FROM OUR NATION'S PAST, AND PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION DENOUNCED. Rev. M. H. Harris, D. D., preached at the Church of the Redeemer (universalist), on "Columbus and Human Progress." The disregard of some of our politicans for the principles of political economy in the matter of taxation was brought out in the course of his sermon, and class legis- lation and protection was roundly denounced. After reviewing the character, work and achievements of Columbus, and briefly summing up the history of the country since its discovery and the policy of the govern- ment since the adoption of the federal constitution, he told his congre- gation of lessons the past suggested to him and recommended their adoption by those who have the power to outline its policy and principles. "The chief distinction of our progress since we became a nation," he said, "is the development of our material resources. They have claimed our interest, they have been our pride; but with all their greatness they have been the source of most that is unsatisfactory in our national ex- perience, and here lies the greatest danger that threatens our immediate future. Where the people are absorbed in pursuit of gain the govern- ment will naturally be regarded as an instrument to the same end. It must be admitted that we have legislated too much in accordance with this view. For the last eighty years the course of national legislation has been such as to encourage all who had in hand great schemes of improvement to look to congress for aid. Under one pretext or another such aid has been extended until local interests, or class interests, or individual interests claim this fostering power. Tnis is the very last country in which government subsidies should be necessary, for our resources are so ample that they might almost develop themselves. Special legislation is not only a preservation of the ends of government, but it opens the way to corruption; and not all the legislative bodies in the world contain virtue enough to resist the pressure that is sometimes brought to bear on our congressmen. "Our vast national wealth has tended indirectly to prevent the proper study of the principles of government. Whether our government has been administered well or ill, whether our legislation has been wise or foolish, we have continued to grow rich and powerful. We have done very well with our entire civil service for fifty years dependent on the results of political campaigns and the caprice of those who have held the highest offices. What can we say from actual experience of the system of protection when we have made radical changes in it, on the average as often as once in ten years, and have laid what we call protective duties on all articles that we could never produce and those already produced in abundance as well as those whose production we thought it desirable to stimulate? What real experience have we had in distributing the burden of necessary taxation for the support of government in such a manner to be the most easily borne? As a government we are in much the same condition as the farmer on a soil of great natural fertility who becomes careless of all proper methods for the management of soil and crops. A nation must learn prudence or perish. I trust we shall not wait to become poor before we begin to study and apply with thorough- ness the principles of government." In considering the relation of the government to the schools Dr. Harris said: ''The government should open the way for those who would attain eminence in such departments of knowledge as distinguish the present era of intellectual development. It should stimulate the highest forms of activity and it should develop the intellectual resources of the country with at least the solicitude it has bestowed on the material. Whatever may be the relation of government to the schools it certainly can and should be the greatest friend and promoter of sound learning. If, however, the state insists on managing the schools, it should take charge of all grades, and in that case must encounter the resistance of the Roman catholic church. This church will not entrust the education of its children to the state unless the state is administered by the church. We are as yet only upon the threshold of the difficult question. So far as present indications point it will be necessary to separate entirely the schools from the state or the church from the schools." In speaking of the future of religion in the United States, Dr. Harris said that he looked forward to the entire separation of church from state. At the close of his sermon Dr. Harris was heartily applauded by his congregation. STORY OF COLUMBUS' VOYAGES. REV. WILLIAM G. CLARKE'S ADDRESS AT THE CAMPBELL PARK PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. "Columbus and His Voyages of Discovery" was the subject of Rev. Wm. G. Clarke's discourse at the Campbell Park Presbyterian Church. He said: "Columbus never thought of discovering a new country. His ambi- tion was to discover a passage to the west that would lead to India and Asia, and his imagination teemed with bright dreams of the gold and jewels that would be his when he had reached the fabled Cathay. He thought that if he steered straight westward the prow of his ship would grate upon the shores of Asia. To get a fleet to carry out his ambitions, Columbus went before the senate at Genoa, his birthplace, but the wise men laughed at him. He traveled to Portugal, but that country was in the throes of war, and King John would not listen to his plans. Dis- heartened, he went over the mountains into Spain, and before Ferdinand and Isabella. They listened to his plans, but as they had just been through a long war with the Moors, their treasury was depleted. Heartsick, he went back to the mountains, and for some years he lived in a convent. Finally, through the instrumentality of the queen, Columbus was fitted out with three ships, the Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina. ' 'Columbus had no idea of the immense size of the world. He thought it would be but a few days before he would reach Asia. Not till Balboa's time did the world know that a great sea still stretched to the westward. Many days the little fleet sailed, and the superstitious sailors began to fear and threatened mutiny. At 2 o'clock on the morning of Oct. 12, the moon, which had been obscured by the clouds, appeared in all her bright- ness, and from the deck of the Pinta, which was in the lead, the booming of cannon was heard, and the joyful cry of 'Land, ho!' At daybreak Col- umbus stepped ashore and took possession of the land in the name of the sovereigns of Spain. He 'named it San Salvador. It was a triumphal procession that wended its way to the throne of Castile on his return to Spain. The foreigners flocked to the new shores, and then commenced that history of brutalities to the natives of this country. Columbus re- O:F- turned from his first voyage in triumph, pomp and splendor. He re- turned from his second voyage to plead his cause before King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, to whom he had been grossly misrepresented. He re- turned from his third voyage in chains, and on the return from his fourth voyage he was a mental and physical wreck. His last years were spent in poverty. Shame be upon Spain for this injustice to a man to whom it owes much. 'For all that I have done for Spain,' he wrote, 'there is not a roof in the entire land that I can call my own.' And after he died, it was seven years before Spain realized the extent of his services to her, and gave him a decent, Christian burial." FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO. REV. LUTHER PARDEE'S SERMON IN THE AUSTIN CHURCH OF ST. PAUL. Service commemorative of the 400th anniyersary of the discovery of America by Columbus were held in the church of St. Paul the Apostle, at Austin. The attendance was large. "America" and the "Hallelujah" chorus were sung by the choir. The rector of the parish, Rev. Luther Pardee, referred to Columbus and the world's fair generally in his ser- mon. He said; "Four hundred years ago from the waters of the untried seas there was opened up a new world to the eyes of the mariner, Columbus, and his less hopeful companions, and he offered this world, as in duty bound, to his sovereign. These 400 years have been indeed years of trial and probation for the land which has grown from infancy to years of robust strength, dignity and importance. He who set forth in that little Spanish vessel had no conception of the magnitude of the work that he had put in motion. He knew nothing of the greatness of the new world he had given to his sovereign and through him to the multitudes who in after years should call it home. Nor could he by any means forecast the eventful days ths.t should follow the fire and flood, the war and pestilence, as well as the peace, plenty and prosperity. "From all these things his eyes were held. He could never, like Moses, see in prophetic vision the glory that should be. Ho died with no conception of the importance of the benefit he had bestowed upon mankind. We of these later days are beginnning to realize something of these possibilities, marvelous beyond the wildest conception of an enthusiast or the gorgeous fabric of a dream, yet all stretched before us in the future. "There are men here to-day who can remember a time when the mere suggestion of what is an ordinary fact in yonder fair grounds would have been scoffed at by the great majority of people as an impossibility, and the dreamers of such dreams have been regarded as no better than madmen. As we look toward the future and recognize it in the light of the plans and proposed achievements of the men of to-day what limit can we set and say "thus far shalt thou come and no farther?" "Limits there undoubtedly are, and he who holds the worlds in the hollow of his hand and sets bounds to the seas knows how far to let us go in the ace jmplishment of our purposes, but where the stop shall be made and what will be the measure of success obtained no mortal man can tell." SERVICES IN HYDE PARK. SERVICES AT THE HYDE PARK PRESBYTERIAN AND SOUTH CONGRE- GATIONAL CHURCHES. Rev. W. W. Totheroh, of the Hyde Park Presbyterian Church, took for his subject "The American Citizen His Debt and Duty." He said: "Our patriotic sentiments seem to come not so much from our rea- son or instincts. An American citizen assigns no reason for his love of country. He simply says: 'I love my country.' Christianity cultivates a loftier sentiment than patriotism, inasmuch that it teaches the love of the whole world over. Christianity does not destroy patriotism. A Christian is a better patriot because of his Christianity. It is sincere- ly hoped that the time set apart for our Columbian celebration will be so utilized as to inculcate into our peopte a great practical education and a patriotic sentiment. "For the discovery of America, as well as for its phenomenal growth we owe a debt of gratitude to Almighty God. Was it not marvelous that Columbus was so providentially led to the shores of our beloved land? To God we are indebted for the beautiful location of our country, its nat- ural products and its beautiful scenery, the development of our resources and the inventiveness and prosperity of our people. Our nation, indeed, has its faults, but it has also its virtues. "As American citizens our first duty is to our God; our second to our country. To be a good citizen and a good Christian, are two different things and yet one cannot exist without the other. Surely these weeks and months set apart for the celebration of Columbus' discovery and the marvelous growth and prosperity of the nation can be utilized in devel- oping a Christian spirit and a national patriotic seutiment." At the South Congregational Church, at Drexel boulevard and For- tieth street, Columbian Sunday was properly observed. Rev. Willard Scott, the pastor, took fora topic "The Providential Features of the Dis- covery of America." He showed the influence which Christianity had in this movement, and related the trials through which Columbus passed, and how at last, being led by divine p.-ovidence, he was able to reach the new country. He also spoke of the great prosperity of the new world, and its rapid growth since its discovery, and thought it appropriate that the anniversary should bo celebrated. AT THE HOLY CROSS CHURCH. GRATITUDE FOR THE BLESSINGS GIVEN THE WORLD IN AMERICA. Columbian Sunday was observed at the Church of the Holy Cross, Sixty-sixth street and Cottage Grove Avenue. The church choir sang patriotic songs. Rev. Father Hishen chose for the subject of his sermon the anniversary of Columbus discovery. His sermon was patriotic. He expressed his gratitude and thanks to Almighty God for the blessings to the world following the venture of the Genoese mariner. Father Hishen in the course of his remarks gave a brief sketch of the life and character of Columbus, with anecdotes of the discoverer's life. It was "Columbian Home Mission'' day at the South Evanston Pres- byterian Church, and a special program was carried out. In the morn- ing, the pastor, Rev. John N. Mills, preached upon the subject "America for Christ." In the evening four ten minute speeches were delivered by laymen of the church, as follows: 1. "The Relation of America to the Nations of the Earth, as It Has Been," Albert Dunham. 2. The Relation of America to Other Nations of the Earth, as It Ought and Might Be,'' A. B. Adair. 3. "Our Exceptional Populations," Thomas L. Fansier. 4. "American Presbyterianism Its History and Its Adaptability to American Institutions," H. E. Chapman. The services were interesting and well attended. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. flf?ST($J6HT fa la/frfD. HIS HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF HIS FOUR VOYAGES. one will be interested in i-eading a com- plete and authentic account of the life of the man who gave to the world a new continent, and whose discovery is about to be celebrated and commemorated by the greatest and grandest World's Fair ever held. The following is reproduced from the latest edition of the Encyclo- pedia Brittanica, and can therefore be relied upon for accuracy: Christopher Columbus was the eld- est son of Dominico and Suzanna Fonta- narossa, and was born at Genoa, Italy, in 1435 or 1436, the exact date being- uncertain. His father was a wool- comber of some small means, who was yet living- two years after the discovery of the West Indies, and who re- moved his business from Genoa to Savona in 1469. His eldest boy was sent to the University of Pavia, where ho devoted himself to the mathe- matical and nautical sciences, and where he probably received instruc- tions in nautical astronomy from Antonio da Terzago and Stephano di Faenza. On his removal from the university it appears that he worked for some months at his father's trade; but on reaching his fifteenth year he made his choice of life, and became a sailor. Of his apprenticeship, and the first years of his career, no record exists. The whole of his earlier life, indeed, is dubious and conjectural, founded as it is on the half dozen dark and evasive chapters devoted by- Fernando, his son and biographer, to the first half century of his father's times. It seems certain, however, that these unknown years were stormy, laborious and eventful; "wherever ship has sailed," he writes "there have I journeyed." He is known, among other places, to have visited England, "Ultima Thule" (Iceland), the Guinea coast, and the Greek Isles; and he appears to have been some time in the service of Reno, of Provence, for who he is recorded to have intercepted and seized a Vene- tian galley with great bravery and audacity. According to his son, too, ho sailed with Colombo el Mozo, a bold sea captain and privateer; and a sea fight under this commander was the means of bringing- him ashore in Portugal. Meanwhile, however, he was preparing himself for greater achievements by reading and meditating on the works of Ptolemy and Marinus, of Nearchus and Pliny, the Cosmographia of Cardinal Aliaco, the travels of Marco Polo and Mandeville. He mastered all of the essen- tials necessary to his calling, learned to draw charts, construct spheres, and thus fitted himself to become a practical seaman and navigator. In 1470 he arrived at Lisbon, after being wrecked in a sea fight that began off Cape Vincent, escaping to land on a plank. In Portugal he married Felipa Munnis Perestrello, daughter of a captain in the service of Prince Henry, called the navigator, one of the early colonists and first governor of Porto Santo, an island off Medeira. Columbus visited the island and employed his time making maps and charts for a livelihood, while he pored over the logs and papers of his deceased father-in-law, and talked with old seamen of their voyages, and of the mystery of the western seas. About this time, too, he seems to have arrived at the con- clusion that much of the world remained undiscovered, and step by step to have conceived that design of reaching Asia by sailing west, which was to result in the discovery of America. la 1474 we find him expound- ing his views to Paolo Toscanelli, the Florentine physician and cosmo- grapher, and receiving the heartiest encouragement. These views he supported with three different arguments, derived from natural reasons, from the theories of geographers, and from the reports and traditions of mariners. " He believed the world to be a sphere." Says Helps: "He under-estimated its size; he over-estimated the size of the Asiatic continent. The farther that continent extended to the east, the nearer it came round towards Spain." And he had but to turn from the marvelous propositions of Mandeville and Aliaco to become the recipient of confidences more marvelous still. The air was full of rumors, and the weird imaginings of many generations of mediae- val navigators had taken shape and substance, and appeared bodily to men's eyes. Martin Vicente, a Portuguese pilot, had found, 400 leagues to the westward of Cape St. Vincent, and after a gale of many days dura- tion, a piece of strange wood, wrought, but not with iron; Pedro Correa, his own brother-in-law, had seen another such waif at Porto Santo, with great canes capable of holding four quarts of wine between joint and joint, and had heard of two men being washed up atFlores, li very broad- faced, and differing in aspect from Christians." West of the Azores, now and then, there hove in sight the mysterious islands of St. Brandam; and 200 leagues west of the Canaries lay somewhere the last island of the Seven Cities, that two valiant Genoeses had vainly endeavored to discover. In his northern journey, too, some vague and formless traditions may have reached his ear of the voyage of Biorn and Leaf, and of the pleasant coasts of Helleband and Vinland that lay towards the setting sun. All were hints and rumors to bid the bold mariner sail westward, and this he at length determined to do. The concurrence of some State or Sovereign, however, was necessary for the success of this design. The Senate of Genoa had the honor to receive the first offer, and the responsibility of refusing it. Rejected by his native city, the projector turned next to John II. of Portugal. This king had already an open field for discovery and enterprise along the African coast; but he listened to the Genoese, and referred him to a committee of the Council for Geographical Affairs. The Council's report was altogether adverse; but the king, who was yet inclined to favor the theory of Columbus, assented to the suggestion of the bishop of Cuto that the plan should be carried out in secret and without Columbus' know- ledge by means of a caravel or light frigate. The caravel was dispatched, but it returned after a brief absence, the sailors having lost heart, and having refused to venture further. Upon discovering ,this dishonorable transaction Columbus felt so outraged and indignant that he sent off his brother Bartholomew to England with letters for Henry VII. to whom he had communicated his ideas. He himself left Lisbon for Spain (1484) taking with him his son Diego, the only issue of his marriage with Felipa Munnis, who was by this time dead. He departed secretly, according to some writers to give the slip to King John: according toothers, to escape his creditors. Three years after (March 20th, 1488) a letter was sent by the king to 'Christopher Colon, our especial friend," inviting him to return, and assuring him against arrest and proceedings of any kind; but it was then too late. Columbus next betook himself to the south of Spain, and seems to have proposed his plan first to the duke of Medina Sidonia (who was at first attracted by it, but finally threw it up as visionary and impractica ble), and next to the duke of Medina Cell. The latter gave him great encouragement, entertained him for two years, and even determined to furnish him with three or four caravels. Finally, however, being de- terred by the consideration that the enterprise was too vast for a sub- ject, he turned his guest from the determination he had come to of mak- ing instant application at the court of France, by writing on his behalf to Queen Isabella; and Columbus repaired to the Court at Cordova at her bidding. It was an ill moment for the navigator's fortune. Castile and Leon were in the thick of that struggle which resulted in the final defeat of the Moors; and neither Ferdinand nor Isabella had time to listen. The adventurer was indeed kindly received; he was handed over to the care of Alanzo do Quintanilla, whom he speedily converted into an enthusi- astic supporter of his theory. He made many other friends, and here met with Beatrice Enriquez, the mother of his second son Fernando. From Cordova, Columbus followed the Court to Salamanca, where he was introduced to the notice of the Grand Cardinal, Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, ' ; the third king of Spain." The Cardinal, while approving the project, thought that it savored strongly of heterodoxy; but an in- terview with the projector brought him over, and through his influence Columbus at last got audience with the king. The matter was finally referred, however, to Fernando de Tallavera, who in 1487 summoned a junta of astronomers and cosmographers to confer with Columbus, and examine his design, and the arguments with which he supported it. The Dominicans of San Esteban in Salamanca entertained Columbus during the conference. The jurors who were the most of them ecclesiastics, were by no means unprejudiced, nor were they disposed to abandon their pretensions to knowledge without a struggle. Columbus urged his point, but was overwhelmed with Biblical texts, with quotations from the great divines, with theological objections; and in a short time the junta was adjourned. In 1489, Columbus, who had been following the Court from place to place (billetted in towns as an officer of the king's, and gratified from time to time with sums of money towards his expenses) was present at the siege of Malaga. In 1490 the junta decided that his project was vain and impracticable, and that it did not become their highnesses to have anything to do with it; and this was confirmed, with some reserva- tion, by their highness themselves, at Seville. Columbus was now in dispair. He at once betook himself to Huelva, where his brother-in-law resided, with the intention of taking ship for France. He halted, however, at Palos, a little maritime town in Anda- lusia. At the monastary of La Rabida he knocked and asked for bread and water for his boy Diego, and presently got into conversation with CM R 1ST OF* HE: I* COI^TLJ M BUS. Juan Perez de Marchona, the guardian, who invited him to take up his qua-.-ters in the monastery and introduced him to Garci Fernandez, a p\ysician and an ardent student of geography. To these good men did Columbus propound his theory and explain his 'plan. Juan Perez had been the queen's confessor; he wrote to her and was summoned to her presence; and money was sent to Columbus to bring him once more to Court. He reached Grenada in time to witness the surrender of the city; and negotiations were resumed. Columbus believed in his mission, and stood out for high terms; he asked the rank of Admiral at once, the vice royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of all the gain, by conquest or by trade. These conditions were rejected, and the negotiations were again interrupted. An inter- view with Mendoza appears to have followed; but nothing came of it, and in January, 1492. Columbus actually set out for France. At length, how- ever, on the entreaty of Liuis de Santangel, receiver of the ecclesiastical revenues of the crown of Aragon, Isabella was induced to determine on the expedition. A messenger was sent after Columbus and over- took him at the Bridge of Pines, about two leagues from Grenada. He returned to the camp at Santa Fe; and on April 17, 1492, the agreement be- tween him and their Catholic majesties was signed and sealed. His aims were nothing less than the discovery of the mar- velous province of Cipango, and the conversion to Christi- anity of the Grand Khan, to whom he received a royal letter of introduction. The town of Palos was ordered to find him two ships, and these were soon placed at his disposal. But no crews could be got together, in spite of the indemnity offered to all criminals and broken men who would serve on the expedition; and had not Juan Perez succeeded in interesting Martin Alohzo Pinzon and ^lucent Yanez Pinzon in the cause, Columbus' departure had been long DEPARTURE OF COLUMBUS FROM PAL.OS. delayed. At last, however, men, ships and stores were ready. The ex- pedition consisted of the Santa Maria, a decked ship with a crew of fifty men. commanded by the Admiral in person; and of two caravels, the Pinta with thirty men under Martin Pir.?on, and the Nina, with twenty- four men under Vincent Pinzon, his brothe,.- - ft erwards (1499) the first to cross the line in the American Atlantic. Tn_ (^venturers numbered one hundred and twenty souls, and on Friday. August 3rd. ]492, at eight in the morning, the little fleet weighed anchor, and stood out for the Ca- nary Islands. An abstract of the Admiral's diary made by the Bishop L,as Casas is yet extant; and from it many particulars may be Cleaned of this first voy- age. Three days after the ships set sail, the Pinta lost her rudder; the Admiral was in some alarm, but comforted himself with the reflection that Martin Pinzon was ener- getic and ready-witted; they had. however, to put in at Ten- eriffo on August 9th to refit the caravel. On September 6th they weighed anchor once more with all haste, Columbus having been informed that three Portuguese caravels were on the lookout for him. On September 13th, the varia- tions of the magnetic needle were for the first time ob- served; on the loth a wonder- ful meteor fell into the sea at four or five leagues distance. On the Kith they arrived at those vast plains of seaweed called the Sargasso Sea; and thenceforward, writes the Ad- miral, they had most temper- ate breezes, the sweetness of the morning being most delightful, the weather like an Andalusian April, and only the song of the nightingale wanting. On the 17th the men began to murmur: they were frightened by the strange phenomena of the variations of the compass, but the ex- planation Columbus gave restored their tranquility. On the 18th they saw many birds, and a great ridge of low-lying clouds; and they expectet to see land. On the 20th they saw two pelicans, and were sure the land must be near. In this, however, they were disappointed, and the men began to be afraid and discontented; and thenceforth Columbus, who was keeping all the while a double reckoning, one for the crew and one for himself, had great difficulty iu restraining the men from the excesses which they meditated. On the 25th Alonzo Pinzon raised the cry of land, but it proved a false alarm; as did the rumor to the same effect on the 7th of October, when the Nina hoisted a flag and fired a gun. On the llth the Pinta fished up a cane, a log of wood, a stick wrought with iron, and a board, and the Nina sighted a stake covered with dog-roses; "and with these signs all of them breathed and were glad." At ten o'clock on that night Columbus perceived and pointed out a light ahead; and at two in the morning of Friday, the 12th of October, 1492, Rodrigo de Tri- ana, a sailor aboard the Nina, announced the appearance of what proved to be the New World. The land sighted was an island called by the In- dians Guanahani, and named by Columbus. San Salvador, which after- wards proved to be one of the group now known as the Bahamas. The same morning, Columbus landed, richly clad and bearing the royal banner of Spain. He was accompanied by the Pinzon brothers, bearing the banners of the Green Cross, a device of their own, and by a great part of the crew. When they had all "given thanks to God, kneel- ing upon the shore, and kissed the ground with tears of joy for the great mercy received," the Admiral named the island and took solemn posses- sion of it, for their Catholic majesties of Castile and Leon. At the same time such of the crews as had shown themselves doubtful and mutinous sought his pardon weeping, and prostrating themselves at his feet. Into the detail of this voyage, of highest interest as it is, it is impos- sible to go further. It is enough to say that it resulted in the discovery of the islands of Santa Maria, del Concepcion, Exuma, Isabella, Juanna or Cuba, Bohio, the Cuban Archipelago (named by its finder the Jardindel Rey), the island of Santa Catalina, and that of Hispaniola now called Haiti or San Domingo. Off the last of these the Santa Maria went aground, owing to the carelessness of the steersman. No lives were lost, but the ship had to be unloaded and abandoned; and Columbus, who was anxious to return to Europe with the news of his achievement, resolved to plant a colony on the island, to build a fort out of the material of the stranded hulk, and to leave the crew as a garrison. The fort was called La Navidad: forty-three Europeans were placed in charge; and on January 16th, 1493, Columbus, who had lost sight of Martin Pinzon, set sail alone in the Nina for the east; and four days after the Pinta joined her sister ship off Monte Christo. A storm, however, separated the vessels, and a long battle with the trade winds caused great delay; and it was not until the 18th of February that Columbus reached the island of Santa Maria in the Azores. Here he was threatened with capture by the Portuguese Governor, who could not for some time be brought to recognize his com- mission. On February 24th, however, he was allowed to proceed; and on the 4th of March the Nina dropped anchor off Lisbon. The king of Portugal received the Admiral with the highest honors; and on March 13th the Nina put out from the Tagus, and two days afterwards, Friday, March 15th, dropped anchor off Palos. The court was at Barcelona; and thither, after despatching a letter announcing- his arrival, Columbus proceeded in person. He entered the city in a sort of triumphal procession, was received by their majesties in full court, and seated in their presence, related the story of his wander- ings, exhibiting the "rich and strange" spoils of the new-found lands, the gold, the cotton, the parrots, the curious arms, the mysterious plants, the unknown birds and beasts, and the nine Indians he had bronght with him for baptism. All his honors and privileges were confirmed to him; the title of Don was conferred on himself and brothers, he rode at the king's bridle; he was served and saluted as a grandee of Spain. And, greatest honor of all, a new and magnificent escutcheon was blazoned for him (May 4th, 1493) whereon the royal castle and lion of Castile and Leon were combined with the four anchors of his own old coat of arms. Nor were their Catholic highnesses loss busy on their own account than on that of their servant. On the 3rd and 4th of May, Alexander VI. gran ted bulls confirming to the crowns of Castile and Leon all the lands dis- covered, or to be discovered beyond a certain line of demarcation, on the same terms as those on which the Portuguese held their Colonies along the African coast. A new expedition was got in readiness with all possible dispatch, to secure and extend the discoveries already made. After several delays, the fleet weighed anchor on the 25th of Septem- ber, and steered westward. It consisted of three great carracks (gal- leons) and fourteen caravels (light frigates) having on board about 1,500 men, besides the animals and materials necessary for colonization. Twelve missionaries accompanied the expedition, under the orders of Bernardo Buel, a Benediction friar; and Columbus had been directed (May 29th, 1493) to endeavor by all means in his power to Christianize the inhabitants of the islands, to make them presents, and to ''honor them much," while all under him where commanded to treat them ''well and lovingly," under pain of severe punishment. On the 13th of October, the ships which had put in at the Canaries, left Ferro; and so early as Sun- day, November 3rd. after a single storm, "by the goodness of God and the wise management of the Admiral," land was sighted to the west, which was named Dominica. Northward from this new-found island, the isle of Maria Galante and Guadaloupe were discovered and named; and on the northwestern course to La Navid those of Montserrat, Antigua, San Martin, and Santa Cruz wore sighted, and the island now called PortoRioo was touohedat, hurriedly explored, and named San Juan. On November 22nd, Columbus camo in sight of Hispaniola, and sailing east- ward to La Navidad, found the fort burned out and the colony dispersed. He decided on building a second fort; and coasting on forty miles east of Cape Haytien, he founded the city and settlement of Isabella. The character in which Columbus had appeared had, till now, been that of the greatest of mariners; but from this point forward his claims to supremacy are embarrassed and complicated with the long series of failures, vexations, miseries, insults, that have rendered his career as a planter of colonies and as a ruler of men, most pitiful and remarkable. The climate of Navidad proved unhealthy; the colonists were greedy of gold, impatient of control, and as proud, ignorant and mutinous as Spaniards could be; and Columbus, whose inclinations drew him west- ward, was doubtless glad to escape the worry and anxiety of his post, and to avail himself of the instructions of his sovereigns as to further discoveries. In January, 1494, he sent homo, by Antonio do Torres, that dispatch to their Catholic highnesses by which he may be said to have founded the West Indian slave trade. He founded the mining cam]) of San Tomaso in the gold country; and on the 24th of April, 14i)4, having nominated a council of regency under his brother Diego, and appointed Pedro de Margarite his captain-general, he put again to sea. After fol- lowing the southeastern shore of Cuba for some days, he steered south- wards, and discovered the island of Jamaica, which he named Santiago. He then resumed his exploration of the Cuban coast, threaded his way through a labyrinth of islets, supposed to be the Morant Keys, which he named the Garden of the Queen; and after coasting westward for many days, he became convinced that he had discovered continuous land, and caused Perez de Luna, the notary, to draw up a document attesting his discovery (June 12th, 1494). which was afterwards taken around and signed, in the presence of four witnesses, by the masters, marines and seamen of his three caravels, the Nina, the Cordera and the San Juan. He then stood to the southeast, and sighted the island of Evangelite; and after many days of difficulties and anxieties, he touched at and named the island La Mona. Thence he had intended to sail eastward, and com- plete the survey of the Caribbean Archipelago. But he was exhausted by the terrible wear and tear of mind and body he had undergone (he says himself that on this expedition he was for three and thirty days al- most without any sleep), and on the day following his departure from La Mona, he fell into a lethargy, that deprived him of sense and mem- ory, and had well nigh proved fatal to his life. At last, on September 29th, the little fleet dropped anchor off Isabella, and in his new city the great Admiral lay sick for five months. The colony was in a sad plight. Every one was discontented, and many were sick, for the climate was unhealthy, and there was nothing to eat. Margarite and Bail had quitted Hispaniola for Spain; but ere his departure, the former, in his capacity of captain-general, had done much to outrage and alienate the Indians. The strongest measures were necessary to undo the mischief, and backed by his brother Bartholomew, a bold and skillful mariner, and a soldier of courage and resource, who had been with Diaz in his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope, Col- umbus proceeded to reduce the natives under Spanish sway. Alonzo de Ojeda succeeded by a brilliant coup de main in capturing the cacique Caonabo, and the rest submitted. Five ship-loads of Indians were sent off to Seville (June 24th, 1495) to be sold as slaves; and a tribute was im- posed upon their fellows, which must be looked upon as the origin of that system which was afterwards to work such cruel mischief among the conquered. But the tide of court favor seemed to have turned against Columbus. In October, 1495, Juan Aguado arrived at Isabella, with an open commission from their Catholic majesties, to inquire into the cir- cumstances of his rule; and much contest and recrimination followed. Columbus found that there was no time to be lost in returning home; he appointed his brother Bartholomew ruler of the island, and on the 10th of March, 14%, he quitted Hispaniola in the Nina. The vessel, after a protracted and perilous voyage, reached Cadiz on the llth of June, 1490. The Admiral landed in great dejection, wearing the costume of a Fran- ciscan. Reassured, however, by the reception of his sovereigns, he asked at once for eight ships more, two to be sent to the colonies with supplies, and six to be put under his orders for new discoveries. The request was not immediately granted, as the Spanish exchequer was not then well supplied. But principally owing to the interest of the queen, an agree- ment was come to similar to that of 1492, which was now confirmed. By this royal patent, moreover, a tract of land in Hispaniola, of 50 leagues by 20, was made over to him. He was offered a dukedom or a marquisate at his pleasure; and for three years he was to receive an eighth of the gross and a tenth of the net profits on each voyage; the right of creating a mayorazgo or perpetual entail of titles and estates was granted him; and on June 24th his two sons were received into Isabella's service as pages. Meanwhile, however, the preparing of the fleet proceeded slowly, and it was not until the 30th of May, 1498, that he and his six ships set sail for the New World. From San Lucas he steered for Gomera, in the Canaries, and thenee dispatched three of his ships to San Domingo. He next proceeded to the Cape Verd Islands, which he quitted on July 4th. On the 31st of the same month, being greatly in need of water, and fearing that no land lay westward as they had hoped, Columbus had turned his ships head north, when Alonzo Perez, a mariner of Huclva, saw land about fifteen leagues to the southwest. It was crowned with three hill-tops, and so when the sailors had sung the "Salve Regina" the Admiral named it the Trinidad, which name it yet bears. On Wednesday, August 1st. he beheld for the first time in the mainland of South America the continent he had sought so long. It seemed to him but an insignificant island, and he called it Zeta. Sailing westwards next day he saw the Gulf of Paria, which was named by him the Golfo de la Balnna, and was borne into it at immense risk on the ridge of waters formed by the meeting with the sea of the great rivers that empty themselves, all swollen with rain, into the ocean. For many days he coasted the continent, esteeming as islands the great projections he saw, and naming them accordingly; nor was it until he had looked on and considered the immense volume of fresh water poured out through the embouchures of the river now called the Orinoco, that he considered that the so-called archipelago must in very deed be a great continent. Unfortunately he was suffering at this time from gout and ophthal- mia: his ships were crazy; and he was anxious to inspect the infant colony whence he had been absent so long. And so, after touching at and naming the island of Margarita, he bore away to the northwest, and on August 30th, the fleet dropped anchor off Isabella. He found that affairs had not prospered well in his absence. By the vigor and activity of the ruler, the whole island had been reduced under Spanish sway, but at the expense of the colonists. Under the leadership of a certain Roldan, a bold and unprincipled adventurer, they had risen in revolt, and Columbus had to compromise matters in order to restore peace. Roldan retained his office; such of his followers as chose to remain in the island were gratified with a gift of land: and some fifteen, choosing to return to Spain, were enriched with a number of slaves, and sent home in two ships, which sailed in the early part of October. 1499. Five ship-loads of Indians had been sent to Spain some little time before. On the arrival of these living cargoes at Seville, the queen, the staunch and steady friend of Columbus, was moved with compassion and indignation. No one, she declared, had authorized him to dispose of her vassals, in such manner; and proclamations at Seville, Grenada, and other chief places ordered the instant liberation and return of all the last gang of Indians. In addition to this, the ex-colonists had become incensed against Columbus and his brothers. They were wont to parade their grievances in the very court yards of the Alhambra, to surround the king when he came forth with complaints and reclamations, to insult the discoverer's young sons with shouts and jeers. There was no doubt that the colony itself, whatever the cause, had not prospered as well as might have been desired. And, on the whole, it is not surprising 1 that Ferdin- and, whose support to Columbus had never been very hearty, shoulc about this time have determined to suspend him. Accordingly, on March 21st, 1499, Francisco de Bobadilla was ordered "to ascertain what persons had raised themselves against justice in the island of Hispaniola, and to proceed against them according to the law." On May 21st, the government of the island was conferred upon him, and he was accredited with an order that all arms and fortresses should be handed over to him: and on May 26th, he received a letter for delivery to Columbus stating that the bearer would "speak certain things to him" on the part of their highnesses, and praying him ''to give faith and credence, and to act accordingly." Babadilla left Spain in July, 1500, and landed in Hispan- iola in October. Columbus, meanwhile, had restored such tranquility as was possible in his government. With Roldan's help he had beaten off an attempt on the island of the adventurer Ojeda, his old lieutenant; the Indians were being collected into villages and christianized. Gold mining was actively and profitably pursued; in three years he calculated the royal revenues might be raised to an average of 60,000.000 reals. The arrival of Boba- dilla, however, speedily changed this state of affairs into a greater and more pitiable confusion than the island had ever before witnessed. On landing, he took possession of the Admiral's house, and summoned him and his brothers before him. Accusations of severity, of injustice, of ve- nality even, were poured down on their heads, and Columbus anticipated nothing less than a shameful death. Bobadilla put all three in irons and shipped them off to Spain. Alonzo de Villejo, captain of the caravel in which the illustrious prisoner sailed, still retained a proper sense of the honor and respect due to Columbus, and would have removed the fetters; but to this Columbus would not consent. He would wear them, he said, until their highnesses, by whose order they were affixed, should order their removal; and he kept them afterwards l; as relics and as memorials of the reward of his services." He did so. His son Fernando l; saw them always hanging in his cabinet, and he requested that when he died they might be buried with him." Whether this last wish was complied with is not known. A heart-broken and indignant letter to Dona Juan de la Torre, the governess of the infant Don Juan, arrived at court before the dispatch of Bobadilla. It was read to the queen, and its tidings were confirmed by communications from Alonzo de Villejo and the Alcaide of Cadiz. There was a great movement of indignation: the tide of popular and royal feeling turned once more in the ' Admiral's favor. He received a large sum to defray his expenses: and when he appeared at court, on Decem- ber 17th, he was no longer in irons and disgrace, but richly apparelled and surrounded with friends. He was received with all honor and dis- tinction. The queen is said to have been moved to tears by the narra- tion of his story. Their majesties not only repudiated Bobadilla's pro- ceedings, but declined to inquire into the charges that he at the same time brought against the prisoners, and promised Columbus compensa- tion for his losses and satisfaction for his wrongs. A new governor, Nicolas de Ovando, was appointed in Bobadilla's room, and left San Lu- car on the 18th of February, 1502, with a fleet of thirty ships. The latter was to be impeached and sent home; the Admiral's property was to be restored, and a fresh start was to be made in the conduct of colonial af- fairs. Thus ended Columbus' history as viceroy and governor of the new Indies, which he had presented to the country of his adoption. His hour of rest, however, had not come. Ever anxious to serve their Catholic highnesses, ''and particularly the queen," he had deter- mined to find a strait through which he might penetrate westward into Portuguese Asia. After the usual inevitable delays, his prayers were gi-anted, and on the 9th of May. 1502, with four caravels and 150 men, he weighed anchor from Cadiz, and sailed on his fourth and last great voy- age. He first betook himself to the relief of the Portuguese fort of Ar- zilla, which had been besieged by the Moors, but the siege had been raised voluntarily before he arrived. He put to sea westwards once more, and on the 13th of June discovered the island of Martinique. He had received positive instructions from his sovereigns on no account to touch at Hispaniola; but his largest caravel was greatly in need of repairs, and ho had no choice but to abandon her or disobey orders. He preferred the latter alternative, and sent a boat ashore to Ovando, asking for a new ship and for permission to enter the harbor to weather a hurricane which he saw was coming on. But his requests were refused, and he coasted the island, casting anchor under the lee of the land. Here he weathered the storm, which drove the other caravels out to sea, and annihilated the homeward-bound fleet, the richest that had until then been sent from Hispaniola. Koldan and Bobadilla perished with others of the Admiral's enemies; and Fernando Colon, who accompanied his father on this voy- age, wrote long years afterwards, "I am satisfied it was the hand of God, for had they arrived in Spain they had never been punished as their crimes deserved, but rather been favored and preferred." After recruiting his flotilla at Azua, Columbus put in at Jaquimo, and refitted his four vessels; and on July 14th, 1502, he steered for Ja- maica. For nine weeks the ships wandered painfully am^ng the keys and shoals he had named the Garden of the Queen, and onl y an oppor- tune easterly wind prevented the crews from open mutiny. The first land sighted was the islet of Guaraja, about forty miles east of the coast of Honduras. Here he got news from an old Indian of a rich and vast country lying to the eastward, which he at last concluded must be the long-sought empire of the Grand Kahn . Steering along the coast of Honduras, great hardships were endured, but nothing approaching his ideal was encountered. On the 12th of September, Cape Gracios-a-Dios was sighted. The men had become clamorous and insubordinate; not until the 5th of December, however, would he tack about and retrace his course. It now became his intention to plant a colony on the river Ve- ragua, which was afterwards to give his descendants the title to nobil- ity; but he hardly put about when he was caught in a storm, which lasted eight days, wrenched and strained his crazy, worm-eaten ships severely, and finally, on the Epiphany, blew him into an embouchure which he named Bethlehem. Gold was very plentiful in this place, and here he determined to found his settlement. By the end of March, 1503, a number of huts had been run up, and in these the ruler with 80 men was to remain, while Columbus returned to Spain for men and supplies. Quarrels, however, rose with the natives: the ruler made an attempt to seize on the person of the cacique, and failed; and before Columbus could leave the coast he had to abandon a caravel, to take the settlers on board, and to relinquish the enterprise. Steering eastward, he left a second caravel at Porto Bello; and on May 31st he bore northward for Cuba, where he obtained supplies from the natives. From Cuba he bore up for Jamaica, and there, in the harbor of Santa Gloria, now St. Anne's Bay, he ran his ships aground in an inlet still called Don Christopher's Cove. The expedition was received with the greatest kindness by the natives, and here Columbus remained upwards of a year, awaiting the return of his lieutenant Diego Mendez, whom he had dispatched to Ovando for assistance. During his critical sojourn here the Admiral suffered much from disease and from the lawlessness of his followers, whose conduct had alienated the natives, and provoked them to withhold their accustomed supplies, until he dextrously worked upon their super- stition by prognosticating an eclipse. Two vessels having at last arrived for their relief from Mendez and Ovando, Columbus set sail for Spain, and after a tempestuous voyage he landed once more at Seville on Sep. tember 7th, 1504. As he was too ill to go to court, his son Diego was sent thither in his place, to look after his interest and transact his business. Letter after letter followed the young man from Seville one by the hands of Amerigo Vespucci. A license to ride on mule-back was granted him on the 23rd of February, 1505; and in the following May he was removed to the court at Segovia, thence again to Valladolid. On the landing of Philip and Juana at Coruna (April 25th, 1506) although "much oppressed with gout and troubled to see himself put by his rights," he is known to have sent off the ruler to pay them his duty, and to assure them that he was yet able to do them extraordinary service. The last documentary note of h is is contained in a final codicil to the will of 1498. made at Vailadolid, on the 19th of May, 1506. By this, the old will is confirmed: the Moyorazgo is bequeathed to his son Diego, and his heirs maie, failing these, to his second son Fernando, and failing these to the heirs male of Bartholomew; only in case of the extinction of the male line, direct or collateral, it is to descend to the females of the family; and those into whose hands it may fall are never to diminish it, but always to increase and enoble it by all means possible. The head of the house is to sign himself the "Admiral." A tenth of the annual income is to be set aside yearly for distribution among the poor relations of the house. A chapel is founded and endowed for the saying of masses. Beatriz Euriquez is left to the care of the young admiral in most grateful terms. Among other legacies is one of ''half a mark of silver to a Jew who used to live at the gate of the Jewry, in Lisbon." The codicil was written and signed with the Ad- miral's own hand. Next day (May 20th, 1506) he died. He was buried at Vailadolid; but his remains wore soon after trans- ferred to the Carthusian Monastry at Las Cuevas, Seville, where the bones of Diego, the second Admiral, were also laid. Exhumed in 1536, the bodies of both father and son were taken over the sea to Hispaniola (San Domingo) and interred in the cathedral. In 1795-96, on the cession of that island to the French, the august relics were re-exhumed, and were transferred with great state and solemnity to the cathedral of the Havanna. where they yet remain. The male issue became extinct with the third generation, the estates passed to a scion of the Broganca house. In person, Columbus was tall and shapely, long-faced and aquiline, white-eyed and auburn-haired, and beautifully complexioned. At thirty his hair was quite gray. He was temperate in eating, drinking, and dress; and "so strict in religious matters, that for fasting and saying all the divine office, he might be thought professed in some divine order." His piety, as his son has noted, was earnest and unwavering; it entered into and colored alike his action and his speech; he tries his pen in a Latin distich of prayer; his signature is a mystical pietistic device. He was pre-eminently fitted for the task he created for himself. Through deceit, opprobrium and disdain he pushed on towards the consummation of his desire; and when the hour for action came the man was not found wanting; he gloriously proved his metal. Long live his name. A DESCRIPTION OF COLUMBUS' FIRST VOYAGE AND WHAT HE FOUND IN THIS NEW WOULD, TOLD IN HIS OWN LANGUAGE. VOLUME has been issued By the Trustees of the Lenox Library, New York City, which is of general interest, particularly at this time. It is entitled: " The Letter of Columbus on the Discovery of America. A Fac-Simile of the Pictorial Edition, with a New and Literal Translation and a Complete Reprint of the Oldest Four Editions in Latin." Which is appropriately prefaced as follows: The present fac-slmile and reprint ol the four Latin editions of the Columbus letter, belonging to the Lenox Library, are pub- lished by the trustees at this time as an appropriate tribute to the memory of the great discoverer. J. S. KENNEDY, President. The Trustees of the Lenox Library, considering the present an ap- propriate time to give the people of the United States the benefit of the Columbus letters announcing the discovery of the New World, have been engaged for some time in the preparation of a small volume containing the four original Latin editions in the possession of the library, accom- panied by a revised translation in English and an introduction giving a brief account of the various letters known to be in existence. The book is beautifully printed on very heavy paper, and gives a fac- simile of the original Latin text, and also of the crude illustrations ac- companying it. These woodcuts are in themselves an interesting study, showing, as they do, the progress in pictorial art during the last few centuries of this very old world's existence. A few pages from this work are here reproduced, reduced in size. The first letter of Columbus, giving the earliest information of his great discovery, was translated into Latin and sent to Rome for publica- tion immediately after his return to Spain. Original copies of the four oldest editions of this version, printed in 1493, are preserved in the Len- ox Library, where they occupy a prominent place in the exhibition of rare books. The rarest, and certainly the most interesting, of these is the pictorial edition, complete in ten leaves. No other perfect copy is known to be extant. The curious woodcuts with which it is illustrated are supposed by some to have been copied from drawings made originally by Columbus himself. They give remarkable representations of the ad- miral's own caravel, of his first landing on Hayti and meeting with the natives, and of the different islands that he visited. This copy, which was re-bound in rod morocco by Thompson, the English bookbinder, apparently about sixty or seventy years ago, once belonged to Richard Hebsr, the celebrated bibliophile. At the sale of the final portion of his library at Paris, in October, 1836, it appeared as No. 885 of the catalogue, selling for 97f. It was subsequently owned by M. Guglielmo Libri, at the sale of whose library at London, in February, 1849, No. 259 of the catalogue, it was purchased by Mr. Lenox. The memorable voyage which this letter describes lasted 224 days, from the 3rd of August, 1492, when Columbus sailed from the harbor of Palos, to March 15, 1493, when he returned to the same port in a single vessel. Nine days after leaving Palos he reached the Ca- nary Islands, where he re- mained until September 6, taking in provisions and making other preparations. On September 8th, after laying becalmed for two days, he left these islands and steered directly across the Atlantic, with the ex- pectation of reaching India or China. On the morning of Friday, October 12th, corresponding to the pres- ent 21st of October, became in sight of one of the Ba- hama islands, where he landed and took possession in the names of the Spanish sovereigns. On the loth he visited another island, and COLUMBUS MAP. namprl it <>flnta Maria rip la Fac-similee of the original cut, supposed to named it s>ania Maria ae la have been sketched by coiumbus. Concepcion. On the follow- ing day he reached the Island Fernandina and on the 19th Isabella. Supposing that he was in the neighborhood of Cipango, or Japan, he sailed toward the south, and on October 28th landed on Cuba, which he named Juana Here he remained, exploring the northeast coast, until December 5th, when he sailed over to Hayti, called by him Espanola. After exploring this island, where he lost his own vessel by shipwreck, he sailed in the Nina for Spain on January 10th, 1493, reaching Palos on Dceamca March 15th. The news of his discoveries soon spread far and wide. Various editions and translations of Columbus' letter to the royal treas- urer were printed. Only a few of these, however, have come down to our times and they are among the rarest of books. HIS OWN ACCOUNT. Letter of Christopher Columbus, to whom our age owes much, concerning the islands recently discovered in the Indian Sea: Because my undertakings have attained success I know that it will be pleasing to you; these I have determined to relate, so that you may be made acquainted with every- thing done and discovered in this voyage. On the 23d, after I departed from Cadiz I came to the Indian sea, where I found many islands inhabited with men with- out number, of all whicli I took possession for our most fortunate King, with proclaiming heralds and flying standards, no one ob- jecting. To the first of these I gave the name of the blessed Savior, on whose aid relying I had reached this as well a s other islands. But the In- dians call it Guanahani. ^- I also called each one of the others by a name. For I ordered one island to be called Santa Maria of the Concepcion, another Fer- nandina, another Isabella, another Juana, and so on with the rest. As soon as we had arrived at that island which I have just now said was called Juana I proceeded along its coast toward the west for some dis- tance; I found it so large and without perceptible end that I believed it to bo not an island, but the continental country of Cathay; seeing, how- ever, no towns or cities situated on the seacoast, but only some villages and rude farms, with whoso inhabitants I was unable to converse, for as ON THE OCEAN. Fac-simile of the original cut, supposed to have been sketched by Columbus. soon as they saw us they took flight. I proceeded further, thinking that I would discover some city or large residence. At length, perceiving that wo had gone far enough, that nothing new appeared, and that this was leading us to the north, which I wished to avoid, because it was winter on the land and it was my intention to go to the south; moreover the winds were becoming violent, I therefore determined that no other plans were practicable, and so. going back, I returned to a certain bay that I had noticed, from which I sent two of our men to the land, that they might find out whether there was a king in this country or any cities. These men traveled for three days and they found people and houses without number, but they were small and without any government, therefore they returned. "Now in the meantime I had learned from certain Indians, whom I had seized there, that this country was indeed an island, and there- fore I proceeded toward the east, keeping all the time near the coast, for 322 miles to the extreme ends of this island. From this place I saw another island to the east distant from this Juana 54 miles, which I called forthwith Hispana; and I sailed to it; and I steered along the northern coast, as at Juana, towards the cast 564 miles. And the said Juana and the other islands there appear very KING FERDINAND. Fac-simile of the original cut, supposed to have been sketched by Columbus. fertile. This island is surrounded by many very safe and wide harbors, not excelled by any others that I have ever seen. Many great and salu- brious rivers flow through it. There are also many very high mountains there. All these islands are very beautiful, and distinguished by various qualities; they are accessible, and full of a great variety of trees stretch- ing up to the stars; the leaves of which I believe are never shed, for I saw them as green and flourishing as they are usually in Spain in May." Columbus then tells of the birds and the various kinds of palm trees found on the island. He also speaks of the large rivers so conducive to health, of the spices and the gold "which abounds." The natives, he says, were all naked, except some women, who wore a covering of leaves or cotton cloth, which they made themselves. The people had no iron in use or any arms of defence of any consequence. He says: "They carry for weapans, however, reeds baked in the sun, on the lower ends of which they fasten some shafts of dried wood rubbed down to a point, and indeed they do not venture to use these always, for it fre- quently happened when I sent two or three of my men to some of the villages, that they might speak with J^ifrolaCrMoferitfolom(cuitt3onoTrr the natives, a compact mit!t(; octet: or i'nfulia m man TJndico r.ug troop of the Indians would fauc-ft.aoquaepcrquirendaeoaauoantf march out and as soon as nienfe'.aurpictia ere ?rwictiiTimi f ernandi fciroamarum iftegO miffus fuerat)9d 4fcag the y would seo our mcn a P' mficum oftm iRapbaele} Sanpiaeiufdc ferc preaching they would take mffimnRcgieZbcfaurarmmifla. quant noM flight, children being liBBclirtcrat'vir Blunder 6 Cofcoiabbili DU shed aside bv their fa panordeomatemlannuconurnicwciokfe fffv K L 4fi>3Mfc.cccc.Kli|.ip>orUlficarua:a!tt8adrt thersand fathers by their GtRl Snno ipntno . children. And this was 3J10P.iamrufceptep:oufotiertlB not because any hurt or ; U A" fu " Te: S rarti j injury had been inflicted on ao:l>a9?fruiHcjcarare:aiU J J anv ono of thera > for to an y of them whom I visited and to whom I was able to con- vprsp T distributor wna t o:pzccomo ceetnato i vet ever * had ' cloth and man y jriuietenrioicotradicentenemmepo(refrro other things, no return Bfff gffte inucnccoj admoneat.Xrittfimorer nootepoft^i6adibuaotfccfri:ininareihidt cu pcrucm:vbi plunmae Snfulaemmimcrid babiratas benumb" rc(pen:quaB of m if U\v efetnato i v am vero ?n